UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

______________________________________________

FORM 10-Q

_______________________________________________

S QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

FOR THE QUARTERLY PERIOD ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, 2024

OR

£ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

FOR THE TRANSITION PERIOD FROM TO

COMMISSION FILE NUMBER: 001-38280

_______________________________________________

Stellar Bancorp, Inc.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

_______________________________________________

Texas	20-8339782
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

9 Greenway Plaza, Suite 110

Houston, Texas 77046

(Address of principal executive offices, including zip code)

(713) 210-7600

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, par value, $0.01 per share	STEL	New York Stock Exchange

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes S  No £

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes S  No £

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act:

Large accelerated filer	S	Accelerated filer	£
Non-accelerated filer	£	Smaller reporting company	£
		Emerging growth company	£

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. £

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes £ No S

As of October 23, 2024, the registrant had 53,402,953 shares common stock, $0.01 par value per share, outstanding.

Table of Contents

STELLAR BANCORP, INC.

INDEX TO FORM 10-Q

September 30, 2024

PART I—FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1.	Interim Consolidated Financial Statements	3
	Consolidated Balance Sheets (unaudited)	3
	Consolidated Statements of Income (unaudited)	4
	Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (unaudited)	5
	Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity (unaudited)	6
	Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (unaudited)	7
	Condensed Notes to Interim Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)	8
Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	35
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk	57
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	58
PART II—OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	58
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	58
Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	58
Item 3.	Defaults upon Senior Securities	59
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	59
Item 5.	Other Information	59
Item 6.	Exhibits	60
Signatures		61

2

Table of Contents

PART I—FINANCIAL INFORMATION

ITEM 1. INTERIM CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

STELLAR BANCORP, INC.

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(Unaudited)

	September 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
	(In thousands, except shares and par value)
ASSETS
Cash and due from banks	$	103,735	$	121,004
Interest-bearing deposits at other financial institutions	412,482		278,233
Total cash and cash equivalents	516,217		399,237
Available for sale securities, at fair value	1,691,752		1,395,680
Loans held for investment	7,551,124		7,925,133
Less: allowance for credit losses on loans	(84,501)		(91,684)
Loans, net	7,466,623		7,833,449
Accrued interest receivable	39,473		44,244
Premises and equipment, net	113,742		118,683
Federal Home Loan Bank stock	20,123		25,051
Bank-owned life insurance	106,876		105,084
Goodwill	497,318		497,318
Core deposit intangibles, net	98,116		116,712
Other assets	79,537		111,681
TOTAL ASSETS	$	10,629,777	$	10,647,139
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
LIABILITIES:
Deposits:
Noninterest-bearing	$	3,303,048	$	3,546,815
Interest-bearing
Demand	1,571,504		1,659,999
Money market and savings	2,280,651		2,136,777
Certificates and other time	1,587,398		1,529,876
Total interest-bearing deposits	5,439,553		5,326,652
Total deposits	8,742,601		8,873,467
Accrued interest payable	16,915		11,288
Borrowed funds	60,000		50,000
Subordinated debt	110,064		109,765
Other liabilities	74,074		81,601
Total liabilities	9,003,654		9,126,121
COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES (See Note 13)
SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY:
Preferred stock, $0.01 par value; 10,000,000 shares authorized; no shares issued or outstanding at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023	—		—
Common stock, $0.01 par value; 140,000,000 shares authorized; 53,445,999 shares issued and outstanding at September 30, 2024 and 53,291,079 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2023	535		533
Capital surplus	1,238,619		1,232,627
Retained earnings	474,905		405,945
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(87,936)		(118,087)
Total shareholders’ equity	1,626,123		1,521,018
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY	$	10,629,777	$	10,647,139

See condensed notes to interim consolidated financial statements.

3

Table of Contents

STELLAR BANCORP, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME

(Unaudited)

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
	(Dollars in thousands, except per share data)
INTEREST INCOME:
Loans, including fees	$	132,372	$	138,948	$	402,942	$	398,608
Securities:
Taxable	13,898		9,493		35,114		28,872
Tax-exempt	814		437		2,448		2,135
Deposits in other financial institutions	4,692		2,391		11,874		9,027
Total interest income	151,776		151,269		452,378		438,642
INTEREST EXPENSE:
Demand, money market and savings deposits	29,440		23,557		85,369		62,302
Certificates and other time deposits	18,073		13,282		51,915		26,211
Borrowed funds	840		5,801		4,314		13,653
Subordinated debt	1,916		1,908		5,745		5,647
Total interest expense	50,269		44,548		147,343		107,813
NET INTEREST INCOME	101,507		106,721		305,035		330,829
(Reversal of) provision for credit losses	(5,985)		2,315		(3,822)		7,896
Net interest income after provision for credit losses	107,492		104,406		308,857		322,933
NONINTEREST INCOME:
Service charges on deposit accounts	1,594		1,620		4,840		4,544
Gain on sale of assets	432		—		881		192
Bank-owned life insurance income	614		551		1,792		1,605
Debit card and ATM income	551		935		1,621		4,454
Other	3,111		1,589		8,880		6,881
Total noninterest income	6,302		4,695		18,014		17,676
NONINTEREST EXPENSE:
Salaries and employee benefits	41,123		39,495		121,560		116,570
Net occupancy and equipment	4,570		4,455		13,463		12,360
Depreciation	1,911		1,952		5,823		5,629
Data processing and software amortization	5,706		4,798		16,101		14,526
Professional fees	1,714		997		5,996		4,088
Regulatory assessments and FDIC insurance	1,779		1,814		5,932		5,863
Amortization of intangibles	6,212		6,876		18,639		20,636
Communications	827		663		2,611		2,053
Advertising	878		877		2,534		2,623
Acquisition and merger-related expenses	—		3,421		—		12,483
Other	6,346		5,400		21,033		15,722
Total noninterest expense	71,066		70,748		213,692		212,553
INCOME BEFORE INCOME TAXES	42,728		38,353		113,179		128,056
Provision for income taxes	8,837		7,445		23,388		24,825
NET INCOME	$	33,891	$	30,908	$	89,791	$	103,231
EARNINGS PER SHARE:
Basic	$	0.63	$	0.58	$	1.68	$	1.94
Diluted	$	0.63	$	0.58	$	1.68	$	1.94
DIVIDENDS PER SHARE	$	0.13	$	0.13	$	0.39	$	0.39

See condensed notes to interim consolidated financial statements.

4

Table of Contents

STELLAR BANCORP, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

(Unaudited)

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
	(In thousands)
Net income	$	33,891	$	30,908	$	89,791	$	103,231
Other comprehensive income (loss):
Unrealized gain (loss) on securities:
Change in unrealized holding gain (loss) on available for sale securities during the period	42,103		(31,638)		38,191		(17,390)
Reclassification of gain realized on securities	—		—		—		(234)
Total other comprehensive income (loss)	42,103		(31,638)		38,191		(17,624)
Deferred tax (expense) benefit related to other comprehensive (income) loss	(8,873)		6,669		(8,040)		3,912
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax	33,230		(24,969)		30,151		(13,712)
Comprehensive income	$	67,121	$	5,939	$	119,942	$	89,519

See condensed notes to interim consolidated financial statements.

5

Table of Contents

STELLAR BANCORP, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY

(Unaudited)

	Common Stock			Capital Surplus		Retained Earnings		Accumulated Other Comprehensive (Loss) Income		Total Shareholders’ Equity
	Shares	Amount
	(Dollars in thousands, except per share data)
BALANCE AT JUNE 30, 2023	53,302,734	$	533	$	1,228,532	$	361,619	$	(132,004)	$	1,458,680
Net income	—	—		—		30,908		—		30,908
Other comprehensive loss	—	—		—		—		(24,969)		(24,969)
Cash dividends declared, $0.13 per share	—	—		—		(6,927)		—		(6,927)
Common stock issued in connection with the exercise of stock options and restricted stock awards	18,807	—		342		—		—		342
Stock-based compensation expense	—	—		2,812		—		—		2,812
BALANCE AT SEPTEMBER 30, 2023	53,321,541	$	533	$	1,231,686	$	385,600	$	(156,973)	$	1,460,846
BALANCE AT JUNE 30, 2024	53,564,116	$	536	$	1,238,477	$	447,948	$	(121,166)	$	1,565,795
Net income	—	—		—		33,891		—		33,891
Other comprehensive income	—	—		—		—		33,230		33,230
Cash dividends declared, $0.13 per share	—	—		—		(6,934)		—		(6,934)
Common stock issued in connection with the exercise of stock options and restricted stock awards	(9,217)	—		(16)		—		—		(16)
Repurchase of common stock	(108,900)	(1)		(2,841)		—				(2,842)
Stock-based compensation expense	—	—		2,999		—		—		2,999
BALANCE AT SEPTEMBER 30, 2024	53,445,999	$	535	$	1,238,619	$	474,905	$	(87,936)	$	1,626,123
BALANCE AT DECEMBER 31, 2022	52,954,985	$	530	$	1,222,761	$	303,146	$	(143,261)	$	1,383,176
Net income	—	—		—		103,231		—		103,231
Other comprehensive loss	—	—		—		—		(13,712)		(13,712)
Cash dividends declared $0.39 per share	—	—		—		(20,777)		—		(20,777)
Common stock issued in connection with the exercise of stock options and restricted stock awards	366,556	3		690		—		—		693
Stock-based compensation expense	—	—		8,235		—		—		8,235
BALANCE AT SEPTEMBER 30, 2023	53,321,541	$	533	$	1,231,686	$	385,600	$	(156,973)	$	1,460,846
BALANCE AT DECEMBER 31, 2023	53,291,079	$	533	$	1,232,627	$	405,945	$	(118,087)	$	1,521,018
Net income	—	—		—		89,791		—		89,791
Other comprehensive income	—	—		—		—		30,151		30,151
Cash dividends declared $0.39 per share	—	—		—		(20,831)		—		(20,831)
Common stock issued in connection with the exercise of stock options and restricted stock awards	263,820	3		204		—		—		207
Repurchase of common stock	(108,900)	(1)		(2,841)		—		—		(2,842)
Stock-based compensation expense	—	—		8,629		—		—		8,629
BALANCE AT SEPTEMBER 30, 2024	53,445,999	$	535	$	1,238,619	$	474,905	$	(87,936)	$	1,626,123

See condensed notes to interim consolidated financial statements.

6

Table of Contents

STELLAR BANCORP, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(Unaudited)

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2024		2023
	(In thousands)
CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES:
Net income	$	89,791	$	103,231
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and intangibles amortization	24,462		26,265
Net accretion on loans	(25,444)		(35,065)
Net amortization of premium on securities	5,669		5,098
(Reversal of) provision for credit losses	(3,822)		7,896
Deferred income tax expense	2,146		11,617
Stock-based compensation expense	8,629		8,235
Net change in operating leases	3,597		3,055
Bank-owned life insurance income	(1,792)		(1,605)
Federal Home Loan Bank stock dividends	(735)		(799)
Gain on sale of assets	(881)		(192)
Excess tax benefit from stock based compensation	(503)		(70)
Decrease (increase) in accrued interest receivable and other assets	29,152		(165)
(Decrease) increase in accrued interest payable and other liabilities	(1,528)		9,386
Net cash provided by operating activities	128,741		136,887
CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES:
Purchase of available for sale securities	(2,780,276)		(633,287)
Proceeds from maturities and principal paydowns of available for sale securities	2,509,814		685,707
Proceeds from sales and calls of available for sale securities	6,912		320,691
Net change in total loans	389,603		(223,256)
Purchase of bank premises and equipment	(3,390)		(5,621)
Proceeds from sale of bank premises, equipment and other real estate	4,245		3,685
Net redemptions (purchases) of Federal Home Loan Bank stock	5,663		(13,165)
Net cash provided by investing activities	132,571		134,754
CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES:
Net decrease in noninterest-bearing deposits	(243,767)		(573,881)
Net increase (decrease) in interest-bearing deposits	112,901		(7,109)
Net change in borrowed funds	10,000		260,000
Dividends paid to common shareholders	(20,831)		(20,777)
Proceeds from the issuance of restricted stock and stock option exercises	207		693
Repurchase of common stock	(2,842)		—
Net cash used in financing activities	(144,332)		(341,074)
NET CHANGE IN CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS	116,980		(69,433)
CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS, BEGINNING OF PERIOD	399,237		371,705
CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS, END OF PERIOD	$	516,217	$	302,272
SUPPLEMENTAL CASH FLOW INFORMATION:
Income taxes paid	$	5,700	$	7,500
Interest paid	141,716		102,299
Cash paid for operating lease liabilities	3,649		3,372
SUPPLEMENTAL NONCASH DISCLOSURE:
Loans transferred to other real estate	$	5,204	$	—
Lease right-of-use asset obtained in exchange for lessee operating lease liabilities	1,212		—
Branch assets transferred to assets held for sale	—		3,819

See condensed notes to interim consolidated financial statements.

7

Table of Contents

STELLAR BANCORP, INC.

CONDENSED NOTES TO INTERIM CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

September 30, 2024

(Unaudited)

1. NATURE OF OPERATIONS AND SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING AND REPORTING POLICIES

Nature of Operations—Stellar Bancorp, Inc. (“Stellar”) through its wholly-owned subsidiary, Stellar Bank (the “Bank” and together with Stellar, collectively referred to herein as “we,” “us,” “our” and the “Company”), provides a diversified range of commercial banking services primarily to small- to medium-sized businesses. Stellar derives substantially all of its revenues and income from the operation of the Bank.

    The Company is focused on delivering a wide variety of relationship-driven commercial banking products and community-oriented services tailored to meet the needs of small-to medium-sized businesses, professionals and individuals through its 54 banking centers with 37 banking centers in the Houston metropolitan statistical area (“MSA”), 16 banking centers in the Beaumont MSA and one banking center in Dallas, Texas.

Basis of Presentation—The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements of the Company have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) for interim financial information and in accordance with guidance provided by the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). Accordingly, the condensed consolidated financial statements do not include all of the information and footnotes required by GAAP for complete financial statements. The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

In the opinion of management, the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements reflect all adjustments considered necessary for a fair presentation of the financial position, results of operations and cash flows of the Company on a consolidated basis, and all such adjustments are of a normal recurring nature. Transactions between Stellar and the Bank have been eliminated. The condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and footnotes thereto included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023. Operating results for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the year ending December 31, 2024.

Reclassifications—Certain items in the prior year financial statements were reclassified to conform to the current presentation. Reclassifications had no effect on prior year net income or shareholders’ equity.

Significant Accounting and Reporting Policies—The Company’s significant accounting and reporting policies can be found in Note 1 of the Company’s annual financial statements included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023.

Recent Accounting Standards

Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2023-09, “Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures” was issued in December 2023. This update requires that public business entities on an annual basis (1) disclose specific categories in the tax rate reconciliation, (2) provide additional information for reconciling items that meet a quantitative threshold and (3) disaggregate income taxes paid by jurisdiction. ASU 2023-09 is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is evaluating the impact of this ASU, but does not believe it will have a significant impact.

8

Table of Contents

2. GOODWILL AND OTHER INTANGIBLE ASSETS

Changes in the carrying amount of the Company’s goodwill and core deposit intangible assets were as follows:

	Goodwill		Core Deposit Intangibles		Servicing Assets
	(In thousands)
Balance as of December 31, 2022	$	497,260	$	143,525	$	309
Amortization	—		(26,813)		(70)
Goodwill true-up	58		—		—
Decrease due to payoff of serviced loans	—		—		(27)
Balance as of December 31, 2023	497,318		116,712		212
Amortization	—		(18,596)		(43)
Decrease due to payoff of serviced loans	—		—		(13)
Balance as of September 30, 2024	$	497,318	$	98,116	$	156

Goodwill represents the excess of the cost of an acquisition over the fair value of the net assets acquired recorded on the acquisition date of an entity. During the measurement period, the Company may record subsequent adjustments to goodwill for provisional amounts recorded at the acquisition date.

Goodwill is subject to impairment testing, which must be conducted at least annually or upon the occurrence of a triggering event. Various factors, such as the Company’s results of operations, the trading price of the Company’s common stock relative to the book value per share, macroeconomic conditions and conditions in the banking sector, inform whether a triggering event for an interim goodwill impairment test has occurred. Goodwill is recorded and evaluated for impairment at its reporting unit, the Company. The Company’s policy is to test goodwill for impairment annually as of October 1st, or on an interim basis if an event triggering an impairment assessment is determined to have occurred.

The estimated aggregate future amortization expense for core deposit intangible assets remaining as of September 30, 2024 is as follows (in thousands):

Remaining 2024	$	5,570
2025	21,528
2026	18,896
2027	16,272
Thereafter	35,850
Total	$	98,116

3. SECURITIES

The amortized cost and fair value of securities available for sale were as follows:

	September 30, 2024
	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value
	(In thousands)
Available for Sale
U.S. government and agency securities	$	281,805	$	644	$	(4,930)	$	277,519
Municipal securities	220,030		876		(21,913)		198,993
Agency mortgage-backed pass-through securities	489,161		2,658		(28,372)		463,447
Agency collateralized mortgage obligations	694,730		1,923		(51,613)		645,040
Corporate bonds and other	117,285		171		(10,703)		106,753
Total	$	1,803,011	$	6,272	$	(117,531)	$	1,691,752

9

Table of Contents

	December 31, 2023
	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value
	(In thousands)
Available for Sale
U.S. government and agency securities	$	307,529	$	90	$	(10,201)	$	297,418
Municipal securities	229,615		1,615		(27,171)		204,059
Agency mortgage-backed pass-through securities	424,664		370		(37,161)		387,873
Agency collateralized mortgage obligations	462,498		172		(64,553)		398,117
Corporate bonds and other	120,824		56		(12,667)		108,213
Total	$	1,545,130	$	2,303	$	(151,753)	$	1,395,680

As of September 30, 2024, no allowance for credit losses has been recognized on available for sale securities in an unrealized loss position as management does not believe any of the securities are impaired due to reasons of credit quality. This belief is based upon our analysis of the underlying risk characteristics, including credit ratings, and other qualitative factors related to our available for sale securities and in consideration of our historical credit loss experience and internal forecasts. The issuers of these securities continue to make timely principal and interest payments under the contractual terms of the securities. Furthermore, management does not have the intent to sell any of the securities classified as available for sale in the table above and believes that it is more likely than not that we will not have to sell any such securities before a recovery of cost. The unrealized losses are due to increases in market interest rates over the yields available at the time the underlying securities were purchased. The fair value is expected to recover as the securities approach their maturity date or repricing date or if market yields for such investments decline.

The amortized cost and fair value of investment securities at September 30, 2024, by contractual maturity, are shown below. Expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities if borrowers have the right to call or prepay obligations at any time with or without call or prepayment penalties.

