FORM 20-F

(Name, Telephone, E-mail and/or Facsimile Number and Address of Company Contact Person)

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:

Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act:

Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the Issuer’s classes of capital or common stock as of the close of the period covered by the annual report.

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ¨ No x

If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Yes ¨ No x

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes ¨ No ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, or a non-accelerated filer. See definition of “accelerated filer and large accelerated filer” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing:

If “Other” has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which consolidated financial statement item the registrant has elected to follow.

If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934). Yes ¨ No x

(APPLICABLE ONLY TO ISSUERS INVOLVED IN BANKRUPTCY PROCEEDINGS DURING THE PAST FIVE YEARS)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed all documents and reports required to be filed by Sections 12, 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 subsequent to the distribution of securities under a plan confirmed by a court. Yes ¨ No ¨

The following tables set forth the selected consolidated financial and operating data of us and our predecessor, Our Medical Services, Ltd., or OMS, for the periods indicated. Concord Medical was incorporated on November 27, 2007. On March 7, 2008, the shareholders of Ascendium Group Limited, or Ascendium, exchanged their shares in Ascendium for shares of Concord Medical at the rate of 10 shares in Concord Medical for one share in Ascendium. As a result, Concord Medical became our ultimate holding company. Prior to that, on October 30, 2007, Ascendium had acquired 100% of the equity interest in OMS. We refer to this transaction as the OMS reorganization in this annual report. Our consolidated financial statements have been prepared as if the current corporate structure had been in existence from September 10, 2007, the date on which Ascendium was incorporated. Prior to the OMS reorganization, which became effective on October 30, 2007, OMS, together with Shenzhen Aohua Medical Services Co., Ltd., or Aohua Medical, in which OMS effectively held all of the equity interest at the time, operated all of the business of our company. As a result of the OMS reorganization, there was a change in control of OMS with the Ascendium shareholders effectively acquiring OMS from the OMS shareholders. For additional information relating to our history and reorganization, see “Item 4. Information on the Company.” For financial statements reporting purposes, OMS is deemed to be the predecessor reporting entity for periods ending on or prior to October 30, 2007.

The following selected consolidated statements of operations and other consolidated financial data for the years ended December 31, 2009, December 31, 2010 and December 31, 2011 (Successor Period) (other than the income (loss) per ADS data) and the selected consolidated balance sheet data as of December 31, 2010 and 2011 (Successor Period) have been derived from our audited consolidated financial statements, which is included elsewhere in this annual report on Form 20-F. The following selected consolidated statements of operations and other consolidated financial data for the period from January 1, 2007 to October 30, 2007 (Predecessor Period), for the period from September 10, 2007 to December 31, 2007 (Successor Period) and the selected consolidated balance sheet data as of December 31, 2008 and 2009 (Successor Period) have been derived from our audited consolidated financial statements, which are not included in this annual report on Form 20-F. You should read the selected consolidated financial data in conjunction with those financial statements and the related notes and “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects” included elsewhere in this annual report on Form 20-F. Our consolidated financial statements are prepared and presented in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States, or U.S. GAAP. The consolidated financial statements of each of us and our predecessor are prepared and presented in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Our historical results are not necessarily indicative of our results expected for any future periods.

Our business is primarily conducted in China and all of our revenues are denominated in Renminbi. Periodic reports made to shareholders will be expressed in Renminbi with translations of Renminbi amounts into U.S. dollars at the then current exchange rate solely for the convenience of the reader. Conversions of Renminbi into U.S. dollars in this annual report are based on, for all dates through December 31, 2008, at the noon buying rate in the City of New York for cable transfers in Renminbi per U.S. dollar as certified for customs purposes by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, or the noon buying rate, and for January 1, 2009 and all later dates and periods, the noon buying rate as set forth in the H.10 statistical release of the Federal Reserve Board. Unless otherwise noted, all translations from Renminbi to U.S. dollars and from U.S. dollars to Renminbi in this annual report were made at a rate of RMB6.2939 to US$1.00, the noon buying rate in effect as of December 30, 2011. We make no representation that any Renminbi or U.S. dollar amounts could have been, or could be, converted into U.S. dollars or Renminbi, as the case may be, at any particular rate, the rates stated below, or at all. The PRC government imposes control over its foreign currency reserves in part through direct regulation of the conversion of Renminbi into foreign exchange and through restrictions on foreign trade. On April 20, 2012, the noon buying rate was RMB6.3080 to US$1.00.

