10-K

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

Form 10-K

ý ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018

OR

¨ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to

Commission file number 001-34746

R1 RCM Inc.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware	02-0698101
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
401 North Michigan Avenue, Suite 2700 Chicago, Illinois	60611
(Address of principal executive offices)	(Zip Code)

(312) 324-7820

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class:	Name of each exchange on which registered:
Common Stock, $0.01 par Value	The NASDAQ Global Select Market

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.    Yes  ý  No  ¨

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act.    Yes  ¨    No  ý

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    Yes   ý  No ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).    Yes   ý  No ¨

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K (§229.405 of this chapter) is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K.  ý

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

Large accelerated filer ý Accelerated filer o Non-accelerated filer o Smaller reporting company o Emerging growth company o

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).    Yes  ¨    No  ý

Aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates of the registrant, based on the last sale price for such stock on June 29, 2018: $954,539,609

As of February 18, 2019, the registrant had 110,220,449 shares of common stock, par value $0.01 per share, outstanding.

Portions of the registrant’s definitive proxy statement for its 2019 Annual Meeting of Stockholders are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

R1 RCM INC.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

		Page
PART I
Item 1.	Business	5
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	22
Item 1B.	Unresolved Staff Comments	40
Item 2.	Properties	40
Item 3.	Legal Proceedings	40
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	40
PART II
Item 5.	Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities	41
Item 6.	Selected Consolidated Financial Data	43
Item 7.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	47
Item 7A.	Qualitative and Quantitative Disclosures About Market Risk	64
Item 8.	Consolidated Financial Statements and Supplementary Data	65
Item 9.	Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure	65
Item 9A.	Controls and Procedures	65
Item 9B.	Other Information	69
PART III
Item 10.	Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance	70
Item 11.	Executive Compensation	70
Item 12.	Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters	70
Item 13.	Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence	71
Item 14.	Principal Accountant Fees and Services	71
PART IV
Item 15.	Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules	72
Item 16.	Form 10-K Summary	72
SIGNATURES		73

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements, within the meaning of the federal securities laws, that involve substantial risks and uncertainties. You should not place undue reliance on these statements. All statements, other than statements of historical facts, included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K are forward-looking statements. The words "anticipate", "believe", "designed", "estimate", "expect", "forecast", "intend", "may", "plan", "predict", "project", "target", "will" or "would" and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements, although not all forward-looking statements contain these identifying words. These forward-looking statements include, among other things, statements about our strategy, our future operations, our future financial position, our projected costs, our prospects, our plans, objectives of management, our ability to integrate the Intermedix business as planned and to realize the expected benefits from the acquisition, our ability to successfully deliver on our commitments to Intermountain and Ascension, our ability to deploy new business as planned, our ability to successfully implement new technologies, the expected outcome or impact of pending or threatened litigation and expected market growth. All forward-looking statements are subject to risks and uncertainties that may cause actual results to differ materially from those that we expected, including:

• our ability to achieve or maintain profitability;

• our ability to manage our operations effectively;

• our ability to retain existing customers or acquire new customers;

• disruptions in or damages to our shared services centers or third-party operated data centers;

• delayed or unsuccessful implementation of our technologies or services, or unexpected implementation costs;

• breaches or failures of our information technologies security measures or unauthorized access to a customer’s data;

• our exposure to risks related to our growing international operations;

• the development of markets for our RCM service offering;

• competition within the market;

• variability in the lead time of prospective customers;

• fluctuations in our results of operations or cash flows;

• the loss of key personnel;

• our ability to integrate our customers’ revenue cycle management employees;

• our potential liability resulting from future errors;

• negative perceptions of the collection of medical co-pays and other payments from patients;

• negative perceptions of offshore outsourcing and proposed legislation related thereto;

• our ability to recognize the benefits of acquisitions and strategic plans;

• risks related to our indebtedness;

• the impact of litigation;

• our legal responsibility for obligations related to our employees or our customers’ employees;

• our ability to use our net operating loss carryforwards;

• changes in tax laws and unanticipated tax liabilities;

• our dependence on the A&R MPSA with Ascension;

• our ability to realize the anticipated benefits of the Intermedix Acquisition;

• our ability to comply with healthcare laws and regulations;

• developments in the healthcare industry, including national healthcare reform;

• our ability to comply with information privacy laws;

• our ability to comply with debt collection and other consumer protection laws and regulations;

• our ability to protect our intellectual property; and

• other factors set forth in Part I, Item 1A “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

We may not actually achieve the plans, intentions or expectations disclosed in our forward-looking statements, and you should not place undue reliance on our forward-looking statements. Actual results or events could differ materially from the plans, intentions and expectations disclosed in the forward-looking statements we make. We have included important information in the cautionary statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, particularly in Part I, Item 1A “Risk Factors,” that could cause actual results or events to differ materially from the forward-looking statements that we make. Our forward-looking statements do not reflect the potential impact of any future acquisitions, mergers, dispositions, joint ventures or investments we may make.

You should read this Annual Report on Form 10-K and the documents that we have filed as exhibits to the Annual Report on Form 10-K completely and with the understanding that our actual future results may be materially different from what we expect. We do not assume any obligation to update any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required by law.

PART I

Unless the context indicates otherwise, references in this Annual Report to "R1 RCM," "R1," the "Company" or "company," "we," "our" and "us" mean R1 RCM Inc. and its subsidiaries.

Item 1. Business

Overview

R1 is a leading provider of technology-enabled revenue cycle management ("RCM") services to healthcare providers, including health systems and hospitals, physicians groups, and municipal and private emergency medical service ("EMS") providers. Our services help healthcare providers generate sustainable improvements in their operating margins and cash flows while also enhancing patient, physician and staff satisfaction for our customers.

We achieve these results for our customers by managing healthcare providers’ revenue cycle operations, which encompass processes including patient registration, insurance and benefit verification, medical treatment documentation and coding, bill preparation and collections from patients and payers. We do so by deploying a unique operating model that leverages our extensive healthcare site experience, innovative technology and process excellence. We assist our RCM customers in managing their revenue cycle operating costs while simultaneously increasing the portion of the maximum potential services revenue they receive. Together, these benefits can generate significant and sustainable improvements in operating margins and cash flows for our customers.

Our primary service offering consists of end-to-end RCM services for integrated healthcare delivery networks, which we deploy through an operating partner relationship or a co-managed relationship. Under an operating partner relationship, we provide comprehensive revenue cycle infrastructure to providers, including all revenue cycle personnel, technology solutions and process workflow. Under a co-managed relationship, we leverage our customers’ existing RCM staff and processes, and supplement them with our infused management, subject matter specialists, proprietary technology solutions and other resources. Under the operating partner model, we record higher revenue and expenses due to the fact that almost all of the revenue cycle personnel are our employees and more third-party vendor contracts are controlled by us. Under the co-managed model, the majority of the revenue cycle personnel and more third-party vendor contracts remain with the customer and those costs are netted against our co-managed revenue. For the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, substantially all of our net operating and incentive fees from end-to-end RCM were generated under the operating partner model.

We also offer modular services, allowing customers to engage us for only specific components of our end-to-end RCM service offering, such as physician advisory services ("PAS"), practice management ("PM"), and revenue capture services ("RCS"). Our PAS offering assists healthcare organizations in complying with payer requirements regarding whether to classify a hospital visit as an in-patient or an out-patient observation case for billing purposes. Our PM services offer administrative and operational support to allow healthcare providers to focus on delivering high quality patient care and outsource non-core functions to us. Our RCS offering includes charge capture, charge description master ("CDM") maintenance and pricing services that help providers ensure they are capturing the maximum net compliant revenue for services delivered.

In conjunction with the acquisition of Intermedix, we expanded our service offering to physician groups and EMS providers. Intermedix provides RCM and PM services to primary care physician groups and hospital-based physicians in a variety of specialties including emergency medicine, hospitals, anesthesia, and others. Intermedix also provides RCM services to emergency-service providers including municipalities, private providers of emergency services and hospital-based emergency-services providers.

Once implemented, our technology solutions, processes and services are deeply embedded in our customers’ day-to-day revenue cycle operations. We believe our service offerings are adaptable to meet an evolving healthcare regulatory environment, technology standards and market trends.

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Revenue Cycle Software and Services Market

Revenue cycle is an important function for healthcare providers as they seek to collect payment due to them from health insurance companies and patients. Healthcare providers operate their revenue cycle with a combination of labor, software and services vendors. Third-party vendors offer various solutions including consulting services, software and services point solutions that cover one or multiple components of the revenue cycle and full outsourcing services, among others. The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) projects hospital care expenditures in the U.S. to amount to $1.26 trillion in 2019. We estimate the cost of hospital revenue cycle operations to be approximately 5% of revenue, resulting in a market size of $63 billion. Additionally, CMS projects physician care expenditures to amount to $775 billion in 2019. We estimate cost of physician revenue cycle operations to be approximately 5.5% of revenue, resulting in a market size of $43 billion. According to Research and Markets, revenue cycle spend is projected to grow at a compounded annual growth rate of 12% through 2022.

Health systems are currently facing challenges in their revenue cycle operations based on several factors including: (1) more complex and clinical-outcomes based reimbursement, (2) industry consolidation amongst hospitals and across the continuum of care, (3) increasing patient responsibility of their medical bills and (4) capital constraints to invest in the revenue cycle given financial difficulties and requirements to invest in improving clinical care. We believe these are positive trends for external vendors in the revenue cycle industry which we expect will drive further growth for the industry and our Company.

Segment

All of our significant operations are organized around the single business of providing revenue cycle operations for healthcare providers.

We view our operations and manage our business as one operating and reporting segment. All of our net services revenue and trade accounts receivable are derived from healthcare providers, primarily domiciled in the United States. The information about our business should be read together with our consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. See Note 22, Segments and Customer Concentrations, to our consolidated financial statements for information regarding our segment and customer concentrations.

Our Services

Drawing on our combination of our extensive healthcare-site expertise, innovative technology and process excellence, we seek to deliver measurable economic value to our customers across our RCM solutions.

End-To-End Revenue Cycle Management Offering

Our primary RCM service offering consists of comprehensive end-to-end RCM services, which address the full spectrum of revenue cycle challenges faced by healthcare providers. Our approach to deliver value for our customers is built on the R1 Performance Stack^SM, a holistic operating model designed to fit into a healthcare provider’s revenue cycle operations.

The R1 Performance Stack^SM consists of four components:

Workflow - End-to-end work flow differentiated on outcomes - We deploy a fully cataloged,

standardized methodology for revenue cycle execution from order intake and scheduling to claim

reimbursement. The approach is based on standard structures and rigorous methods, tested and proven in multiple organizations and environments.

Analytics - Performance monitoring & management system - We use hundreds of measurement methods

to drive comprehensive daily accountability and to enable front-line operators to deliver on

differentiated business outcomes every single day.

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Operations - Scaled global delivery model & leading human capital - We bring experienced talent across global shared services, centralized analytics and deployment teams who all deliver one operating platform. Our teams understand the missions and unique needs of non-profit organizations and are trained, certified and

continuously developed to deliver on customer revenue cycle needs.

Technology - Comprehensive revenue cycle work flow & analytics solutions - Our R1 Hub Technologies

integrate across multiple host and payer systems and hard-wire our standard methods, operating metrics, and

daily routines into an end-to-end technology platform.

Our RCM service offering is designed to adapt to a provider's organizational structure. We seek to integrate our technology, personnel, our accumulated body of knowledge and our culture within each customer’s revenue cycle activities, with the expectation that we will enjoy a long-term collaborative relationship with each customer. We deliver technology and operational support in the form of both on-site management and centralized staffing to deliver improved efficiency and quality across all RCM functions.

Our end-to-end RCM agreements generally provide us with the opportunity to earn net operating fees and incentive fees. Net operating fees include gross base fees we charge our customers for operating the revenue cycle processes included in our agreements less corresponding costs of customers’ revenue cycle operations which we undertake to pay pursuant to our RCM agreements, and agreements on a fixed fee, per-use and/or volumetric basis. We help our customers reduce their revenue cycle costs by implementing new operational practices, optimizing their technology suite and deploying more efficient processes. We work with our customers to transfer aspects of their revenue cycle operations to our shared services centers, which typically results in lower operating costs than operating those aspects of the revenue cycle at the customers’ site.

Incentive fees are performance-based fees related to agreed-upon improvements in financial or operating metrics at our customers. When using these metrics to calculate this improvement, we typically utilize metrics that are already being tracked by, or easily calculated from, our or our customers’ respective information systems and compare the results of those metrics against the results for the same metrics for a defined prior period.

We seek to improve our customers’ processes using a variety of techniques including:

• Gathering Complete Patient and Payer Information. We focus on gathering complete patient information and validating insurance eligibility and benefits so patient care services can be recorded and billed to the appropriate parties. For scheduled healthcare services, we educate patients as to their potential financial responsibilities before receiving care. Through our systems, we maintain an automated electronic scorecard which measures the efficiency of up-front data capture, authorization, billing and collections throughout the life cycle of any given patient account. These scorecards are analyzed in the aggregate, and the results are used to help improve work flow processes and operational decisions for our customers.

• Improving Claims Filing and Payer Collections. Through our proprietary technology and process expertise, we identify, for each patient encounter, the amount our customer should receive from a payer if terms of the applicable contract with the payer and patient policies are followed. Over time, we compare these amounts with the actual payments collected to help identify which payers, types of medical treatments and patients represent various levels of payment risk for a customer. Using proprietary algorithms and analytics, we consider actual reimbursement patterns to predict the payment risk associated with a customer’s claims to its payers, and we then direct increased attention and time to the riskiest accounts.

• Identifying Alternative Payment Sources. We use various methods to find payment sources for uninsured patients and reimbursement for services not covered by payers. Our patient financial screening technology and methodologies often identify federal, state or private grant sources to help pay for healthcare services. These techniques are designed to ease the financial burden on uninsured or underinsured patients, increase the percentage of patient bills that are actually paid and improve the total amount of reimbursement received by our customers.

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• Employing Proprietary Technology and Algorithms. We employ a variety of proprietary data analytics and algorithms. For example, we identify patient accounts with financial risk by applying proprietary analysis techniques to the data we have collected. Our systems are designed to streamline work processes through the use of proprietary algorithms that focus revenue cycle staff effort on those accounts deemed to have the greatest potential for improving net revenue yield or charge capture. We adjust our proprietary predictive algorithms to reflect changes in payer and patient behavior based upon the knowledge we obtain from our entire customer base. As new customers are added and payer and patient behavior changes, the information we use to create our algorithms expands, increasing the accuracy, reliability and value of such algorithms.

• Using Analytical Capabilities and Operational Excellence. We draw on the experience that we have gained from working with some of the best healthcare provider systems in the United States to train our customers’ staff about new and innovative RCM practices. We use sophisticated analytical procedures to identify specific opportunities to improve business processes.

• Increasing Charge Capture. We are able to help our customers increase their charge capture by implementing optimization techniques and related processes. We use sophisticated analytics software to help improve the accuracy of claims filings and the resolution of disputed claims from payers. We also overlay a range of capabilities designed to reduce missed charges, improve the clinical/reimbursement interface and produce bills that comply with payer requirements and applicable healthcare regulations.

• Leveraging our Shared Services Centers. We help our customers increase their revenue cycle efficiency by implementing improved practices, streamlining work flow processes and outsourcing aspects of their revenue cycle operations to our shared services centers. Examples of services that can be completed at our shared services centers in the United States and India include pre-registration, medical transcription, cash posting, reconciliation of payments to billing records and patient and payer follow-up. By leveraging the economies of scale and experience of our shared services centers, we believe that we offer our customers better quality services at a lower cost.

We believe that these techniques are enhanced by our proprietary and integrated technology, management experience and well-developed processes. Our proprietary technology solutions include workflow automation and direct payer connection capabilities that enable revenue cycle staff to focus on problem accounts rather than on manual tasks, such as searching payer websites for insurance and benefits verification for all patients. We employ technology that identifies and isolates specific cases requiring review or action, using the same interface for all users, to automate a host of tasks that otherwise can consume a significant amount of staff time. Our proprietary technology enhances the ability of our customers' revenue cycle staff to improve their interaction with patients. We use real-time feedback from our customers to improve the functionality and performance of our technology and processes and incorporate these improvements into our service offerings on a regular basis. We strive to apply operational excellence throughout our customers' entire revenue cycle.

Modular Solutions

Our modular service solutions allow customers to engage us for specific components of end-to-end RCM and expanded service offerings. These service offerings, including PAS, PM, and RCS, allow our customers to place their focus on delivering high quality patient care, while outsourcing non-core functions to us. Providing modular solutions allows us to expand our customer base utilizing technology and service offerings which have already been developed.

Business Update

Intermountain Services Agreement

On January 23, 2018, we entered into an Amended and Restated Services Agreement (the “Intermountain Services Agreement”) with IHC Health Services, Inc. (“Intermountain”) having a 10-year term. Pursuant to the

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Intermountain Services Agreement, we will provide revenue cycle management services to Intermountain hospitals and medical group providers under the operating partner model. In addition, we will provide revenue cycle management services to Intermountain’s homecare, hospice and palliative care, durable medical equipment and infusion therapy business. In conjunction with the execution of the Intermountain Services Agreement, we entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement (the “Intermountain Purchase Agreement”) with Intermountain, pursuant to which we sold to Intermountain, in private placements under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "Securities Act"), (i) 4,665,594 shares of common stock and (ii) a warrant to acquire up to 1,500,000 shares of Common Stock at an initial exercise price of $6.00 per share, on the terms and subject to the conditions set forth in the warrant, for an aggregate purchase price of $20 million.

Intermedix Acquisition

On February 23, 2018, we entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger (the “Intermedix Agreement”), with Intermedix Holdings, Inc. (“Intermedix”) and solely in its capacity as Securityholder Representative, Thomas H. Lee Equity Fund VI, L.P. Pursuant to the terms of the Intermedix Agreement, the Company acquired Intermedix, including its healthcare division comprised of its physician and RCM, PM, and analytics businesses, for $460 million in cash, subject to customary adjustments for cash, debt, transaction expenses and normalized working capital, on May 8, 2018 ("Intermedix Acquisition"). We funded the purchase price for the Intermedix Acquisition and our associated transaction expenses with a combination of cash on hand and the incurrence of additional indebtedness through a term loan and subordinated debt. The acquisition of Intermedix expanded our service offering to non-acute settings to include physicians in addition to hospitals, and allows us to advance our vision to be the one revenue cycle partner for healthcare providers. The Intermedix Acquisition not only expands our total addressable market, but also enables us to better serve healthcare providers and compete more effectively as healthcare providers continue to consolidate and acquire physician networks.

AMITA Health / Presence Health

On June 24, 2018, we entered into an amendment to the A&R MPSA (the “Presence Amendment”) with Ascension to provide that we will enter into a supplement to the A&R MPSA to provide for RCM services and PAS services for acute care to Presence Health hospitals in accordance with terms set forth in the Presence Amendment. Presence Health is a part of AMITA Health, which is a joint venture of Ascension’s Alexian Brothers Health System and Adventist Midwest Health, part of Adventist Health System. The Presence Amendment provided that if we enter into a new master professional services agreement with AMITA Health for end-to-end RCM services in the future, the end-to-end RCM business with Presence will be governed by such new agreement. On and effective as of November 1, 2018, we entered into a new master professional services agreement with AMITA Health for end-to-end RCM and PAS services to AMITA Health hospitals and affiliated physician groups. Accordingly, Presence Health is now included in the scope of our agreement with AMITA Health.

Relationship with Ascension

On February 16, 2016, we entered into a long-term strategic partnership with Ascension Health Alliance, the parent of our largest customer and the nation’s largest Catholic and non-profit health system, and TowerBrook Capital Partners ("TowerBrook"), an investment management firm. As part of the transaction, we amended and restated our Master Professional Services Agreement ("A&R MPSA") with Ascension Health ("Ascension") effective February 16, 2016 with a term of ten years. Pursuant to the A&R MPSA and with certain limited exceptions, we are the exclusive provider of RCM services and PAS with respect to acute care services provided by the hospitals affiliated with Ascension that execute supplement agreements with us. In addition, at the close of the transaction, we issued to TCP-ASC ACHI Series LLLP, a limited liability limited partnership jointly owned by Ascension Health Alliance and investment funds affiliated with TowerBrook ("Investor"): (i) 200,000 shares of our 8.00% Series A Convertible Preferred Stock, par value $0.01 per share (the "Series A Preferred Stock") for an aggregate price of $200 million and (ii) a warrant with a term of ten years to acquire up to 60 million shares of our common stock, par value $0.01 per share, at an exercise price of $3.50 per share, on the terms and subject to the conditions set forth in the Warrant Agreement ("the Warrant"). The Series A Preferred Stock is immediately

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convertible into shares of common stock. We refer herein to the foregoing transactions consummated on February 16, 2016 with the Investor and Ascension as the "Transaction".

This long-term strategic partnership has expanded our relationship with Ascension, and we expect that it will continue to expand that relationship, help us to grow our overall business and improve our ability to win customers outside of the Ascension hospital base. We believe the ten year term of the A&R MPSA, together with the significant investment in R1 by Ascension, our largest customer, provides our business with stability and growth. In addition, our management team continues to benefit from the oversight provided by having TowerBrook involved as a strategic investor.

We started onboarding the first phase of new hospitals in mid-2016, which was followed by the second phase of new hospitals in mid-2017. We have onboarded or started the onboarding process for substantially all of the new Ascension hospitals under the A&R MPSA. The A&R MPSA is structured as an operating partner model, whereby a significant number of Ascension’s revenue cycle employees become our employees. The operating partner model also transitions the control of the majority of the non-payroll expenses supporting a hospital’s revenue cycle operations to us.

In May 2017, we announced the expansion of our relationship with Ascension. The expanded relationship adds a health system which was acquired by Ascension after the signing of the A&R MPSA and increases the scope of our contract by adding physician RCM services for all Ascension ministries in Wisconsin.

On and effective as of June 24, 2018, we and Ascension entered into a supplement (the "Supplement") to the A&R MPSA. Pursuant to the Supplement, the Company will provide RCM services for physician groups that receive services from Ascension’s National Revenue Service Center and other groups associated with Ascension hospital systems. Each such physician group will be required to execute an addendum to the Supplement for those physician groups to receive services under the Supplement. Ascension has agreed that the Company may provide services to additional physician groups affiliated with or acquired by Ascension over time. The Supplement also provides for the re-badging of certain centrally-based revenue cycle operations employees who support Ascension’s physician groups. We began providing services under the Supplement during the fourth quarter of 2018.

Customers

Our customers typically are healthcare providers, including health systems and hospitals, physician groups, and municipal and private EMS providers. We seek to develop strategic, long-term relationships with our customers and focus on providers that we believe understand the value of our operating model and have demonstrated success in both the provision of healthcare services and the ability to achieve financial and operational results.

Hospital systems affiliated with Ascension have accounted for a significant portion of our net services revenue each year since our formation. For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, net services revenue from healthcare providers affiliated with Ascension accounted for 69%, 90% and 78% of our total net services revenue, respectively.

Customer Agreements

We generally provide our RCM offering pursuant to managed services agreements with our customers. In rendering our services, we must comply with customer policies and procedures regarding charity care, personnel, data security, compliance and risk management, as well as applicable federal, state and local laws and regulations. Our end-to-end RCM agreements typically span two to ten years (subject to the parties' respective termination rights). In general, our end-to-end RCM agreements provide that:

• we are required to staff a sufficient number of our own employees commensurate with the service offering and provide the technology necessary to implement and manage our services;

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• in our operating partner relationship model, we are responsible for providing all revenue cycle personnel, technology and process workflow;

• a portion of our fees are tied to the achievement of certain financial or operating metrics; and

• the parties provide representations and indemnities to each other. 

Our agreements for modular solutions generally vary in length between one and three years. Customers pay a contractually negotiated fee for these services on a fixed fee, per-use or volumetric basis and, in certain cases, a portion of our fees are tied to the achievement of certain metrics.

Sales and Marketing

Our new business opportunities are generated by our sales and marketing team and other members of our senior management team. Our customer acquisition process utilizes traditional and non-traditional techniques to inform the marketplace of R1’s solutions. Broad outreach and interest are turned into selling opportunities through demand generation programs and a marketing-sales pipeline management process. Initial interaction with a prospective healthcare provider begins with a key decision maker reporting to executive management. The initial interaction begins by comparing the potential customer’s historical and projected results versus a standardized improvement model. The next step is a more detailed assessment of the prospect’s existing operations versus our RCM model and a review of the potential opportunities. We begin negotiations with a standardized contract that is customized, as necessary, after collaborative discussions of operational and management issues and our proposed working relationship. Our sales process for RCM managed services agreements typically lasts six to 18 months from the introductory meeting to the agreement’s execution, while our sales process for our modular solutions typically lasts three to six months.

Technology and Products

Technology and Product Development

Our technology and product development process begins with interaction with the marketplace and understanding of healthcare providers’ needs and challenges. Our product management team in our Chicago headquarters, working closely with our operations team, leads these efforts with product development operations facilities in the United States, Lithuania and India. We continue to invest in the improvement of our technology and products in order to enhance the services that we provide our customers. We devote substantial resources to our development efforts and plan at an annual, quarterly, and monthly release level. We employ a structured system to assess the impact that potential new technologies, products or enhancements will have on net services revenue, costs, efficiency and customer satisfaction. The results of this analysis are evaluated in conjunction with our overall corporate goals when making development decisions. In addition to our technology and products development team, our operations personnel play an integral role in setting technology and product priorities in support of their objective of keeping our software operating 24 hours a day, seven days a week.

Proprietary Software Suite

Our integrated suite of RCM technology provides a layer of analytics, rules processing and workflow capabilities that interface with provider systems to optimize process efficiency and effectiveness. These technologies power the detection of defects on patient accounts and enable staff workflow at point of service areas, customer sites and our shared service centers. Our technology suite includes but is not limited to:

• "R1 Access" powers workflow in customer central business offices and at our scaled shared service centers for pre-registration, financial clearance and financial counseling. The platform processes patient accounts through proprietary rules engines tuned to identify defects in demographic data, authorization processes, insurance benefits and eligibility and medical necessity. Our rules engines in R1 Access are also used to calculate patient cost estimates and prior balance accounts receivables. For the uninsured, the platform helps staff triage

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patients to find coverage for their visit. Our technology enables staff to work on an exception basis eliminating the need for manual intervention on accounts with no exceptions identified.

• "R1 Link" delivers all of the insight and defect detection capabilities of our proprietary rules engines in real-time to point of service emergency department and registration areas within healthcare organizations. When defects or inconsistent data are detected in the data entry or registration process, users receive targeted messages alerting them to resolve the issue while the patient is still in front of them.

• "R1 Contact," our patient contact application, provides the workflow and data for patient contact center representatives. It enables effective financial discussions with patients on outstanding balances. The platform is integrated into our call center, call-routing and auto-dialer capabilities and facilitates improved outcomes through propriety process and technology approaches.

• "R1 Insight," our proprietary contract modeling platform, is used to accurately calculate the maximum allowed reimbursement for each claim based upon models of our customer's contract with each payer. This platform is used to provide insight into the health of payer contracts and to power portions of the workflow tools described above.

• "R1 Analytics," our web-based reporting and analytics platform, produces over 300 proprietary reports derived from the financial, process and productivity data that we accumulate as a result of our services, which enable us to monitor and identify areas for improvement in the efficacy of our RCM services.

• "R1 Decision," classifies defects in a proprietary nomenclature and distributes data to back end teams for follow up and resolution according to standard operating processes. Defects are identified and noted on accounts as they occur. The platform, along with our "Yield-Based Follow Up" application, is designed to power customer patient financial services departments and our shared services.

• "R1 Physician Advisor," assists our customers in the initiation of a service request by our PAS team. Our platform allows for the electronic submission, tracking, reviewing and auditing of patient cases referred to us. The PAS portal environment is established as a secure site that enables us to receive patient records from customer case managers and route them to our physicians for review. This workflow is supported by an analytics engine within the web portal that provides our customers the ability to improve their compliance and workflow with our real time reporting, dashboards and worklists.

• "R1 Patient Experience," streamlines the interface for patients and physicians with the revenue cycle across all settings of care. It includes self-service appointment management, patient out-of-pocket estimation, online pre-registration and financial clearance. The technology includes web-based, mobile, tablet, kiosk and other access points, which are all connected to R1’s proprietary rules engines to reduce revenue cycle defects.

• "R1 Automate," provides robotic process automation, data aggregation from disparate sources, desktop automation and other technologies to automate work. With this technology, repetitive transactional processes are automated, delivering operating efficiency and freeing up staff members to focus no higher-order problem solving and higher value-added work. The solutions target a wide range of functions including prior authorization, coding, accounts receivable follow-up, payment posting and credit balances, among others.

• “R1 Chart Manager,” supports patient medical record deficiency management, by evaluating record completeness and optimizing the chart completion work flow. The application creates an intuitive user experience, queuing work by defect and providing visibility to work in process. It allows hand-offs across departments, and tracking of accountability for chart completion, in order to drive velocity and accuracy of the medical record management and coding processes. Customers generally experience improved unbilled AR days and faster cash collection by utilizing the technology.

These propriety technology applications run on an integrated platform built on a modern event driven architecture and rules engines that enhance integration of systems and operational workflows. Our applications are

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deployed on a highly-scalable architecture based upon Microsoft and other industry leading platforms. We offer a common experience for end-users and believe the consistent look and feel of our applications allows our customers and staff to use our software suite quickly and easily.

Technology Operations

Our software interacts with our customers’ software through a series of real-time and batch interfaces. We do not require changes to the customer’s core patient care delivery or financial systems. Instead of installing hardware or software in customer locations or data centers, we specify the information that a customer needs to extract from its existing systems in order to interface with our systems. This methodology enables our systems to operate with many combinations of customer systems, including custom and industry-standard implementations.

When these interfaces are in place, we provide a holistic application suite across the healthcare provider's revenue cycle. For our purposes, the revenue cycle starts when a patient registers for future service or arrives at a hospital or clinic for unscheduled service, and ends when the healthcare organization has collected all the appropriate revenue from all possible sources. Thus, we provide eligibility, address validation, skip tracing, charge capture, patient and payer follow-up, analytics and tracking, charge master management, contract modeling, contract "what if" analysis, collections and other functions throughout the customer’s revenue cycle.

We recently migrated our core applications to enterprise-class, industry-leading, third-party data centers located in Dallas, TX and Ashburn, VA. The transition is substantially complete, with the remainder expected to be completed in the first quarter of 2019. Our internal financial application suite is hosted in various locations in a U.S.-based cloud model. The third-party partners we use for hosting are compliant with the Statement on Standards for Attestation Engagements, or SSAE, No. 16, Reporting on Controls at a Service Organization (Service Organization Controls 1). We have agreements with our hardware and system software suppliers for support 24 hours a day, seven days a week. Our operations personnel also use our resources located in our other U.S. facilities, as well as our India facilities.

Data and information regarding our customers’ patients reside within the continental U.S. data centers and is encrypted both when transmitted over the internet and at-rest. We have dedicated links for data replication between our primary and secondary production data centers for resiliency and redundancy. We also have data backups that occur at appropriate intervals.

If a combination of events were to cause a system failure, we would follow our IT incident management processes to isolate the failure and restore services. We believe that no combination of failures by our systems can impact a customer’s ability to deliver patient care because our systems run parallel to the client’s host system, which is the system of record for all patient-related information.

Our third-party data centers are designed to withstand many catastrophic events such as blizzards, hurricanes and power grid anomalies. To protect against a catastrophic event where our primary data center is destroyed and service cannot be completely restored within a few days, we continuously replicate our data from our primary data center to our secondary data center. In addition, we store backups of our virtual servers, applications, and databases off-site, which would be utilized to make our systems and IT infrastructure operational. We would re-establish operations by pointing to secondary data-center servers and, where appropriate, restoring data from the off-site backups and re-establishing connectivity with our customers’ host systems. There would be minimal changes needed on the customer host systems, and no changes on customer workstations would need to be made for customers to reconnect to our systems.

Digital Transformation Office

In November 2018, we launched a Digital Transformation Office (“DTO”) to systematically automate our transactional environment on an end-to-end basis. We anticipate that the DTO will have three principal objectives: (1) digitization of the patient and physician interface with the revenue cycle; (2) automation of manual tasks using robotic process automation technology; and (3) using advanced data analysis methods to improve complex revenue

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cycle processes such as denials via machine learning and predictive modeling. We intend to automate several hundred transactional processes over the next several quarters.

Information Security

We dedicate significant resources to protecting our customers’ confidential and protected health information ("PHI"). Our security strategy employs various best practices, multi-layered defenses, and relevant technologies designed to control, audit, monitor and protect access to sensitive information. With our comprehensive, cross-functional approach, we have received and maintained certification from the Health Information Trust ("HITRUST") Alliance since January 2013. The HITRUST Common Security Framework ("CSF"), the most widely adopted framework in the healthcare industry, provides a comprehensive set of baseline security controls that leverage nationally and internationally accepted standards, including ISO, NIST, PCI, HIPAA and COBIT. Our HITRUST certification validates our continued commitment to compliance with the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, as amended, and the regulations that have been issued under it, such as the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act, or HITECH Act ("HITECH") and OMNIBUS regulations, which we collectively refer to as "HIPAA", and to state-specific security and privacy laws regarding the creation, access, storage or exchange of PHI and financial information. With continual receipt of HITRUST CSF Certified Status, we believe we are recognized as meeting key healthcare regulations and requirements for protecting and securing sensitive private healthcare information and appropriately managing risk.

Competition

The market for our solutions is highly competitive and we expect competition to intensify in the future. We believe that competition for the services we provide is based primarily on the following factors:

• knowledge and understanding of the complex healthcare payment and reimbursement system in the United States;

• a track record of delivering revenue improvements and efficiency gains for healthcare organizations;

• predictable and measurable results;

• the ability to deliver a solution that is fully-integrated along each step of a healthcare organization's revenue cycle operations;

• cost-effectiveness, including the breakdown between up-front costs and pay-for-performance incentive compensation;

• reliability, simplicity and flexibility of technology platforms;

• understanding of the healthcare industry’s regulatory environment; and

• sufficient and scalable infrastructure and financial stability.

We face competition from various sources, including other end-to-end RCM providers and the internal RCM departments of healthcare organizations. Healthcare providers that previously have made internal investments in their RCM departments sometimes choose to continue to rely on their own internal RCM staff.

We also compete with several categories of external market participants, most of which focus on specific components of the healthcare revenue cycle. External market participants include:

• software vendors and other technology-supported RCM business process outsourcing companies;

• traditional consultants; and

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• information technology outsourcers.

These types of external participants also compete with us in the field of modular solutions.

Although we believe that there are barriers to replicating our end-to-end RCM solution, competition may intensify in the future. Other companies may develop superior or more economical service offerings that healthcare providers could find more attractive than our offerings. Moreover, the regulatory landscape may shift in a direction that is more strategically advantageous to existing and future competitors.

Government Regulation

The customers we serve are subject to a complex array of federal and state laws and regulations. These laws and regulations may change rapidly and unpredictably, and it is frequently unclear how they apply to our business. We devote significant efforts, through training of personnel and monitoring, to establish and maintain compliance with all regulatory requirements that we believe are applicable to our business and the services we offer.

Government Regulation of Health Information

Privacy and Security Regulations. HIPAA contains substantial restrictions and requirements with respect to the use and disclosure of an individual's PHI. HIPAA prohibits a covered entity from using or disclosing an individual’s PHI unless the use or disclosure is authorized by the individual or is specifically required or permitted under HIPAA. Under HIPAA, covered entities must establish administrative, physical and technical safeguards to protect the confidentiality, integrity and availability of electronic PHI maintained or transmitted by them or by others on their behalf.

HIPAA applies to covered entities such as healthcare providers that engage in HIPAA-defined standard electronic transactions, health plans and healthcare clearinghouses. In February 2009, HIPAA was amended by the HITECH Act to impose certain of the HIPAA privacy and security requirements directly upon "business associates" that perform functions on behalf of, or provide services to, certain covered entities. Most of our customers are covered entities and we are a business associate to many such customers under HIPAA as a result of our contractual obligations to perform certain functions on behalf of, and provide certain services to, those customers. As a business associate, we sometimes also act as a clearinghouse in performing certain functions for our customers. In order to provide customers with services that involve the use or disclosure of PHI, HIPAA requires our customers to enter into business associate agreements with us.

Such agreements must, among other things, provide adequate written assurances:

• as to how we will use and disclose the PHI;

• that we will implement reasonable administrative, physical and technical safeguards to protect such information from misuse;

• that we will enter into similar agreements with our agents and subcontractors that have access to the information;

• that we will report security incidents and other inappropriate uses or disclosures of the information; and

• that we will assist the customer with certain of its duties under HIPAA.

Transaction Requirements. In addition to privacy and security requirements, HIPAA also requires that certain electronic transactions related to healthcare billing be conducted using prescribed electronic formats. For example, claims for reimbursement that are transmitted electronically to payers must comply with specific formatting standards, and these standards apply whether the payer is a government or a private entity. We are contractually required to structure and provide our services in a way that supports our customers’ HIPAA compliance obligations.

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Data Security and Breaches. In recent years, there have been well-publicized data breach incidents involving the improper dissemination of personal health and other information of individuals, both within and outside of the healthcare industry. Many states have responded to these incidents by enacting laws requiring holders of personal information to maintain safeguards and to take certain actions in response to data breach incidents, such as providing prompt notification of the breach to affected individuals and government authorities. In many cases, these laws are limited to electronic data, but states are increasingly enacting or considering stricter and broader requirements. Under the HITECH Act and its implementing regulations, business associates are also required to notify covered entities, which in turn are required to notify affected individuals and government authorities of data security breaches involving unsecured PHI. In addition, the U.S. Federal Trade Commission ("FTC") has prosecuted some data breach cases as unfair and deceptive acts or practices under the Federal Trade Commission Act ("FTC Act"). We have implemented and maintain physical, technical and administrative safeguards intended to protect all personal data, and have processes in place to assist us in complying with applicable laws and regulations regarding the protection of this data and properly responding to any security incidents.

State Laws. In addition to HIPAA, most states have enacted patient confidentiality laws that protect against the unauthorized disclosure of confidential medical information, and many states have adopted or are considering further legislation in this area, including privacy safeguards, security standards and data security breach notification requirements. Such state laws, if more stringent than HIPAA requirements, are not preempted by the federal requirements, and we must comply with them even though they may be subject to different interpretations by various courts and other governmental authorities.

Other Requirements. In addition to HIPAA, numerous other state and federal laws govern the collection, dissemination, use, access to and confidentiality of individually identifiable health and other information and healthcare provider information. The FTC has issued guidance for, and several states have issued or are considering new regulations to require, holders of certain types of personally identifiable information to implement formal policies and programs to prevent, detect and mitigate the risk of identity theft and other unauthorized access to or use of such information. Further, federal and state legislation has been proposed, and through rule making or executive action, several states have taken action, to restrict or discourage the disclosure of medical or other personally identifiable information to individuals or entities located outside of the United States.

International Laws. In addition to data privacy and security statutes in the United States, the European Union (“EU”) has also introduced the General Data Protection Regulation 2016/679 (“GDPR”). GDPR became applicable on May 25, 2018, and applies to our activities conducted from an establishment in the EU, such as our subsidiary in Lithuania. Our UK operations will remain subject to GDPR (or the UK equivalent) depending on the outcome of the Brexit negotiations. GDPR creates an enhanced range of compliance obligations, including duties as to privacy notices, legal bases for processing, data retention, data security, and rights for individuals. Additionally, GDPR significantly increases financial penalties for non-compliance, including possible fines of up to 4% of global annual turnover for the preceding financial year or €20 million (whichever is higher) for the most serious infringements.

Government Regulation of Reimbursement

Our customers are subject to regulation by a number of governmental agencies, including those that administer the Medicare and Medicaid programs. Accordingly, our customers are sensitive to legislative and regulatory changes in, and limitations on, the government healthcare programs and changes in reimbursement policies, processes and payment rates. During recent years, there have been numerous federal legislative and administrative actions that have affected government programs, including adjustments that have reduced or increased payments to physicians and other healthcare providers and adjustments that have affected the complexity of our work. For example, the Medicare Access and CHIP Reauthorization Act of 2015 (MACRA) established a Quality Payment Program (QPP) that requires physician groups to track and report a multitude of data relating to quality, clinical practice improvement activities, use of an electronic health record and cost. Success or failure with respect to these measures may impact reimbursement in future years. Similarly for hospitals, participation in the Medicare Value-Based Purchasing Program, which requires the reporting of quality and cost measures, can have up to a 1.59% impact on inpatient reimbursement from Medicare in 2019. It is possible that the federal or state governments will implement additional reductions, increases or changes in reimbursement in the future under government programs that

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adversely affect our customer base or increase the cost of providing our services. Any such changes could adversely affect our own financial condition by reducing the reimbursement rates of our customers.

Shortly after taking office, President Trump began a series of initiatives to reduce government regulation. Executive Order 13771 requires federal agencies to identify two existing regulations to be repealed whenever a new regulation is proposed (referred to as the “2-for-1” Executive Order). Executive Order 13777 requires each federal agency to appoint a Regulatory Reform Officer and Regulatory Reform Task Forces to ensure that agencies effectively carry out these regulatory reform initiatives. For the most part, the 2-for-1 Executive Order has not impacted government regulation of reimbursement because transfer rules, or rules that deal with the transfer of money or goods from one group to another, such as Medicare providers, are exempt from the Executive Order. However, CMS has formed a regulatory reform task force, and has solicited public comments on regulations that could be revised or repealed to reduce the burden on health care providers.

Fraud and Abuse Laws

A number of federal and state laws, generally referred to as fraud and abuse laws, apply to healthcare providers, physicians and others that make, offer, seek or receive referrals or payments for products or services that may be paid for through any federal or state healthcare program and in some instances any private program. Given the breadth of these laws and regulations, they may affect our business, either directly or because they apply to our customers. These laws and regulations include:

Anti-Kickback Laws. There are numerous federal and state laws that govern patient referrals, physician financial relationships and inducements to healthcare providers and patients. The federal healthcare anti-kickback law prohibits any person or entity from offering, paying, soliciting or receiving anything of value, directly or indirectly, for the referral of patients covered by Medicare, Medicaid and certain other federal healthcare programs or the leasing, purchasing, ordering or arranging for or recommending the lease, purchase or order of any item, good, facility or service covered by these programs. Courts have construed this anti-kickback law to mean that a financial arrangement may violate this law if any one of the purposes of an arrangement is to induce referrals of federal healthcare programs, patients or business, regardless of whether there are other legitimate purposes for the arrangement. There are several limited exclusions known as safe harbors that may protect certain arrangements from enforcement penalties although these safe harbors tend to be quite narrow. Penalties for federal anti-kickback violations can be severe, and include imprisonment, criminal fines, civil money penalties with triple damages and exclusion from participation in federal healthcare programs. Anti-kickback law violations also may give rise to a civil False Claims Act ("FCA") action, as described below. Many states have adopted similar prohibitions against kickbacks and other practices that are intended to induce referrals, and some of these state laws are applicable to all patients regardless of whether the patient is covered under a governmental health program or private health plan.

False or Fraudulent Claim Laws. There are numerous federal and state laws that forbid submission of false information or the failure to disclose information in connection with the submission and payment of provider claims for reimbursement. In some cases, these laws also forbid abuse of existing systems for such submission and payment, for example, by systematic over treatment or duplicate billing of the same services to collect increased or duplicate payments.

In particular, the federal FCA prohibits a person from knowingly presenting or causing to be presented a civil false or fraudulent claim for payment or approval by an officer, employee or agent of the United States. The FCA also prohibits a person from knowingly making, using or causing to be made or used a false record or statement material to such a claim. The FCA was amended on May 20, 2009 by the Fraud Enforcement and Recovery Act of 2009 ("FERA"). Following the FERA amendments, the FCA’s "reverse false claim" provision also creates liability for persons who knowingly conceal an overpayment of government money or knowingly and improperly retain an overpayment of government funds. In addition, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 ("ACA") requires providers to report and return overpayments and to explain the reason for the overpayment in writing within 60 days of the date on which the overpayment is identified, and the failure to do so is punishable under the FCA. In 2016, the U.S. Supreme Court recognized an implied false certification theory under the FCA which expands the scope of potential actionable conduct under the FCA to include any misleading omission in submitting a claim, to

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the extent the omission renders the provider’s representations misleading with respect to the goods or services provided. Universal Health Servs., Inc., v. United States ex rel. Escobar, 136 S.Ct. 1989, 1999 (2016). Violations of the FCA may result in treble damages, significant monetary penalties and other collateral consequences including, potentially, exclusion from participation in federally funded healthcare programs. Penalties for FCA violations range from $10,957 to $21,916 per claim.

In addition, under the Civil Monetary Penalty Act of 1981, the Department of Health and Human Services Office of Inspector General has the authority to impose administrative penalties and assessments against any person, including an organization or other entity, who knowingly presents, or causes to be presented, to a state or federal government employee or agent certain false or otherwise improper claims. Civil monetary penalties for false claims range from $11,181 to $22,363 per claim.

Stark Law and Similar State Laws. The Ethics in Patient Referrals Act, known as the "Stark Law", prohibits certain types of referral arrangements between physicians and healthcare entities and thus potentially applies to our customers. Specifically, under the Stark Law, absent an applicable exception, a physician may not make a referral to an entity for the furnishing of designated health service ("DHS") for which payment may be made by the Medicare program if the physician or any immediate family member has a financial relationship with that entity. Further, an entity that furnishes DHS pursuant to a prohibited referral may not present or cause to be presented a claim or bill for such services to the Medicare program or to any other individual or entity. Violations of the statute can result in civil monetary penalties and/or exclusion from federal healthcare programs. Stark Law violations also may give rise to a civil FCA action. Any such violations by, and penalties and exclusions imposed upon, our customers could adversely affect their financial condition and, in turn, could adversely affect our own financial condition.

Laws in many states similarly forbid billing based on referrals between individuals and/or entities that have various financial, ownership or other business relationships. These laws vary widely from state to state.

Laws Limiting Assignment of Reimbursement Claims

Various federal and state laws, including Medicare and Medicaid, forbid or limit assignments of claims for reimbursement from government funded programs. Some of these laws limit the manner in which business service companies may handle payments for such claims and prevent such companies from charging their provider customers on the basis of a percentage of collections or charges. We do not believe that the services we provide our customers result in an assignment of claims for the Medicare or Medicaid reimbursements for purposes of federal healthcare programs. Any determination to the contrary, however, could adversely affect our ability to be paid for the services we provide to our customers, require us to restructure the manner in which we are paid, or have further regulatory consequences.

Emergency Medical Treatment and Labor Act

The federal Emergency Medical Treatment and Labor Act ("EMTALA") was adopted by the U.S. Congress in response to reports of a widespread hospital emergency room practice of "patient dumping." At the time of EMTALA’s enactment, patient dumping was considered to have occurred when a hospital capable of providing the needed care sent a patient to another facility or simply turned the patient away based on such patient’s inability to pay for his or her care. EMTALA imposes requirements as to the care that must be provided to anyone who seeks care at facilities providing emergency medical services. In addition, CMS of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services has issued final regulations clarifying those areas within a hospital system that must provide emergency treatment, procedures to meet on-call requirements, as well as other requirements under EMTALA. Sanctions for failing to fulfill these requirements include exclusion from participation in the Medicare and Medicaid programs and civil monetary penalties. In addition, the law creates private civil remedies that enable an individual who suffers personal harm as a direct result of a violation of the law to sue the offending hospital for damages and equitable relief. A hospital that suffers a financial loss as a direct result of another participating hospital’s violation of the law also has a similar right.

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EMTALA generally applies to our customers, and we assist our customers with the intake of their patients. Although we believe that our customers’ medical screening, stabilization and transfer practices are generally in compliance with the law and applicable regulations, we cannot be certain that governmental officials responsible for enforcing the law or others will not assert that we or our customers are in violation of these laws nor what obligations may be imposed by regulations to be issued in the future.

Regulation of Debt Collection Activities

The federal Fair Debt Collection Practices Act ("FDCPA") regulates persons who regularly collect or attempt to collect, directly or indirectly, consumer debts owed or asserted to be owed to another person. Certain of our accounts receivable activities may be deemed to be subject to the FDCPA. The FDCPA establishes specific guidelines and procedures that debt collectors must follow in communicating with consumer debtors, including the time, place and manner of such communications. Further, it prohibits harassment or abuse by debt collectors, including the threat of violence or criminal prosecution, obscene language or repeated telephone calls made with the intent to abuse or harass. The FDCPA also places restrictions on communications with individuals other than consumer debtors in connection with the collection of any consumer debt and sets forth specific procedures to be followed when communicating with such third parties for purposes of obtaining location information about the consumer. In addition, the FDCPA contains various notice and disclosure requirements and prohibits unfair or misleading representations by debt collectors. Finally, the FDCPA imposes certain limitations on lawsuits to collect debts against consumers.

Debt collection activities are also regulated at the state level. Most states have laws regulating debt collection activities in ways that are similar to, and in some cases more stringent than, the FDCPA. In addition, some states require companies engaged in the collection of consumer debt to be licensed. In all states where we operate, we believe that we (a) currently hold all required licenses, (2) are in the process of requesting and retaining all applicable licenses; or, (3) are exempt from licensing.

We are also subject to the Telephone Consumer Protection Act ("TCPA"). In the process of communicating with our customers’ patients, we use a variety of communications methods. The TCPA places certain restrictions on companies that place telephone calls to consumers.

The FTC has the authority to investigate consumer complaints relating to the FDCPA and the TCPA, and to initiate or recommend enforcement actions, including actions to seek monetary penalties. State officials typically have authority to enforce corresponding state laws. In addition, affected consumers may bring suits, including class action suits, to seek monetary remedies (including statutory damages) for violations of the federal and state provisions discussed above.

Regulation of Credit Card Activities

We process, on behalf of our customers, credit card payments from their patients. Various federal and state laws impose privacy and information security laws and regulations with respect to the use of credit cards. If we fail to comply with these laws and regulations or experience a credit card security breach, our reputation could be damaged, possibly resulting in lost future business, and we could be subjected to additional legal or financial risk as a result of non-compliance.

Foreign Regulations

Our international operations are subject to additional regulations that govern the creation, continuation and winding up of companies, as well as the relationships between the shareholders, the company, the public and the government.

Intellectual Property

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We rely upon a combination of patent, trademark, copyright and trade secret laws and contractual terms and conditions to protect our intellectual property rights, and have sought patent protection for aspects of our key innovations.

We have been issued four U.S. patents (including one from a predecessor company of Intermedix), which expire between 2028 and 2031, and we have filed three additional U.S. patent applications that relate to key domains of our R1 Access software suite: improving efficiency of client claims' reimbursement, follow-up and measurement. Legal standards relating to the validity, enforceability and scope of protection of patents can be uncertain. We do not know whether any of our pending patent applications will result in the issuance of patents or whether the examination process will require us to narrow our claims. Our patent applications may not result in the grant of patents with the scope of the claims that we seek, if at all, or the scope of the granted claims may not be sufficiently broad to protect our products and technology. Our four granted patents or any patents that may be granted in the future from pending or future applications may be opposed, contested, circumvented, designed around by a third party or found to be invalid or unenforceable. Third parties may develop technologies that are similar or superior to our proprietary technologies, duplicate or otherwise obtain and use our proprietary technologies or design around patents owned or licensed by us. If our technology is found to infringe any patent or other intellectual property right held by a third party, we could be prevented from providing our service offerings and/or subjected to significant damage awards.

We also rely, in some circumstances, on trade secrets to protect our technology. We control access to and the use of our application capabilities through a combination of internal and external controls, including contractual protections with employees, customers, contractors and business partners. We license some of our software through agreements that impose specific restrictions on our customers’ ability to use the software, such as prohibiting reverse engineering and limiting the use of copies. We also require employees and contractors to sign non-disclosure agreements and invention assignment agreements to give us ownership of intellectual property developed in the course of working for us.

Consistent with common industry practices, we occasionally utilize open source software or third party software products to meet our clients' needs.

Financial Information About Geographic Areas

The majority of our customers are entities organized and located within the United States. See Note 7, Property, Equipment and Software, to our consolidated financial statements for information regarding the location of our long-lived assets.

Employees

As of February 18, 2019, we had approximately 16,500 full-time employees, as well as approximately 2,100 part-time employees. Of these employees, approximately 10,200 full-time and 2,000 part-time employees were located in the U.S., and approximately 6,300 full-time employees and 100 part-time employees were located internationally. Our employees are not represented by a labor union, and we consider our current employee relations to be good.

Corporate Information

We were incorporated in Delaware in 2003 as Healthcare Services, Inc. and were named Healthcare Services, Inc. from July 2003 until August 2009 when we changed our name to Accretive Health, Inc. We operated under the name Accretive Health until January 5, 2017, when we changed our name to R1 RCM Inc. Our principal executive offices are located at 401 North Michigan Avenue, Suite 2700, Chicago, Illinois 60611, and our telephone number is (312) 324-7820.

Information Availability

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Our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, proxy statements and all amendments and exhibits to those reports are available free of charge on our website at www.r1rcm.com under the "Investor Relations" page as soon as reasonably practicable after such material is electronically filed with, or furnished to, the Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC"). The content on any website referred to in this Annual Report on Form 10-K is not incorporated by reference into this report, unless expressly noted otherwise. Our reports filed with the SEC are also made available to read and copy at the SEC’s Public Reference Room at 100 F Street, N.E., Washington, D.C. 20549. Information about the Public Reference Room may be obtained by contacting the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330. Reports filed with the SEC are also made available on its website at www.sec.gov.

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Item 1A. Risk Factors

Risks Relating to our Business and Industry

We may not be able to achieve or maintain profitability.

While we generated net income in 2016, we have incurred net losses in most of our recent fiscal years in accordance with United States generally accepted accounting principles ("GAAP"). We also incurred significant costs in most of our recent fiscal years including, among other things, acquisition and integration related costs and costs related to exploration of strategic alternatives, legal defense, debt related fees and expenses, restructuring and/or previously settled lawsuits filed against us and we may continue to incur additional costs in connection with certain of these matters in 2019. Further, we have incurred and expect to incur additional costs for investments in technology, facilities and talent to support the anticipated growth of our business, including growth related to the expected implementation of our services under our operating partner relationships. We intend to continue to increase our operating expenses associated with sales and marketing in future years in an effort to expand our business. If our revenue does not increase to offset these increases in costs, our operating results would be adversely affected. You should not consider our historical operating results as indicative of future operating results, and we cannot assure you that we will be able to achieve or maintain profitability in the future. Each of the risks described in this "Risk Factors" section, as well as other factors, may adversely affect our future operating results.

If we fail to manage our operations effectively, our business would be harmed.

We have not always been fully successful in managing the expansion of our operations which has led, at times, to customer dissatisfaction and weaknesses in our operating, internal and financial controls. To manage potential future growth, we will need to hire, integrate and retain highly skilled and motivated employees, and will need to work effectively with a growing number of customer employees engaged in revenue cycle operations. We will also need to continue to maintain or improve our operating, internal, and financial controls, reporting systems and procedures. If we do not effectively manage our operations, we may not be able to execute on our business plan, respond to competitive pressures, take advantage of market opportunities, satisfy customer requirements or maintain high-quality service offerings.

If we are unable to retain our existing customers or acquire new customers, our financial condition will suffer.

Our success depends in part upon the retention of our customers and our ability to acquire new customers. We derive our net services revenue primarily from managed services agreements pursuant to which we receive performance-based fees. Customers can elect not to renew their managed services agreements with us upon expiration. Our agreements with certain customers permit such customers to terminate for convenience, subject to a notice period. If a managed services agreement is not renewed or is terminated early for any reason, we would not derive the financial benefits that we would expect to derive by serving that customer. In addition, certain customers agreements contain clauses requiring us to offer fees at least as low as the fees we offer other customers. If we offer new customers a lower fee, it may impact our ability to continue to be profitable while serving existing customers.

Some of our managed services agreements require us to adhere to extensive, complex data security, network access and other institutional procedures and requirements of our customers, and we cannot guarantee that some of our customers will not allege that we have not complied with all such procedures and requirements. If we breach a managed services agreement or, for certain of our managed services agreements, fail to perform in accordance with contractual service levels, we may be liable to the customer for damages, and either we or the customer may generally terminate an agreement for a material uncured breach by the other. In addition, financial issues or other changes in customer circumstances, such as a customer change in control (including as a result of increasing consolidation within the healthcare provider industry), may cause us or the customer to seek to modify or terminate a managed services agreement.

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Increasing consolidation within the healthcare provider industry may also make it more difficult for us to acquire new customers, as consolidated healthcare systems may be more likely to have incumbent revenue cycle management providers or significant internal revenue cycle capabilities. For example, certain of our smaller customers have been acquired by larger healthcare systems and ceased to be customers.

Additionally, from time to time we have reached settlement agreements with customers which provided for the early terminations of those customers' agreements. The loss of customer agreements has adversely affected our operating results historically.

Disruptions in service or damage to our shared services centers and third-party operated data centers could adversely affect our business.

Our shared services centers and third-party operated data centers are essential to our business. Our operations depend on our ability to operate our shared services centers, and to maintain and protect our applications, which are located in data centers that are operated for us by third parties. We cannot control or assure the continued or uninterrupted availability of these third-party data centers. In addition, our information technologies and systems, as well as our data centers and shared services centers, are vulnerable to damage or interruption from various causes, including (1) acts of God and other natural disasters, war and acts of terrorism and (2) power losses, computer systems failures, internet and telecommunications or data network failures, operator error, losses of and corruption of data and similar events. We have a business continuity plan and maintain insurance against fires, floods, other natural disasters and general business interruptions to mitigate the adverse effects of a disruption, relocation or change in operating environment at one of our data centers or shared services centers, but the situations we plan for and the amount of insurance coverage we maintain may not be adequate in every particular case. In addition, the occurrence of any of these events could result in interruptions, delays or cessations in service to our customers, or in interruptions, delays or cessations in the direct connections we establish between our customers and payers. Any of these events could impair or inhibit our ability to provide our services, reduce the attractiveness of our services to current or potential customers and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

In addition, despite the implementation of security measures, our infrastructure, data centers, shared services centers or systems that we interface with, including the internet and related systems, may be vulnerable to physical break-ins, improper employee or contractor access, programming errors, cyber attacks, computer viruses, malicious code, phishing attacks, denial-of-service attacks or other information security threats by third parties seeking to disrupt operations or misappropriate information or similar physical or electronic breaches of security. Any of these can cause system failure, including network, software or hardware failure, which can result in service disruptions. As a result, we may be required to expend significant capital and other resources to protect against security breaches and hackers or to alleviate problems caused by such breaches.

Delayed or unsuccessful implementation of our technologies or services with our customers or implementation costs that exceed our expectations may harm our financial results.

To implement our solutions, we work with our customer’s existing vendors, management and staff and layer our proprietary technology applications on top of the customer’s existing patient accounting and clinical systems. Each customer’s situation is different, and unanticipated difficulties and delays may arise such as delays in, or the inability to, obtain approvals or access rights from our customers’ vendors. If the implementation process is not executed successfully or is delayed, our relationship with the customer may be adversely affected and our results of operations could suffer. Implementation of our solutions also requires us to integrate our own employees into the customer’s operations. The customer’s circumstances may require us to devote a larger number of our employees than anticipated, which could increase our costs and harm our financial results.

If our information technology security measures are breached or fail and unauthorized access is obtained to a customer’s data, our service may be perceived as not being secure, the attractiveness of our services to current or potential customers may be reduced and we may incur significant liabilities.

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Our services involve the storage and transmission of customers’ proprietary information and protected health, financial, payment and other personal information of patients. We rely on proprietary and commercially available systems, software, tools and monitoring, as well as other processes, to provide security for processing, transmission and storage of such information. Due to the sensitivity of this information, the effectiveness of such security efforts is very important. If our security measures are breached or fail as a result of third-party action, employee error, malfeasance or otherwise, someone may be able to obtain unauthorized access to customer or patient data. Improper activities by third parties, advances in computer and software capabilities and encryption technology, new tools and discoveries and other events or developments may facilitate or result in a compromise or breach of our computer systems. Techniques used to obtain unauthorized access or to sabotage systems change frequently and generally are not recognized until launched against a target, and we may be unable to anticipate these techniques or to implement adequate preventive measures. Our security measures may not be effective in preventing these types of activities, and the information technology security measures of our third-party data centers and service providers may not be adequate.

To date, cyber attacks have not had a material impact on our business, results of operations or financial condition; however, we could suffer material losses in the future as a result of cyber attacks, and we are not able to predict the severity of these attacks. Our risk and exposure to these matters remains heightened because of, among other things, the evolving nature of these threats, the ongoing shortage of qualified cyber security professionals and the interconnectivity and interdependence of third parties to our systems. The occurrence of a cyber attack, breach, unauthorized access, misuse, computer virus or other malicious code or other cyber security event could jeopardize or result in the unauthorized disclosure, gathering, monitoring, misuse, corruption, loss or destruction of confidential information that belongs to us or our customers or PHI that is processed and stored in, and transmitted through, our computer systems and networks. The occurrence of such an event could also result in damage to our software, computers or systems, or otherwise cause interruptions or malfunctions in our, our customers’ or third parties’ operations. If a breach of our information technology security occurs, we could face damages for contract breach, penalties for violation of applicable laws or regulations, possible lawsuits by individuals affected by the breach and significant remediation costs and efforts to prevent future occurrences. Although we currently carry insurance coverage to protect ourselves against some of these risks, our inability to continue to obtain such insurance coverage at reasonable costs could also have a material adverse effect on us. In addition, whether there is an actual or a perceived breach of our information technology security, the market perception of the effectiveness of our security measures could be harmed and we could lose current or potential customers.

Our growing international operations expose us to risks that could have a material adverse effect on our costs of operations.

We employ a significant number of international personnel and expect to continue to add personnel in India. While there are cost and service advantages to operating in India, significant growth in the technology sector in India has increased competition to attract and retain skilled employees and has led to a commensurate increase in compensation expense. In the future, we may not be able to hire and retain such personnel at compensation levels consistent with our existing compensation and salary structure in India.

Our reliance on an international workforce exposes us to disruptions in the business, political and economic environment in those regions. Maintenance of a stable political environment is important to our operations, and terrorist attacks and acts of violence or war may directly affect our physical facilities and workforce or contribute to general instability. Our international operations require us to comply with local laws and regulatory requirements, which are complex and of which we may not always be aware, and expose us to foreign currency exchange rate risk. Our international operations may also subject us to trade restrictions, reduced or inadequate protection for intellectual property rights, security breaches and other factors that may adversely affect our business. Negative developments in any of these areas could increase our costs of operations or otherwise harm our business.

The markets for our RCM service offering may develop more slowly than we expect, including because some potential customers for our services previously have made or in the future will make investments in internally developed solutions and choose to continue to rely on their own internal resources, which could adversely affect our revenue growth.

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Our success depends, in part, on the willingness of healthcare organizations to implement integrated solutions for the areas in which we provide services. Some organizations may be reluctant or unwilling to implement our solutions for a number of reasons, including failure to perceive the need for improved revenue cycle operations or lack of knowledge about the potential benefits our solutions provide.

Even if potential customers recognize the need to improve revenue cycle operations, they may not select solutions such as ours because they previously have made or in the future will make investments in internally developed solutions and choose to continue to rely on their own internal resources. As a result, the markets for integrated, end-to-end revenue cycle management services may develop more slowly than we expect, which could adversely affect our revenue and operating results.

We operate in a highly competitive industry, and our current or future competitors may be able to compete more effectively than we do, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, revenue, growth rates and market share.

The market for our solutions is highly competitive and we expect competition to intensify in the future. The rapid changes in the U.S. healthcare market due to financial pressures to reduce the growth in healthcare costs and from regulatory and legislative initiatives are increasing the level of competition. We face competition from new entrants, internal RCM departments and external participants. External participants that are our competitors in the revenue cycle market include end-to-end RCM providers, software vendors and other technology-supported RCM business process outsourcing companies, traditional consultants and information technology outsourcers. These types of external participants also compete with us in the field of physician advisory services. Our competitors may be able to respond more quickly and effectively than we can to new or changing opportunities, technologies, standards, regulations or customer requirements. We may not be able to compete successfully with these companies, and these or other competitors may introduce technologies or services that render our technologies or services obsolete or less marketable. Even if our technologies and services are more effective than the offerings of our competitors, current or potential customers might prefer competitive technologies or services to our technologies and services. Increased competition is likely to result in pricing pressures, which could adversely affect our margins, growth rate or market share.

We face a selling cycle of variable length to secure new RCM agreements, making it difficult to predict the timing of specific new customer relationships.

We face a selling cycle of variable length, typically spanning six to 18 months or longer, to secure a new managed services agreement. Even if we succeed in developing a relationship with a potential new customer, we may not be successful in entering into a managed services agreement with that customer. In addition, we cannot accurately predict the timing of entering into managed services agreements with new customers due to the complex procurement decision processes of most healthcare providers, which often involves high-level management or board committee approvals. Many of our government customers require rebid of existing service contracts every three to five years. Even if we have a good relationship and strong performance history with the customer, open and competitive bidding practices mean we may not be awarded the renewal business or may have to aggressively price our services to be successful. Also, new and renewal government contracts often require approval of appointed or elected bodies which means that politics and public opinion may affect to outcome of a bidding process. Consequently, we have only a limited ability to predict the timing of specific new customer relationships.