	Amortized Cost		Fair Value
	(In thousands)
Due in one year or less	$	79,099	$	78,732
Due after one year through five years	82,370		79,933
Due after five years through ten years	139,557		126,801
Due after ten years	318,094		297,799
Subtotal	619,120		583,265
Agency mortgage-backed pass-through securities     and collateralized mortgage obligations	1,183,891		1,108,487
Total	$	1,803,011	$	1,691,752

10

Table of Contents

Securities with unrealized losses segregated by length of time in a continuous loss position were as follows:

	September 30, 2024
	Less than 12 Months				More than 12 Months				Total
	Estimated Fair Value		Unrealized Losses		Estimated Fair Value		Unrealized Losses		Estimated Fair Value		Unrealized Losses
	(In thousands)
Available for Sale
U.S. government and agency     securities	$	21,793	$	(252)	$	200,318	$	(4,678)	$	222,111	$	(4,930)
Municipal securities	3,894		(61)		173,528		(21,852)		177,422		(21,913)
Agency mortgage-backed     pass-through securities	9,080		(46)		282,153		(28,326)		291,233		(28,372)
Agency collateralized mortgage     obligations	97,888		(737)		327,654		(50,876)		425,542		(51,613)
Corporate bonds and other	10,454		(2,057)		78,027		(8,646)		88,481		(10,703)
Total	$	143,109	$	(3,153)	$	1,061,680	$	(114,378)	$	1,204,789	$	(117,531)

	December 31, 2023
	Less than 12 Months				More than 12 Months				Total
	Estimated Fair Value		Unrealized Losses		Estimated Fair Value		Unrealized Losses		Estimated Fair Value		Unrealized Losses
	(In thousands)
Available for Sale
U.S. government and agency     securities	$	110,038	$	(2,208)	$	154,145	$	(7,993)	$	264,183	$	(10,201)
Municipal securities	1,303		(14)		177,957		(27,157)		179,260		(27,171)
Agency mortgage-backed      pass-through securities	80,208		(1,444)		257,779		(35,717)		337,987		(37,161)
Agency collateralized mortgage      obligations	23,051		(621)		348,854		(63,932)		371,905		(64,553)
Corporate bonds and other	11,279		(1,452)		85,285		(11,215)		96,564		(12,667)
Total	$	225,879	$	(5,739)	$	1,024,020	$	(146,014)	$	1,249,899	$	(151,753)

During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, the Company had sales and calls of securities of $6.9 million. During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company had sales and calls of securities of $320.7 million and recorded gross gains of $234 thousand. At September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company did not own securities of any one issuer, other than the U.S. government and its agencies, in an amount greater than 10% of consolidated shareholders’ equity at such respective dates.

The carrying value of pledged securities was $501.1 million at September 30, 2024 and $607.5 million at December 31, 2023. The majority of the securities in each case were pledged to collateralize public fund deposits.

11

Table of Contents

4. LOANS AND ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES

The loan portfolio balances, net of unearned income and fees, consist of various types of loans primarily made to borrowers located within Texas, and segregated by class of loan were as follows:

	September 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
	(In thousands)
Commercial and industrial	$	1,347,876	$	1,409,002
Paycheck Protection Program (PPP)	2,877		5,100
Real estate:
Commercial real estate (including multi-family residential)	3,976,296		4,071,807
Commercial real estate construction and land development	890,316		1,060,406
1-4 family residential (including home equity)	1,112,235		1,047,174
Residential construction	161,494		267,357
Consumer and other	60,030		64,287
Total loans	7,551,124		7,925,133
Allowance for credit losses on loans	(84,501)		(91,684)
Loans, net	$	7,466,623	$	7,833,449

Nonaccrual and Past Due Loans

An aging analysis of past due loans, segregated by class of loans, is included below.

	September 30, 2024
	Loans Past Due and Still Accruing						Nonaccrual Loans		Current Loans		Total Loans
	30-89 Days		90 or More Days		Total Past Due Loans
	(In thousands)
Commercial and industrial	$	4,817	$	—	$	4,817	$	9,712	$	1,333,347	$	1,347,876
Paycheck Protection Program (PPP)	14		—		14		6		2,857		2,877
Real estate:
Commercial real estate (including      multi-family residential)	14,917		—		14,917		10,695		3,950,684		3,976,296
Commercial real estate construction     and land development	2,558		—		2,558		4,183		883,575		890,316
1-4 family residential (including     home equity)	4,451		—		4,451		7,259		1,100,525		1,112,235
Residential construction	5,546		—		5,546		121		155,827		161,494
Consumer and other	99		—		99		164		59,767		60,030
Total loans	$	32,402	$	—	$	32,402	$	32,140	$	7,486,582	$	7,551,124

12

Table of Contents

	December 31, 2023
	Loans Past Due and Still Accruing						Nonaccrual Loans		Current Loans		Total Loans
	30-89 Days		90 or More Days		Total Past Due Loans
	(In thousands)
Commercial and industrial	$	6,096	$	—	$	6,096	$	5,048	$	1,397,858	$	1,409,002
Paycheck Protection Program (PPP)	375		—		375		—		4,725		5,100
Real estate:
Commercial real estate (including     multi-family residential)	9,600		—		9,600		16,699		4,045,508		4,071,807
Commercial real estate construction     and land development	7,341		—		7,341		5,043		1,048,022		1,060,406
1-4 family residential (including     home equity)	3,492		—		3,492		8,874		1,034,808		1,047,174
Residential construction	498		—		498		3,288		263,571		267,357
Consumer and other	64		—		64		239		63,984		64,287
Total loans	$	27,466	$	—	$	27,466	$	39,191	$	7,858,476	$	7,925,133

Credit Quality Indicators

The Company categorizes loans into risk categories based on relevant information about the ability of borrowers to service their debt. The Company utilizes a risk rating matrix to assign a risk rating to each of its loans. Risk ratings are updated on an ongoing basis and are subject to change by continuous loan monitoring processes including lending management monitoring, executive management and board committee oversight, and independent credit review. As part of the ongoing monitoring of the credit quality of the Company’s loan portfolio and methodology for calculating the allowance for credit losses, management assigns and tracks certain risk ratings to be used as credit quality indicators including trends related to (1) the weighted-average risk grade of loans, (2) the level of classified loans, (3) the delinquency status of loans, (4) nonperforming loans and (5) the general economic conditions in our market. Individual bankers, under the oversight of credit administration, review updated financial information for all pass grade commercial loans to reassess the risk grade on at least an annual basis. When a loan reaches a set of internally designated criteria, including Substandard or higher, a special assets officer will be involved in the monitoring of the loan on an on-going basis.

The following is a general description of the risk ratings used by the Company:

Pass—Credits in this category contain an acceptable amount of risk.

Special Mention—Loans classified as special mention have a potential weakness that deserves management’s close attention. If left uncorrected, these potential weaknesses may result in deterioration of the repayment prospects for the loan or of the institution’s credit position at some future date. They are characterized by the distinct possibility that the institution will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected.

Substandard—Loans classified as substandard have well-defined weaknesses on a continuing basis and are inadequately protected by the current net worth and paying capacity of the borrower, declining collateral values, or a continuing downturn in their industry which is reducing their profits to below zero and having a significantly negative impact on their cash flow. These loans so classified are characterized by the distinct possibility that the institution will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected.

Doubtful—Loans classified as doubtful have all the weaknesses inherent in those classified as substandard with the added characteristic that the weaknesses make collection or liquidation in full on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions and values, highly questionable and improbable.

Loss—Loans classified as loss are to be charged-off or charged-down when payment is acknowledged to be uncertain or when the timing or value of payments cannot be determined. “Loss” is not intended to imply that the loan or some portion of it will never be paid, nor does it in any way imply that there has been a forgiveness of debt.

The following table presents risk ratings by category and the gross charge-offs by primary loan type and year of origination or renewal. Generally, current period renewals of credit are re-underwritten at the point of renewal and considered current period

13

Table of Contents

originations for purposes of the table below. The following summarizes the amortized cost basis of loans by year of origination/renewal and credit quality indicator by class of loan as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023:

	September 30, 2024																		December 31, 2023
	Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year												Revolving Loans		Revolving Loans Converted to Term Loans		Total		Total
	2024		2023		2022		2021		2020		Prior
	(In thousands)
Commercial and industrial
Pass	$	204,235	$	237,416	$	172,538	$	129,491	$	27,316	$	22,057	$	463,532	$	52,523	$	1,309,108	$	1,377,118
Special Mention	1,316		1,297		2,546		618		132		780		2,721		1,923		11,333		8,340
Substandard	1,207		1,290		4,145		897		402		10,684		2,951		5,816		27,392		23,496
Doubtful	—		43		—		—		—		—		—		—		43		48
Total commercial and industrial     loans	$	206,758	$	240,046	$	179,229	$	131,006	$	27,850	$	33,521	$	469,204	$	60,262	$	1,347,876	$	1,409,002
Current period gross charge-offs	$	—	$	1,207	$	570	$	305	$	174	$	46	$	410	$	2,218	$	4,930
Paycheck Protection Program (PPP)
Pass	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	1,715	$	1,162	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	2,877	$	5,100
Special Mention	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Substandard	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Doubtful	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total PPP loans	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	1,715	$	1,162	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	2,877	$	5,100
Current period gross charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Commercial real estate     (including multi-family residential)
Pass	$	326,262	$	404,440	$	1,337,966	$	753,748	$	364,426	$	471,694	$	108,888	$	21,454	$	3,788,878	$	3,959,675
Special Mention	16,867		6,647		37,010		18,064		27,680		18,400		2,285		1,389		128,342		54,483
Substandard	803		10,517		7,807		23,057		4,852		10,134		1,906		—		59,076		57,649
Doubtful	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total commercial real estate     (including multi-family     residential) loans	$	343,932	$	421,604	$	1,382,783	$	794,869	$	396,958	$	500,228	$	113,079	$	22,843	$	3,976,296	$	4,071,807
Current period gross charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	541	$	245	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	786
Commercial real estate construction     and land development
Pass	$	162,490	$	198,998	$	330,380	$	75,628	$	12,395	$	8,595	$	51,948	$	11,187	$	851,621	$	1,032,789
Special Mention	2,115		5,372		7,026		5,495		—		1,642		6,963		—		28,613		9,737
Substandard	3,992		4,325		833		—		—		79		310		543		10,082		17,880
Doubtful	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total commercial real estate     construction and land development	$	168,597	$	208,695	$	338,239	$	81,123	$	12,395	$	10,316	$	59,221	$	11,730	$	890,316	$	1,060,406
Current period gross charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—

14

Table of Contents

	September 30, 2024																		December 31, 2023
	Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year												Revolving Loans		Revolving Loans Converted to Term Loans
	2024		2023		2022		2021		2020		Prior						Total		Total
	(In thousands)
1-4 family residential (including     home equity)
Pass	$	100,678	$	164,149	$	289,962	$	202,768	$	104,403	$	113,166	$	87,228	$	11,404	$	1,073,758	$	1,011,743
Special Mention	1,262		1,671		1,835		3,272		1,764		1,390		—		443		11,637		5,384
Substandard	2,333		2,491		1,381		3,279		1,709		5,719		3,827		6,101		26,840		30,047
Doubtful	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total 1-4 family residential     (including home equity)	$	104,273	$	168,311	$	293,178	$	209,319	$	107,876	$	120,275	$	91,055	$	17,948	$	1,112,235	$	1,047,174
Current period gross charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	2	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	2
Residential construction
Pass	$	73,865	$	68,890	$	12,338	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	177	$	—	$	155,270	$	264,069
Special Mention	—		321		—		—		—		—		—		—		321		—
Substandard	5,782		121		—		—		—		—		—		—		5,903		3,288
Doubtful	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total residential construction	$	79,647	$	69,332	$	12,338	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	177	$	—	$	161,494	$	267,357
Current period gross charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Consumer and other
Pass	$	27,596	$	9,147	$	3,820	$	1,853	$	693	$	411	$	14,561	$	1,654	$	59,735	$	63,881
Special Mention	—		—		21		16		—		—		—		—		37		67
Substandard	86		28		70		21		—		—		2		51		258		339
Doubtful	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total consumer and other	$	27,682	$	9,175	$	3,911	$	1,890	$	693	$	411	$	14,563	$	1,705	$	60,030	$	64,287
Current period gross charge-offs	$	—	$	10	$	—	$	4	$	—	$	30	$	—	$	93	$	137
Total loans
Pass	$	895,126	$	1,083,040	$	2,147,004	$	1,165,203	$	510,395	$	615,923	$	726,334	$	98,222	$	7,241,247	$	7,714,375
Special Mention	21,560		15,308		48,438		27,465		29,576		22,212		11,969		3,755		180,283		78,011
Substandard	14,203		18,772		14,236		27,254		6,963		26,616		8,996		12,511		129,551		132,699
Doubtful	—		43		—		—		—		—		—		—		43		48
Total loans	$	930,889	$	1,117,163	$	2,209,678	$	1,219,922	$	546,934	$	664,751	$	747,299	$	114,488	$	7,551,124	$	7,925,133
Current period gross charge-offs	$	—	$	1,217	$	570	$	850	$	421	$	76	$	410	$	2,311	$	5,855

15

Table of Contents

The following table presents the activity in the allowance for credit losses on loans by portfolio type for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023:

	Commercial and industrial		Paycheck Protection Program (PPP)		Commercial real estate (including multi-family residential)		Commercial real estate construction and land development		1-4 family residential (including home equity)		Residential construction		Consumer and other		Total
	(In thousands)
Allowance for credit losses on     loans:
Three Months Ended
Balance June 30, 2024	$	38,776	$	—	$	35,897	$	12,511	$	5,230	$	1,963	$	395	$	94,772
(Reversal of) provision for credit losses on loans	(5,101)		—		(245)		(480)		(177)		(384)		49		(6,338)
Charge-offs	(4,120)		—		(259)		—		(2)		—		(32)		(4,413)
Recoveries	451		—		26		—		—		—		3		480
Net charge-offs	(3,669)		—		(233)		—		(2)		—		(29)		(3,933)
Balance September 30, 2024	$	30,006	$	—	$	35,419	$	12,031	$	5,051	$	1,579	$	415	$	84,501
Nine Months Ended
Balance December 31, 2023	$	31,979	$	—	$	38,187	$	13,627	$	4,785	$	2,623	$	483	$	91,684
(Reversal of) provision for credit losses on loans	1,791		—		(2,008)		(1,596)		262		(1,044)		58		(2,537)
Charge-offs	(4,930)		—		(786)		—		(2)		—		(137)		(5,855)
Recoveries	1,166		—		26		—		6		—		11		1,209
Net charge-offs	(3,764)		—		(760)		—		4		—		(126)		(4,646)
Balance September 30, 2024	$	30,006	$	—	$	35,419	$	12,031	$	5,051	$	1,579	$	415	$	84,501
Three Months Ended
Balance June 30, 2023	$	38,505	$	—	$	38,963	$	14,500	$	4,757	$	3,080	$	390	$	100,195
Provision for credit losses on loans	2,173		—		58		(791)		34		(221)		243		1,496
Charge-offs	(8,169)		—		—		—		—		—		(7)		(8,176)
Recoveries	55		—		2		—		—		—		3		60
Net charge-offs	(8,114)		—		2		—		—		—		(4)		(8,116)
Balance September 30, 2023	$	32,564	$	—	$	39,023	$	13,709	$	4,791	$	2,859	$	629	$	93,575
Nine Months Ended
Balance December 31, 2022	$	41,236	$	—	$	32,970	$	14,121	$	2,709	$	1,796	$	348	$	93,180
Provision for credit losses on loans	(143)		—		6,037		(412)		2,096		1,063		298		8,939
Charge-offs	(9,653)		—		—		—		(23)		—		(45)		(9,721)
Recoveries	1,124		—		16		—		9		—		28		1,177
Net charge-offs	(8,529)		—		16		—		(14)		—		(17)		(8,544)
Balance September 30, 2023	$	32,564	$	—	$	39,023	$	13,709	$	4,791	$	2,859	$	629	$	93,575

Allowance for Credit Losses on Unfunded Commitments

In addition to the allowance for credit losses on loans, the Company has established an allowance for credit losses on unfunded commitments, classified in other liabilities and adjusted as a provision for credit loss expense. The allowance represents estimates of expected credit losses over the contractual period in which there is exposure to credit risk via a contractual obligation to extend credit, unless that obligation is unconditionally cancellable by the Company. The estimate includes consideration of the likelihood that funding will occur and an estimate of expected credit losses on the commitments expected to fund. The estimate of commitments expected to fund is informed by historical analysis looking at utilization rates. The expected credit loss rates applied to the commitments expected to fund is informed by the general valuation allowance utilized for outstanding balances with the same underlying assumptions and drivers. The allowance for credit losses on unfunded commitments as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 was $10.0 million and $11.3 million, respectively. This reserve is maintained at a level management believes to be

16

Table of Contents

sufficient to absorb losses arising from unfunded loan commitments. The Company recorded a provision on unfunded commitments of $353 thousand during the three months ended September 30, 2024 compared to a provision on unfunded commitments of $818 thousand for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and a reversal of provision on unfunded commitments of $1.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared to a $1.0 million reversal of provision on unfunded commitments for the nine months ended September 30, 2023.

Collateral Dependent Loans

Collateral dependent loans are secured by real estate assets, accounts receivable, inventory and equipment. For a collateral dependent loan, the Company’s evaluation process includes a valuation by appraisal or other collateral analysis adjusted for selling costs, when appropriate. This valuation is compared to the remaining outstanding principal balance of the loan and any loss is included in the allowance for credit losses on loans as a specific allocation.

