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Segments
 6 Months Ended
Jun. 30, 2022
Segment Reporting [Abstract]  
Segments Segments
The following table presents the Company’s operations by reportable segment. The Company is managed through three reportable segments, Technology & Analytics Solutions, Research & Development Solutions and Contract Sales & Medical Solutions. Technology & Analytics Solutions provides mission critical information, technology solutions and real world insights and services to the Company's life science clients. Research & Development Solutions, which primarily serves biopharmaceutical customers, provides outsourced clinical research and clinical trial related services. Contract Sales & Medical Solutions provides health care provider (including contract sales) and patient engagement services to both biopharmaceutical clients and the broader healthcare market.
Certain costs are not allocated to our segments and are reported as general corporate and unallocated expenses. These costs primarily consist of stock-based compensation and expenses related to integration activities and acquisitions. The Company also does not allocate depreciation and amortization or impairment charges to its segments. Asset information by segment is not presented, as this measure is not used by the chief operating decision maker to assess the Company’s performance. The Company’s reportable segment information is presented below:
Three Months Ended June 30,Six Months Ended June 30,
(in millions)2022202120222021
Revenues
Technology & Analytics Solutions$1,408 $1,353 $2,847 $2,701 
Research & Development Solutions1,950 1,891 3,884 3,759 
Contract Sales & Medical Solutions183 194 378 387 
Total revenues3,541 3,438 7,109 6,847 
Cost of revenues, exclusive of depreciation and amortization
Technology & Analytics Solutions828 808 1,662 1,620 
Research & Development Solutions1,348 1,355 2,670 2,676 
Contract Sales & Medical Solutions155 160 322 320 
Total cost of revenues, exclusive of depreciation and amortization2,331 2,323 4,654 4,616 
Selling, general and administrative expenses
Technology & Analytics Solutions196 193 415 380 
Research & Development Solutions204 193 415 378 
Contract Sales & Medical Solutions15 14 31 27 
General corporate and unallocated68 82 110 139 
Total selling, general and administrative expenses483 482 971 924 
Segment profit
Technology & Analytics Solutions384 352 770 701 
Research & Development Solutions398 343 799 705 
Contract Sales & Medical Solutions13 20 25 40 
Total segment profit795 715 1,594 1,446 
General corporate and unallocated(68)(82)(110)(139)
Depreciation and amortization(270)(343)(525)(666)
Restructuring costs(4)(4)(11)(13)
Total income from operations$453 $286 $948 $628