Our results of operations and cash flows fluctuate as a result of certain factors, some of which may be outside of our control.

A variety of events could occur which are outside of our control and could have an impact on our operations and cash flows. For example, the timing of any new customer additions is not likely to be uniform period to period, which can cause fluctuations in our results. Operating costs are typically higher in periods in which we add new customers because we incur expenses to implement our operating model at those customers. Further, fees billable to customers under many of our managed services agreements experience fluctuations as they are tied contractually to the level of our customers’ cash receipts. Fees have a significant effect on our cash flows, and

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changes in the amount of fees can cause significant fluctuations in our quarter-to-quarter operating cash flows. Our cash flows can also be impacted by the timing of operating costs.

If we lose key personnel or if we are unable to attract, hire, integrate and retain our key personnel and other necessary employees, our business could be harmed.

Our future success depends in part on our ability to attract, hire, integrate and retain key personnel. Our future success also depends in part on the continued contributions of our executive officers and other key personnel, each of whom may be difficult to replace. The loss of services of any of our executive officers or key personnel, or the inability to continue to attract qualified personnel could have a material adverse effect on our business. Competition for the caliber and number of employees we require is intense. We may face difficulty identifying and hiring qualified personnel at compensation levels consistent with our existing compensation and salary structure. In addition, we invest significant time and expense in training each of our employees, which increases their value to competitors who may seek to recruit them. If we fail to retain our employees, we could incur significant expenses in hiring, integrating and training their replacements, and the quality of our services and our ability to serve our customers could diminish, resulting in a material adverse effect on our business.

We may be unsuccessful in integrating our customers’ revenue cycle management employees who become our employees under our operating partner service offering model.

Under the terms of agreements with certain customers, we expect to continue to transition a significant number of our customers’ revenue cycle management employees to our employment from time to time. For example, we began transitioning employees from AMITA, Presence Health, Intermountain Healthcare, and Ascension Medical Group in 2018. We may experience difficulties in integrating these employees. Such difficulties may include the diversion of management’s attention from other business concerns. If we experience difficulties in integrating these employees, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected.

We may be liable to our customers or third parties if we make errors in providing our services, and our anticipated net services revenue may be lower if we provide poor service.

The services we offer are complex, and we make errors from time to time. Errors can result from the interface of our proprietary technology applications and a customer’s existing technologies or we may make human errors in any aspect of our service offerings. The costs incurred in correcting any material errors may be substantial and could adversely affect our operating results. Our customers, or third parties such as our customers’ patients, may assert claims against us alleging that they suffered damages due to our errors, and such claims could subject us to significant legal defense costs in excess of our existing insurance coverage and adverse publicity regardless of the merits or eventual outcome of such claims. In addition, if we provide poor service to a customer and the customer therefore fails to achieve agreed upon improvement in financial or operating metrics, the incentive fee payments to us from that customer will be lower than anticipated.

Our business operations currently include the collection, on behalf of our customers, of medical co-pays and other payments that are due to our customers from their patients. This business practice has been perceived negatively by the public and this negative perception has adversely affected (and may continue to adversely affect) our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We currently collect, on behalf of our customers, medical co-pays and other non-defaulted payments that are due to our customers from their patients, pursuant to managed services agreements with our customers. Collection of these payments from patients may become a more significant part of our RCM services as industry trends continue to increase patient responsibility as a percentage of total compensation to healthcare providers. This business practice, which has received widespread, unfavorable publicity as a result of lawsuits previously initiated against us, has been negatively perceived by the public and has led us to change aspects of our business practices, made it more difficult to retain existing customers and attract new customers, extended the time it takes to enter into service agreements with new customers, and resulted in a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition, and it may continue to do so.

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Negative public perception in the United States regarding offshore outsourcing and proposed legislation may increase the cost of delivering our services.

Offshore outsourcing is a politically sensitive topic in the United States. For example, various organizations and public figures in the United States have expressed concern about a perceived association between offshore outsourcing providers and the loss of jobs in the United States. The Tax Jobs and Cuts Act of 2017 significantly reduced corporate taxes in part to encourage companies to keep work in the United States. Current or prospective customers may elect to perform such services themselves or may be discouraged from transferring these services from onshore to offshore providers to avoid negative perceptions that may be associated with using an offshore provider. Any slowdown or reversal of existing industry trends towards offshore outsourcing would increase the cost of delivering our services if we had to relocate aspects of our services from our international operations to the United States where operating costs are higher.

Legislation in the United States may be enacted that is intended to discourage or restrict offshore outsourcing. In the United States, federal and state legislation has been proposed, and in several states enacted, to restrict or discourage U.S. companies from outsourcing their services to companies outside the United States. Further, through rule making or executive action, some states have imposed limitations on offshore outsourcing of administrative services for the Medicaid program. It is possible that additional legislation could be adopted or regulatory guidance issued that would restrict U.S. private sector companies that have federal or state government contracts, or that receive government funding or reimbursement, such as Medicare or Medicaid payments, from outsourcing their services to offshore service providers. Any changes to existing laws or the enactment of new legislation restricting offshore outsourcing in the United States may adversely affect our ability to do business, particularly if these changes are widespread, and could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.

We may not realize all of the anticipated benefits of our acquisitions and long-term strategic partnerships, or these benefits may take longer to realize than expected.

From time to time, we make strategic acquisitions or enter into long-term strategic partnerships. Transactions such as the A&R MPSA with Ascension, the amended and restated services agreement with Intermountain and the acquisition of Intermedix, and transactions that we may enter into in the future, may involve significant challenges and risks, including that the transactions do not advance our business strategy, or fail to produce satisfactory returns on our investment. Our due diligence reviews may not identify all of the issues necessary to accurately estimate the cost and potential risks of a particular transaction, including potential exposure to regulatory sanctions as a result of a target company or partner’s previous activities, leading to unexpected costs. As a result of these risks, any future acquisition or long-term strategic partnership may not be successful, and we may not realize any benefits from any such transaction.

We have a substantial amount of indebtedness. The agreements that govern our indebtedness contain covenants that impose restrictions on our ability to operate.

We funded a portion of the purchase price for the Intermedix Acquisition with a new $270 million senior secured term loan and $110 million principal amount of unsecured, subordinated notes. The loan agreements for this indebtedness contain certain customary representations and warranties, affirmative and negative financial covenants, indemnity obligations and events of default. These covenants could have important consequences to us, including:

• our ability to obtain additional financing, if necessary, for working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions or other purposes may be impaired or such financing may not be available on favorable terms, or at all;

• negative financial covenants contained in the debt agreements require us to meet financial tests that may affect our flexibility in planning for, and reacting to, changes in our business, including possible acquisition opportunities;

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• we will need a substantial portion of our cash flow to make principal and interest payments on our indebtedness, reducing the funds that would otherwise be available for operations and future business opportunities; and

• our debt level will make us more vulnerable than our less leveraged competitors to competitive pressures or a downturn in our business or the economy generally.

Our ability to comply with the provisions of the debt agreements may be affected by events beyond our control. Failure to comply with these covenants could result in an event of default, which, if not cured or waived, could accelerate our debt repayment obligations.

Litigation has materially adversely affected our business, financial condition, operating results and cash flows and caused unfavorable publicity and may continue to do so.

We are currently and have in the past been involved in lawsuits, claims, audits and investigations related to our business. These lawsuits, claims, audits and investigations, which are described in "Part I – Item 3 – Legal Proceedings", have resulted in, and may lead to additional, unfavorable publicity for us and may continue to materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, operating results and cash flows in various ways, including having a disruptive effect upon the operation of our business and consuming the time and attention of our senior management.

In addition, we have incurred substantial expenses in connection with these litigation matters, including substantial fees for attorneys. Although we maintain insurance that may provide coverage for some or all of these expenses, and we have given notice to our insurers of the claims, our insurers have responded, in many instances, by reserving their rights under the policies, including the rights to deny coverage under various policy exclusions. There is risk that the insurers will rescind the policies, that some or all of the claims will not be covered by such policies, or that, even if covered, our ultimate liability will exceed the available insurance.

We are unable to predict the outcome of pending legal actions. The ultimate resolutions of our pending litigation could have a material adverse effect on our financial results, financial condition or liquidity, and on the trading price of our common stock.

In addition, we may become subject to future lawsuits, claims, audits and investigations that could result in the incurrence of substantial additional expense, subject us to significant liability, result in significant settlement payments or further divert management’s attention from our business, and thereby materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, operating results and cash flows.

The imposition of legal responsibility for obligations related to our employees or our customers’ employees could adversely affect our business and subject us to liability.

Under our co-management model, we work with customers’ employees engaged in the activities included in the scope of our services. Our co-management model agreements establish the division of responsibilities between us and our customers for various personnel management matters, including compliance with and liability under various employment laws and regulations. We could, nevertheless, be found to have liability with our customers for actions against or by employees of our customers, including under various employment laws and regulations, such as those relating to discrimination, retaliation, wage and hour matters, occupational safety and health, family and medical leave, notice of facility closings and layoffs and labor relations, as well as similar liability with respect to our own employees, and any such liability could result in a material adverse effect on our business.

Our ability to use our net operating loss carryforwards may be limited.

As of December 31, 2018, we had approximately $235.2 million of federal net operating loss carryforwards for U.S. income tax purposes that begin to expire in 2033 and cumulative state net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $221.1 million. Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code imposes limitations on a corporation’s

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ability to use its net operating loss carryforwards if it experiences an "ownership change." Net operating loss carryforwards for Intermedix are also limited to an annual Section 382 limitation. Similar rules and limitations may apply for state income tax purposes. In the event an "ownership change" were to occur in the future, our ability to utilize our net operating losses could be limited. If our net operating loss carryforwards are limited, and we have taxable income which exceeds the available net operating loss carryforwards for that period, we would incur an income tax liability even though net operating loss carryforwards may be available in future years prior to their expiration.

We offer our services in many jurisdictions and, therefore, may be subject to federal, state, local and foreign taxes that could harm our business or that we may have inadvertently failed to pay.

We may lose sales or incur significant costs should various tax jurisdictions be successful in imposing taxes on a broader range of services. Imposition of such taxes on our services could result in substantial unplanned costs, which would effectively increase the cost of such services to our customers and may adversely affect our ability to retain existing customers or to gain new customers in the areas in which such taxes are imposed.

Changes in tax laws and unanticipated tax liabilities could adversely affect the taxes we pay and our profitability.

We are subject to income and other taxes in the U.S. and foreign jurisdictions, and our operations, plans and results are affected by tax and other initiatives around the world. In particular, we are affected by the impact of changes to tax laws or policy or related authoritative interpretations. We are also impacted by settlements of pending or any future adjustments proposed by taxing authorities inside and outside of the U.S. in connection with our tax audits, all of which will depend on their timing, nature and scope. Any increases in income tax rates, changes in income tax laws or unfavorable resolution of tax matters could have a material adverse impact on our financial results.

Risks Related to Ascension and the Transaction

Healthcare providers affiliated with Ascension currently account for a significant portion of our net services revenue. The early termination of our A&R MPSA with Ascension, or any significant loss of business from our large customers, would have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Healthcare providers affiliated with Ascension have accounted for a significant portion of our net services revenue each year since our formation. In 2018, 2017, and 2016, net services revenue from healthcare providers affiliated with Ascension represented 69%, 90%, and 78% of our total net services revenue, respectively. The early termination of the A&R MPSA, the loss of any of our other large customers or their failure to renew their managed services agreements with us upon expiration, or a reduction in the fees for our services for these customers, could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Our agreement with Ascension requires us to offer to Ascension service fees that are at least as low as the fees we charge any other customer receiving comparable services at comparable or lower volumes.

Our A&R MPSA with Ascension requires us to offer to Ascension's affiliated healthcare providers fees for our services that are at least as low as the fees we charge any other customer receiving comparable services at lower volumes. If we were to charge lower service fees to any other customer receiving comparable services at lower volumes, we would be obligated to charge such lower fees to the hospital systems affiliated with Ascension effective as of the date such lower charges were first implemented for such other customer. If we offer customers lower rates as discussed above, it could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

The shares of Series A Preferred Stock are senior obligations, rank prior to our common stock with respect to dividends, distributions and payments upon liquidation and have other terms, such as a put right and a mandatory conversion date, that could negatively impact the value of shares of our common stock.

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We have issued 246,233 shares of Series A Preferred Stock to the Investor. The rights of the holders of our Series A Preferred Stock with respect to dividends, distributions and payments upon liquidation rank senior to similar obligations to our common stock holders. Upon our liquidation or upon certain changes of control, the holders of our Series A Preferred Stock are entitled to receive, prior and in preference to any distribution to the holders of any other class of our equity securities, an amount equal to the greater of the outstanding principal plus all accrued and unpaid dividends on such Series A Preferred Stock (which cumulative dividends accrue at the rate of 8.0% per annum and compound quarterly) and the amount such holders would have received if such Series A Preferred Stock had been converted into common stock. Until February 16, 2023, the dividends on the Series A Preferred Stock will be paid-in-kind and thereafter such dividends may be paid in cash or paid-in-kind at the election of the Company.

The terms of the Series A Preferred Stock provide rights to their holders that could negatively impact our Company. Shares of our Series A Preferred Stock may be converted at any time at the option of the holder at an effective initial conversion price of $2.50 per share (which conversion price is subject to adjustment upon the occurrence of certain events).

Further, so long as the Investor owns at least 25% of our common stock on an as-converted basis, no dividends on our common stock (or any other equity securities junior in right to the Series A Preferred Stock) may be paid without the consent of the Investor. To the extent any dividend, distributions or other payments are made on our common stock, the holders of the Series A Preferred Stock shall have the right to participate on an as converted basis in any such dividends, distributions or other payments. The existence of such a senior security could have an adverse effect on the value of our common stock.

The Investor, an affiliate of TowerBrook and Ascension, is a significant shareholder in us and may have conflicts of interest with us or you in the future.

In connection with the Transactions, we entered into a purchase agreement with the Investor and Ascension, pursuant to which we issued (i) 200,000 shares of our Series A Preferred Stock for an aggregate price of $200 million and (ii) a warrant to acquire up to 60 million shares of our common stock. As a result of this ownership, so long as certain ownership thresholds are met, the Investor, among other things, has the right to nominate a majority of the members of our board of directors ("Board") and has a consent right over certain corporate actions, including the declaration of any dividend, any amendment of the A&R MPSA, the incurrence of indebtedness in excess of $25.0 million, the acquisition of any assets or properties or the making of any capital expenditures in excess of $10.0 million, the approval of our annual budget and the hiring or termination of our chief executive officer. In addition, as of December 31, 2018, the issued and outstanding Series A Preferred Stock would represent approximately 48% of the current voting power at a meeting of our stockholders.

The interests of the Investor and its affiliates may differ from our other stockholders in material respects. For example, the Investor may have an interest in pursuing acquisitions, divestitures, financings (including financings that are secured and senior to the Series A Preferred Stock) or other transactions that, in their judgment, could enhance their equity investments, even though such transactions might involve risks to you. Additionally, Ascension is an affiliate of the Investor and as our largest customer their interests may differ from yours. The Investor or its affiliates or advisors are also in the business of making or advising on investments in companies, and may from time to time in the future, acquire interests in, or provide advice to, businesses that directly or indirectly compete with certain portions of our business or are suppliers or customers of ours. They may pursue acquisition opportunities that may be complementary to our business and, as a result, those acquisition opportunities may not be available to us. You should consider that the interests of these holders may differ from yours in material respects.

Risks Related to the Acquisition of Intermedix

We may fail to realize the anticipated benefits of the Intermedix Acquisition.

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The success of the acquisition of Intermedix will depend on, among other things, our ability to realize anticipated synergies and cost savings from the combination of the businesses of R1 and Intermedix. In particular, the anticipated benefits are subject to the following risks:

• we may fail to realize the anticipated synergies and cost savings we expect from the acquisition;

• the incurrence of substantial indebtedness in connection with the financing of the acquisition may have an adverse effect on our liquidity;

• we may fail to retain key employees of Intermedix;

• we may be unable to successfully integrate personnel from the two companies, while at the same time attempting to provide consistent, high quality services;

• future developments may impair the value of our purchased goodwill or intangible assets;

• we may face difficulties establishing, integrating or combining operations and systems;

• we may face challenges retaining the customers of the acquired businesses;

• we may encounter unforeseen internal control, regulatory or compliance issues; and

• we may face other additional risks relating to regulatory matters, legal proceedings, tax laws or positions.

If any of these risks occur, we may not be able to realize the anticipated benefits of the acquisition, or they may take longer to realize than expected. The integration process could result in the distraction of our management, the disruption of our ongoing business or inconsistencies in our services, standards, controls, procedures and policies, any of which could adversely affect our ability to maintain relationships with customers, vendors and employees or to achieve the anticipated benefits of the acquisition, or could otherwise adversely affect our business and operating results.

Regulatory Risks

The healthcare industry is heavily regulated. Our failure to comply with regulatory requirements could create liability for us, result in adverse publicity and adversely affect our business.

The healthcare industry is heavily regulated and is subject to changing political, legislative, regulatory and other influences. Many healthcare laws are complex, and their application to specific services and relationships may not be clear. In particular, many existing healthcare laws and regulations, when enacted, did not anticipate the services that we provide. There can be no assurance that our operations will not be challenged or adversely affected by enforcement initiatives. Enforcement activity is growing and is an identified priority of federal and state governments. Our failure to accurately anticipate the application of these laws and regulations to our business, or any other failure to comply with regulatory requirements, could create liability for us, result in adverse publicity and adversely affect our business. Federal and state legislatures and agencies frequently consider proposals to revise laws that impact the healthcare industry or to revise or create additional statutory and regulatory requirements. Such proposals, if implemented, could adversely affect our operations, the attractiveness of our services to existing customers and our ability to market new services, or could create unexpected liabilities for us. We are unable to predict what changes to laws or regulations might be made in the future or how those changes could affect our business or our operating costs.

Backlog of administrative appeals could adversely affect our business.

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Many of our clients are able to file administrative appeals when a claim is denied. A hospital or physician clinic can request reconsideration with the contractor, then appeal to an independent contractor, and then appeal to an administrative law judge (ALJ). Historically the best chance of success on appeal comes at that third level of appeal, to the ALJ. However, the ALJ appeals system is significantly backlogged. At the end of 2018, it was taking Medicare providers on average 1,142 days to resolve an appeal at the ALJ level (about 3 years). While an appeal is pending, usually the revenue is recouped. The failure to get a timely resolution of an appeal could present cash flow issues for a client and consequently, impact a client's ability to pay us on time.

Developments in the healthcare industry, including national healthcare reform, could adversely affect our business.

The healthcare industry has changed significantly in recent years and we expect that significant changes will continue to occur. The timing and impact of developments in the healthcare industry are difficult to predict. We cannot be sure that the markets for our services will continue to exist at current levels or that we will have adequate technical, financial and marketing resources to react to changes in those markets. The adoption of legislative measures to reform the Medicaid program through block grants and other methods could reduce healthcare revenue and have an adverse effect on our business. We are unable to predict what additional healthcare initiatives, if any, will be implemented at the federal or state level, or what the ultimate effect of federal health care reform or any future legislation or regulation will have on us. Other material changes have required and will continue to require significant system and business changes throughout the healthcare industry, and may be disruptive to our customers and our business. Such disruption could result in, among other things, the imposition of significant new challenges to our ability to achieve performance targets specified under our customer contracts, as well as a need for us to redeploy resources or to obtain new resources in an effort to meet such challenges, all of which could adversely affect our business or our results of operations. Additionally, several reductions or changes to Medicare reimbursement have been enacted recently or will be implemented, which reductions and changes could reduce the amounts received by our customers and may have an adverse indirect effect on our business.

Healthcare reform also is causing the transition of some payment methods and provider reimbursement from volume-based reimbursement to value-based reimbursement models, which can include risk-sharing, accountable care organizations, capitation, bundled payment and other innovative approaches. While such new reimbursement models may provide us with opportunities to provide new or additional services to our customers (e.g., our value based reimbursement capabilities within our RCM service offering) and to participate in incentive-based payment arrangements for our services, there can be no assurance that such new models and approaches will prove to be profitable to our customers or to us. Further, such new models and approaches may require investment by us to develop technology or expertise to offer necessary and appropriate services or support to our customers, and the amount of such investment and the timing for return of such investment are not fully known at this time due to the uncertainties of healthcare reform and payment and reimbursement model transitions that are occurring. Certain new care delivery and reimbursement models are being offered as pilot programs or as limited or transitional programs, and there is no assurance that such programs will continue or be renewed. Any of these models and approaches, and changes generally in the healthcare industry, can impact the relationships between our customers and payers, from which our customers derive revenue and with which revenue our customers pay for our services. Adoption of such new models and approaches may require compliance with a range of federal and state laws relating to fraud and abuse, insurance, reinsurance and managed care regulation, billing and collection, corporate practice of medicine restrictions and licensing, among others. Many states in which these new value-based structures are being developed lack regulatory guidance or a well-developed body of law for these new models and approaches, or may not have updated their laws or enacted legislation yet to reflect the new healthcare reform models. As a result, although we have structured, and will attempt to structure and conduct, our operations in accordance with our interpretation of current laws and regulations, new laws, regulations or guidance could have a material adverse effect on our current and future operations and could subject us to the risk of restructuring or terminating our customer agreements and arrangements, as well as the risk of regulatory enforcement, penalties and sanctions, if state enforcement agencies disagree with our interpretation of state laws.

If we violate HIPAA, the HITECH Act or state or foreign health information privacy laws, we may incur significant liabilities, and any such violations could make it more difficult to retain existing customers or attract

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new customers, extend the time it takes to enter into service agreements with new customers, and result in a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

HIPAA contains substantial restrictions and requirements with respect to the use and disclosure of individuals’ PHI. Under HIPAA, covered entities, including health plans, healthcare providers, and healthcare clearinghouses that conduct HIPAA-defined standard electronic transactions, are restricted in how they use and disclose PHI and must establish administrative, physical and technical safeguards to protect the confidentiality, integrity and availability of electronic PHI maintained or transmitted by them or by others on their behalf. Most of our customers are covered entities and we are a business associate to many of those customers under HIPAA as a result of our contractual obligations to perform certain functions on behalf of, and to provide certain services to, those customers. As a business associate, we sometimes also act as a clearinghouse in performing certain functions for our customers. In addition, although we believe that we are not a healthcare provider, if we were found to be a healthcare provider, we could have liability under the provisions of HIPAA that apply to providers as well as under state health information privacy and licensing laws. Our use and disclosure of PHI is restricted by HIPAA and the business associate agreements we are required to enter into with our covered entity customers. In 2009, HIPAA was amended by the HITECH Act to impose certain of the HIPAA privacy and security requirements directly upon business associates of covered entities and increase significantly the monetary penalties for violations of HIPAA. The HITECH Act also requires business associates to notify covered entities, who in turn must notify affected individuals and government authorities, of data security breaches involving unsecured PHI. Since the passage of the HITECH Act, enforcement of HIPAA violations has increased, as indicated by the announcement of a number of significant settlement agreements and/or sanctions by federal authorities, the pursuit of HIPAA violations by state attorneys general, and the roll-out of a new federal audit program for covered entities and business associates.

In addition to HIPAA, most states have enacted patient confidentiality laws that protect against the unauthorized disclosure of confidential medical information, and many states have adopted or are considering further legislation in this area, including privacy safeguards, security standards and data security breach notification requirements. Such state laws, if more stringent than HIPAA, are not preempted by the federal requirements, and we must comply with them even though such state laws may be subject to different interpretations by various courts and other governmental authorities.

Along with state and federal laws, GDPR recently became applicable in May of 2018 and imposes new obligations on us as a data controller and data processor, as well as on many of our customers. This new law requires us to make changes to our services to enable us and our customers to meet these new legal requirements and may also increase our potential liability exposure through higher potential penalties for non-compliance. New international privacy laws may also mandate steps needed to continue to store, transfer, and process personal data. For example, there are some legal challenges in Europe to the mechanisms allowing companies to transfer personal data from the European Economic Area to the United States. This may mean that data transfer agreements will need to be updated. Additionally, certain countries have passed or are considering passing laws requiring local data residency.

We have implemented and maintain physical, technical and administrative safeguards intended to protect all personal data and have processes in place to assist us in complying with applicable laws and regulations regarding the protection of this data and properly responding to any security incidents or breaches. We have received and maintained certification from the Health Information Trust (HITRUST) Alliance since January 2013. The HITRUST Common Security Framework (CSF), the most widely adopted framework in the healthcare industry,

provides a comprehensive set of baseline security controls that leverage nationally and internationally accepted

standards, including ISO, NIST, PCI, HIPAA and COBIT. Our HITRUST certification validates our continued

commitment to compliance with the Security and Privacy Rules under HIPAA and to state-specific security and

privacy laws regarding the creation, access, storage or exchange of PHI and financial information. Nonetheless, a knowing breach of HIPAA’s requirements could expose us to criminal liability. A breach of our safeguards and processes that is not due to reasonable cause or involves willful neglect could expose us to significant civil penalties and the possibility of civil litigation under HIPAA and applicable state law.

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We have been the victim of theft of company property containing patient data in the past, and we may face similar incidents in the future, which could result in a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

If we fail to comply with federal and state laws governing submission of false or fraudulent claims to government healthcare programs and financial relationships among healthcare providers, we may be subject to civil and criminal penalties or loss of eligibility to participate in government healthcare programs.

A number of federal and state laws, including anti-kickback restrictions and laws prohibiting the submission of false or fraudulent claims, apply to healthcare providers, physicians and others that make, offer, seek or receive payments or split fees for referrals of products or services that may be paid for through any federal or state healthcare program and, in some instances, any private program. These laws are complex and their application to our specific services and relationships may not be clear and may be applied to our business in ways that we do not anticipate. Healthcare, as one of the largest industries in the country and one of the costliest lines in the federal budget, continues to attract attention from legislators and regulators. Federal and state regulatory and law enforcement authorities continue to focus on enforcement activities with respect to Medicare and Medicaid fraud and abuse regulations and other healthcare reimbursement laws and rules in an effort to reduce overall healthcare spending. From time to time, participants in the healthcare industry receive inquiries or subpoenas to produce documents in connection with government investigations. We could be required to expend significant time and resources to comply with these requests, and the attention of our management team could be diverted by these efforts. Furthermore, if we are found to be in violation of any federal or state fraud and abuse laws, we could be subject to civil and criminal penalties, forced to restructure our business and excluded from participating in federal and state healthcare programs such as Medicare and Medicaid which would result in significant harm to our business and financial condition.

The federal healthcare anti-kickback law prohibits any person or entity from offering, paying, soliciting or receiving anything of value, directly or indirectly, for the referral of patients covered by Medicare, Medicaid and other federal healthcare programs or the leasing, purchasing, ordering or arranging for or recommending the lease, purchase or order of any item, good, facility or service covered by these programs. Many states have adopted similar prohibitions against kickbacks and other practices that are intended to induce referrals, and some of these state laws are applicable to all patients regardless of whether the patient is covered under a governmental health program or private health plan. New payment structures, such as accountable care organizations and other arrangements involving combinations of healthcare providers who share payment savings, potentially implicate anti-kickback and other fraud and abuse laws. We seek to structure our business relationships and activities to avoid any activity that could be construed to implicate the federal healthcare anti-kickback law and similar laws. We cannot assure you, however, that our arrangements and activities will be deemed outside the scope of these laws or that increased enforcement activities will not directly or indirectly have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. Any determination by a federal or state agency or court that we have violated any of these laws could subject us to civil or criminal penalties, could require us to change or terminate some portions of our operations or business, could disqualify us from providing services to healthcare providers doing business with government programs, could give our customers the right to terminate our managed services agreements with them and, thus, could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations. Moreover, any violations by, and resulting penalties or exclusions imposed upon, our customers could adversely affect their financial condition and, in turn, have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

There are also numerous federal and state laws that forbid submission of false information or the failure to disclose information in connection with the submission and payment of healthcare provider claims for reimbursement. In particular, the federal FCA prohibits a person from knowingly presenting or causing to be presented a false or fraudulent claim for payment or approval by an officer, employee or agent of the United States. In addition, the FCA prohibits a person from knowingly making, using, or causing to be made or used a false record or statement material to such a claim. The FCA may be enforced by the government or by private whistleblowers under the "qui tam" provisions of the statute. Whistleblowers are entitled to a share of any recovery in a FCA case. Changes to the FCA enacted as part of the ACA make it easier for whistleblowers to bring FCA claims. Violations of

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the FCA may result in treble damages, significant monetary penalties, and other collateral consequences including, potentially, exclusion from participation in federally funded healthcare programs.

These laws and regulations may change rapidly, and it is frequently unclear how they apply to our business. Errors created by our proprietary applications or services that relate to entry, formatting, preparation or transmission of claim, reporting of quality or other data pursuant to value-based purchasing initiatives, or cost report information may be determined or alleged to cause the submission of false claims or otherwise be in violation of these laws and regulations. Further, our continued growth of coding and billing services provided from an offshore shared services environment necessitates comprehensive monitoring and oversight of these services to ensure a constant vigilance to quality control and regulatory compliance. Any failure of our proprietary applications or services to comply with these laws and regulations could result in substantial civil or criminal liability and could, among other things, adversely affect demand for our services, invalidate all or portions of some of our managed services agreements with our customers, require us to change or terminate some portions of our business, require us to refund portions of our base fee revenues and incentive payment revenues, cause us to be disqualified from serving customers doing business with government payers, and give our customers the right to terminate our managed services agreements with them.

We cannot be certain that governmental officials responsible for enforcing EMTALA, or other parties, will not assert that our customers are in violation of EMTALA, and defending and settling allegations of EMTALA violations could have a material adverse effect on our business even if we are ultimately not found to have contributed to such violations.

EMTALA requires Medicare-participating hospitals that have emergency departments to provide a medical screening examination and stabilizing treatment to all individuals who come to the hospital seeking treatment of an emergency medical condition, regardless of the patient’s ability to pay for the care. Sanctions for failing to fulfill these requirements include exclusion from participation in the Medicare and Medicaid programs and civil monetary penalties. In addition, the law creates private civil remedies that enable an individual who suffers personal harm as a direct result of a violation of the law to sue the offending hospital for damages and equitable relief.

Since we are not a healthcare provider, EMTALA is not applicable to us, but we cannot be certain that governmental officials responsible for enforcing EMTALA, or other parties, will not assert that our customers are in violation of EMTALA. If our customers are found to have violated EMTALA, they may assert claims that our management practices contributed to the violation. Defending and settling allegations of EMTALA violations could have a material adverse effect on our business even if we are ultimately not found guilty of a violation.

Our failure to comply with debt collection and other consumer protection laws and regulations could subject us to fines and other liabilities, which could harm our reputation and business, and could make it more difficult to retain existing customers or attract new customers, extend the time it takes to enter into service agreements with new customers, and result in a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

The FDCPA regulates persons who regularly collect or attempt to collect, directly or indirectly, consumer debts in default that are owed or asserted to be owed to another person. However, our business practices that involve collecting, or assisting our customers in collecting, non-defaulted amounts owed by patients for current and prior services activities may be determined to be subject to the FDCPA. Many states impose additional requirements on debt collection communications, and some of those requirements may be more stringent than the federal requirements. Moreover, regulations governing debt collection are subject to changing interpretations that may be inconsistent among different jurisdictions. Further, we are subject to the TCPA, which imposes certain restrictions on companies that place telephone calls to consumers.

We could incur costs or could be subject to fines or other penalties under the TCPA, the FDCPA and the FTC Act if we are determined to have violated the provisions of those regulations during the course of conducting our operations. We, or our customers, could be required to report such breaches to affected consumers or regulatory authorities, leading to disclosures that could damage our reputation or harm our business, financial position and

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operating results. As a result of the theft of a laptop in 2011 giving rise to a lawsuit against us by the Minnesota Attorney General and a related FTC inquiry of our data security practices, in December 2013, we entered into a consent order with the FTC pursuant to which no fine or penalty was paid but in which we agreed, among other things, to maintain a comprehensive information security program reasonably designed to protect the security, confidentiality, and integrity of personal information collected from or about consumers. Future allegations of this type could require us to change aspects of our business practices, make it more difficult to retain existing customers or attract new customers, extend the time it takes to enter into service agreements with new customers, and result in a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Potential additional regulation of the disclosure of health information outside the United States may increase our costs.

Federal or state governmental authorities may impose additional data security standards or additional privacy or other restrictions on the collection, use, transmission and other disclosures of health information. Legislation has been proposed at various times at both the federal and the state levels that would limit, forbid or regulate the use or transmission of medical information pertaining to U.S. patients outside of the United States. Some states have also imposed limitations through rule making or executive action. If additional states or the federal government were to adopt additional limitations, that may render our operations in India and Lithuania impracticable or substantially more expensive. Moving such operations to the United States may involve substantial delay in implementation and increased costs.

Risks Related to Intellectual Property

We may be unable to adequately protect our intellectual property.

Our success depends, in part, upon our ability to establish, protect and enforce our intellectual property and other proprietary rights. If we fail to establish or protect our intellectual property rights, we may lose an important advantage in the market in which we compete. We rely upon a combination of patent, trademark, copyright and trade secret law and contractual terms and conditions to protect our intellectual property rights, all of which provide only limited protection. We cannot assure you that our intellectual property rights are sufficient to protect our competitive advantages. Although we have filed three U.S. patent applications, we cannot assure you that any patents that will be issued from these applications will provide us with the protection that we seek or that any current or future patents issued to us will not be challenged, invalidated or circumvented. We have also been issued four U.S. patents, but we cannot assure you that they will provide us with the protection that we seek or that they will not be challenged, invalidated or circumvented. Legal standards relating to the validity, enforceability and scope of protection of patents are uncertain. Any patents that may be issued in the future from pending or future patent applications or our four issued patents may not provide sufficiently broad protection or they may not prove to be enforceable in actions against alleged infringers. Also, we cannot assure you that any trademark registrations will be issued for pending or future applications or that any of our trademarks will be enforceable or provide adequate protection of our proprietary rights.

We also rely in some circumstances on trade secrets to protect our technology. Trade secrets may lose their value if not properly protected. We endeavor to enter into non-disclosure agreements with our employees, customers, contractors and business partners to limit access to and disclosure of our proprietary information. The steps we have taken, however, may not prevent unauthorized use of our technology, and adequate remedies may not be available in the event of unauthorized use or disclosure of our trade secrets and proprietary technology. Moreover, others may reverse engineer or independently develop technologies that are competitive to ours or infringe our intellectual property.

Accordingly, despite our efforts, we may be unable to prevent third parties from infringing or misappropriating our intellectual property and using our technology for their competitive advantage. Any such infringement or misappropriation could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. Monitoring infringement of our intellectual property rights can be difficult and costly, and enforcement of our intellectual property rights may require us to bring legal actions against infringers. Infringement actions are

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inherently uncertain and therefore may not be successful, even when our rights have been infringed, and even if successful, may require a substantial amount of resources and divert our management’s attention.

Claims by others that we infringe their intellectual property could force us to incur significant costs or revise the way we conduct our business.

Our competitors protect their intellectual property rights by means such as patents, trade secrets, copyrights and trademarks. We have not conducted an independent review of patents issued to third parties. Additionally, because patent applications in the United States and many other jurisdictions are kept confidential for 18 months before they are published, we may be unaware of pending patent applications that relate to our proprietary technology. Any party asserting that we infringe its proprietary rights would force us to defend ourselves, and possibly our customers, against the alleged infringement. These claims and any resulting lawsuit, if successful, could subject us to significant liability for damages and invalidation of our proprietary rights or interruption or cessation of our operations. The software and technology industries are characterized by the existence of a large number of patents, copyrights, trademarks and trade secrets and by frequent litigation based on allegations of infringement or other violations of intellectual property rights. Moreover, the risk of such a lawsuit will likely increase as our size and scope of our services and technology platforms increase, as our geographic presence and market share expand and as the number of competitors in our market increases.

Any such claims or litigation could:

• be time-consuming and expensive to defend, whether meritorious or not;

• require us to stop providing the services that use the technology that infringes the other party’s intellectual property;

• divert the attention of our technical and managerial resources;

• require us to enter into royalty or licensing agreements with third parties, which may not be available on terms that we deem acceptable, if at all;

• prevent us from operating all or a portion of our business or force us to redesign our services and technology platforms, which could be difficult and expensive and may make the performance or value of our service offerings less attractive;

• subject us to significant liability for damages or result in significant settlement payments; or

• require us to indemnify our customers, as we are required by contract to indemnify some of our customers for certain claims based upon the infringement or alleged infringement of any third party’s intellectual property rights resulting from our customers’ use of our intellectual property.

Intellectual property litigation can be costly. Even if we prevail, the cost of such litigation could deplete our financial resources. Litigation is also time-consuming and could divert management’s attention and resources away from our business. Furthermore, during the course of litigation, confidential information may be disclosed in the form of documents or testimony in connection with discovery requests, depositions or trial testimony. Disclosure of our confidential information and our involvement in intellectual property litigation could materially adversely affect our business. Some of our competitors may be able to sustain the costs of complex intellectual property litigation more effectively than we can because they have substantially greater resources. In addition, any uncertainties resulting from the initiation and continuation of any litigation could significantly limit our ability to continue our operations and could harm our relationships with current and prospective customers. Any of the foregoing could disrupt our business and have a material adverse effect on our operating results and financial condition.

Risks Related to the Ownership of Shares of Our Common Stock

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The trading price of our common stock has been volatile and may continue to be volatile.

Since December 31, 2010, our common stock has traded at a price per share as high as $32.82 and as low as $1.47. The trading price of our common stock is likely to continue to be highly volatile and could be subject to wide fluctuations in response to various factors. In addition to the risks described in this section, factors that may cause the market price of our common stock to fluctuate include:

• fluctuations in our quarterly financial results or the quarterly financial results of companies perceived to be similar to us;

• changes in estimates of our financial results;

• failure to meet expectations of securities analysts;

• the loss of service agreements with customers;

• lawsuits filed against us by governmental authorities or stockholders;

• unfavorable publicity concerning our operations or business practices;

• investors’ general perception of us; and

• changes in general economic, industry, regulatory and market conditions.

In addition, if the stock market in general experiences a loss of investor confidence, the trading price of our common stock could decline for reasons unrelated to our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Anti-takeover provisions in our charter documents and Delaware law could discourage, delay or prevent a change in control of our company and may affect the trading price of our common stock.

We are a Delaware corporation and the anti-takeover provisions of the Delaware General Corporation Law may discourage, delay or prevent a change in control by prohibiting us from engaging in a business combination with an interested stockholder for a period of three years after the person becomes an interested stockholder, even if a change in control would be beneficial to our existing stockholders. In addition, our restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws may discourage, delay or prevent a change in our management or control over us that stockholders may consider favorable. Our restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws:

• authorize the issuance of "blank check" preferred stock that could be issued by our Board to thwart a takeover attempt;

• require that directors only be removed from office upon a supermajority stockholder vote;

• provide that vacancies on our Board, including newly created directorships, may be filled only by a majority vote of directors then in office;

• limit who may call special meetings of stockholders; prohibit stockholder action by written consent, requiring all actions to be taken at a meeting of the stockholders; and

• require supermajority stockholder voting to effect certain amendments to our restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws.

We may not pay any cash dividends on our capital stock in the foreseeable future.

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Although we paid cash dividends on our capital stock prior to our May 2010 initial public offering ("IPO") there is no assurance that we will pay cash dividends on our common stock in the foreseeable future. Any future dividend payments will be within the discretion of our Board and will depend on, among other things, our financial condition, results of operations, capital requirements, capital expenditure requirements, contractual restrictions, provisions of applicable law and other factors that our Board may deem relevant. Additionally, pursuant to the Investor Rights Agreement between the Company and the Investor ("Investor Rights Agreement") and subject to certain ownership thresholds contained in the Investor Rights Agreement, any dividends on our common stock would require the approval of the holders of our Series A Preferred Stock that are held by the Investor or any Investor Affiliate (as defined in the Investor Rights Agreement). We may not generate sufficient cash from operations in the future to pay dividends on our common stock.

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Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments

None.

Item 2. Properties

We primarily lease our existing facilities, and own one facility in Mansfield, Texas.

Our corporate headquarters occupy approximately 43,000 square feet in Chicago, Illinois under a lease expiring on August 31, 2030. In addition, we have a right of first offer to lease all or a portion of 21,500 square feet of space on another floor in the same building. We also lease approximately 720,000 square feet of office space throughout 26 offices domestically, and approximately 460,000 square feet of office space throughout 7 offices internationally. Pursuant to our managed services agreements with customers, we occupy space on-site at all healthcare providers where we provide our RCM services. We generally do not pay customers for our use of space provided by them for our use in the provision of RCM services to that customer.

We believe that our facilities are sufficient for our current needs. We intend to add new facilities or expand existing facilities as we add employees or expand or change our geographic markets and office locations, and we believe that suitable additional or substitute space will be available as needed to accommodate any such expansion of our operations. 

Item 3. Legal Proceedings

Other than as described below, we are presently not a party to any material litigation or regulatory proceeding and are not aware of any pending or threatened litigation or regulatory proceeding against us which, individually or in the aggregate, could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, financial condition or cash flows.

In May 2016, we were served with a False Claims Act case brought by a former emergency department service associate who worked at a hospital of one of the Company’s customers, MedStar Inc.’s Washington Hospital Center (“WHC”), along with WHC and three other hospitals that were PAS clients and a place holder, John Doe hospital, representing all PAS clients (U.S. ex rel. Graziosi vs. Accretive Health, Inc. et. al.), and seeking money damages, False Claims Act penalties and plaintiff’s attorneys’ fees. The Third Amended Complaint alleges that the Company’s PAS business violates the federal False Claims Act. The case was originally filed under seal in 2013 in the Federal district court in Chicago, was presented to the U.S. Attorney in Chicago, and the U.S. Attorneys declined to intervene. We believe that we have meritorious defenses to all claims in the case and intend to vigorously defend the Company against these claims. The outcome is not presently determinable.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

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PART II

Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Our common stock is listed on the NASDAQ Stock Market under the symbol "RCM."

Holders of Record

As of February 18, 2019, there were approximately 26 stockholders of record of our common stock and approximately 5,000 beneficial holders.

Dividends

We did not pay any dividends on our common stock during the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017. We currently intend to retain earnings, if any, to finance the growth and development of our business, and we do not expect to pay any cash dividends on our common stock in the foreseeable future. Payment of future dividends, if any, will be at the discretion of our Board and will depend on, among other things, our financial condition, results of operations, capital expenditure requirements, contractual restrictions, provisions of applicable law and other factors that the Board deems relevant. Additionally, pursuant to the Investor Rights Agreement between the Company and the Investor, subject to certain ownership thresholds contained in the Investor Rights Agreement, any dividends on our common stock would require the approval of the holders of our Series A Preferred Stock that are held by the Investor or any Investor Affiliate (as defined in the Investor Rights Agreement). The credit agreement governing our senior secured credit facilities and the terms of the subordinated notes due 2026 also restrict our ability to pay dividends on our common stock.

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

The following table provides information about our repurchases of common stock during the periods indicated (in thousands, except share and per share data):

Period	Number of Shares  Purchased (1)		Average Price Paid per Share		Total Number of  Shares Purchased  as Part of  Publicly  Announced  Plans  or Programs (2)		Maximum Dollar  Value of Shares  that May Yet be  Purchased  Under  Publicly  Announced Plans  or Programs (in millions) (2)
October 1, 2018 through October 31, 2018		—	$	—		—	$	49.0
November 1, 2018 through November 30, 2018		—	$	—		—	$	49.0
December 1, 2018 through December 31, 2018		677	$	8.92		—	$	49.0

(1)

Repurchases of our stock related to employees’ tax withholding upon vesting of restricted stock. See Note 14, Share-Based Compensation, to our consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

(2)

On November 13, 2013, the Board authorized, subject to the completion of the restatement of our financial statements, the repurchase of up to $50.0 million of our common stock from time to time in the open market or in privately negotiated transactions (the "2013 Repurchase Program"). The timing and amount of any shares repurchased under the 2013 Repurchase Program will be determined by our management based on its evaluation of market conditions and other factors. The 2013 Repurchase Program may be suspended or discontinued at any time. See Note 13, Stockholders' Equity (Deficit), to our consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

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Stock Price Performance Graph

The following graph compares the change in the cumulative total return (including the reinvestment of dividends) on our common stock to the change in the cumulative total return on the stocks included in the NYSE Composite Index and NASDAQ Health Care Index over the period from December 31, 2013 through December 31, 2018. The graph assumes an investment of $100 made in our common stock on December 31, 2013. We did not pay any dividends during the period reflected in the graph.

COMPARISON OF CUMULATIVE TOTAL RETURN

	12/31/2013	12/31/2014	12/31/2015	12/31/2016	12/31/2017	12/31/2018
R1 RCM Inc.	$100	74.89	34.93	24.56	48.14	86.79
NYSE Composite Index	$100	104.22	97.53	106.31	123.16	109.37
NASDAQ Health Care Index	$100	128.47	137.28	114.06	138.36	132.59

The comparisons shown in the graph above are based on historical data and we caution that the stock price performance shown in the graph above is not indicative of, and is not intended to forecast, the potential future performance of our common stock. The information in this "Stock Price Performance Graph" section shall not be deemed to be "soliciting material" or to be "filed" with the SEC, nor shall such information be incorporated by reference into any future filing under the Securities Act of 1933, or the Securities Act, or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, or the Exchange Act, except to the extent that we specifically incorporate it by reference into such filing.

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Item 6. Selected Consolidated Financial Data

The selected consolidated financial data presented below should be read in conjunction with "Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations," and "Consolidated Financial Statements and Supplementary Data," included elsewhere in this Form 10-K.

We derived the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss) data for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016, and the consolidated balance sheet data as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 from our audited consolidated financial statements, which are included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. We derived the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive income (loss) data for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 and the consolidated balance sheet data as of December 31, 2016, 2015, and 2014 from our audited consolidated financial statements and audited restated consolidated financial statements, which are not included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Beginning in 2017, the Company changed the presentation in its financial statements to be stated in millions instead of thousands. Therefore, previously reported amounts may differ due to rounding.

Selected Financial Data

	Year Ended December 31,
	2018			2017			2016		2015			2014
	(In millions, except per share data)
Consolidated Statement of Operations Data:
Net services revenue	$	868.5		$	449.8		$	592.6	$	117.2		$	210.1
Operating expenses:
Cost of services	770.6			416.3			199.7		169.0			182.1
Selling, general and administrative	97.9			56.3			74.1		75.0			69.9
Other	30.4			4.7			20.8		9.3			86.7
Total operating expenses	898.9			477.3			294.7		253.3			338.8
Income (loss) from operations	(30.4		)	(27.5		)	297.9		(136.0		)	(128.7		)
Net interest income (expense)	(26.3		)	0.2			0.3		0.2			0.3
Net income (loss) before income tax provision	(56.7		)	(27.3		)	298.2		(135.8		)	(128.4		)
Income tax provision (benefit)	(11.4		)	31.5			121.1		(51.6		)	(48.7		)
Net income (loss)	$	(45.3	)	$	(58.8	)	$	177.1	$	(84.3	)	$	(79.7	)
Net income (loss) per common share
Basic	$	(0.60	)	$	(0.75	)	$	0.65	$	(0.87	)	$	(0.83	)
Diluted	$	(0.60	)	$	(0.75	)	$	0.65	$	(0.87	)	$	(0.83	)

	As of December 31,
	2018		2017		2016			2015			2014
	(In millions)
Consolidated Balance Sheet Data:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	62.8	$	164.9	$	181.2		$	103.5		$	145.2
Working capital (1)	$	0.6	$	112.4	$	137.7		$	24.2		$	41.6
Total assets	$	807.5	$	336.0	$	415.1		$	460.3		$	446.4
Non-current liabilities	$	396.6	$	23.4	$	120.7		$	441.0		$	325.5
Total stockholders’ equity (deficit)	$	6.3	$	33.4	$	(12.3	)	$	(213.3	)	$	(142.2	)

(1) We define working capital as total current assets excluding the current portion of deferred tax assets pertaining to the current portion of deferred customer billings, less total current liabilities excluding the current portion of deferred customer billings (prior to the adoption of Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers). We excluded the current portion of deferred customer billings and related deferred tax assets, prior to the adoption of Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, from the definition of working capital due to the nature of these balances. We adopted the provisions of Accounting Standards Update 2015-17, Income Taxes: Balance SheetClassification of Deferred Taxes (Topic 740) ("ASU 2015-17"), on a prospective basis for the reporting period ended December 31, 2015. Consequently, under the guidance of ASU 2015-17, deferred tax assets were classified as non-current in the consolidated balance sheet for the reporting period ended December 31, 2015, 2016, 2017, and 2018. As permitted byASU 2015-17, the current and non-current deferred tax assets were not retroactively adjusted for the prior reporting period ended December 31, 2014.

Non-GAAP Measure

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In order to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the information used by our management team in financial and operational decision-making, we supplement our consolidated financial statements that have been prepared in accordance with GAAP with the non-GAAP financial measure of adjusted EBITDA. Adjusted EBITDA is utilized by our Board and management team as (i) one of the primary methods for planning and forecasting overall expectations and for evaluating actual results against such expectations; and (ii) as a performance evaluation metric in determining achievement of certain executive incentive compensation programs, as well as for incentive compensation plans for employees.

As of January 1, 2017, the Company adopted Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“Topic 606”) and thus for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Company followed the guidance under Topic 606. Under the newly adopted guidance, revenue is measured based on consideration specified in a contract with a customer, and excludes any sales incentives and amounts collected on behalf of third parties. The Company recognizes revenue when it satisfies a performance obligation by transferring control over a service to a customer, which is typically over the contract term. Estimates of variable consideration are included in revenue to the extent that it is probable that a significant reversal of cumulative revenue will not occur once the uncertainty is resolved. See Note 2, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, to the consolidated financial statements for additional information.

For the years ended December 31,2016, 2015 and 2014, we typically invoiced customers for base fees and incentive fees on a quarterly or monthly basis, and typically received cash from customers on a similar basis. For GAAP reporting purposes, we only recognized those net operating fees and incentive fees as net services revenue to the extent that all the criteria for revenue recognition were met, which was generally upon contract renewal, termination or other contractual agreement event. As such, net operating and incentive fees were typically recognized for GAAP purposes in periods subsequent to the periods in which the services are provided. Therefore, our net services revenue and other items in our GAAP consolidated financial statements typically included the effects of billings and collections from periods prior to the period in which revenue was recognized. Prior to the adoption of Topic 606, management utilized certain non-GAAP financial measures in financial and operational decision-making due to net services revenue and other items in our GAAP consolidated financial statements typically including the effects of billings and collections from periods prior to the period in which revenue was recognized. While comparability has been impacted, management has deemed adjusted EBITDA to be the appropriate measure shown below for all years as this is the metric our Board and management team are using for current and future periods.

This non-GAAP measures is used throughout this Form 10-K including "Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations."

Use of Non-GAAP Financial Information

We understand that, although non-GAAP measures are frequently used by investors, securities analysts, and others in their evaluation of companies, these measures have limitations as analytical tools, and you should not consider them in isolation or as a substitute for analysis of our results of operations as reported under GAAP. Some of these limitations are:

• Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect changes in, or cash requirements for, our working capital needs;

• Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect share-based compensation expense;

• Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect income tax expenses or cash requirements to pay taxes;

• Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect certain other expenses which may require cash payments;

• Although depreciation and amortization charges are non-cash charges, the assets being depreciated and amortized will often have to be replaced in the future, and adjusted EBITDA does not reflect cash requirements for such replacements or other purchase commitments, including lease commitments; and

• Other companies in our industry may calculate adjusted EBITDA differently than we do, limiting its usefulness as a comparative measure.

Selected Non-GAAP Measure

For each of the periods indicated, the following table presents the selected non-GAAP measure and the most comparable GAAP measure. See below for an explanation of how we calculate and use this non-GAAP measure, and for a

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reconciliation of this non-GAAP measure to the most comparable GAAP measure. See "Selected Financial Data" above for a presentation of net income (loss), the most comparable GAAP measure to adjusted EBITDA.

	Year End December 31,
	2018		2017		2016		2015			2014
	(In millions)
Non-GAAP Measure:
Adjusted EBITDA	$	57.0	$	4.1	$	357.0	$	(86.6	)	$	(15.7	)

Adjusted EBITDA

We define adjusted EBITDA as net income before net interest income/expense, income tax provision, depreciation and amortization expense, share-based compensation expense, reorganization-related expense and certain other items which are detailed in the table below. Prior to 2017, the use of adjusted EBITDA to measure operating and financial performance was limited by our revenue recognition criteria, pursuant to which GAAP net services revenue was recognized at the end of a contract or "other contractual agreement event". As such, adjusted EBITDA did not adequately match corresponding cash flows resulting from customer contracting activities.

Reconciliation of GAAP: The following table presents a reconciliation of adjusted EBITDA to net income (loss) for each of the periods indicated.

	Year End December 31,
	2018			2017			2016			2015			2014
	(In millions)
Net income (loss) (GAAP)	$	(45.3	)	$	(58.8	)	$	177.1		$	(84.3	)	$	(79.6	)
Net interest (income) expense	26.3			(0.2		)	(0.3		)	(0.2		)	(0.3		)
Income tax provision (benefit)	(11.4		)	31.5			121.1			(51.6		)	(48.7		)
Depreciation and amortization expense	38.8			16.3			10.2			8.5			6.0
Share-based compensation expense (1)	18.2			10.7			28.1			31.7			20.2
Other (2)	30.4			4.7			20.8			9.3			86.8
Adjusted EBITDA (Non-GAAP)	$	57.0		$	4.1		$	357.0		$	(86.6	)	$	(15.7	)

Due to rounding, numbers presented in this table may not add up precisely to the totals provided.

(1) Share-based compensation expense represents the expense associated with stock options, RSAs, RSUs, and PBRSU's granted, as reflected in our Consolidated Statements of Operations. See Note 14, Share-Based Compensation, to the consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for the detail of the amounts of share-based compensation expense.

(2) Other costs consist of the following (in millions):

	Year Ended December 31,
	2018		2017		2016		2015			2014
Severance and employee benefits	$	2.3	$	0.3	$	3.5	$	0.6		$	9.2
Facility charges	0.1		—		1.1		2.6			5.0
Non-cash share based compensation	—		0.1		1.8		—			7.9
Transaction fees (1)	—		—		12.7		—			57.3
Restatement costs	—		—		1.2		2.5			—
Acquisition related costs (2)	19.7		3.1		—		—			—
Transitioned employees restructuring expense (3)	4.3		1.2		—		—			—
Strategic Alternative Exploration	—		—		—		3.8			—
Prior year employment tax expense	—		—		—		(0.2		)	0.9
Office Transformation	—		—		—		—			6.5
Digital Transformation Office (4)	3.6		—		—		—			—
Other	0.4		—		0.5		—			—
Total other	$	30.4	$	4.7	$	20.8	$	9.3		$	86.8

(1) Costs related to retention payments and legal fees paid in connection with the closing of the Transaction.

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(2) Costs related to evaluating, pursuing and integrating acquisitions as part of the Company’s inorganic growth strategy. Integration costs include employee time and expenses spent on integration activities, vendor spend and severance and retention amounts associated with integration activities.

(3) As part of the transition of personnel to the Company under certain operating partner model contracts, the Company has agreed to reimburse, or directly pay the affected employees, for certain severance and retention costs related to certain employees who will not be transitioned to the Company, or whose jobs will be relocated after the employee transitions to the Company.

(4) Project costs related to the Company's effort to automate its transactional environment.

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Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations ("MD&A") should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and the related notes and other financial information included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Some of the information contained in this discussion and analysis or set forth elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including information with respect to our plans and strategy for our business and related financing, includes forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Please review "Risk Factors" of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for a discussion of important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from the results described in or implied by the forward-looking statements contained in the following discussion and analysis.

Overview

We are a leading provider of RCM services to healthcare providers. We help healthcare providers generate sustainable improvements in their operating margins and cash flows while also enhancing patient, physician and staff satisfaction for our customers.

While we cannot control the changes in the regulatory environment imposed on our customers, we believe that our role becomes increasingly more important to our customers as macroeconomic, regulatory and healthcare industry conditions continue to impose financial pressure on healthcare providers to manage their operations effectively and efficiently.

Our primary service offering consists of end-to-end RCM, which we deploy through an operating partner relationship or a co-managed relationship. Under an operating partner relationship, we provide comprehensive revenue cycle infrastructure to providers, including all revenue cycle personnel, technology and process workflow. Under a co-managed relationship, we leverage our customers’ existing RCM staff and processes, and supplement them with our infused management, subject matter specialists, proprietary technology and other resources. For the year ended December 31, 2018, substantially all of our net operating and incentive fees from end-to-end RCM were generated under the operating partner model.

We also offer modular services, allowing customers to engage us for only specific components of our end-to-end RCM service offering, such as PAS, PM, and RCS. Our PAS offering assists healthcare organizations in complying with payer requirements regarding whether to classify a hospital visit as an in-patient or an out-patient observation case for billing purposes. Our PM services offer administrative and operational support to allow healthcare providers to focus on delivering high quality patient care and outsource non-core functions to us. Our RCS offering includes charge capture, CDM maintenance and pricing services that help providers ensure they are capturing the maximum net compliant revenue for services delivered.

We operate our business as a single segment configured with our significant operations and offerings organized around the business of providing end-to-end RCM services to healthcare providers.

Summary of Operations

In 2018, we completed several initiatives which we expect to position us to better serve our customers and grow our business:

• In January, we entered into an Amended and Restated Services Agreement with Intermountain Healthcare for a ten-year term. The expanded relationship centers on providing end-to-end RCM under an operating partner relationship for fully managed revenue cycle operations across inpatient and preventative care settings.

• In February, we announced that Presence Health has selected the Company to provide its end-to-end RCM services across the Presence Health system’s acute care hospitals and physician care settings.

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• In May, we completed the acquisition of Intermedix. The acquisition of Intermedix expands our service offering to non-acute settings to include physicians in addition to hospitals, and allows us to advance our vision to be the one revenue cycle partner for healthcare providers. The Intermedix Acquisition not only expands our total addressable market, but also enables us to better serve healthcare providers and compete more effectively as healthcare providers continue to consolidate and acquire physician networks.

• In June, we announced that AMITA selected us to provide its end-to-end RCM services across all of AMITA's acute care hospitals and physician care settings.

• In June, we entered into the Supplement to the A&R MPSA to provide certain revenue cycle management services for physician groups that receive services from Ascension’s National Revenue Service Center and other groups associated with Ascension hospital systems (the “Medical Group RCM Services”). The Supplement provides a deployment schedule to service providers, which began implementation in the fourth quarter of 2018 and extends through the third quarter of 2020.

• In November 2018, we launched the DTO to systematically automate our transactional environment on an end-to-end basis. We anticipate that the DTO will have three principal objectives: (1) digitization of the patient and physician interface with the revenue cycle; (2) automation of manual tasks using robotic process automation technology; and (3) using advanced data analysis methods to improve complex revenue cycle processes such as denials via machine learning and predictive modeling. We intend to automate several hundred transactional processes over the next several quarters.

Net Services Revenue

The Company's primary source of revenue is its end-to-end RCM services fees. The Company also generates revenue through modular RCM services, where customers will engage the Company for only specific components of its end-to-end RCM service offering on a fixed-fee or transactional basis. The following table summarizes the composition of our net services revenue for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016:

	Year Ended December 31,
	2018				2017				2016
	(In millions)
Net operating fees	$	760.2	87.5	%	$	374.8	83.3	%	$	368.8	62.2	%
Incentive fees	38.3		4.4	%	29.0		6.4	%	191.3		32.3	%
Other	70.0		8.1	%	46.0		10.2	%	32.4		5.5	%
Total net services revenue	$	868.5	100.0	%	$	449.8	100.0	%	$	592.6	100.0	%

Cost of Services

Our cost of services includes:

• Infused management and technology expenses. We incur costs related to our management and staff employees who are devoted to customer operations. These expenses consist primarily of the wages, bonuses, benefits, share-based compensation, travel and other costs associated with our employees who are assigned to specific customer sites related to our customers’ revenue cycle operations. The employees assigned to customer sites typically have significant experience in revenue cycle operations, care coordination, technology, quality control or other management disciplines. Included in these expenses is an allocation of the costs associated with maintaining, improving and deploying our integrated proprietary technology suite.

• Shared services center costs. We incur expenses related to salaries and benefits of employees in our shared services centers, as well as non-payroll costs associated with operating our shared services centers.

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• Other expenses. We incur expenses related to our employees who manage PAS and other services. These expenses consist primarily of wages, bonuses, benefits, share-based compensation and other costs.

Estimates of Cost of Customers’ Revenue Cycle Operations

Cost of customers’ revenue cycle operations consist of invoiced costs from customers and estimated costs not yet invoiced. These costs consist of payroll and third-party non-payroll costs. Customers’ payroll costs are reasonably estimable; however, we are at times dependent upon information generated from our customers’ records to determine the amount of third-party non-payroll costs. We estimate the amount of non-payroll costs incurred but not invoiced in order to properly calculate net operating fees at the end of each reporting period. Such estimated costs are based on contractually allowable expenses, historical reimbursed costs and estimated lag in the timing of receipt of information for third-party non-payroll costs. The timing difference includes the lag between the services rendered by third-party vendors and their billings to our customers. The liabilities for such costs are included in accrued service costs and are part of the customer liabilities balance in the consolidated balance sheet. These estimates are based on the best available information and are subject to future adjustments based on additional information received from our customers.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses

Selling, general and administrative expenses consist primarily of expenses for executives, sales, corporate IT, legal, regulatory compliance, finance and human resources personnel, professional service fees related to external legal, tax, audit and advisory services, insurance premiums, facility charges and other corporate expenses.

Other Costs

Other costs include reorganization-related expenses and certain other costs. We have initiated restructuring plans consisting of reductions in our workforce in certain corporate, administrative, operations and management functions. Reorganization costs consist primarily of severance payments, employee benefits and share-based compensation expense for accelerated awards. In 2017 and 2018, we incurred costs relating to evaluating and pursuing acquisition opportunities and integrating completed acquisitions as part of the our inorganic growth strategy. Additionally, as part of the transition of Ascension and Intermountain personnel to us, we have agreed to reimburse Ascension and Intermountain for certain severance and retention costs related to certain Ascension employees who will not be transitioned to us.

Interest Expense

Interest expense reflects interest on debt arrangements, and the amortization of certain debt discounts and costs.

Income Taxes

Income tax provision (benefit) consists of federal and state income taxes in the United States and other foreign jurisdictions.

Application of Critical Accounting Policies and Use of Estimates

Our consolidated financial statements reflect the assets, liabilities and results of operations of R1 RCM Inc. and our wholly-owned subsidiaries. All material intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation. Our consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with GAAP.

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the amounts reported in our consolidated financial statements and the accompanying notes. We regularly evaluate the accounting policies and estimates we use. In general, we base estimates on historical experience and on assumptions that we believe to be reasonable given our operating environment. Estimates are

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based on our best knowledge of current events and the actions we may undertake in the future. Although we believe all adjustments considered necessary for fair presentation have been included, our actual results may differ materially from our estimates.

We believe that the accounting policies described below involve our more significant judgments, assumptions and estimates, and therefore, could have the greatest potential impact on our consolidated financial statements. In addition, we believe that a discussion of these policies is necessary to understand and evaluate the consolidated financial statements contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. For further information on our critical and other significant accounting policies, see Note 2, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, to the consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Revenue Recognition

Periods commencing January 1, 2017

The Company's primary source of revenue is its end-to-end RCM services fees. The Company also generates revenue through modular RCM services, where customers will engage the Company for only specific components of its end-to-end RCM service offering on a fixed-fee or transactional basis.

Revenue Cycle Management

RCM services fees are primarily variable and performance related, and are generally viewed as the consideration earned in satisfaction of a single performance obligation which is considered a series. Variable consideration for end-to-end RCM services are allocated to and recognized over the related time period as the amounts reflect the consideration the Company is entitled to and relate specifically to the Company’s efforts to satisfy its performance obligation. Fees for physician group and EMS provider RCM services are variable consideration contingent on customer collections, and inputs to the Company’s revenue estimates typically include historical service fees and historical customer collection amounts. RCM services fees consist of net operating fees, incentive fees, and other fees.

Net Operating Fees

The Company’s net operating fees consist of:

i) gross base fees invoiced to customers; less

ii) corresponding costs of customers’ revenue cycle operations which the Company pays pursuant to its RCM agreements, including salaries and benefits for the customers' RCM personnel, and related third-party vendor costs; plus

iii) fees accrued for physician group and EMS providers' RCM services.

The Company recognizes revenue related to net operating fees ratably as the performance obligation for the RCM services is satisfied. Base fees are typically billed in advance of the quarter and paid in three monthly payments as the entity performs and the customer simultaneously receives and consumes the benefits of the services provided. The costs of customers’ revenue cycle operations, which the Company pays pursuant to its RCM agreements, are accrued based on the service period. RCM services fees for physician groups and EMS providers are invoiced on a monthly basis and payment terms are typically 30 days.