The following tables present the amortized cost basis of collateral dependent loans, which are individually evaluated to determine expected credit losses as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023:

	September 30, 2024
	Real Estate		Business Assets		Other		Total
	(In thousands)
Commercial and industrial	$	—	$	6,483	$	—	$	6,483
Real estate:
Commercial real estate (including multi-family residential)	9,038		—		—		9,038
Commercial real estate construction and land development	4,183		—		—		4,183
1-4 family residential (including home equity)	7,259		—		—		7,259
Residential construction	—		—		—		—
Consumer and other	—		—		86		86
Total	$	20,480	$	6,483	$	86	$	27,049

	December 31, 2023
	Real Estate		Business Assets		Other		Total
	(In thousands)
Commercial and industrial	$	—	$	70	$	—	$	70
Real estate:
Commercial real estate (including multi-family residential)	5,548		—		—		5,548
Commercial real estate construction and land development	437		—		—		437
1-4 family residential (including home equity)	424		—		—		424
Residential construction	—		—		—		—
Consumer and other	—		—		—		—
Total	$	6,409	$	70	$	—	$	6,479

17

Table of Contents

Nonaccrual Loans

The following tables present additional information regarding nonaccrual loans. No interest income was recognized on nonaccrual loans as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

	September 30, 2024
	Nonaccrual Loans with No Related Allowance		Nonaccrual Loans with Related Allowance		Total Nonaccrual Loans
	(In thousands)
Commercial and industrial	$	4,826	$	4,886	$	9,712
Paycheck Protection Program (PPP)	6		—		6
Real estate:
Commercial real estate (including multi-family residential)	8,773		1,922		10,695
Commercial real estate construction and land development	79		4,104		4,183
1-4 family residential (including home equity)	5,509		1,750		7,259
Residential construction	—		121		121
Consumer and other	86		78		164
Total loans	$	19,279	$	12,861	32,140

	December 31, 2023
	Nonaccrual Loans with No Related Allowance		Nonaccrual Loans with Related Allowance		Total Nonaccrual Loans
	(In thousands)
Commercial and industrial	$	1,616	$	3,432	$	5,048
Paycheck Protection Program (PPP)	—		—		—
Real estate:
Commercial real estate (including multi-family residential)	11,844		4,855		16,699
Commercial real estate construction and land development	5,043		—		5,043
1-4 family residential (including home equity)	7,400		1,474		8,874
Residential construction	3,288		—		3,288
Consumer and other	54		185		239
Total loans	$	29,245	$	9,946	$	39,191

Loan Modifications

Effective January 1, 2023, under ASU 2022-02, loan modifications are reported if concessions have been granted to borrowers that are experiencing financial difficulty. Information on these loan modifications originated after the effective date is presented according to the new accounting guidance. The percentage of loans modified comprised less than 1% of their respective classes of loan portfolios at September 30, 2024.

18

Table of Contents

The following tables present information regarding loans that were modified due to the borrowers experiencing financial difficulty during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023:

		Three Months Ended September 30, 2024
		Interest Rate Reduction		Term Extension		Payment Delay		Principal Forgiveness		Combination Term Extension and Principal Forgiveness		Combination Term Extension and Payment Delay		Total
	(In thousands)
Commercial and industrial		$	—	$	1,021	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	559	$	1,580
Real estate:
Commercial real estate (including multi-family residential)		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Commercial real estate construction and land development		—		755		1,428		—		—		—		2,183
1-4 family residential (including home equity)		—		—		—		—		—		499		499
Residential construction		—						—		—				—
Consumer and other		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total		$	—	$	1,776	$	1,428	$	—	$	—	$	1,058	$	4,262

		Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024
		Interest Rate Reduction		Term Extension		Payment Delay		Principal Forgiveness		Combination Term Extension and Principal Forgiveness		Combination Term Extension and Payment Delay		Total
	(In thousands)
Commercial and industrial		$	—	$	1,171	$	807	$	—	$	—	$	1,423	$	3,401
Real estate:
Commercial real estate (including multi-family residential)		—		—		1,720		—		—		1,482		3,202
Commercial real estate construction and land development		—		2,781		1,428		—		—		2,415		6,624
1-4 family residential (including home equity)		—		—		1,040		—		—		499		1,539
Residential construction		—		236				—		—		—		236
Consumer and other		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total		$	—	$	4,188	$	4,995	$	—	$	—	$	5,819	$	15,002

19

Table of Contents

		Three Months Ended September 30, 2023
		Interest Rate Reduction		Term Extension		Payment Delay		Principal Forgiveness		Combination Term Extension and Principal Forgiveness		Combination Term Extension and Payment Delay		Total
	(In thousands)
Commercial and industrial		$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Real estate:
Commercial real estate (including multi-family residential)		—		1,890		—		—		—		—		1,890
Commercial real estate construction and land development		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
1-4 family residential (including home equity)		—		322		99		—		—		71		492
Residential construction		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Consumer and other		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total		$	—	$	2,212	$	99	$	—	$	—	$	71	$	2,382

	Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023
	Interest Rate Reduction		Term Extension		Payment Delay		Principal Forgiveness		Combination Term Extension and Principal Forgiveness		Combination Term Extension and Payment Delay		Total
	(In thousands)
Commercial and industrial	$	89	$	2,185	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	260	$	2,534
Real estate:
Commercial real estate (including multi-family residential)	—		2,670		—		—		—		1,703		4,373
Commercial real estate construction and land development	—		6,850		—		—		—		—		6,850
1-4 family residential (including home equity)	—		1,037		99		—		—		71		1,207
Residential construction	—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Consumer and other	—		94		—		—		—		—		94
Total	$	89	$	12,836	$	99	$	—	$	—	$	2,034	$	15,058

20

Table of Contents

The following table summarizes, by loan portfolio, the financial effect of the Company’s loan modifications for the periods indicated:

	Three Months Ended September 30, 2024			Three Months Ended September 30, 2023
	Weighted-Average Term Extension	Weighted-Average Interest Rate Reduction		Weighted-Average Term Extension	Weighted-Average Interest Rate Reduction
	(months)			(months)
Commercial and industrial	6	0.0	%	—	0.0	%
Real estate:
Commercial real estate (including multi-family residential)	—	0.0	%	6	0.0	%
Commercial real estate construction and land development	20	0.0	%	—	0.0	%
1-4 family residential (including home equity)	—	0.0	%	24	1.5	%
Residential construction	—	0.0	%	—	0.0	%
Consumer and other	—	0.0	%	—	0.0	%

	Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024			Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023
	Weighted-Average Term Extension	Weighted-Average Interest Rate Reduction		Weighted-Average Term Extension	Weighted-Average Interest Rate Reduction
	(months)			(months)
Commercial and industrial	6	0.0	%	12	2.0	%
Real estate:
Commercial real estate (including multi-family residential)	—	0.0	%	9	0.0	%
Commercial real estate construction and land development	9	0.0	%	12	0.0	%
1-4 family residential (including home equity)	—	0.0	%	16	1.5	%
Residential construction	6	0.0	%	—	0.0	%
Consumer and other	—	0.0	%	7	0.0	%

The following table summarizes modified loans that had a payment default, determined as 90 or more days past due, within the past twelve months that were modified due to the borrowers experiencing financial difficulty during the periods indicated:

	Twelve Months Ended September 30, 2024						Twelve Months Ended September 30, 2023
	Term Extension		Payment Delay		Interest Rate Reduction		Term Extension		Payment Delay		Interest Rate Reduction
	(In thousands)
Commercial and industrial	$	—	$	807	$	—	$	670	$	—	$	89
Real estate:
Commercial real estate (including multi-family residential)	—		—		—		—		—		—
Commercial real estate construction and land development	1,668		—		—		—		—		—
1-4 family residential (including home equity)	—		655		—		715		99		—
Residential construction	—		—		—		—		—		—
Consumer and other	—		—		—		—		—		—
	$	1,668	$	1,462	$	—	$	1,385	$	99	$	89

21

Table of Contents

5. LEASES

At September 30, 2024, the Company had 30 operating leases consisting of branch locations, office facilities and equipment. The right-of-use asset is classified within premises and equipment and the lease liability is included in other liabilities on the balance sheet. The Company also owns certain office facilities which it leases to outside parties under operating lessor leases; however, such leases are not significant. There were no sale and leaseback transactions, leveraged leases or lease transactions with related parties during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023.

Supplemental lease information at the dates indicated was as follows:

	September 30, 2024			December 31, 2023
	(Dollars in thousands)
Balance Sheet:
Operating lease right-of-use asset classified as premises and equipment	$	18,361		$	20,746
Operating lease liability classified as other liabilities	$	19,054		$	20,659
Weighted average lease term, in years	7.35			7.67
Weighted average discount rate	4.26		%	4.17		%

Lease costs for the dates indicated was as follows:

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
	(In thousands)
Income Statement:
Operating lease cost	$	1,736	$	1,885	$	5,769	$	5,280
Short-term lease cost	6		8		17		21
Total operating lease costs	$	1,742	$	1,893	$	5,786	$	5,301

The following table summarizes the contractual maturity of the Company’s lease liabilities as of the dates indicated below:

	September 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
	(In thousands)
Lease payments due:
Within one year	$	976	$	4,428
After one but within two years	4,140		3,978
After two but within three years	3,739		3,430
After three but within four years	3,578		3,227
After four but within five years	3,414		3,047
After five years	6,845		6,605
Total lease payments	22,692		24,715
Less: discount on cash flows	(3,638)		(4,056)
Total lease liability	$	19,054	$	20,659

22

Table of Contents

6. FAIR VALUE

The Company uses fair value measurements to record fair value adjustments to certain assets and to determine fair value disclosures. Fair value represents the estimated exchange price that would be received from selling an asset or paid to transfer a liability, otherwise known as an “exit price,” in the principal or most advantageous market available to the entity in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date.

Fair Value Hierarchy

Fair value is the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. The Company groups financial assets and financial liabilities measured at fair value in three levels, based on the markets in which the assets and liabilities are traded and the reliability of the assumptions used to determine fair value. These levels are:

•Level 1—Quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in active markets that the entity has the ability to access as of the measurement date.

•Level 2—Significant other observable inputs other than Level 1 prices such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data.

•Level 3—Significant unobservable inputs that reflect management’s judgment and assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability that are supported by little or no market activity.

The carrying amounts and estimated fair values of financial instruments that are reported on the balance sheet were as follows:

	September 30, 2024
	Carrying Amount		Estimated Fair Value
			Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
	(In thousands)
Financial assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$	516,217	$	516,217	$	—	$	—	$	516,217
Available for sale securities	1,691,752		—		1,691,752		—		1,691,752
Loans held for investment, net of allowance	7,466,623		—		—		7,372,439		7,372,439
Accrued interest receivable	39,473		470		7,427		31,576		39,473
Financial liabilities
Deposits	$	8,742,601	$	—	$	8,746,359	$	—	$	8,746,359
Accrued interest payable	16,915		—		16,915		—		16,915
Borrowed funds	60,000		—		60,000		—		60,000
Subordinated debt	110,064		—		107,956		—		107,956

23

Table of Contents

	December 31, 2023
	Carrying Amount		Estimated Fair Value
			Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
	(In thousands)
Financial assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$	399,237	$	399,237	$	—	$	—	$	399,237
Available for sale securities	1,395,680		—		1,395,680		—		1,395,680
Loans held for investment, net of allowance	7,833,449		—		—		7,627,962		7,627,962
Accrued interest receivable	44,244		118		6,716		37,410		44,244
Financial liabilities
Deposits	$	8,873,467	$	—	$	8,866,645	$	—	$	8,866,645
Accrued interest payable	11,288		—		11,288		—		11,288
Borrowed funds	50,000		—		50,000		—		50,000
Subordinated debt	109,765		—		109,390		—		109,390

The following tables present fair values for assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis:

	September 30, 2024
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
	(In thousands)
Financial assets
Available for sale securities:
U.S. government and agency securities	$	—	$	277,519	$	—	$	277,519
Municipal securities	—		198,993		—		198,993
Agency mortgage-backed pass-through securities	—		463,447		—		463,447
Agency collateralized mortgage obligations	—		645,040		—		645,040
Corporate bonds and other	—		106,753		—		106,753
Interest rate swaps	—		4,420		—		4,420
Credit risk participation agreements	—		—		18		18
Total fair value of financial assets	$	—	$	1,696,172	$	18	$	1,696,190
Financial liabilities
Interest rate swaps	$	—	$	4,420	$	—	$	4,420
Total fair value of financial liabilities	$	—	$	4,420	$	—	$	4,420

24

Table of Contents

	December 31, 2023
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
	(In thousands)
Financial assets
Available for sale securities:
U.S. government and agency securities	$	—	$	297,418	$	—	$	297,418
Municipal securities	—		204,059		—		204,059
Agency mortgage-backed pass-through securities	—		387,873		—		387,873
Agency collateralized mortgage obligations	—		398,117		—		398,117
Corporate bonds and other	—		108,213		—		108,213
Interest rate swaps	—		6,692		—		6,692
Credit risk participation agreements	—		—		20		20
Total fair value of financial assets	$	—	$	1,402,372	$	20	$	1,402,392
Financial liabilities
Interest rate swaps	$	—	$	6,692	$	—	$	6,692
Total fair value of financial liabilities	$	—	$	6,692	$	—	$	6,692

There were no transfers between levels during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 or 2023.

Certain assets, including purchase credit deteriorated and individually evaluated loans with allowances for credit losses and branch assets held for sale, are measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis. These assets are not measured at fair value on an ongoing basis, but are subject to fair value adjustments in certain circumstances such as impairment. There were no liabilities measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023. Assets measured on a nonrecurring basis for the periods noted are summarized in the table below.

	September 30, 2024
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
	(In thousands)
Loans:
Commercial and industrial	$	—	$	—	$	11,882
Commercial real estate (including multi-family residential)	—		—		3,447
Commercial real estate construction and land development	—		—		3,333
1-4 family residential (including home equity)	—		—		3,985
Consumer and other	—		—		100
	$	—	$	—	$	22,747

	December 31, 2023
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
	(In thousands)
Loans:
Commercial and industrial	$	—	$	—	$	10,084
Commercial real estate (including multi-family residential)	—		—		7,134
Commercial real estate construction and land development	—		—		6,654
1-4 family residential (including home equity)	—		—		3,892
Consumer and other	—		—		106
Branch assets held for sale(1)	2,033		—		—
	$	2,033	$	—	$	27,870

(1) Branch assets held for sale are banking centers that closed and were for sale.

25

Table of Contents

7. DEPOSITS

Time deposits that met or exceeded the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) insurance limit of $250 thousand at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 were $572.0 million and $548.4 million, respectively.

Scheduled maturities of time deposits as of September 30, 2024 were as follows (in thousands):

2024	$	569,675
2025	812,861
2026	91,606
2027	71,449
Thereafter	41,807
Total	$	1,587,398

The Company had $649.4 million and $615.9 million of brokered deposits as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. There were no concentrations of deposits with any one depositor at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

8. DERIVATIVE INSTRUMENTS

The Company has outstanding interest rate swap contracts with certain customers and equal and offsetting interest rate swaps with other financial institutions entered into at the same time. These interest rate swap contracts are not designated as hedging instruments for mitigating interest rate risk. The objective of the transactions is to allow customers to effectively convert a variable rate loan to a fixed rate.

In connection with each swap transaction, the Company agreed to pay interest to the customer on a notional amount at a variable interest rate and receive interest from the customer on a similar notional amount at a fixed interest rate. At the same time, the Company agreed to pay a third-party financial institution the same fixed interest rate on the same notional amount and receive the same variable interest rate on the same notional amount. Because the Company acts as an intermediary for its customer, changes in the fair value of the underlying derivative contracts are designed to offset each other and do not significantly impact the Company’s operating results except in certain situations where there is a significant deterioration in the customer’s credit worthiness or that of the counterparties. At September 30, 2024, management determined there was no such deterioration.

At September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company had nine and 15 interest rate swap agreements outstanding with borrowers and financial institutions, respectively. These derivative instruments are not designated as accounting hedges and changes in the net fair value are recognized in other noninterest income. Fair value amounts are included in other assets and other liabilities.

At September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 the Company had three credit risk participation agreements with another financial institution that are associated with interest rate swaps related to loans for which the Company is the lead agent bank and the other financial institution provides credit protection to the Company should the borrower fail to perform under the terms of the interest rate swap agreements. The fair value of the agreements is determined based on the market value of the underlying interest rate swaps adjusted for credit spreads and recovery rates.

26

Table of Contents

Derivative instruments not designated as hedges outstanding as of the periods indicated below were as follows (dollars in thousands):

	September 30, 2024
	Classification	Notional Amounts		Fair Value		Fixed Rate	Floating Rate	Weighted Average Maturity (Years)
Interest rate swaps:
Financial institutions	Other assets	$	66,101	$	4,218	3.50% - 5.40%	SOFR 1M + 2.50% - 3.00%	5.9
Financial institutions	Other assets	4,818		202		4.99%	U.S. Prime	3.20
Customers	Other liabilities	4,818		(202)		4.99%	U.S. Prime	3.20
Customers	Other liabilities	66,101		(4,218)		3.50% - 5.40%	SOFR 1M + 2.50% - 3.00%	5.92
Credit risk participation agreements:
Financial institutions	Other assets	20,138		18		3.50% - 5.40%	SOFR 1M + 2.50%	6.57

	December 31, 2023
	Classification	Notional Amounts		Fair Value		Fixed Rate	Floating Rate	Weighted Average Maturity (Years)
Interest rate swaps:
Financial institutions	Other assets	$	104,930	$	6,367	3.25% - 5.58%	SOFR 1M + 2.50% - 3.00%	4.51
Financial institutions	Other assets	4,911		295		4.99%	U.S. Prime	3.96
Customers	Other assets	4,875		30		6.25%	SOFR 1M + 2.50%	4.04
Financial institutions	Other liabilities	4,875		(30)		6.25%	SOFR 1M + 2.50%	4.04
Customers	Other liabilities	4,911		(295)		4.99%	U.S. Prime	3.96
Customers	Other liabilities	104,930		(6,367)		3.25% - 5.58%	SOFR 1M + 2.50% - 3.00%	4.51
Credit risk participation agreements:
Financial institutions	Other assets	$	20,758	$	20	3.50% - 5.40%	SOFR 1M + 2.50%	7.33

27

Table of Contents

9. BORROWINGS AND BORROWING CAPACITY

The Company has an available line of credit with the Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) of Dallas, which allows the Company to borrow on a collateralized basis. FHLB advances are used to manage liquidity as needed. The advances are secured by a blanket lien on certain loans. Maturing advances are replaced by drawing on available cash, making additional borrowings or through increased customer deposits. At September 30, 2024, the Company had a total borrowing capacity of $2.98 billion, of which $1.86 billion was available under this agreement and $1.12 billion was outstanding pursuant to FHLB advances and letters of credit. There were $60.0 million of FHLB short-term advances outstanding at September 30, 2024 at a weighted-average rate of 5.15%.

At September 30, 2024, FHLB letters of credit pledged as collateral for public and other deposits of state and local government agencies totaled $1.06 billion, which expire in the following periods (in thousands):

2024	$	27,850
2025	426,065
2026	57,300
2027	402,500
Thereafter	145,000
Total	$	1,058,715

On December 13, 2022, Stellar entered into a loan agreement with another financial institution (the “Loan Agreement”) that provides for a $75.0 million revolving line of credit. At September 30, 2024, there were no outstanding borrowings on this line of credit and no draws were taken on this line of credit during the nine months ended September 30, 2024. Draws can be made on the line of credit for a period of 24 months, which will end December 13, 2024. Interest accrues on outstanding borrowings at a per annum rate equal to the prime rate quoted by The Wall Street Journal and with a floor rate of 3.50% calculated in accordance with the terms of the revolving promissory note and payable quarterly through the first 24 months. The entire outstanding balance and unpaid interest is payable in full on December 13, 2024. The obligations of Stellar under the Loan Agreement are secured by a pledge of all the issued and outstanding shares of capital stock of the Bank.