The following table sets forth information concerning exchange rates between the Renminbi and the U.S. dollar for the periods indicated.

We may encounter difficulties in successfully opening new centers or renewing agreements for existing centers due to the limited number of suitable hospital partners and their potential ability to finance the purchase of medical equipment directly.

Our growth was driven by our ability to expand our network of radiotherapy and diagnostic imaging centers by primarily entering into new agreements with top-tier hospitals in China, which are 3A hospitals, the highest ranked hospitals by quality and size in China as determined in accordance with the standards of the Ministry of Health. The agreements that hospitals enter into with us and our competitors are typically long-term in nature with terms of up to 20 years. As a result, in any locality or at any given time, there may only be a limited number of top-tier hospitals that have not yet entered into long-term agreements with us or our competitors and with which we are able to enter into new agreements. In addition, quotas imposed by government authorities as to the number and type of certain medical equipment that can be purchased, such as head gamma knife systems or PET-CT scanners, will further limit the number of top-tier hospitals that we or our competitors can enter into agreements within a given period. See “—Risks Related to Our Industry—Healthcare administrative authorities in China currently set procurement quotas for certain types of medical equipment.” Due to the limited supply of suitable top-tier hospitals and increasing competition, we may not be able to enter into agreements with new hospital partners or renew agreements with existing hospital partners on terms as favorable as those that we have been able to obtain in the past, or at all. Some of our competitors may have greater financial resources than us, which may provide them with an advantage in negotiating new agreements with hospitals, including our existing hospital partners. In addition, if adequate funding becomes available for hospitals to purchase medical equipment directly, hospitals may choose to purchase and manage radiotherapy and diagnostic imaging equipment on their own instead of entering into or renewing agreements with us or our competitors. If we are unable to compete effectively in entering into agreements with new hospital partners or to renew existing agreements on favorable terms, or at all, or if hospitals choose to purchase and manage their own medical equipment, our growth prospects could be materially and adversely affected. Finally, the development of new centers generally involves a ramp-up period during which time the operating efficiency of such centers may be lower than our established centers, which may negatively affect our profitability.

We have historically derived a significant portion of our revenues from centers located at a limited number of our hospital partners and regions in which we operate and our accounts receivable are also concentrated with a few hospital partners.

We have historically derived a large portion of our total net revenues from a limited number of our partner hospitals. In 2009, 2010 and 2011, net revenues derived from our top five hospital partners amounted to approximately 33.6%, 31.8% and 33.0% of our total net revenues, respectively. Our largest hospital partner accounted for 10.1%, 12.3% and 14.3% of our total net revenues during those periods, respectively. In addition, centers located in Beijing, Henan province and Guangdong province accounted for 21.7%, 9.9% and 8.3% of our total net revenues in 2009 respectively, centers located in Beijing, Shaanxi province and Liaoning province accounted for 25.6%, 12.3% and 10.2% of our total net revenues in 2010, respectively, and centers located in Beijing, Shaanxi province and Liaoning province accounted for 19.0%, 15.9% and 8.5% of our total net revenues in 2011, respectively. We may continue to experience such revenue concentration in the future. Due to the concentration of our revenues and dependence on a limited number of hospital partners, any one or more of the following events, among others, may cause material fluctuations or declines in our revenues and could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations and prospects:

In addition, five of our hospital partners, including three of our top five hospital partners in terms of revenue contribution, accounted for 56.0% of our total accounts receivable as of December 31, 2011. Any significant delay in the payment of such accounts receivable could have a material impact on our financial condition and results of operations.