Incentive Fees

The Company recognizes revenue related to incentive fees ratably as the performance obligation for RCM services is satisfied, to the extent that it is probable that a significant reversal of cumulative revenue will not occur once the uncertainty is resolved. Incentive fees are structured to reflect quarterly or annual

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performance and are evaluated on a contract-by-contract basis. Incentive fees are typically billed and paid on a quarterly basis.

Other

The Company recognizes revenue related to other fees as RCM services are provided. These services include the Company's modular RCM services offering, which consists of an obligation to provide services for a specific component of its end-to-end RCM service offering. Fees are typically variable in nature with the entire amount being included in revenue in the month of service. The customer simultaneously receives and consumes the benefits provided by the services and the fees are typically billed on a monthly basis with payment terms of up to 30 days. To the extent that certain service fees are fixed and not subject to refund, adjustment, or concession, these fees are generally recognized into revenue ratably as the performance obligation is satisfied.

The Company recognizes revenue from PAS in the period in which the service is performed. The Company’s PAS arrangements typically consist of an obligation to provide specific services to customers on an if and when needed basis. These services are provided under a fixed price per unit arrangement. These contracts are evaluated on a contract-by-contract basis. Fees for the Company's PAS arrangements are typically billed on a monthly basis with 30 to 60 day payment terms.

PM services arrangements include a single performance obligation, constituting a series, to manage and administer various non-clinical aspects of a customer's physician practice, which may be comprised of numerous physical office locations. Consideration for PM services is typically variable in nature and allocated to and recognized over the related time period as the amounts reflect the consideration the Company is entitled to and relate specifically to the Company’s effort to satisfy its performance obligation. PM services fees are invoiced on a monthly basis and payment terms are typically 30 days.

Bundled Services

Modular RCM services may be sold separately or bundled in a contract. End-to-end RCM services are typically sold separately but may be bundled with PAS. PAS are commonly sold separately. The typical length of an end-to-end RCM contract is two to ten years (subject to the parties' respective termination rights) but varies from customer to customer. PAS and modular RCM agreements generally vary in length between one and three years.

For bundled arrangements, the Company accounts for individual services as a separate performance obligation if a service is separately identifiable from other items in the bundled arrangement and if a customer can benefit from it on its own or with other resources that are readily available to the customer. The transaction price is allocated between separate services in a bundle based on their relative standalone selling prices. The standalone selling prices are determined based on the prices at which the Company separately sells its RCM, PAS, PM, or other modular services. PAS are provided at a customer’s election but do not represent material rights as the services are priced at standalone selling price throughout the life of the agreement.

Periods prior to January 1, 2017

Revenue is generally recognized when all of the following criteria are met: (i) persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, (ii) services have been rendered, (iii) the fee is fixed or determinable and (iv) collectability is reasonably assured.

Net service fees, as reported in the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive income (loss), consist of: (a) RCM services fees and (b) professional service fees earned on a fixed fee, transactional fee or time and materials basis. The Company’s primary source of revenue is RCM services fees. RCM services fees are primarily contingent, but along with fixed fees are generally viewed as one deliverable. To the extent that certain RCM services fees are fixed and not subject to refund, adjustment or concession, such fees are generally recognized as revenue on a straight-line basis over the term of the contract.

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On a limited basis, the Company enters into contracts with multiple accounting elements which may include a combination of fixed fee or transactional fee elements. The selling price of each element is determined by using management's best estimate of selling price. Revenues are recognized in accordance with the accounting policies for the separate elements.

RCM services fees that are contingent in nature are recognized as revenue once all the criteria for revenue recognition are met, which is generally at the end of a contract or other contractual agreement event. Revenue is recognized for RCM services fees upon the contract reaching the end of its stated term (such that the contractual relationship will not continue in its current form) to the extent that: (i) cash has been received for invoiced fees and (ii) there are no disputes at the conclusion of the term of the contract.

If fees or services are disputed by a customer at the end of a contract, a settlement agreement entered into with the customer triggers revenue recognition. An other "contractual agreement event" occurs when a renewal, amendment to an existing contract, or other settlement agreement is executed in which the parties reach agreement on prior fees. Revenue is recognized up to the amount covered by such agreements.

RCM services fees consist of the following contingent fees: (i) Net Operating Fees and (ii) Incentive Fees.

Net Operating Fees

The Company generates net operating fees to the extent the Company is able to assist customers in reducing the cost of revenue cycle operations. In limited cases, the Company earns a fixed fee instead of a fee based on the mechanics described below. The Company’s net operating fees consist of:

i) gross base fees invoiced to customers; less

ii) corresponding costs of customers’ revenue cycle operations which the Company pays pursuant to its RCM agreements, including salaries and benefits for the customers' RCM personnel, and related third-party vendor costs; less

iii) any cost savings the Company shares with customers.

Net operating fees are recorded as deferred customer billings until the Company recognizes revenue for a customer contract at the end of a contract or reaches an "other contractual agreement event". The amount of unpaid costs of customers’ revenue cycle operations and shared cost savings are reported as accrued service costs within customer liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets.

Incentive Fees

The Company generates revenue in the form of performance-based fees when the Company improves the customers’ financial or operational metrics. These performance metrics vary by customer contract. However, certain contracts contain a contract-to-date performance metric that is not resolved until the end of the term of the contract.

Cost of Services

Costs associated with generating the Company’s net services revenue, including the cost of operating its shared services centers, are expensed as incurred. Cost of services consist of (i) infused management, on site revenue cycle employees and technology costs, (ii) shared services costs and (iii) other costs to perform physician advisory services. Infused management, on site revenue cycle employees and technology costs consist primarily of wages, bonuses, benefits, share-based compensation, travel and other costs associated with our employees who are assigned to specific customer sites related to our customers' revenue cycle operations. The other significant portion of such expenses is an allocation of the costs associated with maintaining, improving and deploying our integrated

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proprietary technology suite. Shared services costs relate to the Company’s shared services centers in the U.S. and internationally that perform patient scheduling and pre-registration, medical transcription, cash posting, reconciliation of payments to billing records, patient follow-up and Medicaid eligibility determination for our customers. The Company incurs expenses related to salaries and benefits for employees in its shared services centers and non-payroll costs associated with operating its shared services centers. Other expenses consist of costs related to managing other services. These expenses consist primarily of wages, bonuses, benefits, share-based compensation and facilities costs.

Income Taxes

We account for income taxes under the asset and liability method. We record deferred tax assets and liabilities for future income tax consequences that are attributable to differences between the carrying amount of assets and liabilities for financial statement purposes and the income tax bases of such assets and liabilities. We base the measurement of deferred tax assets and liabilities on enacted tax rates that we expect will apply to taxable income in the year we expect to settle or recover those temporary differences. We recognize the effect on deferred income tax assets and liabilities of any change in income tax rates in the period that includes the enactment date.

The carrying values of deferred income tax assets and liabilities reflect the application of our income tax accounting policies, and are based on management’s assumptions and estimates about future operating results and levels of taxable income, and judgments regarding the interpretation of the provisions of current accounting principles. We provide a valuation allowance for deferred tax assets if, based upon the weight of all available evidence, both positive and negative, it is more likely than not that some or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. We have established a valuation allowance with respect to certain separate state income net operating loss carryforward deferred tax assets.

The estimated effective tax rate for the year is applied to our quarterly operating results. In the event that there is a significant unusual or discrete item recognized, or expected to be recognized, in our quarterly operating results, the tax attributable to that item is calculated separately and recorded at the same time as the unusual or discrete item, such as the resolution of prior-year tax matters.

We recognize the tax benefit from an uncertain tax position only if it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained on examination by taxing authorities, based on the technical merits of the position. The tax benefits recognized in the consolidated financial statements from such a position are measured based on the largest benefit that has a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement.

Interest and penalties related to income taxes are recognized in our tax provision in the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive income (loss).

See Note 16, Income Taxes, to our consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information on income taxes.

Share-Based Compensation Expense

We determine the expense for all employee share-based compensation awards by estimating their fair value and recognizing that value as an expense, on a ratable basis, in our consolidated financial statements over the requisite service period in which our employees earn the awards. The fair value of performance and service condition stock options is calculated using the Black-Scholes option pricing model and, for market condition stock awards, the fair value is estimated using Monte Carlo simulations.

To determine the fair value of a share-based award using the Black-Scholes option pricing model, we make assumptions regarding the risk-free interest rate, expected future volatility and expected life of the award. These inputs are subjective and generally require significant analysis and judgment to develop. We aggregate all employees into one pool for valuation purposes. The risk-free rate is based on the U.S. treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant. We estimate the expected volatility of our share price by reviewing the historical volatility levels of our

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common stock in conjunction with that of public companies that operate in similar industries or are similar in terms of stage of development or size and then projecting this information toward its future expected volatility. We exercise judgment in selecting these companies, as well as in evaluating the available historical and implied volatility for these companies. We calculate the expected term in years for each stock option using a simplified method based on the average of each option’s vesting term and original contractual term.

To determine the fair value of a share-based award using Monte Carlo simulations, we make assumptions regarding the risk-free interest rate, expected future volatility, expected dividend yield and performance period. The risk-free rate is based on the U.S. treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant. We estimate the expected volatility of the share price by reviewing the historical volatility levels of our common stock in conjunction with that of public companies that operate in similar industries or are similar in terms of stage of development or size and then projecting this information toward our future expected volatility. Dividend yield is determined based on our future plans to pay dividends. We calculate the performance period based on the specific market condition to be achieved and derived from historical data and estimates of future performance.

We recognize compensation expense, net of forfeitures, using a straight-line method over the applicable vesting period. Each appropriate quarter, the share-based compensation expense is adjusted to reflect all options that vested or were forfeited during the period.

Goodwill

Goodwill represents the difference between the purchase price of acquired companies and the related fair value of the net assets acquired, which is accounted for by the acquisition method of accounting. The Company annually tests goodwill for impairment on the first day of its fiscal fourth quarter, or more frequently if an event occurs or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value below its carrying value. The goodwill impairment test consists of a qualitative assessment of impairment indicators, followed by, if necessary, a quantitative assessment comparing the carrying amount to the reporting unit's fair value. To the extent that the carrying value exceeds the fair value, an impairment charge would be recorded.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

Property, equipment, software and other acquired intangible assets are reviewed for impairment when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the asset may not be recoverable. If circumstances require a long-lived asset or asset group be reviewed for possible impairment, the Company first compares undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated by each asset or asset group to its carrying value. If the carrying value of the long-lived asset or asset group is not recoverable on an undiscounted cash flow basis, an impairment charge is recognized to the extent that the carrying value exceeds the fair value.

New Accounting Standards

For additional information regarding new accounting guidance, see Note 3, Recent Accounting Pronouncements, to our consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, which provides a summary of recently adopted accounting standards and disclosures.

Results of Operations

Year Ended December 31, 2018 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2017

The following table provides consolidated operating results and other operating data for the periods indicated:

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	Year Ended December 31,						2018 vs. 2017 Change
	2018			2017			Amount			%
	(In millions)
Consolidated statement of operations Data:
Net operating fees	$	760.2		$	374.8		$	385.4		102.8	%
Incentive fees	38.3			29.0			9.3			32.1	%
Other	70.0			46.0			24.0			52.2	%
Total net services revenue	868.5			449.8			418.7			93.1	%
Operating expenses:
Cost of services	770.6			416.3			354.3			85.1	%
Selling, general and administrative	97.9			56.3			41.6			73.9	%
Other	30.4			4.7			25.7			546.8	%
Total operating expenses	898.9			477.3			421.6			88.3	%
Income (loss) from operations	(30.4		)	(27.5		)	(2.9		)	10.5	%
Net interest income	(26.3		)	0.2			(26.5		)	(13,250	)%
Net income (loss) before income tax provision	(56.7		)	(27.3		)	(29.4		)	107.7	%
Income tax provision (benefit)	(11.4		)	31.5			(42.9		)	(136.2	)%
Net income (loss)	$	(45.3	)	$	(58.8	)	$	13.5		(23.0	)%

The following table represents a reconciliation of adjusted EBITDA to net income (loss), the most comparable GAAP measure, for each of the periods indicated:

	Year Ended December 31,						2018 vs. 2017 Change
	2018			2017			Amount			%
	(In millions)
Net income (loss)	$	(45.3	)	$	(58.8	)	$	13.5		(23.0	)%
Net interest expense (income)	26.3			(0.2		)	26.5			(13,250	)%
Income tax provision (benefit)	(11.4		)	31.5			(42.9		)	(136.2	)%
Depreciation and amortization expense	38.8			16.3			22.5			138.0	%
Share-based compensation expense (1)	18.2			10.7			7.5			70.1	%
Other (2)	30.4			4.7			25.7			546.8	%
Adjusted EBITDA (non-GAAP)	$	57.0		$	4.1		$	52.9		1,290.2	%

Due to rounding, numbers presented in this table may not add up precisely to the totals provided.

(1) Share-based compensation expense represents the expense associated with stock options, restricted stock units, restricted stock awards and performance based restricted stock units granted, as reflected in our Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss). See Note 14, Share-Based Compensation, to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for the detail of the amounts of share-based compensation expense.

(2) Other costs consist of the following (in millions):

	Year Ended December 31,
	2018		2017
Severance and employee benefits	$	2.3	$	0.3
Facility charges	0.1		—
Non-cash share based compensation	—		0.1
Acquisition related costs (1)	19.7		3.1
Transitioned employees restructuring expense (2)	4.3		1.2
Digital Transformation Office (3)	3.6		—
Other	0.4		—
Total other	$	30.4	$	4.7

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(1) Costs related to evaluating, pursuing and integrating acquisitions as part of the Company’s inorganic growth strategy. Integration costs include employee time and expenses spent on integration activities, vendor spend and severance and retention amounts associated with integration activities.

(2) As part of the transition of personnel to the Company under certain operating partner model contracts, the Company has agreed to reimburse, or directly pay the affected employees, for certain severance and retention costs related to certain employees who will not be transitioned to the Company, or whose jobs will be relocated after the employee transitions to the Company.

(3) Project costs related to the Company's effort to automate its transactional environment.

Revenue

Revenue increased by $418.7 million, or 93.1%, from $449.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 to $868.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2018. The increase was primarily driven by a $282.6 million increase in net operating fees as a result of new customers onboarded or converted to an operating model contract since the beginning of 2017. In addition, we realized year-over-year growth of $119.2 million as a result of the Intermedix Acquisition.

Cost of Services

Cost of services increased by $354.3 million, or 85.1%, from $416.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, to $770.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2018. The increase was primarily driven by a $217.6 million increase in costs associated with new customers onboarded since the beginning of 2017. The Intermedix Acquisition resulted in an increase in costs of services of $86.6 million. In addition, we increased investments in IT infrastructure, automation technology and central operations support and incurred additional employee benefits costs.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses

Selling, general and administrative expenses increased by $41.6 million, or 73.9%, from $56.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 to $97.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2018. The increase was primarily due to the Intermedix Acquisition, which added $27.2 million of cost in 2018. In addition, we increased investments in corporate IT and sales and marketing expenses, as we have increased our efforts to pursue new business opportunities, and also increased investments in finance and compliance spend to support scaling business operations.

Other Costs

Other costs increased by $25.7 million, from $4.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, to $30.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2018. The increase was primarily attributable to $19.7 million in acquisition-related expenses as well as an increase in transitioned employees and severance expenses. Additionally, $3.6 million of the increase relates to costs associated with the DTO initiative.

Income Taxes

Income tax provision decreased by $42.9 million to an $11.4 million benefit for the year ended December 31, 2018 from a $31.5 million expense for the year ended December 31, 2017. This was primarily due to the impact of the Tax Act, which resulted in a one-time tax expense of $38.2 million in 2017.

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Results of Operations

Year Ended December 31, 2017 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2016

The following table provides consolidated operating results and other operating data for the periods indicated:

	Year Ended December 31,					2017 vs. 2016 Change
	2017			2016		Amount			%
	(In millions)
Consolidated Statement of Operations Data:
Net operating fees	$	374.8		$	368.8	$	6.0		1.6	%
Incentive fees	29.0			191.3		(162.3		)	(84.8	)%
Other	46.0			32.4		13.6			42.0	%
Total net services revenue	449.8			592.6		(142.8		)	(24.1	)%
Operating expenses:
Cost of services	416.3			199.7		216.6			108.5	%
Selling, general and administrative	56.3			74.1		(17.8		)	(24.0	)%
Other	4.7			20.8		(16.1		)	(77.4	)%
Total operating expenses	477.3			294.7		182.6			62.0	%
Income (loss) from operations	(27.5		)	297.9		(325.4		)	(109.2	)%
Net interest income	0.2			0.3		(0.1		)	(33.3	)%
Net income (loss) before income tax provision	(27.3		)	298.2		(325.5		)	(109.2	)%
Income tax provision (benefit)	31.5			121.1		(89.6		)	(74.0	)%
Net income (loss)	$	(58.8	)	$	177.1	$	(235.9	)	(133.2	)%

The following table represents a reconciliation of adjusted EBITDA to net income (loss), the most comparable GAAP measure, for each of the periods indicated:

	Year Ended December 31,						2017 vs. 2016 Change
	2017			2016			Amount			%
	(In millions)
Net income (loss)	$	(58.8	)	$	177.1		$	(235.9	)	(133.2	)%
Net interest expense (income)	(0.2		)	(0.3		)	0.1			(33.3	)%
Income tax provision (benefit)	31.5			121.1			(89.6		)	(74.0	)%
Depreciation and amortization expense	16.3			10.2			6.1			59.8	%
Share-based compensation expense (1)	10.7			28.1			(17.4		)	(61.9	)%
Other (2)	4.7			20.8			(16.1		)	(77.4	)%
Adjusted EBITDA (non-GAAP)	$	4.1		$	357.0		$	(352.9	)	(98.9	)%

Due to rounding, numbers presented in this table may not add up precisely to the totals provided.

(1) Share-based compensation expense represents the expense associated with stock options, restricted stock units, restricted stock awards and performance based restricted stock units granted, as reflected in our Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss). See Note 14, Share-Based Compensation, to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for the detail of the amounts of share-based compensation expense.

(2) Other costs consist of the following (in millions)

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:

	Year Ended December 31,
	2017		2016
Severance and employee benefits	$	0.3	$	3.5
Facility charges	—		1.1
Non-cash share based compensation	0.1		1.8
Transaction fees (1)	—		12.7
Restatement costs	—		1.2
Acquisition related costs (2)	3.1		—
Transitioned employees restructuring expense (3)	1.2		—
Other	—		0.5
Total other	$	4.7	$	20.8

(1) Costs related to retention payments and legal fees paid in connection with the closing of the Transaction (see Note 17).

(2) Costs related to evaluating, pursuing and integrating acquisitions as part of the Company’s inorganic growth strategy. Integration costs include employee time and expenses spent on integration activities, vendor spend and severance and retention amounts associated with integration activities.

(3) As part of the transition of personnel to the Company under certain operating partner model contracts, the Company has agreed to reimburse, or directly pay the affected employees, for certain severance and retention costs related to certain employees who will not be transitioned to the Company, or whose jobs will be relocated after the employee transitions to the Company.

Net Services Revenue

Revenue decreased by $142.8 million, or 24.1%, from $592.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 to $449.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. We adopted new guidance on revenue recognition as of January 1, 2017. Under the new revenue recognition standard, we recognize revenue when a performance obligation is satisfied by transferring control over a service to a customer, which is typically over the contract term. For the year ended December 31, 2017, we recognized $449.8 million in revenue. Prior to the adoption of the new standard, revenue was recognized when all the criteria for revenue recognition was met, which was generally upon contract renewal, termination or other contractual agreement event. For the year ended  December 31, 2016, we recognized $557.8 million in revenue due to contractual agreement events. See Note 10, Revenue Recognition, for further explanation of the Company's revenue recognition policy related to periods prior to January 1, 2017.

Cost of Services

Cost of services increased by $216.6 million, or 108.5%, from $199.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2016, to $416.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. The increase was primarily driven by costs associated with providing services to new Ascension hospitals. In addition, costs also increased due to the transition to the A&R MPSA, which led to change in classification of costs from an offset to net operating fees to cost of services due to on-boarding of employees (discussed above) and an increase in shared services costs driven by increased volume. In addition, the increase in PAS volume resulted in a $8.5 million increase in cost of services.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses

Selling, general and administrative expenses decreased by $17.8 million, or 24.0%, from $74.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 to $56.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. The decrease was primarily due to a decrease in stock compensation expense.

Other Costs

Other costs decreased by $16.1 million, from $20.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2016, to $4.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. The decrease was primarily attributable to $13.1 million in costs related to retention payments paid in connection with the closing of the Transaction with Ascension Health Alliance and TowerBrook on February 16, 2016 and $5.5 million in reorganization related costs during the year ended December 31, 2016 offset by $3.1 million in acquisition-related diligence expenditures in 2017.

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Income Taxes

Income tax provision decreased by $89.6 million to $31.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 from $121.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. This was primarily due to a decrease of $325.5 million in pretax income as well as a $5.8 decrease in discrete items. This decrease was partially offset by an increase in tax expense for 2017 from provisional amounts related to the deemed repatriation charge of approximately $3.0 million and $35.2 million resulting from the revaluation of deferred tax assets and liabilities to the lower enacted U.S corporate tax rate of 21% under the Tax Act.

Our effective tax rate excluding the impact of the Tax Act was approximately 24% and 41% for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016. Our tax rate is affected by discrete items that may occur in any given year, but not consistent from year to year. Our rate was impacted by the write-down of deferred tax assets, state taxes and the geographical mix of business.

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Liquidity and Capital Resources

Cash flows from operating, investing and financing activities, as reflected in our Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, are summarized in the following table:

	Year Ended December 31,
	2018			2017			2016
	(In millions)
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities	$	18.3		$	20.9		$	(86.9	)
Net cash used in investing activities	(496.3		)	(33.6		)	(11.6		)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities	377.4			(4.2		)	176.5
Effect of exchange rate changes in cash	(0.7		)	0.6			(0.3		)
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash	(101.3		)	(16.3		)	77.7

As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, we had cash and cash equivalents of $62.8 million and $164.9 million, respectively. These balances consist primarily of highly liquid money market funds. Our cash and cash equivalents, at any time, include amounts paid to us in advance by customers for the purpose of reimbursing their revenue cycle operations costs and amounts collected on behalf of the Company’s physician group customers to be remitted within twelve months. See Note 2, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, to our consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information. We expect that the combination of our current liquidity, expected additional cash generated from operations and to the extent necessary, new borrowing facilities will be sufficient to satisfy our anticipated cash requirement through at least the next twelve months. See Future Capital Needs and Debt and Financing Arrangement sections below for a discussion of our financing.

Year Ended December 31, 2018 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2017

Operating Activities

Cash provided by operating activities decreased by $2.6 million, from cash provided of $20.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, to cash provided of $18.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2018. The decrease resulted from year-over-year unfavorable changes in overall working capital movement, offset by stronger operating performance as evidenced by the improvement in adjusted EBITDA for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to 2017.

Investing Activities

Cash used in investing activities increased by $462.7 million from $33.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, to $496.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2018. Cash used in investing activities increased primarily due to the use of $462.8 million to pay for the Acquisition.

Financing Activities

Cash provided by financing activities increased by $381.6 million, from cash used in financing activities of $4.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 to cash provided by financing activities of $377.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2018. This change was primarily due to the issuance of the Senior Term Loan and Senior Revolver and the Notes, net of issuance costs, of $358.2 million as well as the investment of $20.0 million from Intermountain related to the Intermountain Purchase Agreement, partially offset by $0.8 million of issuance costs.

Year Ended December 31, 2017 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2016

Operating Activities

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Cash used in operating activities improved by $107.8 million, from cash used of $86.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2016, to cash provided by $20.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. The increase resulted from stronger operating performance as evidenced by the improvement in adjusted EBITDA for the year ended December 31, 2017 as compared to net cash generated for the year ended December 31, 2016 and year-over-year favorable changes in working capital.

Investing Activities

Cash used in investing activities increased by $22.0 million from $11.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2016, to $33.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. Cash used in investing activities increased primarily due to an increase in purchases of computer hardware and software and spending on expanding our India operations.

Financing Activities

Cash provided by financing activities decreased by $180.7 million from cash provided by financing activities of $176.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 to cash used in financing activities of $4.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. This change is primarily due to the investment of $200 million by the Investor in connection with the Transaction offset by transaction costs of $21.3 million during the year ended December 31, 2016.

Future Capital Needs

We continue to invest capital in order to achieve our strategic initiatives. In conjunction with our acquisition of Intermedix, we entered into the Credit Agreement and Note Purchase Agreement for the Senior Secured Credit Facilities, consisting of a $270 million Senior Term Loan and a $25 million is a Senior Revolver, and issued $110 million of Notes (as such terms are defined below). In addition, we plan to continue to enhance customer service by continuing our investment in technology to enable our systems to more effectively integrate with our customers’ existing technologies in connection with our strategic initiatives. We plan to continue to deploy resources to strengthen our information technology infrastructure, including automation, in order to drive additional value for our customers. We also expect to continue to invest in our shared services infrastructure and capabilities, and selectively pursue acquisitions and/or strategic relationships that will enable us to broaden or further enhance our offerings.

New business development remains a priority as we plan to continue to boost our sales and marketing efforts. We plan to continue to add experienced personnel to our sales organization, develop more disciplined sales processes and create an integrated marketing capability. Additionally, we expect to incur costs associated with implementation and transition costs to onboard new customers.

We believe that our available cash balances and the cash flows expected to be generated from operations and to the extent necessary, new borrowings under the Senior Revolver, will be sufficient to satisfy our current and planned working capital and investment needs for the next twelve months. No assurance can be given, however, that this will be the case.

Debt and Financing Arrangements

On May 8, 2018, the Company and certain of its subsidiaries entered into (1) a new senior credit agreement (the “Credit Agreement”) for the new senior secured credit facilities (the “Senior Secured Credit Facilities”), consisting of a $270.0 million senior secured term loan facility (the “Senior Term Loan”) and a $25.0 million senior secured revolving credit facility (the “Senior Revolver”); and (2) a new subordinated note purchase agreement (the “Note Purchase Agreement”) governing the issuance and sale of $110.0 million aggregate principal amount of subordinated notes due 2026 (the "Notes").

Senior Secured Credit Facilities

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The Senior Term Loan has a seven-year maturity and the Senior Revolver has a five-year maturity. The Credit Agreement provides that the Company may make one or more offers to the lenders, and consummate transactions with individual lenders that accept the terms contained in such offers, to extend the maturity date of the lender’s term loans and/or revolving commitments, subject to certain conditions, and any extended term loans or revolving commitments will constitute a separate class of term loans or revolving commitments.

All of the Company’s obligations under the Senior Secured Credit Facilities are guaranteed by the subsidiary guarantors named therein (the “Subsidiary Guarantors”). Pursuant to (1) the Security Agreement, dated as of May 8, 2018 (the “Security Agreement”), among the Company, the Subsidiary Guarantors and Bank of America, N.A., as administrative agent, and (2) the Guaranty, dated as of May 8, 2018 (the “Guaranty”), among the Company, the Subsidiary Guarantors and Bank of America, N.A., as administrative agent, subject to certain exceptions, the obligations under the Senior Secured Credit Facilities are secured by a pledge of 100% of the capital stock of certain domestic subsidiaries owned by the Company and a security interest in substantially all of the Company’s tangible and intangible assets and the tangible and intangible assets of each Subsidiary Guarantor.

The Senior Revolver includes borrowing capacity available for letters of credit and for borrowings on same-day notice, referred to as the “swing loans.” Any issuance of letters of credit or making of a swing loan will reduce the amount available under the revolving credit facility. As of December 31, 2018, the Company had no borrowings and no letters of credit under the Senior Revolver, and $25.0 million of availability under the Senior Revolver.

At the Company’s option, the Company may add one or more new term loan facilities or increase the commitments under the Senior Revolver (collectively, the “Incremental Borrowings”) in an aggregate amount of up to $25.0 million plus any additional amounts so long as certain conditions, including a consolidated first lien leverage ratio (as defined in the Credit Agreement) of not more than 3.75 to 1.00 (on a pari passu basis) or 5.50 to 1.00 (on a junior basis), in each case on a pro forma basis, are satisfied plus the amount of certain voluntary prepayments of Senior Term Loans.

Borrowings under the Senior Secured Credit Facilities bear interest, at the Company’s option, at: (i) an ABR rate equal to the greater of (a) the prime rate of Bank of America, N.A., (b) the federal funds rate plus 0.5%per annum, and (c) the Eurodollar rate for an interest period of one-month beginning on such day plus 100 basis points, plus 4.25% (provided that the Eurodollar rate applicable to the Term Loan Facility shall not be less than 0.00% per annum); or (ii) the Eurodollar rate (provided that the Eurodollar rate applicable to the Term Loan Facility shall not be less than 0.00% per annum), plus 5.25%. The interest rate as of December 31, 2018 was 7.62%. The Company is also required to pay an unused commitment fee to the lenders under the Senior Revolver at a rate of 0.50% of the average daily unutilized commitments thereunder if the first lien net leverage ratio is greater than 2.00 to 1.00, or at a rate of 0.375% at any other time. The Company must also pay customary letter of credit fees, including a fronting fee as well as administration fees.

The Credit Agreement requires the Company to make mandatory prepayments, subject to certain exceptions, with: (i) beginning with fiscal year 2019, 75% (which percentage will be reduced upon the achievement of certain first lien net leverage ratios) of the Company’s annual excess cash flow; (ii) 100% of net cash proceeds of all non-ordinary course assets sales or other dispositions of property or casualty events, subject to certain exceptions and thresholds; and (iii) 100% of the net cash proceeds of any debt incurrence, other than debt permitted under the Credit Agreement. The Company is required to repay the Senior Term Loan portion of the Senior Secured Credit Facilities in quarterly principal installments of 0.25% of the original principal amount commencing on September 30, 2018, with the balance payable at maturity. If, on or prior to May 8, 2019, the Company prepays or reprices any portion of the Senior Term Loan, the Company will be required to pay a prepayment premium of 1% of the loans being prepaid or repriced.

The Credit Agreement contains two financial covenants. (1) The Company is required to maintain at the end of each fiscal quarter, commencing with the quarter ending September 30, 2018, a consolidated first lien net leverage ratio of not more than 5.50 to 1.00. This consolidated ratio will step down in increments to

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4.00 to 1.00 commencing with the fiscal quarter ending September 30, 2020. (2) The Company is required to maintain at the end of each such fiscal quarter, commencing with the quarter ending September 30, 2018, a consolidated interest coverage ratio of not less than 1.75 to 1.00. This consolidated ratio will step up in increments to 2.50 to 1.00 commencing with the fiscal quarter ending September 30, 2020.

The Credit Agreement also contains a number of covenants that, among other things, restrict, subject to certain exceptions, the Company’s ability and the ability of its subsidiaries to: (i) incur additional indebtedness; (ii) create liens on assets; (iii) engage in mergers or consolidations; (iv) sell assets; (v) pay dividends and distributions or repurchase the Company’s capital stock; (vi) make investments, loans or advances; (vii) repay certain junior indebtedness; (viii) engage in certain transactions with affiliates; (ix) enter into sale and leaseback transactions; (x) amend material agreements governing certain of the Company’s junior indebtedness; (xi) change the Company’s lines of business; (xii) make certain acquisitions; and (xiii) limitations on the letter of credit cash collateral account. The Credit Agreement contains customary affirmative covenants and events of default.

Note Purchase Agreement

The Notes issued pursuant to the Note Purchase Agreement have an eight-year maturity.

All of the Company’s obligations under the Note Purchase Agreement are guaranteed by the Subsidiary Guarantors pursuant to the Subsidiary Guaranty, dated as of May 8, 2018 (the “Subsidiary Guaranty”), among the Company, the Subsidiary Guarantors and the Purchasers (as defined in the Notes). The obligations under the Note Purchase Agreement are unsecured.

As of December 31, 2018, $105.0 million of the Notes were due to related parties. For the twelve months ended December 31, 2018, $9.5 million of interest was attributable to related parties.

The Notes bear interest at 14.0% per annum, increasing by 1.0% per annum on May 8, 2021, and by an additional 1.0% per annum on each subsequent anniversary until the Notes are repaid in full. Interest is payable quarterly in cash; provided, that, subject to the subordination agreement, (i) for any fiscal quarters ending on or prior to May 8, 2019, at the Company’s election, up to 75% of the interest payments will be payable in kind and the remaining amount of such interest payment will be payable quarterly in cash; (ii) for any fiscal quarters ending after May 8, 2019 and on or prior to May 8, 2020, at the Company’s election, up to 50% of the interest payments will be payable in kind and the remaining amount of such interest payment will be payable quarterly in cash; and (iii) for any subsequent fiscal quarters, at the Company’s election, up to 25% of the interest payments will be payable in kind and the remaining amount of such interest payment will be payable quarterly in cash. Interest expense is incurred through the effective interest rate method. Deferred interest, generated due to a difference in the effective interest rate and the stated interest rate, is recognized in other non-current liabilities on the balance sheet. As of December 31, 2018, total deferred interest was $1.4 million.

The Note Purchase Agreement does not require any mandatory prepayments. Any voluntary prepayment of the obligations pursuant to the Note Purchase Agreement (other than in connection with a change of control) shall be subject to a prepayment premium of (a) if such prepayment is made before May 8, 2019, 3.0% of the principal amount of the obligations prepaid, (b) if such prepayment is made on or after May 8, 2019 but prior to May 8, 2020, 2.0% of the principal amount of the obligations prepaid, (c) if such prepayment is made on or after May 8, 2020 but prior to May 8, 2021, 1.0% of the principal amount of the obligations prepaid, and (d) if such prepayment is made on or after May 8, 2021, 0.0% of the principal amount of the obligations prepaid.

The Note Purchase Agreement also contains a number of covenants that, among other things, restrict, subject to certain exceptions, the Company’s ability and the ability of its subsidiaries to: (i) create liens on assets; (ii) engage in mergers or consolidations or sell all or substantially all of their respective assets; and (iii) pay dividends and distributions or repurchase the Company’s capital stock. The Note Purchase Agreement contains customary affirmative covenants and events of default.

63

Contractual Obligations

The following table presents a summary of our contractual obligations as of December 31, 2018 (in millions):

	2019		2020		2021		2022		2023		Thereafter		Total
Operating Leases (1)	$	18.1	$	16.5	$	15.6	$	12.7	$	11.3	$	34.5	$	108.7
Purchase Obligations (2)	$	12.2	$	5.7	$	1.5	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	19.4
Debt obligations	$	2.7	$	2.7	$	2.7	$	2.7	$	2.7	$	365.2	$	378.7
Interest on debt	$	36.6	$	36.4	$	36.9	$	37.8	$	38.6	$	74.3	$	260.6
Total	$	69.6	$	61.3	$	56.7	$	53.2	$	52.6	$	474.0	$	767.4

(1) Obligations and commitments to make future minimum rental payments under non-cancelable operating leases having remaining terms in excess of one year.

(2) Includes obligations associated with IT software and service costs.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

Other than the contractual obligations noted above, there were no off-balance sheet transactions, arrangements or other relationships with other persons in 2018, 2017 or 2016 that would have affected or are likely to affect our liquidity or the availability of, or requirements for, capital resources.

Item 7A. Qualitative and Quantitative Disclosures about Market Risk

Interest Rate Sensitivity. Our results of operations and cash flows are subject to fluctuations due to changes in interest rates due to our debt arrangements. As of December 31, 2018, we do not utilize hedging relationships to manage interest rate fluctuations.

As of December 31, 2018, we are exposed to interest rate risk, primarily in changes in LIBOR due to our borrowing under the Senior Secured Credit Facility of approximately $269 million aggregate principal, which bears interest at floating rates. Assuming the current level of borrowings, a one percentage point increase or decrease in interest rates would increase or decrease our annual interest expense by approximately $2.7 million.

As of December 31, 2018, approximately $110 million aggregate principal amount of our debt bears interest at a fixed rate. A hypothetical one percentage point increase or decrease in interest rates would change the fair value by a decrease of 4.4% or an increase of 4.7%, respectively, at December 31, 2018.

Foreign Currency Exchange Risk. Our results of operations and cash flows are subject to fluctuations due to changes in the Indian rupee and the Euro because a portion of our operating expenses are incurred by our subsidiaries in India and Lithuania, and are denominated in Indian rupees and Euros, respectively. We do not generate significant revenues outside of the United States. For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, 7%, 8%, and 8% of our expenses were denominated in foreign currencies, respectively. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, we had net assets of $37.9 million and $23.8 million in foreign entities, respectively.

The reduction in earnings from a 10% change in foreign currency spot rates would be $6.9 million and $4.1 million at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Starting in January 2018, we have hedge positions that are designated cash flow hedges of certain intercompany charges which have maturities not exceeding December 31, 2019 and are intended to partially offset the impact of foreign currency movements on future costs relating to our global delivery resources. For additional information, see Note 23, Derivative Financial Instruments to our Consolidated Financial Statements under Item 8, Consolidated Financial Statements and Supplementary Data. These instruments are subject to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates and credit risk. Credit risk is managed through careful selection and ongoing evaluation of the financial institutions utilized as counterparties.

64

For designated cash flow hedges, gains and losses currently recorded in accumulated other comprehensive loss will be reclassified into earnings at the time when certain anticipated intercompany charges are accrued as cost of services. As of December 31, 2018, it was anticipated that approximately $0.7 million of gains, net of tax, currently recorded in accumulated other comprehensive loss will be reclassified into cost of services within the next 12 months. As of December 31, 2018, the notional value of the outstanding derivative contracts totaled 3.75 billion Indian rupees.

We use sensitivity analysis to determine the effects that market foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations may have on the fair value of our hedge portfolio. The sensitivity of the hedge portfolio is computed based on the market value of future cash flows as affected by changes in exchange rates. This sensitivity analysis represents the hypothetical changes in value of the hedge position and does not reflect the offsetting gain or loss on the underlying exposure. A 10% change in the levels of foreign currency exchange rates against the U.S. dollar (or other base currency of the hedge if not a U.S. dollar hedge) with all other variables held constant would have resulted in a change in the fair value of our hedge instruments of approximately $4.8 million as of December 31, 2018.

We continually monitor our exposure to foreign currency fluctuations and may use additional derivative financial instruments and hedging transactions in the future if, in our judgment, circumstances warrant. There can be no guarantee that the impact of foreign currency fluctuations in the future will not be significant and will not have a material impact on our financial position or results of operations.

Item 8. Consolidated Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

The financial statements required by this Item are located beginning on page F-1 of this report.

Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

None

Item 9A. Controls and Procedures

This Item 9A includes information concerning the controls and controls evaluation referred to in the certifications of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer required by Rule 13a-14 of the Exchange Act included in this Annual Report as Exhibits 31.1 and 31.2.

Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

Management has responsibility for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external reporting purposes in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements.

On May 8, 2018, we completed the acquisition of Intermedix Holdings, Inc. ("Intermedix") for $460 million, subject to certain adjustments. We are now integrating processes, employees, technologies, systems and operations of Intermedix into the Company. As permitted by the rules and regulations of the SEC, we have excluded Intermedix from our assessment of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018. Management will continue to evaluate internal controls as we complete the integration of the acquisition. Intermedix represents 15% of the Company's total assets as of December 31, 2018 (exclusive of intangible assets and goodwill valued through purchase accounting representing 54% of our total assets as of December 31, 2018 that were included in our assessment of our internal control over financial reporting) and 14% of the Company's total net services revenue for the year ended December 31, 2018.

65

Management has assessed the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018. In making its assessment, management has utilized the criteria set forth by the COSO of the Treadway Commission in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013). Management concluded that based on its assessment, our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2018. The Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018 has been audited by Ernst & Young LLP as stated in their report which appears on page 67.

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Exchange Act) are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in reports filed or submitted under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in SEC rules and forms and that such information is accumulated and communicated to management including its principal executive officer and principal financial officer to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures.

In connection with the preparation of this report, our management, under the supervision and with the participation of the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2018. Our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that, as of December 31, 2018, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective.

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

There have been no changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the quarter ended December 31, 2018 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

66

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

The Stockholders and Board of Directors of R1 RCM Inc.

Opinion on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

We have audited R1 RCM Inc.’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) (the COSO criteria). In our opinion, R1 RCM Inc. (the Company) maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on COSO criteria.

As indicated in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting, management’s assessment of and conclusion on the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting did not include the internal controls of Intermedix Holdings, Inc. (“Intermedix”), which is included in the 2018 consolidated financial statements of the Company. Intermedix represents 15% of total assets as of December 31, 2018 (exclusive of intangible assets and goodwill valued through purchase accounting representing 54% of total assets as of December 31, 2018, that were included in management’s assessment of and conclusion on the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting) and 14% of total net services revenue for the year ended December 31, 2018. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting of the Company also did not include an evaluation of the internal control over financial reporting of Intermedix.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss), stockholders’ equity (deficit), and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2018, and the related notes and our report dated February 22, 2019 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

Basis for Opinion

The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.

Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations

67

of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

/s/ Ernst & Young LLP

Chicago, Illinois

February 22, 2019

68

Item 9B. Other Information

None

69

PART III

Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance

The information required by this item with respect to our directors and executive officers will be contained in our 2019 Proxy Statement under the caption "Information About Our Directors, Officers and 5% Stockholders" and is incorporated in this report by reference.

The information required by this item with respect to Section 16(a) beneficial ownership reporting compliance will be contained in our 2019 Proxy Statement under the caption "Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance" and is incorporated in this report by reference.

The information required by this item with respect to corporate governance matters will be contained in our 2019 Proxy Statement under the caption "Corporate Governance" and is incorporated in this report by reference.

Code of Integrity

We have adopted a global code of integrity that applies to all employees, including our directors and officers (our principal executive officer, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer or controller, or persons performing similar functions). Copies of our Code of Integrity: Living Our Values are available without charge upon written request directed to Corporate Secretary, R1 RCM Inc., 401 N. Michigan Avenue, Suite 2700, Chicago, Illinois, 60611. Additionally, copies are available without charge online at http://s22.q4cdn.com/852369931/files/doc_downloads/governance_documents/2019/R1-Code-of-Integrity.pdf.

Item 11. Executive Compensation

Information required to be furnished by Item 402 of Regulation S-K and paragraphs (e)(4) and (e)(5) of Item 407 of Regulation S-K regarding executive compensation will be included in our 2019 Proxy Statement, and is herein incorporated by reference.

Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters

We maintain an Amended and Restated Stock Option Plan ("2006 Plan"), and a Second Amended and Restated 2010 Stock Incentive Plan (the "2010 Amended Plan"), and together with the 2006 Plan (the "Plans"). Under the 2010 Amended Plan we may issue up to a maximum of 46,374,756 shares, including any shares that remained available for issuance under the 2006 Plan as of the date of the IPO and any shares subject to awards that were outstanding under the 2006 Plan as of the date of the IPO that expire, terminate or are otherwise surrendered, canceled, forfeited or repurchased by us without the issuance of shares thereunder. We will not make any further grants under the 2006 Plan. The 2010 Amended Plan provides for the grant of incentive stock options, non-statutory stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, restricted stock units and and other share-based awards. As of December 31, 2018, 8,548,545 shares were available for future grants of awards under the 2010 Amended Plan. However, to the extent that previously granted awards under the 2006 Plan or 2010 Amended Plan expire, terminate or are otherwise surrendered, canceled or forfeited, the number of shares available for future awards under the 2010 Amended Plan will increase.

The following table summarizes information about the securities authorized for issuance under our equity compensation plans as of December 31, 2018:

70

	(a)	(b)		(c)
Plan Category	Number of Securities to be Issued Upon Exercise of Outstanding Options and Restricted Stock Units	Weighted- Average Exercise Price of Outstanding Options		Number of Securities Remaining Available for Future Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans (Excluding Securities reflected in Column (a))
Equity compensation plans approved by stockholders (1)(2)	24,630,217	$	5.36	8,548,545
Equity compensation plans not approved by stockholders (3)	2,903,801	$	9.56	—
Total	27,534,018			8,548,545

(1)Includes 13,884,470 outstanding stock options, 1,126,681 restricted stock units and 9,619,066 performance-based restricted stock units ("PBRSUs") awarded under the Plans. The number of shares included for PBRSUs represents the maximum shares that could vest based on applicable price targets. Since the restricted stock units and PBRSUs have no exercise price, they are not included in the weighted-average exercise price calculation in column b.

(2)Excludes 1,095,544 shares of RSAs that were unvested and not forfeited as of December 31, 2018.

(3)Represents stock option inducement grants made pursuant to the NYSE inducement grant rules.

The information required by this item with regard to security ownership of certain beneficial owners and management will be contained in our 2019 Proxy Statement under the caption "Information About Our Directors, Officers and 5% Stockholders - Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management" and is incorporated in this report by reference.

Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence

The information required by this item will be contained in our 2019 Proxy Statement under the captions "Related-Party Transactions" and "Corporate Governance" and is incorporated in this report by reference.

Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services

The information required by this item will be contained in our 2019 Proxy Statement under the caption "Ratification of the Selection of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm" and is incorporated in this report by reference.

71

PART IV

Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules

a) The following documents are filed as a part of this report:

(1) Financial Statements: The financial statements and notes thereto annexed to this report beginning on page F-1.

(2) Financial Statement Schedules: Schedule II- Valuation and Qualifying Accounts Disclosure schedules have been omitted because they are not required or because the required information is in the Consolidated Financial Statements and notes thereto.

(3) Exhibits: The list of Exhibits filed as part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K is set forth on the Exhibit Index immediately preceding such Exhibits and is incorporated herein by this reference.

Item 16. Form 10-K Summary

None.

72

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

	R1 RCM INC.
By:	/s/  Joseph Flanagan
	Joseph Flanagan
	President and Chief Executive Officer
By:	/s/  Christopher Ricaurte
	Christopher Ricaurte
	Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer

Date: February 22, 2019

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed by the following persons on behalf of the registrant in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

Signature	Title	Date
/s/ Joseph Flanagan                 Joseph Flanagan	President and Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer)	February 22, 2019
/s/ Christopher Ricaurte                 Christopher Ricaurte	Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer (Principal Financial Officer)	February 22, 2019
/s/ Richard Evans                 Richard Evans	Principal Accounting Officer	February 22, 2019
/s/ Charles J. Ditkoff          Charles J. Ditkoff	Director	February 22, 2019
/s/ Michael C. Feiner Michael C. Feiner	Director	February 22, 2019
/s/ John B. Henneman III John B. Henneman III	Director	February 22, 2019
/s/ Joseph R. Impicciche Joseph R. Impicciche	Director	February 22, 2019
/s/ Alex J. Mandl Alex J. Mandl	Lead Director	February 22, 2019
/s/ Neal Moszkowski                 Neal Moszkowski	Director	February 22, 2019
/s/ Ian Sacks            Ian Sacks	Director	February 22, 2019
/s/ Anthony J. Speranzo             Anthony J. Speranzo	Director	February 22, 2019
/s/ Albert R. Zimmerli             Albert R. Zimmerli	Director	February 22, 2019

73

R1 RCM Inc.

Index to Consolidated Financial Statements

	Page
Audited Consolidated Financial Statements
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm	F-2
Consolidated Balance Sheets	F-3
Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss)	F-4
Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity (Deficit)	F-5
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows	F-6
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements	F-7

F-1

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

The Stockholders and Board of Directors of R1 RCM Inc.

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of R1 RCM Inc. (the Company) as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss), stockholders’ equity (deficit), and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2018, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2018 and 2017, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2018, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) and our report dated February 22, 2019 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

Adoption of ASU No. 2014-09

As discussed in Note 10 to the financial statements, the Company changed its method for accounting for revenue in 2017 due to the adoption of Accounting Standards Update (ASU) No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606), and the amendments in ASU No.’s 2015-14, 2016-08, 2016-10 and 2016-12.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company‘s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company‘s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures include examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

/s/ Ernst & Young LLP

We have served as the Company‘s auditor since 2004.

Chicago, Illinois

February 22, 2019

F-2

R1 RCM Inc.

Consolidated Balance Sheets

(In millions, except per share data)

	December 31,
	2018			2017
Assets
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	62.8		$	164.9
Current portion of restricted cash equivalents	1.8			—
Accounts receivable, net	42.2			8.2
Accounts receivable, net - related party	55.2			15.4
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	34.8			13.8
Total current assets	196.8			202.3
Property, equipment and software, net	95.2			48.3
Intangible assets, net	180.5			—
Goodwill	254.8			—
Non-current deferred tax assets	57.5			70.5
Non-current portion of restricted cash equivalents	0.5			1.5
Other assets	22.2			13.4
Total assets	$	807.5		$	336.0
Liabilities
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	$	9.9		$	7.2
Current portion of customer liabilities	14.7			1.1
Current portion of customer liabilities - related party	51.1			27.1
Accrued compensation and benefits	77.0			37.8
Current portion of long-term debt	2.7			—
Other current liabilities and accrued expenses	40.8			16.7
Total current liabilities	196.2			89.9
Non-current portion of customer liabilities - related party	17.7			11.5
Long-term debt	251.0			—
Long-term debt - related party	105.0			—
Other non-current liabilities	22.9			11.9
Total liabilities	592.8			113.3
8.00% Series A convertible preferred stock, par value $0.01, 370,000 shares authorized, 246,233 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2018 (aggregate liquidation value of $251.2); 370,000 shares authorized, 227,483 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2017 (aggregate liquidation value of $232.0)	208.4			189.3
Stockholders’ equity (deficit):
Common stock, $0.01 par value, 500,000,000 shares authorized, 123,353,656 shares issued and 110,541,901 shares outstanding at December 31, 2018; 116,650,388 shares issued and 104,409,961 shares outstanding at December 31, 2017	1.2			1.2
Additional paid-in capital	361.0			337.9
Accumulated deficit	(289.8		)	(244.5		)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(3.5		)	(1.6		)
Treasury stock, at cost, 12,811,755 shares as of December 31, 2018; 12,240,427 shares as of December 31, 2017	(62.6		)	(59.6		)
Total stockholders’ equity (deficit)	6.3			33.4
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity (deficit)	$	807.5		$	336.0

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

F-3

R1 RCM Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss)

(In millions, except per share data)

	Year Ended December 31,
	2018			2017			2016
Net services revenue ($600.1 million, $404.4 million and $461.4 million from related party for the year ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively)	$	868.5		$	449.8		$	592.6
Operating expenses:
Cost of services	770.6			416.3			199.7
Selling, general and administrative	97.9			56.3			74.1
Other	30.4			4.7			20.8
Total operating expenses	898.9			477.3			294.7
Income (loss) from operations	(30.4		)	(27.5		)	297.9
Net interest (expense) income	(26.3		)	0.2			0.3
Income (loss) before income tax provision (benefit)	(56.7		)	(27.3		)	298.2
Income tax provision (benefit)	(11.4		)	31.5			121.1
Net income (loss)	$	(45.3	)	$	(58.8	)	$	177.1
Net income (loss) per common share:
Basic	$	(0.60	)	$	(0.75	)	$	0.65
Diluted	$	(0.60	)	$	(0.75	)	$	0.65
Weighted average shares used in calculating net income (loss) per common share:
Basic	108,175,159			102,062,051			100,160,206
Diluted	108,175,159			102,062,051			100,160,206
Consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss)
Net income (loss)	(45.3		)	(58.8		)	177.1
Other comprehensive loss:
Net change on derivatives designated as cash flow hedges, net of tax	0.5			—			—
Foreign currency translation adjustments	(2.4		)	1.2			(0.4		)
Comprehensive income (loss)	$	(47.2	)	$	(57.6	)	$	176.7

Basic:
Net income (loss)	$	(45.3	)	$	(58.8	)	$	177.1
Less dividends on preferred shares	(19.1		)	(17.7		)	(62.7		)
Less income allocated to preferred shareholders	—			—			(49.0		)
Net income (loss) available/allocated to common shareholders - basic	$	(64.4	)	$	(76.5	)	$	65.4
Diluted:
Net income (loss)	$	(45.3	)	$	(58.8	)	$	177.1
Less dividends on preferred shares	(19.1		)	(17.7		)	(62.7		)
Less income allocated to preferred shareholders	—			—			(49.0		)
Net income (loss) available/allocated to common shareholders - diluted	$	(64.4	)	$	(76.5	)	$	65.4

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

F-4

R1 RCM Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity (Deficit)

(In millions, except per share data)

	Common Stock			Treasury Stock					Additional Paid-In Capital			Accumulated Deficit			Accumulated other comprehensive (loss)			Total
	Shares	Amount		Shares		Amount
Balance at January 1, 2016	113,259,408	$	1.1	(5,543,972	)	$	(52.7	)	$	322.5		$	(481.8	)	$	(2.5	)	$	(213.3	)
Share-based compensation expense	—	—		—		—			30.2			—			—			30.2
Deferred tax asset write off including shortfall of $3.5 million	—	—		—		—			(10.6		)	—			—			(10.6		)
Issuance of common stock related to share-based compensation plans	3,071,876	0.1		—		—			(0.1		)	—			—			—
Exercise of vested stock options	94,240	—		—		—			0.2			—			—			0.2
Beneficial conversion feature	—	—		—		—			48.3			—			—			48.3
Issuance of stock warrants	—	—		—		—			21.4			—			—			21.4
Dividends paid/accrued dividends	—	—		—		—			(14.4		)	—			—			(14.4		)
Deemed preferred stock dividend	—	—		—		—			(48.3		)	—			—			(48.3		)
Treasury stock purchases	—	—		(4,222,010	)	(2.5		)	—			—			—			(2.5		)
Foreign currency translation adjustments	—	—		—		—			—			—			(0.4		)	(0.4		)
Net income	—	—		—		—			—			177.1			—			177.1
Balance at December 31, 2016	116,425,524	1.2		(9,765,982	)	(55.2		)	349.2			(304.7		)	(2.8		)	(12.3		)
Impact of adoption of Topic 606	—	—		—		—			—			113.4			—			113.4
Impact of adoption of ASU 2016-09	—	—		—		—			1.5			(0.9		)	—			0.6
Adjusted balance at January 1, 2017	116,425,524	1.2		(9,765,982	)	(55.2		)	350.7			(192.2		)	(2.8		)	101.7
Share-based compensation expense	—	—		—		—			11.2			—			—			11.2
Issuance of common stock related to share-based compensation plans	155,535	—		—		—			—			—			—			—
Exercise of vested stock options	69,329	—		—		—			0.2			—			—			0.2
Dividends paid/accrued on preferred stock	—	—		—		—			(17.7		)	—			—			(17.7		)
Acquisition of treasury stock related to equity award plans	—	—		(1,640,005	)	(4.4		)	—			—			—			(4.4		)
Treasury stock purchases and forfeitures	—	—		(834,440	)	—			—			—			—			—
Reclassification of excess share-based compensation	—	—		—		—			(6.5		)	6.5			—			—
Foreign currency translation adjustments	—	—		—		—			—			—			1.2			1.2
Net (loss) income	—	—		—		—			—			(58.8		)	—			(58.8		)
Balance at December 31, 2017	116,650,388	1.2		(12,240,427	)	(59.6		)	337.9			(244.5		)	(1.6		)	33.4
Share-based compensation expense	—	—		—		—			17.4			—			—			17.4
Reclassification of equity award	—	—		—		—			1.3			—			—			1.3
Issuance of common stock related to share-based compensation plans	323,964	—		—		—			—			—			—			—
Issuance of common stock and stock warrants	4,665,594	—		—		—			19.2			—			—			19.2
Exercise of vested stock options	1,713,710	—		—		—			4.3			—			—			4.3
Dividends paid/accrued on preferred stock	—	—		—		—			(19.1		)	—			—			(19.1		)
Acquisition of treasury stock related to equity award plans	—	—		(499,069	)	(3.0		)	—			—			—			(3.0		)
Forfeitures	—	—		(72,259	)	—			—			—			—			—
Net change on derivatives designated as cash flow hedges, net of tax of $0.2	—	—		—		—			—			—			0.5			0.5
Foreign currency translation adjustment	—	—		—		—			—			—			(2.4		)	(2.4		)
Net (loss) income	—	—		—		—			—			(45.3		)	—			(45.3		)
Balance at December 31, 2018	123,353,656	$	1.2	(12,811,755	)	$	(62.6	)	$	361.0		$	(289.8	)	$	(3.5	)	$	6.3

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

F-5

R1 RCM Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(In millions)

	Year Ended December 31,
	2018			2017			2016
Operating activities
Net income (loss)	$	(45.3	)	$	(58.8	)	$	177.1
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash used in operations:
Depreciation and amortization	38.8			16.3			10.2
Amortization of debt issuance costs	1.5			—			—
Share-based compensation	18.4			10.7			29.8
Loss on disposal	0.4			0.2			0.2
Provision for doubtful accounts	0.8			0.3			—
Deferred income taxes	(14.0		)	29.7			121.8
Reimbursed tenant improvements	—			—			1.4
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable and related party accounts receivable	(39.1		)	(13.0		)	4.4
Prepaid expenses and other assets	(17.0		)	(2.6		)	(9.7		)
Accounts payable	(3.0		)	(0.3		)	1.2
Accrued compensation and benefits	31.9			12.9			15.7
Other liabilities	9.8			1.5			1.1
Customer liabilities and customer liabilities - related party	35.1			24.0			(440.1		)
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities	18.3			20.9			(86.9		)
Investing activities
Purchases of property, equipment, and software	(33.5		)	(33.6		)	(12.6		)
Proceeds from maturation of short-term investments	—			—			1.0
Acquisition of Intermedix, net of cash acquired	(462.8		)	—			—
Net cash used in investing activities	(496.3		)	(33.6		)	(11.6		)
Financing activities
Series A convertible preferred stock and warrant issuance, net of issuance costs	—			—			178.7
Issuance of senior secured debt, net of discount and issuance costs	253.1			—			—
Issuance of subordinated notes, net of discount and issuance costs	105.5			—			—
Payment of debt principal	(1.3		)	—			—
Payment of debt issuance costs related to the Senior Revolver	(0.4		)	—			—
Issuance of common stock and stock warrants, net of issuance costs	19.2			—			—
Exercise of vested stock options	4.3			0.2			0.2
Purchase of treasury stock	—			(2.5		)	(0.4		)
Shares withheld for taxes	(3.0		)	(1.9		)	(2.0		)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities	377.4			(4.2		)	176.5
Effect of exchange rate changes in cash	(0.7		)	0.6			(0.3		)
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash	(101.3		)	(16.3		)	77.7
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at beginning of period	166.4			182.7			105.0
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at end of period	$	65.1		$	166.4		$	182.7
Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information
Accrued dividends payable to Preferred Stockholders	$	4.9		$	4.5		$	4.2
Accrued and other liabilities related to purchases of property, equipment and software	$	19.6		$	1.1		$	2.5
Accounts payable related to purchases of property, equipment and software	$	0.9		$	1.4		$	2.0
Interest paid	$	23.4		$	—		$	—
Income taxes paid	$	(3.3	)	$	(1.6	)	$	(1.2	)
Income taxes refunded	$	0.5		$	3.5		$	0.7

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

F-6

R1 RCM Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

1. Description of Business

R1 RCM Inc. (the "Company") is a leading provider of technology-enabled revenue cycle management ("RCM") services to healthcare providers, including hospitals, physicians groups, and municipal and private emergency medical service ("EMS") providers. The Company helps healthcare providers generate sustainable improvements in their operating margins and cash flows while also enhancing patient, physician and staff satisfaction for its customers.

The Company achieves these results for its customers by managing healthcare providers’ revenue cycle operations, which encompass processes including patient registration, insurance and benefit verification, medical treatment documentation and coding, bill preparation and collections from patients and payers. The Company does so by deploying a unique operating model that leverages its extensive healthcare site experience, innovative technology and process excellence. The Company assists its RCM customers in managing their revenue cycle operating costs while simultaneously increasing the portion of the maximum potential services revenue they receive. Together, these benefits can generate significant and sustainable improvements in operating margins and cash flows for the Company's customers.

The Company's primary service offering consists of end-to-end RCM services for integrated healthcare delivery networks, which the Company deploys through an operating partner relationship or a co-managed relationship. Under an operating partner relationship, the Company provides comprehensive revenue cycle infrastructure to providers, including all revenue cycle personnel, technology solutions and process workflow. Under a co-managed relationship, the Company leverages its customers’ existing RCM staff and processes, and supplements them with the Company's infused management, subject matter specialists, proprietary technology solutions and other resources. Under the operating partner model, the Company records higher revenue and expenses due to the fact that almost all of the revenue cycle personnel are employees of the Company and more third-party vendor contracts are controlled by the Company. Under the co-managed model, the majority of the revenue cycle personnel and more third-party vendor contracts remain with the customer and those costs are netted against the Company's co-managed revenue. For the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, substantially all of the Company's net operating and incentive fees from end-to-end RCM were generated under the operating partner model.

The Company also offers modular services, allowing customers to engage the Company for only specific components of its end-to-end RCM service offering, such as physician advisory services ("PAS"), practice management ("PM"), and revenue capture services ("RCS"). The Company's PAS offering assists healthcare organizations in complying with payer requirements regarding whether to classify a hospital visit as an in-patient or an out-patient observation case for billing purposes. The Company's PM services offer administrative and operational support to allow healthcare providers to focus on delivering high quality patient care and outsource non-core functions to the Company. The Company's RCS offering includes charge capture, charge description master ("CDM") maintenance and pricing services that help providers ensure they are capturing the maximum net compliant revenue for services delivered.

In conjunction with the acquisition of Intermedix, the Company expanded its service offering to physician groups and EMS providers. Intermedix provides RCM and PM services to primary care physician groups and hospital-based physicians in a variety of specialties including emergency medicine, hospitals, anesthesia, and others. Intermedix also provides RCM services to emergency-service providers including municipalities, private providers of emergency service as well as hospital-based emergency-services providers.

Once implemented, the Company's technology solutions, processes and services are deeply embedded in its customers’ day-to-day revenue cycle operations. The Company believes its service offerings are adaptable to meet an evolving healthcare regulatory environment, technology standards and market trends.

Ascension

F-7

R1 RCM Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

On February 16, 2016, the Company entered into a long-term strategic partnership with Ascension Health Alliance, the parent of the Company's largest customer and the nation’s largest Catholic and non-profit health system, and TowerBrook Capital Partners ("TowerBrook"), an investment management firm (the "Transaction"). As part of the Transaction, the Company amended and restated its Master Professional Services Agreement ("A&R MPSA") with Ascension Health ("Ascension") effective February 16, 2016 with a term of ten years. Pursuant to the A&R MPSA and with certain limited exceptions, the Company is the exclusive provider of RCM services and PAS with respect to acute care services provided by the hospitals affiliated with Ascension that execute supplement agreements with the Company.

Intermountain

On January 23, 2018, the Company entered into an Amended and Restated Services Agreement (the “Intermountain Services Agreement”) with IHC Health Services, Inc. (“Intermountain”) having a 10-year term. Pursuant to the Intermountain Services Agreement, the Company provides revenue cycle management services to Intermountain hospitals and medical group providers under the operating partner model. In addition, the Company provides revenue cycle management services to Intermountain’s homecare, hospice and palliative care, durable medical equipment and infusion therapy business. In conjunction with the execution of the Intermountain Services Agreement, the Company entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement (the “Intermountain Purchase Agreement”) with Intermountain, pursuant to which the Company sold to Intermountain, in private placements under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "Securities Act"), (i) 4,665,594 shares of common stock and (ii) a warrant to acquire up to 1,500,000 shares of Common Stock at an initial exercise price of $6.00 per share, on the terms and subject to the conditions set forth in the warrant, for an aggregate purchase price of $20 million.

Intermedix

On May 8, 2018, the Company completed the acquisition of Intermedix Holdings, Inc. ("Intermedix") through the merger of Project Links Merger Sub, Inc. (“Merger Sub”), a wholly-owned indirect subsidiary of the Company, with and into Intermedix, with Intermedix surviving the merger as a wholly-owned indirect subsidiary of the Company (the “Acquisition”). The purchase price for the Acquisition was $460 million, subject to customary adjustments for cash, debt, transaction expenses, and normalized working capital. The Company funded the purchase price for the Acquisition and the Company’s associated transaction expenses with a combination of cash on hand and the incurrence of indebtedness. Intermedix is one of the largest providers of RCM and PM services to physician groups and EMS providers in the United States ("U.S."). Intermedix has a diverse customer base of approximately 700 customers and 2,200 employees located in offices within the U.S., Lithuania, the United Kingdom, and New Zealand. Refer to Note 5, Acquisition, and Note 12, Debt, for further discussion on the Intermedix Acquisition and related financing.

2.Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation

The consolidated financial statements include the assets, liabilities and results of operations of the Company and its wholly owned subsidiaries. All material intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with the United States generally accepted accounting principles ("GAAP") requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in these consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results can differ from those estimates.

Beginning in 2017, the Company changed the presentation in its financial statements to be stated in millions instead of thousands. Therefore, previously reported amounts may differ due to rounding.

Segments

Reporting segments are identified as components of an enterprise about which separate discrete financial information is available and is evaluated by the chief operating decision maker, or decision-making group, relating

F-8

R1 RCM Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

to resource allocation and performance assessments. All of the Company’s significant operations are organized around the single business of providing revenue cycle operations for healthcare providers. The Company views its operations and manages its business as one operating and reporting segment. The Company acquired Intermedix on May 8, 2018 with the intent to integrate Intermedix into the Company's primary service offering consisting of end-to-end RCM. The integration of the operations of Intermedix into the Company's end-to-end RCM operations is on-going as of December 31, 2018.