Covenants made under the Loan Agreement include, among other things, while there are obligations outstanding under Loan Agreement, the Company shall maintain a cash flow to debt service (as defined in the Loan Agreement) of not less than 1.25, the Bank’s Texas Ratio (as defined in the Loan Agreement) not to exceed 25.0% and the Bank shall maintain a Tier 1 Leverage Ratio (as defined under the Loan Agreement) of at least 7.0% and restrictions on the ability of Stellar and its subsidiaries to incur certain additional debt. As of September 30, 2024, the Company believes it was in compliance with all such debt covenants and had not been made aware of any noncompliance by the lender.

10. SUBORDINATED DEBT

Junior Subordinated Debentures

In connection with the acquisition of F&M Bancshares, Inc. in 2015, Stellar assumed Farmers & Merchants Capital Trust II and Farmers & Merchants Capital Trust III. Each of the trusts is a capital or statutory business trust organized for the sole purpose of issuing trust securities and investing the proceeds in Stellar's junior subordinated debentures. The preferred trust securities of each trust represent preferred beneficial interests in the assets of the respective trusts and are subject to mandatory redemption upon payment of the junior subordinated debentures held by the trust. The common securities of each trust are wholly owned by Stellar.. Each trust’s ability to pay amounts due on the trust preferred securities is solely dependent upon Stellar making payment on the related junior subordinated debentures. The debentures, which are the only assets of each trust, are subordinate and junior in right of payment to all of the Company’s present and future senior indebtedness. Stellar has fully and unconditionally guaranteed each trust’s obligations under the trust securities issued by each trust to the extent not paid or made by such trust, provided such trust has funds available for such obligations. The trust preferred securities bear a floating rate of interest equal to 3-Month SOFR plus a spread adjustment. The junior subordinated debentures are included in Tier 1 capital under current regulatory guidelines and interpretations. Under the provisions of each issue of the debentures, Stellar has the right to defer payment of interest on the debentures at any time, or from time to time, for periods not exceeding five years. If interest payments on either issue of the debentures are deferred, the distributions on the applicable trust preferred securities and common securities will also be deferred.

28

Table of Contents

A summary of pertinent information related to Stellar’s junior subordinated debentures outstanding at September 30, 2024 is set forth in the table below:

Description	Issuance Date	Trust Preferred Securities Outstanding		Junior Subordinated Debt Owed to Trusts		Maturity Date(1)
(Dollars in thousands)
Farmers & Merchants Capital Trust II	November 13, 2003	$	7,500	$	7,732	November 8, 2033
Farmers & Merchants Capital Trust III	June 30, 2005	3,500		3,609		July 7, 2035
				$	11,341
(1) All junior subordinated debentures were callable at September 30, 2024.

Subordinated Notes

In December 2017, the Bank issued $40.0 million aggregate principal amount of Fixed-to-Floating Rate Subordinated Notes (the “Bank Notes”) due December 15, 2027. The Bank Notes bear a floating rate of interest equal to 3-Month SOFR plus a spread adjustment until the Bank Notes mature on December 15, 2027, or such earlier redemption date, payable quarterly in arrears. The Bank Notes are redeemable by the Bank, in whole or in part, upon the occurrence of certain specified tax events, capital events or investment company events. Any redemption will be at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of Bank Notes being redeemed, plus accrued and unpaid interest, and will be subject to, and require, prior regulatory approval. The Bank Notes are not subject to redemption at the option of the holders. The Bank Notes are eligible for Tier 2 capital treatment, however, during the last five years of the instrument, the amount eligible must be reduced by 20% of the original amount annually and that no amount of the instrument is eligible for inclusion in Tier 2 capital when the remaining maturity of the instrument is less than one year. As the Bank Notes are within five years of maturity, only 60% of the notes are eligible for Tier 2 capital treatment at September 30, 2024.

In September 2019, Stellar issued $60.0 million aggregate principal amount of Fixed-to-Floating Rate Subordinated Notes (the “Company Notes”) due October 1, 2029. The Company Notes bear a fixed interest rate of 4.70% per annum until (but excluding) October 1, 2024, payable semi-annually in arrears on April 1 and October 1, commencing on April 1, 2020. Thereafter, from October 1, 2024 through the maturity date, October 1, 2029, or earlier redemption date, the Company Notes will bear interest at a floating rate equal to 3-Month SOFR, plus 3.13%, for each quarterly interest period, payable quarterly in arrears on January 1, April 1, July 1 and October 1 of each year. Any redemption will be at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of Company Notes being redeemed, plus accrued and unpaid interest, and will be subject to, and require, prior regulatory approval. The Company Notes are not subject to redemption at the option of the holders.

11. INCOME TAXES

The amount of the Company’s income tax expense is influenced by the amount of pre-tax income, the amount of tax-exempt income and the amount of other nondeductible items.

	Three Months Ended						Nine Months Ended
	September 30, 2024			September 30, 2023			September 30, 2024			September 30, 2023
Income tax expense	$	8,837		$	7,445		$	23,388		$	24,825
Effective income tax rate	20.7		%	19.4		%	20.7		%	19.4		%

Interest and penalties related to tax positions are recognized in the period in which they begin accruing or when the entity claims the position that does not meet the minimum statutory thresholds. The Company does not have any uncertain tax positions and does not have any interest or penalties recorded in the income statement for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023.

29

Table of Contents

12. STOCK BASED COMPENSATION

Under the 2022 Omnibus Incentive Plan (the “2022 Plan”) the Company is authorized to issue a maximum aggregate of 2,000,000 shares of common stock. All restricted stock and performance share awards outstanding at September 30, 2024 were issued under the 2022 Plan. At September 30, 2024, there were 809,077 shares reserved and available for issuance under the 2022 Plan.

The Company accounts for stock based employee compensation plans using the fair value-based method of accounting. The Company recognized total stock based compensation expense of $3.0 million and $2.8 million for both of the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 and $8.6 million and $8.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Stock Options

Stock options outstanding at September 30, 2024 were issued under equity compensation plans that are no longer active. No additional shares may be issued under these compensation plans.

Stock option activity during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 was as follows:

	Number of Options	Weighted- Average Exercise Price		Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Term	Aggregate Intrinsic Value
	(In thousands)			(In years)	(In thousands)
Options outstanding, January 1, 2024	258	$	18.56	2.09	$	2,398
Options granted	—	—
Options exercised	(94)	15.80
Options forfeited	(6)	19.89
Options outstanding, September 30, 2024	158	$	20.17	2.00	$	937
Options vested and exercisable, September 30, 2024	158	$	20.17	2.00	$	937

Restricted Stock Awards

The fair value of the Company’s restricted stock awards is estimated based on the market value of the Company’s common stock at the date of grant, which is the closing price of the Company’s common stock on the day before the grant date. The shares of restricted stock granted generally vest over a period of two or three years from the date of grant and the Company accounts for shares of restricted stock by recording the fair value of the grant on the award date as compensation expense over the vesting period.

Shares of restricted stock are considered outstanding at the date of issuance as the grantee becomes the record owner of the restricted stock and has voting, dividend and other shareholder rights. The shares of restricted stock are non-transferable and subject to forfeiture until the restricted stock awards vest and any dividends with respect to the restricted stock awards are subject to the same restrictions, including the risk of forfeiture.

Nonvested shares of restricted stock activity during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 was as follows:

	Number of Shares	Weighted- Average Grant Date Fair Value
	(In thousands)
Nonvested share awards outstanding, January 1, 2024	458	$	29.38
Share awards granted	311	23.17
Share awards vested	(87)	25.16
Unvested share awards forfeited or cancelled	(60)	25.74
Nonvested share awards outstanding, September 30, 2024	622	$	27.22

As of September 30, 2024, there was $9.2 million of unrecognized compensation expense related to restricted stock awards which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.86 years.

30

Table of Contents

Performance Share Awards (“PSAs”)

PSAs are generally earned subject to certain performance goals being met after a specified performance period and will be settled in shares of Company common stock. There were 77,624 PSAs awarded during the nine months ended September 30, 2024, which were granted with a three-year performance period and will vest in March 2027. The grant date fair value of the PSAs is based on the probable outcome of the applicable performance conditions and is calculated at target based on a combination of the closing market price of our common stock on the grant date and a Monte Carlo simulated fair value in accordance with accounting standards codification (“ASC”) 718. At September 30, 2024, there was $3.0 million of unrecognized compensation expense related to the PSAs, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.89 years.

13. OFF-BALANCE SHEET ARRANGEMENTS, COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

In the normal course of business, the Company enters into various transactions, which, in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States are not included in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. The Company enters into these transactions to meet the financing needs of its customers. These transactions include commitments to extend credit and standby and commercial letters of credit, which involve to varying degrees, elements of credit risk and interest rate risk in excess of the amounts recognized in the consolidated balance sheets. The Company uses the same credit policies in making commitments and conditional obligations as it does for on balance sheet instruments.

The contractual amounts of financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk are as follows:

	September 30, 2024				December 31, 2023
	Fixed Rate		Variable Rate		Fixed Rate		Variable Rate
	(In thousands)
Commitments to extend credit	$	317,444	$	1,385,830	$	367,068	$	1,425,946
Standby letters of credit	16,408		25,353		16,147		21,514
Total	$	333,852	$	1,411,183	$	383,215	$	1,447,460

    At September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company had FHLB letters of credit in the amount of $1.06 billion and $1.82 billion, respectively, pledged as collateral for public and other deposits of state and local government agencies. For more information on FHLB borrowings, see Note 9 – Borrowings and Borrowing Capacity.

Commitments to Extend Credit

Commitments to extend credit are agreements to lend to a customer as long as there is no violation of any condition established in the contract. Commitments generally have fixed expiration dates or other termination clauses and may require payment of a fee. Since many of the commitments are expected to expire without being fully drawn upon, the total commitment amounts disclosed do not necessarily represent future cash funding requirements. The Company evaluates each customer’s creditworthiness on a case-by-case basis. The Company minimizes its exposure to loss under these commitments by subjecting them to credit approval and monitoring procedures. Management assesses the credit risk associated with certain commitments to extend credit in determining the level of the allowance for credit losses. The amount and type of collateral, if deemed necessary by the Company upon extension of credit, is based on management’s credit evaluation of the customer.

Commitments to make loans are generally made for an approval period of 120 days or less. As of September 30, 2024, the fixed rate loan commitments had interest rates ranging from 2.08% to 13.50% with a weighted average maturity of 2.11 years and a weighted-average rate of 7.19%.

Standby Letters of Credit

Standby letters of credit are written conditional commitments issued by the Company to guarantee the performance of a customer to a third party. In the event of nonperformance by the customer, the Company has the rights to the underlying collateral. The credit risk to the Company in issuing letters of credit is substantially similar to that involved in extending loan facilities to its customers. The Company’s policy for obtaining collateral, and the nature of such collateral, is substantially similar to that involved in making commitments to extend credit.

31

Table of Contents

Litigation

The Company is subject to claims and lawsuits which arise primarily in the ordinary course of business. Based on information presently available and advice received from legal counsel representing the Company, it is the opinion of management that the disposition or ultimate determination of such claims and lawsuits will not have a material adverse effect on the financial position or results of operations of the Company.

14. REGULATORY CAPITAL MATTERS

The Company and the Bank are subject to various regulatory capital requirements administered by the federal banking agencies. Capital adequacy guidelines, and for banks, prompt corrective action regulations, involve quantitative measures of assets, liabilities and certain off balance sheet items calculated under regulatory accounting practices. Capital amounts and classifications are also subject to qualitative judgments by regulators about components, risk weightings and other factors. Failure to meet minimum capital requirements can initiate actions by regulators that, if undertaken, could have a direct material effect on the Company’s consolidated financial statements. Management believes as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company and the Bank met all capital adequacy requirements to which they were then subject.

Prompt corrective action regulations provide five classifications: well capitalized, adequately capitalized, undercapitalized, significantly undercapitalized, and critically undercapitalized, although these terms are not used to represent overall financial condition. If less than well capitalized, regulatory approval is required to accept brokered deposits. If undercapitalized, capital distributions are limited, as is asset growth and expansion, and capital restoration plans are required.

The Bank’s capital ratios as of September 30, 2024 exceed the minimum levels necessary to be considered “well-capitalized” under the prompt corrective action regulatory framework.

32

Table of Contents

The following is a summary of the Company’s and the Bank’s actual and required capital ratios as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023:

	Actual				Minimum Required for Capital Adequacy Purposes				Minimum Required Plus Capital Conservation Buffer				To Be Categorized As Well-Capitalized Under Prompt Corrective Action Provisions
	Amount		Ratio		Amount		Ratio		Amount		Ratio		Amount		Ratio
	(Dollars in thousands)
STELLAR BANCORP, INC. (Consolidated)
September 30, 2024
Total Capital (to risk-weighted assets)	$	1,306,505	15.91	%	$	656,980	8.00	%	$	862,286	10.50	%	N/A		N/A
Common Equity Tier 1 Capital (to     risk-weighted assets)	1,118,625		13.62	%	369,551		4.50	%	574,858		7.00	%	N/A		N/A
Tier 1 Capital (to risk-weighted assets)	1,128,523		13.74	%	492,735		6.00	%	698,041		8.50	%	N/A		N/A
Tier 1 Leverage (to average tangible assets)	1,128,523		11.25	%	401,233		4.00	%	401,233		4.00	%	N/A		N/A
December 31, 2023
Total Capital (to risk-weighted assets)	$	1,221,060	14.02	%	$	696,529	8.00	%	$	914,195	10.50	%	N/A		N/A
Common Equity Tier 1 Capital (to     risk-weighted assets)	1,025,076		11.77	%	391,798		4.50	%	604,463		7.00	%	N/A		N/A
Tier 1 Capital (to risk-weighted assets)	1,034,974		11.89	%	522,397		6.00	%	740,062		8.50	%	N/A		N/A
Tier 1 Leverage (to average tangible assets)	1,034,974		10.18	%	406,859		4.00	%	406,859		4.00	%	N/A		N/A
STELLAR BANK
September 30, 2024
Total Capital (to risk-weighted assets)	$	1,235,560	15.07	%	$	655,963	8.00	%	$	860,351	10.50	%	$	819,954	10.00	%
Common Equity Tier 1 Capital (to     risk-weighted assets)	1,117,621		13.63	%	368,979		4.50	%	573,968		7.00	%	532,970		6.50	%
Tier 1 Capital (to risk-weighted assets)	1,117,621		13.63	%	491,972		6.00	%	696,961		8.50	%	655,963		8.00	%
Tier 1 Leverage (to average tangible assets)	1,117,621		11.16	%	400,711		4.00	%	400,711		4.00	%	500,889		5.00	%
December 31, 2023
Total Capital (to risk-weighted assets)	$	1,186,710	13.65	%	$	695,746	8.00	%	$	913,167	10.50	%	$	869,683	10.00	%
Common Equity Tier 1 Capital (to     risk-weighted assets)	1,060,624		12.20	%	391,357		4.50	%	608,778		7.00	%	565,294		6.50	%
Tier 1 Capital (to risk-weighted assets)	1,060,624		12.20	%	521,810		6.00	%	739,231		8.50	%	695,746		8.00	%
Tier 1 Leverage (to average tangible assets)	1,060,624		10.44	%	406,453		4.00	%	406,453		4.00	%	508,066		5.00	%

Dividend Restrictions

The Company’s principal source of funds for dividend payments is dividends received from the Bank. Banking regulations limit the amount of dividends that may be paid without prior approval of regulatory agencies. In addition, the Company’s credit agreement with another financial institution also limits its ability to pay dividends. Under applicable banking regulations, the amount of dividends that may be paid by the Bank in any calendar year is limited to the current year’s net profits combined with the retained net profits of the preceding two years, subject to the capital requirements described above.

33

Table of Contents

15. EARNINGS PER COMMON SHARE

Diluted earnings per common share is computed using the weighted-average number of common shares determined for the basic earnings per common share computation plus the potential dilution that could occur if securities or other contracts to issue common stock were exercised or converted into common stock using the treasury stock method. Outstanding stock options issued by the Company represent the only dilutive effect reflected in diluted weighted average shares. Restricted shares and performance share awards are considered outstanding at the date of grant, accounted for as participating securities and included in basic and diluted weighted average common shares outstanding.

	Three Months Ended September 30,								Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2024				2023				2024				2023
	Amount		Per Share Amount		Amount		Per Share Amount		Amount		Per Share Amount		Amount		Per Share Amount
	(Amounts in thousands, except per share data)
Net income attributable to shareholders	$	33,891			$	30,908			$	89,791			$	103,231
Basic:
Weighted average shares outstanding	53,541		$	0.63	53,313		$	0.58	53,485		$	1.68	53,211		$	1.94
Diluted:
Add incremental shares for:
Dilutive effect of stock option exercises and performance share units	39				67				46				89
Total	53,580		$	0.63	53,380		$	0.58	53,531		$	1.68	53,300		$	1.94

There were 20,848 and 28,372 antidilutive shares as of September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

34

Table of Contents

ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Except where the context otherwise requires or where otherwise indicated in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, the term “Stellar” refers to Stellar Bancorp, Inc., the terms “we,” “us,” “our,” “Company” and “our business” refer to Stellar Bancorp, Inc. and our wholly owned banking subsidiary, Stellar Bank, a Texas banking association.

Cautionary Notice Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains forward‑looking statements. These forward‑looking statements reflect the Company’s current views with respect to, among other things, future events and the Company’s financial performance. These statements are often, but not always, made through the use of words or phrases such as “may,” “should,” “could,” “predict,” “potential,” “believe,” “will likely result,” “expect,” “continue,” “will,” “anticipate,” “seek,” “estimate,” “intend,” “plan,” “projection,” “would” and “outlook,” or the negative version of those words or other comparable words or phrases of a future or forward‑looking nature. These forward‑looking statements are not historical facts, and are based on current expectations, estimates and projections about the Company’s industry, management’s beliefs and certain assumptions made by management, many of which, by their nature, are inherently uncertain and beyond the Company’s control. Accordingly, the Company cautions that any such forward‑looking statements are not guarantees of future performance and are subject to risks, assumptions and uncertainties that are difficult to predict. Although the Company believes that the expectations reflected in these forward‑looking statements are reasonable as of the date made, actual results may prove to be materially different from the results expressed or implied by the forward‑looking statements.

