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Segments
9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2023
Segment Reporting [Abstract]  
Segments Segments
The following table presents the Company’s operations by reportable segment. The Company is managed through three reportable segments, Technology & Analytics Solutions, Research & Development Solutions and Contract Sales & Medical Solutions. Technology & Analytics Solutions provides mission critical information, technology solutions and real world insights and services to the Company's life science clients. Research & Development Solutions, which primarily serves biopharmaceutical customers, provides outsourced clinical research and clinical trial related services. Contract Sales & Medical Solutions provides health care provider (including contract sales) and patient engagement services to both biopharmaceutical clients and the broader healthcare market.
Certain costs are not allocated to our segments and are reported as general corporate and unallocated expenses. These costs primarily consist of stock-based compensation and expenses related to integration activities and acquisitions. The Company also does not allocate depreciation and amortization or impairment charges, if any, to its segments. Asset information by segment is not presented, as this measure is not used by the chief operating decision maker to assess the Company’s performance. The Company’s reportable segment information is presented below:
Three Months Ended
September 30,
Nine Months Ended
September 30,
(in millions)2023202220232022
Revenues
Technology & Analytics Solutions$1,431 $1,400 $4,331 $4,247 
Research & Development Solutions2,122 1,979 6,244 5,863 
Contract Sales & Medical Solutions183 183 541 561 
Total revenues3,736 3,562 11,116 10,671 
Cost of revenues, exclusive of depreciation and amortization
Technology & Analytics Solutions859 828 2,593 2,490 
Research & Development Solutions1,410 1,335 4,213 4,005 
Contract Sales & Medical Solutions157 158 461 480 
Total cost of revenues, exclusive of depreciation and amortization2,426 2,321 7,267 6,975 
Selling, general and administrative expenses
Technology & Analytics Solutions217 213 652 628 
Research & Development Solutions217 199 640 614 
Contract Sales & Medical Solutions14 17 43 48 
General corporate and unallocated54 88 162 198 
Total selling, general and administrative expenses502 517 1,497 1,488 
Segment profit
Technology & Analytics Solutions355 359 1,086 1,129 
Research & Development Solutions495 445 1,391 1,244 
Contract Sales & Medical Solutions12 37 33 
Total segment profit862 812 2,514 2,406 
General corporate and unallocated(54)(88)(162)(198)
Depreciation and amortization(297)(248)(809)(773)
Restructuring costs(30)(4)(67)(15)
Total income from operations$481 $472 $1,476 $1,420