Revenue Recognition

Periods commencing January 1, 2017

The Company's primary source of revenue is its end-to-end RCM services fees. The Company also generates revenue through modular RCM services, where customers will engage the Company for only specific components of its end-to-end RCM service offering on a fixed-fee or transactional basis.

Revenue Cycle Management

RCM services fees are primarily variable and performance related, and are generally viewed as the consideration earned in satisfaction of a single performance obligation which is considered a series. Variable consideration for end-to-end RCM services are allocated to and recognized over the related time period as the amounts reflect the consideration the Company is entitled to and relate specifically to the Company’s efforts to satisfy its performance obligation. Fees for physician group and EMS provider RCM services are variable consideration contingent on customer collections, and inputs to the Company’s revenue estimates typically include historical service fees and historical customer collection amounts. RCM services fees consist of net operating fees, incentive fees, and other fees.

Net Operating Fees

The Company’s net operating fees consist of:

i) gross base fees invoiced to customers; less

ii) corresponding costs of customers’ revenue cycle operations which the Company pays pursuant to its RCM agreements, including salaries and benefits for the customers' RCM personnel, and related third-party vendor costs; plus

iii) fees accrued for physician group and EMS providers' RCM services.

The Company recognizes revenue related to net operating fees ratably as the performance obligation for the RCM services is satisfied. Base fees are typically billed in advance of the quarter and paid in three monthly payments as the entity performs and the customer simultaneously receives and consumes the benefits of the services provided. The costs of customers’ revenue cycle operations, which the Company pays pursuant to its RCM agreements, are accrued based on the service period. RCM services fees for physician groups and EMS providers are invoiced on a monthly basis and payment terms are typically 30 days.

Incentive Fees

The Company recognizes revenue related to incentive fees ratably as the performance obligation for RCM services is satisfied, to the extent that it is probable that a significant reversal of cumulative revenue will not occur once the uncertainty is resolved. Incentive fees are structured to reflect quarterly or annual performance and are evaluated on a contract-by-contract basis. Incentive fees are typically billed and paid on a quarterly basis.

RCM Other

F-9

R1 RCM Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

The Company recognizes revenue related to other RCM fees as RCM services are provided. These services typically consist of the Company's modular RCM services offering, which consists of an obligation to provide services for a specific component of its end-to-end RCM service offering. Fees are typically variable in nature with the entire amount being included in revenue in the month of service. The customer simultaneously receives and consumes the benefits provided by the services and the fees are typically billed on a monthly basis with payment terms of up to 30 days. To the extent that certain service fees are fixed and not subject to refund, adjustment, or concession, these fees are generally recognized into revenue ratably as the performance obligation is satisfied.

The Company recognizes revenue from PAS in the period in which the service is performed. The Company’s PAS arrangements typically consist of an obligation to provide specific services to customers on an if and when needed basis. These services are provided under a fixed price per unit arrangement. These contracts are evaluated on a contract-by-contract basis. Fees for the Company's PAS arrangements are typically billed on a monthly basis with 30 to 60 day payment terms.

PM services arrangements include a single performance obligation, constituting a series, to manage and administer various non-clinical aspects of a customer's physician practice, which may be comprised of numerous physical office locations. Consideration for PM services is typically variable in nature and allocated to and recognized over the related time period as the amounts reflect the consideration the Company is entitled to and relate specifically to the Company’s effort to satisfy its performance obligation. PM services fees are invoiced on a monthly basis and payment terms are typically 30 days.

Bundled Services

Modular RCM services may be sold separately or bundled in a contract. End-to-end RCM services are typically sold separately but may be bundled with PAS. PAS are commonly sold separately. The typical length of an end-to-end RCM contract is two to ten years (subject to the parties' respective termination rights) but varies from customer to customer. PAS and modular RCM agreements generally vary in length between one and three years.

For bundled arrangements, the Company accounts for individual services as a separate performance obligation if a service is separately identifiable from other items in the bundled arrangement and if a customer can benefit from it on its own or with other resources that are readily available to the customer. The transaction price is allocated between separate services in a bundle based on their relative standalone selling prices. The standalone selling prices are determined based on the prices at which the Company separately sells its RCM, PAS, PM, or other modular services. PAS are provided at a customer’s election but do not represent material rights as the services are priced at standalone selling price throughout the life of the agreement.

Periods prior to January 1, 2017

Revenue is generally recognized when all of the following criteria are met: (i) persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, (ii) services have been rendered, (iii) the fee is fixed or determinable and (iv) collectability is reasonably assured.

Net service fees, as reported in the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive income (loss), consist of: (a) RCM services fees and (b) professional service fees earned on a fixed fee, transactional fee or time and materials basis. The Company’s primary source of revenue is RCM services fees. RCM services fees are primarily contingent, but along with fixed fees are generally viewed as one deliverable. To the extent that certain RCM services fees are fixed and not subject to refund, adjustment or concession, such fees are generally recognized as revenue on a straight-line basis over the term of the contract.

On a limited basis, the Company enters into contracts with multiple accounting elements which may include a combination of fixed fee or transactional fee elements. The selling price of each element is determined by using management's best estimate of selling price. Revenues are recognized in accordance with the accounting policies for the separate elements.

F-10

R1 RCM Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

RCM services fees that are contingent in nature are recognized as revenue once all the criteria for revenue recognition are met, which is generally at the end of a contract or other contractual agreement event. Revenue is recognized for RCM services fees upon the contract reaching the end of its stated term (such that the contractual relationship will not continue in its current form) to the extent that: (i) cash has been received for invoiced fees and (ii) there are no disputes at the conclusion of the term of the contract.

If fees or services are disputed by a customer at the end of a contract, a settlement agreement entered into with the customer triggers revenue recognition. An other "contractual agreement event" occurs when a renewal, amendment to an existing contract, or other settlement agreement is executed in which the parties reach agreement on prior fees. Revenue is recognized up to the amount covered by such agreements.

RCM services fees consist of the following contingent fees: (i) Net Operating Fees and (ii) Incentive Fees.

Net Operating Fees

The Company generates net operating fees to the extent the Company is able to assist customers in reducing the cost of revenue cycle operations. In limited cases, the Company earns a fixed fee instead of a fee based on the mechanics described below. The Company’s net operating fees consist of:

i) gross base fees invoiced to customers; less

ii) corresponding costs of customers’ revenue cycle operations which the Company pays pursuant to its RCM agreements, including salaries and benefits for the customers' RCM personnel, and related third-party vendor costs; less

iii) any cost savings the Company shares with customers.

Net operating fees are recorded as deferred customer billings until the Company recognizes revenue for a customer contract at the end of a contract or reaches an "other contractual agreement event". The amount of unpaid costs of customers’ revenue cycle operations and shared cost savings are reported as accrued service costs within customer liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets.

Incentive Fees

The Company generates revenue in the form of performance-based fees when the Company improves the customers’ financial or operational metrics. These performance metrics vary by customer contract. However, certain contracts contain a contract-to-date performance metric that is not resolved until the end of the term of the contract.

Cost of Services

Costs associated with generating the Company’s net services revenue, including the cost of operating its shared services centers, are expensed as incurred, with the exception of deferred contract costs, which are discussed further in Note 21. Cost of services consist of (i) infused management, on-site revenue cycle employees and technology costs, (ii) shared services costs and (iii) other costs to perform physician advisory services. Infused management, on-site revenue cycle employees and technology costs consist primarily of wages, bonuses, benefits, share-based compensation, travel and other costs associated with employees who are assigned to customer sites to help manage the Company’s customers’ revenue cycle operations. The other significant portion of such expenses is an allocation of the costs associated with maintaining, improving and deploying our integrated proprietary technology suite. Shared services costs relate to the Company’s shared services centers in the U.S. and internationally that perform patient scheduling and pre-registration, medical transcription, cash posting, reconciliation of payments to billing records, patient follow-up and Medicaid eligibility determination for our customers. The Company incurs expenses related to salaries and benefits for employees in its shared services centers

F-11

R1 RCM Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

and non-payroll costs associated with operating its shared services centers. Other expenses consist of costs related to managing other services. These expenses consist primarily of wages, bonuses, benefits, share-based compensation and facilities costs.

Comprehensive Income (Loss)

Comprehensive income (loss) is the net income (loss) of the Company combined with other changes in stockholders’ equity (deficit) not involving ownership interest changes. For the Company, such changes are foreign currency translation adjustments and changes in derivatives designated as cash flow hedges.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

The Company considers all highly liquid investments with a maturity of three months or less when purchased to be cash equivalents.

Restricted Cash Equivalents

In 2018 and 2017, restricted cash equivalents represent the amount of cash or certificate of deposits ("CDs") that the Company is unable to access for operational purposes as it collateralizes certain Company expenses or derivatives. At December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Company had $2.3 million and $1.5 million in restricted cash equivalents, respectively.

Accounts Receivable and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts

Accounts receivable is comprised of unpaid balances pertaining to modular services and end-to-end RCM customers. The Company maintains an estimated allowance for doubtful accounts to reduce its accounts receivable to the amount that it believes will be collected. This allowance is based on the Company’s historical experience, its assessment of each customer’s ability to pay, the length of time a balance has been outstanding, input from key customer resources assigned to each customer and the status of any ongoing operations with each applicable customer.

Property, Equipment and Software

Property, equipment and software are stated at cost, and related depreciation and amortization are calculated on the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets.

The Company capitalizes qualifying internal and third-party costs and hardware and software costs related to the Company’s software development activities in accordance with ASC 350-40. The Company amortizes the capitalized software development costs over their estimated life on a straight-line basis.

The major classifications of property, equipment and software and their expected useful lives are as follows:

Buildings and land	39 years and indefinite
Computers and other equipment	3 to 5 years
Leasehold improvements	Shorter of 10 years or lease term
Office furniture	5 years
Software	3 to 5 years

Goodwill

Goodwill represents the difference between the purchase price of acquired companies and the related fair value of the net assets acquired, which is accounted for by the acquisition method of accounting. The Company

F-12

R1 RCM Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

annually tests goodwill for impairment on the first day of its fiscal fourth quarter, or more frequently if an event occurs or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value below its carrying value. The goodwill impairment test consists of a qualitative assessment of impairment indicators, followed by, if necessary, a quantitative assessment comparing the carrying amount to the reporting unit's fair value. To the extent that the carrying value exceeds the fair value, and impairment charge would be recorded. The Company has determined there to be one reporting unit, end-to-end RCM, consistent with its operating segment. As part of its annual impairment analysis, the Company performed a qualitative assessment and determined there was no impairment of goodwill for the year ended December 31, 2018.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

Property, equipment, software and other acquired intangible assets are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the asset may not be recoverable. If circumstances require a long-lived asset or asset group be reviewed for possible impairment, the Company first compares undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated by each asset or asset group to its carrying value. If the carrying value of the long-lived asset or asset group is not recoverable on an undiscounted cash flow basis, an impairment charge is recognized to the extent that the carrying value exceeds the fair value. There was no material impairment of property, equipment, software or other acquired intangible assets for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016.

Accrued Compensation and Benefits

Accrued compensation and benefits consists of accrued payroll, bonus, paid time off, health benefits, severance, and compensation and benefits related taxes. Total accrued payroll and bonus was $51.1 million and $25.1 million at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

Income Taxes

Income taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability method. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax basis and operating loss and tax credit carry forwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using current tax laws and enacted tax rates in effect for the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. The Company records a valuation allowance for deferred tax assets if, based upon the weight of all available evidence, both positive and negative, it is more likely than not that some or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized.

The Company recognizes the tax benefit from an uncertain tax position only if it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained upon examination by the relevant tax authorities, based on the technical merits of the position. The tax benefits recognized in the consolidated financial statements from such a position are measured based on the largest amount of benefit that has a greater than 50% percent likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement. Interest and penalties relating to income taxes are recognized in our income tax provision in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss).

Legal and Other Contingencies

In the normal course of business, the Company is subject to regulatory investigations or legal proceedings, as well as demands, claims and threatened litigation. The Company records an estimated loss for any claim, lawsuit, investigation or proceeding when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. Significant judgment is required in both the determination of the probability and whether the loss can be reasonably estimated. Actual expenses could differ from such estimates.

Foreign Currency Translation and Transaction Gains (Losses)

F-13

R1 RCM Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Assets and liabilities of non-U.S. subsidiaries that operate in a local currency environment, where such local currency is the functional currency, are translated to U.S. dollars at exchange rates in effect at the balance sheet date. Income and expense accounts are translated at average exchange rates during the year which approximates the rates in effect at the transaction dates. The resulting translation adjustments are recorded as a separate component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss).

Share-Based Compensation Expense

The Company determines the expense for all employee share-based compensation awards by estimating their fair value and recognizing such value as an expense, on a ratable basis, in the consolidated financial statements over the requisite service period in which the employees earn the awards. The fair value of performance and service condition stock options is calculated using the Black-Scholes option pricing model and, for market condition stock awards, the fair value is estimated using Monte Carlo simulations.

As of January 1, 2017, the Company adopted ASU No. 2016-09, Compensation-Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting ("ASU 2016-09"). The Company elected to change its accounting policy to account for forfeitures as they occur under the new standard. The change was applied on a modified retrospective basis with a cumulative effect adjustment recorded. Prior to January 1, 2017, the Company applied an estimated forfeiture rate derived from its historical data and estimates of the likely future actions of option holders when recognizing the share-based compensation expense of the options. Excess tax benefits and shortfalls for share-based payments are now included in operating activities rather than in financing activities. The changes have been applied prospectively in accordance with ASU 2016-09 and prior periods have not been adjusted.

To determine the fair value of a share-based award using the Black-Scholes option pricing model, the Company makes assumptions regarding the risk-free interest rate, expected future volatility and expected life of the award. These inputs are subjective and generally require significant analysis and judgment to develop. The Company aggregates all employees into one pool based on the grant date for valuation purposes. The risk-free rate is based on the U.S. treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant. The Company estimates the expected volatility of the share price by reviewing the historical volatility levels of its common stock in conjunction with that of public companies that operate in similar industries or are similar in terms of stage of development or size and then projecting this information toward its future expected volatility. The Company exercises judgment in selecting these companies, as well as in evaluating the available historical and implied volatility for these companies. The Company calculates the expected term in years for each stock option using a simplified method based on the average of each option’s vesting term and original contractual term. The simplified method was used due to the lack of sufficient historical data available to provide a reasonable basis upon which to estimate the expected term of each stock option.

To determine the fair value of a share-based award using Monte Carlo simulations, the Company makes assumptions regarding the risk-free interest rate, expected future volatility, expected dividend yield and performance period. The risk-free rate is based on the U.S. treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant. The Company estimates the expected volatility of the share price by reviewing the historical volatility levels of its common stock in conjunction with that of public companies that operate in similar industries or are similar in terms of stage of development or size and then projecting this information toward its future expected volatility. Dividend yield is determined based on the Company’s future plans to pay dividends. The Company had no plans to pay dividends at December 31, 2018. The Company calculates the performance period based on the specific market condition to be achieved and derived from historical data and estimates of future performance.

The Company recognizes compensation expense using a straight-line method over the applicable service or performance period. During each quarter, the share-based compensation expense is adjusted to reflect options that vested or were forfeited during the period; however, compensation expense already recognized is not adjusted if market conditions are not met.

Derivative Financial Instruments

F-14

R1 RCM Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

The Company is actively managing the risk of changes in foreign currency exchange rate through foreign currency forward contracts traded in over-the-counter markets governed by International Swaps and Derivatives Association, Inc. (ISDA) agreements. Derivative transactions are governed by a uniform set of policies and procedures covering areas such as authorization, counterparty exposure and hedging practices. Positions are monitored using techniques such as market value and sensitivity analyses. The Company does not enter into derivative transactions for trading purposes. 

In order for a derivative to qualify for hedge accounting, the derivative must be formally designated as a cash flow hedge by documenting the relationship between the derivative and the hedged item. The documentation includes a description of the hedging instrument, the hedged item, the risk being hedged, the Company’s risk management objective and strategy for undertaking the hedge, and the method for assessing the effectiveness of the hedge. Additionally, the hedge relationship must be expected to be highly effective at offsetting changes in the cash flows of the hedged item at both inception of the hedge and on an ongoing basis. Prospective and retrospective hedge effectiveness will be assessed by a comparison of the critical terms of the hedging instrument and the hedged transaction. In the event that the Company’s ongoing assessment demonstrates that the critical terms of the hedging instrument or the hedged transaction have changed and no longer match, hedge effectiveness is assessed by use of a Hypothetical Derivative Method, which assesses hedge effectiveness based on a comparison of the change in fair value of the actual derivative designated as the hedging instrument and the change in fair value of a perfectly effective hypothetical derivative. The perfectly effective hypothetical derivative would have terms that identically match the critical terms of the hedged item.

The Company’s derivative financial instruments consist of non-deliverable foreign currency forward contracts. Fair values for derivative financial instruments are based on prices computed using third-party valuation models and are classified as Level 2 in accordance with the three-level hierarchy of fair value measurements. The change in fair value of a hedging instrument is recorded in accumulated other comprehensive loss as a separate component of stockholders’ equity (deficit) and is reclassified into cost of services in the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive income (loss) during the period in which the hedged transaction impacts earnings. 

Treasury Stock

The Company records treasury stock at the cost to acquire such shares, including commissions paid to brokers. Treasury stock is included as a component of stockholders’ equity (deficit).

Earnings (Loss) Per Share

Basic net income per share is computed by dividing net income, less any dividends, accretion or decretion, redemption or induced conversion on the Preferred Stock, by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. As the Preferred Stock (as defined in Note 13) participates in dividends alongside the Company’s common stock (per their participating dividends), the Preferred Stock would constitute participating securities under ASC 260-10 and are applied to earnings per share using the two-class method. Under this method, all earnings (distributed and undistributed) are allocated to common shares and participating securities based on their respective rights to receive dividends.

3.Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Recently Issued Accounting Standards and Disclosures

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842) ("ASU 2016-02"), which supersedes existing guidance on accounting for leases in Topic 840, Leases. ASU 2016-02 generally requires an entity to recognize both assets and liabilities arising from financing and operating leases, along with additional qualitative and quantitative disclosures. The Company will adopt ASU 2016-02 on January 1, 2019 using the modified retrospective transition method and record a cumulative-effect adjustment to beginning retained earnings without restating prior period comparative financial statements. The Company will elect the package of practical expedients that will retain existing lease classification and initial directs costs for any leases that exist prior to adoption of the

F-15

R1 RCM Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

standard. In addition, the Company will not separate lease and non-lease components for its equipment assets. As part of the adoption, the Company implemented lease accounting software, updated processes and accounting policies and enhanced internal controls. The Company expects to record between $70.0 million and $80.0 million of right-of-use assets and offsetting lease liabilities between $85.0 million and $95.0 million. The Company expects no significant impact to retained earnings. The adjustment will have no impact on the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive income (loss) or the consolidated statement of cash flows.

On January 1, 2018, the Company adopted ASU 2016-18, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Restricted Cash ("ASU 2016-18"), using a retrospective transition method. ASU 2016-18 is intended to reduce diversity in practice in the classification and presentation of changes in restricted cash on the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows. ASU 2016-18 requires that the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows explain the change in total cash and cash equivalents and amounts generally described as restricted cash or restricted cash equivalents when reconciling the beginning-of-period and end-of-period total amounts. Upon adoption of ASU 2016-18, restricted cash equivalents of $1.5 million as of December 31, 2017, and December 31, 2016, and January 1, 2016 were reclassified to be included within the reconciliation of beginning and ending cash and restricted cash equivalents on the Company's Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. Restricted cash equivalents of $2.3 million are included in the ending cash balance on the Company's Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows as of December 31, 2018.

In August 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-12, Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities ("ASU 2017-12"). ASU 2017-12 is intended to improve the financial reporting of hedging relationships in order to better portray the economic results of an entity's risk management activities in its financial statements. The guidance is effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2018. On January 1, 2018, we adopted ASU 2017-12. The adoption of ASU 2017-12 did not have a material effect on our consolidated financial statements.

In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-15, Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments (a consensus of the FASB Emerging Issues Task Force). This ASU addresses the following eight specific cash flow issues: Debt prepayment or debt extinguishment costs; settlement of zero-coupon debt instruments or other debt instruments with coupon interest rates that are insignificant in relation to the effective interest rate of the borrowing; contingent consideration payments made after a business combination; proceeds from the settlement of insurance claims; proceeds from the settlement of corporate-owned life insurance policies (including bank-owned life insurance policies); distributions received from equity method investees; beneficial interests in securitization transactions; and separately identifiable cash flows and application of the predominance principle. The Company adopted this standard on January 1, 2018. The adoption of this standard did not have a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements.

In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-04, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment (“ASU 2017-04”). ASU 2017-04 simplifies the accounting for goodwill impairments by eliminating the requirement to compare the implied fair value of goodwill with its carrying amount as part of step two of the goodwill impairment test referenced in Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 350, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other (“ASC 350”). As a result, an entity should perform its annual, or interim, goodwill impairment test by comparing the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount. An impairment charge should be recognized for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value. However, the impairment loss recognized should not exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. ASU 2017-04 is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2019, including any interim impairment tests within those annual periods, with early application permitted for interim or annual goodwill impairment tests performed on testing dates after January 1, 2017. In June 2018, the Company elected to early adopt ASU 2017-04. The adoption had no impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements.

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-15, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other - Internal-Use Software (Suptopic 350-40): Customer's Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement That Is a Service Contract ("ASU 2018-15"). ASU 2018-15 requires a customer in a cloud computing arrangement that is a service contract to follow the internal-use software guidance in Accounting Standards Codification 350-40 to determine which implementation costs to defer and recognize as an asset. ASU 2018-15 is effective for periods

F-16

R1 RCM Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

beginning after December 15, 2019. The Company plans to adopt ASU 2018-15 on January 1, 2019 using the prospective method. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of the adoption of this ASU on its consolidated financial statements.

4.Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The Company records its financial assets and liabilities at fair value. The accounting standard for fair value (i) defines fair value as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date, (ii) establishes a framework for measuring fair value, (iii) establishes a hierarchy of fair value measurements based upon the ability to observe inputs used to value assets and liabilities, (iv) requires consideration of nonperformance risk and (v) expands disclosures about the methods used to measure fair value. The accounting standard establishes a three-level hierarchy of measurements based upon the reliability of observable and unobservable inputs used to arrive at fair value. Observable inputs are independent market data, while unobservable inputs reflect the Company’s assumptions about valuation. The three levels of the hierarchy are defined as follows:

• Level 1: Observable inputs such as quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities;

• Level 2: Inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly. These include quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets and quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active, and model-derived valuations in which all significant inputs and significant value drivers are observable in active markets; and

• Level 3: Valuations derived from valuation techniques in which one or more significant inputs or significant value drivers are unobservable.

The carrying amounts of the Company’s financial instruments, which include financial assets such as cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash equivalents, accounts receivable, net, and certain other current assets, as well as financial liabilities such as accounts payable, accrued service costs, accrued compensation and benefits and certain other accrued expenses, approximate their fair values, due to the short-term nature of these instruments. See Note 23, Derivative Financial Instruments, for a discussion of the fair value of the Company's forward currency derivative contracts. The fair value of the Company's senior term loan is estimated based on the quoted market prices for the same or similar issue, and is considered a Level 2 measurement. The fair value of the Company's notes is estimated based on market indications compared to the inputs of the existing agreement and is considered a Level 2 measurement. The fair value of liabilities carried at book value in the financial statements at December 31, 2018 is as follows (in millions):

	December 31, 2018
	Book Value		Fair Value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Liabilities:
Senior Term Loan (1)	$	253.0	$	264.6	$	—	$	264.6	$	—
Notes (2)	$	105.7	$	109.6	$	—	$	109.6	$	—

(1) Book value net of unamortized debt issuance costs of $8.1 million.

(2) Book value net of unamortized debt issuance costs of $2.2 million.

Other than the items discussed above, the Company does not have any financial assets or liabilities that are required to be measured at fair value on a recurring basis.

5. Acquisition

Intermedix Holdings, Inc.

F-17

R1 RCM Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

On May 8, 2018, the Company completed the acquisition of Intermedix. The Intermedix Acquisition has been accounted for under ASC 805, Business Combinations. Accordingly, the accounts of the acquired company, after adjustments to reflect fair values assigned to assets and liabilities, have been included in the Company’s consolidated financial statements since the date of the Intermedix Acquisition.

The purchase price for the Intermedix Acquisition was $460 million, subject to customary adjustments for cash, debt, transaction expenses, and normalized working capital. The purchase price after adjustments amounted to $469.2 million. The Company funded the purchase price for the Intermedix Acquisition and the Company’s associated transaction expenses with a combination of cash on hand and the incurrence of additional indebtedness through a senior term loan and subordinated debt (see Note 12, Debt). The purchase price has been provisionally allocated, on a preliminary basis, to assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their preliminary estimated fair values as of the completion of the Intermedix Acquisition.

The Company is continuing its review of the fair value estimate of assets acquired and liabilities assumed during the measurement period, which will conclude as soon as the Company receives the information about facts and circumstances that existed as of the acquisition date or learns that more information is not available. This measurement period will not exceed one year from the acquisition date. At the effective date of the Intermedix Acquisition, the assets acquired and liabilities assumed are generally required to be measured at fair value.

Given the timing of the Intermedix Acquisition, the fair value estimate of assets acquired and liabilities assumed are pending completion of multiple elements, including the finalization of an independent appraisal and valuations of fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed, finalization of deferred tax assets and liabilities, and final review by the Company's management. Accordingly, management considers the balances shown in the following table to be preliminary. Some of the more significant amounts that are not yet finalized relate to the fair value of property, equipment and software, intangible assets, operating leases or commitments, contingent liabilities, and income and non-income related taxes. Accordingly, there could be material adjustments to the consolidated financial statements, including changes to depreciation and amortization expense related to the valuation of property, equipment and software, and intangible assets acquired and the respective useful lives for those assets among other adjustments.

The final determination of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed will be based on the established fair value of the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed as of the acquisition date. The excess of the purchase price over the fair value of net assets acquired is allocated to goodwill. The final determination of the purchase price, fair values, and resulting goodwill may differ significantly from what is reflected in these consolidated financial statements.

The preliminary fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed is (in millions):

F-18

R1 RCM Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

	Purchase Price Allocation
Total purchase consideration	$	469.2
Allocation of consideration to assets acquired and liabilities assumed:
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash	$	6.4
Accounts receivable	35.5
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	11.6
Property, equipment and software	25.4
Intangible assets	191.1
Goodwill	254.8
Other assets	0.3
Accounts payable	(6.4		)
Current portion of customer liabilities	(8.6		)
Accrued compensation and benefits	(7.7		)
Other accrued expenses	(6.2		)
Deferred income tax liabilities	(27.0		)
Net assets acquired	$	469.2

The fair value of accounts receivables acquired is $35.5 million, with the gross contractual amount being $37.5 million. The Company expects $2.0 million to be uncollectible.

The goodwill recognized is primarily attributable to synergies that are expected to be achieved from the integration of Intermedix. None of the goodwill is expected to be deductible for income tax purposes. As ofDecember 31, 2018, there werenoimpairment changes in the recognized amounts of goodwill resulting from the acquisition of Intermedix.

Included in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the year ended December 31, 2018 are net sales of $119.2 million and loss before income taxes of $0.6 million related to the operations of Intermedix since the acquisition date of May 8, 2018.

The Company retained Bank of America to provide both advisory and financing services related to the Intermedix Acquisition. The amount of debt issuance costs paid to Bank of America was $4.1 million.

Measurement period adjustments

The Company had various measurement period adjustments due to updated valuation reports and additional knowledge gained since the acquisition. The significant adjustments included a reduction to intangible assets and property, equipment and software of $10.5 million and $5.4 million, respectively, related to updated information included in the valuation reports, a reduction to the deferred tax liability of $6.5 million, and an offset of these changes to goodwill. In conjunction with the adjustments, the Company reduced depreciation and amortization expense in the quarter ended December 31, 2018.

F-19

R1 RCM Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Pro Forma Results (Unaudited)

The following table summarizes, on a pro forma basis, the combined results of the Company as though the Intermedix Acquisition had occurred as of January 1, 2017. These pro forma results are not necessarily indicative of either the actual consolidated results had the Intermedix Acquisition occurred as of January 1, 2017 or of the future consolidated operating results. Pro forma results are (in millions):

	Year Ended December 31,
	2018			2017
Net services revenue	$	938.5		$	642.8
Net income (loss)	$	(57.8	)	$	(74.7	)

Supplemental pro-forma earnings were adjusted to exclude $11.9 million of acquisition-related costs incurred by the Company in 2018 and include those costs in 2017. Adjustments were also made to earnings to adjust depreciation and amortization to reflect fair value of identified assets acquired, to remove the impairment charges recognized by Intermedix on intangible assets which were revalued as of the acquisition date, to record the effects of extinguishing the debt of Intermedix and replacing it with the debt of the Company, and to record the income tax effect of these adjustments.

6.Accounts Receivable and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts

Accounts receivable is comprised of unpaid balances pertaining to modular services and end-to-end RCM customers, net receivable balances for end-to-end RCM customers after considering cost reimbursements owed to such customers, including related accrued balances, and amounts due from physician RCM and PM customers.

The Company maintains an estimated allowance for doubtful accounts to reduce its accounts receivable to the amount that it believes will be collected. This allowance is based on the Company’s historical experience, its assessment of each customer’s ability to pay, the length of time a balance has been outstanding, input from key Company resources assigned to each customer, and the status of any ongoing operations with each applicable customer.

Movements in the allowance for doubtful accounts are as follows (in thousands):

	Year Ended December 31,
	2018			2017
Beginning balance	$	363		$	66
Provision (recoveries)	754			304
Write-offs	(3		)	(7		)
Ending balance	$	1,114		$	363

7.Property, Equipment and Software

Property, equipment and software consist of the following (in millions):

F-20

R1 RCM Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

	December 31, 2018			December 31, 2017
Buildings and land	$	4.6		$	—
Computer and other equipment	48.6			28.7
Leasehold improvements	27.9			22.3
Software	85.9			44.5
Office furniture	9.7			7.4
Property, equipment and software, gross	176.7			102.9
Less accumulated depreciation and amortization	(81.5		)	(54.6		)
Property, equipment and software, net	$	95.2		$	48.3

Property, equipment and software, net, located internationally was $15.6 million and $10.1 million as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The remaining property, equipment and software was located in the U.S. as of December 31, 2018 and 2017.

During the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company capitalized $22.6 million of computer equipment and software related to a capital lease and financing, of which $10.0 million and $4.2 million are recorded in other accrued expenses and other non-current liabilities, respectively.

The following table summarizes the allocation of depreciation and amortization expense between cost of services and selling, general and administrative expenses (in millions):

	Year Ended December 31,
	2018		2017		2016
Cost of services	$	23.9	$	14.5	$	9.5
Selling, general and administrative	4.3		1.8		0.7
Total depreciation and amortization	$	28.2	$	16.3	$	10.2

8. Intangible Assets

In conjunction with the acquisition of Intermedix, the Company acquired certain intangible assets. Prior to the acquisition of Intermedix on May 8, 2018, the Company did not have any intangible assets. As discussed in Note 5, Acquisition, the amounts and estimated useful lives are preliminary. The following table provides the gross carrying value and accumulated amortization for each major class of intangible asset at December 31, 2018 (in millions, except weighted average useful life):

		December 31, 2018
	Weighted Average Useful Life	Gross Carrying Value		Accumulated Amortization			Net Book Value
Customer relationships	17 years	$	160.9	$	(6.1	)	$	154.8
Tradename	1 year	1.1		(1.1		)	—
Technology	6 years	26.8		(2.9		)	23.9
Favorable leasehold interests	Life of lease	2.3		(0.5		)	1.8
Total intangible assets		$	191.1	$	(10.6	)	$	180.5

F-21

R1 RCM Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

A preliminary fair value of the identifiable intangible assets was derived, utilizing the following valuation methodology:

	Valuation Methodology
Customer relationships	Income approach to derive the present value of future cash flows from customer relationship.
Tradename	Relief from royalty method was utilized to determine the present value of savings from owning the asset.
Technology	The cost, market, and income approaches were used. • Cost approach - value is based on the current technology cost. • Market approach - value is based on sales of similar technologies. • Income approach - value based on identifiable discrete cash flows related to the technology.
Favorable leasehold interests	Income approach to derive the present value of the market versus contractual rent.

Intangible asset amortization expense was $10.6 million and $0.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

Estimated annual amortization expense related to intangible assets with definite lives as of December 31, 2018 is as follows (in millions):

2019	$	14.3
2020	14.2
2021	14.2
2022	14.2
2023	14.2
Thereafter	109.4
Total	$	180.5

9. Goodwill

Changes in the carrying amount of goodwill for the year ended December 31, 2018 were (in millions):

	Goodwill
Balance as of December 31, 2017	$	—
Acquisitions	254.8
Balance as of December 31, 2018	$	254.8

There was no impairment of goodwill in 2018.

10. Revenue Recognition

The Company follows the guidance under Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, (“Topic 606”). Revenue is measured based on consideration specified in a contract with a customer, and excludes any sales incentives and amounts collected on behalf of third parties. The Company recognizes revenue when it satisfies a performance obligation by transferring control over a service to a customer, which is typically over the contract term. Estimates of variable consideration are included in revenue to the extent that it is probable that a significant reversal of cumulative revenue will not occur once the uncertainty is resolved. See Note 2, Summary of Significant Accounting Polices, for further discussion.

F-22

R1 RCM Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Disaggregation of Revenue

In the following table, revenue is disaggregated by source of revenue (in millions):

	Year Ended December 31,
	2018		2017
Net operating fees	$	760.2	$	374.8
Incentive fees	38.3		29.0
Other	70.0		46.0
Net services revenue	$	868.5	$	449.8

Contract Balances

The following table provides information about receivables, contracts assets, and contract liabilities from contracts with customers (in millions):

	December 31, 2018		December 31, 2017
Receivables (1)	$	97.4	$	23.6
Contract assets	1.2		—
Contract liabilities	22.3		15.5

(1) Receivables are included in accounts receivable, net. The balance includes

accounts receivable, net - related party.

The Company recognized an increase of revenue of $0.4 million and $1.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 related to changes in transaction price estimates. The Company recognized revenue of $0.2 million and $1.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, related to services performed in periods prior to the parties reaching an agreement that creates enforceable rights and obligations.

A receivable is recognized in the period the Company provides services when the Company’s right to consideration is unconditional. Payment terms on invoiced amounts are typically 30-60 days.

Significant changes in the contract assets and the contract liabilities balances during the year ended December 31, 2018 are as follows (in millions):

	December 31, 2018
	Contract assets		Contract liabilities
Revenue recognized that was included in the contract liability balance at the beginning of the period	$	—	$	51.8
Increases due to cash received, excluding amounts recognized as revenue during the period	—		5.8
Acquisitions	1.2		2.1

The Company recognized revenue of $51.8 million and $19.9 million during the year ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, which amounts were included in contract liabilities at the beginning of the respective periods. These revenue amounts include $47.8 million and $19.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, related to advanced billings which become accounts receivable and contract liabilities on the first day of the respective service period.

F-23

R1 RCM Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Transaction Price Allocated to the Remaining Performance Obligation

The following table includes estimated revenue expected to be recognized in the future related to performance obligations that are unsatisfied (or partially unsatisfied) at the end of the reporting period (in millions). The estimated revenue does not include amounts of variable consideration that are constrained.

	Net operating fees		Incentive fees		Other
2019	$	58.1	$	14.6	$	4.0
2020	15.1		—		3.8
2021	8.7		—		3.8
2022	4.2		—		3.8
Thereafter	2.9		—		11.9
Total	$	89.0	$	14.6	$	27.3

The amounts presented in the table above include variable fee estimates for the non-cancellable term of the Company's physician groups and EMS providers, RCM services contracts, fixed fees which are typically recognized ratably as the performance obligation is satisfied, and incentive fees which are measured cumulatively over the contractually defined performance period.

Estimates of revenue expected to be recognized in future periods also exclude unexercised customer options to purchase services within the Company's PAS contracts that do not represent material rights to the customer. Customer options that do not represent a material right are only accounted for in accordance with Topic 606 when the customer exercises its option to purchase additional goods or services.

The Company does not disclose information about remaining performance obligations with an original expected duration of one year or less. The Company has elected certain of the optional exemptions from the disclosure requirement for remaining performance obligations for specific situations in which an entity need not estimate variable consideration to recognize revenue. Accordingly, the Company applies a practical expedient to its stand-alone PAS contracts and modular RCM services and does not disclose information about variable consideration from remaining performance obligations when the Company has a right to consideration from a customer in an amount that corresponds directly with the value to the customer of the entity's performance completed to date. PAS performance obligations are typically short in duration (often less than 1 day) with any uncertainty related to the associated variable consideration resolved as each increment of service (completion of a level of care review or an appeal) is completed which reflects the value the customer receives from the Company’s fulfillment of the performance obligation. Modular RCM services performance obligations for variable consideration are of short duration with fees corresponding to the value the customer has realized, for example, patient accounts collected on behalf of the customer or medical record lines transcribed.

For end-to-end RCM contracts, the Company does not disclose information about remaining, wholly unsatisfied performance obligations for variable consideration that the Company is able to allocate to one or more, but not all, of the performance obligations in its contracts. The Company’s end-to-end RCM services performance obligations are satisfied over time and are substantially the same from period to period under either a co-managed or operating partner model. Fees are variable and consist of net operating fees and incentive fees, with the uncertainty related to net operating fees and certain incentive fees being resolved quarterly, and with the uncertainty of other incentive fees being resolved annually. The information presented in the table above includes estimates for incentive fees where the uncertainty related to the final fee is resolved on longer than a quarterly basis and to the extent the Company does not believe the associated consideration is constrained.

Changes in Accounting Policies

F-24

R1 RCM Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Except for the changes below, the Company has consistently applied the accounting policies to all periods presented in these consolidated financial statements.

The Company adopted Topic 606 with a date of the initial application of January 1, 2017. As a result, the Company has changed its accounting policy for revenue recognition as detailed below.

The Company adopted Topic 606, effective January 1, 2017, using the modified retrospective method, applying Topic 606 to contracts that were not complete as of the date of initial application. Therefore, the comparative information has not been adjusted and continues to be reported under Topic 605. For contracts that were modified before the beginning of the earliest reporting period presented the Company has not retrospectively restated the contract for those modifications in accordance with the contract modification guidance in 606-10-25-12 and 25-13. The Company instead reflected the aggregate effect of those modifications when identifying the satisfied and unsatisfied performance obligations, determining the transaction price and allocating the transaction price to the satisfied and unsatisfied performance obligation.

11. Customer Liabilities

Customer liabilities include (i) accrued service costs (amounts due and accrued for cost reimbursements), (ii) collections payable to clients (consisting primarily of amounts collected on behalf of the Company’s physician group customers to be remitted within twelve months), (iii) refund liabilities (amounts potentially due as a refund to the Company's customers on incentive fees), and (iv) deferred revenue (contract liabilities) (fixed or variable fees amortized to revenue over the service period).

Customer liabilities consist of the following (in millions):

	December 31,		December 31,
	2018		2017
Accrued service costs, current (1)	$	51.0	$	23.7
Collections payable to clients, current	9.1		—
Refund liabilities, current	0.6		0.5
Deferred revenue (contract liabilities), current	5.1		4.0
Current portion of customer liabilities (1)	65.8		28.2
Refund liabilities, non-current	0.4		—
Deferred revenue (contract liabilities), non-current	17.3		11.5
Non current portion of customer liabilities (1)	17.7		11.5
Total customer liabilities	$	83.5	$	39.7

(1) Current and non-current portion of customer liabilities include amounts for a related party. See Note 20, Related Party Transactions, for further discussion.

12. Debt

The carrying amounts of debt consist of the following (in millions):

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R1 RCM Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

	December 31, 2018
Senior Revolver	$	—
Senior Term Loan	268.7
Notes (primarily with related parties)	110.0
Unamortized discount and issuance costs	(20.0		)
Total debt	358.7
Less: Current maturities	(2.7		)
Total long-term debt	$	356.0

Credit Agreement and Note Purchase Agreement

On May 8, 2018, the Company and certain of its subsidiaries entered into (1) a new senior credit agreement (the “Credit Agreement”) with Bank of America, N.A., as administrative agent, and the lenders named therein, for the new senior secured credit facilities (the “Senior Secured Credit Facilities”), consisting of a $270.0 million senior secured term loan facility (the “Senior Term Loan”) issued at 97% of par and a $25.0 million senior secured revolving credit facility (the “Senior Revolver”); and (2) a new subordinated note purchase agreement (the “Note Purchase Agreement”) with TI IV ACHI Holdings, LP, IHC Health Services, Inc. and Ascension Health Alliance d/b/a Ascension, as purchasers, consisting of the issuance and sale of $110.0 million aggregate principal amount of subordinated notes due 2026 (the "Notes") issued at 98% of par.

Senior Secured Credit Facilities

The Senior Term Loan has a seven-year maturity and the Senior Revolver has a five-year maturity. The Credit Agreement provides that the Company may make one or more offers to the lenders, and consummate transactions with individual lenders that accept the terms contained in such offers, to extend the maturity date of the lender’s term loans and/or revolving commitments, subject to certain conditions, and any extended term loans or revolving commitments will constitute a separate class of term loans or revolving commitments.

All of the Company’s obligations under the Senior Secured Credit Facilities are guaranteed by the subsidiary guarantors named therein (the “Subsidiary Guarantors”). Pursuant to (1) the Security Agreement, dated as of May 8, 2018 (the “Security Agreement”), among the Company, the Subsidiary Guarantors and Bank of America, N.A., as administrative agent, and (2) the Guaranty, dated as of May 8, 2018 (the “Guaranty”), among the Company, the Subsidiary Guarantors and Bank of America, N.A., as administrative agent, subject to certain exceptions, the obligations under the Senior Secured Credit Facilities are secured by a pledge of 100% of the capital stock of certain domestic subsidiaries owned by the Company and a security interest in substantially all of the Company’s tangible and intangible assets and the tangible and intangible assets of each Subsidiary Guarantor.

The Senior Revolver includes borrowing capacity available for letters of credit and for borrowings on same-day notice, referred to as the “swing loans.” Any issuance of letters of credit or making of a swing loan will reduce the amount available under the revolving credit facility. As of December 31, 2018, the Company had no borrowings and no letters of credit under the Senior Revolver, and $25.0 million of availability under the Senior Revolver.

At the Company’s option, the Company may add one or more new term loan facilities or increase the commitments under the Senior Revolver (collectively, the “Incremental Borrowings”) in an aggregate amount of up to $25.0 million plus any additional amounts so long as certain conditions, including a consolidated first lien leverage ratio (as defined in the Credit Agreement) of not more than 3.75 to 1.00 (on a pari passu basis) or 5.50 to 1.00 (on a junior basis), in each case on a pro forma basis, are satisfied plus the amount of certain voluntary prepayments of Senior Term Loans.

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R1 RCM Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Borrowings under the Senior Secured Credit Facilities bear interest, at the Company’s option, at: (i) an ABR rate equal to the greater of (a) the prime rate of Bank of America, N.A., (b) the federal funds rate plus 0.5%per annum, and (c) the Eurodollar rate for an interest period of one-month beginning on such day plus 100 basis points, plus 4.25% (provided that the Eurodollar rate applicable to the Term Loan Facility shall not be less than 0.00% per annum); or (ii) the Eurodollar rate (provided that the Eurodollar rate applicable to the Term Loan Facility shall not be less than 0.00% per annum), plus 5.25%. The interest rate as of December 31, 2018 was 7.62%. The Company is also required to pay an unused commitment fee to the lenders under the Senior Revolver at a rate of 0.50% of the average daily unutilized commitments thereunder if the first lien net leverage ratio is greater than 2.00 to 1.00, or at a rate of 0.375% at any other time. The Company must also pay customary letter of credit fees, including a fronting fee as well as administration fees.

The Credit Agreement requires the Company to make mandatory prepayments, subject to certain exceptions, with: (i) beginning with fiscal year 2019, 75% (which percentage will be reduced upon the achievement of certain first lien net leverage ratios) of the Company’s annual excess cash flow; (ii) 100% of net cash proceeds of all non-ordinary course assets sales or other dispositions of property or casualty events, subject to certain exceptions and thresholds; and (iii) 100% of the net cash proceeds of any debt incurrence, other than debt permitted under the Credit Agreement. The Company is required to repay the Senior Term Loan portion of the Senior Secured Credit Facilities in quarterly principal installments of 0.25% of the original principal amount commencing on September 30, 2018, with the balance payable at maturity. If, on or prior to May 8, 2019, the Company prepays or reprices any portion of the Senior Term Loan, the Company will be required to pay a prepayment premium of 1% of the loans being prepaid or repriced.

The Credit Agreement contains two financial covenants. (1) The Company is required to maintain at the end of each fiscal quarter, commencing with the quarter ending September 30, 2018, a consolidated first lien net leverage ratio of not more than 5.50 to 1.00. This consolidated ratio will step down in increments to 4.00 to 1.00 commencing with the fiscal quarter ending September 30, 2020. (2) The Company is required to maintain at the end of each such fiscal quarter, commencing with the quarter ending September 30, 2018, a consolidated interest coverage ratio of not less than 1.75 to 1.00. This consolidated ratio will step up in increments to 2.50 to 1.00 commencing with the fiscal quarter ending September 30, 2020.

The Credit Agreement also contains a number of covenants that, among other things, restrict, subject to certain exceptions, the Company’s ability and the ability of its subsidiaries to: (i) incur additional indebtedness; (ii) create liens on assets; (iii) engage in mergers or consolidations; (iv) sell assets; (v) pay dividends and distributions or repurchase the Company’s capital stock; (vi) make investments, loans or advances; (vii) repay certain junior indebtedness; (viii) engage in certain transactions with affiliates; (ix) enter into sale and leaseback transactions; (x) amend material agreements governing certain of the Company’s junior indebtedness; (xi) change the Company’s lines of business; (xii) make certain acquisitions; and (xiii) limitations on the letter of credit cash collateral account. The Credit Agreement contains customary affirmative covenants and events of default.

Note Purchase Agreement

The Notes issued pursuant to the Note Purchase Agreement have an eight-year maturity.

All of the Company’s obligations under the Note Purchase Agreement are guaranteed by the Subsidiary Guarantors pursuant to the Subsidiary Guaranty, dated as of May 8, 2018 (the “Subsidiary Guaranty”), among the Company, the Subsidiary Guarantors and the Purchasers (as defined in the Notes). The obligations under the Note Purchase Agreement are unsecured.

As of December 31, 2018, $105.0 million of the Notes were due to related parties. For the year ended December 31, 2018, $9.5 million of interest was attributable to related parties.

The Notes bear interest at 14.0% per annum, increasing by 1.0% per annum on May 8, 2021, and by an

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R1 RCM Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

additional 1.0% per annum on each subsequent anniversary until the Notes are repaid in full. Interest is payable quarterly in cash; provided, that, subject to the subordination agreement, (i) for any fiscal quarters ending on or prior to May 8, 2019, at the Company’s election, up to 75% of the interest payments will be payable in kind and the remaining amount of such interest payment will be payable quarterly in cash; (ii) for any fiscal quarters ending after May 8, 2019 and on or prior to May 8, 2020, at the Company’s election, up to 50% of the interest payments will be payable in kind and the remaining amount of such interest payment will be payable quarterly in cash; and (iii) for any subsequent fiscal quarters, at the Company’s election, up to 25% of the interest payments will be payable in kind and the remaining amount of such interest payment will be payable quarterly in cash. Interest expense is incurred through the effective interest rate method. Deferred interest, generated due to a difference in the effective interest rate and the stated interest rate, is recognized in other non-current liabilities on the balance sheet. As of December 31, 2018, total deferred interest was $1.4 million.

The Note Purchase Agreement does not require any mandatory prepayments. Any voluntary prepayment of the obligations pursuant to the Note Purchase Agreement (other than in connection with a change of control) shall be subject to a prepayment premium of (a) if such prepayment is made before May 8, 2019, 3.0% of the principal amount of the obligations prepaid, (b) if such prepayment is made on or after May 8, 2019 but prior to May 8, 2020, 2.0% of the principal amount of the obligations prepaid, (c) if such prepayment is made on or after May 8, 2020 but prior to May 8, 2021, 1.0% of the principal amount of the obligations prepaid, and (d) if such prepayment is made on or after May 8, 2021, 0.0% of the principal amount of the obligations prepaid.

The Note Purchase Agreement also contains a number of covenants that, among other things, restrict, subject to certain exceptions, the Company’s ability and the ability of its subsidiaries to: (i) create liens on assets; (ii) engage in mergers or consolidations or sell all or substantially all of their respective assets; and (iii) pay dividends and distributions or repurchase the Company’s capital stock. The Note Purchase Agreement contains customary affirmative covenants and events of default.

Debt Issuance Costs

The Company incurred debt issuance costs of $11.5 million in relation to the Credit Agreement and Note Purchase Agreement which were allocated to the respective agreements.

Debt Maturities

Scheduled maturities of the Company's long-term debt for each of the five years succeeding December 31, 2018 and thereafter are summarized as follows (in millions):

	Scheduled Maturities
2019	$	2.7
2020	2.7
2021	2.7
2022	2.7
2023	2.7
Thereafter	365.2
Total	$	378.7

13.Stockholders’ Equity (Deficit)

Preferred Stock and Warrant

The Company has 5,000,000 shares of authorized preferred stock, each with a par value of $0.01. The preferred stock may be issued from time to time in one or more series. The board of directors of the Company

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R1 RCM Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

("Board") is authorized to determine the rights, preferences, privileges and restrictions of the Company’s authorized but unissued shares of preferred stock. On February 16, 2016, at the close of the Transaction, the Company issued to TCP-ASC ACHI Series LLLP, a limited liability limited partnership jointly owned by Ascension Health Alliance and investment funds affiliated with TowerBrook (the "Investor"): (i) 200,000 shares of its 8.00% Series A Convertible Preferred Stock, par value $0.01 per share (the "Series A Preferred Stock" or "Preferred Stock"), for an aggregate price of $200 million and (ii) an exercisable warrant to acquire up to 60 million shares of its common stock with an exercise price of $3.50 per common share and a term of ten years. The Series A Preferred Stock is immediately convertible into shares of common stock. As of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the Company had 246,233 and 227,483 shares of Preferred Stock outstanding, respectively. See Note 17, 8.00% Series A Convertible Preferred Stock, for additional information.

Common Stock

Each outstanding share of the Company's common stock, par value $0.01 per share ("common stock"), is entitled to one vote per share on all matters submitted to a vote by shareholders. Subject to the rights of any preferred stock which may from time to time be outstanding, the holders of outstanding shares of common stock are entitled to receive dividends and, upon liquidation or dissolution, are entitled to receive pro rata all assets legally available for distribution to stockholders. No dividends were declared or paid on the common stock during 2018 or 2017.

Treasury Stock

On November 13, 2013, the Board authorized a repurchase of up to $50.0 million of the Company’s common stock in the open market or in privately negotiated transactions. The timing and amount of any shares repurchased will be determined by the Company based on its evaluation of market conditions and other factors. The repurchase program may be suspended or discontinued at any time at the sole discretion of the Board. Any repurchased shares will be available for use in connection with the Company’s stock plans and for other corporate purposes. The Company funds the repurchases from cash on hand. During the year ended December 31, 2017, the Company repurchased 855,474 shares of the Company stock for $2.5 million. During the year ended December 31, 2018, no shares were repurchased. No shares have been retired. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Company held in treasury 5,321,393 shares of repurchased stock.

Treasury stock also includes repurchases of Company stock related to employees’ tax withholding upon vesting of restricted shares. For the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Company repurchased 499,069 and 784,531 shares related to employees’ tax withholding upon vesting of restricted shares, respectively. Additionally, treasury stock includes restricted stock awards that have been canceled or forfeited. See Note 14, Share-Based Compensation.

14.Share-Based Compensation

The Company maintains two stock incentive plans: the Amended and Restated Stock Option Plan (the "2006 Plan") and the Second Amended and Restated Stock 2010 Incentive Plan (the "2010 Amended Plan", together with the 2006 Plan, the "Plans"). In December 2016, the Company's stockholders approved the Second Amended and Restated 2010 Stock Incentive Plan, which authorized the issuance of an additional 17 million shares of the Company's common stock pursuant to awards.

Under the Plans, the Company is authorized to issue up to a maximum of 46,374,756 shares of common stock. This number includes any shares that remained available for issuance under the 2006 Plan as of the date of the IPO and any shares subject to awards that were outstanding under the 2006 Plan as of the date of the IPO that expire, terminate or are otherwise surrendered, canceled, forfeited or repurchased by the Company without the issuance of shares thereunder. The Company will not make any further grants under the 2006 Plan. The 2010 Amended Plan provides for the grant of incentive stock options, non-statutory stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock awards ("RSAs"), restricted stock units ("RSUs") and other share-based awards. As of December 31, 2018, 8,548,545 shares were available for future grants of awards under the 2010 Amended Plan. To the extent that

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R1 RCM Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

previously granted awards under the 2006 Plan or 2010 Amended Plan expire, terminate or are otherwise surrendered, canceled or forfeited, the number of shares available for future awards under the 2010 Amended Plan will increase.

Under the terms of the Plans, all stock options will expire if they are not exercised within ten years of their grant date. Generally all employee options, RSAs and RSUs vest ratably between one and four years.

As of January 1, 2017, the Company adopted ASU 2016-09. The Company elected to change its accounting policy to account for forfeitures as they occur under the new standard. The change was applied on a modified retrospective basis with a cumulative effect adjustment recorded to increase accumulated deficit by $0.9 million, increase additional paid-in capital by $1.5 million and increase non-current deferred tax assets by $0.6 million as of January 1, 2017. Excess tax benefits for share-based payments are now included in net cash used in operating activities rather than net cash used in financing activities. The changes have been applied prospectively in accordance with ASU 2016-09 and prior periods have not been adjusted.

Amendments related to accounting for excess tax benefits and shortfalls have been adopted prospectively, resulting in recognition of excess tax benefits and shortfalls in income tax expenses (benefit) rather than additional paid-in capital. For the years ended December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the Company recognized $2.4 million income tax benefit from windfalls and $0.9 million of income tax expense from shortfalls associated with vesting and exercises of equity awards.

The Company uses the Black-Scholes option pricing model to estimate the fair value of its service-based options as of its grant date. The Company uses the Monte Carlo simulations to estimate the fair value of its RSAs with vesting based on market-based performance conditions as of their respective grant dates. Expected life is based on the market condition to which the vesting is tied. Monte Carlo simulations are also used to estimate the fair value of its PBRSUs. The PBRSUs vest upon satisfaction of both time-based requirements and performance targets based on share price.

The following table sets forth the significant assumptions used in the Black-Scholes option pricing model and the Monte Carlo simulations and the calculation of share-based compensation expense during 2018, 2017, and 2016:

	Year Ended December 31,
	2018	2017	2016
Expected dividend yield	—%	—%	—%
Risk-free interest rate	2.3% to 2.98%	1.8% to 2.38%	1.2% to 2.06%
Expected volatility	40% to 45%	40% to 45%	45% to 50%
Expected term (in years)	2.59 to 6.25	2.34 to 6.29	5.96 to 6.30
Forfeitures	—%	—%	5.68% annually

Total share-based compensation costs that have been included in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations were as follows (in millions):

	Year Ended December 31,
	2018		2017		2016
Share-Based Compensation Expense Allocation Details:
Cost of services	$	5.8	$	4.5	$	6.1
Selling, general and administrative	12.4		6.1		22.0
Other	0.2		0.1		1.8
Total share-based compensation expense (1)	$	18.4	$	10.7	$	29.9

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R1 RCM Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

(1) In addition to the share-based compensation expense recorded above, $0.3 million, $0.5 million, and $0.4 million of share-based compensation expense was capitalized to deferred contract costs for the year ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016, respectively. See Note 21, Deferred Contract Costs, for further discussion.

Stock options

The following table sets forth a summary of all option activity under all plans for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016:

	Shares		Weighted- Average Exercise Price		Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Term (in years)	Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in millions)
Outstanding at January 1, 2016	15,260,266		$	10.23	7.0	$	0.3
Granted	11,186,107		2.39
Exercised	(94,240	)	1.93
Canceled/forfeited	(5,933,526	)	9.22
Outstanding at December 31, 2016	20,418,607		6.26		7.9	$	0.3
Granted	3,683,406		3.34
Exercised	(69,329	)	2.38
Canceled/forfeited	(6,289,718	)	9.01
Outstanding at December 31, 2017	17,742,966		4.70		7.9	$	23.7
Granted	274,162		6.51
Exercised	(1,713,710	)	2.54
Canceled/forfeited	(2,418,948	)	2.60
Outstanding at December 31, 2018	13,884,470		5.36		6.6	$	49.2
Outstanding, vested and exercisable at December 31, 2016	7,993,168		$	11.34	5.3	$	—
Outstanding, vested and exercisable at December 31, 2017	5,778,376		$	8.87	5.5	$	17.7
Outstanding, vested and exercisable at December 31, 2018	7,712,264		$	7.37	5.4	$	17.7

The weighted-average grant date fair value of options granted during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016 was $3.01, $1.34, and $1.07 per share, respectively. The weighted-average grant date fair value excludes the options granted under the option exchange discussed further below. The total intrinsic value of the options exercised in the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016 was $9.6 million, $0.1 million, and $0.1 million, respectively. The total fair value of options vested during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016 was $4.2 millions, $4.9 million, and $15.0 million, respectively.

On May 12, 2017, the Company offered certain employees and directors an opportunity to elect to exchange certain stock options for new options covering a fewer number of shares of common stock. Under this offer, the Company accepted for exchange 4,279,463 options. All surrendered options were canceled and the Company issued 1,728,795 new stock options in exchange for such tendered options. The exchange ratios were established with the intent not to generate incremental share-based compensation expense and were established just prior to commencement of the offer. The incremental compensation associated with the fluctuations in the Company’s common stock price between the date the exchange ratios were established and the commencement of the offer was insignificant.

Restricted stock awards

The following table sets forth a summary of the activity during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016:

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R1 RCM Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

	Shares		Weighted- Average Grant Date Fair Value
Outstanding and unvested at January 1, 2016	9,255,932		$	4.24
Granted	3,071,876		2.58
Vested	(3,361,336	)	4.37
Forfeited	(3,103,760	)	4.69
Outstanding and unvested at December 31, 2016	5,862,712		$	3.01
Granted	—		—
Vested	(2,675,782	)	3.50
Forfeited	(834,440	)	1.52
Outstanding and unvested at December 31, 2017	2,352,490		$	3.03
Granted	—		—
Vested	(1,184,687	)	3.07
Forfeited	(72,259	)	3.24
Outstanding and unvested at December 31, 2018	1,095,544		$	3.02

The total fair value of RSAs vested during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016 was $3.6 million, $9.3 million, and $14.7 million, respectively. The Company’s RSA agreements allow employees to deliver to the Company shares of stock upon vesting of their RSAs in lieu of their payment of the required personal employment-related taxes. The Company does not withhold taxes in excess of maximum required statutory requirements. During the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016, employees delivered to the Company 404,466, 733,769, and 996,510 shares of stock, respectively, which the Company recorded at a cost of approximately $2.3 million, $1.8 million, and $2.2 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2018, the Company held 2,668,172 shares of surrendered common stock in treasury related to the vesting of RSAs.

Forfeited and canceled RSAs are added to treasury stock. For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016, 72,259, 834,440, and 3,103,760 shares were added to treasury stock due to canceled RSAs, respectively.

Restricted stock units

In the fourth quarter of 2016, the Company began to grant RSUs to its employees. A summary of the activity during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016 is shown below:

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R1 RCM Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

	Shares		Weighted- Average Grant Date Fair Value
Outstanding and unvested at January 1, 2016	—		$	—
Granted	1,361,794		2.35
Vested	—		—
Forfeited	(15,020	)	2.35
Outstanding and unvested at December 31, 2016	1,346,774		$	2.35
Granted	285,527		2.96
Vested	(155,535	)	2.35
Forfeited	(293,266	)	2.35
Outstanding and unvested at December 31, 2017	1,183,500		$	2.50
Granted	441,849		7.99
Vested	(323,964	)	2.48
Forfeited	(174,704	)	3.49
Outstanding and unvested at December 31, 2018	1,126,681		$	4.50

The Company's RSU agreements allow employees to surrender to the Company shares of common stock upon vesting of their RSUs in lieu of their payment of the required personal employment-related taxes. During the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016, employees delivered to the Company 94,603, 50,762, and 0 shares of stock, respectively, which the Company recorded at a cost of approximately $0.7 million, $0.2 million, and $0.0 million, respectively. Shares surrendered for payment of personal employment-related taxes are held in treasury.

Performance-based restricted stock units

In the third quarter of 2017, the Company began to grant performance-based RSUs ("PBRSUs") to its employees. The PBRSUs vest upon satisfaction of both time-based requirements and performance targets based on share price with certain awards vesting between December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2021. Depending on the average price of the stock for the 60 days prior to the end of the vesting period, the number of shares vesting could be between 0% and 350% of the number of PBRSUs originally granted. Based on the established price targets, 9,619,066 is the maximum number of shares that could vest.

A summary of the PBRSU activity during the years ended December 31, 2018, and 2017 is shown below:

	Shares		Weighted- Average Grant Date Fair Value
Outstanding and unvested at January 1, 2017	—		$	—
Granted	4,894,817		3.35
Vested	—		—
Forfeited	(108,917	)	2.38
Outstanding and unvested at December 31, 2017	4,785,900		$	3.37
Granted	1,472,677		8.30
Vested	—		—
Forfeited	(1,648,129	)	3.91
Outstanding and unvested at December 31, 2018	4,610,448		$	4.72

At March 31, 2018, the Company had 983,472 shares subject to PBRSU award agreements that were intended to be settled in cash until such time as the share reserve available under the 2010 Amended Plan had been deemed sufficient by the Compensation Committee of our Board of Directors ("Compensation Committee") to allow

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R1 RCM Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

for settlement of the PBRSUs in shares. On the consolidated balance sheet, these awards settleable in cash were liability classified as of March 31, 2018. During the second quarter of 2018, the Compensation Committee determined that the available share reserve was sufficient for the awards to be settled in shares rather than cash and thus the provision allowing for the awards to be cash settled was terminated. As a result, $1.3 million was reclassified from liabilities to equity in the second quarter of 2018.

Other

During thesecond quarter of 2016, in connection with the resignation of the Company's Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, the vesting of certain options and RSAs was accelerated pursuant to the agreements previously entered into by the former employees and resulted in an increase of share-based compensation expense for the year ended December 31, 2016 of $7.0 million.

15. Other

Other costs are comprised of reorganization-related and certain other costs. For the year ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016, other costs consist of the following (in millions):

	Year Ended December 31,
	2018		2017		2016
Severance and employee benefits	$	2.3	$	0.3	$	3.5
Facility charges	0.1		—		1.1
Non-cash share based compensation	—		0.1		1.8
Transaction fees (1)	—		—		12.7
Restatement costs	—		—		1.2
Acquisition related costs (2)	19.7		3.1		—
Transitioned employees restructuring expense (3)	4.3		1.2		—
Digital Transformation Office (4)	3.6		—		—
Other	0.4		—		0.5
Total other	$	30.4	$	4.7	$	20.8

(1) Costs related to retention payments and legal fees paid in connection with the closing of the Transaction.

(2) Costs related to evaluating, pursuing and integrating acquisitions as part of the Company’s inorganic growth strategy. Integration costs include employee time and expenses spent on integration activities, vendor spend and severance and retention amounts associated with integration activities.

(3) As part of the transition of personnel to the Company under certain operating partner model contracts, the Company has agreed to reimburse, or directly pay the affected employees, for certain severance and retention costs related to certain employees who will not be transitioned to the Company, or whose jobs will be relocated after the employee transitions to the Company.

(4) Project costs related to the Company's effort to automate its transactional environment.