There are or will be important factors that could cause the Company’s actual results to differ materially from those indicated in these forward‑looking statements, including, but not limited to, the risks described in “Part I— Item 1A.—Risk Factors” in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023 and the following:

•disruptions to the economy and the U.S. banking system caused by recent bank failures;

•risks associated with uninsured deposits and responsive measures by federal or state governments or banking regulators, including increases in our deposit insurance assessments and other actions of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, FDIC and Texas Department of Banking and legislative and regulatory actions and reforms;

•the effects of and changes in trade and monetary and fiscal policies and laws, including the interest rate policies of the Federal Reserve Board;

•inflation, interest rate, capital and securities markets and monetary fluctuations;

•changes in the interest rate environment, the value of the Company’s assets and obligations and the availability of capital and liquidity;

•general competitive, economic, political and market conditions and other factors that may affect future results of the Company including changes in asset quality and credit risk;

•local, regional, national and international economic conditions and the impact they may have on the Company and our customers and the Company’s assessment of that impact;

•the inability to sustain revenue and earnings growth;

•impairment of the Company’s goodwill or other intangible assets;

•the composition of the Company’s loan portfolio and the concentration of loans in commercial real estate and commercial real estate construction;

•the geographic concentration of the Company’s market;

•the accuracy and sufficiency of the assumptions and estimates the Company makes in establishing reserves for potential loan losses and other estimates;

•the amount of nonperforming and classified assets that the Company holds and the time and effort necessary to resolve nonperforming assets;

•deterioration of asset quality;

•customer borrowing, repayment, investment and deposit practices;

•the ability to maintain important deposit customer relationships;

35

Table of Contents

•changes in the value of collateral securing the Company’s loans;

•natural disasters (including hurricanes) and adverse weather in the Company’s market area;

•the potential impact of climate change;

•the impact of pandemics, epidemics or any other health-related crisis;

•acts of terrorism, an outbreak of hostilities, such as the conflicts in Ukraine or the Middle East, or other international or domestic calamities;

•the ability to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting;

•the cost and effects of cyber incidents or other failures, interruptions or security breaches of the Company’s systems or those of the Company’s customers or third-party providers;

•the failure of certain third- or fourth-party vendors to perform;

•the impact, extent and timing of technological changes;

•the institution and outcome of litigation and other legal proceedings against the Company or to which it may become subject;

•the costs, effects and results of regulatory examinations, investigations, or reviews or the ability to obtain required regulatory approvals or meet conditions associated with the same;

•changes in the laws, rules, regulations, interpretations or policies relating to financial institution, accounting, tax, trade, monetary and fiscal matters;

•the effect of changes in accounting policies and practices, as may be adopted by the regulatory agencies, as well as the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, the Financial Accounting Standards Board and other accounting standard setters; and

•other risks, uncertainties, and factors that are discussed from time to time in the Company’s reports and documents filed with the SEC.

The foregoing factors should not be construed as exhaustive and should be read together with the other cautionary statements included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. If one or more events related to these or other risks or uncertainties materialize, or if the Company’s underlying assumptions prove to be incorrect, actual results may differ materially from what is anticipated. Undue reliance should not be placed on any such forward‑looking statements. Any forward‑looking statement speaks only as of the date made, and the Company does not undertake any obligation to publicly update or review any forward‑looking statement, whether as a result of new information, future developments or otherwise. New factors emerge from time to time, and it is not possible to predict which will arise. In addition, the Company cannot assess the impact of each factor on its business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward‑looking statements.

Overview

We generate most of our income from interest income on loans, interest income from investments in securities and service charges on customer accounts. We incur interest expense on deposits and other borrowed funds and noninterest expenses such as salaries and employee benefits and occupancy expenses. Net interest income is the difference between interest income on earning assets such as loans and securities and interest expense on liabilities such as deposits and borrowings that are used to fund those assets. Net interest income is our largest source of revenue. To evaluate net interest income, we measure and monitor (1) yields on our loans and other interest-earning assets, (2) the interest expenses of our deposits and other funding sources, (3) our net interest spread and (4) our net interest margin. Net interest spread is the difference between rates earned on interest-earning assets and rates paid on interest-bearing liabilities. Net interest margin is calculated as net interest income divided by average interest-earning assets. Because noninterest-bearing sources of funds, such as noninterest-bearing deposits and shareholders’ equity, also fund interest-earning assets, net interest margin includes the benefit of these noninterest-bearing sources.

Our net interest income is affected by changes in the amount and mix of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities, referred to as a “volume change.” Periodic changes in the volume and types of loans in our loan portfolio are affected by, among other factors, economic and competitive conditions in Texas and specifically in our market, as well as developments affecting the real estate, technology, financial services, insurance, transportation, manufacturing and energy sectors within our market and throughout the state of Texas.

Our net interest income is also affected by changes in yields earned on interest-earning assets and rates paid on interest-bearing deposits and borrowed funds, referred to as a “rate change.” Fluctuations in market interest rates are driven by many factors, including governmental monetary policies, inflation, deflation, macroeconomic developments, changes in unemployment, the money supply, political and international conditions and conditions in domestic and foreign financial markets.

36

Table of Contents

Critical Accounting Policies

Certain of our accounting estimates are important to the portrayal of our financial condition, since they require management to make difficult, complex or subjective judgments, some of which may relate to matters that are inherently uncertain. Estimates are susceptible to material changes as a result of changes in facts and circumstances. Facts and circumstances that could affect these judgments include, but are not limited to, changes in interest rates, changes in the performance of the economy and changes in the financial condition of borrowers. Management believes that determining the allowance for credit losses is its most critical accounting estimate. Our accounting policies are discussed in detail in Note 1– Nature of Operations and Summary of Significant Accounting and Reporting Policies in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023.

Allowance for Credit Losses

The allowance for credit losses is a valuation account which represents management’s best estimate of lifetime expected losses based on reasonable and supportable forecasts, historical loss experience, and other qualitative considerations. Management considers the policies related to the allowance for credit losses as the most critical to the financial statement presentation. The Company bases its estimates of credit losses on three primary components: (1) estimates of expected losses that exist in various segments of performing loans over the remaining life of the loan portfolio using a reasonable and supportable economic forecast, (2) specifically identified losses in individually analyzed credits which are collateral-dependent, which generally include nonaccrual loans and purchased credit deteriorated (“PCD”) loans and (3) qualitative factors related to economic conditions, portfolio concentrations, regulatory policy updates, and other relevant factors that address estimates of expected losses. Estimating the timing and amounts of future losses is subject to management’s judgment as these projected cash flows rely upon the estimates discussed above and factors that are reflective of current or future expected conditions using analytical and forecasting models and tools. Volatility in certain credit metrics and differences between expected and actual outcomes are to be expected. For example, customers may not repay their loans according to the original terms, and the collateral securing the payment of those loans may be insufficient to pay any remaining loan balance.

Loans with similar risk characteristics are aggregated into homogenous pools and are collectively evaluated by applying reserve factors, such as historical lifetime loss, concentration risk, volume, growth and composition of the loan portfolio, current and forecasted economic conditions to amortized cost balances over the remaining contractual life of the collectively evaluated portfolio. Historical lifetime loss is determined by utilizing an open-pool (“cumulative loss rate”) methodology, adjusted for credit risk characteristics and current and forecasted economic conditions. Losses are predicted over a reasonable and supportable period of one year for all loan pools, followed by an immediate reversion to long-term historical averages. The reasonable and supportable period and reversion period are re-evaluated as needed by the Company and are dependent on the current economic environment among other factors.

Loans that no longer share risk characteristics with the collectively evaluated loan pools are evaluated on an individual basis and are excluded from the collectively evaluated pools. In order to assess which loans are to be individually evaluated, the Company follows a loan review program to evaluate the credit risk in the total loan portfolio and assigns risk grades to each loan. Individual credit loss estimates are typically performed for nonaccrual loans, modified loans classified as troubled loan modifications and all other loans identified by management. All loans deemed as being individually evaluated are reviewed on a quarterly basis in order to determine whether a specific reserve is required. The Company considers certain loans to be collateral dependent if the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty and management expects repayment for the loan to be substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral. For collateral dependent loans, loss estimates are based on the fair value of collateral, less estimated cost to sell (if applicable). Collateral values supporting individually evaluated loans are assessed quarterly and appraisals are typically obtained at least annually. The Company allocates a specific loan loss reserve on an individual loan basis primarily based on the value of the collateral securing the individually evaluated loan. Through this loan review process, the Company assesses the overall quality of the loan portfolio and the adequacy of the allowance for credit losses on loans while considering risk elements attributable to particular loan types in assessing the quality of individual loans. In addition, for each category of loans, the Company considers secondary sources of income and the financial strength and credit history of the borrower and any guarantors.

A change in the allowance for credit losses on loans can be attributable to several factors, most notably historical lifetime loss, specific reserves for individually evaluated loans and changes in qualitative factors and growth within the loan portfolio. The estimated loan losses for all loan pools are adjusted for changes in qualitative factors not inherently considered in the quantitative analyses to bring the allowance to the level management believes is appropriate based on factors that have not otherwise been fully accounted for, including adjustments for foresight risk, input imprecision and model imprecision. The qualitative categories and the measurements used to quantify the risks within each of these categories are subjectively selected by management, but measured by objective measurements period over period. The data for each measurement may be obtained from internal or external sources. The current period measurements are evaluated and assigned a factor commensurate with the current level of risk relative to past measurements over time. The resulting qualitative adjustments are applied to the relevant collectively evaluated loan portfolios. These

37

Table of Contents

adjustments are based upon quarterly trend assessments in portfolio concentrations, changes in lending policies and procedures, policy exceptions, independent loan review results, internal risk ratings and peer group credit quality trends. Additional qualitative considerations are made for any identified risk which did not exist within our portfolio historically and therefore may not be adequately addressed through evaluation of such risk factors based on historical portfolio trends. Qualitative adjustments also include current and forecasted economic conditions primarily measured by local and national economic metrics, such as GDP, unemployment rates, interest rates and oil and gas prices based on historical and forecasted economic research scenarios provided by industry-leading financial intelligence and analytical solutions, which the Company has subscribed to. The qualitative allowance allocation is increased or decreased for each loan pool based on the assessment of these various qualitative factors. Management recognizes the sensitivity of various assumptions made in the quantitative modeling of expected losses and may adjust reserves depending upon the level of uncertainty that currently exists in one or more assumptions.

As of September 30, 2024, based on sensitivity analyses across all segments of the performing loan portfolio, a 5% increase in historical loss rates would have increased funded reserves by $1.8 million. On the other hand, a 5% increase in each qualitative risk factor across all segments (where assigned) would have increased funded reserves by $3.0 million. Increasing estimated loss rates by 5% (i.e., quantitative and qualitative) would have a $3.6 million impact.

The allowance for credit losses could be affected by significant downturns in circumstances relating to loan quality and economic conditions and as such may not be sufficient to cover expected losses in the loan portfolio which could necessitate additional provisions or a reduction in the allowance for credit losses if our assumption prove to be incorrect. Unanticipated changes and events could have a significant impact on the financial performance of borrowers and their ability to perform as agreed. We may experience significant credit losses if borrowers experience financial difficulties, which could have a material adverse effect on our operating results.

Goodwill

Goodwill represents the excess of the consideration paid over the fair value of the net assets acquired in a business combination. During the measurement period, the Company may record subsequent adjustments to goodwill for provisional amounts recorded at the acquisition date.

Goodwill is subject to impairment testing, which must be conducted at least annually or upon the occurrence of a triggering event. Goodwill is recorded and evaluated for impairment at its reporting unit, the Company. The Company’s policy is to test goodwill for impairment at least annually as of October 1st, or on an interim basis if an event triggering an impairment assessment is determined to have occurred. Various factors, such as the Company’s results of operations, the trading price of the Company’s common stock relative to the book value per share, macroeconomic conditions and conditions in the banking sector, inform whether a triggering event for an interim goodwill impairment test has occurred. The impairment test compares the estimated fair value of each reporting unit with its net book value. If the unit’s fair value is less than its carrying value, an impairment loss is recognized in our results of operations in the periods in which they become known in an amount equal to this excess.

See Note 2 – Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets to the consolidated financial statements for additional information on the Company’s goodwill and intangibles.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

We have evaluated new accounting pronouncements that have recently been issued. Refer to Note 1 of the Company’s consolidated financial statements for a discussion of recent accounting pronouncements that have been adopted by the Company or that will require enhanced disclosures in the Company’s financial statements in future periods.

Results of Operations

Net income was $33.9 million, or $0.63 per diluted share, for the three months ended September 30, 2024 compared to $30.9 million, or $0.58 per diluted share, for the three months ended September 30, 2023. The increase in net income was primarily due to a $8.3 million decrease in the provision for credit losses and a $1.6 million increase in noninterest income partially offset by a $5.2 million decrease in net interest income and a $1.4 million increase in the provision for income taxes.

Annualized returns on average assets, returns on average equity and efficiency ratios were 1.27%, 8.49% and 66.18%, for the three months ended September 30, 2024, respectively, compared to 1.14%, 8.34% and 63.50% for the three months ended September 30, 2023, respectively. The efficiency ratio is calculated by dividing total noninterest expense by the sum of net interest income plus noninterest income, excluding net gains and losses on the sale of loans, securities and assets. Additionally, taxes and provision for loan losses are not part of the efficiency ratio calculation.

38

Table of Contents

Net income was $89.8 million, or $1.68 per diluted share, for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared to $103.2 million, or $1.94 per diluted share, for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. The decrease in net income was primarily due to a $25.8 million decrease in net interest income partially offset by a $11.7 million decrease in the provision for credit losses and a $1.4 million decrease in the provision for income taxes.

Annualized returns on average assets, returns on average equity and efficiency ratios were 1.13%, 7.73% and 66.33%, respectively, for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively, compared to 1.28%, 9.52% and 61.02%, respectively, for the nine months ended September 30, 2023.

Net Interest Income

Three months ended September 30, 2024 compared with three months ended September 30, 2023. Net interest income before the provision for credit losses for the three months ended September 30, 2024 was $101.5 million compared with $106.7 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023, a decrease of $5.2 million, or 4.9%, primarily due to the increase in the cost of funds and average interest-bearing liabilities and the decrease in average loans more than offsetting the increase in interest income due to increased rates on interest-earning assets.

Interest income was $151.8 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024, an increase of $507 thousand, or 0.3%, compared with $151.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023, primarily due to higher-yielding securities and loans offsetting a decrease in interest-earning assets. The yield on the securities portfolio increased to 3.49% for the three months ended September 30, 2024 from 2.68% for the same period in 2023. Average interest-earning assets decreased $53.9 million, or 0.6%, for the three months ended September 30, 2024 compared with the three months ended September 30, 2023, primarily due the decrease in average loans partially offset by increases in securities and deposits in other financial institutions. Average loans to average interest earning assets decreased to 79.1% for the three months ended September 30, 2024 compared to 82.9% for the same period in the prior year. Additionally, interest income from purchase accounting adjustments was $6.8 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024 compared to $12.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023.

Interest expense was $50.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024, an increase of $5.7 million, or 12.8%, compared with $44.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023. This increase was primarily due to higher funding costs on interest-bearing deposits due to higher interest rates and an increase in average interest-bearing deposits liabilities partially offset by a decrease in average borrowed funds. The cost of average interest-bearing liabilities increased to 3.54% for the three months ended September 30, 2024 compared to 3.22% for the same period in 2023. Average interest-bearing liabilities increased $153.2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2023 primarily due to an increase in average interest-bearing deposits partially offset by a decrease in average borrowed funds.

Tax equivalent net interest margin, defined as net interest income adjusted for tax-free income divided by average interest-earning assets for the three months ended September 30, 2024 was 4.19%, a decrease of 18 basis points compared to 4.37% for the three months ended September 30, 2023. The decrease in the net interest margin on a tax equivalent basis was primarily due to increased funding costs. The average rate paid on interest-bearing liabilities of 3.54% and the average yield on interest-earning assets of 6.26% for the three months ended September 30, 2024 increased by 32 basis points and 7 basis points, respectively, over the same period in 2023. Tax equivalent adjustments to net interest margin are the result of increasing income from tax-free securities and loans by an amount equal to the taxes that would have been paid if the income were fully taxable based on a 21% federal tax rate for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, thus making tax-exempt yields comparable to taxable asset yields.

39

Table of Contents

The following table presents, for the periods indicated, the total dollar amount of average balances, interest income from average interest-earning assets and the annualized resultant yields, as well as the interest expense on average interest-bearing liabilities, expressed in both dollars and rates. Average loans include loans on nonaccrual status carrying a zero yield.

	Three Months Ended September 30,
	2024						2023
	Average Balance		Interest Earned/ Interest Paid		Average Yield/ Rate		Average Balance		Interest Earned/ Interest Paid		Average Yield/ Rate
	(Dollars in thousands)
Assets
Interest-earning Assets:
Loans	$	7,627,522	$	132,372	6.90	%	$	8,043,706	$	138,948	6.85	%
Securities	1,676,614		14,712		3.49	%	1,471,916		9,930		2.68	%
Deposits in other financial institutions	339,493		4,692		5.50	%	181,931		2,391		5.21	%
Total interest-earning assets	9,643,629		$	151,776	6.26	%	9,697,553		$	151,269	6.19	%
Allowance for credit losses on loans	(94,785)						(99,892)
Noninterest-earning assets	1,077,422						1,143,634
Total assets	$	10,626,266					$	10,741,295
Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity
Interest-bearing Liabilities:
Interest-bearing demand deposits	$	1,606,736	$	12,458	3.08	%	$	1,400,508	$	10,415	2.95	%
Money market and savings deposits	2,254,767		16,982		3.00	%	2,166,610		13,142		2.41	%
Certificates and other time deposits	1,620,908		18,073		4.44	%	1,400,367		13,282		3.76	%
Borrowed funds	49,077		840		6.81	%	411,212		5,801		5.60	%
Subordinated debt	110,007		1,916		6.93	%	109,608		1,908		6.91	%
Total interest-bearing liabilities	5,641,495		$	50,269	3.54	%	5,488,305		$	44,548	3.22	%
Noninterest-bearing Liabilities:
Noninterest-bearing demand deposits	3,303,726						3,695,592
Other liabilities	93,127						86,389
Total liabilities	9,038,348						9,270,286
Shareholders’ equity	1,587,918						1,471,009
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity	$	10,626,266					$	10,741,295
Net interest rate spread					2.72	%					2.97	%
Net interest income and margin(1)			$	101,507	4.19	%			$	106,721	4.37	%
Net interest income and margin (tax equivalent)(2)			$	101,578	4.19	%			$	106,919	4.37	%
Cost of funds					2.24	%					1.92	%
Cost of deposits					2.15	%					1.69	%

(1)The net interest margin is equal to annualized net interest income divided by average interest-earning assets.

(2)Tax-equivalent adjustments have been computed using a federal income tax rate of 21% for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023.

40

Table of Contents

Nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared with nine months ended September 30, 2023. Net interest income before the provision for credit losses for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 was $305.0 million compared with $330.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, a decrease of $25.8 million, or 7.8%, primarily due to the increase in the cost of funds and average interest-bearing liabilities more than offsetting the increase in interest income.

