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Goodwill and Identifiable Intangible Assets
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2023
Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]  
Goodwill and Identifiable Intangible Assets Goodwill and Other Identifiable Intangible Assets
As of December 31, 2023, the Company has approximately $4,839 million of other identifiable intangible assets. Amortization expense associated with other identifiable definite-lived intangible assets was as follows:
Year Ended December 31,
(in millions)
202320222021
Amortization expense$974 $970 $1,117 

Estimated amortization expense for existing other identifiable intangible assets is expected to be approximately $911 million, $803 million, $665 million, $519 million and $201 million for the years ending December 31, 2024, 2025, 2026, 2027 and 2028, respectively. Estimated amortization expense can be affected by various factors such as future acquisitions, divestitures, abandonments or impairments.

The following is a summary of other identifiable intangible assets:
December 31, 2023December 31, 2022
(in millions)Gross AmountAccumulated AmortizationNet AmountGross AmountAccumulated AmortizationNet Amount
Definite-lived identifiable intangible assets:
Client relationships and backlog$5,688 $(2,724)$2,964 $5,339 $(2,332)$3,007 
Software and related assets3,629 (2,005)1,624 3,106 (1,591)1,515 
Trademarks, trade names and other548 (320)228 545 (278)267 
Databases1,837 (1,819)18 1,817 (1,794)23 
Non-compete agreements16 (11)5 23 (15)
$11,718 $(6,879)$4,839 $10,830 $(6,010)$4,820 
The following is a summary of goodwill by reportable segment for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022:

(in millions)
Technology & Analytics SolutionsResearch & Development SolutionsContract Sales & Medical SolutionsConsolidated
Balance as of December 31, 2021$11,337 $1,802 $162 $13,301 
Business combinations554 472 — 1,026 
Impact of foreign currency fluctuations and other(371)(27)(8)(406)
Balance as of December 31, 202211,520 2,247 154 13,921 
Business combinations352 181  533 
Impact of foreign currency fluctuations and other104 11 (2)113 
Balance as of December 31, 2023$11,976 $2,439 $152 $14,567 

There were no goodwill impairment losses for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021.