The operation of our network of centers is subject to various laws and regulations issued by a number of government agencies at the national and local levels. Such rules and regulations relate mainly to the procurement of large medical equipment, the pricing of medical services, the operation of radiotherapy and diagnostic imaging equipment, the licensing and operation of medical institutions, the licensing of medical staff and the prohibition on non-profit civilian medical institutions from entering into cooperation agreements with third parties to set up for-profit centers that are not independent legal entities. Our growth prospects may be constrained by such rules and regulations, particularly those relating to the procurement of large medical equipment. If we or our hospital partners fail to comply with such applicable laws and regulations, we could be required to make significant changes to our business and operations or suffer fines or penalties, including the potential loss of our business licenses, the suspension from use of our medical equipment, and the suspension or cessation of operations at centers in our network. In addition, many of the agreements we have entered into with our hospital partners provide for termination in the event of major government policy changes that cause the agreements to become inexecutable. Our hospital partners may invoke such termination right to our disadvantage.

We depend on our hospital partners to recruit and retain qualified doctors and other medical professionals to ensure the high quality of treatment services provided in our network of centers.

Our success is dependent in part upon our hospital partners’ ability to recruit and retain doctors and other medical professionals and on our and our hospital partners’ ability to train and manage these medical professionals. Although we may help our hospital partners to identify and recruit suitable, qualified doctors and other medical professionals, almost all of these medical professionals are employed by our partner hospitals rather than by us. As a result, we may have little control over whether such medical professionals will continue to work in the centers in our network. In addition, there is a limited pool of qualified medical professionals with expertise and experience in radiotherapy and diagnostic imaging in China, and our hospital partners face competition for such qualified medical professionals from other public hospitals, private healthcare providers, research and academic institutions and other organizations. In the event that our hospital partners fail to recruit and retain a sufficient number of these medical professionals, the resulting shortage could adversely affect the operation of centers in our network and our growth prospects.

Any failure by our hospital partners to make contracted payments to us or any disputes over, or significant delays in receiving, such payments could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition.

Most of the centers in our network are established through long-term lease and management services arrangements entered into with our hospital partners. We also provide management services to certain radiotherapy and diagnostic imaging centers through service-only agreements. Payments for treatment and diagnostic imaging services provided in the centers in our network are typically collected by our hospital partners who then pass on to us our contracted percentage of such revenue net of specific operating expenses on a periodic basis. Our total outstanding accounts receivable from our hospital partners were RMB111.3 million, RMB169.4 million and RMB244.2 million (US$38.8 million) as of December 31, 2009, 2010 and 2011, respectively. As of December 31, 2011, approximately 24.3% of our accounts receivable reported on our consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2010 were still outstanding. The average turnover days of our accounts receivable in 2011 were 165 days. Any failure by our hospital partners to pay us our contracted percentage, or any disputes over or significant delays in receiving such payments from our hospital partners, for any reason, could negatively impact our financial condition. Accordingly, any failure by us to maintain good working relationships with our hospital partners, or any dissatisfaction on the part of our hospital partners with our services, could negatively affect the operation of the centers and our ability to collect revenue, reduce the likelihood that our agreements with hospital partners will be renewed, damage our reputation and otherwise have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operation.

We may not be able to effectively manage the expansion of our operations through new acquisitions or joint ventures or to successfully realize the anticipated benefits of any such acquisition or joint venture.

We have historically complemented our organic development of new centers through the selective acquisition of complementary businesses or assets or the formation of joint ventures, and we may continue to do so in the future. For example, in March 2012, we entered into a purchase agreement to acquire 52% of the equity interest in Chang’an Hospital, a licensed full-service private hospital. The closing of this acquisition is subject to certain closing conditions and relevant government approvals. The identification of suitable acquisition targets or joint venture candidates can be difficult, time consuming and costly, and we may not be able to successfully capitalize on identified opportunities. We may not be able to continue to grow our business as anticipated if we are unable to successfully identify and complete potential acquisitions in the future. Even if we successfully complete an acquisition or establish a joint venture, we may not be able to successfully integrate the acquired businesses or assets or cooperate successfully with the joint venture partner. Integration of the acquired business or assets or cooperation with the joint venture partners can be expensive, time consuming and may strain our resources. Such integration or cooperation could also require significant attention from our management team, which may prevent key members of our management from focusing on other important aspects of our business.

