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Segments
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2023
Segment Reporting [Abstract]  
Segments Segments
The following table presents the Company’s operations by reportable segment. The Company is managed through three reportable segments, Technology & Analytics Solutions, Research & Development Solutions and Contract Sales & Medical Solutions. Technology & Analytics Solutions provides mission critical information, technology solutions and real world insights and services to the Company’s life science clients. Research & Development Solutions, which primarily serves biopharmaceutical customers, provides outsourced clinical research and clinical trial related services. Contract Sales & Medical Solutions provides health care provider (including contract sales) and patient engagement services to both biopharmaceutical customers and the broader healthcare market.

Certain costs are not allocated to the Company's segments and are reported as general corporate and unallocated expenses. These costs primarily consist of stock-based compensation and expenses related to integration activities and acquisitions. The Company also does not allocate restructuring costs, depreciation and amortization or impairment charges, if any, to its segments. Asset information by segment is not presented, as this measure is not used by the chief operating decision maker to assess the Company’s performance. The Company’s reportable segment information is presented below:
Year Ended December 31,
(in millions)202320222021
Revenues
Technology & Analytics Solutions$5,862 $5,746 $5,534 
Research & Development Solutions8,395 7,921 7,556 
Contract Sales & Medical Solutions727 743 784 
Total revenues14,984 14,410 13,874 
Cost of revenues, exclusive of depreciation and amortization
Technology & Analytics Solutions3,496 3,348 3,278 
Research & Development Solutions5,629 5,395 5,303 
Contract Sales & Medical Solutions620 639 652 
Total cost of revenues, exclusive of depreciation and amortization9,745 9,382 9,233 
Selling, general and administrative expenses
Technology & Analytics Solutions876 848 798 
Research & Development Solutions851 831 777 
Contract Sales & Medical Solutions58 62 57 
General corporate and unallocated268 330 332 
Total selling, general and administrative expenses2,053 2,071 1,964 
Segment profit
Technology & Analytics Solutions1,490 1,550 1,458 
Research & Development Solutions1,915 1,695 1,476 
Contract Sales & Medical Solutions49 42 75 
Total segment profit3,454 3,287 3,009 
General corporate and unallocated(268)(330)(332)
Depreciation and amortization(1,125)(1,130)(1,264)
Restructuring costs(84)(28)(20)
Total income from operations$1,977 $1,799 $1,393