Interest income was $452.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, an increase of $13.7 million, or 3.1%, compared with $438.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, primarily due to higher-yielding securities and loans partially offset by a decrease in interest-earning assets. The yield on the securities portfolio increased to 3.22% for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 from 2.72% for the same period in 2023. Average interest-earning assets decreased $99.8 million, or 1.0%, for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared with the nine months ended September 30, 2023 primarily due to the decrease in loans. Additionally, interest income from purchase accounting adjustments was $25.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared to $35.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023.

Interest expense was $147.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, an increase of $39.5 million, or 36.7%, compared with $107.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. This increase was primarily due to higher interest rates on interest-bearing deposits and an increase in average interest-bearing liabilities. The cost of average interest-bearing liabilities increased to 3.50% for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared to 2.68% for the same period in 2023. Average interest-bearing liabilities increased $244.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2023 primarily due to an increase in certificates and other time deposits and interest-bearing demand deposits partially offset by a decrease in money market and savings deposits along with borrowed funds.

Tax equivalent net interest margin for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 was 4.23%, a decrease of 32 basis points compared to 4.55% for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. The decrease in the net interest margin on a tax equivalent basis was primarily due to increased funding costs. The average rate paid on interest-bearing liabilities of 3.50% and the average yield on interest-earning assets of 6.27% for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 increased by 82 basis points and 25 basis points, respectively, over the same period in 2023. Tax equivalent adjustments to net interest margin are the result of increasing income from tax-free securities and loans by an amount equal to the taxes that would have been paid if the income were fully taxable based on a 21% federal tax rate for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, thus making tax-exempt yields comparable to taxable asset yields.

41

Table of Contents

The following table presents, for the periods indicated, the total dollar amount of average balances, interest income from average interest-earning assets and the annualized resultant yields, as well as the interest expense on average interest-bearing liabilities, expressed in both dollars and rates. Average loans include loans on nonaccrual status carrying a zero yield.

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2024						2023
	Average Balance		Interest Earned/ Interest Paid		Average Yield/ Rate		Average Balance		Interest Earned/ Interest Paid		Average Yield/ Rate
	(Dollars in thousands)
Assets
Interest-earning Assets:
Loans	$	7,790,957	$	402,942	6.91	%	$	7,957,911	$	398,608	6.70	%
Securities	1,556,462		37,562		3.22	%	1,525,808		31,007		2.72	%
Deposits in other financial institutions	287,960		11,874		5.51	%	251,475		9,027		4.80	%
Total interest-earning assets	9,635,379		$	452,378	6.27	%	9,735,194		$	438,642	6.02	%
Allowance for credit losses on loans	(94,236)						(96,570)
Noninterest-earning assets	1,104,426						1,148,847
Total assets	$	10,645,569					$	10,787,471
Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity
Interest-bearing Liabilities:
Interest-bearing demand deposits	$	1,616,313	$	36,949	3.05	%	$	1,478,547	$	28,141	2.54	%
Money market and savings deposits	2,211,148		48,420		2.93	%	2,291,588		34,161		1.99	%
Certificates and other time deposits	1,586,623		51,915		4.37	%	1,164,572		26,211		3.01	%
Borrowed funds	98,374		4,314		5.86	%	333,220		13,653		5.48	%
Subordinated debt	109,909		5,745		6.98	%	109,508		5,647		6.89	%
Total interest-bearing liabilities	5,622,367		$	147,343	3.50	%	5,377,435		$	107,813	2.68	%
Noninterest-bearing Liabilities:
Noninterest-bearing demand deposits	3,379,096						3,878,760
Other liabilities	92,527						81,894
Total liabilities	9,093,990						9,338,089
Shareholders’ equity	1,551,579						1,449,382
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity	$	10,645,569					$	10,787,471
Net interest rate spread					2.77	%					3.34	%
Net interest income and margin(1)			$	305,035	4.23	%			$	330,829	4.54	%
Net interest income and margin (tax equivalent)(2)			$	305,266	4.23	%			$	331,549	4.55	%
Cost of funds					2.19	%					1.56	%
Cost of deposits					2.09	%					1.34	%

(1)The net interest margin is equal to annualized net interest income divided by average interest-earning assets.

(2)Tax-equivalent adjustments have been computed using a federal income tax rate of 21% for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023.

42

Table of Contents

The following table presents information regarding the dollar amount of changes in interest income and interest expense for the periods indicated for each major component of interest-earnings assets and interest-bearing liabilities and distinguishes between the changes attributable to changes in volume and changes in interest rates. For purposes of this table, changes attributable to both rate and volume that cannot be segregated have been allocated to rate.

	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2024 vs. 2023						2024 vs. 2023
	Increase (Decrease) Due to Change in						Increase (Decrease) Due to Change in
	Volume		Rate		Total		Volume		Rate		Total
	(In thousands)
Interest-earning Assets:
Loans	$	(7,170)	$	594	$	(6,576)	$	(8,370)	$	12,704	$	4,334
Securities	1,377		3,405		4,782		624		5,931		6,555
Deposits in other financial institutions	2,065		236		2,301		1,311		1,536		2,847
Total (decrease) increase in interest income	(3,728)		4,235		507		(6,435)		20,171		13,736
Interest-bearing Liabilities:
Interest-bearing demand deposits	1,529		514		2,043		2,624		6,184		8,808
Money market and savings deposits	533		3,307		3,840		(1,200)		15,459		14,259
Certificates and other time deposits	2,086		2,705		4,791		9,508		16,196		25,704
Borrowed funds	(5,095)		134		(4,961)		(9,631)		292		(9,339)
Subordinated debt	7		1		8		21		77		98
Total (decrease) increase in interest expense	(940)		6,661		5,721		1,322		38,208		39,530
Decrease in net interest income	$	(2,788)	$	(2,426)	$	(5,214)	$	(7,757)	$	(18,037)	$	(25,794)

Provision for Credit Losses

Our allowance for credit losses is established through charges to income in the form of the provision in order to bring our allowance for credit losses for various types of financial instruments including loans, unfunded commitments and securities to a level deemed appropriate by management. We recorded a reversal of provision for credit losses of $6.0 million and $3.8 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, we recorded a provision for credit losses of $2.3 million and $7.9 million, respectively. The reversal of provision for credit losses for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 was primarily due to the decrease in loans outstanding and changes to the specific reserves within the allowance for credit losses model, among other things. See further discussion of the allowance for credit losses in “Financial Condition-Asset Quality.”

Noninterest Income

Our primary sources of noninterest income are service charges on deposit accounts, debit card and ATM income and income earned on bank-owned life insurance. Noninterest income does not include loan origination fees which are recognized over the life of the related loan as an adjustment to yield using the interest method.

Three months ended September 30, 2024 compared with three months ended September 30, 2023. Noninterest income totaled $6.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023 compared with $4.7 million for the same period in 2023, an increase of $1.6 million, or 34.2%, primarily due to $1.3 million of Small Business Investment Company income recognized in the third quarter of 2024.

Nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared with nine months ended September 30, 2023. Noninterest income totaled $18.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared with $17.7 million for the same period in 2023, an increase of $338 thousand, or 1.9%, primarily due to a $1.1 million increase in Small Business Investment Company income along with an increase in gain on sale of assets in 2024 compared to 2023 partially offset by decreased debt card and ATM income due the impact of the Durbin Amendment of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act.

43

Table of Contents

The following table presents, for the periods indicated, the major categories of noninterest income:

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Increase (Decrease)		Nine Months Ended September 30,				Increase (Decrease)
	2024		2023				2024		2023
	(In thousands)
Service charges on deposit accounts	$	1,594	$	1,620	$	(26)	$	4,840	$	4,544	$	296
Gain on sale of assets	432		—		432		881		192		689
Bank-owned life insurance income	614		551		63		1,792		1,605		187
Debit card and ATM income	551		935		(384)		1,621		4,454		(2,833)
Other(1)	3,111		1,589		1,522		8,880		6,881		1,999
Total noninterest income	$	6,302	$	4,695	$	1,607	$	18,014	$	17,676	$	338

(1) Other includes wire transfer and letter of credit fees, among other items.

Noninterest Expense

Three months ended September 30, 2024 compared with three months ended September 30, 2023. Noninterest expense was $71.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024 compared to $70.7 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023, an increase of $318 thousand, or 0.4%, primarily due to an increase of $1.6 million in salaries and employee benefits, a $908 thousand increase in data processing and software amortization and a $717 increase in professional fees partially offset by decreased acquisition and merger-related expenses of $3.4 million and a $664 thousand decrease in amortization of intangibles.

Nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared with nine months ended September 30, 2023. Noninterest expense was $213.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared to $212.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, an increase of $1.1 million, or 0.5%, primarily due to a $5.0 million increase in salaries and employee benefits, a $1.1 million increase in net occupancy and equipment, a $1.6 million increase in data processing and software amortization, a $1.9 million increase in professional fees and a $5.3 million increase in other noninterest expenses partially offset by a $12.5 million decrease in acquisition and merger-related expenses and a $2.0 million decrease in amortization of intangibles.

The following table presents, for the periods indicated, the major categories of noninterest expense:

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Increase (Decrease)		Nine Months Ended September 30,				Increase (Decrease)
	2024		2023				2024		2023
	(In thousands)
Salaries and employee benefits(1)	$	41,123	$	39,495	$	1,628	$	121,560	$	116,570	$	4,990
Net occupancy and equipment	4,570		4,455		115		13,463		12,360		1,103
Depreciation	1,911		1,952		(41)		5,823		5,629		194
Data processing and software amortization	5,706		4,798		908		16,101		14,526		1,575
Professional fees	1,714		997		717		5,996		4,088		1,908
Regulatory assessments and FDIC insurance	1,779		1,814		(35)		5,932		5,863		69
Amortization of intangibles	6,212		6,876		(664)		18,639		20,636		(1,997)
Communications	827		663		164		2,611		2,053		558
Advertising	878		877		1		2,534		2,623		(89)
Acquisition and merger-related expenses	—		3,421		(3,421)		—		12,483		(12,483)
Other	6,346		5,400		946		21,033		15,722		5,311
Total noninterest expense	$	71,066	$	70,748	$	318	$	213,692	$	212,553	$	1,139

(1)Total salaries and employee benefits includes $3.0 million and $2.8 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 and $8.6 million and $8.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, of stock based compensation expense.

44

Table of Contents

Salaries and employee benefits. Salaries and benefits increased $1.6 million in the three months ended September 30, 2024 and $5.0 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2023, compared to the same periods in 2023 primarily due to annual salary increases, increases in full-time equivalent employees and severance expense of $505 thousand and $956 thousand recorded for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively.

Data processing and software amortization. Data processing and software amortization increased $908 thousand during the three months ended September 30, 2024 and $1.6 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2023, compared to the same periods in 2023, primarily due to increased software expense.

Professional fees. Professional fees increased $717 thousand during the three months ended September 30, 2024 and $1.9 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared to the same periods in 2023 primarily due to increased consulting fees for various projects, some of which related to the Company’s assets crossing the $10 billion threshold.

Acquisition and merger-related expenses. Acquisition and merger-related expenses of $3.4 million and $12.5 million incurred during the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively, were primarily related to compensation, legal and advisory fees associated with the merger between Allegiance Bancshares, Inc. and CBTX, Inc, which was effective on October 1, 2022. No acquisition and merger-related expenses were incurred during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024.

Amortization of intangibles. Amortization of intangibles decreased $664 thousand and $2.0 million during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the same periods in 2023.

Efficiency Ratio

The efficiency ratio is a supplemental financial measure utilized in management’s internal evaluation of our performance. We calculate our efficiency ratio by dividing total noninterest expense by the sum of net interest income and noninterest income, excluding net gains and losses on the sale of loans, securities and assets. Additionally, taxes and provision for credit losses are not part of this calculation. An increase in the efficiency ratio indicates that more resources are being utilized to generate the same volume of income, while a decrease would indicate a more efficient allocation of resources. Our efficiency ratio was 66.18% for the three months ended September 30, 2024 compared to 63.50% for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 66.33% for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared to 61.02% for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively.

We monitor the efficiency ratio in comparison with changes in our total assets and loans, and we believe that maintaining or reducing the efficiency ratio during periods of growth demonstrates the scalability of our operating platform. We expect to continue to benefit from our scalable platform in future periods as we continue to monitor overhead expenses necessary to support our growth.

Income Taxes

The amount of federal and state income tax expense is influenced by the amount of pre-tax income, tax-exempt income and other nondeductible expenses. Income tax expense increased $1.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and decreased $1.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared with the same periods in 2023 primarily due to the changes in pre-tax net income. Our effective tax rate was 20.7% for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 19.4% for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023.

45

Table of Contents

Financial Condition

Loan Portfolio

At September 30, 2024, total loans were $7.55 billion, a decrease of $374.0 million, or 4.7%, compared with December 31, 2023. Total loans as a percentage of deposits were 86.4% and 89.3% as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. Total loans as a percentage of assets were 71.0% and 74.4% as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

The following table summarizes our loan portfolio by type of loan as of the dates indicated:

	September 30, 2024				December 31, 2023
	Amount		Percent		Amount		Percent
	(Dollars in thousands)
Commercial and industrial	$	1,347,876	17.9	%	$	1,409,002	17.8	%
Paycheck Protection Program (PPP)	2,877		—	%	5,100		0.1	%
Real estate:
Commercial real estate (including multi-family residential)	3,976,296		52.7	%	4,071,807		51.3	%
Commercial real estate construction and land development	890,316		11.8	%	1,060,406		13.4	%
1-4 family residential (including home equity)	1,112,235		14.7	%	1,047,174		13.2	%
Residential construction	161,494		2.1	%	267,357		3.4	%
Consumer and other	60,030		0.8	%	64,287		0.8	%
Total loans	7,551,124		100.0	%	7,925,133		100.0	%
Allowance for credit losses on loans	(84,501)				(91,684)
Loans, net	$	7,466,623			$	7,833,449

Our lending activities originate from the efforts of our bankers with an emphasis on lending to individuals, professionals, small- to medium-sized businesses and commercial companies generally located in our market. Our strategy for credit risk management generally includes well-defined, centralized credit policies, uniform underwriting criteria and ongoing risk monitoring and review processes for credit exposures. The strategy generally emphasizes regular credit examinations and management reviews of loans. We have certain lending policies and procedures in place that are designed to maximize loan income within an acceptable level of risk. We maintain an independent loan review which includes third-party loan review services to review the credit risk on a periodic basis. The internal loan review department focuses on credits not reviewed by the third-party loan reviewer to ensure more complete coverage of credit risk. Results of these reviews are presented to management and the risk committee of the Board of Directors. The loan review process complements and reinforces the risk identification and assessment decisions made by bankers and credit personnel and contained in our policies and procedures.

The principal categories of our loan portfolio are discussed below:

Commercial and Industrial. We make commercial and industrial loans in our market area that are underwritten on the basis of the borrower’s ability to service the debt from income. In general, commercial loans involve more credit risk than residential mortgage loans and commercial mortgage loans and therefore typically yield a higher return. The increased risk in commercial loans derives from the expectation that commercial and industrial loans generally are serviced principally from the operations of the business, which may not be successful and from the type of collateral securing these loans. As a result, commercial and industrial loans require more extensive underwriting and servicing than other types of loans. Our commercial and industrial loan portfolio decreased by $61.1 million, or 4.3%, to $1.35 billion as of September 30, 2024 from $1.41 billion as of December 31, 2023.

Paycheck Protection Program (“PPP”). The balance of PPP loans decreased $2.2 million to $2.9 million as of September 30, 2024 from $5.1 million as of December 31, 2023 due to loan forgiveness.

46

Table of Contents

Commercial Real Estate (Including Multi-Family Residential). We make loans collateralized by owner-occupied, nonowner-occupied and multi-family real estate to finance the purchase or ownership of real estate. Our commercial real estate loan portfolio decreased $95.5 million, or 2.3%, to $3.98 billion as of September 30, 2024 from $4.07 billion as of December 31, 2023. As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, 47.1% and 46.6%, respectively, of our commercial real estate loans were owner-occupied. Our commercial real estate portfolio includes $415.0 million of multi-family residential loans as of September 30, 2024 and $488.8 million as of December 31, 2023. We had 225 multi-family residential loans with an average loan size of $1.9 million as of September 30, 2024.

As of September 30, 2024, our commercial real estate (including multi-family residential) loan portfolio included $233.3 million of multifamily community development loans with associated tax credits, which fund Texas-based projects to promote affordable housing, compared to $298.9 million as of December 31, 2023.

Commercial Real Estate Construction and Land Development. We make commercial real estate construction and land development loans to fund commercial construction, land acquisition and real estate development construction. Construction loans involve additional risks as they often involve the disbursement of funds with the repayment dependent on the ultimate success of the project’s completion. Sources of repayment for these loans may be pre-committed permanent financing or sale of the developed property. The loans in this portfolio are monitored closely by management. Due to uncertainties inherent in estimating construction costs, the market value of the completed project and the effects of governmental regulation on real property, it can be difficult to accurately evaluate the total funds required to complete a project and the related loan to value ratio. As a result of these uncertainties, construction lending often includes the disbursement of substantial funds with repayment dependent, in part, on the success of the ultimate project rather than the ability of a borrower or guarantor to repay the loan. Commercial real estate construction and land development loans decreased $170.1 million, or 16.0%, to $890.3 million as of September 30, 2024 compared to $1.06 billion as of December 31, 2023. As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, 12.8% and 21.1%, respectively, of our commercial real estate construction and land development loans were owner-occupied.

As of September 30, 2024, our commercial real estate construction and land development portfolio included $137.1 million of construction and development loans to support multifamily community development loans with associated tax credits, which fund Texas-based projects to promote affordable housing, compared to $80.5 million as of December 31, 2023.

1-4 Family Residential (Including Home Equity). Our residential real estate loans include the origination of 1-4 family residential mortgage loans (including home equity and home improvement loans and home equity lines of credit) collateralized by owner-occupied residential properties located in our market areas. Our residential real estate portfolio (including home equity) increased $65.1 million, or 6.2%, compared to December 31, 2023 to $1.11 billion as of September 30, 2024.

Residential Construction. We make residential construction loans to home builders and individuals to fund the construction of single-family residences with the understanding that such loans will be repaid from the proceeds of the sale of the homes by builders or with the proceeds of a mortgage loan. These loans are secured by the real property being built and are made based on our assessment of the value of the property on an as-completed basis. Our residential construction loans portfolio decreased $105.9 million, or 39.6%, to $161.5 million as of September 30, 2024 from $267.4 million as of December 31, 2023.