In addition, we may be unable to successfully integrate or retain employees or management of the acquired businesses or assets or retain the acquired entity’s patients, suppliers or other partners. Consequently, we may not achieve the anticipated benefits of any acquisitions or joint ventures. Furthermore, future acquisitions or joint ventures could result in potentially dilutive issuances of equity or equity-linked securities or the incurrence of debt, contingent liabilities or expenses, or other charges, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We may not be successful in negotiating the conversion of a few of our cooperation agreements with our partner hospitals into lease and management agreements due to regulatory changes.

Since the effectiveness in September 2000 of the Implementation Opinions on the Classified Management of Urban Medical Institutions, which was promulgated by the Ministry of Health, the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the Ministry of Finance and the National Development Reform Committee, or NDRC, non-profit civilian medical institutions are no longer permitted to enter into cooperation agreements or to continue to operate under existing cooperation agreements with third parties pursuant to which the parties jointly invest in or cooperate to set up for-profit centers or units that are not independent legal entities. However, according to the Opinions on Certain Issues Regarding Classified Management of Urban Medical Institutions issued in July 2001 by the same authorities, a non-profit civilian medical institution may, if lacking sufficient funds to purchase medical equipment outright, enter into a leasing agreement pursuant to which the medical institution leases medical equipment from its partner at market rates. To comply with these regulatory changes, we have transitioned most of our cooperation agreements with non-profit civilian hospitals to lease and management agreements. However, we are still negotiating the transition of our cooperation agreements relating to 13 of our centers located at eight of our partner hospitals, which centers’ combined revenues in 2009, 2010 and 2011 constituted approximately 10.3%, 7.9% and 6.3% of our total net revenues, respectively. Although neither we nor any of our hospital partners have incurred any penalties to date for continuing to operate under cooperation agreements at these centers, there can be no assurance that we will not incur penalties in the future or that we will be able to successfully negotiate the conversion of these agreements. If we are unable to successfully negotiate the conversion of our cooperation agreements with these hospitals or if government authorities decide to assess penalties against either us or our hospital partners or to suspend the operation of these centers before we are able to complete the transition, our business, financial condition and results of operation could be materially and adversely affected.

We are not aware of any similar restriction imposed by military healthcare administrative authorities on the cooperation agreements that we have entered into with military hospitals, which are hospitals regulated by the military but most of which are otherwise the same as other government-owned civilian hospitals open to the public. Accordingly, we have maintained our cooperation agreements with 21 military hospitals as of December 31, 2011. However, as military hospitals are also government-owned, if military hospitals are required by military healthcare administrative authorities to transition away from cooperation agreements in the future, we will have to negotiate a similar conversion of the agreements with our military hospital partners. If we are unable to successfully negotiate lease and management or other alternative agreements with our existing military hospital partners on terms not less favorable than those under our cooperation agreements, our business, financial condition and results of operation may be adversely affected.

We cannot assure you that government authorities will not interpret regulations differently from us to find that our lease and management agreements are still not in compliance with relevant regulations.