16.Income Taxes

The domestic and foreign components of income (loss) before income taxes consist of the following (in millions):

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R1 RCM Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

	Year Ended December 31,
	2018			2017			2016
Domestic	$	(65.5	)	$	(33.9	)	$	292.4
Foreign	8.8			6.6			5.8
Total income (loss) before income taxes	$	(56.7	)	$	(27.3	)	$	298.2

For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016, the Company’s current and deferred income tax expense (benefit) attributable to income (loss) from operations are as follows (in millions):

	Current			Deferred			Total
Year Ended December 31, 2016
U.S. Federal	$	(0.2	)	$	95.6		$	95.4
State & Local	—			25.0			25.0
Foreign	1.1			(0.4		)	0.7
	$	0.9		$	120.2		$	121.1
Year Ended December 31, 2017
U.S. Federal	$	0.1		$	32.4		$	32.5
State & Local	0.2			(2.3		)	(2.1		)
Foreign	1.5			(0.4		)	1.1
	$	1.8		$	29.7		$	31.5
Year Ended December 31, 2018
U.S. Federal	$	—		$	(10.3	)	$	(10.3	)
State & Local	0.9			(2.6		)	(1.7		)
Foreign	1.9			(1.3		)	0.6
	$	2.8		$	(14.2	)	$	(11.4	)

Reconciliation of the difference between the actual tax rate and the statutory U.S. federal income tax rate is as follows:

	Year Ended December 31,
	2018		2017		2016
Federal statutory tax rate	21	%	35	%	35	%
Increase in income tax rate resulting from:
State and local income taxes, net of federal tax benefits	2	%	5	%	5	%
U.S. Tax Reform	(3	)%	(140	)%	—	%
Stock-based Compensation	3	%	(17	)%	—	%
Other	(3	)%	2	%	1	%
Actual tax rate	20	%	(115	)%	41	%

The following table sets forth the Company’s net deferred tax assets as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 (in millions):

F-35

R1 RCM Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

	As of December 31,
	2018			2017
Deferred Tax assets:
Net operating loss carryforwards	$	60.5		$	47.9
Share-based compensation	13.3			13.0
Accrued bonus	8.6			4.0
Advanced billing revenue	5.3			4.0
Other reserves	0.7			0.4
Alternative minimum tax	3.1			2.4
Interest expense limitation	5.3			—
Other	3.8			4.0
Deferred Rent	4.3			2.9
Total gross deferred tax assets	104.9			78.6
Intangible assets	(36.1		)	—
Fixed assets	(4.1		)	(1.7		)
Contract implementation costs	(5.1		)	(3.3		)
Less valuation allowance	(2.1		)	(3.1		)
Net deferred tax asset	$	57.5		$	70.5

At December 31, 2018, the Company had cumulative U.S. federal and state net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $235.2 million and $221.1 million, respectively, which are available to offset U.S. federal and state taxable income in future periods through 2038. These amounts include net operating losses acquired in the Intermedix Acquisition which are subject to Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code. The general limitation rules allow the Company to utilize the net operating losses subject to an annual limitation that is determined by multiplying the federal long-term tax-exempt rate by the Company’s value immediately before the ownership change.

We finalized the accounting impacts of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act in connection with filing our 2017 U.S. federal income tax return during the fourth quarter 2018. This resulted in a decrease to income tax expense of $0.1 million, offsetting our original $38.2 million tax expense estimated under SAB 118 during the fourth quarter 2017. We also elected to report Global Intangible Low Taxed Income (“GILTI”) in income tax expense as part of the current income tax provision.

A valuation allowance is required to be established when, based on currently available information, it is more likely than not that all or a portion of a deferred tax asset will not be realized. The guidance on accounting for income taxes provides important factors in determining whether a deferred tax asset will be realized, including whether there has been sufficient taxable income in recent years and whether sufficient income can reasonably be expected in future years in order to utilize the deferred tax asset. Consideration is given to the weight of all available evidence, both positive and negative. The Company estimates its already contracted business growth associated with the Ascension A&R MPSA will be profitable and allow the Company to utilize its NOL carryforwards and other deferred tax assets. Accordingly, the Company believes that it is more likely than not that the remaining deferred tax assets will be realized. Should the Company not operationally execute as expected, and the growth in the Ascension business not be as profitable as expected, such realizability assessment may change.

The Company has recorded valuation allowances at December 31, 2018 and 2017 of $1.8 million and $1.3 million, respectively, based on our assessment that it is more likely than not that a portion of the Company’s separate state income tax net operating loss will not be realized because the Company no longer has business activities in that state, or where the activity level has decreased to such a level where we believe the NOL will not be realized.

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R1 RCM Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

The Company has the ability and intent to maintain our investments in India. The Company has not provided for any additional outside basis difference inherent in its foreign subsidiaries where the indefinite reinvestment assertion has been applied.

No deferred income taxes have been provided on the applicable undistributed earnings of the non-U.S. subsidiaries where the indefinite reinvestment assertion has not been applied. Pursuant to changes made by the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, the Company reported its previously unremitted foreign earnings. Future distributions are generally not subject to U.S. income taxation. These remittances are either excluded from U.S. taxable income as earnings that have already been subjected to taxation, or alternatively are subject to a 100% foreign dividends received deduction.

The 2018, 2017, and 2016 current tax provision includes $1.5 million, $1.4 million, and $1.2 million, respectively, for income taxes arising from the pre-tax income of the Company’s India subsidiaries. The tax provisions are net of the impact of a tax holiday in India. The Company’s benefits from this tax holiday were $1.6 million, $1.0 million, and $0.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016, respectively. The Company expanded its operations in India during the year and was awarded new tax holiday agreements. The tax holidays are set to expire between March 31, 2019 and March 31, 2027.

The Company recognizes the tax benefit from an uncertain tax position only if it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained upon examination by taxing authorities, based on the technical merits of the position. The tax benefits recognized in the financial statements are measured based on the largest benefit that has a greater than fifty percent likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement. The Company’s unrecognized tax benefits as of December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016 were not material.

In connection with tax return examinations, contingencies can arise that generally result from different interpretations of tax laws and regulations as they pertain to the amount, timing or inclusion of revenues and expenses in taxable income, or the ability to utilize tax credits to reduce income taxes payable. While it is probable, based on the potential outcome of the Company’s federal and state tax examinations or the expiration of the statute of limitations for specific jurisdictions, that the liability for unrecognized tax benefits may increase or decrease within the next 12 months, the Company does not expect any such change would have a material effect on our financial condition, results of operations or cash flow.

The Company and its subsidiaries are subject to U.S. federal income tax as well as income tax of multiple state and foreign jurisdictions. U.S. federal income tax returns for 2015 and all subsequent years are currently open for examination. State jurisdictions vary for open tax years. The statute of limitations for most states ranges from three to six years. Certain income tax returns since fiscal year 2009 for the Company’s India subsidiaries are currently open for final determination.

17. 8.00% Series A Convertible Preferred Stock

At the close of the Transaction on February 16, 2016 (as described in Note 1), the Company issued to the Investor: (i) 200,000 shares of Preferred Stock, for an aggregate price of $200 million, and (ii) a warrant with a term of ten years to acquire up to 60 million shares of common stock at an exercise price of $3.50 per share, on the terms and subject to the conditions set forth in the Warrant Agreement (“Warrant”). The Preferred Stock is immediately convertible into shares of common stock.

During the twelve months ended December 31, 2016, the Company incurred direct and incremental expenses of $21.3 million (including $14.0 million in closing fees paid to the Investor) relating to financial advisory fees, closing costs, legal expenses and other offering-related expenses in connection with the Transaction. These direct and incremental expenses reduced the carrying amount of the Preferred Stock. In connection with the issuance of the Preferred Stock, a beneficial conversion feature of $48.3 million was recognized. Since the Preferred Stock is presently convertible into common stock, this amount was subsequently accreted to the carrying amount of the Preferred Stock, and treated as a deemed preferred stock dividend in the calculation of earnings per share.

F-37

R1 RCM Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Dividend Rights

The holders of the Preferred Stock are entitled to receive cumulative dividends January 1, April 1, July 1, and October 1 of each year (dividend payment dates), which commenced on April 1, 2016, at a rate equal to 8% per annum (preferred dividend) multiplied by the liquidation preference per share, initially $1,000 per share adjusted for any unpaid cumulative preferred dividends. For the first seven years after issuance, the dividends on the Preferred Stock will be paid-in-kind. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Company had accrued dividends of $4.9 million and $4.5 million associated with the Preferred Stock, respectively, of which $4.9 million and $4.5 million was paid in additional shares and $660 and $660 was paid in cash in January of the following year, respectively. For the year ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, the dividends paid, or accrued, in additional shares of Preferred Stock totaled $19.1 million and $17.7 million, respectively.

Conversion Features

Each share of the Preferred Stock may be converted to common stock on any date at the option of the holder into the per share amount (as defined in the Certificate of Designations of the 8.00% Series A Convertible Preferred Stock (the "Series A COD")). Fractional shares resulting from any conversion will be rounded to the nearest whole share.

Redemption Rights

Since the redemption of the Preferred Stock is contingently or optionally redeemable and therefore not certain to occur, the Preferred Stock is not required to be classified as a liability under ASC 480, Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity. As the Preferred Stock is redeemable at the option of the holders upon a fundamental change (as defined in the Series A COD) and is redeemable in certain circumstances upon the occurrence of an event that is not solely within the Company's control, the Company has classified the Preferred Stock in mezzanine equity on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. In the event the Company believes that redemption of the Preferred Stock is probable, the Company would be required to accrete changes in the carrying value to the redemption value over the period until the expected redemption date.

Voting Rights

Each holder of the Preferred Stock is entitled to vote with the common stock on an as-converted basis on all matters submitted to a vote of shareholders of the Company, and has full voting rights and powers equal to the voting rights and powers of the holders of common stock.

The following summarizes the Preferred Stock activity for the year ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 (in millions, except per share data):

	Preferred Stock
	Shares Issued and Outstanding	Carrying Value
Balance at January 1, 2016	—	$	—
Issuance of preferred stock	200,000	108.9
Beneficial conversion feature deemed dividend	—	48.3
Dividends paid/accrued dividends	10,160	14.4
Balance at December 31, 2016	210,160	$	171.6
Dividends paid/accrued dividends	17,323	17.7
Balance at December 31, 2017	227,483	$	189.3
Dividends paid/accrued dividends	18,750	19.1
Balance at December 31, 2018	246,233	$	208.4

18.Earnings (Loss) Per Share

F-38

R1 RCM Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Basic net income per share is computed by dividing net income, less any dividends, accretion or decretion, redemption or induced conversion on the Preferred Stock, by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. As the Preferred Stock participates in dividends alongside the Company’s common stock (per their participating dividends), the Preferred Stock would constitute participating securities under ASC 260-10 and are applied to earnings per share using the two-class method. Under this method, all earnings (distributed and undistributed) are allocated to common shares and participating securities based on their respective rights to receive dividends.

Diluted net income per share is calculated using the more dilutive of the if-converted or the two-class method. For the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, the two-class method was more dilutive and was computed by adjusting the denominator used in the basic net income per share computation by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding and potentially dilutive securities outstanding during the period plus, when their effect is dilutive, incremental shares consisting of shares subject to stock options, shares issuable upon vesting of RSAs, RSUs, PBRSUs and Preferred Stock.

Basic and diluted net income (loss) per common share are calculated as follows (in millions, except share and per share data):

	Year Ended December 31,
	2018			2017			2016
Basic EPS:
Net income (loss)	$	(45.3	)	$	(58.8	)	$	177.1
Less dividends on preferred shares	(19.1		)	(17.7		)	(62.7		)
Less income allocated to preferred shareholders	—			—			(49.0		)
Net income (loss) available/(allocated) to common shareholders - basic	$	(64.4	)	$	(76.5	)	$	65.4
Diluted EPS:
Net income (loss)	(45.3		)	(58.8		)	177.1
Less dividends on preferred shares	(19.1		)	(17.7		)	(62.7		)
Less income allocated to preferred shareholders	—			—			(49.0		)
Net income (loss) available/(allocated) to common shareholders - diluted	$	(64.4	)	$	(76.5	)	$	65.4
Basic weighted-average common shares	108,175,159			102,062,051			100,160,206
Add: Effect of dilutive securities	—			—			—
Diluted weighted average common shares	108,175,159			102,062,051			100,160,206
Net income (loss) per common share (basic)	$	(0.60	)	$	(0.75	)	$	0.65
Net income (loss) per common share (diluted)	$	(0.60	)	$	(0.75	)	$	0.65

Because of their anti-dilutive effect, 25,725,761, 26,064,856, and 27,628,093 common share equivalents comprised of stock options, RSAs, PBRSUs and RSUs have been excluded from the diluted earnings per share calculation for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016, respectively. Additionally, the Investor's and Intermountain's exercisable warrants to acquire up to 60 million and 1.5 million shares, respectively, of the Company's common stock has been excluded from the diluted earnings per share calculation because they are anti-dilutive.

19.Commitments and Contingencies

Operating Leases

The Company rents office space and equipment under operating leases, primarily for its Chicago corporate office, U.S. shared services centers and international operations. Office space lease terms range from one to 12 years, whereas equipment lease terms range from one to three years. The Company’s leases contain various rent holidays and rent escalation clauses and entitlements for tenant improvement allowances. Lease payments are amortized to expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

F-39

R1 RCM Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Total rent expense under all operating leases was $15.1 million, $7.9 million, and $5.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016, respectively.

The aggregate future minimum rental commitments under all noncancelable operating leases having remaining terms in excess of one year as of December 31, 2018 are as follows (in millions):

2019	$	18.1
2020	16.5
2021	15.6
2022	12.7
2023	11.3
Thereafter	34.5
Total	$	108.7

Legal Proceedings

Other than as described below, the Company is not presently a party to any material litigation or regulatory proceeding and is not aware of any pending or threatened litigation or regulatory proceeding against the Company which, individually or in the aggregate, could have a material adverse effect on its business, operating results, financial condition or cash flows.

In May 2016, the Company was served with a False Claims Act case brought by a former emergency department service associate who worked at a hospital of one of the Company’s customers, MedStar Inc.’s Washington Hospital Center (“WHC”), along with WHC and three other hospitals that were PAS clients and a place holder, John Doe hospital, representing all PAS clients (U.S. ex rel. Graziosi vs. Accretive Health, Inc. et. al.), and seeking money damages, False Claims Act penalties and plaintiff’s attorneys’ fees.  The Third Amended Complaint alleges that the Company’s PAS business violates the federal False Claims Act. The case was originally filed under seal in 2013 in the Federal district court in Chicago, was presented to the U.S. Attorney in Chicago, and the U.S. Attorneys declined to intervene. The Company believes that it has meritorious defenses to all claims in the case and intends to vigorously defend itself against these claims. The outcome is not presently determinable.

20. Related Party Transactions

As a result of the closing of the Transaction with Ascension Health Alliance on February 16, 2016 and Ascension Health Alliance's ownership interest in the Investor, Ascension became a related party to the Company. This note, encompasses transactions between Ascension and its affiliates, including AMITA Health, and the Company pursuant to the A&R MPSA, including all supplements, amendments and other documents entered into in connection therewith. See Note 1, Business Description and Basis of Presentation, Note 12, Debt, and Note 17, 8.00% Series A Convertible Preferred Stock for further discussion about the agreements with Ascension.

Net services revenue from services provided to Ascension included in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations were (in millions):

Year Ended December 31,
2018		2017		2016
$	600.1	$	404.4	$	461.4

F-40

R1 RCM Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Amounts included in the Company's consolidated balance sheets for Ascension, excluding debt (see Note 12, Debt), are (in millions):

	December 31, 2018		December 31, 2017
Accounts receivable, net - related party	$	55.2	$	15.4
Accrued service costs, current	$	47.7	$	23.7
Refund liabilities, current	0.6		0.5
Deferred revenue (contract liabilities), current	2.8		2.9
Current portion of customer liabilities	51.1		27.1
Refund liabilities, non-current	0.4		—
Deferred revenue (contract liabilities), non-current	17.3		11.5
Non-current portion of customer liabilities	17.7		11.5
Total customer liabilities	$	68.8	$	38.6

As part of the transition of Ascension personnel to the Company in conjunction with the A&R MPSA, the Company has agreed to reimburse Ascension for certain severance and retention costs related to certain Ascension employees who will not be transitioned to the Company. As of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the Company had $0.8 million and $0.5 million in accrued compensation and benefits related to these costs, respectively.

As Ascension is the Company's largest customer, a significant percentage of the Company's cost of services is associated with providing services to Ascension. However, due to the nature of the Company's shared services and information technology operations, it is impractical to assign the dollar amount associated with services provided to Ascension.

21. Deferred Contract Costs

Certain costs associated with the initial phases of customer contracts and the related transition of customer organizations are deferred. These fulfillment costs relate directly to the Company’s responsibilities under the corresponding customer contracts, generate or enhance resources of the Company that will be used in satisfying its performance obligations in the future, and are expected to be recovered through the margins realized. The following table summarizes the breakout of deferred contract costs (in millions):

	December 31, 2018		December 31, 2017
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	$	2.8	$	1.6
Other assets	17.4		11.6
Total deferred contract costs	$	20.2	$	13.2

The associated assets are amortized as services are transferred to the customer over the remaining life of the contracts. For the year ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, total amortization was $2.2 million and $1.0 million, respectively, and there were no associated impairment losses.

22.Segments and Customer Concentrations

The Company has determined that it has a single operating segment in accordance with how its business activities are managed and evaluated. All of the Company’s significant operations are organized around the single

F-41

R1 RCM Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

business of providing end-to-end management services of revenue cycle operations for healthcare providers. Accordingly, for purposes of segment disclosures, the Company has only one reporting segment. The Company's international sales are not material.

Healthcare providers affiliated with Ascension have accounted for a significant portion of the Company’s net services revenue each year since the Company’s formation. For the year ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016, net services revenue from healthcare organizations affiliated with Ascension accounted for 69%, 90%, and 78% of the Company's total net services revenue, respectively. The loss of customers within the Ascension health system would have a material adverse impact on the Company’s operations. For the year ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, Intermountain Healthcare accounted for 14% and 4% of the Company's total net services revenue, respectively.

As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Company had a concentration of credit risk of customers affiliated with Ascension accounting for 57% and 66% of accounts receivable, respectively.

23. Derivative Financial Instruments

Certain of the Company’s subsidiaries are exposed to currency risk through their use of the Company’s global delivery resources. The Company is actively managing the risk of changes in foreign currency exchange rate through foreign currency forward contracts traded in over-the-counter markets governed by International Swaps and Derivatives Association, Inc. (ISDA) agreements. Derivative transactions are governed by a uniform set of policies and procedures covering areas such as authorization, counterparty exposure and hedging practices. Positions are monitored using techniques such as market value and sensitivity analyses. The Company does not enter into derivative transactions for trading purposes. As of December 31, 2018, the Company’s currency forward contracts have maturities extending no later than December 31, 2019. The Company has designated these derivatives as cash flow hedges. As of December 31, 2018, the Company held no derivatives, or non-derivative hedging instruments, that were designated in fair value or net investment hedges.

As of December 31, 2018, the Company estimates that $0.7 million of existing gains reported in accumulated other comprehensive loss are expected to be reclassified into earnings within the next 12 months. The amount related to derivatives designated as cash flow hedges that was reclassified into cost of services was a net loss of $1.3 million during year ended December 31, 2018. The Company classifies cash flows from its derivative programs as cash flows from operating activities in the consolidated statements of cash flows.

Impact of Derivatives on our Consolidated Financial Statements at Fair Value

As of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the notional amount of the Company's open foreign currency forward contracts was approximately $52.0 million and $0 million, respectively.

The effect of derivatives in the Company's consolidated statements of operations for the year ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 were (in millions):

	Year Ended December 31,
	2018			2017
Amount of gain (loss) recognized in other comprehensive income	$	(0.6	)	$	—
Amount of gain (loss) reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income to other income	(1.3		)	—

The accumulated gain, net of tax of $0.2 million and $0.0 million, recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income was $0.5 million and $0.0 million as of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively.

F-42

R1 RCM Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

The location and fair value of derivative instruments designated as hedges in the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 are as follows:

		December 31,
	Balance sheet location	2018		2017
Cash Flow Hedges:
Foreign currency forward contracts	Prepaid expenses and other current assets	$	0.7	$	—
Foreign currency forward contracts	Other accrued expenses	$	—	$	—

The Company's ISDA agreements contain credit risk-related contingent features. In the event of certain defaults or changes to the Company's credit profile, counterparties may request early termination and net settlement of certain derivative trades or may require the Company to collateralize derivatives in a net liability position. As of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the aggregate fair value of the derivative instruments with credit risk-related contingent features in net liability positions was $0 million and $0 million, respectively, which also approximates the fair value of the maximum amount of additional collateral that would need to be posted or assets needed to settle the obligations if the credit risk-related contingent features were triggered at the reporting dates. Fair values for derivative financial instruments are based on prices computed using third-party valuation models and are classified as Level 2 in accordance with the three-level hierarchy of fair value measurements. As of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, we had $1.4 million and $0 million in cash collateral on deposit with counterparties for derivative contracts, respectively. The cash collateral on deposit with counterparties is classified as current portion of restricted cash on the consolidated balance sheets. The credit support documents executed in connection with certain of our ISDA agreements generally provide us and our counterparties the right to set off collateral against amounts owing under the ISDA agreements upon the occurrence of a default or a specified termination event.

The following table presents amounts relevant to offsetting of the Company's derivative assets and liabilities and the corresponding collateral account as of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 (in millions):

	December 31,
	2018		2017
Net assets	$	0.7	$	—
Net liabilities	—		—
Total Fair Value	$	0.7	$	—

Certain derivatives also give rise to credit risks from the possible non-performance by counterparties. Credit risk is generally limited to the fair value of those contracts that are favorable to the Company, and the maximum amount of loss due to credit risk, based on the gross fair value of all of the Company’s derivative financial instruments, was $0 million as of December 31, 2018.

24.Retirement Plan

The Company maintains a 401(k) retirement plan (the "401(k) plan") that is intended to be a tax-qualified defined contribution plan under Section 401(k) of the Internal Revenue Code. In general, all employees are eligible to participate. In conjunction with the acquisition of Intermedix, the company continued to maintain the pre-existing Intermedix 401(k) retirement plan ("Intermedix 401(k) plan"). Both 401(k) plans include a salary deferral arrangement pursuant to which participants may elect to reduce their current compensation by up to the statutorily prescribed limit, equal to $18,500 in 2018, and $18,000 in 2017 and 2016, and have the amount of the reduction contributed to the 401(k) plan.

The Company currently matches employee contributions up to 50% of the first 6% of base compensation that a participant contributes to the 401(k) plan, including director-level and above employees. For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016, total Company contributions to the 401(k) plan were $5.2 million, $2.2 million, and $0.7 million, respectively.

F-43

R1 RCM Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

The Company matches employee contributions 100% of the first 1% of base compensation and 50% of the next 5% that a participant contributes to the Intermedix 401(k) plan. Since the acquisition date, for the year ended December 31, 2018, total Company contributions to the Intermedix 401(k) plan were $1.1 million.

25. Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets

Prepaid expenses and other current assets is comprised of the following (in millions):

	Year Ended December 31,
	2018		2017
Prepaid expenses	$	13.6	$	6.6
Notes receivable	4.0		—
Security deposits	4.8		3.3
Other current assets	12.4		3.9
Ending balance	$	34.8	$	13.8

26. Other Current Liabilities and Accrued Expenses

Other current liabilities and accrued expenses is comprised of the following (in millions):

	Year Ended December 31,
	2018		2017
Accrued expenses	$	22.4	$	14.9
Notes payable	14.5		—
Other	3.9		1.8
Ending balance	$	40.8	$	16.7

27.Quarterly Financial Information (Unaudited)

The following tables provide our Quarterly Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations (in millions except per share data):

	1st Quarter Ended March 31,						2nd Quarter Ended June 30,						3rd Quarter Ended September, 30						4th Quarter Ended December 31,
	2018			2017			2018			2017			2018			2017			2018			2017
Net services revenue	$	147.3		$	86.9		$	207.9		$	99.4		$	250.4		$	123.2		$	262.9		$	140.3
Total operating expenses	158.1			95.4			225.6			109.6			256.2			128.3			259.0			144.0
Income (loss) from operations	(10.8		)	(8.5		)	(17.7		)	(10.2		)	(5.8		)	(5.1		)	3.9			(3.7		)
Net income (loss)	$	(23.3	)	$	(8.3	)	$	(2.9	)	$	(6.7	)	$	(13.4	)	$	(3.6	)	$	(5.7	)	$	(40.2	)
Net income (loss) per common share
Basic	$	(0.26	)	$	(0.12	)	$	(0.07	)	$	(0.11	)	$	(0.17	)	$	(0.08	)	$	(0.10	)	$	(0.44	)
Diluted	$	(0.26	)	$	(0.12	)	$	(0.07	)	$	(0.11	)	$	(0.17	)	$	(0.08	)	$	(0.10	)	$	(0.44	)

F-44

EXHIBIT INDEX

Exhibit Number	Description
2.1	Agreement and Plan of Merger by and among Intermedix Holdings, Inc., R1 RCM Inc., Project Links Parent, Inc., Project Links Merger Sub, Inc. and solely in its capacity as Securityholder Representative, Thomas H. Lee Equity Fund VI, L.P. dated as of February 23, 2018 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K (file No. 001-34746) filed on February 26, 2018) (Exhibits and schedules were omitted pursuant to Item 601(b)(2) of Regulation S-K and will be furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission upon request)
3.1	Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Registrant, as amended (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to Amendment No. 4 to the Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-162186) filed on April 26, 2010)
3.2	Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Registrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.4 to Amendment No. 4 to the Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-162186) filed on April 26, 2010)
3.3	Certificate of Amendment to Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Registrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-34746) filed on August 20, 2015)
3.4	Amendment No.1 to the Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Registrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-34746) filed on August 20, 2015)
3.5	Certificate of Designations of the Registrant's 8.00% Series A Convertible Preferred Stock (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.5 to Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015 (File No. 001-34746) filed on March 10, 2016)
3.6	Certificate of Amendment to Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K (file No. 001-34746) filed on January 5, 2017)
3.7	Certificate of Amendment to Certificate of Designation of 8.00% Series A Convertible Preferred Stock, Par Value $0.01 per Share, of the Company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to the Current Report on Form 8-K (file No. 001-34746) filed on January 5, 2017)
3.8	Amendment No. 2 to the Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.3 to the Current Report on Form 8-K (file No. 001-34746) filed on January 5, 2017)
4.1	Specimen Certificate evidencing shares of Common Stock (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Amendment No. 4 to the Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-162186) filed on April 26, 2010)
10.1*	Amended and Restated Stock Option Plan, as amended (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Amendment No. 4 to the Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-162186) filed on April 26, 2010)
10.2*	Form of Acknowledgment of Grant, used to evidence option grants under the Amended and Restated Stock Option Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-162186) filed on September 29, 2009)
10.3*	Restricted Stock Plan, as amended (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to Amendment No. 4 to the Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-162186) filed on April 26, 2010)
10.4*	Form of Restricted Stock Award Agreement under the Restricted Stock Plan, as amended (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-162186) filed on September 29, 2009)
10.5*	Form of Indemnification Agreement, entered into between the Registrant and each director and executive officer (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-34746) filed on February 16, 2016)
10.6*	Form of Incentive Stock Option Agreement under the 2010 Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.24 to Amendment No. 4 to the Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-162186) filed on April 26, 2010)

10.7*	Form of Restricted Stock Unit Grant Agreement under the Amended and Restated 2010 Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2016 (File No. 001-34746) filed on November 2, 2016)
10.8*	Form of Performance Based Restricted Stock Unit Grant Agreement under the Amended and Restated 2010 Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2016 (File No. 001-34746) filed on November 2, 2016)
10.9*	Form of Nonstatutory Stock Option Agreement under the Amended and Restated 2010 Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2016 (File No. 001-34746) filed on November 2, 2016)
10.10*	Accretive Health, Inc. Second Amended and Restated 2010 Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K (file No. 001-34746) filed on December 12, 2016)
10.11*	Form of Grant of Performance Based Restricted Stock Unit Awards pursuant to the Second Amended and Restated 2010 Stock Incentive Plan (to be used for awards to a senior vice president or executive vice president) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Quarterly Report on 10-Q (file No. 001-34746) filed on October 31, 2017)
10.12*	Form of Grant of Performance Based Restricted Stock Unit Awards pursuant to the Second Amended and Restated 2010 Stock Incentive Plan (to be used for awards to a vice president or director-level employee) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Quarterly Report on 10-Q (file No. 001-34746) filed on October 31, 2017)
10.13*	Form of Letter Agreement (to be used for executive vice presidents) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Quarterly Report on 10-Q (file No. 001-34746) filed on October 31, 2017)
10.14	Third Amended and Restated Stockholders’ Agreement, dated as of February 22, 2009, among the Registrant and the parties named therein, as amended (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to the Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-172707) filed on March 9, 2011)
10.15	Form of Share Exchange Agreement, entered into in February 2009, with each of Etienne H. Deffarges, Steven N. Kaplan, Gregory N. Kazarian, The Shultz 1989 Family Trust, Spiegel Family LLC and John T. Staton Declaration of Trust (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to the Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-162186) filed on September 29, 2009)
10.16*	Form of Nonstatutory Stock Option Agreement under the 2010 Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.25 to Amendment No. 4 to the Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-162186) filed on April 26, 2010)
10.17+	Amended and Restated Master Professional Services Agreement by and between Ascension Health and the Registrant effective as of February 16, 2016 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2016 (File No. 001-34746) filed on May 10, 2016)
10.18+	Amendment No. 1 to the Amended and Restated Master Professional Services Agreement by and between the Company and Ascension Health, dated May 4, 2017 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Quarterly Report on 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2017 (File No. 001-34746) filed on August 2, 2017)
10.19*	Employment Agreement, dated April 2, 2013, between Registrant and Stephen F. Schuckenbrock (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.16 to Annual Report on Form 10-K filed for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2013 (File No. 001-34746) filed on December 30, 2014)
10.20*	Stock Option Agreement, dated April 3, 2013, between Registrant and Stephen F. Schuckenbrock (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.17 to Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2013 (File No. 001-34746) filed on December 30, 2014)
10.21*	Offer Letter, dated April 27, 2013, between Registrant and Joseph Flanagan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.18 to Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2013 (File No. 001-34746) filed on December 30, 2014)
10.22*	Restricted Stock Award, dated June 3, 2013, between Registrant and Joseph Flanagan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.19 to Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2013 (File No. 001-34746) filed on December 30, 2014)
10.23*	Nonstatutory Stock Option Award Agreement, dated June 3, 2013, between Registrant and Joseph Flanagan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.20 to Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2013 (File No. 001-34746) filed on December 30, 2014)

10.24*	Amendment to Offer Letter, dated April 29, 2014, between Registrant and Joseph Flanagan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.25 to Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2013 (File No. 001-34746) filed on December 30, 2014)
10.25*	Nonstatutory Stock Option Award Agreement, dated April 29, 2014, between Registrant and Joseph Flanagan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.26 to Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2013 (File No. 001-34746) filed on December 30, 2014)
10.26*	Restricted Stock Award Agreement, dated April 29, 2014, between Registrant and Joseph Flanagan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.27 to Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2013 (File No. 001-34746) filed on December 30, 2014)
10.27*	Offer Letter, dated July 10, 2014, between Registrant and Emad Rizk (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.29 to Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2013 (File No. 001-34746) filed on December 30, 2014)
10.28*	Nonstatutory Stock Option Award Agreement, dated July 21, 2014, between Registrant and Emad Rizk (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.30 to Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2013 (File No. 001-34746) filed on December 30, 2014)
10.29*	Restricted Stock Award Agreement, dated July 21, 2014, between Registrant and Emad Rizk (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.31 to Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2013 (File No. 001-34746) filed on December 30, 2014)
10.30*	Offer Letter, dated August 6, 2014, between Registrant and Peter Csapo (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.33 to Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2013 (File No. 001-34746) filed on December 30, 2014)
10.31*	Nonstatutory Stock Option Award Agreement, dated August 12, 2014, between Registrant and Peter Csapo (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.34 to Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2013 (File No. 001-34746) filed on December 30, 2014)
10.32*	Restricted Stock Award Agreement, dated August 12, 2014, between Registrant and Peter Csapo (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.35 to Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2013 (File No. 001-34746) filed on December 30, 2014)
10.33*	Chairman Services Agreement, dated November 14, 2014, between Registrant and Steve Shulman (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.36 to Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2013 (File No. 001-34746) filed on December 30, 2014)
10.34*	Offer Letter, dated January 9, 2015, between Registrant and Richard Evans (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.37 to Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2014 (File No. 001-34746) filed on June 23, 2015)
10.35*	Omnibus Amendment, dated May 18, 2015, to Employment Agreement dated April 2, 2013 between Registrant and Stephen F. Schuckenbrock and Stock Option Agreement, dated April 3, 2013, between Registrant and Stephen F. Schuckenbrock (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.38 to Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2014 (File No. 001-34746) filed on June 23, 2015)
10.36*	Form of Restricted Stock Award Agreement under the Amended and Restated 2010 Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.43 to Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015 (File No. 001-34746) filed on March 10, 2016.
10.37*	Amendment to Retention and Severance Bonus Agreement, dated October 19, 2015, between Registrant and Emad Rizk (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2015 (File No. 001-34746) filed on November 9, 2015)
10.38*	Letter Agreement, dated December 7, 2015, between Registrant and Emad Rizk (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.45 to Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015 (File No. 001-34746) filed on March 10, 2016)
10.39*	Letter Agreement, dated December 7, 2015, between Registrant and Joseph Flanagan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.46 to Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015 (File No. 001-34746) filed on March 10, 2016)
10.40*	Restricted Stock Award Agreement, dated December 31, 2015, between Registrant and Peter Csapo (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.47 to Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015 (File No. 001-34746) filed on March 10, 2016)

10.41*	Restricted Stock Award Agreement, dated December 31, 2015, between Registrant and Joseph Flanagan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.48 to Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015 (File No. 001-34746) filed on March 10, 2016)
10.42*	Restricted Stock Award Agreement, dated December 31, 2015, between Registrant and Emad Rizk (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.49 to Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015 (File No. 001-34746) filed on March 10, 2016)
10.43	Securities Purchase Agreement, dated as of December 7, 2015, by and among Accretive Health, Inc., TCP-ASC ACHI Series LLLP, and, solely for the purposes set forth therein, Ascension Health Alliance d/b/a Ascension (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Current Report on 8-K (File No. 001-34746) filed December 8, 2015).
10.44	Investor Rights Agreement, dated as of February 16, 2016, by and among the Registrant, TCP-ASC ACHI Series LLLP, and the other parties thereto (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2016 (File No. 001-34746) filed on May 10, 2016)
10.45	Registration Rights Agreement, dated as of February 16, 2016, by and between the Registrant and TCP-ASC ACHI Series LLLP (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2016 (File No. 001-34746) filed on May 10, 2016)
10.46	Warrant, dated as of February 16, 2016, by and between the Registrant and TCP-ASC ACHI Series LLLP (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2016 (File No. 001-34746) filed on May 10, 2016)
10.47*	Transition, Separation and General Release Agreement, dated April 25, 2016, by and between the Registrant and Peter Csapo (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-34746) filed on April 25, 2016)
10.48*	General Release and Mutual Non-Disparagement Agreement, dated May 25, 2016, by and between the Registrant and Emad Rizk (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K (file No. 001-34746) filed on May 26, 2016)
10.49	Agreement by and between TCP-ASC ACHI Series LLLP and the Registrant dated September 9, 2016 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K (file No. 001-34746) filed on September 9, 2016)
10.50*	Non-Statutory Stock Option Award Grant Agreement, dated as of October 3, 2016, by and between Christopher Ricaurte and the Registrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K (file No. 001-34746) filed on October 5, 2016)
10.51*	Non-Statutory Stock Option Award Grant Agreement, dated as of October 3, 2016, by and between Christopher Ricaurte and the Registrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Current Report on Form 8-K (file No. 001-34746) filed on October 5, 2016)
10.52*	Non-Statutory Stock Option Award Grant Agreement, dated as of October 3, 2016, by and between Joseph G. Flanagan and the Registrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Current Report on Form 8-K (file No. 001-34746) filed on October 5, 2016)
10.53*	Non-Statutory Stock Option Award Grant Agreement, dated as of October 3, 2016, by and between Joseph G. Flanagan and the Registrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Current Report on Form 8-K (file No. 001-34746) filed on October 5, 2016)
10.54*	Employment Offer Letter Agreement by and between the Registrant and Thomas A. Lesica (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Quarterly Report on 10-Q (file No. 001-34746) filed on October 31, 2017)
10.55*	Employment Offer Letter Agreement by and between the Registrant and Gary Long.
10.56*	Amended and Restated Grant of Performance Based Awards pursuant to the R1 RCM Inc. Second Amended and Restated 2010 Stock Incentive Plan to Joseph Flanagan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on 8-K/A (file No. 001-34746) filed on January 18, 2018)
10.57*	Amended and Restated Grant of Performance Based Awards pursuant to the R1 RCM Inc. Second Amended and Restated 2010 Stock Incentive Plan to Christopher Ricaurte (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Current Report on 8-K/A (file No. 001-34746) filed on January 18, 2018)
10.58*	Amended and Restated Grant of Performance Based Awards pursuant to the R1 RCM Inc. Second Amended and Restated 2010 Stock Incentive Plan to Steven Shulman (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Current Report on 8-K/A (file No. 001-34746) filed on January 18, 2018)

10.59	Amended and Restated Registration Rights Agreement among the Registrant, IHC Health Services, Inc. and TCP-ASC ACHI Series LLLP dated as of January 23, 2018 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K (file No. 001-34746) filed on January 24, 2018)
10.60	Securities Purchase Agreement between the Company and IHC Health Services, Inc. dated as of January 23, 2018 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K (file No. 001-34746) filed on January 24, 2018)
10.61	Warrant between the Company and IHC Health Services, Inc. dated as of January 23, 2018 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Current Report on Form 8-K (file No. 001-34746) filed on January 24, 2018)
10.62	Credit Agreement, dated as of May 8, 2018, by and among the Registrant, the other parties party thereto as Credit Parties (as defined therein), Bank of America, N.A., as administrative agent and the financial institutions party thereto as lenders (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K (file No. 001-34746) filed on May 8, 2018)
10.63	Subordinated Note Purchase Agreement, dated as of May 8, 2018, by and among the Registrant, the other parties party thereto as Subsidiary Guarantors (as defined therein), TI IV ACHI Holdings, LP, Ascension Health Alliance and the other purchasers party thereto (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Current Report on Form 8-K (file No. 001-34746) filed on May 8, 2018)
10.64+	Amended and Restated Services Agreement between the Registrant and IHC Health Services, Inc. dated as of January 23, 2018 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.7 to the Quarterly Report on 10-Q (file No. 001-34746) filed on May 10, 2018)
10.65+	Exhibits to the Amended and Restated Services Agreement between the Registrant and IHC Health Services, Inc. dated as of January 23, 2018 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.8 to the Quarterly Report on 10-Q (file No. 001-34746) filed on May 10, 2018)
10.66+	Addendum No. 1 to Amended and Restated Services Agreement between the Registrant and IHC Health Services, Inc. dated as of April 30, 2018 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.9 to the Quarterly Report on 10-Q (file No. 001-34746) filed on May 10, 2018)
10.67*	Form of Grant of Performance Based Restricted Stock Unit Awards - 2018 Form pursuant to the Second Amended and Restated 2010 Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on 8-K (file No. 001-34746) filed on May 31, 2018)
10.68+	Addendum No. 2 to Amended and Restated Services Agreement between the Registrant and IHC Health Services, Inc. dated as of June 18, 2018 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Quarterly Report on 10-Q (file No. 001-34746) filed on August 9, 2018)
10.69+	Supplement 26 to Amended and Restated Master Professional Services Agreement between the Registrant and Ascension Health dated as of June 24, 2018 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to the Quarterly Report on 10-Q (file No. 001-34746) filed on August 9, 2018)
10.70+	Amendment No. 2 to Amended and Restated Master Professional Services Agreement between the Registrant and Ascension Health dated as of June 24, 2018 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to the Quarterly Report on 10-Q (file No. 001-34746) filed on August 9, 2018)
10.71+	Amendment No. 3 to Amended and Restated Master Professional Services Agreement between the Registrant and Ascension Health dated as of July 5, 2018 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Quarterly Report on 10-Q (file No. 001-34746) filed on November 7, 2018)
10.72+	Addendum No. 3 to Amended and Restated Services Agreement between the Registrant and IHC Health Services, Inc. dated as of October 1, 2018
21.1	Subsidiaries of the Registrant
23.1	Consent of Ernst & Young LLP
31.1	Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
31.2	Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
32.1	Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
32.2	Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

101 The following materials from the R1 RCM Inc.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018, formatted in eXtensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL): (i) the Consolidated Balance Sheets, (ii) the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss), (iii) the Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity, (iv) the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, and (v) related notes.

* Management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement required to be filed pursuant to Item 15(b) of Form 10-K.

+ Confidential treatment requested as to certain portions, which portions have been omitted and filed separately with the Securities and Exchange Commission.

EX-10.72+

Exhibit 10.72+

ADDENDUM NO. 3 TO

AMENDED AND RESTATED SERVICES AGREEMENT

This Addendum No. 3 (this "Addendum") is made and entered into as of the 1st day of October, 2018 (the "Addendum Effective Date") by and between IHC Health Services, Inc., a Utah non-profit corporation, ("IMH" or sometimes referred to as "Intermountain" or "Intermountain Healthcare") and R1 RCM Inc., a Delaware corporation, formerly known as Accretive Health, Inc. ("R1") (each a "Party" and collectively, the "Parties"), pursuant to and subject to that certain Amended and Restated Services Agreement (as amended, referred to herein as the "Services Agreement") dated as of January 23, 2018, by and between the Parties.

WHEREAS, the Services Agreement was amended by (i) Addendum No. 1 to Amended and Restated Services Agreement, effective as of April 30, 2018 and (ii) Addendum No. 2 to Amended and Restated Services Agreement, effective as of June 18, 2018 ("Addendum No. 2").

NOW THEREFORE, in consideration of the premises and mutual consents set forth below, the Parties hereby agree as follows:

1. Purpose

In accordance with Addendum No. 2, the Parties desire to adjust the Non-Labor Cost to Collect Factor to remove baseline costs and expenses associated with the closure of short term leased spaces, and to make other changes set forth herein. When signed by both Parties, this Addendum shall be attached to, and deemed a part of, the Services Agreement. All other terms and conditions of the Agreement shall remain in full force and effect.

2. Definitions

Capitalized terms used in this Addendum but not otherwise defined herein shall have the meanings give to such terms in the Services Agreement.

3. Base Fee

3.1 In accordance with Section 4.8 of Addendum No. 2, the Parties have calculated the "one-time adjustment" and they agree that R1 will provide Intermountain with a one-time credit in the amount of [**] to account for the difference between (i) the total costs of operations at the Leased Spaces (as defined in Addendum No. 2), including, but not limited to, base rent, furniture fees, utilities and operating expenses, and (ii) the baseline costs and expenses associated with the Leased Spaces that were included in the Cost to Collect Numerator for the Initial Cost to Collect Factor for the period beginning April 8, 2018 through September 30, 2018.

-1-

^[**] Indicates that text has been omitted which is the subject of a confidential treatment request. The text has been separately filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission.

3.2 Effective as of October 1, 2018, the Parties agreed that the [**] shall be [**] and the [**] shall be [**]. The new total Cost to Collect Factor shall be [**].

3.3 Effective as of the Addendum Effective Date, Addendum No. 2 is hereby amended as follows:

(a) The Parties agree to delete Section 4.10 in its entirety and replaced it with the following:

In consideration for R1's access and use of [**] on a [**] basis, R1 will [**].

(b) The Parties agree to delete Section 4.11 in its entirety and replace it with the following:

In consideration for the Transition Services (not covered by Section 4.10 above) provided by Intermountain under the Transition Services Agreement between the Parties, on a [**] basis, R1 will [**].

SIGNATURE PAGE FOLLOWS

[REMAINDER OF PAGE LEFT INTENTIONALLY BLANK]

    -2-

^[**] Indicates that text has been omitted which is the subject of a confidential treatment request. The text has been separately filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the Parties have caused this Addendum to be executed by their respective duly authorized representatives as of the Addendum Effective Date.

IHC HEALTH SERVICES, INC.	R1 RCM INC.
By: /s/Todd E Craghead Name: Todd E Craghead Title: Vice President Revenue Cycle	By: /s/ H. Jeffrey Brownwell Name: H. Jeffrey Brownwell Title: SVP
	10/8/18

SIGNATURE PAGE TO ADDENDUM 3 TO AMENDED AND RESTATED SERVICES AGREEMENT

EX-21.1

Exhibit 21.1

Subsidiaries of R1 RCM Inc.

Subsidiary	Jurisdiction of Organization
Accretive Health Mauritius, Inc.	Mauritius
Advanced Data Processing, Inc.	Delaware
Intermedix Analytics, LLC	Delaware
Intermedix ARM, LLC	Delaware
Intermedix Corporation	Delaware
Intermedix Holdings, Inc.	Delaware
Intermedix Lietuva, UAB	Lithuania
Intermedix Midco, Inc.	Delaware
Intermedix Office Based, LLC	Delaware
Intermedix Physician Services, LLC	Delaware
Intermedix Staffing, Inc.	Delaware
Med Media, Inc.	Delaware
Medical Consultants, Inc.	Oklahoma
Optima (NZ) Limited	New Zealand
Optima (US) LTD	Delaware
Practice Support Resources, LLC	Texas
Project Links Parent, Inc.	Delaware
R1 RCM Global Private Limited	India
R1 RCM India Private Limited	India
Rover16, Inc.	Delaware
The DeZonia Group, Inc.	Delaware
The Optima Corporation (International) LTD	United Kingdom
The Optima Corporation Limited	New Zealand
The Optima Corporation PTY LTD	Australia

EX-23.1

Exhibit  23.1

Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

We consent to the incorporation by reference in the following Registration Statements:

1. Registration Statement (Form S-8 No. 333-170718) pertaining to the Amended and Restated Stock Option Plan, as amended and the 2010 Stock Incentive Plan of R1 RCM Inc.;

2. Registration Statement (Form S-8 No. 333-206482) pertaining to the Amended and Restated 2010 Stock Incentive Plan and the Inducement Stock Option Awards of R1 RCM Inc.; and

3. Registration Statement (Form S-8 No. 333-215094) pertaining to the Second Amended and Restated 2010 Stock Incentive Plan of R1 RCM Inc.

of our reports dated February 22, 2019, with respect to the consolidated financial statements of R1 RCM Inc., and the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting of R1 RCM Inc., included in this Annual Report (Form 10-K) of R1 RCM Inc. for the year ended December 31, 2018.

/s/ Ernst & Young LLP

Chicago, Illinois

February 22, 2019

EX-31.1

Exhibit 31.1

Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a), as adopted

pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

I, Joseph Flanagan, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this Annual Report on Form 10-K of R1 RCM Inc.;

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4. The registrant's other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

(a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant's fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The registrant's other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of the registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting.

Date: February 22, 2019

/s/ Joseph Flanagan            

Joseph Flanagan

President and Chief Executive Officer

(Principal Executive Officer)

EX-31.2

Exhibit 31.2

Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a), as adopted

pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

I, Christopher Ricaurte, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this Annual Report on Form 10-K of R1 RCM Inc.;

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4. The registrant's other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

(a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant's fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The registrant's other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of the registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting.

Date: February 22, 2019

/s/ Christopher Ricaurte        

Christopher Ricaurte

Treasurer and Chief Financial Officer

(Principal Financial Officer)

EX-32.1

Exhibit 32.1

Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted

pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

In connection with the Annual Report on Form 10-K of R1 RCM Inc. (the “Company”) for the period ended December 31, 2018 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on or about the date hereof (the “Report”), the undersigned, Joseph Flanagan, President and Chief Executive Officer of the Company, hereby certifies, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, that:

1. the Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

2. the information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

Date: February 22, 2019

/s/ Joseph Flanagan            

Joseph Flanagan

President and Chief Executive Officer

(Principal Executive Officer)

EX-32.2

Exhibit 32.2

Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted

pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

In connection with the Annual Report on Form 10-K of R1 RCM Inc. (the “Company”) for the period ended December 31, 2018 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on or about the date hereof (the “Report”), the undersigned, Christopher Ricaurte, Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer of the Company, hereby certifies, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, that:

1. the Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

2. the information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

Date: February 22, 2019

/s/ Christopher Ricaurte        

Christopher Ricaurte

Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer

(Principal Financial Officer)

XML

Document and Entity Information - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018	Feb. 18, 2019	Jun. 29, 2018
Document and Entity Information [Abstract]
Document Type	10-K
Amendment Flag	false
Document Period End Date	Dec. 31, 2018
Document Fiscal Year Focus	2018
Document Fiscal Period Focus	FY
Entity Registrant Name	R1 RCM INC.
Entity Central Index Key	0001472595
Current Fiscal Year End Date	--12-31
Entity Filer Category	Large Accelerated Filer
Entity Small Business	false
Entity Emerging Growth Company	false
Entity Shell Company	false
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding (in shares)		110,220,449
Entity Well-known Seasoned Issuer	Yes
Entity Current Reporting Status	Yes
Entity Voluntary Filers	No
Entity Public Float			$ 954,539,609

XML

Consolidated Balance Sheets - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 62.8	$ 164.9
Current portion of restricted cash equivalents	1.8	0.0
Accounts receivable, net	42.2	8.2
Accounts receivable, net - related party	55.2	15.4
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	34.8	13.8
Total current assets	196.8	202.3
Property, equipment and software, net	95.2	48.3
Intangible assets, net	180.5	0.0
Goodwill	254.8	0.0
Non-current deferred tax assets	57.5	70.5
Non-current portion of restricted cash equivalents	0.5	1.5
Other assets	22.2	13.4
Total assets	807.5	336.0
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	9.9	7.2
Current portion of customer liabilities	14.7	1.1
Current portion of customer liabilities - related party	51.1	27.1
Accrued compensation and benefits	77.0	37.8
Current portion of long-term debt	2.7	0.0
Other current liabilities and accrued expenses	40.8	16.7
Total current liabilities	196.2	89.9
Non-current portion of customer liabilities - related party	17.7	11.5
Long-term debt	251.0	0.0
Long-term debt - related party	105.0	0.0
Other non-current liabilities	22.9	11.9
Total liabilities	592.8	113.3
8.00% Series A convertible preferred stock, par value $0.01, 370,000 shares authorized, 246,233 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2018 (aggregate liquidation value of $251.2); 370,000 shares authorized, 227,483 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2017 (aggregate liquidation value of $232.0)	208.4	189.3
Stockholders’ equity (deficit):
Common stock, $0.01 par value, 500,000,000 shares authorized, 123,353,656 shares issued and 110,541,901 shares outstanding at December 31, 2018; 116,650,388 shares issued and 104,409,961 shares outstanding at December 31, 2017	1.2	1.2
Additional paid-in capital	361.0	337.9
Accumulated deficit	(289.8)	(244.5)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(3.5)	(1.6)
Treasury stock, at cost, 12,811,755 shares as of December 31, 2018; 12,240,427 shares as of December 31, 2017	(62.6)	(59.6)
Total stockholders’ equity (deficit)	6.3	33.4
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity (deficit)	$ 807.5	$ 336.0

XML

Consolidated Balance Sheets (Parenthetical) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Common stock, par value (in dollars per share)	$ 0.01	$ 0.01
Common stock, shares authorized (in shares)	500,000,000	500,000,000
Common stock, shares issued (in shares)	123,353,656	116,650,388
Common stock, shares outstanding (in shares)	110,541,901	104,409,961
Treasury stock, shares (in shares)	12,811,755	12,240,427
Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock
Preferred stock, dividend rate	8.00%	8.00%
Preferred stock, par value (in dollars per share)	$ 0.01	$ 0.01
Preferred stock, shares issued (in shares)	246,233	227,483
Preferred stock, shares outstanding (in shares)	246,233	227,483
Preferred stock, shares authorized (in shares)	370,000	370,000
Preferred stock, aggregate liquidation value	$ 232.0	$ 232.0

XML

Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016
Income Statement [Abstract]
Net services revenue ($600.1 million, $404.4 million and $461.4 million from related party for the year ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively)	$ 868.5	$ 449.8	$ 592.6
Operating expenses:
Cost of services	770.6	416.3	199.7
Selling, general and administrative	97.9	56.3	74.1
Other	30.4	4.7	20.8
Total operating expenses	898.9	477.3	294.7
Income (loss) from operations	(30.4)	(27.5)	297.9
Net interest (expense) income	(26.3)	0.2	0.3
Income (loss) before income tax provision (benefit)	(56.7)	(27.3)	298.2
Income tax provision (benefit)	(11.4)	31.5	121.1
Net income (loss)	$ (45.3)	$ (58.8)	$ 177.1
Net income (loss) per common share:
Basic (in dollars per share)	$ (0.60)	$ (0.75)	$ 0.65
Diluted (in dollars per share)	$ (0.60)	$ (0.75)	$ 0.65
Weighted average shares used in calculating net income (loss) per common share:
Basic (in shares)	108,175,159	102,062,051	100,160,206
Diluted (in shares)	108,175,159	102,062,051	100,160,206
Consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss)
Net income (loss)	$ (45.3)	$ (58.8)	$ 177.1
Other comprehensive loss:
Net change on derivatives designated as cash flow hedges, net of tax	0.5	0.0	0.0
Foreign currency translation adjustments	(2.4)	1.2	(0.4)
Comprehensive income (loss)	(47.2)	(57.6)	176.7
Basic:
Net income (loss)	(45.3)	(58.8)	177.1
Less dividends on preferred shares	(19.1)	(17.7)	(62.7)
Less income allocated to preferred shareholders	0.0	0.0	(49.0)
Net income (loss) available/allocated to common shareholders - basic	(64.4)	(76.5)	65.4
Diluted:
Net income (loss)	(45.3)	(58.8)	177.1
Less dividends on preferred shares	(19.1)	(17.7)	(62.7)
Less income allocated to preferred shareholders	0.0	0.0	(49.0)
Net income (loss) available/allocated to common shareholders - diluted	$ (64.4)	$ (76.5)	$ 65.4

XML

Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss) (Parenthetical) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016
Income Statement [Abstract]
Net services revenue, from related party	$ 600.1	$ 404.4	$ 461.4

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Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity (Deficit) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Total	Common Stock	Treasury Stock	Additional Paid-In Capital	Accumulated Deficit	Accumulated other comprehensive (loss)
Balance at Dec. 31, 2015	$ (213.3)	$ 1.1	$ (52.7)	$ 322.5	$ (481.8)	$ (2.5)
Balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2015		(113,259,408)	(5,543,972)
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Share-based compensation expense	30.2			30.2
Deferred tax asset write off including shortfall of $3.5 million	(10.6)			(10.6)
Issuance of common stock related to share-based compensation plans		$ 0.1		(0.1)
Issuance of common stock related to share-based compensation plans (in shares)		3,071,876
Exercise of vested stock options	$ 0.2	$ 0.0		0.2
Exercise of vested stock options (in shares)	94,240	94,240
Beneficial conversion feature	$ 48.3			48.3
Issuance of stock warrants	21.4			21.4
Dividends paid/accrued dividends	(14.4)			(14.4)
Deemed preferred stock dividend	(48.3)			(48.3)
Treasury stock purchases	(2.5)		$ (2.5)
Treasury stock purchases and related to equity award plans (in shares)			(4,222,010)
Net change on derivatives designated as cash flow hedges, net of tax of $0.2	0.0
Foreign currency translation adjustments	(0.4)					(0.4)
Net (loss) income	177.1				177.1
Balance at Dec. 31, 2016	(12.3)	$ 1.2	$ (55.2)	349.2	(304.7)	(2.8)
Balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2016		(116,425,524.000)	(9,765,982.000)
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Share-based compensation expense	11.2			11.2
Issuance of common stock related to share-based compensation plans	0.0	$ 0.0		0.0
Issuance of common stock related to share-based compensation plans (in shares)		155,535
Exercise of vested stock options	0.2	$ 0.0		0.2
Dividends paid/accrued on preferred stock	$ (17.7)			(17.7)
Exercise of vested stock options (in shares)	69,329	69,329
Acquisition of treasury stock related to equity award plans	$ (4.4)		$ (4.4)
Treasury stock purchases and related to equity award plans (in shares)			(1,640,005)
Net change on derivatives designated as cash flow hedges, net of tax of $0.2	0.0
Treasury stock purchases and forfeitures (in shares)			(834,440)
Reclassification of excess share-based compensation				(6.5)	6.5
Foreign currency translation adjustments	1.2					1.2
Net (loss) income	(58.8)				(58.8)
Balance at Dec. 31, 2017	33.4	$ 1.2	$ (59.6)	337.9	(244.5)	(1.6)
Balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2017		(116,650,388)	(12,240,427)
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Share-based compensation expense	17.4			17.4
Reclassification of equity award	1.3			1.3
Issuance of common stock related to share-based compensation plans (in shares)		323,964
Issuance of common stock and stock warrants	19.2			19.2
Issuance of common stock and stock warrants (in shares)		4,665,594
Exercise of vested stock options	4.3			4.3
Dividends paid/accrued on preferred stock	$ (19.1)			(19.1)
Exercise of vested stock options (in shares)	1,713,710	1,713,710
Acquisition of treasury stock related to equity award plans	$ (3.0)		$ (3.0)
Treasury stock purchases and related to equity award plans (in shares)			(499,069)
Forfeitures (in shares)			(72,259)
Net change on derivatives designated as cash flow hedges, net of tax of $0.2	0.5					0.5
Foreign currency translation adjustments	(2.4)					(2.4)
Net (loss) income	(45.3)
Balance at Dec. 31, 2018	$ 6.3	$ 1.2	$ (62.6)	$ 361.0	$ (289.8)	$ (3.5)
Balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2018		(123,353,656)	(12,811,755)

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Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity (Deficit) (Parenthetical) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2016
Shortfall included in deferred tax asset write-off		$ 3,500
AOCI Attributable to Parent
Net change on derivatives designated as cash flow hedges, tax	$ 200

XML

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2017 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2016 USD ($)
Operating activities
Net income (loss)	$ (45,300)	$ (58,800)	$ 177,100
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash used in operations:
Depreciation and amortization	38,800	16,300	10,200
Amortization of debt issuance costs	1,500	0	0
Share-based compensation	18,400	10,700	29,800
Loss on disposal	400	200	200
Provision for doubtful accounts	754	304	0
Deferred income taxes	(14,000)	29,700	121,800
Reimbursed tenant improvements	0	0	1,400
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable and related party accounts receivable	(39,100)	(13,000)	4,400
Prepaid expenses and other assets	(17,000)	(2,600)	(9,700)
Accounts payable	(3,000)	(300)	1,200
Accrued compensation and benefits	31,900	12,900	15,700
Other liabilities	9,800	1,500	1,100
Customer liabilities and customer liabilities - related party	35,100	24,000	(440,100)
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities	18,300	20,900	(86,900)
Investing activities
Purchases of property, equipment, and software	(33,500)	(33,600)	(12,600)
Proceeds from maturation of short-term investments	0	0	1,000
Acquisition of Intermedix, net of cash acquired	(462,800)	0	0
Net cash used in investing activities	(496,300)	(33,600)	(11,600)
Financing activities
Series A convertible preferred stock and warrant issuance, net of issuance costs	0	0	178,700
Payment of debt	(1,300)	0	0
Issuance of common stock and stock warrants, net of issuance costs	19,200	0	0
Exercise of vested stock options	4,300	200	200
Purchase of treasury stock	0	(2,500)	(400)
Shares withheld for taxes	(3,000)	(1,900)	(2,000)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities	377,400	(4,200)	176,500
Effect of exchange rate changes in cash	(700)	600	(300)
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash	(101,300)	(16,300)	77,700
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at beginning of period	166,400	182,700	105,000
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at end of period	65,100	166,400	182,700
Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information
Accrued dividends payable to Preferred Stockholders	4,900	4,500	4,200
Accrued and other liabilities related to purchases of property, equipment and software	19,600	1,100	2,500
Accounts payable related to purchases of property, equipment and software	900	1,400	2,000
Interest paid	23,400	0	0
Income taxes paid	(3,300)	(1,600)	(1,200)
Income taxes refunded	500	3,500	700
Line of Credit
Financing activities
Issuance of debt, net of discount and issuance costs	253,100	0	0
Line of Credit | Senior Revolver
Financing activities
Payment of debt	(400)	0	0
Subordinated Notes
Financing activities
Issuance of debt, net of discount and issuance costs	$ 105,500	$ 0	$ 0

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Description of Business

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]

Description of Business

Description of Business

R1 RCM Inc. (the "Company") is a leading provider of technology-enabled revenue cycle management ("RCM") services to healthcare providers, including hospitals, physicians groups, and municipal and private emergency medical service ("EMS") providers. The Company helps healthcare providers generate sustainable improvements in their operating margins and cash flows while also enhancing patient, physician and staff satisfaction for its customers.

The Company achieves these results for its customers by managing healthcare providers’ revenue cycle operations, which encompass processes including patient registration, insurance and benefit verification, medical treatment documentation and coding, bill preparation and collections from patients and payers. The Company does so by deploying a unique operating model that leverages its extensive healthcare site experience, innovative technology and process excellence. The Company assists its RCM customers in managing their revenue cycle operating costs while simultaneously increasing the portion of the maximum potential services revenue they receive. Together, these benefits can generate significant and sustainable improvements in operating margins and cash flows for the Company's customers.

The Company's primary service offering consists of end-to-end RCM services for integrated healthcare delivery networks, which the Company deploys through an operating partner relationship or a co-managed relationship. Under an operating partner relationship, the Company provides comprehensive revenue cycle infrastructure to providers, including all revenue cycle personnel, technology solutions and process workflow. Under a co-managed relationship, the Company leverages its customers’ existing RCM staff and processes, and supplements them with the Company's infused management, subject matter specialists, proprietary technology solutions and other resources. Under the operating partner model, the Company records higher revenue and expenses due to the fact that almost all of the revenue cycle personnel are employees of the Company and more third-party vendor contracts are controlled by the Company. Under the co-managed model, the majority of the revenue cycle personnel and more third-party vendor contracts remain with the customer and those costs are netted against the Company's co-managed revenue. For the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, substantially all of the Company's net operating and incentive fees from end-to-end RCM were generated under the operating partner model.

The Company also offers modular services, allowing customers to engage the Company for only specific components of its end-to-end RCM service offering, such as physician advisory services ("PAS"), practice management ("PM"), and revenue capture services ("RCS"). The Company's PAS offering assists healthcare organizations in complying with payer requirements regarding whether to classify a hospital visit as an in-patient or an out-patient observation case for billing purposes. The Company's PM services offer administrative and operational support to allow healthcare providers to focus on delivering high quality patient care and outsource non-core functions to the Company. The Company's RCS offering includes charge capture, charge description master ("CDM") maintenance and pricing services that help providers ensure they are capturing the maximum net compliant revenue for services delivered.

In conjunction with the acquisition of Intermedix, the Company expanded its service offering to physician groups and EMS providers. Intermedix provides RCM and PM services to primary care physician groups and hospital-based physicians in a variety of specialties including emergency medicine, hospitals, anesthesia, and others. Intermedix also provides RCM services to emergency-service providers including municipalities, private providers of emergency service as well as hospital-based emergency-services providers.

Once implemented, the Company's technology solutions, processes and services are deeply embedded in its customers’ day-to-day revenue cycle operations. The Company believes its service offerings are adaptable to meet an evolving healthcare regulatory environment, technology standards and market trends.

Ascension

On February 16, 2016, the Company entered into a long-term strategic partnership with Ascension Health Alliance, the parent of the Company's largest customer and the nation’s largest Catholic and non-profit health system, and TowerBrook Capital Partners ("TowerBrook"), an investment management firm (the "Transaction"). As part of the Transaction, the Company amended and restated its Master Professional Services Agreement ("A&R MPSA") with Ascension Health ("Ascension") effective February 16, 2016 with a term of ten years. Pursuant to the A&R MPSA and with certain limited exceptions, the Company is the exclusive provider of RCM services and PAS with respect to acute care services provided by the hospitals affiliated with Ascension that execute supplement agreements with the Company.

Intermountain

On January 23, 2018, the Company entered into an Amended and Restated Services Agreement (the “Intermountain Services Agreement”) with IHC Health Services, Inc. (“Intermountain”) having a 10-year term. Pursuant to the Intermountain Services Agreement, the Company provides revenue cycle management services to Intermountain hospitals and medical group providers under the operating partner model. In addition, the Company provides revenue cycle management services to Intermountain’s homecare, hospice and palliative care, durable medical equipment and infusion therapy business. In conjunction with the execution of the Intermountain Services Agreement, the Company entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement (the “Intermountain Purchase Agreement”) with Intermountain, pursuant to which the Company sold to Intermountain, in private placements under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "Securities Act"), (i) 4,665,594 shares of common stock and (ii) a warrant to acquire up to 1,500,000 shares of Common Stock at an initial exercise price of $6.00 per share, on the terms and subject to the conditions set forth in the warrant, for an aggregate purchase price of $20 million.

Intermedix

On May 8, 2018, the Company completed the acquisition of Intermedix Holdings, Inc. ("Intermedix") through the merger of Project Links Merger Sub, Inc. (“Merger Sub”), a wholly-owned indirect subsidiary of the Company, with and into Intermedix, with Intermedix surviving the merger as a wholly-owned indirect subsidiary of the Company (the “Acquisition”). The purchase price for the Acquisition was $460 million, subject to customary adjustments for cash, debt, transaction expenses, and normalized working capital. The Company funded the purchase price for the Acquisition and the Company’s associated transaction expenses with a combination of cash on hand and the incurrence of indebtedness. Intermedix is one of the largest providers of RCM and PM services to physician groups and EMS providers in the United States ("U.S."). Intermedix has a diverse customer base of approximately 700 customers and 2,200 employees located in offices within the U.S., Lithuania, the United Kingdom, and New Zealand. Refer to Note 5, Acquisition, and Note 12, Debt, for further discussion on the Intermedix Acquisition and related financing.

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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation

The consolidated financial statements include the assets, liabilities and results of operations of the Company and its wholly owned subsidiaries. All material intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with the United States generally accepted accounting principles ("GAAP") requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in these consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results can differ from those estimates.

Beginning in 2017, the Company changed the presentation in its financial statements to be stated in millions instead of thousands. Therefore, previously reported amounts may differ due to rounding.