Consumer and Other. Our consumer and other loan portfolio is made up of loans made to individuals for personal purposes and deferred fees and costs on all loan types. Generally, consumer loans entail greater risk than residential real estate loans because they may be unsecured or if secured the value of the collateral, such as an automobile or boat, may be more difficult to assess and more likely to decrease in value than real estate. In such cases, any repossessed collateral for a defaulted consumer loan may not provide an adequate source of repayment for the outstanding loan balance. The remaining deficiency often does not warrant further substantial collection efforts against the borrower beyond obtaining a deficiency judgment. In addition, consumer loan collections are dependent on the borrower’s continuing financial stability, and thus are more likely to be adversely affected by job loss, divorce, illness or personal bankruptcy. Furthermore, the application of various federal and state laws may limit the amount which can be recovered on such loans. Our consumer and other loan portfolio decreased $4.3 million, or 6.6%, to $60.0 million as of September 30, 2024 from $64.3 million as of December 31, 2023.

47

Table of Contents

Asset Quality

We have procedures in place to assist us in maintaining the overall quality of our loan portfolio. We have established underwriting guidelines to be followed by our officers and monitor our delinquency levels for any negative or adverse trends.

Nonperforming Assets

Nonperforming assets totaled $35.1 million, or 0.33% of total assets, at September 30, 2024 compared to $39.2 million, or 0.37%, of total assets at December 31, 2023. Nonaccrual loans consisted of 111 separate credits at September 30, 2024 compared to 114 separate credits at December 31, 2023. The following table presents information regarding nonperforming assets as of the dates indicated.

	September 30, 2024			December 31, 2023
	(Dollars in thousands)
Nonaccrual loans:
Commercial and industrial	$	9,712		$	5,048
Paycheck Protection Program (PPP)	6			—
Real estate:
Commercial real estate (including multi-family residential)	10,695			16,699
Commercial real estate construction and land development	4,183			5,043
1-4 family residential (including home equity)	7,259			8,874
Residential construction	121			3,288
Consumer and other	164			239
Total nonaccrual loans	32,140			39,191
Accruing loans 90 or more days past due	—			—
Total nonperforming loans	32,140			39,191
Other real estate	2,984			—
Total nonperforming assets	$	35,124		$	39,191
Troubled loan modifications(1)	$	10,543		$	15,727
Nonperforming assets to total assets	0.33		%	0.37		%
Nonperforming loans to total loans	0.43		%	0.49		%

(1)Troubled loan modifications are loans that were modified that are not included in nonperforming loans.

Allowance for Credit Losses

The allowance for credit losses is a valuation allowance that is established through charges to earnings in the form of a provision for (or reversal of) credit losses calculated in accordance with ASC” 326 that is deducted from the amortized cost basis of certain assets to present the net amount expected to be collected. The amount of each allowance account represents management’s best estimate of current expected credit losses on these financial instruments considering available information, from internal and external sources, relevant to assessing exposure to credit loss over the contractual term of the instrument. Relevant available information includes historical credit loss experience, current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. While historical credit loss experience provides the basis for the estimation of expected credit losses, adjustments to historical loss information may be made for differences in current portfolio-specific risk characteristics, environmental conditions or other relevant factors. While management utilizes its best judgment and information available, the ultimate adequacy of our allowance accounts is dependent upon a variety of factors beyond our control, including the performance of our portfolios, the economy, changes in interest rates and the view of the regulatory authorities toward classification of assets. For additional information regarding critical accounting estimates and policies, refer to “Critical Accounting Estimates” in this section, Note 1 – Nature of Operations and Significant Accounting and Reporting Policies and Note 4 – Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses in the accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.

48

Table of Contents

Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans

The allowance for credit losses on loans represents management’s estimates of current expected credit losses in the Company’s loan portfolio. Pools of loans with similar risk characteristics are collectively evaluated, while loans that no longer share risk characteristics with loan pools are evaluated individually.

At September 30, 2024, our allowance for credit losses on loans was $84.5 million, or 1.12% of total loans, compared with $91.7 million, or 1.16% of total loans, as of December 31, 2023. The decrease in the allowance for credit losses on loans during 2024 primarily resulted from changes to the specific reserves within the allowance for credit losses model along with lower loan balances, among other things. The following table presents, as of and for the periods indicated, an analysis of the allowance for loan losses and other related data:

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2024			2023
	(Dollars in thousands)
Average loans outstanding	$	7,790,957		$	7,957,911
Gross loans outstanding at end of period	7,551,124			8,004,528
Allowance for credit losses on loans at beginning of period	91,684			93,180
(Reversal of) provision for credit losses on loans	(2,537)			8,939
Charge-offs:
Commercial and industrial loans	(4,930)			(9,653)
Real estate:
Commercial real estate (including multi-family residential)	(786)			—
1-4 family residential (including home equity)	(2)			(23)
Consumer and other	(137)			(45)
Total charge-offs for all loan types	(5,855)			(9,721)
Recoveries:
Commercial and industrial loans	1,166			1,124
Real estate:
Commercial real estate (including multi-family residential)	26			16
1-4 family residential (including home equity)	6			9
Consumer and other	11			28
Total recoveries for all loan types	1,209			1,177
Net charge-offs	(4,646)			(8,544)
Allowance for credit losses on loans at end of period	$	84,501		$	93,575
Allowance for credit losses on loans to total loans	1.12		%	1.17		%
Net charge-offs to average loans(1)	0.08		%	0.14		%
Allowance for credit losses on loans to nonperforming loans	262.92		%	244.38		%

(1)Annualized.

Allowance for Credit Losses on Unfunded Commitments

The allowance for credit losses on unfunded commitments estimates current expected credit losses over the contractual period in which there is exposure to credit risk via a contractual obligation to extend credit, unless that obligation is unconditionally cancellable by us. The allowance for credit losses on unfunded commitments is a liability account reported as a component of other liabilities in our consolidated balance sheets and is adjusted as a provision for credit loss expense. The estimate includes consideration of the likelihood that funding will occur and an estimate of expected credit losses on the commitments expected to fund. The estimate of commitments expected to fund is affected by historical analysis looking at utilization rates. The expected credit loss rates applied to the commitments expected to fund are affected by the general valuation allowance utilized for outstanding balances with the same underlying assumptions and drivers. At September 30, 2024, our allowance for credit losses on unfunded commitments was $10.0 million compared to $11.3 million at December 31, 2023.

49

Table of Contents

Available for Sale Securities

We use our securities portfolio to provide a source of liquidity, to provide an appropriate return on funds invested, to manage interest rate risk and to meet pledging and regulatory capital requirements. As of September 30, 2024, the carrying amount of investment securities totaled $1.69 billion, an increase of $296.1 million, or 21.2%, compared with $1.40 billion as of December 31, 2023. Securities represented 15.9% and 13.1% of total assets as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

All of the securities in our securities portfolio are classified as available for sale. Securities classified as available for sale are measured at fair value in the financial statements with unrealized gains and losses reported, net of tax, as accumulated comprehensive income or loss until realized. Interest earned on securities is included in interest income. The following tables summarize the amortized cost and fair value of the securities in our securities portfolio as of the dates shown:

	September 30, 2024
	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value
	(In thousands)
Available for Sale
U.S. government and agency securities	$	281,805	$	644	$	(4,930)	$	277,519
Municipal securities	220,030		876		(21,913)		198,993
Agency mortgage-backed pass-through securities	489,161		2,658		(28,372)		463,447
Agency collateralized mortgage obligations	694,730		1,923		(51,613)		645,040
Corporate bonds and other	117,285		171		(10,703)		106,753
Total	$	1,803,011	$	6,272	$	(117,531)	$	1,691,752

	December 31, 2023
	Amortized  Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value
	(In thousands)
Available for Sale
U.S. government and agency securities	$	307,529	$	90	$	(10,201)	$	297,418
Municipal securities	229,615		1,615		(27,171)		204,059
Agency mortgage-backed pass-through securities	424,664		370		(37,161)		387,873
Agency collateralized mortgage obligations	462,498		172		(64,553)		398,117
Corporate bonds and other	120,824		56		(12,667)		108,213
Total	$	1,545,130	$	2,303	$	(151,753)	$	1,395,680

Investment securities classified as available for sale or held to maturity are evaluated for expected credit losses under ASC 326. See Note 3 – Securities in the accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements for additional information. Management does not have the intent to sell any of these securities and believes that it is more likely than not that the Company will not have to sell any such securities before a recovery of cost. The fair value is expected to recover as the securities approach their maturity date or repricing date or if market yields for such investments decline. Accordingly, as of September 30, 2024, management believes that the unrealized losses detailed in the previous table are due to noncredit-related factors, including changes in interest rates and other market conditions, and therefore, no losses have been recognized in the Company’s consolidated statements of income.

50

Table of Contents

The following tables summarize the contractual maturity of securities and their weighted average yields as of the dates indicated. The contractual maturity of a mortgage-backed security is the date at which the last underlying mortgage matures. Available for sale securities are shown at amortized cost. For purposes of the tables below, municipal securities are calculated on a tax equivalent basis.

	September 30, 2024
	Within One Year				After One Year but Within Five Years				After Five Years but Within Ten Years				After Ten Years				Total
	Amount		Yield		Amount		Yield		Amount		Yield		Amount		Yield		Total		Yield
	(Dollars in thousands)
Available for Sale
U.S. government and agency securities	$	74,998	0.81	%	$	79,057	1.36	%	$	3,386	4.25	%	$	124,364	4.95	%	$	281,805	2.83	%
Municipal securities	—		0.00	%	3,312		4.76	%	71,171		2.44	%	145,547		2.33	%	220,030		2.40	%
Agency mortgage-backed pass-through securities	3,260		2.68	%	4,543		3.70	%	8,107		4.52	%	473,251		3.70	%	489,161		3.71	%
Agency collateralized mortgage obligations	—		0.00	%	31,032		3.63	%	51,346		5.39	%	612,352		2.80	%	694,730		3.03	%
Corporate bonds and other	4,101		4.79	%	—		0.00	%	65,000		5.39	%	48,184		3.05	%	117,285		4.41	%
Total	$	82,359	1.08	%	$	117,944	2.14	%	$	199,010	4.28	%	$	1,403,698	3.25	%	$	1,803,011	3.20	%

	December 31, 2023
	Within One Year				After One Year but Within Five Years				After Five Years but Within Ten Years				After Ten Years				Total
	Amount		Yield		Amount		Yield		Amount		Yield		Amount		Yield		Total		Yield
	(Dollars in thousands)
Available for Sale
U.S. government and agency securities	$	84,932	1.35	%	$	78,193	1.31	%	$	7,442	4.69	%	$	136,962	4.61	%	$	307,529	2.87	%
Municipal securities	—		0.00	%	1,806		4.78	%	67,735		2.35	%	160,074		2.65	%	229,615		2.58	%
Agency mortgage-backed pass-through securities	640		2.98	%	4,852		2.92	%	12,025		4.32	%	407,147		3.45	%	424,664		3.47	%
Agency collateralized mortgage obligations	—		0.00	%	11,170		2.80	%	7,869		2.66	%	443,459		1.90	%	462,498		1.93	%
Corporate bonds and other	1,077		2.50	%	3,000		5.75	%	62,368		4.75	%	54,379		2.98	%	120,824		3.96	%
Total	$	86,649	1.37	%	$	99,021	1.76	%	$	157,439	3.58	%	$	1,202,021	2.88	%	$	1,545,130	2.80	%

The contractual maturity of mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations is not a reliable indicator of their expected life because borrowers may have the right to prepay their obligations. Mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations are typically issued with stated principal amounts and are backed by pools of mortgage loans with varying maturities. The term of the underlying mortgages and loans may vary significantly due to the ability of a borrower to prepay and, in particular, monthly pay downs on mortgage-backed securities tend to cause the average life of the securities to be much different than the stated contractual maturity. During a period of increasing interest rates, fixed rate mortgage-backed securities do not tend to experience heavy prepayments of principal and, consequently, the average life of this security will be lengthened. If interest rates begin to fall, prepayments may increase, thereby shortening the estimated life of the security.

As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, we did not own securities of any one issuer (other than the U.S. government and its agencies or sponsored entities) for which the aggregate adjusted cost exceeded 10% of our consolidated shareholders’ equity.

The average yield of our securities portfolio was 3.22% for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared with 2.72% for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. The increase in average yield during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the same period in 2023 was primarily due to the mix of higher-yielding securities within the portfolio.

51

Table of Contents

Goodwill and Core Deposit Intangibles

Our goodwill was $497.3 million as of both September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023. Goodwill resulting from business combinations represents the excess of the consideration paid over the fair value of the net assets acquired. Goodwill is assessed annually for impairment and on an interim basis if an event occurs or circumstances change that would indicate that the carrying amount of the asset may not be recoverable.

Our core deposit intangibles, net, as of September 30, 2024 was $98.1 million and $116.7 million as of December 31, 2023. Core deposit intangibles are amortized using the straight-line or an accelerated method over the estimated useful life of seven to ten years.

Deposits

Our lending and investing activities are primarily funded by deposits. We offer a variety of deposit accounts having a wide range of interest rates and terms including demand, savings, money market and certificates and other time accounts. We rely primarily on convenient locations, personalized service and our customer relationships to attract and retain these deposits. We seek customers that will engage in both a lending and deposit relationship with us.

Total deposits at September 30, 2024 were $8.74 billion, a decrease of $130.9 million, or 1.5%, compared with $8.87 billion at December 31, 2023 primarily driven by industry-wide pressures and the maintenance of pricing discipline in an intensely competitive market for deposits. Noninterest-bearing deposits at September 30, 2024 were $3.30 billion, a decrease of $243.8 million, or 6.9%, compared with $3.55 billion at December 31, 2023. Interest-bearing deposits at September 30, 2024 were $5.44 billion, an increase of $112.9 million, or 2.1%, compared with $5.33 billion at December 31, 2023. Estimated uninsured deposits totaled $4.92 billion and estimated uninsured deposits net of collateralized deposits of $976.1 million were $3.95 billion, or 45.1%, of total deposits at September 30, 2024.

The following table sets forth the amount of time deposits that met or exceeded the FDIC insurance limit of $250 thousand by time remaining until maturity at September 30, 2024 (in thousands):

Three months or less	$	264,926
Over three months through six months	165,780
Over six months through 12 months	106,505
Over 12 months	34,790
Total	$	572,001

Borrowings

We have an available line of credit with the Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) of Dallas, which allows us to borrow on a collateralized basis. FHLB advances are used to manage liquidity. The advances are secured by a blanket lien on certain loans. Maturing advances are replaced by drawing on available cash, making additional borrowings or through increased customer deposits. At September 30, 2024, we had a total borrowing capacity of $2.98 billion, of which $1.86 billion was available and $1.12 billion was outstanding pursuant to FHLB advances and letters of credit. There were $60.0 million of FHLB short-term advances outstanding at September 30, 2024 at a weighted-average rate of 5.15%.

At September 30, 2024, the Company had FHLB letters of credit pledged as collateral for public and other deposits of state and local government agencies totaling $1.06 billion, which expire in the following periods (in thousands):

2024	$	27,850
2025	426,065
2026	57,300
2027	402,500
Thereafter	145,000
Total	$	1,058,715

52

Table of Contents

Credit Agreement

On December 13, 2022, Stellar entered into a loan agreement with another financial institution (the “Loan Agreement”) that provides for a $75.0 million revolving line of credit. At September 30, 2024, there were no outstanding borrowings on this line of credit and no draws were taken on this line of credit during the nine months ended September 30, 2024. Draws can be made on the line of credit for a period of 24 months, which will end December 13, 2024. Interest accrues on outstanding borrowings at a per annum rate equal to the prime rate quoted by The Wall Street Journal and with a floor rate of 3.50% calculated in accordance with the terms of the revolving promissory note and payable quarterly through the first 24 months. The entire outstanding balance and unpaid interest is payable in full on December 13, 2024. The obligations of Stellar under the Loan Agreement are secured by a pledge of all the issued and outstanding shares of capital stock of the Bank.

Covenants made under the Loan Agreement include, among other things, while there are obligations outstanding under Loan Agreement, the Company shall maintain a cash flow to debt service (as defined in the Loan Agreement) of not less than 1.25, the Bank’s Texas Ratio (as defined in the Loan Agreement) not to exceed 25.0% and the Bank shall maintain a Tier 1 Leverage Ratio (as defined under the Loan Agreement) of at least 7.0% and restrictions on the ability of Stellar and its subsidiaries to incur certain additional debt. As of September 30, 2024, the Company believes it was in compliance with all such debt covenants and had not been made aware of any noncompliance by the lender.

Junior Subordinated Debentures

In connection with the acquisition of F&M Bancshares, Inc. in 2015, Stellar assumed Farmers & Merchants Capital Trust II and Farmers & Merchants Capital Trust III. Each of the trusts is a capital or statutory business trust organized for the sole purpose of issuing trust securities and investing the proceeds in Stellar's junior subordinated debentures. The preferred trust securities of each trust represent preferred beneficial interests in the assets of the respective trusts and are subject to mandatory redemption upon payment of the junior subordinated debentures held by the trust. The common securities of each trust are wholly owned by Stellar.. Each trust’s ability to pay amounts due on the trust preferred securities is solely dependent upon Stellar making payment on the related junior subordinated debentures. The debentures, which are the only assets of each trust, are subordinate and junior in right of payment to all of the Company’s present and future senior indebtedness. Stellar has fully and unconditionally guaranteed each trust’s obligations under the trust securities issued by each trust to the extent not paid or made by such trust, provided such trust has funds available for such obligations. The trust preferred securities bear a floating rate of interest equal to 3-Month SOFR plus a spread adjustment. The junior subordinated debentures are included in Tier 1 capital under current regulatory guidelines and interpretations. Under the provisions of each issue of the debentures, Stellar has the right to defer payment of interest on the debentures at any time, or from time to time, for periods not exceeding five years. If interest payments on either issue of the debentures are deferred, the distributions on the applicable trust preferred securities and common securities will also be deferred.

A summary of pertinent information related to Stellar’s junior subordinated debentures outstanding at September 30, 2024 is set forth in the table below:

Description	Issuance Date	Trust Preferred Securities Outstanding		Junior Subordinated Debt Owed to Trusts		Maturity Date(1)
(Dollars in thousands)
Farmers & Merchants Capital Trust II	November 13, 2003	$	7,500	$	7,732	November 8, 2033
Farmers & Merchants Capital Trust III	June 30, 2005	3,500		3,609		July 7, 2035
				$	11,341

(1) All junior subordinated debentures were callable at September 30, 2024.