We believe that our lease and management agreements with civilian public hospital partners, which terms continue to provide that our revenues from hospital-based centers are to be calculated based on contracted percentages of each center’s revenue net of specified operating expenses, are in compliance with the Implementation Opinions on the Classified Management of Urban Medical Institutions and the Opinions on Certain Issues Regarding Classified Management of Urban Medical Institutions. However, we cannot assure you that the Ministry of Health or other competent authorities will not interpret these regulations differently to find that our lease and management agreements are still not in compliance with such regulations, in which instance, such authorities could, among other things, declare our lease and management agreements to be void, order our civilian hospital partners to terminate such agreements with us, order our civilian hospitals partners to suspend or cease operation of the centers governed by such agreements, suspend the use of our medical equipment, or confiscate revenues generated under the noncompliant agreements. Furthermore, we may have to change our business model which may not be successful. If any of the above were to occur, our business, financial condition and results of operation could be materially and adversely affected.

There may be corrupt practices in the healthcare industry in China, which may place us at a competitive disadvantage if our competitors engage in such practices and may harm our reputation if our hospital partners and the medical personnel who work in our centers, over whom we have limited control, engage in such practices.

There may be corrupt practices in the healthcare industry in China. For example, in order to secure agreements with hospital partners or to increase direct sales of medical equipment or patient referrals, our competitors, other service providers or their personnel or equipment manufacturers may engage in corrupt practices in order to influence hospital personnel or other decision-makers in violation of the anti-corruption laws of China and the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, or the FCPA. We have adopted a policy regarding compliance with the anti-corruption laws of China and the FCPA to prevent, detect and correct such corrupt practice. However, as competition persists and intensifies in our industry, we may lose potential hospital partners, patient referrals and other opportunities to the extent that our competitors engage in such practices or other illegal activities. In addition, our partner hospitals or the doctors or other medical personnel who work in our network of centers may engage in corrupt practices without our knowledge to procure the referral of patients to centers in our network. Although our policies prohibit such practices, we have limited control over the actions of our hospital partners or over the actions of the doctors and other medical personnel who work in our network of centers since they are not employed by us. If any of them were to engage in such illegal practices with respect to patient referrals or other matters, we or the centers in our network may be subject to sanctions or fines and our reputation could be adversely affected by any negative publicity stemming from such incidents.

We are planning to establish and operate specialty cancer hospitals that will be majority owned by us and are subject to significant risks.

As part of our growth strategy we plan to establish specialty cancer hospitals that will focus on providing radiotherapy services as well as diagnostic imaging services, chemotherapy and surgery. For example, in March 2012, we entered into a purchase agreement through our subsidiaries, Cyber Medical Network Limited, or Cyber Medical, and Medstar (Shanghai) Leasing Co., Ltd., or Shanghai Medstar, to acquire 52% of the equity interest in Chang’an Hospital, a licensed full-service private hospital, for a total consideration of approximately RMB248 million (US$39.4 million). The closing of this acquisition is subject to certain closing conditions and relevant government approvals. In addition, at the Beijing Proton Medical Center, one of our planned specialty cancer hospitals, we plan to offer proton beam therapy treatment services with which we have had no prior experience. Since we do not have experience in operating our own specialty cancer hospital, or in providing many of the services that we plan to offer in our specialty cancer hospitals, such as chemotherapy treatments, surgical procedures or proton beam therapy, we may not be able to provide as high a level of service quality for those treatment options as for the other treatments that are currently offered at our network of centers, which may result in damage to our reputation and our future growth prospects. In addition, we may not be successful in recruiting qualified medical professionals to effectively provide the services that we intend to offer in our specialty cancer hospitals. Furthermore, although our brand name is well known among referring doctors, patients are not currently familiar with our brand as we do not carry our own brand name in our network of centers under our existing agreements with our hospital partners. Therefore, when we establish our own specialty cancer hospitals under our brand name, we may not be able to immediately gain wide acceptance among patients and, thus, may be unable to attract a sufficient number of patients to our new hospitals.