Segments

Reporting segments are identified as components of an enterprise about which separate discrete financial information is available and is evaluated by the chief operating decision maker, or decision-making group, relating to resource allocation and performance assessments. All of the Company’s significant operations are organized around the single business of providing revenue cycle operations for healthcare providers. The Company views its operations and manages its business as one operating and reporting segment. The Company acquired Intermedix on May 8, 2018 with the intent to integrate Intermedix into the Company's primary service offering consisting of end-to-end RCM. The integration of the operations of Intermedix into the Company's end-to-end RCM operations is on-going as of December 31, 2018.

Revenue Recognition

Periods commencing January 1, 2017

The Company's primary source of revenue is its end-to-end RCM services fees. The Company also generates revenue through modular RCM services, where customers will engage the Company for only specific components of its end-to-end RCM service offering on a fixed-fee or transactional basis.

Revenue Cycle Management

RCM services fees are primarily variable and performance related, and are generally viewed as the consideration earned in satisfaction of a single performance obligation which is considered a series. Variable consideration for end-to-end RCM services are allocated to and recognized over the related time period as the amounts reflect the consideration the Company is entitled to and relate specifically to the Company’s efforts to satisfy its performance obligation. Fees for physician group and EMS provider RCM services are variable consideration contingent on customer collections, and inputs to the Company’s revenue estimates typically include historical service fees and historical customer collection amounts. RCM services fees consist of net operating fees, incentive fees, and other fees.

Net Operating Fees

The Company’s net operating fees consist of:

i) gross base fees invoiced to customers; less

ii) corresponding costs of customers’ revenue cycle operations which the Company pays pursuant to its RCM agreements, including salaries and benefits for the customers' RCM personnel, and related third-party vendor costs; plus

iii) fees accrued for physician group and EMS providers' RCM services.

The Company recognizes revenue related to net operating fees ratably as the performance obligation for the RCM services is satisfied. Base fees are typically billed in advance of the quarter and paid in three monthly payments as the entity performs and the customer simultaneously receives and consumes the benefits of the services provided. The costs of customers’ revenue cycle operations, which the Company pays pursuant to its RCM agreements, are accrued based on the service period. RCM services fees for physician groups and EMS providers are invoiced on a monthly basis and payment terms are typically 30 days.

Incentive Fees

The Company recognizes revenue related to incentive fees ratably as the performance obligation for RCM services is satisfied, to the extent that it is probable that a significant reversal of cumulative revenue will not occur once the uncertainty is resolved. Incentive fees are structured to reflect quarterly or annual performance and are evaluated on a contract-by-contract basis. Incentive fees are typically billed and paid on a quarterly basis.

RCM Other

The Company recognizes revenue related to other RCM fees as RCM services are provided. These services typically consist of the Company's modular RCM services offering, which consists of an obligation to provide services for a specific component of its end-to-end RCM service offering. Fees are typically variable in nature with the entire amount being included in revenue in the month of service. The customer simultaneously receives and consumes the benefits provided by the services and the fees are typically billed on a monthly basis with payment terms of up to 30 days. To the extent that certain service fees are fixed and not subject to refund, adjustment, or concession, these fees are generally recognized into revenue ratably as the performance obligation is satisfied.

The Company recognizes revenue from PAS in the period in which the service is performed. The Company’s PAS arrangements typically consist of an obligation to provide specific services to customers on an if and when needed basis. These services are provided under a fixed price per unit arrangement. These contracts are evaluated on a contract-by-contract basis. Fees for the Company's PAS arrangements are typically billed on a monthly basis with 30 to 60 day payment terms.

PM services arrangements include a single performance obligation, constituting a series, to manage and administer various non-clinical aspects of a customer's physician practice, which may be comprised of numerous physical office locations. Consideration for PM services is typically variable in nature and allocated to and recognized over the related time period as the amounts reflect the consideration the Company is entitled to and relate specifically to the Company’s effort to satisfy its performance obligation. PM services fees are invoiced on a monthly basis and payment terms are typically 30 days.

Bundled Services

Modular RCM services may be sold separately or bundled in a contract. End-to-end RCM services are typically sold separately but may be bundled with PAS. PAS are commonly sold separately. The typical length of an end-to-end RCM contract is two to ten years (subject to the parties' respective termination rights) but varies from customer to customer. PAS and modular RCM agreements generally vary in length between one and three years.

For bundled arrangements, the Company accounts for individual services as a separate performance obligation if a service is separately identifiable from other items in the bundled arrangement and if a customer can benefit from it on its own or with other resources that are readily available to the customer. The transaction price is allocated between separate services in a bundle based on their relative standalone selling prices. The standalone selling prices are determined based on the prices at which the Company separately sells its RCM, PAS, PM, or other modular services. PAS are provided at a customer’s election but do not represent material rights as the services are priced at standalone selling price throughout the life of the agreement.

Periods prior to January 1, 2017

Revenue is generally recognized when all of the following criteria are met: (i) persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, (ii) services have been rendered, (iii) the fee is fixed or determinable and (iv) collectability is reasonably assured.

Net service fees, as reported in the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive income (loss), consist of: (a) RCM services fees and (b) professional service fees earned on a fixed fee, transactional fee or time and materials basis. The Company’s primary source of revenue is RCM services fees. RCM services fees are primarily contingent, but along with fixed fees are generally viewed as one deliverable. To the extent that certain RCM services fees are fixed and not subject to refund, adjustment or concession, such fees are generally recognized as revenue on a straight-line basis over the term of the contract.

On a limited basis, the Company enters into contracts with multiple accounting elements which may include a combination of fixed fee or transactional fee elements. The selling price of each element is determined by using management's best estimate of selling price. Revenues are recognized in accordance with the accounting policies for the separate elements.

RCM services fees that are contingent in nature are recognized as revenue once all the criteria for revenue recognition are met, which is generally at the end of a contract or other contractual agreement event. Revenue is recognized for RCM services fees upon the contract reaching the end of its stated term (such that the contractual relationship will not continue in its current form) to the extent that: (i) cash has been received for invoiced fees and (ii) there are no disputes at the conclusion of the term of the contract.

If fees or services are disputed by a customer at the end of a contract, a settlement agreement entered into with the customer triggers revenue recognition. An other "contractual agreement event" occurs when a renewal, amendment to an existing contract, or other settlement agreement is executed in which the parties reach agreement on prior fees. Revenue is recognized up to the amount covered by such agreements.

RCM services fees consist of the following contingent fees: (i) Net Operating Fees and (ii) Incentive Fees.

Net Operating Fees

The Company generates net operating fees to the extent the Company is able to assist customers in reducing the cost of revenue cycle operations. In limited cases, the Company earns a fixed fee instead of a fee based on the mechanics described below. The Company’s net operating fees consist of:

i) gross base fees invoiced to customers; less

ii) corresponding costs of customers’ revenue cycle operations which the Company pays pursuant to its RCM agreements, including salaries and benefits for the customers' RCM personnel, and related third-party vendor costs; less

iii) any cost savings the Company shares with customers.

Net operating fees are recorded as deferred customer billings until the Company recognizes revenue for a customer contract at the end of a contract or reaches an "other contractual agreement event". The amount of unpaid costs of customers’ revenue cycle operations and shared cost savings are reported as accrued service costs within customer liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets.

Incentive Fees

The Company generates revenue in the form of performance-based fees when the Company improves the customers’ financial or operational metrics. These performance metrics vary by customer contract. However, certain contracts contain a contract-to-date performance metric that is not resolved until the end of the term of the contract.

Cost of Services

Costs associated with generating the Company’s net services revenue, including the cost of operating its shared services centers, are expensed as incurred, with the exception of deferred contract costs, which are discussed further in Note 21. Cost of services consist of (i) infused management, on-site revenue cycle employees and technology costs, (ii) shared services costs and (iii) other costs to perform physician advisory services. Infused management, on-site revenue cycle employees and technology costs consist primarily of wages, bonuses, benefits, share-based compensation, travel and other costs associated with employees who are assigned to customer sites to help manage the Company’s customers’ revenue cycle operations. The other significant portion of such expenses is an allocation of the costs associated with maintaining, improving and deploying our integrated proprietary technology suite. Shared services costs relate to the Company’s shared services centers in the U.S. and internationally that perform patient scheduling and pre-registration, medical transcription, cash posting, reconciliation of payments to billing records, patient follow-up and Medicaid eligibility determination for our customers. The Company incurs expenses related to salaries and benefits for employees in its shared services centers and non-payroll costs associated with operating its shared services centers. Other expenses consist of costs related to managing other services. These expenses consist primarily of wages, bonuses, benefits, share-based compensation and facilities costs.

Comprehensive Income (Loss)

Comprehensive income (loss) is the net income (loss) of the Company combined with other changes in stockholders’ equity (deficit) not involving ownership interest changes. For the Company, such changes are foreign currency translation adjustments and changes in derivatives designated as cash flow hedges.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

The Company considers all highly liquid investments with a maturity of three months or less when purchased to be cash equivalents.

Restricted Cash Equivalents

In 2018 and 2017, restricted cash equivalents represent the amount of cash or certificate of deposits ("CDs") that the Company is unable to access for operational purposes as it collateralizes certain Company expenses or derivatives. At December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Company had $2.3 million and $1.5 million in restricted cash equivalents, respectively.

Accounts Receivable and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts

Accounts receivable is comprised of unpaid balances pertaining to modular services and end-to-end RCM customers. The Company maintains an estimated allowance for doubtful accounts to reduce its accounts receivable to the amount that it believes will be collected. This allowance is based on the Company’s historical experience, its assessment of each customer’s ability to pay, the length of time a balance has been outstanding, input from key customer resources assigned to each customer and the status of any ongoing operations with each applicable customer.

Property, Equipment and Software

Property, equipment and software are stated at cost, and related depreciation and amortization are calculated on the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets.

The Company capitalizes qualifying internal and third-party costs and hardware and software costs related to the Company’s software development activities in accordance with ASC 350-40. The Company amortizes the capitalized software development costs over their estimated life on a straight-line basis.

The major classifications of property, equipment and software and their expected useful lives are as follows:

Buildings and land	39 years and indefinite
Computers and other equipment	3 to 5 years
Leasehold improvements	Shorter of 10 years or lease term
Office furniture	5 years
Software	3 to 5 years

Goodwill

Goodwill represents the difference between the purchase price of acquired companies and the related fair value of the net assets acquired, which is accounted for by the acquisition method of accounting. The Company annually tests goodwill for impairment on the first day of its fiscal fourth quarter, or more frequently if an event occurs or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value below its carrying value. The goodwill impairment test consists of a qualitative assessment of impairment indicators, followed by, if necessary, a quantitative assessment comparing the carrying amount to the reporting unit's fair value. To the extent that the carrying value exceeds the fair value, and impairment charge would be recorded. The Company has determined there to be one reporting unit, end-to-end RCM, consistent with its operating segment. As part of its annual impairment analysis, the Company performed a qualitative assessment and determined there was no impairment of goodwill for the year ended December 31, 2018.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

Property, equipment, software and other acquired intangible assets are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the asset may not be recoverable. If circumstances require a long-lived asset or asset group be reviewed for possible impairment, the Company first compares undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated by each asset or asset group to its carrying value. If the carrying value of the long-lived asset or asset group is not recoverable on an undiscounted cash flow basis, an impairment charge is recognized to the extent that the carrying value exceeds the fair value. There was no material impairment of property, equipment, software or other acquired intangible assets for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016.

Accrued Compensation and Benefits

Accrued compensation and benefits consists of accrued payroll, bonus, paid time off, health benefits, severance, and compensation and benefits related taxes. Total accrued payroll and bonus was $51.1 million and $25.1 million at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

Income Taxes

Income taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability method. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax basis and operating loss and tax credit carry forwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using current tax laws and enacted tax rates in effect for the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. The Company records a valuation allowance for deferred tax assets if, based upon the weight of all available evidence, both positive and negative, it is more likely than not that some or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized.

The Company recognizes the tax benefit from an uncertain tax position only if it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained upon examination by the relevant tax authorities, based on the technical merits of the position. The tax benefits recognized in the consolidated financial statements from such a position are measured based on the largest amount of benefit that has a greater than 50% percent likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement. Interest and penalties relating to income taxes are recognized in our income tax provision in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss).

Legal and Other Contingencies

In the normal course of business, the Company is subject to regulatory investigations or legal proceedings, as well as demands, claims and threatened litigation. The Company records an estimated loss for any claim, lawsuit, investigation or proceeding when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. Significant judgment is required in both the determination of the probability and whether the loss can be reasonably estimated. Actual expenses could differ from such estimates.

Foreign Currency Translation and Transaction Gains (Losses)

Assets and liabilities of non-U.S. subsidiaries that operate in a local currency environment, where such local currency is the functional currency, are translated to U.S. dollars at exchange rates in effect at the balance sheet date. Income and expense accounts are translated at average exchange rates during the year which approximates the rates in effect at the transaction dates. The resulting translation adjustments are recorded as a separate component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss).

Share-Based Compensation Expense

The Company determines the expense for all employee share-based compensation awards by estimating their fair value and recognizing such value as an expense, on a ratable basis, in the consolidated financial statements over the requisite service period in which the employees earn the awards. The fair value of performance and service condition stock options is calculated using the Black-Scholes option pricing model and, for market condition stock awards, the fair value is estimated using Monte Carlo simulations.

As of January 1, 2017, the Company adopted ASU No. 2016-09, Compensation-Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting ("ASU 2016-09"). The Company elected to change its accounting policy to account for forfeitures as they occur under the new standard. The change was applied on a modified retrospective basis with a cumulative effect adjustment recorded. Prior to January 1, 2017, the Company applied an estimated forfeiture rate derived from its historical data and estimates of the likely future actions of option holders when recognizing the share-based compensation expense of the options. Excess tax benefits and shortfalls for share-based payments are now included in operating activities rather than in financing activities. The changes have been applied prospectively in accordance with ASU 2016-09 and prior periods have not been adjusted.

To determine the fair value of a share-based award using the Black-Scholes option pricing model, the Company makes assumptions regarding the risk-free interest rate, expected future volatility and expected life of the award. These inputs are subjective and generally require significant analysis and judgment to develop. The Company aggregates all employees into one pool based on the grant date for valuation purposes. The risk-free rate is based on the U.S. treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant. The Company estimates the expected volatility of the share price by reviewing the historical volatility levels of its common stock in conjunction with that of public companies that operate in similar industries or are similar in terms of stage of development or size and then projecting this information toward its future expected volatility. The Company exercises judgment in selecting these companies, as well as in evaluating the available historical and implied volatility for these companies. The Company calculates the expected term in years for each stock option using a simplified method based on the average of each option’s vesting term and original contractual term. The simplified method was used due to the lack of sufficient historical data available to provide a reasonable basis upon which to estimate the expected term of each stock option.

To determine the fair value of a share-based award using Monte Carlo simulations, the Company makes assumptions regarding the risk-free interest rate, expected future volatility, expected dividend yield and performance period. The risk-free rate is based on the U.S. treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant. The Company estimates the expected volatility of the share price by reviewing the historical volatility levels of its common stock in conjunction with that of public companies that operate in similar industries or are similar in terms of stage of development or size and then projecting this information toward its future expected volatility. Dividend yield is determined based on the Company’s future plans to pay dividends. The Company had no plans to pay dividends at December 31, 2018. The Company calculates the performance period based on the specific market condition to be achieved and derived from historical data and estimates of future performance.

The Company recognizes compensation expense using a straight-line method over the applicable service or performance period. During each quarter, the share-based compensation expense is adjusted to reflect options that vested or were forfeited during the period; however, compensation expense already recognized is not adjusted if market conditions are not met.

Derivative Financial Instruments

The Company is actively managing the risk of changes in foreign currency exchange rate through foreign currency forward contracts traded in over-the-counter markets governed by International Swaps and Derivatives Association, Inc. (ISDA) agreements. Derivative transactions are governed by a uniform set of policies and procedures covering areas such as authorization, counterparty exposure and hedging practices. Positions are monitored using techniques such as market value and sensitivity analyses. The Company does not enter into derivative transactions for trading purposes. 

In order for a derivative to qualify for hedge accounting, the derivative must be formally designated as a cash flow hedge by documenting the relationship between the derivative and the hedged item. The documentation includes a description of the hedging instrument, the hedged item, the risk being hedged, the Company’s risk management objective and strategy for undertaking the hedge, and the method for assessing the effectiveness of the hedge. Additionally, the hedge relationship must be expected to be highly effective at offsetting changes in the cash flows of the hedged item at both inception of the hedge and on an ongoing basis. Prospective and retrospective hedge effectiveness will be assessed by a comparison of the critical terms of the hedging instrument and the hedged transaction. In the event that the Company’s ongoing assessment demonstrates that the critical terms of the hedging instrument or the hedged transaction have changed and no longer match, hedge effectiveness is assessed by use of a Hypothetical Derivative Method, which assesses hedge effectiveness based on a comparison of the change in fair value of the actual derivative designated as the hedging instrument and the change in fair value of a perfectly effective hypothetical derivative. The perfectly effective hypothetical derivative would have terms that identically match the critical terms of the hedged item.

The Company’s derivative financial instruments consist of non-deliverable foreign currency forward contracts. Fair values for derivative financial instruments are based on prices computed using third-party valuation models and are classified as Level 2 in accordance with the three-level hierarchy of fair value measurements. The change in fair value of a hedging instrument is recorded in accumulated other comprehensive loss as a separate component of stockholders’ equity (deficit) and is reclassified into cost of services in the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive income (loss) during the period in which the hedged transaction impacts earnings. 

Treasury Stock

The Company records treasury stock at the cost to acquire such shares, including commissions paid to brokers. Treasury stock is included as a component of stockholders’ equity (deficit).

Earnings (Loss) Per Share

Basic net income per share is computed by dividing net income, less any dividends, accretion or decretion, redemption or induced conversion on the Preferred Stock, by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. As the Preferred Stock (as defined in Note 13) participates in dividends alongside the Company’s common stock (per their participating dividends), the Preferred Stock would constitute participating securities under ASC 260-10 and are applied to earnings per share using the two-class method. Under this method, all earnings (distributed and undistributed) are allocated to common shares and participating securities based on their respective rights to receive dividends.

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Recent Accounting Pronouncements

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Recently Issued Accounting Standards and Disclosures

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842) ("ASU 2016-02"), which supersedes existing guidance on accounting for leases in Topic 840, Leases. ASU 2016-02 generally requires an entity to recognize both assets and liabilities arising from financing and operating leases, along with additional qualitative and quantitative disclosures. The Company will adopt ASU 2016-02 on January 1, 2019 using the modified retrospective transition method and record a cumulative-effect adjustment to beginning retained earnings without restating prior period comparative financial statements. The Company will elect the package of practical expedients that will retain existing lease classification and initial directs costs for any leases that exist prior to adoption of the standard. In addition, the Company will not separate lease and non-lease components for its equipment assets. As part of the adoption, the Company implemented lease accounting software, updated processes and accounting policies and enhanced internal controls. The Company expects to record between $70.0 million and $80.0 million of right-of-use assets and offsetting lease liabilities between $85.0 million and $95.0 million. The Company expects no significant impact to retained earnings. The adjustment will have no impact on the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive income (loss) or the consolidated statement of cash flows.

On January 1, 2018, the Company adopted ASU 2016-18, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Restricted Cash ("ASU 2016-18"), using a retrospective transition method. ASU 2016-18 is intended to reduce diversity in practice in the classification and presentation of changes in restricted cash on the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows. ASU 2016-18 requires that the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows explain the change in total cash and cash equivalents and amounts generally described as restricted cash or restricted cash equivalents when reconciling the beginning-of-period and end-of-period total amounts. Upon adoption of ASU 2016-18, restricted cash equivalents of $1.5 million as of December 31, 2017, and December 31, 2016, and January 1, 2016 were reclassified to be included within the reconciliation of beginning and ending cash and restricted cash equivalents on the Company's Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. Restricted cash equivalents of $2.3 million are included in the ending cash balance on the Company's Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows as of December 31, 2018.

In August 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-12, Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities ("ASU 2017-12"). ASU 2017-12 is intended to improve the financial reporting of hedging relationships in order to better portray the economic results of an entity's risk management activities in its financial statements. The guidance is effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2018. On January 1, 2018, we adopted ASU 2017-12. The adoption of ASU 2017-12 did not have a material effect on our consolidated financial statements.

In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-15, Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments (a consensus of the FASB Emerging Issues Task Force). This ASU addresses the following eight specific cash flow issues: Debt prepayment or debt extinguishment costs; settlement of zero-coupon debt instruments or other debt instruments with coupon interest rates that are insignificant in relation to the effective interest rate of the borrowing; contingent consideration payments made after a business combination; proceeds from the settlement of insurance claims; proceeds from the settlement of corporate-owned life insurance policies (including bank-owned life insurance policies); distributions received from equity method investees; beneficial interests in securitization transactions; and separately identifiable cash flows and application of the predominance principle. The Company adopted this standard on January 1, 2018. The adoption of this standard did not have a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements.

In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-04, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment (“ASU 2017-04”). ASU 2017-04 simplifies the accounting for goodwill impairments by eliminating the requirement to compare the implied fair value of goodwill with its carrying amount as part of step two of the goodwill impairment test referenced in Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 350, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other (“ASC 350”). As a result, an entity should perform its annual, or interim, goodwill impairment test by comparing the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount. An impairment charge should be recognized for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value. However, the impairment loss recognized should not exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. ASU 2017-04 is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2019, including any interim impairment tests within those annual periods, with early application permitted for interim or annual goodwill impairment tests performed on testing dates after January 1, 2017. In June 2018, the Company elected to early adopt ASU 2017-04. The adoption had no impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements.

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-15, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other - Internal-Use Software (Suptopic 350-40): Customer's Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement That Is a Service Contract ("ASU 2018-15"). ASU 2018-15 requires a customer in a cloud computing arrangement that is a service contract to follow the internal-use software guidance in Accounting Standards Codification 350-40 to determine which implementation costs to defer and recognize as an asset. ASU 2018-15 is effective for periods beginning after December 15, 2019. The Company plans to adopt ASU 2018-15 on January 1, 2019 using the prospective method. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of the adoption of this ASU on its consolidated financial statements.

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Fair Value of Financial Instruments

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The Company records its financial assets and liabilities at fair value. The accounting standard for fair value (i) defines fair value as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date, (ii) establishes a framework for measuring fair value, (iii) establishes a hierarchy of fair value measurements based upon the ability to observe inputs used to value assets and liabilities, (iv) requires consideration of nonperformance risk and (v) expands disclosures about the methods used to measure fair value. The accounting standard establishes a three-level hierarchy of measurements based upon the reliability of observable and unobservable inputs used to arrive at fair value. Observable inputs are independent market data, while unobservable inputs reflect the Company’s assumptions about valuation. The three levels of the hierarchy are defined as follows:

• Level 1: Observable inputs such as quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities;

• Level 2: Inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly. These include quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets and quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active, and model-derived valuations in which all significant inputs and significant value drivers are observable in active markets; and

• Level 3: Valuations derived from valuation techniques in which one or more significant inputs or significant value drivers are unobservable.

The carrying amounts of the Company’s financial instruments, which include financial assets such as cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash equivalents, accounts receivable, net, and certain other current assets, as well as financial liabilities such as accounts payable, accrued service costs, accrued compensation and benefits and certain other accrued expenses, approximate their fair values, due to the short-term nature of these instruments. See Note 23, Derivative Financial Instruments, for a discussion of the fair value of the Company's forward currency derivative contracts. The fair value of the Company's senior term loan is estimated based on the quoted market prices for the same or similar issue, and is considered a Level 2 measurement. The fair value of the Company's notes is estimated based on market indications compared to the inputs of the existing agreement and is considered a Level 2 measurement. The fair value of liabilities carried at book value in the financial statements at December 31, 2018 is as follows (in millions):

	December 31, 2018
	Book Value		Fair Value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Liabilities:
Senior Term Loan (1)	$	253.0	$	264.6	$	—	$	264.6	$	—
Notes (2)	$	105.7	$	109.6	$	—	$	109.6	$	—

(1) Book value net of unamortized debt issuance costs of $8.1 million.

(2) Book value net of unamortized debt issuance costs of $2.2 million.

Other than the items discussed above, the Company does not have any financial assets or liabilities that are required to be measured at fair value on a recurring basis.

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Acquisition

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Business Combinations [Abstract]

Acquisition

Acquisition

Intermedix Holdings, Inc.

On May 8, 2018, the Company completed the acquisition of Intermedix. The Intermedix Acquisition has been accounted for under ASC 805, Business Combinations. Accordingly, the accounts of the acquired company, after adjustments to reflect fair values assigned to assets and liabilities, have been included in the Company’s consolidated financial statements since the date of the Intermedix Acquisition.

The purchase price for the Intermedix Acquisition was $460 million, subject to customary adjustments for cash, debt, transaction expenses, and normalized working capital. The purchase price after adjustments amounted to $469.2 million. The Company funded the purchase price for the Intermedix Acquisition and the Company’s associated transaction expenses with a combination of cash on hand and the incurrence of additional indebtedness through a senior term loan and subordinated debt (see Note 12, Debt). The purchase price has been provisionally allocated, on a preliminary basis, to assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their preliminary estimated fair values as of the completion of the Intermedix Acquisition.

The Company is continuing its review of the fair value estimate of assets acquired and liabilities assumed during the measurement period, which will conclude as soon as the Company receives the information about facts and circumstances that existed as of the acquisition date or learns that more information is not available. This measurement period will not exceed one year from the acquisition date. At the effective date of the Intermedix Acquisition, the assets acquired and liabilities assumed are generally required to be measured at fair value.

Given the timing of the Intermedix Acquisition, the fair value estimate of assets acquired and liabilities assumed are pending completion of multiple elements, including the finalization of an independent appraisal and valuations of fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed, finalization of deferred tax assets and liabilities, and final review by the Company's management. Accordingly, management considers the balances shown in the following table to be preliminary. Some of the more significant amounts that are not yet finalized relate to the fair value of property, equipment and software, intangible assets, operating leases or commitments, contingent liabilities, and income and non-income related taxes. Accordingly, there could be material adjustments to the consolidated financial statements, including changes to depreciation and amortization expense related to the valuation of property, equipment and software, and intangible assets acquired and the respective useful lives for those assets among other adjustments.

The final determination of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed will be based on the established fair value of the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed as of the acquisition date. The excess of the purchase price over the fair value of net assets acquired is allocated to goodwill. The final determination of the purchase price, fair values, and resulting goodwill may differ significantly from what is reflected in these consolidated financial statements.

The preliminary fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed is (in millions):

	Purchase Price Allocation
Total purchase consideration	$	469.2
Allocation of consideration to assets acquired and liabilities assumed:
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash	$	6.4
Accounts receivable	35.5
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	11.6
Property, equipment and software	25.4
Intangible assets	191.1
Goodwill	254.8
Other assets	0.3
Accounts payable	(6.4		)
Current portion of customer liabilities	(8.6		)
Accrued compensation and benefits	(7.7		)
Other accrued expenses	(6.2		)
Deferred income tax liabilities	(27.0		)
Net assets acquired	$	469.2

The fair value of accounts receivables acquired is $35.5 million, with the gross contractual amount being $37.5 million. The Company expects $2.0 million to be uncollectible.

The goodwill recognized is primarily attributable to synergies that are expected to be achieved from the integration of Intermedix. None of the goodwill is expected to be deductible for income tax purposes. As ofDecember 31, 2018, there werenoimpairment changes in the recognized amounts of goodwill resulting from the acquisition of Intermedix.

Included in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the year ended December 31, 2018 are net sales of $119.2 million and loss before income taxes of $0.6 million related to the operations of Intermedix since the acquisition date of May 8, 2018.

The Company retained Bank of America to provide both advisory and financing services related to the Intermedix Acquisition. The amount of debt issuance costs paid to Bank of America was $4.1 million.

Measurement period adjustments

The Company had various measurement period adjustments due to updated valuation reports and additional knowledge gained since the acquisition. The significant adjustments included a reduction to intangible assets and property, equipment and software of $10.5 million and $5.4 million, respectively, related to updated information included in the valuation reports, a reduction to the deferred tax liability of $6.5 million, and an offset of these changes to goodwill. In conjunction with the adjustments, the Company reduced depreciation and amortization expense in the quarter ended December 31, 2018.

Pro Forma Results (Unaudited)

The following table summarizes, on a pro forma basis, the combined results of the Company as though the Intermedix Acquisition had occurred as of January 1, 2017. These pro forma results are not necessarily indicative of either the actual consolidated results had the Intermedix Acquisition occurred as of January 1, 2017 or of the future consolidated operating results. Pro forma results are (in millions):

	Year Ended December 31,
	2018			2017
Net services revenue	$	938.5		$	642.8
Net income (loss)	$	(57.8	)	$	(74.7	)

Supplemental pro-forma earnings were adjusted to exclude $11.9 million of acquisition-related costs incurred by the Company in 2018 and include those costs in 2017. Adjustments were also made to earnings to adjust depreciation and amortization to reflect fair value of identified assets acquired, to remove the impairment charges recognized by Intermedix on intangible assets which were revalued as of the acquisition date, to record the effects of extinguishing the debt of Intermedix and replacing it with the debt of the Company, and to record the income tax effect of these adjustments.

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Accounts Receivable and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Receivables [Abstract]

Accounts Receivable and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts

Accounts Receivable and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts

Accounts receivable is comprised of unpaid balances pertaining to modular services and end-to-end RCM customers, net receivable balances for end-to-end RCM customers after considering cost reimbursements owed to such customers, including related accrued balances, and amounts due from physician RCM and PM customers.

The Company maintains an estimated allowance for doubtful accounts to reduce its accounts receivable to the amount that it believes will be collected. This allowance is based on the Company’s historical experience, its assessment of each customer’s ability to pay, the length of time a balance has been outstanding, input from key Company resources assigned to each customer, and the status of any ongoing operations with each applicable customer.

Movements in the allowance for doubtful accounts are as follows (in thousands):

	Year Ended December 31,
	2018			2017
Beginning balance	$	363		$	66
Provision (recoveries)	754			304
Write-offs	(3		)	(7		)
Ending balance	$	1,114		$	363

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Property, Equipment and Software

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Property, Plant and Equipment [Abstract]

Property, Equipment and Software

Property, Equipment and Software

Property, equipment and software consist of the following (in millions):

	December 31, 2018			December 31, 2017
Buildings and land	$	4.6		$	—
Computer and other equipment	48.6			28.7
Leasehold improvements	27.9			22.3
Software	85.9			44.5
Office furniture	9.7			7.4
Property, equipment and software, gross	176.7			102.9
Less accumulated depreciation and amortization	(81.5		)	(54.6		)
Property, equipment and software, net	$	95.2		$	48.3

Property, equipment and software, net, located internationally was $15.6 million and $10.1 million as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The remaining property, equipment and software was located in the U.S. as of December 31, 2018 and 2017.

During the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company capitalized $22.6 million of computer equipment and software related to a capital lease and financing, of which $10.0 million and $4.2 million are recorded in other accrued expenses and other non-current liabilities, respectively.

The following table summarizes the allocation of depreciation and amortization expense between cost of services and selling, general and administrative expenses (in millions):

	Year Ended December 31,
	2018		2017		2016
Cost of services	$	23.9	$	14.5	$	9.5
Selling, general and administrative	4.3		1.8		0.7
Total depreciation and amortization	$	28.2	$	16.3	$	10.2

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Intangible Assets

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]

Intangible Assets

Intangible Assets

In conjunction with the acquisition of Intermedix, the Company acquired certain intangible assets. Prior to the acquisition of Intermedix on May 8, 2018, the Company did not have any intangible assets. As discussed in Note 5, Acquisition, the amounts and estimated useful lives are preliminary. The following table provides the gross carrying value and accumulated amortization for each major class of intangible asset at December 31, 2018 (in millions, except weighted average useful life):

		December 31, 2018
	Weighted Average Useful Life	Gross Carrying Value		Accumulated Amortization			Net Book Value
Customer relationships	17 years	$	160.9	$	(6.1	)	$	154.8
Tradename	1 year	1.1		(1.1		)	—
Technology	6 years	26.8		(2.9		)	23.9
Favorable leasehold interests	Life of lease	2.3		(0.5		)	1.8
Total intangible assets		$	191.1	$	(10.6	)	$	180.5

A preliminary fair value of the identifiable intangible assets was derived, utilizing the following valuation methodology:

	Valuation Methodology
Customer relationships	Income approach to derive the present value of future cash flows from customer relationship.
Tradename	Relief from royalty method was utilized to determine the present value of savings from owning the asset.
Technology	The cost, market, and income approaches were used. • Cost approach - value is based on the current technology cost. • Market approach - value is based on sales of similar technologies. • Income approach - value based on identifiable discrete cash flows related to the technology.
Favorable leasehold interests	Income approach to derive the present value of the market versus contractual rent.

Intangible asset amortization expense was $10.6 million and $0.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

Estimated annual amortization expense related to intangible assets with definite lives as of December 31, 2018 is as follows (in millions):

2019	$	14.3
2020	14.2
2021	14.2
2022	14.2
2023	14.2
Thereafter	109.4
Total	$	180.5

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Goodwill

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]

Goodwill

Goodwill

Changes in the carrying amount of goodwill for the year ended December 31, 2018 were (in millions):

	Goodwill
Balance as of December 31, 2017	$	—
Acquisitions	254.8
Balance as of December 31, 2018	$	254.8

There was no impairment of goodwill in 2018.

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Revenue Recognition

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Revenue from Contract with Customer [Abstract]

Revenue Recognition

Revenue Recognition

The Company follows the guidance under Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, (“Topic 606”). Revenue is measured based on consideration specified in a contract with a customer, and excludes any sales incentives and amounts collected on behalf of third parties. The Company recognizes revenue when it satisfies a performance obligation by transferring control over a service to a customer, which is typically over the contract term. Estimates of variable consideration are included in revenue to the extent that it is probable that a significant reversal of cumulative revenue will not occur once the uncertainty is resolved. See Note 2, Summary of Significant Accounting Polices, for further discussion.

Disaggregation of Revenue

In the following table, revenue is disaggregated by source of revenue (in millions):

	Year Ended December 31,
	2018		2017
Net operating fees	$	760.2	$	374.8
Incentive fees	38.3		29.0
Other	70.0		46.0
Net services revenue	$	868.5	$	449.8

Contract Balances

The following table provides information about receivables, contracts assets, and contract liabilities from contracts with customers (in millions):

	December 31, 2018		December 31, 2017
Receivables (1)	$	97.4	$	23.6
Contract assets	1.2		—
Contract liabilities	22.3		15.5

(1) Receivables are included in accounts receivable, net. The balance includes

accounts receivable, net - related party.

The Company recognized an increase of revenue of $0.4 million and $1.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 related to changes in transaction price estimates. The Company recognized revenue of $0.2 million and $1.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, related to services performed in periods prior to the parties reaching an agreement that creates enforceable rights and obligations.

A receivable is recognized in the period the Company provides services when the Company’s right to consideration is unconditional. Payment terms on invoiced amounts are typically 30-60 days.

Significant changes in the contract assets and the contract liabilities balances during the year ended December 31, 2018 are as follows (in millions):

	December 31, 2018
	Contract assets		Contract liabilities
Revenue recognized that was included in the contract liability balance at the beginning of the period	$	—	$	51.8
Increases due to cash received, excluding amounts recognized as revenue during the period	—		5.8
Acquisitions	1.2		2.1

The Company recognized revenue of $51.8 million and $19.9 million during the year ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, which amounts were included in contract liabilities at the beginning of the respective periods. These revenue amounts include $47.8 million and $19.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, related to advanced billings which become accounts receivable and contract liabilities on the first day of the respective service period.

Transaction Price Allocated to the Remaining Performance Obligation

The following table includes estimated revenue expected to be recognized in the future related to performance obligations that are unsatisfied (or partially unsatisfied) at the end of the reporting period (in millions). The estimated revenue does not include amounts of variable consideration that are constrained.

	Net operating fees		Incentive fees		Other
2019	$	58.1	$	14.6	$	4.0
2020	15.1		—		3.8
2021	8.7		—		3.8
2022	4.2		—		3.8
Thereafter	2.9		—		11.9
Total	$	89.0	$	14.6	$	27.3

The amounts presented in the table above include variable fee estimates for the non-cancellable term of the Company's physician groups and EMS providers, RCM services contracts, fixed fees which are typically recognized ratably as the performance obligation is satisfied, and incentive fees which are measured cumulatively over the contractually defined performance period.

Estimates of revenue expected to be recognized in future periods also exclude unexercised customer options to purchase services within the Company's PAS contracts that do not represent material rights to the customer. Customer options that do not represent a material right are only accounted for in accordance with Topic 606 when the customer exercises its option to purchase additional goods or services.

The Company does not disclose information about remaining performance obligations with an original expected duration of one year or less. The Company has elected certain of the optional exemptions from the disclosure requirement for remaining performance obligations for specific situations in which an entity need not estimate variable consideration to recognize revenue. Accordingly, the Company applies a practical expedient to its stand-alone PAS contracts and modular RCM services and does not disclose information about variable consideration from remaining performance obligations when the Company has a right to consideration from a customer in an amount that corresponds directly with the value to the customer of the entity's performance completed to date. PAS performance obligations are typically short in duration (often less than 1 day) with any uncertainty related to the associated variable consideration resolved as each increment of service (completion of a level of care review or an appeal) is completed which reflects the value the customer receives from the Company’s fulfillment of the performance obligation. Modular RCM services performance obligations for variable consideration are of short duration with fees corresponding to the value the customer has realized, for example, patient accounts collected on behalf of the customer or medical record lines transcribed.

For end-to-end RCM contracts, the Company does not disclose information about remaining, wholly unsatisfied performance obligations for variable consideration that the Company is able to allocate to one or more, but not all, of the performance obligations in its contracts. The Company’s end-to-end RCM services performance obligations are satisfied over time and are substantially the same from period to period under either a co-managed or operating partner model. Fees are variable and consist of net operating fees and incentive fees, with the uncertainty related to net operating fees and certain incentive fees being resolved quarterly, and with the uncertainty of other incentive fees being resolved annually. The information presented in the table above includes estimates for incentive fees where the uncertainty related to the final fee is resolved on longer than a quarterly basis and to the extent the Company does not believe the associated consideration is constrained.

Changes in Accounting Policies

Except for the changes below, the Company has consistently applied the accounting policies to all periods presented in these consolidated financial statements.

The Company adopted Topic 606 with a date of the initial application of January 1, 2017. As a result, the Company has changed its accounting policy for revenue recognition as detailed below.

The Company adopted Topic 606, effective January 1, 2017, using the modified retrospective method, applying Topic 606 to contracts that were not complete as of the date of initial application. Therefore, the comparative information has not been adjusted and continues to be reported under Topic 605. For contracts that were modified before the beginning of the earliest reporting period presented the Company has not retrospectively restated the contract for those modifications in accordance with the contract modification guidance in 606-10-25-12 and 25-13. The Company instead reflected the aggregate effect of those modifications when identifying the satisfied and unsatisfied performance obligations, determining the transaction price and allocating the transaction price to the satisfied and unsatisfied performance obligation.

Deferred Contract Costs

Certain costs associated with the initial phases of customer contracts and the related transition of customer organizations are deferred. These fulfillment costs relate directly to the Company’s responsibilities under the corresponding customer contracts, generate or enhance resources of the Company that will be used in satisfying its performance obligations in the future, and are expected to be recovered through the margins realized. The following table summarizes the breakout of deferred contract costs (in millions):

	December 31, 2018		December 31, 2017
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	$	2.8	$	1.6
Other assets	17.4		11.6
Total deferred contract costs	$	20.2	$	13.2

The associated assets are amortized as services are transferred to the customer over the remaining life of the contracts. For the year ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, total amortization was $2.2 million and $1.0 million, respectively, and there were no associated impairment losses.

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Customer Liabilities

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Other Liabilities Disclosure [Abstract]

Customer Liabilities

Customer Liabilities

Customer liabilities include (i) accrued service costs (amounts due and accrued for cost reimbursements), (ii) collections payable to clients (consisting primarily of amounts collected on behalf of the Company’s physician group customers to be remitted within twelve months), (iii) refund liabilities (amounts potentially due as a refund to the Company's customers on incentive fees), and (iv) deferred revenue (contract liabilities) (fixed or variable fees amortized to revenue over the service period).

Customer liabilities consist of the following (in millions):

	December 31,		December 31,
	2018		2017
Accrued service costs, current (1)	$	51.0	$	23.7
Collections payable to clients, current	9.1		—
Refund liabilities, current	0.6		0.5
Deferred revenue (contract liabilities), current	5.1		4.0
Current portion of customer liabilities (1)	65.8		28.2
Refund liabilities, non-current	0.4		—
Deferred revenue (contract liabilities), non-current	17.3		11.5
Non current portion of customer liabilities (1)	17.7		11.5
Total customer liabilities	$	83.5	$	39.7

(1) Current and non-current portion of customer liabilities include amounts for a related party. See Note 20, Related Party Transactions, for further discussion.

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Debt

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Debt Disclosure [Abstract]

Debt

Debt

The carrying amounts of debt consist of the following (in millions):

	December 31, 2018
Senior Revolver	$	—
Senior Term Loan	268.7
Notes (primarily with related parties)	110.0
Unamortized discount and issuance costs	(20.0		)
Total debt	358.7
Less: Current maturities	(2.7		)
Total long-term debt	$	356.0

Credit Agreement and Note Purchase Agreement

On May 8, 2018, the Company and certain of its subsidiaries entered into (1) a new senior credit agreement (the “Credit Agreement”) with Bank of America, N.A., as administrative agent, and the lenders named therein, for the new senior secured credit facilities (the “Senior Secured Credit Facilities”), consisting of a $270.0 million senior secured term loan facility (the “Senior Term Loan”) issued at 97% of par and a $25.0 million senior secured revolving credit facility (the “Senior Revolver”); and (2) a new subordinated note purchase agreement (the “Note Purchase Agreement”) with TI IV ACHI Holdings, LP, IHC Health Services, Inc. and Ascension Health Alliance d/b/a Ascension, as purchasers, consisting of the issuance and sale of $110.0 million aggregate principal amount of subordinated notes due 2026 (the "Notes") issued at 98% of par.

Senior Secured Credit Facilities

The Senior Term Loan has a seven-year maturity and the Senior Revolver has a five-year maturity. The Credit Agreement provides that the Company may make one or more offers to the lenders, and consummate transactions with individual lenders that accept the terms contained in such offers, to extend the maturity date of the lender’s term loans and/or revolving commitments, subject to certain conditions, and any extended term loans or revolving commitments will constitute a separate class of term loans or revolving commitments.

All of the Company’s obligations under the Senior Secured Credit Facilities are guaranteed by the subsidiary guarantors named therein (the “Subsidiary Guarantors”). Pursuant to (1) the Security Agreement, dated as of May 8, 2018 (the “Security Agreement”), among the Company, the Subsidiary Guarantors and Bank of America, N.A., as administrative agent, and (2) the Guaranty, dated as of May 8, 2018 (the “Guaranty”), among the Company, the Subsidiary Guarantors and Bank of America, N.A., as administrative agent, subject to certain exceptions, the obligations under the Senior Secured Credit Facilities are secured by a pledge of 100% of the capital stock of certain domestic subsidiaries owned by the Company and a security interest in substantially all of the Company’s tangible and intangible assets and the tangible and intangible assets of each Subsidiary Guarantor.

The Senior Revolver includes borrowing capacity available for letters of credit and for borrowings on same-day notice, referred to as the “swing loans.” Any issuance of letters of credit or making of a swing loan will reduce the amount available under the revolving credit facility. As of December 31, 2018, the Company had no borrowings and no letters of credit under the Senior Revolver, and $25.0 million of availability under the Senior Revolver.

At the Company’s option, the Company may add one or more new term loan facilities or increase the commitments under the Senior Revolver (collectively, the “Incremental Borrowings”) in an aggregate amount of up to $25.0 million plus any additional amounts so long as certain conditions, including a consolidated first lien leverage ratio (as defined in the Credit Agreement) of not more than 3.75 to 1.00 (on a pari passu basis) or 5.50 to 1.00 (on a junior basis), in each case on a pro forma basis, are satisfied plus the amount of certain voluntary prepayments of Senior Term Loans.

Borrowings under the Senior Secured Credit Facilities bear interest, at the Company’s option, at: (i) an ABR rate equal to the greater of (a) the prime rate of Bank of America, N.A., (b) the federal funds rate plus 0.5%per annum, and (c) the Eurodollar rate for an interest period of one-month beginning on such day plus 100 basis points, plus 4.25% (provided that the Eurodollar rate applicable to the Term Loan Facility shall not be less than 0.00% per annum); or (ii) the Eurodollar rate (provided that the Eurodollar rate applicable to the Term Loan Facility shall not be less than 0.00% per annum), plus 5.25%. The interest rate as of December 31, 2018 was 7.62%. The Company is also required to pay an unused commitment fee to the lenders under the Senior Revolver at a rate of 0.50% of the average daily unutilized commitments thereunder if the first lien net leverage ratio is greater than 2.00 to 1.00, or at a rate of 0.375% at any other time. The Company must also pay customary letter of credit fees, including a fronting fee as well as administration fees.

The Credit Agreement requires the Company to make mandatory prepayments, subject to certain exceptions, with: (i) beginning with fiscal year 2019, 75% (which percentage will be reduced upon the achievement of certain first lien net leverage ratios) of the Company’s annual excess cash flow; (ii) 100% of net cash proceeds of all non-ordinary course assets sales or other dispositions of property or casualty events, subject to certain exceptions and thresholds; and (iii) 100% of the net cash proceeds of any debt incurrence, other than debt permitted under the Credit Agreement. The Company is required to repay the Senior Term Loan portion of the Senior Secured Credit Facilities in quarterly principal installments of 0.25% of the original principal amount commencing on September 30, 2018, with the balance payable at maturity. If, on or prior to May 8, 2019, the Company prepays or reprices any portion of the Senior Term Loan, the Company will be required to pay a prepayment premium of 1% of the loans being prepaid or repriced.

The Credit Agreement contains two financial covenants. (1) The Company is required to maintain at the end of each fiscal quarter, commencing with the quarter ending September 30, 2018, a consolidated first lien net leverage ratio of not more than 5.50 to 1.00. This consolidated ratio will step down in increments to 4.00 to 1.00 commencing with the fiscal quarter ending September 30, 2020. (2) The Company is required to maintain at the end of each such fiscal quarter, commencing with the quarter ending September 30, 2018, a consolidated interest coverage ratio of not less than 1.75 to 1.00. This consolidated ratio will step up in increments to 2.50 to 1.00 commencing with the fiscal quarter ending September 30, 2020.

The Credit Agreement also contains a number of covenants that, among other things, restrict, subject to certain exceptions, the Company’s ability and the ability of its subsidiaries to: (i) incur additional indebtedness; (ii) create liens on assets; (iii) engage in mergers or consolidations; (iv) sell assets; (v) pay dividends and distributions or repurchase the Company’s capital stock; (vi) make investments, loans or advances; (vii) repay certain junior indebtedness; (viii) engage in certain transactions with affiliates; (ix) enter into sale and leaseback transactions; (x) amend material agreements governing certain of the Company’s junior indebtedness; (xi) change the Company’s lines of business; (xii) make certain acquisitions; and (xiii) limitations on the letter of credit cash collateral account. The Credit Agreement contains customary affirmative covenants and events of default.

Note Purchase Agreement

The Notes issued pursuant to the Note Purchase Agreement have an eight-year maturity.

All of the Company’s obligations under the Note Purchase Agreement are guaranteed by the Subsidiary Guarantors pursuant to the Subsidiary Guaranty, dated as of May 8, 2018 (the “Subsidiary Guaranty”), among the Company, the Subsidiary Guarantors and the Purchasers (as defined in the Notes). The obligations under the Note Purchase Agreement are unsecured.

As of December 31, 2018, $105.0 million of the Notes were due to related parties. For the year ended December 31, 2018, $9.5 million of interest was attributable to related parties.

The Notes bear interest at 14.0% per annum, increasing by 1.0% per annum on May 8, 2021, and by an additional 1.0% per annum on each subsequent anniversary until the Notes are repaid in full. Interest is payable quarterly in cash; provided, that, subject to the subordination agreement, (i) for any fiscal quarters ending on or prior to May 8, 2019, at the Company’s election, up to 75% of the interest payments will be payable in kind and the remaining amount of such interest payment will be payable quarterly in cash; (ii) for any fiscal quarters ending after May 8, 2019 and on or prior to May 8, 2020, at the Company’s election, up to 50% of the interest payments will be payable in kind and the remaining amount of such interest payment will be payable quarterly in cash; and (iii) for any subsequent fiscal quarters, at the Company’s election, up to 25% of the interest payments will be payable in kind and the remaining amount of such interest payment will be payable quarterly in cash. Interest expense is incurred through the effective interest rate method. Deferred interest, generated due to a difference in the effective interest rate and the stated interest rate, is recognized in other non-current liabilities on the balance sheet. As of December 31, 2018, total deferred interest was $1.4 million.

The Note Purchase Agreement does not require any mandatory prepayments. Any voluntary prepayment of the obligations pursuant to the Note Purchase Agreement (other than in connection with a change of control) shall be subject to a prepayment premium of (a) if such prepayment is made before May 8, 2019, 3.0% of the principal amount of the obligations prepaid, (b) if such prepayment is made on or after May 8, 2019 but prior to May 8, 2020, 2.0% of the principal amount of the obligations prepaid, (c) if such prepayment is made on or after May 8, 2020 but prior to May 8, 2021, 1.0% of the principal amount of the obligations prepaid, and (d) if such prepayment is made on or after May 8, 2021, 0.0% of the principal amount of the obligations prepaid.

The Note Purchase Agreement also contains a number of covenants that, among other things, restrict, subject to certain exceptions, the Company’s ability and the ability of its subsidiaries to: (i) create liens on assets; (ii) engage in mergers or consolidations or sell all or substantially all of their respective assets; and (iii) pay dividends and distributions or repurchase the Company’s capital stock. The Note Purchase Agreement contains customary affirmative covenants and events of default.

Debt Issuance Costs

The Company incurred debt issuance costs of $11.5 million in relation to the Credit Agreement and Note Purchase Agreement which were allocated to the respective agreements.

Debt Maturities

Scheduled maturities of the Company's long-term debt for each of the five years succeeding December 31, 2018 and thereafter are summarized as follows (in millions):

	Scheduled Maturities
2019	$	2.7
2020	2.7
2021	2.7
2022	2.7
2023	2.7
Thereafter	365.2
Total	$	378.7

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Stockholders' Equity (Deficit)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Equity [Abstract]

Stockholders' Equity (Deficit)

Stockholders’ Equity (Deficit)

Preferred Stock and Warrant

The Company has 5,000,000 shares of authorized preferred stock, each with a par value of $0.01. The preferred stock may be issued from time to time in one or more series. The board of directors of the Company ("Board") is authorized to determine the rights, preferences, privileges and restrictions of the Company’s authorized but unissued shares of preferred stock. On February 16, 2016, at the close of the Transaction, the Company issued to TCP-ASC ACHI Series LLLP, a limited liability limited partnership jointly owned by Ascension Health Alliance and investment funds affiliated with TowerBrook (the "Investor"): (i) 200,000 shares of its 8.00% Series A Convertible Preferred Stock, par value $0.01 per share (the "Series A Preferred Stock" or "Preferred Stock"), for an aggregate price of $200 million and (ii) an exercisable warrant to acquire up to 60 million shares of its common stock with an exercise price of $3.50 per common share and a term of ten years. The Series A Preferred Stock is immediately convertible into shares of common stock. As of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the Company had 246,233 and 227,483 shares of Preferred Stock outstanding, respectively. See Note 17, 8.00% Series A Convertible Preferred Stock, for additional information.

Common Stock

Each outstanding share of the Company's common stock, par value $0.01 per share ("common stock"), is entitled to one vote per share on all matters submitted to a vote by shareholders. Subject to the rights of any preferred stock which may from time to time be outstanding, the holders of outstanding shares of common stock are entitled to receive dividends and, upon liquidation or dissolution, are entitled to receive pro rata all assets legally available for distribution to stockholders. No dividends were declared or paid on the common stock during 2018 or 2017.

Treasury Stock

On November 13, 2013, the Board authorized a repurchase of up to $50.0 million of the Company’s common stock in the open market or in privately negotiated transactions. The timing and amount of any shares repurchased will be determined by the Company based on its evaluation of market conditions and other factors. The repurchase program may be suspended or discontinued at any time at the sole discretion of the Board. Any repurchased shares will be available for use in connection with the Company’s stock plans and for other corporate purposes. The Company funds the repurchases from cash on hand. During the year ended December 31, 2017, the Company repurchased 855,474 shares of the Company stock for $2.5 million. During the year ended December 31, 2018, no shares were repurchased. No shares have been retired. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Company held in treasury 5,321,393 shares of repurchased stock.

Treasury stock also includes repurchases of Company stock related to employees’ tax withholding upon vesting of restricted shares. For the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Company repurchased 499,069 and 784,531 shares related to employees’ tax withholding upon vesting of restricted shares, respectively. Additionally, treasury stock includes restricted stock awards that have been canceled or forfeited. See Note 14, Share-Based Compensation.

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Share-Based Compensation

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Disclosure of Compensation Related Costs, Share-based Payments [Abstract]

Share-Based Compensation

Share-Based Compensation

The Company maintains two stock incentive plans: the Amended and Restated Stock Option Plan (the "2006 Plan") and the Second Amended and Restated Stock 2010 Incentive Plan (the "2010 Amended Plan", together with the 2006 Plan, the "Plans"). In December 2016, the Company's stockholders approved the Second Amended and Restated 2010 Stock Incentive Plan, which authorized the issuance of an additional 17 million shares of the Company's common stock pursuant to awards.

Under the Plans, the Company is authorized to issue up to a maximum of 46,374,756 shares of common stock. This number includes any shares that remained available for issuance under the 2006 Plan as of the date of the IPO and any shares subject to awards that were outstanding under the 2006 Plan as of the date of the IPO that expire, terminate or are otherwise surrendered, canceled, forfeited or repurchased by the Company without the issuance of shares thereunder. The Company will not make any further grants under the 2006 Plan. The 2010 Amended Plan provides for the grant of incentive stock options, non-statutory stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock awards ("RSAs"), restricted stock units ("RSUs") and other share-based awards. As of December 31, 2018, 8,548,545 shares were available for future grants of awards under the 2010 Amended Plan. To the extent that previously granted awards under the 2006 Plan or 2010 Amended Plan expire, terminate or are otherwise surrendered, canceled or forfeited, the number of shares available for future awards under the 2010 Amended Plan will increase.

Under the terms of the Plans, all stock options will expire if they are not exercised within ten years of their grant date. Generally all employee options, RSAs and RSUs vest ratably between one and four years.

As of January 1, 2017, the Company adopted ASU 2016-09. The Company elected to change its accounting policy to account for forfeitures as they occur under the new standard. The change was applied on a modified retrospective basis with a cumulative effect adjustment recorded to increase accumulated deficit by $0.9 million, increase additional paid-in capital by $1.5 million and increase non-current deferred tax assets by $0.6 million as of January 1, 2017. Excess tax benefits for share-based payments are now included in net cash used in operating activities rather than net cash used in financing activities. The changes have been applied prospectively in accordance with ASU 2016-09 and prior periods have not been adjusted.

Amendments related to accounting for excess tax benefits and shortfalls have been adopted prospectively, resulting in recognition of excess tax benefits and shortfalls in income tax expenses (benefit) rather than additional paid-in capital. For the years ended December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the Company recognized $2.4 million income tax benefit from windfalls and $0.9 million of income tax expense from shortfalls associated with vesting and exercises of equity awards.

The Company uses the Black-Scholes option pricing model to estimate the fair value of its service-based options as of its grant date. The Company uses the Monte Carlo simulations to estimate the fair value of its RSAs with vesting based on market-based performance conditions as of their respective grant dates. Expected life is based on the market condition to which the vesting is tied. Monte Carlo simulations are also used to estimate the fair value of its PBRSUs. The PBRSUs vest upon satisfaction of both time-based requirements and performance targets based on share price.

The following table sets forth the significant assumptions used in the Black-Scholes option pricing model and the Monte Carlo simulations and the calculation of share-based compensation expense during 2018, 2017, and 2016:

	Year Ended December 31,
	2018	2017	2016
Expected dividend yield	—%	—%	—%
Risk-free interest rate	2.3% to 2.98%	1.8% to 2.38%	1.2% to 2.06%
Expected volatility	40% to 45%	40% to 45%	45% to 50%
Expected term (in years)	2.59 to 6.25	2.34 to 6.29	5.96 to 6.30
Forfeitures	—%	—%	5.68% annually

Total share-based compensation costs that have been included in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations were as follows (in millions):

	Year Ended December 31,
	2018		2017		2016
Share-Based Compensation Expense Allocation Details:
Cost of services	$	5.8	$	4.5	$	6.1
Selling, general and administrative	12.4		6.1		22.0
Other	0.2		0.1		1.8
Total share-based compensation expense (1)	$	18.4	$	10.7	$	29.9

(1) In addition to the share-based compensation expense recorded above, $0.3 million, $0.5 million, and $0.4 million of share-based compensation expense was capitalized to deferred contract costs for the year ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016, respectively. See Note 21, Deferred Contract Costs, for further discussion.

Stock options

The following table sets forth a summary of all option activity under all plans for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016:

	Shares		Weighted- Average Exercise Price		Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Term (in years)	Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in millions)
Outstanding at January 1, 2016	15,260,266		$	10.23	7.0	$	0.3
Granted	11,186,107		2.39
Exercised	(94,240	)	1.93
Canceled/forfeited	(5,933,526	)	9.22
Outstanding at December 31, 2016	20,418,607		6.26		7.9	$	0.3
Granted	3,683,406		3.34
Exercised	(69,329	)	2.38
Canceled/forfeited	(6,289,718	)	9.01
Outstanding at December 31, 2017	17,742,966		4.70		7.9	$	23.7
Granted	274,162		6.51
Exercised	(1,713,710	)	2.54
Canceled/forfeited	(2,418,948	)	2.60
Outstanding at December 31, 2018	13,884,470		5.36		6.6	$	49.2
Outstanding, vested and exercisable at December 31, 2016	7,993,168		$	11.34	5.3	$	—
Outstanding, vested and exercisable at December 31, 2017	5,778,376		$	8.87	5.5	$	17.7
Outstanding, vested and exercisable at December 31, 2018	7,712,264		$	7.37	5.4	$	17.7

The weighted-average grant date fair value of options granted during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016 was $3.01, $1.34, and $1.07 per share, respectively. The weighted-average grant date fair value excludes the options granted under the option exchange discussed further below. The total intrinsic value of the options exercised in the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016 was $9.6 million, $0.1 million, and $0.1 million, respectively. The total fair value of options vested during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016 was $4.2 millions, $4.9 million, and $15.0 million, respectively.

On May 12, 2017, the Company offered certain employees and directors an opportunity to elect to exchange certain stock options for new options covering a fewer number of shares of common stock. Under this offer, the Company accepted for exchange 4,279,463 options. All surrendered options were canceled and the Company issued 1,728,795 new stock options in exchange for such tendered options. The exchange ratios were established with the intent not to generate incremental share-based compensation expense and were established just prior to commencement of the offer. The incremental compensation associated with the fluctuations in the Company’s common stock price between the date the exchange ratios were established and the commencement of the offer was insignificant.

Restricted stock awards

The following table sets forth a summary of the activity during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016:

	Shares		Weighted- Average Grant Date Fair Value
Outstanding and unvested at January 1, 2016	9,255,932		$	4.24
Granted	3,071,876		2.58
Vested	(3,361,336	)	4.37
Forfeited	(3,103,760	)	4.69
Outstanding and unvested at December 31, 2016	5,862,712		$	3.01
Granted	—		—
Vested	(2,675,782	)	3.50
Forfeited	(834,440	)	1.52
Outstanding and unvested at December 31, 2017	2,352,490		$	3.03
Granted	—		—
Vested	(1,184,687	)	3.07
Forfeited	(72,259	)	3.24
Outstanding and unvested at December 31, 2018	1,095,544		$	3.02

The total fair value of RSAs vested during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016 was $3.6 million, $9.3 million, and $14.7 million, respectively. The Company’s RSA agreements allow employees to deliver to the Company shares of stock upon vesting of their RSAs in lieu of their payment of the required personal employment-related taxes. The Company does not withhold taxes in excess of maximum required statutory requirements. During the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016, employees delivered to the Company 404,466, 733,769, and 996,510 shares of stock, respectively, which the Company recorded at a cost of approximately $2.3 million, $1.8 million, and $2.2 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2018, the Company held 2,668,172 shares of surrendered common stock in treasury related to the vesting of RSAs.

Forfeited and canceled RSAs are added to treasury stock. For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016, 72,259, 834,440, and 3,103,760 shares were added to treasury stock due to canceled RSAs, respectively.

Restricted stock units

In the fourth quarter of 2016, the Company began to grant RSUs to its employees. A summary of the activity during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016 is shown below:

	Shares		Weighted- Average Grant Date Fair Value
Outstanding and unvested at January 1, 2016	—		$	—
Granted	1,361,794		2.35
Vested	—		—
Forfeited	(15,020	)	2.35
Outstanding and unvested at December 31, 2016	1,346,774		$	2.35
Granted	285,527		2.96
Vested	(155,535	)	2.35
Forfeited	(293,266	)	2.35
Outstanding and unvested at December 31, 2017	1,183,500		$	2.50
Granted	441,849		7.99
Vested	(323,964	)	2.48
Forfeited	(174,704	)	3.49
Outstanding and unvested at December 31, 2018	1,126,681		$	4.50

The Company's RSU agreements allow employees to surrender to the Company shares of common stock upon vesting of their RSUs in lieu of their payment of the required personal employment-related taxes. During the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016, employees delivered to the Company 94,603, 50,762, and 0 shares of stock, respectively, which the Company recorded at a cost of approximately $0.7 million, $0.2 million, and $0.0 million, respectively. Shares surrendered for payment of personal employment-related taxes are held in treasury.

Performance-based restricted stock units

In the third quarter of 2017, the Company began to grant performance-based RSUs ("PBRSUs") to its employees. The PBRSUs vest upon satisfaction of both time-based requirements and performance targets based on share price with certain awards vesting between December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2021. Depending on the average price of the stock for the 60 days prior to the end of the vesting period, the number of shares vesting could be between 0% and 350% of the number of PBRSUs originally granted. Based on the established price targets, 9,619,066 is the maximum number of shares that could vest.

A summary of the PBRSU activity during the years ended December 31, 2018, and 2017 is shown below:

	Shares		Weighted- Average Grant Date Fair Value
Outstanding and unvested at January 1, 2017	—		$	—
Granted	4,894,817		3.35
Vested	—		—
Forfeited	(108,917	)	2.38
Outstanding and unvested at December 31, 2017	4,785,900		$	3.37
Granted	1,472,677		8.30
Vested	—		—
Forfeited	(1,648,129	)	3.91
Outstanding and unvested at December 31, 2018	4,610,448		$	4.72

At March 31, 2018, the Company had 983,472 shares subject to PBRSU award agreements that were intended to be settled in cash until such time as the share reserve available under the 2010 Amended Plan had been deemed sufficient by the Compensation Committee of our Board of Directors ("Compensation Committee") to allow for settlement of the PBRSUs in shares. On the consolidated balance sheet, these awards settleable in cash were liability classified as of March 31, 2018. During the second quarter of 2018, the Compensation Committee determined that the available share reserve was sufficient for the awards to be settled in shares rather than cash and thus the provision allowing for the awards to be cash settled was terminated. As a result, $1.3 million was reclassified from liabilities to equity in the second quarter of 2018.

Other

During thesecond quarter of 2016, in connection with the resignation of the Company's Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, the vesting of certain options and RSAs was accelerated pursuant to the agreements previously entered into by the former employees and resulted in an increase of share-based compensation expense for the year ended December 31, 2016 of $7.0 million.

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Other

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Restructuring and Related Activities [Abstract]

Other

Other

Other costs are comprised of reorganization-related and certain other costs. For the year ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016, other costs consist of the following (in millions):

	Year Ended December 31,
	2018		2017		2016
Severance and employee benefits	$	2.3	$	0.3	$	3.5
Facility charges	0.1		—		1.1
Non-cash share based compensation	—		0.1		1.8
Transaction fees (1)	—		—		12.7
Restatement costs	—		—		1.2
Acquisition related costs (2)	19.7		3.1		—
Transitioned employees restructuring expense (3)	4.3		1.2		—
Digital Transformation Office (4)	3.6		—		—
Other	0.4		—		0.5
Total other	$	30.4	$	4.7	$	20.8

(1) Costs related to retention payments and legal fees paid in connection with the closing of the Transaction.

(2) Costs related to evaluating, pursuing and integrating acquisitions as part of the Company’s inorganic growth strategy. Integration costs include employee time and expenses spent on integration activities, vendor spend and severance and retention amounts associated with integration activities.

(3) As part of the transition of personnel to the Company under certain operating partner model contracts, the Company has agreed to reimburse, or directly pay the affected employees, for certain severance and retention costs related to certain employees who will not be transitioned to the Company, or whose jobs will be relocated after the employee transitions to the Company.

(4) Project costs related to the Company's effort to automate its transactional environment.