Subordinated Notes

In December 2017, the Bank issued $40.0 million aggregate principal amount of Fixed-to-Floating Rate Subordinated Notes (the “Bank Notes”) due December 15, 2027. The Bank Notes bear a floating rate of interest equal to 3-Month SOFR plus a spread adjustment until the Bank Notes mature on December 15, 2027, or such earlier redemption date, payable quarterly in arrears. The Bank Notes are redeemable by the Bank, in whole or in part, upon the occurrence of certain specified tax events, capital events or investment company events. Any redemption will be at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of Bank Notes being redeemed, plus accrued and unpaid interest, and will be subject to, and require, prior regulatory approval. The Bank Notes are not subject to redemption at the option of the holders. The Bank Notes are eligible for Tier 2 capital treatment, however, during the last

53

Table of Contents

five years of the instrument, the amount eligible must be reduced by 20% of the original amount annually and that no amount of the instrument is eligible for inclusion in Tier 2 capital when the remaining maturity of the instrument is less than one year. As the Bank Notes are within five years of maturity, only 60% of the notes are eligible for Tier 2 capital treatment at September 30, 2024.

In September 2019, Stellar issued $60.0 million aggregate principal amount of Fixed-to-Floating Rate Subordinated Notes (the “Company Notes”) due October 1, 2029. The Company Notes bear a fixed interest rate of 4.70% per annum until (but excluding) October 1, 2024, payable semi-annually in arrears on April 1 and October 1, commencing on April 1, 2020. Thereafter, from October 1, 2024 through the maturity date, October 1, 2029, or earlier redemption date, the Company Notes will bear interest at a floating rate equal to 3-Month SOFR, plus 3.13%, for each quarterly interest period, payable quarterly in arrears on January 1, April 1, July 1 and October 1 of each year. Any redemption will be at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of Company Notes being redeemed, plus accrued and unpaid interest, and will be subject to, and require, prior regulatory approval. The Company Notes are not subject to redemption at the option of the holders.

Off-Balance Sheet Items

In the normal course of business, we enter into various transactions, which, in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States, are not included in our consolidated balance sheets. We enter into these transactions to meet the financing needs of our customers. These transactions include commitments to extend credit and standby and commercial letters of credit, which involve, to varying degrees, elements of credit risk and interest rate risk in excess of the amounts recognized in our consolidated balance sheets.

Commitments to Extend Credit. We enter into contractual commitments to extend credit, normally with fixed expiration dates or termination clauses, at specified rates and for specific purposes. Substantially all of our commitments to extend credit are contingent upon customers maintaining specific credit standards at the time of loan funding. We minimize our exposure to loss under these commitments by subjecting them to credit approval and monitoring procedures. The amount and type of collateral obtained, if considered necessary by us, upon extension of credit, is based on management’s credit evaluation of the customer. Management assesses the credit risk associated with certain commitments to extend credit in determining the level of the allowance for credit losses.

Standby Letters of Credit. Standby letters of credit are conditional commitments issued by us to guarantee the performance of a customer to a third party. If the customer does not perform in accordance with the terms of the agreement with the third party, we would be required to fund the commitment and we would have the rights to the underlying collateral. The maximum potential amount of future payments we could be required to make is represented by the contractual amount of the commitment. Our policies generally require that standby letter of credit arrangements contain security and debt covenants similar to those contained in loan agreements.

As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, we had outstanding $1.70 billion and $1.79 billion, respectively, in commitments to extend credit and $41.8 million and $37.7 million in commitments associated with outstanding letters of credit for those same periods. Since commitments associated with letters of credit and commitments to extend credit may expire unused, the total outstanding may not necessarily reflect the actual future cash funding requirements.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Liquidity

Liquidity is the measure of our ability to meet the cash flow requirements of depositors and borrowers, while at the same time meeting our operating, capital, strategic cash flow needs and to maintain reserve requirements to operate on an ongoing basis and manage unexpected events, all at a reasonable cost. During the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and the year ended December 31, 2023, our liquidity needs have been primarily met by deposits, borrowed funds and securities. The Bank has access to purchased funds from correspondent banks, the Federal Reserve discount window and advances from the FHLB, on a collateralized basis, are available under a security and pledge agreement to take advantage of investment opportunities.

Liquidity risk management is an important element in our asset/liability management process. Our liquidity position is continuously monitored and adjustments are made to the balance between sources and uses of funds as deemed appropriate. We regularly model liquidity stress scenarios to assess potential liquidity outflows or funding problems resulting from economic disruptions, volatility in the financial markets, unexpected credit events or other significant occurrences deemed problematic by management. Liquidity stress scenarios are incorporated into our contingency funding plan, which provides the basis for the identification of our liquidity needs.

Our largest source of funds is deposits and our largest use of funds is loans. Average total deposits decreased $20.3 million, or 0.2%, and average loans decreased $167.0 million, or 2.1%, during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the

54

Table of Contents

nine months ended September 30, 2023. Our average deposit account size was $80 thousand at September 30, 2024. We predominantly invest excess deposits in Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas balances, securities, interest-bearing deposits at other banks or other short-term liquid investments until the funds are needed to fund loan growth. Our securities portfolio had a weighted average life of 7.0 years and 7.6 years at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

Total immediate contingent funding sources, including unrestricted cash, available-for-sale securities that are not pledged and total available borrowing capacity was $4.33 billion, or 49.6% of total deposits at September 30, 2024. Including policy-driven capacity for brokered deposits, the Bank would have been able to add approximately $1.55 billion to its contingent sources of liquidity, bringing total contingent funding sources to approximately $5.89 billion, or 67.4%, of deposits at September 30, 2024.

As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company had no exposure to future cash requirements associated with known uncertainties or capital expenditures of a material nature.

Capital Resources

Capital management consists of providing equity to support our current and future operations. We are subject to capital adequacy requirements imposed by the Federal Reserve and the Bank is subject to capital adequacy requirements imposed by the FDIC. Both the Federal Reserve and the FDIC have adopted risk-based capital requirements for assessing bank holding company and bank capital adequacy. These standards define capital and establish minimum capital requirements in relation to assets and off-balance sheet exposure, adjusted for credit risk. The risk-based capital standards currently in effect are designed to make regulatory capital requirements more sensitive to differences in risk profiles among bank holding companies and banks, to account for off-balance sheet exposure and to minimize disincentives for holding liquid assets. Assets and off-balance sheet items are assigned to broad risk categories, each with appropriate relative risk weights. The resulting capital ratios represent capital as a percentage of total risk-weighted assets and off-balance sheet items.

Under current guidelines, the minimum ratio of total capital to risk-weighted assets (which are primarily the credit risk equivalents of balance sheet assets and certain off-balance sheet items such as standby letters of credit) is 8.0%. At least half of total capital must be composed of Tier 1 capital, which includes common shareholders’ equity (including retained earnings), less goodwill, other disallowed intangible assets and disallowed deferred tax assets, among other items. The Federal Reserve also has adopted a minimum leverage ratio, requiring Tier 1 capital of at least 4.0% of average quarterly total consolidated assets, net of goodwill and certain other intangible assets, for all but the most highly rated bank holding companies. The federal banking agencies have also established risk-based and leverage capital guidelines that FDIC-insured depository institutions are required to meet. These regulations are generally similar to those established by the Federal Reserve for bank holding companies.

Under the Federal Deposit Insurance Act, the federal bank regulatory agencies must take “prompt corrective action” against undercapitalized U.S. depository institutions. U.S. depository institutions are assigned one of five capital categories: “well-capitalized,” “adequately capitalized,” “undercapitalized,” “significantly undercapitalized” and “critically undercapitalized,” and are subjected to different regulation corresponding to the capital category within which the institution falls. A depository institution is deemed to be “well-capitalized” if the banking institution has a total risk-based capital ratio of 10.0% or greater, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of 8.0% or greater, a common equity Tier 1 capital ratio of 6.5% and a leverage ratio of 5.0% or greater, and the institution is not subject to an order, written agreement, capital directive or prompt corrective action directive to meet and maintain a specific level for any capital measure. Under certain circumstances, a well-capitalized, adequately capitalized or undercapitalized institution may be treated as if the institution were in the next lower capital category.

Failure to meet capital guidelines could subject the institution to a variety of enforcement remedies by federal bank regulatory agencies, including: termination of deposit insurance by the FDIC, restrictions on certain business activities and appointment of the FDIC as conservator or receiver.

As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Bank was well-capitalized under regulatory capital guidelines. Total shareholders’ equity was $1.63 billion at September 30, 2024 compared with $1.52 billion at December 31, 2023, an increase of $105.1 million. This increase was primarily due to net income of $89.8 million partially offset by the $0.39 per common share dividend paid for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and a $30.2 million decrease in the accumulated other comprehensive loss, which represents a decrease in the fair value of the Company’s securities.

55

Table of Contents

The following is a summary of the Company’s and the Bank’s actual and required capital ratios as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023:

	Actual Ratio		Minimum Required For Capital Adequacy Purposes		Minimum Required Plus Capital Conservation Buffer		To Be Categorized As Well-Capitalized Under Prompt Corrective Action Provisions
Stellar Bancorp, Inc. (Consolidated)
September 30, 2024
Total Capital (to risk-weighted assets)	15.91	%	8.00	%	10.50	%	N/A
Common Equity Tier 1 capital (to risk-weighted assets)	13.62	%	4.50	%	7.00	%	N/A
Tier 1 Capital (to risk-weighted assets)	13.74	%	6.00	%	8.50	%	N/A
Tier 1 Leverage (to average tangible assets)	11.25	%	4.00	%	4.00	%	N/A
December 31, 2023
Total Capital (to risk-weighted assets)	14.02	%	8.00	%	10.50	%	N/A
Common Equity Tier 1 capital (to risk-weighted assets)	11.77	%	4.50	%	7.00	%	N/A
Tier 1 Capital (to risk-weighted assets)	11.89	%	6.00	%	8.50	%	N/A
Tier 1 Leverage (to average tangible assets)	10.18	%	4.00	%	4.00	%	N/A
Stellar Bank
September 30, 2024
Total Capital (to risk-weighted assets)	15.07	%	8.00	%	10.50	%	10.00	%
Common Equity Tier 1 capital (to risk-weighted assets)	13.63	%	4.50	%	7.00	%	6.50	%
Tier 1 Capital (to risk-weighted assets)	13.63	%	6.00	%	8.50	%	8.00	%
Tier 1 Leverage (to average tangible assets)	11.16	%	4.00	%	4.00	%	5.00	%
December 31, 2023
Total Capital (to risk-weighted assets)	13.65	%	8.00	%	10.50	%	10.00	%
Common Equity Tier 1 capital (to risk-weighted assets)	12.20	%	4.50	%	7.00	%	6.50	%
Tier 1 Capital (to risk-weighted assets)	12.20	%	6.00	%	8.50	%	8.00	%
Tier 1 Leverage (to average tangible assets)	10.44	%	4.00	%	4.00	%	5.00	%

56

Table of Contents

ITEM 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

Asset/Liability Management and Interest Rate Risk

Our asset liability and interest rate risk policy provides management with the guidelines for effective balance sheet management. We have established a measurement system for monitoring our net interest rate sensitivity position. We manage our sensitivity position within our established guidelines.

As a financial institution, a component of the market risk that we face is interest rate volatility. Fluctuations in interest rates will ultimately impact both the level of income and expense recorded on most of our assets and liabilities, and the market value of all interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities, other than those which have a short term to maturity. Interest rate risk is the potential for economic losses due to future interest rate changes. These economic losses can be reflected as a loss of future net interest income and/or a loss of current fair market values. The objective is to measure the effect on net interest income and to adjust the balance sheet to minimize the inherent risk while at the same time maximizing income.

Based upon the nature of our operations, we are not subject to foreign exchange rate or commodity price risk. We do not own any trading assets. We manage our exposure to interest rates by structuring our balance sheet in the ordinary course of a community banking business. The Company enters into interest rate swaps as an accommodation to customers.

Our exposure to interest rate risk is managed by the Asset Liability Committee (“ALCO”). The ALCO formulates strategies based on appropriate levels of interest rate risk. In determining the appropriate level of interest rate risk, the ALCO considers the impact on earnings and capital of the current outlook on interest rates, potential changes in interest rates, regional economies, liquidity, business strategies and other factors. The ALCO meets regularly to review, among other things, the sensitivity of assets and liabilities to interest rate changes, the book and market values of assets and liabilities, unrealized gains and losses, purchase and sale activities, commitments to originate loans and the maturities of investments and borrowings. Additionally, the ALCO reviews liquidity, cash flow flexibility, maturities of deposits and consumer and commercial deposit activity.

We use an interest rate risk simulation model and shock analysis to test the interest rate sensitivity of net interest income and the balance sheet, respectively. All instruments on the balance sheet are modeled at the instrument level, incorporating all relevant attributes such as next reset date, reset frequency and call dates, as well as prepayment assumptions for loans and securities and decay rates for nonmaturity deposits. Assumptions based on past experience are incorporated into the model for nonmaturity deposit account decay rates. The assumptions used are inherently uncertain and, as a result, the model cannot precisely measure future net interest income or precisely predict the impact of fluctuations in market interest rates on net interest income. Actual results will differ from the model’s simulated results due to timing, magnitude and frequency of interest rate changes as well as changes in market conditions and the application and timing of various management strategies.

We utilize static balance sheet rate shocks to estimate the potential impact on net interest income of changes in interest rates under various rate scenarios. This analysis estimates a percentage of change in the metric from the stable rate base scenario versus alternative scenarios of rising and falling market interest rates by instantaneously shocking a static balance sheet.

The following table summarizes the simulated change in net interest income over a 12-month horizon and the economic value of equity as of the dates indicated:

Change in Interest Rates (Basis Points)	Percent Change in Net Interest Income		Percent Change in Economic Value of Equity
	September 30, 2024	December 31, 2023	September 30, 2024	December 31, 2023
+300	5.9%	(0.9)%	(0.3)%	(0.9)%
+200	4.2%	(0.6)%	1.4%	1.8%
+100	2.3%	0.1%	2.0%	3.4%
Base	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%
-100	(2.1)%	0.5%	(3.5)%	1.0%
-200	(4.9)%	0.2%	(9.6)%	(3.6)%

These results are primarily due to the size of our cash position, the size and duration of our loan and securities portfolio, the duration of our borrowings and the expected behavior of demand, money market and savings deposits during such rate fluctuations. During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, changes in our overall interest rate profile were driven by the decrease in noninterest-bearing deposits and certain interest bearing deposits, increases in certificates of deposits and borrowed funds, an increase in loans and decreases in securities and cash and cash equivalents.

57

Table of Contents

ITEM 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Evaluation of disclosure controls and procedures. As of the end of the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, the Company carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of its management, including its Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of its disclosure controls and procedures. In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, management recognizes that controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives, and management was required to apply judgment in evaluating its controls and procedures. Based on this evaluation, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”)) were effective as of the end of the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. See Exhibits 31.1 and 31.2 for the Certification statements issued by the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, respectively.

Changes in internal control over financial reporting. There were no changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) during the quarter ended September 30, 2024 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

PART II—OTHER INFORMATION

ITEM 1. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

From time to time, we are subject to claims and litigation arising in the ordinary course of business. In the opinion of management, we are not party to any legal proceedings the resolution of which we believe would have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition, liquidity, results of operation, cash flows or capital levels. However, one or more unfavorable outcomes in any claim or litigation against us could have a material adverse effect for the period in which such claim or litigation is resolved. In addition, regardless of their merits or their ultimate outcomes, such matters are costly, divert management’s attention and may materially adversely affect our reputation, even if resolved in our favor. We intend to defend ourselves vigorously against any future claims or litigation.

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS

There have been no material changes in the risk factors previously disclosed by the Company. Investors should carefully consider the risks described in “Part I—Item 1A.—Risk Factors” in the Company’s Annual Reports on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023 and the Company’s other SEC filings.

ITEM 2. UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS

During 2024, the Company’s Board of Directors authorized a share repurchase program to provide that the Company may repurchase up to $60 million of the Company’s common stock through May 31, 2025.

Repurchases under the Company’s share repurchase program may be made from time to time at the Company’s discretion in open market transactions, through block trades, in privately negotiated transactions, and pursuant to any trading plan that may be adopted by the Company’s management in accordance with Rule 10b5-1 of the Exchange Act or otherwise. The timing and actual number of shares repurchased will depend on a variety of factors including price, corporate and regulatory requirements, market conditions, and other corporate liquidity requirements and priorities. The repurchase program does not obligate the Company to acquire a specific dollar amount or number of shares and may be modified, suspended or discontinued at any time.

The number of shares that may be repurchased under the plan was 2,241,477, which was computed based on the closing share price of the Company's common stock, as of September 30, 2024.

58

Table of Contents

The following table summarizes the shares repurchased by the Company:

Period	Number of Shares Purchased(1)	Average Price Paid Per Share		Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plan	Number of Shares That May Yet be Purchased Under the Plan(2)
July 1, 2024 to July 31, 2024	30,324	$	22.64	—	2,189,781
August 1, 2024 to August 31, 2024	458	$	26.43	—	2,200,220
September 1, 2024 to September 30, 2024	108,984	$	26.10	108,900	2,241,477
Total	139,766

(1)    Shares employees elected to have withheld to satisfy their tax liabilities related to options exercised or restricted stock vested or to pay the exercise price of the options as allowed under the Company’s stock compensation plans. When this settlement method is elected by the employee, the Company repurchases the shares withheld upon vesting of the award stock.

(2)    Computed based on the closing price of the Company’s common stock as of the end of each period shown.

ITEM 3. DEFAULTS UPON SENIOR SECURITIES

None.

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

Not applicable.

ITEM 5. OTHER INFORMATION

None of the Company’s directors or officers adopted, modified or terminated a Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement or a non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement during the Company’s quarter ended September 30, 2024, as such terms are defined under Item 408(a) of Regulation S-K.

59

Table of Contents

ITEM 6. EXHIBITS

Exhibit Number	Description
3.1	Second Amended and Restated Certificate of Formation of Stellar Bancorp, Inc. (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on October 3, 2022)
3.2	Bylaws of Stellar Bancorp, Inc. (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on October 3, 2022)
10.1	Stellar Bancorp, Inc. Form of Performance Share Award Agreement (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on July 26, 2024)
10.2	Stellar Bancorp, Inc. Form of Restricted Stock Award Agreement (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on July 26, 2024)
31.1*	Certification of the Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended
31.2*	Certification of the Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended
32.1**	Certification of the Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
32.2**	Certification of the Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
101.INS*	Inline XBRL Instance Document – the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.
101.SCH*	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL*	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF*	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB*	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE*	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
104	Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document)

*    Filed with this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

**    Furnished with this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

60

Table of Contents

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

	Stellar Bancorp, Inc. (Registrant)
Date: October 25, 2024	/s/ Robert R. Franklin, Jr.
	Robert R. Franklin, Jr.
	Chief Executive Officer
Date: October 25, 2024	/s/ Paul P. Egge
	Paul P. Egge
	Chief Financial Officer

61