We could also face increased exposure to liability claims at our specialty cancer hospitals, including claims for medical malpractice. We may need to obtain medical malpractice insurance and other types of insurance that we do not currently carry, each of which could increase our expenses and decrease our profitability. In addition, there can be no assurance that such insurance will be available at a reasonable price or that we will be able to maintain adequate levels of liability insurance coverage, if at all. In addition, our specialty cancer hospitals will also be required to obtain various quotas, permits and authorizations, which are currently the responsibility of our hospital partners under our existing agreements. See “—Risks Related to Our Industry—Healthcare administrative authorities in China currently set procurement quotas for certain types of medical equipment” and “—Risks Related to Our Industry—We or our hospital partners may be unable to obtain various permits and authorizations from regulatory authorities in China relating to our medical equipment, which could delay the installation or interrupt the operation of our equipment.”

Finally, if our plans change for any reason or the anticipated timetable or costs of development change for our specialty cancer hospitals, our business and future prospects may be negatively impacted. There can be no assurance that the planned specialty cancer hospitals will be completed or that, if completed, they will achieve sufficient patient cases to generate positive operating margins. In addition, as our currently planned specialty cancer hospitals are to be established through joint ventures with other parties, we also may not be successful in cooperating with such joint venture partners in operating our specialty cancer hospitals. See “—Risk Factors Related to Our Business —We may not be able to effectively manage the expansion of our operations through any new acquisitions or joint ventures, which we may not be able to successfully execute.”

We rely on the doctors and other medical professionals providing services in our network of centers to make proper clinical decisions and we rely on our hospital partners to maintain proper control over the clinical aspects of the operation of our network of centers.

We rely on the doctors and other medical professionals who work in our network to make proper clinical decisions regarding the diagnosis and treatment of their patients. Although we develop treatment protocols for doctors, provide periodic training for medical professionals in our network of centers on proper treatment procedures and techniques and host seminars and conferences to facilitate consultation among doctors providing services in our network of centers, we ultimately rely on our hospital partners to maintain proper control over the clinical activities of each center and over the doctors and other medical professionals who work in such centers. Any incorrect clinical decisions on the part of doctors and other medical professionals or any failure by our hospital partners to properly manage the clinical activities of each center may result in unsatisfactory treatment outcomes, patient injury or possibly death. Although part of the liability for any such incidents may rest with our partner hospitals and the doctors and other medical professionals they employ, we may be made a party to any such liability claim which, regardless of its merit or eventual outcome, could result in significant legal defense costs for us, harm our reputation, and otherwise have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. The centers in our network have experienced claims as to a limited number of medical disputes since they commenced operations. As of December 31, 2011, five centers in our network have agreed to pay an aggregate amount of approximately RMB192,500 (US$30,587) to settle such claims. Any expenses resulting from such liability claims are generally required to be accounted for as expenses of the relevant center, which could reduce our revenue derived from such center. We do not carry malpractice or other liability insurance at many of the centers in our network, and at those centers that do carry such insurance, it may not be sufficient to cover any potential liability that may result from such claims. For our specialty cancer hospitals that are currently under development, we will likely face direct liability claims for any such incidents.

Any failures or defects of the medical equipment in our network of centers or any failure of the medical personnel who work at the centers in our network to properly operate our medical equipment could subject us to liability claims and we may not have sufficient insurance to cover any potential liability.

Our business exposes us to liability risks that are inherent in the operation of complex medical equipment, which may contain defects or experience failures. We rely to a large degree on equipment manufacturers to provide technical training to the medical technicians who work in our network of centers on the proper operation of our complex medical systems. If such medical technicians are not properly and adequately trained by the equipment manufacturers or by us, they may misuse or ineffectively use the complex medical equipment in our network of centers. These medical technicians may also make errors in the operation of the complex medical equipment even if they are properly trained. Any medical equipment defects or failures or any failure of the medical personnel who work in the centers to properly operate the medical equipment could result in unsatisfactory treatment outcomes, patient injury or possibly death. Although the liability for any such incidents rests with the equipment manufacturers or the medical technicians, we may be made a party to any such liability claim which, regardless of its merit or eventual outcome, could result in significant legal defense costs for us, harm our reputation, and otherwise have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, any expenses resulting from such liability claims may be accounted for as expenses of the center, which could reduce our revenue derived from such center. We do not carry product liability insurance at any of the centers in our network.