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Income Taxes

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]

Income Taxes

Income Taxes

The domestic and foreign components of income (loss) before income taxes consist of the following (in millions):

	Year Ended December 31,
	2018			2017			2016
Domestic	$	(65.5	)	$	(33.9	)	$	292.4
Foreign	8.8			6.6			5.8
Total income (loss) before income taxes	$	(56.7	)	$	(27.3	)	$	298.2

For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016, the Company’s current and deferred income tax expense (benefit) attributable to income (loss) from operations are as follows (in millions):

	Current			Deferred			Total
Year Ended December 31, 2016
U.S. Federal	$	(0.2	)	$	95.6		$	95.4
State & Local	—			25.0			25.0
Foreign	1.1			(0.4		)	0.7
	$	0.9		$	120.2		$	121.1
Year Ended December 31, 2017
U.S. Federal	$	0.1		$	32.4		$	32.5
State & Local	0.2			(2.3		)	(2.1		)
Foreign	1.5			(0.4		)	1.1
	$	1.8		$	29.7		$	31.5
Year Ended December 31, 2018
U.S. Federal	$	—		$	(10.3	)	$	(10.3	)
State & Local	0.9			(2.6		)	(1.7		)
Foreign	1.9			(1.3		)	0.6
	$	2.8		$	(14.2	)	$	(11.4	)

Reconciliation of the difference between the actual tax rate and the statutory U.S. federal income tax rate is as follows:

	Year Ended December 31,
	2018		2017		2016
Federal statutory tax rate	21	%	35	%	35	%
Increase in income tax rate resulting from:
State and local income taxes, net of federal tax benefits	2	%	5	%	5	%
U.S. Tax Reform	(3	)%	(140	)%	—	%
Stock-based Compensation	3	%	(17	)%	—	%
Other	(3	)%	2	%	1	%
Actual tax rate	20	%	(115	)%	41	%

The following table sets forth the Company’s net deferred tax assets as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 (in millions):

	As of December 31,
	2018			2017
Deferred Tax assets:
Net operating loss carryforwards	$	60.5		$	47.9
Share-based compensation	13.3			13.0
Accrued bonus	8.6			4.0
Advanced billing revenue	5.3			4.0
Other reserves	0.7			0.4
Alternative minimum tax	3.1			2.4
Interest expense limitation	5.3			—
Other	3.8			4.0
Deferred Rent	4.3			2.9
Total gross deferred tax assets	104.9			78.6
Intangible assets	(36.1		)	—
Fixed assets	(4.1		)	(1.7		)
Contract implementation costs	(5.1		)	(3.3		)
Less valuation allowance	(2.1		)	(3.1		)
Net deferred tax asset	$	57.5		$	70.5

At December 31, 2018, the Company had cumulative U.S. federal and state net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $235.2 million and $221.1 million, respectively, which are available to offset U.S. federal and state taxable income in future periods through 2038. These amounts include net operating losses acquired in the Intermedix Acquisition which are subject to Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code. The general limitation rules allow the Company to utilize the net operating losses subject to an annual limitation that is determined by multiplying the federal long-term tax-exempt rate by the Company’s value immediately before the ownership change.

We finalized the accounting impacts of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act in connection with filing our 2017 U.S. federal income tax return during the fourth quarter 2018. This resulted in a decrease to income tax expense of $0.1 million, offsetting our original $38.2 million tax expense estimated under SAB 118 during the fourth quarter 2017. We also elected to report Global Intangible Low Taxed Income (“GILTI”) in income tax expense as part of the current income tax provision.

A valuation allowance is required to be established when, based on currently available information, it is more likely than not that all or a portion of a deferred tax asset will not be realized. The guidance on accounting for income taxes provides important factors in determining whether a deferred tax asset will be realized, including whether there has been sufficient taxable income in recent years and whether sufficient income can reasonably be expected in future years in order to utilize the deferred tax asset. Consideration is given to the weight of all available evidence, both positive and negative. The Company estimates its already contracted business growth associated with the Ascension A&R MPSA will be profitable and allow the Company to utilize its NOL carryforwards and other deferred tax assets. Accordingly, the Company believes that it is more likely than not that the remaining deferred tax assets will be realized. Should the Company not operationally execute as expected, and the growth in the Ascension business not be as profitable as expected, such realizability assessment may change.

The Company has recorded valuation allowances at December 31, 2018 and 2017 of $1.8 million and $1.3 million, respectively, based on our assessment that it is more likely than not that a portion of the Company’s separate state income tax net operating loss will not be realized because the Company no longer has business activities in that state, or where the activity level has decreased to such a level where we believe the NOL will not be realized.

The Company has the ability and intent to maintain our investments in India. The Company has not provided for any additional outside basis difference inherent in its foreign subsidiaries where the indefinite reinvestment assertion has been applied.

No deferred income taxes have been provided on the applicable undistributed earnings of the non-U.S. subsidiaries where the indefinite reinvestment assertion has not been applied. Pursuant to changes made by the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, the Company reported its previously unremitted foreign earnings. Future distributions are generally not subject to U.S. income taxation. These remittances are either excluded from U.S. taxable income as earnings that have already been subjected to taxation, or alternatively are subject to a 100% foreign dividends received deduction.

The 2018, 2017, and 2016 current tax provision includes $1.5 million, $1.4 million, and $1.2 million, respectively, for income taxes arising from the pre-tax income of the Company’s India subsidiaries. The tax provisions are net of the impact of a tax holiday in India. The Company’s benefits from this tax holiday were $1.6 million, $1.0 million, and $0.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016, respectively. The Company expanded its operations in India during the year and was awarded new tax holiday agreements. The tax holidays are set to expire between March 31, 2019 and March 31, 2027.

The Company recognizes the tax benefit from an uncertain tax position only if it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained upon examination by taxing authorities, based on the technical merits of the position. The tax benefits recognized in the financial statements are measured based on the largest benefit that has a greater than fifty percent likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement. The Company’s unrecognized tax benefits as of December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016 were not material.

In connection with tax return examinations, contingencies can arise that generally result from different interpretations of tax laws and regulations as they pertain to the amount, timing or inclusion of revenues and expenses in taxable income, or the ability to utilize tax credits to reduce income taxes payable. While it is probable, based on the potential outcome of the Company’s federal and state tax examinations or the expiration of the statute of limitations for specific jurisdictions, that the liability for unrecognized tax benefits may increase or decrease within the next 12 months, the Company does not expect any such change would have a material effect on our financial condition, results of operations or cash flow.

The Company and its subsidiaries are subject to U.S. federal income tax as well as income tax of multiple state and foreign jurisdictions. U.S. federal income tax returns for 2015 and all subsequent years are currently open for examination. State jurisdictions vary for open tax years. The statute of limitations for most states ranges from three to six years. Certain income tax returns since fiscal year 2009 for the Company’s India subsidiaries are currently open for final determination.

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8.00% Series A Convertible Preferred Stock

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Temporary Equity Disclosure [Abstract]

8.00% Series A Convertible Preferred Stock

8.00% Series A Convertible Preferred Stock

At the close of the Transaction on February 16, 2016 (as described in Note 1), the Company issued to the Investor: (i) 200,000 shares of Preferred Stock, for an aggregate price of $200 million, and (ii) a warrant with a term of ten years to acquire up to 60 million shares of common stock at an exercise price of $3.50 per share, on the terms and subject to the conditions set forth in the Warrant Agreement (“Warrant”). The Preferred Stock is immediately convertible into shares of common stock.

During the twelve months ended December 31, 2016, the Company incurred direct and incremental expenses of $21.3 million (including $14.0 million in closing fees paid to the Investor) relating to financial advisory fees, closing costs, legal expenses and other offering-related expenses in connection with the Transaction. These direct and incremental expenses reduced the carrying amount of the Preferred Stock. In connection with the issuance of the Preferred Stock, a beneficial conversion feature of $48.3 million was recognized. Since the Preferred Stock is presently convertible into common stock, this amount was subsequently accreted to the carrying amount of the Preferred Stock, and treated as a deemed preferred stock dividend in the calculation of earnings per share.

Dividend Rights

The holders of the Preferred Stock are entitled to receive cumulative dividends January 1, April 1, July 1, and October 1 of each year (dividend payment dates), which commenced on April 1, 2016, at a rate equal to 8% per annum (preferred dividend) multiplied by the liquidation preference per share, initially $1,000 per share adjusted for any unpaid cumulative preferred dividends. For the first seven years after issuance, the dividends on the Preferred Stock will be paid-in-kind. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Company had accrued dividends of $4.9 million and $4.5 million associated with the Preferred Stock, respectively, of which $4.9 million and $4.5 million was paid in additional shares and $660 and $660 was paid in cash in January of the following year, respectively. For the year ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, the dividends paid, or accrued, in additional shares of Preferred Stock totaled $19.1 million and $17.7 million, respectively.

Conversion Features

Each share of the Preferred Stock may be converted to common stock on any date at the option of the holder into the per share amount (as defined in the Certificate of Designations of the 8.00% Series A Convertible Preferred Stock (the "Series A COD")). Fractional shares resulting from any conversion will be rounded to the nearest whole share.

Redemption Rights

Since the redemption of the Preferred Stock is contingently or optionally redeemable and therefore not certain to occur, the Preferred Stock is not required to be classified as a liability under ASC 480, Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity. As the Preferred Stock is redeemable at the option of the holders upon a fundamental change (as defined in the Series A COD) and is redeemable in certain circumstances upon the occurrence of an event that is not solely within the Company's control, the Company has classified the Preferred Stock in mezzanine equity on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. In the event the Company believes that redemption of the Preferred Stock is probable, the Company would be required to accrete changes in the carrying value to the redemption value over the period until the expected redemption date.

Voting Rights

Each holder of the Preferred Stock is entitled to vote with the common stock on an as-converted basis on all matters submitted to a vote of shareholders of the Company, and has full voting rights and powers equal to the voting rights and powers of the holders of common stock.

The following summarizes the Preferred Stock activity for the year ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 (in millions, except per share data):

	Preferred Stock
	Shares Issued and Outstanding	Carrying Value
Balance at January 1, 2016	—	$	—
Issuance of preferred stock	200,000	108.9
Beneficial conversion feature deemed dividend	—	48.3
Dividends paid/accrued dividends	10,160	14.4
Balance at December 31, 2016	210,160	$	171.6
Dividends paid/accrued dividends	17,323	17.7
Balance at December 31, 2017	227,483	$	189.3
Dividends paid/accrued dividends	18,750	19.1
Balance at December 31, 2018	246,233	$	208.4

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Earnings (Loss) Per Share

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Earnings Per Share [Abstract]

Earnings (Loss) Per Share

Earnings (Loss) Per Share

Basic net income per share is computed by dividing net income, less any dividends, accretion or decretion, redemption or induced conversion on the Preferred Stock, by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. As the Preferred Stock participates in dividends alongside the Company’s common stock (per their participating dividends), the Preferred Stock would constitute participating securities under ASC 260-10 and are applied to earnings per share using the two-class method. Under this method, all earnings (distributed and undistributed) are allocated to common shares and participating securities based on their respective rights to receive dividends.

Diluted net income per share is calculated using the more dilutive of the if-converted or the two-class method. For the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, the two-class method was more dilutive and was computed by adjusting the denominator used in the basic net income per share computation by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding and potentially dilutive securities outstanding during the period plus, when their effect is dilutive, incremental shares consisting of shares subject to stock options, shares issuable upon vesting of RSAs, RSUs, PBRSUs and Preferred Stock.

Basic and diluted net income (loss) per common share are calculated as follows (in millions, except share and per share data):

	Year Ended December 31,
	2018			2017			2016
Basic EPS:
Net income (loss)	$	(45.3	)	$	(58.8	)	$	177.1
Less dividends on preferred shares	(19.1		)	(17.7		)	(62.7		)
Less income allocated to preferred shareholders	—			—			(49.0		)
Net income (loss) available/(allocated) to common shareholders - basic	$	(64.4	)	$	(76.5	)	$	65.4
Diluted EPS:
Net income (loss)	(45.3		)	(58.8		)	177.1
Less dividends on preferred shares	(19.1		)	(17.7		)	(62.7		)
Less income allocated to preferred shareholders	—			—			(49.0		)
Net income (loss) available/(allocated) to common shareholders - diluted	$	(64.4	)	$	(76.5	)	$	65.4
Basic weighted-average common shares	108,175,159			102,062,051			100,160,206
Add: Effect of dilutive securities	—			—			—
Diluted weighted average common shares	108,175,159			102,062,051			100,160,206
Net income (loss) per common share (basic)	$	(0.60	)	$	(0.75	)	$	0.65
Net income (loss) per common share (diluted)	$	(0.60	)	$	(0.75	)	$	0.65

Because of their anti-dilutive effect, 25,725,761, 26,064,856, and 27,628,093 common share equivalents comprised of stock options, RSAs, PBRSUs and RSUs have been excluded from the diluted earnings per share calculation for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016, respectively. Additionally, the Investor's and Intermountain's exercisable warrants to acquire up to 60 million and 1.5 million shares, respectively, of the Company's common stock has been excluded from the diluted earnings per share calculation because they are anti-dilutive.

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Commitments and Contingencies

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]

Commitments and Contingencies

Commitments and Contingencies

Operating Leases

The Company rents office space and equipment under operating leases, primarily for its Chicago corporate office, U.S. shared services centers and international operations. Office space lease terms range from one to 12 years, whereas equipment lease terms range from one to three years. The Company’s leases contain various rent holidays and rent escalation clauses and entitlements for tenant improvement allowances. Lease payments are amortized to expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

Total rent expense under all operating leases was $15.1 million, $7.9 million, and $5.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016, respectively.

The aggregate future minimum rental commitments under all noncancelable operating leases having remaining terms in excess of one year as of December 31, 2018 are as follows (in millions):

2019	$	18.1
2020	16.5
2021	15.6
2022	12.7
2023	11.3
Thereafter	34.5
Total	$	108.7

Legal Proceedings

Other than as described below, the Company is not presently a party to any material litigation or regulatory proceeding and is not aware of any pending or threatened litigation or regulatory proceeding against the Company which, individually or in the aggregate, could have a material adverse effect on its business, operating results, financial condition or cash flows.

In May 2016, the Company was served with a False Claims Act case brought by a former emergency department service associate who worked at a hospital of one of the Company’s customers, MedStar Inc.’s Washington Hospital Center (“WHC”), along with WHC and three other hospitals that were PAS clients and a place holder, John Doe hospital, representing all PAS clients (U.S. ex rel. Graziosi vs. Accretive Health, Inc. et. al.), and seeking money damages, False Claims Act penalties and plaintiff’s attorneys’ fees.  The Third Amended Complaint alleges that the Company’s PAS business violates the federal False Claims Act. The case was originally filed under seal in 2013 in the Federal district court in Chicago, was presented to the U.S. Attorney in Chicago, and the U.S. Attorneys declined to intervene. The Company believes that it has meritorious defenses to all claims in the case and intends to vigorously defend itself against these claims. The outcome is not presently determinable.

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Related Party Transactions

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Related Party Transactions [Abstract]

Related Party Transactions

Related Party Transactions

As a result of the closing of the Transaction with Ascension Health Alliance on February 16, 2016 and Ascension Health Alliance's ownership interest in the Investor, Ascension became a related party to the Company. This note, encompasses transactions between Ascension and its affiliates, including AMITA Health, and the Company pursuant to the A&R MPSA, including all supplements, amendments and other documents entered into in connection therewith. See Note 1, Business Description and Basis of Presentation, Note 12, Debt, and Note 17, 8.00% Series A Convertible Preferred Stock for further discussion about the agreements with Ascension.

Net services revenue from services provided to Ascension included in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations were (in millions):

Year Ended December 31,
2018		2017		2016
$	600.1	$	404.4	$	461.4

Amounts included in the Company's consolidated balance sheets for Ascension, excluding debt (see Note 12, Debt), are (in millions):

	December 31, 2018		December 31, 2017
Accounts receivable, net - related party	$	55.2	$	15.4
Accrued service costs, current	$	47.7	$	23.7
Refund liabilities, current	0.6		0.5
Deferred revenue (contract liabilities), current	2.8		2.9
Current portion of customer liabilities	51.1		27.1
Refund liabilities, non-current	0.4		—
Deferred revenue (contract liabilities), non-current	17.3		11.5
Non-current portion of customer liabilities	17.7		11.5
Total customer liabilities	$	68.8	$	38.6

As part of the transition of Ascension personnel to the Company in conjunction with the A&R MPSA, the Company has agreed to reimburse Ascension for certain severance and retention costs related to certain Ascension employees who will not be transitioned to the Company. As of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the Company had $0.8 million and $0.5 million in accrued compensation and benefits related to these costs, respectively.

As Ascension is the Company's largest customer, a significant percentage of the Company's cost of services is associated with providing services to Ascension. However, due to the nature of the Company's shared services and information technology operations, it is impractical to assign the dollar amount associated with services provided to Ascension.

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Deferred Contract Costs

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Deferred Costs, Capitalized, Prepaid, and Other Assets Disclosure [Abstract]

Deferred Contract Costs

Revenue Recognition

The Company follows the guidance under Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, (“Topic 606”). Revenue is measured based on consideration specified in a contract with a customer, and excludes any sales incentives and amounts collected on behalf of third parties. The Company recognizes revenue when it satisfies a performance obligation by transferring control over a service to a customer, which is typically over the contract term. Estimates of variable consideration are included in revenue to the extent that it is probable that a significant reversal of cumulative revenue will not occur once the uncertainty is resolved. See Note 2, Summary of Significant Accounting Polices, for further discussion.

Disaggregation of Revenue

In the following table, revenue is disaggregated by source of revenue (in millions):

	Year Ended December 31,
	2018		2017
Net operating fees	$	760.2	$	374.8
Incentive fees	38.3		29.0
Other	70.0		46.0
Net services revenue	$	868.5	$	449.8

Contract Balances

The following table provides information about receivables, contracts assets, and contract liabilities from contracts with customers (in millions):

	December 31, 2018		December 31, 2017
Receivables (1)	$	97.4	$	23.6
Contract assets	1.2		—
Contract liabilities	22.3		15.5

(1) Receivables are included in accounts receivable, net. The balance includes

accounts receivable, net - related party.

The Company recognized an increase of revenue of $0.4 million and $1.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 related to changes in transaction price estimates. The Company recognized revenue of $0.2 million and $1.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, related to services performed in periods prior to the parties reaching an agreement that creates enforceable rights and obligations.

A receivable is recognized in the period the Company provides services when the Company’s right to consideration is unconditional. Payment terms on invoiced amounts are typically 30-60 days.

Significant changes in the contract assets and the contract liabilities balances during the year ended December 31, 2018 are as follows (in millions):

	December 31, 2018
	Contract assets		Contract liabilities
Revenue recognized that was included in the contract liability balance at the beginning of the period	$	—	$	51.8
Increases due to cash received, excluding amounts recognized as revenue during the period	—		5.8
Acquisitions	1.2		2.1

The Company recognized revenue of $51.8 million and $19.9 million during the year ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, which amounts were included in contract liabilities at the beginning of the respective periods. These revenue amounts include $47.8 million and $19.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, related to advanced billings which become accounts receivable and contract liabilities on the first day of the respective service period.

Transaction Price Allocated to the Remaining Performance Obligation

The following table includes estimated revenue expected to be recognized in the future related to performance obligations that are unsatisfied (or partially unsatisfied) at the end of the reporting period (in millions). The estimated revenue does not include amounts of variable consideration that are constrained.

	Net operating fees		Incentive fees		Other
2019	$	58.1	$	14.6	$	4.0
2020	15.1		—		3.8
2021	8.7		—		3.8
2022	4.2		—		3.8
Thereafter	2.9		—		11.9
Total	$	89.0	$	14.6	$	27.3

The amounts presented in the table above include variable fee estimates for the non-cancellable term of the Company's physician groups and EMS providers, RCM services contracts, fixed fees which are typically recognized ratably as the performance obligation is satisfied, and incentive fees which are measured cumulatively over the contractually defined performance period.

Estimates of revenue expected to be recognized in future periods also exclude unexercised customer options to purchase services within the Company's PAS contracts that do not represent material rights to the customer. Customer options that do not represent a material right are only accounted for in accordance with Topic 606 when the customer exercises its option to purchase additional goods or services.

The Company does not disclose information about remaining performance obligations with an original expected duration of one year or less. The Company has elected certain of the optional exemptions from the disclosure requirement for remaining performance obligations for specific situations in which an entity need not estimate variable consideration to recognize revenue. Accordingly, the Company applies a practical expedient to its stand-alone PAS contracts and modular RCM services and does not disclose information about variable consideration from remaining performance obligations when the Company has a right to consideration from a customer in an amount that corresponds directly with the value to the customer of the entity's performance completed to date. PAS performance obligations are typically short in duration (often less than 1 day) with any uncertainty related to the associated variable consideration resolved as each increment of service (completion of a level of care review or an appeal) is completed which reflects the value the customer receives from the Company’s fulfillment of the performance obligation. Modular RCM services performance obligations for variable consideration are of short duration with fees corresponding to the value the customer has realized, for example, patient accounts collected on behalf of the customer or medical record lines transcribed.

For end-to-end RCM contracts, the Company does not disclose information about remaining, wholly unsatisfied performance obligations for variable consideration that the Company is able to allocate to one or more, but not all, of the performance obligations in its contracts. The Company’s end-to-end RCM services performance obligations are satisfied over time and are substantially the same from period to period under either a co-managed or operating partner model. Fees are variable and consist of net operating fees and incentive fees, with the uncertainty related to net operating fees and certain incentive fees being resolved quarterly, and with the uncertainty of other incentive fees being resolved annually. The information presented in the table above includes estimates for incentive fees where the uncertainty related to the final fee is resolved on longer than a quarterly basis and to the extent the Company does not believe the associated consideration is constrained.

Changes in Accounting Policies

Except for the changes below, the Company has consistently applied the accounting policies to all periods presented in these consolidated financial statements.

The Company adopted Topic 606 with a date of the initial application of January 1, 2017. As a result, the Company has changed its accounting policy for revenue recognition as detailed below.

The Company adopted Topic 606, effective January 1, 2017, using the modified retrospective method, applying Topic 606 to contracts that were not complete as of the date of initial application. Therefore, the comparative information has not been adjusted and continues to be reported under Topic 605. For contracts that were modified before the beginning of the earliest reporting period presented the Company has not retrospectively restated the contract for those modifications in accordance with the contract modification guidance in 606-10-25-12 and 25-13. The Company instead reflected the aggregate effect of those modifications when identifying the satisfied and unsatisfied performance obligations, determining the transaction price and allocating the transaction price to the satisfied and unsatisfied performance obligation.

Deferred Contract Costs

Certain costs associated with the initial phases of customer contracts and the related transition of customer organizations are deferred. These fulfillment costs relate directly to the Company’s responsibilities under the corresponding customer contracts, generate or enhance resources of the Company that will be used in satisfying its performance obligations in the future, and are expected to be recovered through the margins realized. The following table summarizes the breakout of deferred contract costs (in millions):

	December 31, 2018		December 31, 2017
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	$	2.8	$	1.6
Other assets	17.4		11.6
Total deferred contract costs	$	20.2	$	13.2

The associated assets are amortized as services are transferred to the customer over the remaining life of the contracts. For the year ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, total amortization was $2.2 million and $1.0 million, respectively, and there were no associated impairment losses.

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Segments and Customer Concentrations

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Segment Reporting [Abstract]

Segments and Customer Concentrations

Segments and Customer Concentrations

The Company has determined that it has a single operating segment in accordance with how its business activities are managed and evaluated. All of the Company’s significant operations are organized around the single business of providing end-to-end management services of revenue cycle operations for healthcare providers. Accordingly, for purposes of segment disclosures, the Company has only one reporting segment. The Company's international sales are not material.

Healthcare providers affiliated with Ascension have accounted for a significant portion of the Company’s net services revenue each year since the Company’s formation. For the year ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016, net services revenue from healthcare organizations affiliated with Ascension accounted for 69%, 90%, and 78% of the Company's total net services revenue, respectively. The loss of customers within the Ascension health system would have a material adverse impact on the Company’s operations. For the year ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, Intermountain Healthcare accounted for 14% and 4% of the Company's total net services revenue, respectively.

As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Company had a concentration of credit risk of customers affiliated with Ascension accounting for 57% and 66% of accounts receivable, respectively.

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Derivative Financial Instruments

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosure [Abstract]

Derivative Financial Instruments

Derivative Financial Instruments

Certain of the Company’s subsidiaries are exposed to currency risk through their use of the Company’s global delivery resources. The Company is actively managing the risk of changes in foreign currency exchange rate through foreign currency forward contracts traded in over-the-counter markets governed by International Swaps and Derivatives Association, Inc. (ISDA) agreements. Derivative transactions are governed by a uniform set of policies and procedures covering areas such as authorization, counterparty exposure and hedging practices. Positions are monitored using techniques such as market value and sensitivity analyses. The Company does not enter into derivative transactions for trading purposes. As of December 31, 2018, the Company’s currency forward contracts have maturities extending no later than December 31, 2019. The Company has designated these derivatives as cash flow hedges. As of December 31, 2018, the Company held no derivatives, or non-derivative hedging instruments, that were designated in fair value or net investment hedges.

As of December 31, 2018, the Company estimates that $0.7 million of existing gains reported in accumulated other comprehensive loss are expected to be reclassified into earnings within the next 12 months. The amount related to derivatives designated as cash flow hedges that was reclassified into cost of services was a net loss of $1.3 million during year ended December 31, 2018. The Company classifies cash flows from its derivative programs as cash flows from operating activities in the consolidated statements of cash flows.

Impact of Derivatives on our Consolidated Financial Statements at Fair Value

As of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the notional amount of the Company's open foreign currency forward contracts was approximately $52.0 million and $0 million, respectively.

The effect of derivatives in the Company's consolidated statements of operations for the year ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 were (in millions):

	Year Ended December 31,
	2018			2017
Amount of gain (loss) recognized in other comprehensive income	$	(0.6	)	$	—
Amount of gain (loss) reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income to other income	(1.3		)	—

The accumulated gain, net of tax of $0.2 million and $0.0 million, recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income was $0.5 million and $0.0 million as of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively.

The location and fair value of derivative instruments designated as hedges in the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 are as follows:

		December 31,
	Balance sheet location	2018		2017
Cash Flow Hedges:
Foreign currency forward contracts	Prepaid expenses and other current assets	$	0.7	$	—
Foreign currency forward contracts	Other accrued expenses	$	—	$	—

The Company's ISDA agreements contain credit risk-related contingent features. In the event of certain defaults or changes to the Company's credit profile, counterparties may request early termination and net settlement of certain derivative trades or may require the Company to collateralize derivatives in a net liability position. As of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the aggregate fair value of the derivative instruments with credit risk-related contingent features in net liability positions was $0 million and $0 million, respectively, which also approximates the fair value of the maximum amount of additional collateral that would need to be posted or assets needed to settle the obligations if the credit risk-related contingent features were triggered at the reporting dates. Fair values for derivative financial instruments are based on prices computed using third-party valuation models and are classified as Level 2 in accordance with the three-level hierarchy of fair value measurements. As of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, we had $1.4 million and $0 million in cash collateral on deposit with counterparties for derivative contracts, respectively. The cash collateral on deposit with counterparties is classified as current portion of restricted cash on the consolidated balance sheets. The credit support documents executed in connection with certain of our ISDA agreements generally provide us and our counterparties the right to set off collateral against amounts owing under the ISDA agreements upon the occurrence of a default or a specified termination event.

The following table presents amounts relevant to offsetting of the Company's derivative assets and liabilities and the corresponding collateral account as of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 (in millions):

	December 31,
	2018		2017
Net assets	$	0.7	$	—
Net liabilities	—		—
Total Fair Value	$	0.7	$	—

Certain derivatives also give rise to credit risks from the possible non-performance by counterparties. Credit risk is generally limited to the fair value of those contracts that are favorable to the Company, and the maximum amount of loss due to credit risk, based on the gross fair value of all of the Company’s derivative financial instruments, was $0 million as of December 31, 2018.

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Retirement Plan

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Retirement Benefits [Abstract]

Retirement Plan

Retirement Plan

The Company maintains a 401(k) retirement plan (the "401(k) plan") that is intended to be a tax-qualified defined contribution plan under Section 401(k) of the Internal Revenue Code. In general, all employees are eligible to participate. In conjunction with the acquisition of Intermedix, the company continued to maintain the pre-existing Intermedix 401(k) retirement plan ("Intermedix 401(k) plan"). Both 401(k) plans include a salary deferral arrangement pursuant to which participants may elect to reduce their current compensation by up to the statutorily prescribed limit, equal to $18,500 in 2018, and $18,000 in 2017 and 2016, and have the amount of the reduction contributed to the 401(k) plan.

The Company currently matches employee contributions up to 50% of the first 6% of base compensation that a participant contributes to the 401(k) plan, including director-level and above employees. For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016, total Company contributions to the 401(k) plan were $5.2 million, $2.2 million, and $0.7 million, respectively.

The Company matches employee contributions 100% of the first 1% of base compensation and 50% of the next 5% that a participant contributes to the Intermedix 401(k) plan. Since the acquisition date, for the year ended December 31, 2018, total Company contributions to the Intermedix 401(k) plan were $1.1 million.

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Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Deferred Costs, Capitalized, Prepaid, and Other Assets Disclosure [Abstract]

Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets

Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets

Prepaid expenses and other current assets is comprised of the following (in millions):

	Year Ended December 31,
	2018		2017
Prepaid expenses	$	13.6	$	6.6
Notes receivable	4.0		—
Security deposits	4.8		3.3
Other current assets	12.4		3.9
Ending balance	$	34.8	$	13.8

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Other Current Liabilities and Accrued Expenses

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Payables and Accruals [Abstract]

Other Current Liabilities and Accrued Expenses

Other Current Liabilities and Accrued Expenses

Other current liabilities and accrued expenses is comprised of the following (in millions):

	Year Ended December 31,
	2018		2017
Accrued expenses	$	22.4	$	14.9
Notes payable	14.5		—
Other	3.9		1.8
Ending balance	$	40.8	$	16.7

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Quarterly Financial Information (Unaudited)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Quarterly Financial Information Disclosure [Abstract]

Quarterly Financial Information (Unaudited)

Quarterly Financial Information (Unaudited)

The following tables provide our Quarterly Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations (in millions except per share data):

	1st Quarter Ended March 31,						2nd Quarter Ended June 30,						3rd Quarter Ended September, 30						4th Quarter Ended December 31,
	2018			2017			2018			2017			2018			2017			2018			2017
Net services revenue	$	147.3		$	86.9		$	207.9		$	99.4		$	250.4		$	123.2		$	262.9		$	140.3
Total operating expenses	158.1			95.4			225.6			109.6			256.2			128.3			259.0			144.0
Income (loss) from operations	(10.8		)	(8.5		)	(17.7		)	(10.2		)	(5.8		)	(5.1		)	3.9			(3.7		)
Net income (loss)	$	(23.3	)	$	(8.3	)	$	(2.9	)	$	(6.7	)	$	(13.4	)	$	(3.6	)	$	(5.7	)	$	(40.2	)
Net income (loss) per common share
Basic	$	(0.26	)	$	(0.12	)	$	(0.07	)	$	(0.11	)	$	(0.17	)	$	(0.08	)	$	(0.10	)	$	(0.44	)
Diluted	$	(0.26	)	$	(0.12	)	$	(0.07	)	$	(0.11	)	$	(0.17	)	$	(0.08	)	$	(0.10	)	$	(0.44	)

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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Basis of Presentation

Basis of Presentation

The consolidated financial statements include the assets, liabilities and results of operations of the Company and its wholly owned subsidiaries. All material intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with the United States generally accepted accounting principles ("GAAP") requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in these consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results can differ from those estimates.

Beginning in 2017, the Company changed the presentation in its financial statements to be stated in millions instead of thousands. Therefore, previously reported amounts may differ due to rounding.

Segments

Segments

Reporting segments are identified as components of an enterprise about which separate discrete financial information is available and is evaluated by the chief operating decision maker, or decision-making group, relating to resource allocation and performance assessments. All of the Company’s significant operations are organized around the single business of providing revenue cycle operations for healthcare providers. The Company views its operations and manages its business as one operating and reporting segment.

Revenue Recognition

Revenue Recognition

Periods commencing January 1, 2017

The Company's primary source of revenue is its end-to-end RCM services fees. The Company also generates revenue through modular RCM services, where customers will engage the Company for only specific components of its end-to-end RCM service offering on a fixed-fee or transactional basis.

Revenue Cycle Management

RCM services fees are primarily variable and performance related, and are generally viewed as the consideration earned in satisfaction of a single performance obligation which is considered a series. Variable consideration for end-to-end RCM services are allocated to and recognized over the related time period as the amounts reflect the consideration the Company is entitled to and relate specifically to the Company’s efforts to satisfy its performance obligation. Fees for physician group and EMS provider RCM services are variable consideration contingent on customer collections, and inputs to the Company’s revenue estimates typically include historical service fees and historical customer collection amounts. RCM services fees consist of net operating fees, incentive fees, and other fees.

Net Operating Fees

The Company’s net operating fees consist of:

i) gross base fees invoiced to customers; less

ii) corresponding costs of customers’ revenue cycle operations which the Company pays pursuant to its RCM agreements, including salaries and benefits for the customers' RCM personnel, and related third-party vendor costs; plus

iii) fees accrued for physician group and EMS providers' RCM services.

The Company recognizes revenue related to net operating fees ratably as the performance obligation for the RCM services is satisfied. Base fees are typically billed in advance of the quarter and paid in three monthly payments as the entity performs and the customer simultaneously receives and consumes the benefits of the services provided. The costs of customers’ revenue cycle operations, which the Company pays pursuant to its RCM agreements, are accrued based on the service period. RCM services fees for physician groups and EMS providers are invoiced on a monthly basis and payment terms are typically 30 days.

Incentive Fees

The Company recognizes revenue related to incentive fees ratably as the performance obligation for RCM services is satisfied, to the extent that it is probable that a significant reversal of cumulative revenue will not occur once the uncertainty is resolved. Incentive fees are structured to reflect quarterly or annual performance and are evaluated on a contract-by-contract basis. Incentive fees are typically billed and paid on a quarterly basis.

RCM Other

The Company recognizes revenue related to other RCM fees as RCM services are provided. These services typically consist of the Company's modular RCM services offering, which consists of an obligation to provide services for a specific component of its end-to-end RCM service offering. Fees are typically variable in nature with the entire amount being included in revenue in the month of service. The customer simultaneously receives and consumes the benefits provided by the services and the fees are typically billed on a monthly basis with payment terms of up to 30 days. To the extent that certain service fees are fixed and not subject to refund, adjustment, or concession, these fees are generally recognized into revenue ratably as the performance obligation is satisfied.

The Company recognizes revenue from PAS in the period in which the service is performed. The Company’s PAS arrangements typically consist of an obligation to provide specific services to customers on an if and when needed basis. These services are provided under a fixed price per unit arrangement. These contracts are evaluated on a contract-by-contract basis. Fees for the Company's PAS arrangements are typically billed on a monthly basis with 30 to 60 day payment terms.

PM services arrangements include a single performance obligation, constituting a series, to manage and administer various non-clinical aspects of a customer's physician practice, which may be comprised of numerous physical office locations. Consideration for PM services is typically variable in nature and allocated to and recognized over the related time period as the amounts reflect the consideration the Company is entitled to and relate specifically to the Company’s effort to satisfy its performance obligation. PM services fees are invoiced on a monthly basis and payment terms are typically 30 days.

Bundled Services

Modular RCM services may be sold separately or bundled in a contract. End-to-end RCM services are typically sold separately but may be bundled with PAS. PAS are commonly sold separately. The typical length of an end-to-end RCM contract is two to ten years (subject to the parties' respective termination rights) but varies from customer to customer. PAS and modular RCM agreements generally vary in length between one and three years.

For bundled arrangements, the Company accounts for individual services as a separate performance obligation if a service is separately identifiable from other items in the bundled arrangement and if a customer can benefit from it on its own or with other resources that are readily available to the customer. The transaction price is allocated between separate services in a bundle based on their relative standalone selling prices. The standalone selling prices are determined based on the prices at which the Company separately sells its RCM, PAS, PM, or other modular services. PAS are provided at a customer’s election but do not represent material rights as the services are priced at standalone selling price throughout the life of the agreement.

Periods prior to January 1, 2017

Revenue is generally recognized when all of the following criteria are met: (i) persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, (ii) services have been rendered, (iii) the fee is fixed or determinable and (iv) collectability is reasonably assured.

Net service fees, as reported in the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive income (loss), consist of: (a) RCM services fees and (b) professional service fees earned on a fixed fee, transactional fee or time and materials basis. The Company’s primary source of revenue is RCM services fees. RCM services fees are primarily contingent, but along with fixed fees are generally viewed as one deliverable. To the extent that certain RCM services fees are fixed and not subject to refund, adjustment or concession, such fees are generally recognized as revenue on a straight-line basis over the term of the contract.

On a limited basis, the Company enters into contracts with multiple accounting elements which may include a combination of fixed fee or transactional fee elements. The selling price of each element is determined by using management's best estimate of selling price. Revenues are recognized in accordance with the accounting policies for the separate elements.

RCM services fees that are contingent in nature are recognized as revenue once all the criteria for revenue recognition are met, which is generally at the end of a contract or other contractual agreement event. Revenue is recognized for RCM services fees upon the contract reaching the end of its stated term (such that the contractual relationship will not continue in its current form) to the extent that: (i) cash has been received for invoiced fees and (ii) there are no disputes at the conclusion of the term of the contract.

If fees or services are disputed by a customer at the end of a contract, a settlement agreement entered into with the customer triggers revenue recognition. An other "contractual agreement event" occurs when a renewal, amendment to an existing contract, or other settlement agreement is executed in which the parties reach agreement on prior fees. Revenue is recognized up to the amount covered by such agreements.

RCM services fees consist of the following contingent fees: (i) Net Operating Fees and (ii) Incentive Fees.

Net Operating Fees

The Company generates net operating fees to the extent the Company is able to assist customers in reducing the cost of revenue cycle operations. In limited cases, the Company earns a fixed fee instead of a fee based on the mechanics described below. The Company’s net operating fees consist of:

i) gross base fees invoiced to customers; less

ii) corresponding costs of customers’ revenue cycle operations which the Company pays pursuant to its RCM agreements, including salaries and benefits for the customers' RCM personnel, and related third-party vendor costs; less

iii) any cost savings the Company shares with customers.

Net operating fees are recorded as deferred customer billings until the Company recognizes revenue for a customer contract at the end of a contract or reaches an "other contractual agreement event". The amount of unpaid costs of customers’ revenue cycle operations and shared cost savings are reported as accrued service costs within customer liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets.

Incentive Fees

The Company generates revenue in the form of performance-based fees when the Company improves the customers’ financial or operational metrics. These performance metrics vary by customer contract. However, certain contracts contain a contract-to-date performance metric that is not resolved until the end of the term of the contract.

Cost of Services

Costs associated with generating the Company’s net services revenue, including the cost of operating its shared services centers, are expensed as incurred, with the exception of deferred contract costs, which are discussed further in Note 21. Cost of services consist of (i) infused management, on-site revenue cycle employees and technology costs, (ii) shared services costs and (iii) other costs to perform physician advisory services. Infused management, on-site revenue cycle employees and technology costs consist primarily of wages, bonuses, benefits, share-based compensation, travel and other costs associated with employees who are assigned to customer sites to help manage the Company’s customers’ revenue cycle operations. The other significant portion of such expenses is an allocation of the costs associated with maintaining, improving and deploying our integrated proprietary technology suite. Shared services costs relate to the Company’s shared services centers in the U.S. and internationally that perform patient scheduling and pre-registration, medical transcription, cash posting, reconciliation of payments to billing records, patient follow-up and Medicaid eligibility determination for our customers. The Company incurs expenses related to salaries and benefits for employees in its shared services centers and non-payroll costs associated with operating its shared services centers. Other expenses consist of costs related to managing other services. These expenses consist primarily of wages, bonuses, benefits, share-based compensation and facilities costs.

Revenue Recognition

The Company follows the guidance under Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, (“Topic 606”). Revenue is measured based on consideration specified in a contract with a customer, and excludes any sales incentives and amounts collected on behalf of third parties. The Company recognizes revenue when it satisfies a performance obligation by transferring control over a service to a customer, which is typically over the contract term. Estimates of variable consideration are included in revenue to the extent that it is probable that a significant reversal of cumulative revenue will not occur once the uncertainty is resolved.

Comprehensive Income (Loss)

Comprehensive Income (Loss)

Comprehensive income (loss) is the net income (loss) of the Company combined with other changes in stockholders’ equity (deficit) not involving ownership interest changes. For the Company, such changes are foreign currency translation adjustments and changes in derivatives designated as cash flow hedges.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and Cash Equivalents

The Company considers all highly liquid investments with a maturity of three months or less when purchased to be cash equivalents.

Restricted Cash Equivalents

Restricted Cash Equivalents

In 2018 and 2017, restricted cash equivalents represent the amount of cash or certificate of deposits ("CDs") that the Company is unable to access for operational purposes as it collateralizes certain Company expenses or derivatives.

Accounts Receivable and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts

Accounts Receivable and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts

Accounts receivable is comprised of unpaid balances pertaining to modular services and end-to-end RCM customers. The Company maintains an estimated allowance for doubtful accounts to reduce its accounts receivable to the amount that it believes will be collected. This allowance is based on the Company’s historical experience, its assessment of each customer’s ability to pay, the length of time a balance has been outstanding, input from key customer resources assigned to each customer and the status of any ongoing operations with each applicable customer.

Property, Equipment and Software

Property, Equipment and Software

Property, equipment and software are stated at cost, and related depreciation and amortization are calculated on the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets.

The Company capitalizes qualifying internal and third-party costs and hardware and software costs related to the Company’s software development activities in accordance with ASC 350-40. The Company amortizes the capitalized software development costs over their estimated life on a straight-line basis.

Goodwill

Goodwill

Goodwill represents the difference between the purchase price of acquired companies and the related fair value of the net assets acquired, which is accounted for by the acquisition method of accounting. The Company annually tests goodwill for impairment on the first day of its fiscal fourth quarter, or more frequently if an event occurs or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value below its carrying value. The goodwill impairment test consists of a qualitative assessment of impairment indicators, followed by, if necessary, a quantitative assessment comparing the carrying amount to the reporting unit's fair value. To the extent that the carrying value exceeds the fair value, and impairment charge would be recorded. The Company has determined there to be one reporting unit, end-to-end RCM, consistent with its operating segment.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

Property, equipment, software and other acquired intangible assets are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the asset may not be recoverable. If circumstances require a long-lived asset or asset group be reviewed for possible impairment, the Company first compares undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated by each asset or asset group to its carrying value. If the carrying value of the long-lived asset or asset group is not recoverable on an undiscounted cash flow basis, an impairment charge is recognized to the extent that the carrying value exceeds the fair value.

Accrued Compensation and Benefits

Accrued Compensation and Benefits

Accrued compensation and benefits consists of accrued payroll, bonus, paid time off, health benefits, severance, and compensation and benefits related taxes.

Income Taxes

Income Taxes

Income taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability method. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax basis and operating loss and tax credit carry forwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using current tax laws and enacted tax rates in effect for the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. The Company records a valuation allowance for deferred tax assets if, based upon the weight of all available evidence, both positive and negative, it is more likely than not that some or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized.

The Company recognizes the tax benefit from an uncertain tax position only if it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained upon examination by the relevant tax authorities, based on the technical merits of the position. The tax benefits recognized in the consolidated financial statements from such a position are measured based on the largest amount of benefit that has a greater than 50% percent likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement. Interest and penalties relating to income taxes are recognized in our income tax provision in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss).

Legal and Other Contingencies

Legal and Other Contingencies

In the normal course of business, the Company is subject to regulatory investigations or legal proceedings, as well as demands, claims and threatened litigation. The Company records an estimated loss for any claim, lawsuit, investigation or proceeding when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. Significant judgment is required in both the determination of the probability and whether the loss can be reasonably estimated. Actual expenses could differ from such estimates.

Foreign Currency Translation and Transaction Gains (Losses)

Foreign Currency Translation and Transaction Gains (Losses)

Assets and liabilities of non-U.S. subsidiaries that operate in a local currency environment, where such local currency is the functional currency, are translated to U.S. dollars at exchange rates in effect at the balance sheet date. Income and expense accounts are translated at average exchange rates during the year which approximates the rates in effect at the transaction dates. The resulting translation adjustments are recorded as a separate component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss).

Share-Based Compensation Expense

Share-Based Compensation Expense

The Company determines the expense for all employee share-based compensation awards by estimating their fair value and recognizing such value as an expense, on a ratable basis, in the consolidated financial statements over the requisite service period in which the employees earn the awards. The fair value of performance and service condition stock options is calculated using the Black-Scholes option pricing model and, for market condition stock awards, the fair value is estimated using Monte Carlo simulations.

As of January 1, 2017, the Company adopted ASU No. 2016-09, Compensation-Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting ("ASU 2016-09"). The Company elected to change its accounting policy to account for forfeitures as they occur under the new standard. The change was applied on a modified retrospective basis with a cumulative effect adjustment recorded. Prior to January 1, 2017, the Company applied an estimated forfeiture rate derived from its historical data and estimates of the likely future actions of option holders when recognizing the share-based compensation expense of the options. Excess tax benefits and shortfalls for share-based payments are now included in operating activities rather than in financing activities. The changes have been applied prospectively in accordance with ASU 2016-09 and prior periods have not been adjusted.

To determine the fair value of a share-based award using the Black-Scholes option pricing model, the Company makes assumptions regarding the risk-free interest rate, expected future volatility and expected life of the award. These inputs are subjective and generally require significant analysis and judgment to develop. The Company aggregates all employees into one pool based on the grant date for valuation purposes. The risk-free rate is based on the U.S. treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant. The Company estimates the expected volatility of the share price by reviewing the historical volatility levels of its common stock in conjunction with that of public companies that operate in similar industries or are similar in terms of stage of development or size and then projecting this information toward its future expected volatility. The Company exercises judgment in selecting these companies, as well as in evaluating the available historical and implied volatility for these companies. The Company calculates the expected term in years for each stock option using a simplified method based on the average of each option’s vesting term and original contractual term. The simplified method was used due to the lack of sufficient historical data available to provide a reasonable basis upon which to estimate the expected term of each stock option.

To determine the fair value of a share-based award using Monte Carlo simulations, the Company makes assumptions regarding the risk-free interest rate, expected future volatility, expected dividend yield and performance period. The risk-free rate is based on the U.S. treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant. The Company estimates the expected volatility of the share price by reviewing the historical volatility levels of its common stock in conjunction with that of public companies that operate in similar industries or are similar in terms of stage of development or size and then projecting this information toward its future expected volatility. Dividend yield is determined based on the Company’s future plans to pay dividends. The Company had no plans to pay dividends at December 31, 2018. The Company calculates the performance period based on the specific market condition to be achieved and derived from historical data and estimates of future performance.

The Company recognizes compensation expense using a straight-line method over the applicable service or performance period. During each quarter, the share-based compensation expense is adjusted to reflect options that vested or were forfeited during the period; however, compensation expense already recognized is not adjusted if market conditions are not met.

Derivative Financial Instruments

Derivative Financial Instruments

The Company is actively managing the risk of changes in foreign currency exchange rate through foreign currency forward contracts traded in over-the-counter markets governed by International Swaps and Derivatives Association, Inc. (ISDA) agreements. Derivative transactions are governed by a uniform set of policies and procedures covering areas such as authorization, counterparty exposure and hedging practices. Positions are monitored using techniques such as market value and sensitivity analyses. The Company does not enter into derivative transactions for trading purposes. 

In order for a derivative to qualify for hedge accounting, the derivative must be formally designated as a cash flow hedge by documenting the relationship between the derivative and the hedged item. The documentation includes a description of the hedging instrument, the hedged item, the risk being hedged, the Company’s risk management objective and strategy for undertaking the hedge, and the method for assessing the effectiveness of the hedge. Additionally, the hedge relationship must be expected to be highly effective at offsetting changes in the cash flows of the hedged item at both inception of the hedge and on an ongoing basis. Prospective and retrospective hedge effectiveness will be assessed by a comparison of the critical terms of the hedging instrument and the hedged transaction. In the event that the Company’s ongoing assessment demonstrates that the critical terms of the hedging instrument or the hedged transaction have changed and no longer match, hedge effectiveness is assessed by use of a Hypothetical Derivative Method, which assesses hedge effectiveness based on a comparison of the change in fair value of the actual derivative designated as the hedging instrument and the change in fair value of a perfectly effective hypothetical derivative. The perfectly effective hypothetical derivative would have terms that identically match the critical terms of the hedged item.

The Company’s derivative financial instruments consist of non-deliverable foreign currency forward contracts. Fair values for derivative financial instruments are based on prices computed using third-party valuation models and are classified as Level 2 in accordance with the three-level hierarchy of fair value measurements. The change in fair value of a hedging instrument is recorded in accumulated other comprehensive loss as a separate component of stockholders’ equity (deficit) and is reclassified into cost of services in the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive income (loss) during the period in which the hedged transaction impacts earnings.

Treasury Stock

Treasury Stock

The Company records treasury stock at the cost to acquire such shares, including commissions paid to brokers. Treasury stock is included as a component of stockholders’ equity (deficit).

Earnings (Loss) Per Share

Earnings (Loss) Per Share

Basic net income per share is computed by dividing net income, less any dividends, accretion or decretion, redemption or induced conversion on the Preferred Stock, by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. As the Preferred Stock (as defined in Note 13) participates in dividends alongside the Company’s common stock (per their participating dividends), the Preferred Stock would constitute participating securities under ASC 260-10 and are applied to earnings per share using the two-class method. Under this method, all earnings (distributed and undistributed) are allocated to common shares and participating securities based on their respective rights to receive dividends.

Recently Issued Accounting Standards and Disclosures

Recently Issued Accounting Standards and Disclosures

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842) ("ASU 2016-02"), which supersedes existing guidance on accounting for leases in Topic 840, Leases. ASU 2016-02 generally requires an entity to recognize both assets and liabilities arising from financing and operating leases, along with additional qualitative and quantitative disclosures. The Company will adopt ASU 2016-02 on January 1, 2019 using the modified retrospective transition method and record a cumulative-effect adjustment to beginning retained earnings without restating prior period comparative financial statements. The Company will elect the package of practical expedients that will retain existing lease classification and initial directs costs for any leases that exist prior to adoption of the standard. In addition, the Company will not separate lease and non-lease components for its equipment assets. As part of the adoption, the Company implemented lease accounting software, updated processes and accounting policies and enhanced internal controls. The Company expects to record between $70.0 million and $80.0 million of right-of-use assets and offsetting lease liabilities between $85.0 million and $95.0 million. The Company expects no significant impact to retained earnings. The adjustment will have no impact on the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive income (loss) or the consolidated statement of cash flows.

On January 1, 2018, the Company adopted ASU 2016-18, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Restricted Cash ("ASU 2016-18"), using a retrospective transition method. ASU 2016-18 is intended to reduce diversity in practice in the classification and presentation of changes in restricted cash on the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows. ASU 2016-18 requires that the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows explain the change in total cash and cash equivalents and amounts generally described as restricted cash or restricted cash equivalents when reconciling the beginning-of-period and end-of-period total amounts. Upon adoption of ASU 2016-18, restricted cash equivalents of $1.5 million as of December 31, 2017, and December 31, 2016, and January 1, 2016 were reclassified to be included within the reconciliation of beginning and ending cash and restricted cash equivalents on the Company's Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. Restricted cash equivalents of $2.3 million are included in the ending cash balance on the Company's Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows as of December 31, 2018.

In August 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-12, Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities ("ASU 2017-12"). ASU 2017-12 is intended to improve the financial reporting of hedging relationships in order to better portray the economic results of an entity's risk management activities in its financial statements. The guidance is effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2018. On January 1, 2018, we adopted ASU 2017-12. The adoption of ASU 2017-12 did not have a material effect on our consolidated financial statements.

In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-15, Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments (a consensus of the FASB Emerging Issues Task Force). This ASU addresses the following eight specific cash flow issues: Debt prepayment or debt extinguishment costs; settlement of zero-coupon debt instruments or other debt instruments with coupon interest rates that are insignificant in relation to the effective interest rate of the borrowing; contingent consideration payments made after a business combination; proceeds from the settlement of insurance claims; proceeds from the settlement of corporate-owned life insurance policies (including bank-owned life insurance policies); distributions received from equity method investees; beneficial interests in securitization transactions; and separately identifiable cash flows and application of the predominance principle. The Company adopted this standard on January 1, 2018. The adoption of this standard did not have a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements.

In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-04, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment (“ASU 2017-04”). ASU 2017-04 simplifies the accounting for goodwill impairments by eliminating the requirement to compare the implied fair value of goodwill with its carrying amount as part of step two of the goodwill impairment test referenced in Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 350, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other (“ASC 350”). As a result, an entity should perform its annual, or interim, goodwill impairment test by comparing the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount. An impairment charge should be recognized for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value. However, the impairment loss recognized should not exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. ASU 2017-04 is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2019, including any interim impairment tests within those annual periods, with early application permitted for interim or annual goodwill impairment tests performed on testing dates after January 1, 2017. In June 2018, the Company elected to early adopt ASU 2017-04. The adoption had no impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The Company records its financial assets and liabilities at fair value. The accounting standard for fair value (i) defines fair value as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date, (ii) establishes a framework for measuring fair value, (iii) establishes a hierarchy of fair value measurements based upon the ability to observe inputs used to value assets and liabilities, (iv) requires consideration of nonperformance risk and (v) expands disclosures about the methods used to measure fair value. The accounting standard establishes a three-level hierarchy of measurements based upon the reliability of observable and unobservable inputs used to arrive at fair value. Observable inputs are independent market data, while unobservable inputs reflect the Company’s assumptions about valuation. The three levels of the hierarchy are defined as follows:

• Level 1: Observable inputs such as quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities;

• Level 2: Inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly. These include quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets and quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active, and model-derived valuations in which all significant inputs and significant value drivers are observable in active markets; and

• Level 3: Valuations derived from valuation techniques in which one or more significant inputs or significant value drivers are unobservable.

The carrying amounts of the Company’s financial instruments, which include financial assets such as cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash equivalents, accounts receivable, net, and certain other current assets, as well as financial liabilities such as accounts payable, accrued service costs, accrued compensation and benefits and certain other accrued expenses, approximate their fair values, due to the short-term nature of these instruments. See Note 23, Derivative Financial Instruments, for a discussion of the fair value of the Company's forward currency derivative contracts. The fair value of the Company's senior term loan is estimated based on the quoted market prices for the same or similar issue, and is considered a Level 2 measurement. The fair value of the Company's notes is estimated based on market indications compared to the inputs of the existing agreement and is considered a Level 2 measurement.

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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Property, Equipment and Software, Schedule of Useful Lives

The major classifications of property, equipment and software and their expected useful lives are as follows:

Buildings and land	39 years and indefinite
Computers and other equipment	3 to 5 years
Leasehold improvements	Shorter of 10 years or lease term
Office furniture	5 years
Software	3 to 5 years

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Fair Value of Financial Instruments (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]

Schedule of Fair Value of Liabilities Carried at Book Value

The fair value of liabilities carried at book value in the financial statements at December 31, 2018 is as follows (in millions):

	December 31, 2018
	Book Value		Fair Value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Liabilities:
Senior Term Loan (1)	$	253.0	$	264.6	$	—	$	264.6	$	—
Notes (2)	$	105.7	$	109.6	$	—	$	109.6	$	—

(1) Book value net of unamortized debt issuance costs of $8.1 million.

(2) Book value net of unamortized debt issuance costs of $2.2 million.

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Acquisition (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Business Combinations [Abstract]

Schedule of Fair Value of Assets Acquired and Liabilities Assumed

The preliminary fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed is (in millions):

	Purchase Price Allocation
Total purchase consideration	$	469.2
Allocation of consideration to assets acquired and liabilities assumed:
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash	$	6.4
Accounts receivable	35.5
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	11.6
Property, equipment and software	25.4
Intangible assets	191.1
Goodwill	254.8
Other assets	0.3
Accounts payable	(6.4		)
Current portion of customer liabilities	(8.6		)
Accrued compensation and benefits	(7.7		)
Other accrued expenses	(6.2		)
Deferred income tax liabilities	(27.0		)
Net assets acquired	$	469.2

Schedule of Pro Forma Results

The following table summarizes, on a pro forma basis, the combined results of the Company as though the Intermedix Acquisition had occurred as of January 1, 2017. These pro forma results are not necessarily indicative of either the actual consolidated results had the Intermedix Acquisition occurred as of January 1, 2017 or of the future consolidated operating results. Pro forma results are (in millions):

	Year Ended December 31,
	2018			2017
Net services revenue	$	938.5		$	642.8
Net income (loss)	$	(57.8	)	$	(74.7	)

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Accounts Receivable and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Receivables [Abstract]

Schedule of Allowance for Doubtful Accounts

Movements in the allowance for doubtful accounts are as follows (in thousands):

	Year Ended December 31,
	2018			2017
Beginning balance	$	363		$	66
Provision (recoveries)	754			304
Write-offs	(3		)	(7		)
Ending balance	$	1,114		$	363

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Property, Equipment and Software (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Property, Plant and Equipment [Abstract]

Schedule of Property, Equipment and Software

Property, equipment and software consist of the following (in millions):

	December 31, 2018			December 31, 2017
Buildings and land	$	4.6		$	—
Computer and other equipment	48.6			28.7
Leasehold improvements	27.9			22.3
Software	85.9			44.5
Office furniture	9.7			7.4
Property, equipment and software, gross	176.7			102.9
Less accumulated depreciation and amortization	(81.5		)	(54.6		)
Property, equipment and software, net	$	95.2		$	48.3

Summary Depreciation and Amortization Expense

The following table summarizes the allocation of depreciation and amortization expense between cost of services and selling, general and administrative expenses (in millions):

	Year Ended December 31,
	2018		2017		2016
Cost of services	$	23.9	$	14.5	$	9.5
Selling, general and administrative	4.3		1.8		0.7
Total depreciation and amortization	$	28.2	$	16.3	$	10.2

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Intangible Assets (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule of Intangible Assets

The following table provides the gross carrying value and accumulated amortization for each major class of intangible asset at December 31, 2018 (in millions, except weighted average useful life):

		December 31, 2018
	Weighted Average Useful Life	Gross Carrying Value		Accumulated Amortization			Net Book Value
Customer relationships	17 years	$	160.9	$	(6.1	)	$	154.8
Tradename	1 year	1.1		(1.1		)	—
Technology	6 years	26.8		(2.9		)	23.9
Favorable leasehold interests	Life of lease	2.3		(0.5		)	1.8
Total intangible assets		$	191.1	$	(10.6	)	$	180.5

Schedule of Valuation Methodologies Used to Determine Preliminary Fair Values of Intangible Assets

A preliminary fair value of the identifiable intangible assets was derived, utilizing the following valuation methodology:

	Valuation Methodology
Customer relationships	Income approach to derive the present value of future cash flows from customer relationship.
Tradename	Relief from royalty method was utilized to determine the present value of savings from owning the asset.
Technology	The cost, market, and income approaches were used. • Cost approach - value is based on the current technology cost. • Market approach - value is based on sales of similar technologies. • Income approach - value based on identifiable discrete cash flows related to the technology.
Favorable leasehold interests	Income approach to derive the present value of the market versus contractual rent.

Schedule of Estimated Annual Amortization Expense

Estimated annual amortization expense related to intangible assets with definite lives as of December 31, 2018 is as follows (in millions):

2019	$	14.3
2020	14.2
2021	14.2
2022	14.2
2023	14.2
Thereafter	109.4
Total	$	180.5

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Goodwill (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule of Changes in Carrying Amount of Goodwill

Changes in the carrying amount of goodwill for the year ended December 31, 2018 were (in millions):

	Goodwill
Balance as of December 31, 2017	$	—
Acquisitions	254.8
Balance as of December 31, 2018	$	254.8

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Revenue Recognition (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Revenue from Contract with Customer [Abstract]

Schedule of Disaggregated Revenue By Source

In the following table, revenue is disaggregated by source of revenue (in millions):

	Year Ended December 31,
	2018		2017
Net operating fees	$	760.2	$	374.8
Incentive fees	38.3		29.0
Other	70.0		46.0
Net services revenue	$	868.5	$	449.8

Schedule of Assets and Liabilities

The following table provides information about receivables, contracts assets, and contract liabilities from contracts with customers (in millions):

	December 31, 2018		December 31, 2017
Receivables (1)	$	97.4	$	23.6
Contract assets	1.2		—
Contract liabilities	22.3		15.5

(1) Receivables are included in accounts receivable, net. The balance includes

accounts receivable, net - related party.

Significant changes in the contract assets and the contract liabilities balances during the year ended December 31, 2018 are as follows (in millions):

	December 31, 2018
	Contract assets		Contract liabilities
Revenue recognized that was included in the contract liability balance at the beginning of the period	$	—	$	51.8
Increases due to cash received, excluding amounts recognized as revenue during the period	—		5.8
Acquisitions	1.2		2.1

Schedule of Transaction Price Allocated to the Remaining Performance Obligation

The following table includes estimated revenue expected to be recognized in the future related to performance obligations that are unsatisfied (or partially unsatisfied) at the end of the reporting period (in millions). The estimated revenue does not include amounts of variable consideration that are constrained.

	Net operating fees		Incentive fees		Other
2019	$	58.1	$	14.6	$	4.0
2020	15.1		—		3.8
2021	8.7		—		3.8
2022	4.2		—		3.8
Thereafter	2.9		—		11.9
Total	$	89.0	$	14.6	$	27.3

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Customer Liabilities (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Other Liabilities Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule of Customer Liabilities

Customer liabilities consist of the following (in millions):

	December 31,		December 31,
	2018		2017
Accrued service costs, current (1)	$	51.0	$	23.7
Collections payable to clients, current	9.1		—
Refund liabilities, current	0.6		0.5
Deferred revenue (contract liabilities), current	5.1		4.0
Current portion of customer liabilities (1)	65.8		28.2
Refund liabilities, non-current	0.4		—
Deferred revenue (contract liabilities), non-current	17.3		11.5
Non current portion of customer liabilities (1)	17.7		11.5
Total customer liabilities	$	83.5	$	39.7

(1) Current and non-current portion of customer liabilities include amounts for a related party. See Note 20, Related Party Transactions, for further discussion.

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Debt (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Debt Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule of Carrying Values Long-Term Debt

The carrying amounts of debt consist of the following (in millions):

	December 31, 2018
Senior Revolver	$	—
Senior Term Loan	268.7
Notes (primarily with related parties)	110.0
Unamortized discount and issuance costs	(20.0		)
Total debt	358.7
Less: Current maturities	(2.7		)
Total long-term debt	$	356.0

Schedule of Maturities of Long-term Debt

Scheduled maturities of the Company's long-term debt for each of the five years succeeding December 31, 2018 and thereafter are summarized as follows (in millions):

	Scheduled Maturities
2019	$	2.7
2020	2.7
2021	2.7
2022	2.7
2023	2.7
Thereafter	365.2
Total	$	378.7

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Share-Based Compensation (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Disclosure of Compensation Related Costs, Share-based Payments [Abstract]

Summary of Valuation Assumptions

The following table sets forth the significant assumptions used in the Black-Scholes option pricing model and the Monte Carlo simulations and the calculation of share-based compensation expense during 2018, 2017, and 2016:

	Year Ended December 31,
	2018	2017	2016
Expected dividend yield	—%	—%	—%
Risk-free interest rate	2.3% to 2.98%	1.8% to 2.38%	1.2% to 2.06%
Expected volatility	40% to 45%	40% to 45%	45% to 50%
Expected term (in years)	2.59 to 6.25	2.34 to 6.29	5.96 to 6.30
Forfeitures	—%	—%	5.68% annually

Schedule of Share-based Compensation Expense

Total share-based compensation costs that have been included in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations were as follows (in millions):

	Year Ended December 31,
	2018		2017		2016
Share-Based Compensation Expense Allocation Details:
Cost of services	$	5.8	$	4.5	$	6.1
Selling, general and administrative	12.4		6.1		22.0
Other	0.2		0.1		1.8
Total share-based compensation expense (1)	$	18.4	$	10.7	$	29.9

(1) In addition to the share-based compensation expense recorded above, $0.3 million, $0.5 million, and $0.4 million of share-based compensation expense was capitalized to deferred contract costs for the year ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016, respectively. See Note 21, Deferred Contract Costs, for further discussion.