Any downtime for maintenance and repair of our medical equipment could lead to business interruptions that could be expensive and harmful to our reputation and to our business.

Significant downtime associated with the maintenance and repair of medical equipment used in our network of centers would result in the inability of the centers to provide radiotherapy treatment or diagnostic imaging services to patients in a timely manner. We primarily rely on equipment manufacturers or third party service companies for maintenance and repair services. The failure of manufacturers or third party service companies to provide timely repairs on our equipment could interrupt the operation of centers in our network for extended periods of time. Such extended downtime could result in lost revenues for us and our partner hospitals, dissatisfaction on the part of patients and our partner hospitals and damage to the reputation of the centers in our network, our partner hospitals and our company.

Much of the medical equipment used in our network of centers is highly complex and is produced by a limited number of equipment manufacturers. These equipment manufacturers provide training on the proper operation of our medical equipment to the medical personnel who work in the centers in our network as well as maintenance and repair services for such equipment. Any disruption in the supply of the medical equipment or services from these manufacturers, including as a result of failure by any such manufacturers to obtain the requisite third-party consents and licenses for the intellectual property used in the equipment they manufacture, may delay the development of new centers or negatively affect the operation of existing centers and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We may fail to protect our intellectual property rights or we may be exposed to misappropriation and infringement claims by third parties, either of which may have a material adverse effect as to our business.

We have applied for and obtained the registration of our trademark “Medstar” in China to protect our corporate name. As of December 31, 2011, we also owned the rights to 120 domain names that we use in connection with the operation of our business. We believe that such domain names provide us with the opportunity to enhance our marketing efforts for the treatments and services provided in our network and enhance patients’ knowledge as to cancers, the benefits of radiotherapy and the various treatment options that are available. Our failure to protect our trademark or such domain names may undermine our marketing efforts and result in harm to our reputation and the growth of our business.

Furthermore, we cannot be certain that the equipment manufacturers from whom we purchase equipment have all requisite third-party consents and licenses for the intellectual property used in the equipment they manufacture. As a result, those equipment manufacturers may be exposed to risks associated with intellectual property infringement and misappropriation claims by third parties which, in turn, may subject us to claims that the equipment we have purchased infringes the intellectual property rights of third parties. We have in the past been subject to, and may in the future continue to be subject to, such claims by third parties. As a result, we may be named as a defendant in, or joined as a party to, any intellectual property infringement proceedings against equipment manufacturers relating to any equipment we have purchased. If a court determines that any equipment we have purchased from our equipment manufacturers infringes the intellectual property rights of any third party, we may be required to pay damages to such third party and the centers in our network may be prohibited from using such equipment, either of which could damage our reputation and have a material adverse effect on our business prospects, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, any such proceeding may also be costly to defend and may divert our management’s attention and other resources away from our business. Furthermore, the standard equipment purchase agreements that we enter into with our equipment manufacturers typically do not contain indemnification provisions for intellectual property claims. Although we have obtained specific indemnity from one equipment manufacturer for a patent infringement claim, there can be no assurance that we would be able to recover any damages, lost profits or litigation costs resulting from any intellectual property infringement claims or proceedings in which we are named as a party.