Schedule of Stock Option Activity

The following table sets forth a summary of all option activity under all plans for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016:

	Shares		Weighted- Average Exercise Price		Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Term (in years)	Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in millions)
Outstanding at January 1, 2016	15,260,266		$	10.23	7.0	$	0.3
Granted	11,186,107		2.39
Exercised	(94,240	)	1.93
Canceled/forfeited	(5,933,526	)	9.22
Outstanding at December 31, 2016	20,418,607		6.26		7.9	$	0.3
Granted	3,683,406		3.34
Exercised	(69,329	)	2.38
Canceled/forfeited	(6,289,718	)	9.01
Outstanding at December 31, 2017	17,742,966		4.70		7.9	$	23.7
Granted	274,162		6.51
Exercised	(1,713,710	)	2.54
Canceled/forfeited	(2,418,948	)	2.60
Outstanding at December 31, 2018	13,884,470		5.36		6.6	$	49.2
Outstanding, vested and exercisable at December 31, 2016	7,993,168		$	11.34	5.3	$	—
Outstanding, vested and exercisable at December 31, 2017	5,778,376		$	8.87	5.5	$	17.7
Outstanding, vested and exercisable at December 31, 2018	7,712,264		$	7.37	5.4	$	17.7

Schedule of Restricted Stock Awards Activity

The following table sets forth a summary of the activity during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016:

	Shares		Weighted- Average Grant Date Fair Value
Outstanding and unvested at January 1, 2016	9,255,932		$	4.24
Granted	3,071,876		2.58
Vested	(3,361,336	)	4.37
Forfeited	(3,103,760	)	4.69
Outstanding and unvested at December 31, 2016	5,862,712		$	3.01
Granted	—		—
Vested	(2,675,782	)	3.50
Forfeited	(834,440	)	1.52
Outstanding and unvested at December 31, 2017	2,352,490		$	3.03
Granted	—		—
Vested	(1,184,687	)	3.07
Forfeited	(72,259	)	3.24
Outstanding and unvested at December 31, 2018	1,095,544		$	3.02

Schedule of Restricted Stock Units Award Activity

A summary of the activity during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016 is shown below:

	Shares		Weighted- Average Grant Date Fair Value
Outstanding and unvested at January 1, 2016	—		$	—
Granted	1,361,794		2.35
Vested	—		—
Forfeited	(15,020	)	2.35
Outstanding and unvested at December 31, 2016	1,346,774		$	2.35
Granted	285,527		2.96
Vested	(155,535	)	2.35
Forfeited	(293,266	)	2.35
Outstanding and unvested at December 31, 2017	1,183,500		$	2.50
Granted	441,849		7.99
Vested	(323,964	)	2.48
Forfeited	(174,704	)	3.49
Outstanding and unvested at December 31, 2018	1,126,681		$	4.50

A summary of the PBRSU activity during the years ended December 31, 2018, and 2017 is shown below:

	Shares		Weighted- Average Grant Date Fair Value
Outstanding and unvested at January 1, 2017	—		$	—
Granted	4,894,817		3.35
Vested	—		—
Forfeited	(108,917	)	2.38
Outstanding and unvested at December 31, 2017	4,785,900		$	3.37
Granted	1,472,677		8.30
Vested	—		—
Forfeited	(1,648,129	)	3.91
Outstanding and unvested at December 31, 2018	4,610,448		$	4.72

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Other (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Restructuring and Related Activities [Abstract]

Other Restructuring and Related Costs

For the year ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016, other costs consist of the following (in millions):

	Year Ended December 31,
	2018		2017		2016
Severance and employee benefits	$	2.3	$	0.3	$	3.5
Facility charges	0.1		—		1.1
Non-cash share based compensation	—		0.1		1.8
Transaction fees (1)	—		—		12.7
Restatement costs	—		—		1.2
Acquisition related costs (2)	19.7		3.1		—
Transitioned employees restructuring expense (3)	4.3		1.2		—
Digital Transformation Office (4)	3.6		—		—
Other	0.4		—		0.5
Total other	$	30.4	$	4.7	$	20.8

(1) Costs related to retention payments and legal fees paid in connection with the closing of the Transaction.

(2) Costs related to evaluating, pursuing and integrating acquisitions as part of the Company’s inorganic growth strategy. Integration costs include employee time and expenses spent on integration activities, vendor spend and severance and retention amounts associated with integration activities.

(3) As part of the transition of personnel to the Company under certain operating partner model contracts, the Company has agreed to reimburse, or directly pay the affected employees, for certain severance and retention costs related to certain employees who will not be transitioned to the Company, or whose jobs will be relocated after the employee transitions to the Company.

(4) Project costs related to the Company's effort to automate its transactional environment.

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Income Taxes (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]

Domestic and Foreign Components of Income (Loss)

The domestic and foreign components of income (loss) before income taxes consist of the following (in millions):

	Year Ended December 31,
	2018			2017			2016
Domestic	$	(65.5	)	$	(33.9	)	$	292.4
Foreign	8.8			6.6			5.8
Total income (loss) before income taxes	$	(56.7	)	$	(27.3	)	$	298.2

Schedule of Components of Income Tax Expense (Benefit)

For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016, the Company’s current and deferred income tax expense (benefit) attributable to income (loss) from operations are as follows (in millions):

	Current			Deferred			Total
Year Ended December 31, 2016
U.S. Federal	$	(0.2	)	$	95.6		$	95.4
State & Local	—			25.0			25.0
Foreign	1.1			(0.4		)	0.7
	$	0.9		$	120.2		$	121.1
Year Ended December 31, 2017
U.S. Federal	$	0.1		$	32.4		$	32.5
State & Local	0.2			(2.3		)	(2.1		)
Foreign	1.5			(0.4		)	1.1
	$	1.8		$	29.7		$	31.5
Year Ended December 31, 2018
U.S. Federal	$	—		$	(10.3	)	$	(10.3	)
State & Local	0.9			(2.6		)	(1.7		)
Foreign	1.9			(1.3		)	0.6
	$	2.8		$	(14.2	)	$	(11.4	)

Schedule of Effective Income Tax Rate Reconciliation

Reconciliation of the difference between the actual tax rate and the statutory U.S. federal income tax rate is as follows:

	Year Ended December 31,
	2018		2017		2016
Federal statutory tax rate	21	%	35	%	35	%
Increase in income tax rate resulting from:
State and local income taxes, net of federal tax benefits	2	%	5	%	5	%
U.S. Tax Reform	(3	)%	(140	)%	—	%
Stock-based Compensation	3	%	(17	)%	—	%
Other	(3	)%	2	%	1	%
Actual tax rate	20	%	(115	)%	41	%

Schedule of Net Deferred Tax Assets

The following table sets forth the Company’s net deferred tax assets as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 (in millions):

	As of December 31,
	2018			2017
Deferred Tax assets:
Net operating loss carryforwards	$	60.5		$	47.9
Share-based compensation	13.3			13.0
Accrued bonus	8.6			4.0
Advanced billing revenue	5.3			4.0
Other reserves	0.7			0.4
Alternative minimum tax	3.1			2.4
Interest expense limitation	5.3			—
Other	3.8			4.0
Deferred Rent	4.3			2.9
Total gross deferred tax assets	104.9			78.6
Intangible assets	(36.1		)	—
Fixed assets	(4.1		)	(1.7		)
Contract implementation costs	(5.1		)	(3.3		)
Less valuation allowance	(2.1		)	(3.1		)
Net deferred tax asset	$	57.5		$	70.5

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8.00% Series A Convertible Preferred Stock (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Temporary Equity Disclosure [Abstract]

Summary of Preferred Stock Activity

The following summarizes the Preferred Stock activity for the year ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 (in millions, except per share data):

	Preferred Stock
	Shares Issued and Outstanding	Carrying Value
Balance at January 1, 2016	—	$	—
Issuance of preferred stock	200,000	108.9
Beneficial conversion feature deemed dividend	—	48.3
Dividends paid/accrued dividends	10,160	14.4
Balance at December 31, 2016	210,160	$	171.6
Dividends paid/accrued dividends	17,323	17.7
Balance at December 31, 2017	227,483	$	189.3
Dividends paid/accrued dividends	18,750	19.1
Balance at December 31, 2018	246,233	$	208.4

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Earnings (Loss) Per Share (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Earnings Per Share [Abstract]

Schedule of Earnings (Loss) Per Share, Basic and Diluted

Basic and diluted net income (loss) per common share are calculated as follows (in millions, except share and per share data):

	Year Ended December 31,
	2018			2017			2016
Basic EPS:
Net income (loss)	$	(45.3	)	$	(58.8	)	$	177.1
Less dividends on preferred shares	(19.1		)	(17.7		)	(62.7		)
Less income allocated to preferred shareholders	—			—			(49.0		)
Net income (loss) available/(allocated) to common shareholders - basic	$	(64.4	)	$	(76.5	)	$	65.4
Diluted EPS:
Net income (loss)	(45.3		)	(58.8		)	177.1
Less dividends on preferred shares	(19.1		)	(17.7		)	(62.7		)
Less income allocated to preferred shareholders	—			—			(49.0		)
Net income (loss) available/(allocated) to common shareholders - diluted	$	(64.4	)	$	(76.5	)	$	65.4
Basic weighted-average common shares	108,175,159			102,062,051			100,160,206
Add: Effect of dilutive securities	—			—			—
Diluted weighted average common shares	108,175,159			102,062,051			100,160,206
Net income (loss) per common share (basic)	$	(0.60	)	$	(0.75	)	$	0.65
Net income (loss) per common share (diluted)	$	(0.60	)	$	(0.75	)	$	0.65

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Commitments and Contingencies (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule of Future Minimum Rental Payments for Operating Leases

The aggregate future minimum rental commitments under all noncancelable operating leases having remaining terms in excess of one year as of December 31, 2018 are as follows (in millions):

2019	$	18.1
2020	16.5
2021	15.6
2022	12.7
2023	11.3
Thereafter	34.5
Total	$	108.7

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Related Party Transactions (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Related Party Transactions [Abstract]

Schedule of Related Party Transactions

Net services revenue from services provided to Ascension included in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations were (in millions):

Year Ended December 31,
2018		2017		2016
$	600.1	$	404.4	$	461.4

Amounts included in the Company's consolidated balance sheets for Ascension, excluding debt (see Note 12, Debt), are (in millions):

	December 31, 2018		December 31, 2017
Accounts receivable, net - related party	$	55.2	$	15.4
Accrued service costs, current	$	47.7	$	23.7
Refund liabilities, current	0.6		0.5
Deferred revenue (contract liabilities), current	2.8		2.9
Current portion of customer liabilities	51.1		27.1
Refund liabilities, non-current	0.4		—
Deferred revenue (contract liabilities), non-current	17.3		11.5
Non-current portion of customer liabilities	17.7		11.5
Total customer liabilities	$	68.8	$	38.6

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Deferred Contract Costs (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Deferred Costs, Capitalized, Prepaid, and Other Assets Disclosure [Abstract]

Summary of Deferred Contract Costs

The following table summarizes the breakout of deferred contract costs (in millions):

	December 31, 2018		December 31, 2017
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	$	2.8	$	1.6
Other assets	17.4		11.6
Total deferred contract costs	$	20.2	$	13.2

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Derivative Financial Instruments (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule of Derivatives Effect on Statement of Operations

The effect of derivatives in the Company's consolidated statements of operations for the year ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 were (in millions):

	Year Ended December 31,
	2018			2017
Amount of gain (loss) recognized in other comprehensive income	$	(0.6	)	$	—
Amount of gain (loss) reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income to other income	(1.3		)	—

Schedule of Derivatives Fair Value on Balance Sheet

The location and fair value of derivative instruments designated as hedges in the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 are as follows:

		December 31,
	Balance sheet location	2018		2017
Cash Flow Hedges:
Foreign currency forward contracts	Prepaid expenses and other current assets	$	0.7	$	—
Foreign currency forward contracts	Other accrued expenses	$	—	$	—

Schedule of Offsetting Derivative Assets

The following table presents amounts relevant to offsetting of the Company's derivative assets and liabilities and the corresponding collateral account as of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 (in millions):

	December 31,
	2018		2017
Net assets	$	0.7	$	—
Net liabilities	—		—
Total Fair Value	$	0.7	$	—

Schedule of Offsetting Derivative Liabilities

The following table presents amounts relevant to offsetting of the Company's derivative assets and liabilities and the corresponding collateral account as of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 (in millions):

	December 31,
	2018		2017
Net assets	$	0.7	$	—
Net liabilities	—		—
Total Fair Value	$	0.7	$	—

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Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Deferred Costs, Capitalized, Prepaid, and Other Assets Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule of Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets

Prepaid expenses and other current assets is comprised of the following (in millions):

	Year Ended December 31,
	2018		2017
Prepaid expenses	$	13.6	$	6.6
Notes receivable	4.0		—
Security deposits	4.8		3.3
Other current assets	12.4		3.9
Ending balance	$	34.8	$	13.8

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Other Current Liabilities and Accrued Expenses (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Payables and Accruals [Abstract]

Schedule of Other Current Liabilities and Accrued Expenses

Other current liabilities and accrued expenses is comprised of the following (in millions):

	Year Ended December 31,
	2018		2017
Accrued expenses	$	22.4	$	14.9
Notes payable	14.5		—
Other	3.9		1.8
Ending balance	$	40.8	$	16.7

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Quarterly Financial Information (Unaudited) (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Quarterly Financial Information Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule of Quarterly Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations

The following tables provide our Quarterly Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations (in millions except per share data):

	1st Quarter Ended March 31,						2nd Quarter Ended June 30,						3rd Quarter Ended September, 30						4th Quarter Ended December 31,
	2018			2017			2018			2017			2018			2017			2018			2017
Net services revenue	$	147.3		$	86.9		$	207.9		$	99.4		$	250.4		$	123.2		$	262.9		$	140.3
Total operating expenses	158.1			95.4			225.6			109.6			256.2			128.3			259.0			144.0
Income (loss) from operations	(10.8		)	(8.5		)	(17.7		)	(10.2		)	(5.8		)	(5.1		)	3.9			(3.7		)
Net income (loss)	$	(23.3	)	$	(8.3	)	$	(2.9	)	$	(6.7	)	$	(13.4	)	$	(3.6	)	$	(5.7	)	$	(40.2	)
Net income (loss) per common share
Basic	$	(0.26	)	$	(0.12	)	$	(0.07	)	$	(0.11	)	$	(0.17	)	$	(0.08	)	$	(0.10	)	$	(0.44	)
Diluted	$	(0.26	)	$	(0.12	)	$	(0.07	)	$	(0.11	)	$	(0.17	)	$	(0.08	)	$	(0.10	)	$	(0.44	)

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Description of Business - Narrative (Details)	May 08, 2018 USD ($) customer	Jan. 23, 2018 USD ($) $ / shares shares	Feb. 16, 2016
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Long term strategic partnership, term			10 years
Contract term		10 years
Number of shares issued in transaction (in shares) | shares		4,665,594
Class of warrant or right, number of securities called by warrants or rights (in shares) (up to) | shares		1,500,000
Warrant exercise price (in dollars per share) | $ / shares		$ 6.00
Proceeds from issuance of warrants | $		$ 20,000,000
Intermedix
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Purchase price, subject to customary adjustments | $	$ 460,000,000
Number of customers | customer	700
Number of employees | customer	2,200

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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Narrative (Details)	9 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2018	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($) reporting_unit segment payment	Dec. 31, 2017 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2016 USD ($)	Jan. 01, 2016 USD ($)
Revenue from External Customer [Line Items]
Restricted Cash		$ 2,300,000	$ 1,500,000	$ 1,500,000	$ 1,500,000
Number of operating segments | segment		1
Number of reporting segments | segment		1
Base fees, number of monthly payments | payment		3
Restricted cash equivalents			1,500,000
Number of reporting units | reporting_unit		1
Impairment of goodwill		$ 0
Impairment of property, equipment, software or other intangible assets		0	0	$ 0
Accrued payroll and bonus		$ 51,100,000	$ 25,100,000
Minimum | End-To-End Services
Revenue from External Customer [Line Items]
Revenue, contract term		2 years
Minimum | PAS and Modular Services
Revenue from External Customer [Line Items]
Revenue, contract term	1 year
Maximum | End-To-End Services
Revenue from External Customer [Line Items]
Revenue, contract term		10 years
Maximum | PAS and Modular Services
Revenue from External Customer [Line Items]
Revenue, contract term	3 years

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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Property, Equipment and Software (Details)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018
Buildings
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Useful lives	39 years
Computers and other equipment | Minimum
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Useful lives	3 years
Computers and other equipment | Maximum
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Useful lives	5 years
Leasehold improvements
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Useful lives, description	Shorter of 10 years or lease term
Leasehold improvements | Maximum
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Useful lives	10 years
Office furniture
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Useful lives	5 years
Software | Minimum
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Useful lives	3 years
Software | Maximum
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Useful lives	5 years

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Recent Accounting Pronouncements - Narrative (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Jan. 01, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016	Jan. 01, 2016
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Restricted Cash		$ 2.3	$ 1.5	$ 1.5	$ 1.5
Minimum | Accounting Standards Update 2016-02 | Scenario, Forecast
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Estimated increase in right-of-use assets, upon adoption	$ 70.0
Estimated increase in lease liabilities, upon adoption	85.0
Maximum | Accounting Standards Update 2016-02 | Scenario, Forecast
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Estimated increase in right-of-use assets, upon adoption	80.0
Estimated increase in lease liabilities, upon adoption	$ 95.0

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Fair Value of Financial Instruments - Narrative (Details) - Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($)
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Financial assets required to be measured at fair value	$ 0
Financial liabilities required to be measured at fair value	$ 0

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Fair Value of Financial Instruments - Schedule of Fair Value of Liabilities Carried at Book Value (Details) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($)
Liabilities, Fair Value Disclosure [Abstract]
Senior Term Loan, Book Value	$ 358.7
Unamortized debt issuance costs	20.0
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Subordinated Notes | Subordinated Notes Due 2026
Liabilities, Fair Value Disclosure [Abstract]
Notes, Book Value	0.1
Notes, Fair Value	0.1
Unamortized debt issuance costs	2.2
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Subordinated Notes | Subordinated Notes Due 2026 | Level 1
Liabilities, Fair Value Disclosure [Abstract]
Notes, Fair Value	0.0
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Subordinated Notes | Subordinated Notes Due 2026 | Level 2
Liabilities, Fair Value Disclosure [Abstract]
Notes, Fair Value	0.1
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Subordinated Notes | Subordinated Notes Due 2026 | Level 3
Liabilities, Fair Value Disclosure [Abstract]
Notes, Fair Value	0.0
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Senior Term Loan | Line of Credit
Liabilities, Fair Value Disclosure [Abstract]
Senior Term Loan, Book Value	0.3
Senior Term Loan, Fair Value	0.3
Unamortized debt issuance costs	8.1
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Senior Term Loan | Line of Credit | Level 1
Liabilities, Fair Value Disclosure [Abstract]
Senior Term Loan, Fair Value	0.0
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Senior Term Loan | Line of Credit | Level 2
Liabilities, Fair Value Disclosure [Abstract]
Senior Term Loan, Fair Value	0.3
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Senior Term Loan | Line of Credit | Level 3
Liabilities, Fair Value Disclosure [Abstract]
Senior Term Loan, Fair Value	$ 0.0

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Acquisition - Narrative (Details) - Intermedix - USD ($)		8 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	May 08, 2018	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2018
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Purchase price, subject to customary adjustments	$ 460,000,000
Purchase price after adjustments	469,200,000
Fair value of accounts receivable acquired	35,500,000
Accounts receivable, gross contractual amounts	37,500,000
Accounts receivable, estimated uncollectible	$ 2,000,000
Changes in recognized amounts of goodwill		$ 0
Pro forma, net sales since the acquisition			$ 119,200,000
Pro forma, loss before income taxes since the acquisition			600,000
Debt issuance costs paid to Bank of America		4,100,000
Measurement period adjustment, intangible assets			10,500,000
Measurement period adjustments, Property, equipment and software, net			5,400,000
Measurement period adjustment, deferred tax liability		$ 6,500,000	6,500,000
Acquisition-related Costs
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Pro forma earnings adjustment to exclude from 2018 and include in 2017			$ 11,900,000

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Acquisition - Fair Value of Assets Acquired and Liabilities Assumed (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	May 08, 2018	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Allocation of consideration to assets acquired and liabilities assumed:
Goodwill		$ 254.8	$ 0.0
Intermedix
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Total purchase consideration	$ 469.2
Allocation of consideration to assets acquired and liabilities assumed:
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash	6.4
Accounts receivable	35.5
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	11.6
Property, equipment and software	25.4
Intangible assets	191.1
Goodwill	254.8
Other assets	0.3
Accounts payable	(6.4)
Current portion of customer liabilities	(8.6)
Accrued compensation and benefits	(7.7)
Other accrued expenses	(6.2)
Deferred income tax liabilities	(27.0)
Net assets acquired	$ 469.2

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Acquisition - Pro Forma Results (Unaudited) (Details) - Intermedix - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Net services revenue	$ 938.5	$ 642.8
Net income (loss)	$ (57.8)	$ (74.7)

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Accounts Receivable and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts - Schedule of Allowance for Doubtful Accounts (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016
Allowance for Doubtful Accounts Receivable [Roll Forward]
Beginning balance	$ 363	$ 66
Provision (recoveries)	754	304	$ 0
Write-offs	(3)	(7)
Ending balance	$ 1,114	$ 363	$ 66

XML

Property, Equipment and Software - Schedule of Property, Equipment and Software (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Property, equipment and software, gross	$ 176.7	$ 102.9
Less accumulated depreciation and amortization	(81.5)	(54.6)
Property, equipment and software, net	95.2	48.3
Buildings and land
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Property, equipment and software, gross	4.6	0.0
Computer and other equipment
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Property, equipment and software, gross	48.6	28.7
Leasehold improvements
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Property, equipment and software, gross	27.9	22.3
Software
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Property, equipment and software, gross	85.9	44.5
Office furniture
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Property, equipment and software, gross	$ 9.7	$ 7.4

XML

Property, Equipment and Software - Narrative (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Property, equipment and software	$ 95.2	$ 48.3
Capitalized computer and software additions	22.6
Located Internationally
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Property, equipment and software	15.6	$ 10.1
Other accrued expenses
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Capital lease obligations	10.0
Other non-current liabilities
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Capital lease obligations	$ 4.2

XML

Property, Equipment and Software - Allocation of Depreciation and Amortization Expense between Cost of Services and Selling, General and Administrative Expenses (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Total depreciation and amortization	$ 28.2	$ 16.3	$ 10.2
Cost of services
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Total depreciation and amortization	23.9	14.5	9.5
Selling, general and administrative
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Total depreciation and amortization	$ 4.3	$ 1.8	$ 0.7

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Intangible Assets - Components of Intangible Assets (Details) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($)
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Gross Carrying Value	$ 191.1
Accumulated Amortization	(10.6)
Net Book Value	$ 180.5
Customer relationships
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Weighted Average Useful Life	17 years
Gross Carrying Value	$ 160.9
Accumulated Amortization	(6.1)
Net Book Value	$ 154.8
Tradename
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Weighted Average Useful Life	1 year
Gross Carrying Value	$ 1.1
Accumulated Amortization	(1.1)
Net Book Value	$ 0.0
Technology
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Weighted Average Useful Life	6 years
Gross Carrying Value	$ 26.8
Accumulated Amortization	(2.9)
Net Book Value	23.9
Favorable leasehold interests
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Gross Carrying Value	2.3
Accumulated Amortization	(0.5)
Net Book Value	$ 1.8

XML

Intangible Assets - Narrative (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2018
Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]
Intangible asset amortization expense	$ 0.0	$ 10.6

XML

Intangible Assets - Future Amortization (Details) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($)
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets, Amortization Expense, Maturity Schedule [Abstract]
2019	$ 14.3
2020	14.2
2021	14.2
2022	14.2
2023	14.2
Thereafter	109.4
Net Book Value	$ 180.5

XML

Goodwill - Carrying Amount of Goodwill (Details) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($)
Goodwill [Roll Forward]
Beginning Balance	$ 0.0
Acquisitions	254.8
Ending Balance	$ 254.8

XML

Goodwill - Narrative (Details)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($)
Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]
Impairment of goodwill	$ 0

XML

Revenue Recognition - Schedule of Disaggregated Revenue by Source (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended								12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018	Sep. 30, 2018	Jun. 30, 2018	Mar. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Sep. 30, 2017	Jun. 30, 2017	Mar. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Net services revenue	$ 262.9	$ 250.4	$ 207.9	$ 147.3	$ 140.3	$ 123.2	$ 99.4	$ 86.9	$ 868.5	$ 449.8	$ 592.6
Net operating fees
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Net services revenue									760.2	374.8
Incentive fees
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Net services revenue									38.3	29.0
Other
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Net services revenue									$ 70.0	$ 46.0

XML

Revenue Recognition - Schedule of Contract Balances (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Revenue from Contract with Customer [Abstract]
Receivables, including related party	$ 97.4	$ 23.6
Contract assets	1.2	0.0
Contract liabilities	$ 22.3	$ 15.5

XML

Revenue Recognition - Narrative (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Revenue from Contract with Customer [Abstract]
Revenue recognized from changes in transaction prices	$ 0.4	$ 1.3
Revenue recognized for services performed in periods prior to execution of new agreements	$ 0.2	1.9
Revenue performance obligation, period	PAS performance obligations are typically short in duration (often less than 1 day) with any uncertainty related to the associated variable consideration resolved as each increment of service (completion of a level of care review or an appeal) is completed which reflects the value the customer receives from the Company’s fulfillment of the performance obligation.
Revenue recognized that was included in the contract liability balance at the beginning of the period	$ 51.8	19.9
Revenue recognized, advanced billings	$ 47.8	$ 19.5

XML

Revenue Recognition - Schedule of Changes in Contra Assets and Contract Liabilities (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Revenue from Contract with Customer [Abstract]
Revenue recognized that was included in the contract liability balance at the beginning of the period	$ 51.8	$ 19.9
Increases due to cash received, excluding amounts recognized as revenue during the period	5.8
Acquisitions, Contract assets	1.2
Acquisitions, Contract liabilities	$ 2.1

XML

Revenue Recognition - Transaction Price Allocated to the Remaining Performance Obligation (Details) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($)
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction, Start Date [Axis]: 2019-01-01
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction [Line Items]
Revenue expected to be recognized in the future related to unsatisfied performance obligations, period	1 year
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction, Start Date [Axis]: 2019-01-01 | Net operating fees
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction [Line Items]
Revenue expected to be recognized in the future related to unsatisfied performance obligations	$ 58.1
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction, Start Date [Axis]: 2019-01-01 | Incentive fees
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction [Line Items]
Revenue expected to be recognized in the future related to unsatisfied performance obligations	14.6
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction, Start Date [Axis]: 2019-01-01 | Other
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction [Line Items]
Revenue expected to be recognized in the future related to unsatisfied performance obligations	$ 4.0
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction, Start Date [Axis]: 2020-01-01
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction [Line Items]
Revenue expected to be recognized in the future related to unsatisfied performance obligations, period	1 year
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction, Start Date [Axis]: 2020-01-01 | Net operating fees
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction [Line Items]
Revenue expected to be recognized in the future related to unsatisfied performance obligations	$ 15.1
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction, Start Date [Axis]: 2020-01-01 | Incentive fees
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction [Line Items]
Revenue expected to be recognized in the future related to unsatisfied performance obligations	0.0
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction, Start Date [Axis]: 2020-01-01 | Other
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction [Line Items]
Revenue expected to be recognized in the future related to unsatisfied performance obligations	$ 3.8
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction, Start Date [Axis]: 2021-01-01
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction [Line Items]
Revenue expected to be recognized in the future related to unsatisfied performance obligations, period	1 year
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction, Start Date [Axis]: 2021-01-01 | Net operating fees
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction [Line Items]
Revenue expected to be recognized in the future related to unsatisfied performance obligations	$ 8.7
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction, Start Date [Axis]: 2021-01-01 | Incentive fees
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction [Line Items]
Revenue expected to be recognized in the future related to unsatisfied performance obligations	0.0
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction, Start Date [Axis]: 2021-01-01 | Other
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction [Line Items]
Revenue expected to be recognized in the future related to unsatisfied performance obligations	$ 3.8
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction, Start Date [Axis]: 2022-01-01
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction [Line Items]
Revenue expected to be recognized in the future related to unsatisfied performance obligations, period	1 year
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction, Start Date [Axis]: 2022-01-01 | Net operating fees
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction [Line Items]
Revenue expected to be recognized in the future related to unsatisfied performance obligations	$ 4.2
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction, Start Date [Axis]: 2022-01-01 | Incentive fees
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction [Line Items]
Revenue expected to be recognized in the future related to unsatisfied performance obligations	0.0
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction, Start Date [Axis]: 2022-01-01 | Other
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction [Line Items]
Revenue expected to be recognized in the future related to unsatisfied performance obligations	$ 3.8
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction, Start Date [Axis]: 2023-01-01
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction [Line Items]
Revenue expected to be recognized in the future related to unsatisfied performance obligations, period
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction, Start Date [Axis]: 2023-01-01 | Net operating fees
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction [Line Items]
Revenue expected to be recognized in the future related to unsatisfied performance obligations	$ 2.9
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction, Start Date [Axis]: 2023-01-01 | Incentive fees
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction [Line Items]
Revenue expected to be recognized in the future related to unsatisfied performance obligations	0.0
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction, Start Date [Axis]: 2023-01-01 | Other
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction [Line Items]
Revenue expected to be recognized in the future related to unsatisfied performance obligations	11.9
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction, Start Date [Axis]: (nil) | Net operating fees
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction [Line Items]
Revenue expected to be recognized in the future related to unsatisfied performance obligations	89.0
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction, Start Date [Axis]: (nil) | Incentive fees
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction [Line Items]
Revenue expected to be recognized in the future related to unsatisfied performance obligations	14.6
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction, Start Date [Axis]: (nil) | Other
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction [Line Items]
Revenue expected to be recognized in the future related to unsatisfied performance obligations	$ 27.3

XML

Customer Liabilities - Schedule of Customer Liabilities (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Other Liabilities Disclosure [Abstract]
Accrued service costs, current	$ 51.0	$ 23.7
Collections payable to clients, current	9.1	0.0
Refund liabilities, current	0.6	0.5
Deferred revenue (contract liabilities), current	5.1	4.0
Current portion of customer liabilities	65.8	28.2
Refund liabilities, non-current	0.4	0.0
Deferred revenue (contract liabilities), non-current	17.3	11.5
Non current portion of customer liabilities	17.7	11.5
Total customer liabilities	$ 83.5	$ 39.7

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Debt - Carrying Amounts of Debt (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Long-term debt	$ 378.7
Unamortized discount and issuance costs	(20.0)
Total debt	358.7
Less: Current maturities	(2.7)	$ 0.0
Total long-term debt	356.0
Notes (primarily with related parties) | Subordinated Notes Due 2026
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Long-term debt	110.0
Senior Revolver | Line of Credit
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Long-term debt	0.0
Senior Term Loan | Line of Credit
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Long-term debt	$ 268.7

XML

Debt - Narrative (Details)		12 Months Ended
	May 08, 2018 USD ($) covenant	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($)
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Credit agreement, number of financial covenants | covenant	2
Debt issuance costs		$ 11,500,000
Line of Credit
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Credit agreement, maximum borrowing capacity increase limit (up to)	$ 25,000,000.0
Credit agreement, maximum borrowing capacity increase limit, first lien pari passu basis leverage ratio (not more than)	3.75
Credit agreement, maximum borrowing capacity increase limit, first lien junior basis leverage ratio (not more than)	5.50
Interest rate		7.62%
Commitment fee, threshold first lien leverage ratio	2.00
Mandatory prepayments, percentage of annual excess cash flow	75.00%
Mandatory prepayments, percentage of non-ordinary course asset sales or other dispositions	100.00%
Mandatory prepayments, percentage of net cash proceeds of debt incurrence	100.00%
Quarterly principal repayments	0.25%
Prepayment premium	1.00%
Line of Credit | Maximum
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Commitment fee	0.50%
Maximum first lien net leverage ratio	5.50
Minimum interest coverage ratio	2.50
Line of Credit | Minimum
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Commitment fee	0.375%
Maximum first lien net leverage ratio	4.00
Minimum interest coverage ratio	1.75
Line of Credit | Federal Funds Rate
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Basis spread on variable rate basis	0.50%
Line of Credit | Eurodollar Rate
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Variable rate basis, minimum (not less than)	0.00%
Line of Credit | Eurodollar Rate | Interest Rate Option - Basis Spread One
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Basis spread on variable rate basis	1.00%
Line of Credit | Eurodollar Rate | Interest Rate Option - Basis Spread Two
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Basis spread on variable rate basis	4.25%
Line of Credit | Eurodollar Rate | Interest Rate Option Two
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Basis spread on variable rate basis	5.25%
Variable rate basis, minimum (not less than)	0.00%
Line of Credit | Senior Term Loan
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Credit agreement, maximum borrowing capacity	$ 270,000,000.0
Credit agreement, issuance percentage of par	97.00%
Debt term	7 years
Line of Credit | Senior Revolver
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Principle of debt issued	$ 25,000,000.0
Debt term	5 years
Borrowing availability		$ 25,000,000
Subordinated Notes | Subordinated Notes Due 2026
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Credit agreement, issuance percentage of par	98.00%
Principle of debt issued	$ 110,000,000.0
Debt term		8 years
Interest rate	14.00%
Due to related parties		$ 105,000,000
Interest paid or payable to related parties		9,500,000
Annual increase in interest rate	1.00%
Deferred interest		$ 1,400,000
Subordinated Notes | Subordinated Notes Due 2026 | Before May 8, 2019
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Prepayment premium	3.00%
Subordinated Notes | Subordinated Notes Due 2026 | May 8, 2019 - May 8, 2020
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Prepayment premium	2.00%
Subordinated Notes | Subordinated Notes Due 2026 | May 8 2020 - May 8, 2021
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Prepayment premium	1.00%
Subordinated Notes | Subordinated Notes Due 2026 | After May 8, 2021
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Prepayment premium	0.00%
Subordinated Notes | Subordinated Notes Due 2026 | Prior to May 8, 2019
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Allowable interest payable in kind	75.00%
Subordinated Notes | Subordinated Notes Due 2026 | May 8, 2019 - May 8, 2020
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Allowable interest payable in kind	50.00%
Subordinated Notes | Subordinated Notes Due 2026 | After May 8, 2020
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Allowable interest payable in kind	25.00%

XML

Debt - Schedule of Maturities of Long-term Debt (Details) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($)
Debt Disclosure [Abstract]
2019	$ 2.7
2020	2.7
2021	2.7
2022	2.7
2023	2.7
Thereafter	365.2
Total debt	$ 378.7

XML

Stockholders' Equity (Deficit) - Narrative (Details)		12 Months Ended
	Feb. 16, 2016 USD ($) $ / shares shares	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($) vote $ / shares shares	Dec. 31, 2017 USD ($) $ / shares shares	Dec. 31, 2016 USD ($) shares	Jan. 23, 2018 shares	Dec. 31, 2015 shares	Nov. 13, 2013 USD ($)
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Preferred stock, shares authorized (in shares)		5,000,000
Preferred stock, par or stated value per share (in dollars per share) | $ / shares		$ 0.01
Class of warrant or right, number of securities called by warrants or rights (in shares) (up to)					1,500,000
Common stock, par value (in dollars per share) | $ / shares		$ 0.01	$ 0.01
Common stock, vote per share | vote		1
Dividends declared or paid on common stock | $		$ 0	$ 0
Stock repurchase program, authorized amount | $							$ 50,000,000.0
Stock repurchased during period, shares (in shares)		0	855,474
Stock repurchased during period, value | $			$ 2,500,000
Treasury stock, shares retired (in shares)		0
Treasury stock, shares (in shares)		5,321,393	5,321,393
Restricted Stock Awards and Restricted Stock Units
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Shares paid for tax withholding for share-based compensation (in shares)		499,069	784,531
Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Preferred stock, shares issued (in shares)		246,233	227,483
Preferred stock, dividend rate		8.00%	8.00%
Preferred stock, par value (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	$ 0.01	$ 0.01	$ 0.01
Preferred stock, issued, value | $				$ 108,900,000
Temporary equity, shares outstanding (in shares)		246,233	227,483	210,160		0
TCP-ASC ACHI Series LLLP
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Investment warrants, exercise price (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	$ 3.50
TCP-ASC ACHI Series LLLP | Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Preferred stock, shares issued (in shares)	200,000
Preferred stock, dividend rate	8.00%	8.00%
Preferred stock, issued, value | $	$ 200,000,000
Long-term purchase commitment, period	10 years
TCP-ASC ACHI Series LLLP | Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock | Ascension
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Preferred stock, dividend rate	8.00%	8.00%
TCP-ASC ACHI Series LLLP | Common Stock
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Class of warrant or right, number of securities called by warrants or rights (in shares) (up to)	60,000,000
Investment warrants, exercise price (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	$ 3.50
Long-term purchase commitment, period	10 years

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Share-Based Compensation - Narrative (Details) $ / shares in Units, $ in Millions		1 Months Ended	3 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	May 12, 2017 shares	Dec. 31, 2016 shares	Jun. 30, 2018 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2017 shares	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($) plan $ / shares shares	Dec. 31, 2017 USD ($) $ / shares shares	Dec. 31, 2016 USD ($) $ / shares shares	Mar. 31, 2018 shares	Jan. 01, 2017 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2015 shares
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Number of stock incentive plans | plan					2
Maximum number of shares issuable under plan (in shares) (up to)					46,374,756
Non-current deferred tax assets | $					$ 57.5	$ 70.5
Outstanding options (in shares)		20,418,607			13,884,470	17,742,966	20,418,607			15,260,266
Weighted-average grant date fair value of options granted (in dollars per share) | $ / shares					$ 3.01	$ 1.34	$ 1.07
Total intrinsic value of options exercised | $					$ 9.6	$ 0.1	$ 0.1
Total fair value of options vested | $					4.2	4.9	15.0
Stock options exchanged (in shares)	4,279,463
Stock options issued from exchange (in shares)	1,728,795
Shares paid for tax withholding for share-based compensation, cost | $					$ 3.0	$ 4.4
Treasury stock due to canceled RSA (in shares)					5,321,393	5,321,393
Reclassification of equity award | $			$ 1.3		$ 1.3
Net increase in share-based compensation as a result of stock awards modification | $							$ 7.0
Additional Paid-In Capital
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Reclassification of equity award | $					1.3
Accounting Standards Update 2016-09
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Cumulative effect adjustment | $									$ (0.6)
Non-current deferred tax assets | $									0.6
Income tax benefit from windfalls and (expense) from shortfalls | $					$ 2.4	$ (0.9)
Accounting Standards Update 2016-09 | Accumulated Deficit
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Cumulative effect adjustment | $									0.9
Accounting Standards Update 2016-09 | Additional Paid-In Capital
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Cumulative effect adjustment | $									$ (1.5)
Minimum
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Award vesting period					1 year
Maximum
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Award vesting period					4 years
Employee Stock Option
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Award expiration period					10 years
Restricted Stock Awards
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Restricted stock awarded (in shares)					0	0	3,071,876
Fair value of restricted stock vested in period | $					$ 3.6	$ 9.3	$ 14.7
Shares paid for tax withholding for share-based compensation (in shares)					404,466	733,769	996,510
Shares paid for tax withholding for share-based compensation, cost | $					$ 2.3	$ 1.8	$ 2.2
Treasury stock purchases (in shares)					2,668,172
Treasury stock due to canceled RSA (in shares)		3,103,760			72,259	834,440	3,103,760
Restricted Stock Units (RSUs)
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Restricted stock awarded (in shares)					441,849	285,527	1,361,794
Shares paid for tax withholding for share-based compensation (in shares)					94,603	50,762	0
Shares paid for tax withholding for share-based compensation, cost | $					$ 0.7	$ 0.2	$ 0.0
Performance-Based Restricted Stock Units (PBRSUs)
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Restricted stock awarded (in shares)					1,472,677	4,894,817
Average stock price prior to end of vesting period, period				60 days
Performance-Based Restricted Stock Units (PBRSUs) | Minimum
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Number of shares vesting if price targets met, potential percentage of the number originally granted (up to)				0.00%
Performance-Based Restricted Stock Units (PBRSUs) | Maximum
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Number of shares vesting if price targets met, potential percentage of the number originally granted (up to)				350.00%
Maximum number of shares that could vest (in shares)				9,619,066
Outstanding and vested PBRSU shares, intended to be settled in cash (in shares)								983,472
Amended and Restated 2010 Stock Incentive Plan
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Number of additional shares authorized (in shares)		17,000,000
Stock Incentive Plan 2010
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Available for future grant (in shares)					8,548,545

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Share-Based Compensation - Assumptions (Details)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Expected dividend yield	0.00%	0.00%	0.00%
Risk-free interest rate, minimum	2.30%	1.80%	1.20%
Risk-free interest rate, maximum	2.98%	2.38%	2.06%
Expected volatility, minimum	40.00%	40.00%	45.00%
Expected volatility, maximum	45.00%	45.00%	50.00%
Forfeitures	0.00%	0.00%	5.68%
Minimum
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Expected term (in years)	2 years 7 months 2 days	2 years 4 months 2 days	5 years 11 months 15 days
Maximum
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Expected term (in years)	6 years 3 months	6 years 3 months 15 days	6 years 3 months 19 days

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Share-Based Compensation - Compensation Expense Allocation (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016
Employee Service Share-based Compensation, Allocation of Recognized Period Costs [Line Items]
Share-based compensation expense allocation	$ 18.4	$ 10.7	$ 29.9
Share-based compensation expense capitalized to deferred contract costs	0.3	0.5	0.4
Cost of services
Employee Service Share-based Compensation, Allocation of Recognized Period Costs [Line Items]
Share-based compensation expense allocation	5.8	4.5	6.1
Selling, general and administrative
Employee Service Share-based Compensation, Allocation of Recognized Period Costs [Line Items]
Share-based compensation expense allocation	12.4	6.1	22.0
Other
Employee Service Share-based Compensation, Allocation of Recognized Period Costs [Line Items]
Share-based compensation expense allocation	$ 0.2	$ 0.1	$ 1.8

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Share-Based Compensation - Stock Option Activity (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015
Shares
Outstanding at beginning of period (in shares)	17,742,966	20,418,607	15,260,266
Granted (in shares)	274,162	3,683,406	11,186,107
Exercised (in shares)	(1,713,710)	(69,329)	(94,240)
Canceled/forfeited (in shares)	(2,418,948)	(6,289,718)	(5,933,526)
Outstanding at end of period (in shares)	13,884,470	17,742,966	20,418,607	15,260,266
Outstanding, vested and exercisable at end of period (in shares)	7,712,264	5,778,376	7,993,168
Weighted- Average Exercise Price
Outstanding at beginning of period (in dollars per share)	$ 4.70	$ 6.26	$ 10.23
Granted (in dollars per share)	6.51	3.34	2.39
Exercised (in dollars per share)	2.54	2.38	1.93
Canceled/forfeited (in dollars per share)	2.60	9.01	9.22
Outstanding at end of period (in dollars per share)	5.36	4.70	6.26	$ 10.23
Outstanding, vested and exercisable at end of period (in dollars per share)	$ 7.37	$ 8.87	$ 11.34
Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Term (in years)
Outstanding at end of period	6 years 7 months 6 days	7 years 10 months 24 days	7 years 10 months 24 days	7 years
Outstanding, vested and exercisable at end of period	5 years 4 months 24 days	5 years 6 months	5 years 3 months 18 days
Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in millions)
Outstanding at end of period	$ 49,200	$ 23,700	$ 300	$ 300
Outstanding, vested and exercisable at end of period	$ 17,700	$ 17,700	$ 0

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Share-Based Compensation - Restricted Stock Award Activity (Details) - Restricted Stock Awards - $ / shares	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016
Shares
Outstanding and unvested at beginning of period (in shares)	2,352,490	5,862,712	9,255,932
Granted (in shares)	0	0	3,071,876
Vested (in shares)	(1,184,687)	(2,675,782)	(3,361,336)
Forfeited (in shares)	(72,259)	(834,440)	(3,103,760)
Outstanding and unvested at end of period (in shares)	1,095,544	2,352,490	5,862,712
Weighted- Average Grant Date Fair Value
Outstanding and unvested at beginning of period (in dollars per share)	$ 3.03	$ 3.01	$ 4.24
Granted (in dollars per share)	0.00	0.00	2.58
Vested (in dollars per share)	3.07	3.50	4.37
Forfeited (in dollars per share)	3.24	1.52	4.69
Outstanding and unvested at end of period (in dollars per share)	$ 3.02	$ 3.03	$ 3.01

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Share-Based Compensation - Restricted Stock Unit Activity (Details) - $ / shares	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016
Restricted Stock Units (RSUs)
Shares
Outstanding and unvested at beginning of period (in shares)	1,183,500	1,346,774	0
Granted (in shares)	441,849	285,527	1,361,794
Vested (in shares)	(323,964)	(155,535)	0
Forfeited (in shares)	(174,704)	(293,266)	(15,020)
Outstanding and unvested at end of period (in shares)	1,126,681	1,183,500	1,346,774
Weighted- Average Grant Date Fair Value
Outstanding and unvested at beginning of period (in dollars per share)	$ 2.50	$ 2.35	$ 0.00
Granted (in dollars per share)	7.99	2.96	2.35
Vested (in dollars per share)	2.48	2.35	0.00
Forfeited (in dollars per share)	3.49	2.35	2.35
Outstanding and unvested at end of period (in dollars per share)	$ 4.50	$ 2.50	$ 2.35
Performance-Based Restricted Stock Units (PBRSUs)
Shares
Outstanding and unvested at beginning of period (in shares)	4,785,900	0
Granted (in shares)	1,472,677	4,894,817
Vested (in shares)	0	0
Forfeited (in shares)	(1,648,129)	(108,917)
Outstanding and unvested at end of period (in shares)	4,610,448	4,785,900	0
Weighted- Average Grant Date Fair Value
Outstanding and unvested at beginning of period (in dollars per share)	$ 3.37	$ 0.00
Granted (in dollars per share)	8.30	3.35
Vested (in dollars per share)	0.00	0.00
Forfeited (in dollars per share)	3.91	2.38
Outstanding and unvested at end of period (in dollars per share)	$ 4.72	$ 3.37	$ 0.00

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Other - Other Costs (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016
Restructuring and Related Activities [Abstract]
Severance and employee benefits	$ 2.3	$ 0.3	$ 3.5
Facility charges	0.1	0.0	1.1
Non-cash share based compensation	0.0	0.1	1.8
Transaction fees	0.0	0.0	12.7
Restatement costs	0.0	0.0	1.2
Acquisition related costs	19.7	3.1	0.0
Transitioned employees restructuring expense	4.3	1.2	0.0
Digital Transformation Office	3.6	0.0	0.0
Other	0.4	0.0	0.5
Total other	$ 30.4	$ 4.7	$ 20.8

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Income Taxes - Schedule of Domestic and Foreign Components of Income (Loss) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]
Domestic	$ (65.5)	$ (33.9)	$ 292.4
Foreign	8.8	6.6	5.8
Income (loss) before income tax provision (benefit)	$ (56.7)	$ (27.3)	$ 298.2

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Income Taxes - Schedule of Current and Deferred Income Tax Expense (Benefit) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016
Current
Current, U.S. Federal	$ 0.0	$ 0.1	$ (0.2)
Current, State & Local	0.9	0.2	0.0
Current, Foreign	1.9	1.5	1.1
Current Income Tax Expense (Benefit)	2.8	1.8	0.9
Deferred
Deferred, U. S. Federal	(10.3)	32.4	95.6
Deferred, State & Local	(2.6)	(2.3)	25.0
Deferred, Foreign	(1.3)	(0.4)	(0.4)
Deferred Income Tax Expense (Benefit)	(14.2)	29.7	120.2
Total
Total U. S. Federal Current and Deferred Income Tax Expense (Benefit)	(10.3)	32.5	95.4
Total State & Local Current and Deferred Income Tax Expense (Benefit)	(1.7)	(2.1)	25.0
Total Foreign Current and Deferred Income Tax Expense (Benefit)	0.6	1.1	0.7
Total Current and Deferred Income Tax Expense (Benefit)	$ (11.4)	$ 31.5	$ 121.1

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Income Taxes - Schedule of Effective Income Tax Rate Reconciliation (Details)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]
Federal statutory tax rate	21.00%	35.00%	35.00%
Increase in income tax rate resulting from:
State and local income taxes, net of federal tax benefits	2.00%	5.00%	5.00%
U.S. Tax Reform	(3.00%)	(140.00%)	0.00%
Stock-based Compensation	3.00%	(17.00%)	0.00%
Other	(3.00%)	2.00%	1.00%
Actual tax rate	20.00%	(115.00%)	41.00%

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Income Taxes - Schedule of Net Deferred Tax Assets (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Deferred Tax assets:
Net operating loss carryforwards	$ 60.5	$ 47.9
Share-based compensation	13.3	13.0
Accrued bonus	8.6	4.0
Advanced billing revenue	5.3	4.0
Other reserves	0.7	0.4
Alternative minimum tax	3.1	2.4
Interest expense limitation	5.3	0.0
Other	3.8	4.0
Deferred Rent	4.3	2.9
Total gross deferred tax assets	104.9	78.6
Intangible assets	(36.1)	0.0
Fixed assets	(4.1)	(1.7)
Contract implementation costs	(5.1)	(3.3)
Less valuation allowance	(2.1)	(3.1)
Net deferred tax asset	$ 57.5	$ 70.5

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Income Taxes - Narrative (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016
Income Tax Examination [Line Items]
Finalized net provisional tax cost, Tax Cuts And Jobs Act Of 2017	$ 0.1
Net provisional tax cost, Tax Cuts And Jobs Act Of 2017			$ 38.2
Valuation allowance	2.1	$ 2.1	3.1
Future foreign earnings distributions, percentage eligible for foreign dividends received deduction		100.00%
Current tax provision		$ 2.8	1.8	$ 0.9
Unrecognized tax benefits	0.0	$ 0.0	0.0	0.0
Statute of limitations minimum		3 years
Statute of limitations maximum		6 years
U.S. Federal
Income Tax Examination [Line Items]
Operating loss carryforwards	235.2	$ 235.2
State
Income Tax Examination [Line Items]
Operating loss carryforwards	221.1	221.1
Valuation allowance	$ 1.8	1.8	1.3
India
Income Tax Examination [Line Items]
Current tax provision		1.5	1.4	1.2
Benefit from tax holiday		$ 1.6	$ 1.0	$ 0.9

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8.00% Series A Convertible Preferred Stock - Narrative (Details) - USD ($)		1 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	Feb. 16, 2016	Jan. 31, 2019	Jan. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016	Jan. 23, 2018
Temporary Equity [Line Items]
Class of warrant or right, number of securities called by warrants or rights (in shares) (up to)							1,500,000
Closing fees paid to investor				$ 0	$ 0	$ 1,200,000
Accrued dividends payable to Preferred Stockholders				$ 4,900,000	$ 4,500,000	4,200,000
Dividends paid in additional shares of Preferred Stock						48,300,000
Dividends paid in cash			$ 660
Subsequent Event
Temporary Equity [Line Items]
Dividends paid in cash		$ 660
TCP-ASC ACHI Series LLLP
Temporary Equity [Line Items]
Investment warrants, exercise price (in dollars per share)	$ 3.50
Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock
Temporary Equity [Line Items]
Preferred stock, shares issued (in shares)				246,233	227,483
Preferred stock, issued, value						108,900,000
Beneficial conversion feature						48,300,000
Preferred stock, dividend rate				8.00%	8.00%
Liquidation preference per share (in dollars per share)				$ 1,000
Dividends, paid-in-kind, period				7 years
Accrued dividends payable to Preferred Stockholders				$ 4,900,000	$ 4,500,000
Dividends paid in additional shares of Preferred Stock				4,900,000	4,500,000
Dividends paid or accrued				$ 19,100,000	$ 17,700,000
Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock | TCP-ASC ACHI Series LLLP
Temporary Equity [Line Items]
Preferred stock, shares issued (in shares)	200,000
Preferred stock, issued, value	$ 200,000,000
Long-term purchase commitment, period	10 years
Direct and incremental fees						21,300,000
Closing fees paid to investor						$ 14,000,000
Preferred stock, dividend rate	8.00%			8.00%
Common Stock | TCP-ASC ACHI Series LLLP
Temporary Equity [Line Items]
Long-term purchase commitment, period	10 years
Class of warrant or right, number of securities called by warrants or rights (in shares) (up to)	60,000,000
Investment warrants, exercise price (in dollars per share)	$ 3.50

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8.00% Series A Convertible Preferred Stock - Schedule of Preferred Stock Activity (Details) - Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016
Shares Issued and Outstanding
Beginning Balance (in shares)	227,483	210,160	0
Issuance of preferred stock (in shares)			200,000
Dividends paid/accrued dividends (in shares)	18,750	17,323	10,160
Ending Balance (in shares)	246,233	227,483	210,160
Carrying Value
Beginning Balance	$ 189.3	$ 171.6	$ 0.0
Issuance of preferred stock			108.9
Beneficial conversion feature deemed dividend			48.3
Dividends paid/accrued dividends	19.1	17.7	14.4
Ending Balance	$ 208.4	$ 189.3	$ 171.6

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Earnings (Loss) Per Share - Computation of Basic Diluted Earnings Per Share (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Millions	3 Months Ended								12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018	Sep. 30, 2018	Jun. 30, 2018	Mar. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Sep. 30, 2017	Jun. 30, 2017	Mar. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016
Basic EPS:
Net income (loss)	$ (5.7)	$ (13.4)	$ (2.9)	$ (23.3)	$ (40.2)	$ (3.6)	$ (6.7)	$ (8.3)	$ (45.3)	$ (58.8)	$ 177.1
Less dividends on preferred shares									(19.1)	(17.7)	(62.7)
Less income allocated to preferred shareholders									0.0	0.0	(49.0)
Net income (loss) available/(allocated) to common shareholders - basic									(64.4)	(76.5)	65.4
Diluted EPS:
Less income allocated to preferred shareholders									0.0	0.0	(49.0)
Net income (loss) available/(allocated) to common shareholders - diluted									$ (64.4)	$ (76.5)	$ 65.4
Basic weighted-average common shares (in shares)									108,175,159	102,062,051	100,160,206
Add: Effect of dilutive securities (in shares)									0	0	0
Diluted weighted-average common shares (in shares)									108,175,159	102,062,051	100,160,206
Net income (loss) per common share (basic) (in dollars per share)	$ (0.10)	$ (0.17)	$ (0.07)	$ (0.26)	$ (0.44)	$ (0.08)	$ (0.11)	$ (0.12)	$ (0.60)	$ (0.75)	$ 0.65
Net income (loss) per common share (diluted) (in dollars per share)	$ (0.10)	$ (0.17)	$ (0.07)	$ (0.26)	$ (0.44)	$ (0.08)	$ (0.11)	$ (0.12)	$ (0.60)	$ (0.75)	$ 0.65

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Earnings (Loss) Per Share - Narrative (Details) - shares	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016
Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Antidilutive securities excluded from computation of earnings per share (in shares)	25,725,761	26,064,856	27,628,093
Warrant
Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Antidilutive securities excluded from computation of earnings per share (in shares)	60,000,000	1,500,000

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Commitments and Contingencies - Narrative (Details) $ in Millions	1 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	May 31, 2016 plaintiff	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2017 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2016 USD ($)
Commitments and Contingencies [Line Items]
Rent expense | $		$ 15.1	$ 7.9	$ 5.6
Number of plaintiffs | plaintiff	4
Office Building | Minimum
Commitments and Contingencies [Line Items]
Contract term		1 year
Office Building | Maximum
Commitments and Contingencies [Line Items]
Contract term		12 years
Equipment | Minimum
Commitments and Contingencies [Line Items]
Contract term		1 year
Equipment | Maximum
Commitments and Contingencies [Line Items]
Contract term		3 years

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Commitments and Contingencies - Schedule of Future Minimum Operating Lease Payments (Details) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($)
Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]
2019	$ 18.1
2020	16.5
2021	15.6
2022	12.7
2023	11.3
Thereafter	34.5
Total	$ 108.7

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Related Party Transactions - Narrative (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions		12 Months Ended
	Feb. 16, 2016	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
A&R MPSA Services
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Accrued compensation and benefits		$ 0.8	$ 0.5
Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Preferred stock, dividend rate, percentage		8.00%	8.00%
Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock | TCP-ASC ACHI Series LLLP
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Preferred stock, dividend rate, percentage	8.00%	8.00%
Ascension | Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock | TCP-ASC ACHI Series LLLP
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Preferred stock, dividend rate, percentage	8.00%	8.00%

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Related Party Transactions - Net Services Revenue (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016
Related Party Transactions [Abstract]
Ascension	$ 600.1	$ 404.4	$ 461.4

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Related Party Transactions - Summary Amounts Included in Balance Sheet (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Accounts receivable, net - related party	$ 55.2	$ 15.4
Refund liabilities, current	0.6	0.5
Deferred revenue (contract liabilities), current	5.1	4.0
Current portion of customer liabilities	65.8	28.2
Refund liabilities, non-current	0.4	0.0
Deferred revenue (contract liabilities), non-current	17.3	11.5
Non current portion of customer liabilities	17.7	11.5
Total customer liabilities	83.5	39.7
Ascension
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Accounts receivable, net - related party		15.4
Accrued service costs, current	47.7	23.7
Refund liabilities, current	0.6	0.5
Deferred revenue (contract liabilities), current	2.8	2.9
Current portion of customer liabilities	51.1	27.1
Refund liabilities, non-current	0.4	0.0
Deferred revenue (contract liabilities), non-current	17.3	11.5
Non current portion of customer liabilities	17.7	11.5
Total customer liabilities	$ 68.8	$ 38.6

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Segments and Customer Concentrations - Narrative (Details) - segment	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Number of operating segments	1
Number of reporting segments	1
Sales Revenue, Services, Net | Customer Concentration Risk | Ascension
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Concentration percentage	69.00%	90.00%	78.00%
Sales Revenue, Services, Net | Customer Concentration Risk | Intermountain Healthcare
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Concentration percentage	14.00%	4.00%
Accounts Receivable | Customer Concentration Risk | Ascension
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Concentration percentage	57.00%	66.00%

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Deferred Contract Costs - Narrative (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Deferred Costs, Capitalized, Prepaid, and Other Assets Disclosure [Abstract]
Contract amortization	$ 2,200,000	$ 1,000,000
Impairment losses	$ 0	$ 0

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Deferred Contract Costs - Summary of Deferred Contract Costs (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Capitalized Contract Cost [Line Items]
Total deferred contract costs	$ 20.2	$ 13.2
Prepaid expenses and other current assets
Capitalized Contract Cost [Line Items]
Total deferred contract costs	2.8	1.6
Other assets
Capitalized Contract Cost [Line Items]
Total deferred contract costs	$ 17.4	$ 11.6

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Derivative Financial Instruments - Narrative (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016
Derivative [Line Items]
Gain to be reclassified within next 12 months	$ 700,000
Accumulated gain, net of tax	500,000	$ 0	$ 0
Designated as Hedging Instrument | Cash Flow Hedging | Foreign Currency Forward Contracts
Derivative [Line Items]
Derivatives, net loss reclassified into cost of services	1,300,000
Notional amount	52,000,000	0
Accumulated gain, tax	200,000	0
Accumulated gain, net of tax	500,000	0
Fair value of derivative instruments with credit-risk-related contingent features in net liability positions	0	0
Cash collateral on deposit with counterparties	1,400,000	$ 0
Maximum amount of loss due to credit risk	$ 0

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Derivative Financial Instruments - Effect of Derivative on Statement of Operations (Details) - Designated as Hedging Instrument - Cash Flow Hedging - Foreign currency forward contracts - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Derivative [Line Items]
Amount of gain (loss) recognized in other comprehensive income	$ (0.6)
Amount of gain (loss) reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income to other income	$ (1.3)
Amount of gain (loss) recognized in other comprehensive income, prior period		$ 0.0
Amount of gain (loss) reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income to other income, prior period		$ 0.0

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Derivative Financial Instruments - Fair Value of Derivatives Included in Balance Sheets (Details) - Cash Flow Hedging - Foreign currency forward contracts - Designated as Hedging Instrument - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Prepaid expenses and other current assets
Cash Flow Hedges:
Assets	$ 0.7	$ 0.0
Other accrued expenses
Cash Flow Hedges:
Liabilities	$ 0.0	$ 0.0

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Derivative Financial Instruments - Offsetting of Derivatives (Details) - Cash Flow Hedging - Designated as Hedging Instrument - Foreign currency forward contracts - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Derivative [Line Items]
Net assets	$ 0.7	$ 0.0
Net liabilities	0.0	0.0
Total Fair Value	$ 0.7	$ 0.0

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Retirement Plan - Narrative (Details) - USD ($)	8 Months Ended	12 Months Ended			18 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2018
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Maximum employee contributions to the plan, per annum		$ 18,500	$ 18,000	$ 18,000
Company match to 401(k) contributions made by employee, percent					50.00%
Base compensation that a participant contributes to the plan the company currently matches					6.00%
Company contributions to the plan		$ 5,200,000	$ 2,200,000	$ 700,000
Intermedix
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Company match to 401(k) contributions made by employee, percent	100.00%
Base compensation that a participant contributes to the plan the company currently matches	1.00%
Company contributions to the plan	$ 1,100,000
Company match to 401(k) contributions made by employee, proceeding initial plan percentage criteria, percent	50.00%
Base compensation that a participant contributes to the plan, proceeding initial percentage criteria, the company currently matches	5.00%

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Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets - Schedule of Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Deferred Costs, Capitalized, Prepaid, and Other Assets Disclosure [Abstract]
Prepaid expenses	$ 13.6	$ 6.6
Notes receivable	4.0	0.0
Security deposits	4.8	3.3
Other current assets	12.4	3.9
Ending balance	$ 34.8	$ 13.8

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Other Current Liabilities and Accrued Expenses - Schedule of Accrued Compensation and Benefits (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Payables and Accruals [Abstract]
Accrued expenses	$ 22.4	$ 14.9
Notes payable	14.5	0.0
Other	3.9	1.8
Ending balance	$ 40.8	$ 16.7

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Quarterly Financial Information (Unaudited) - (Schedule of Quarterly Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations) (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Millions	3 Months Ended								12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018	Sep. 30, 2018	Jun. 30, 2018	Mar. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Sep. 30, 2017	Jun. 30, 2017	Mar. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016
Quarterly Financial Information Disclosure [Abstract]
Net services revenue	$ 262.9	$ 250.4	$ 207.9	$ 147.3	$ 140.3	$ 123.2	$ 99.4	$ 86.9	$ 868.5	$ 449.8	$ 592.6
Total operating expenses	259.0	256.2	225.6	158.1	144.0	128.3	109.6	95.4
Income (loss) from operations	3.9	(5.8)	(17.7)	(10.8)	(3.7)	(5.1)	(10.2)	(8.5)	(30.4)	(27.5)	297.9
Net income (loss)	$ (5.7)	$ (13.4)	$ (2.9)	$ (23.3)	$ (40.2)	$ (3.6)	$ (6.7)	$ (8.3)	$ (45.3)	$ (58.8)	$ 177.1
Net income (loss) per common share
Basic (in dollars per share)	$ (0.10)	$ (0.17)	$ (0.07)	$ (0.26)	$ (0.44)	$ (0.08)	$ (0.11)	$ (0.12)	$ (0.60)	$ (0.75)	$ 0.65
Diluted (in dollars per share)	$ (0.10)	$ (0.17)	$ (0.07)	$ (0.26)	$ (0.44)	$ (0.08)	$ (0.11)	$ (0.12)	$ (0.60)	$ (0.75)	$ 0.65

XML

Label	Element	Value
Stockholders' Equity, Including Portion Attributable to Noncontrolling Interest, Adjusted Balance	us-gaap_StockholdersEquityIncludingPortionAttributableToNoncontrollingInterestAdjustedBalance1	$ 101,700,000
Additional Paid-in Capital [Member]
Stockholders' Equity, Including Portion Attributable to Noncontrolling Interest, Adjusted Balance	us-gaap_StockholdersEquityIncludingPortionAttributableToNoncontrollingInterestAdjustedBalance1	350,700,000
AOCI Attributable to Parent [Member]
Stockholders' Equity, Including Portion Attributable to Noncontrolling Interest, Adjusted Balance	us-gaap_StockholdersEquityIncludingPortionAttributableToNoncontrollingInterestAdjustedBalance1	(2,800,000)
Retained Earnings [Member]
Stockholders' Equity, Including Portion Attributable to Noncontrolling Interest, Adjusted Balance	us-gaap_StockholdersEquityIncludingPortionAttributableToNoncontrollingInterestAdjustedBalance1	$ (192,200,000)
Common Stock [Member]
Shares, Issued	us-gaap_SharesIssued	116,425,524
Stockholders' Equity, Including Portion Attributable to Noncontrolling Interest, Adjusted Balance	us-gaap_StockholdersEquityIncludingPortionAttributableToNoncontrollingInterestAdjustedBalance1	$ 1,200,000
Treasury Stock [Member]
Shares, Issued	us-gaap_SharesIssued	9,765,982
Stockholders' Equity, Including Portion Attributable to Noncontrolling Interest, Adjusted Balance	us-gaap_StockholdersEquityIncludingPortionAttributableToNoncontrollingInterestAdjustedBalance1	$ (55,200,000)
Accounting Standards Update 2014-09 [Member]
Cumulative Effect of New Accounting Principle in Period of Adoption	us-gaap_CumulativeEffectOfNewAccountingPrincipleInPeriodOfAdoption	113,400,000
Accounting Standards Update 2014-09 [Member] | Retained Earnings [Member]
Cumulative Effect of New Accounting Principle in Period of Adoption	us-gaap_CumulativeEffectOfNewAccountingPrincipleInPeriodOfAdoption	$ 113,400,000