On December 4, 2009, we received a notice that a legal proceeding was initiated against us that alleges a gamma knife system currently in use in certain centers in our network was previously found to infringe upon the patent of a third party. This claim relates to a patent used in the head gamma knife system manufactured by one of our equipment manufacturers, Our Medical New Technology Co., Ltd., or Our Medical New Technology. A previous legal proceeding involving such patent was initiated in June 2000 against Our Medical New Technology, its related parties and our subsidiary, AMS. The relevant PRC court determined in 2004 that all head gamma knife systems manufactured by Our Medical New Technology after the patent owner began to contest the use of such patent on December 23, 1999 were manufactured without the requisite consent to use the patent in question. The relevant PRC court also ordered the use of such equipment to cease. Based on our current assessment, we have identified one head gamma knife system in one of the centers in our network that may be subject to such claim. Revenue derived from such center represented approximately 0.9%, 0.8% and 0.6% of our total net revenues in 2009, 2010 and 2011, respectively. Our Medical New Technology, the manufacturer of the head gamma knife system that may be subject to this claim, has agreed to indemnify us for any damages or losses that we may incur from any intellectual property infringement by such system. We are also continuing to assess whether there is any other medical equipment in our network that might be subject to this claim. On April 12, 2010, Our Medical New Technology filed a petition with the Patent Reexamination Board of the State Intellectual Property Office challenging the validity of the patent in question. In February 2011, the Patent Reexamination Board issued a decision nullifying the patent in question in whole. The decision of the Patent Reexamination Board was then appealed at the No.1 Beijing Appellate Court, which made the administrative judgment to affirm the review decision of the Patent Reexamination Board in March 2012.

Our business depends substantially on the continuing efforts of our executive officers and other key personnel, and our business may be severely disrupted if we lose their services.

We depend on key members of our management team, which includes Mr. Jianyu Yang, chairman and our chief executive officer, Dr. Zheng Cheng, a director and our chief operating officer, Mr. Adam Jigang Sun, our chief financial officer, Mr. Steve Sun, a director and chairman of the investment committee, Mr. Jing Zhang, our chief administrative officer, Mr. Yaw Kong Yap, senior vice president, as well as other key personnel for the continued growth of our business. The loss of any of these members of our management team or other key employees could delay the implementation of our business strategy and adversely affect our operations. Our future success will also depend in large part on our continued ability to attract and retain highly qualified management personnel. The process of hiring suitable, qualified personnel is often lengthy and such talented and highly qualified management personnel is often in short supply in China. If our recruitment and retention efforts are unsuccessful in the future, it may be more difficult for us to execute our business strategy. We cannot assure we can always make similar smooth transition if any executive officers or key personnel were to leave our company in the future. Although none of the key members of our management team is nearing retirement age in the near future and we are not aware of any current key members of our management team or other key personnel planning to retire or leave us, if one or more of such personnel are unable or unwilling to continue in their present positions, we may not be able to replace them readily, if at all. Consequently, our business may be severely disrupted, and we may incur additional expenses to recruit and retain new officers. In addition, we do not maintain key employee insurance. We have entered into employment agreements and confidentiality agreements with all of the key members of our management team and other key personnel. However, if any disputes arise between any of our key members of our management team or other key personnel and us, we cannot assure you, in light of uncertainties associated with the PRC legal system, the extent to which any of these agreements could be enforced in China, where all key members of our management team and other key personnel reside and hold some of their assets. See “—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—Uncertainties with respect to the PRC legal system could have a material adverse effect on us.”

Our reported earnings could decline if we recognize impairment losses on intangible assets and goodwill relating to the OMS reorganization and other acquisitions.

As a result of the OMS reorganization in October 2007 and our acquisitions of China Medstar and other businesses in 2008, we recorded goodwill as well as certain acquired intangibles, which were written off in full as non-cash goodwill impairment charges in the amount of RMB300.2 million (US$47.7 million) in the year ended December 31, 2011. While we have no goodwill remaining at December 31, 2011, we may continue to selectively acquire complementary businesses in the future, such as our pending acquisition of 52% of the equity interest in Chang’an Hospital, which may result in recorded goodwill and additional acquired intangibles. Any future goodwill we record will be tested for impairment by us annually or more frequently if an event occurs or a circumstance develops that would require more frequent assessments. Examples of such events or circumstances include, but are not limited to, a significant adverse change in the legal or business climate, an adverse regulatory action or unanticipated competition. In the future, we could recognize additional impairment losses on the intangible assets and goodwill, which could result in a charge to our reported results of operations and cause our reported earnings to decline.

We do not have insurance coverage for some of our medical equipment and do not carry any business interruption insurance.

We do not have insurance for six units of our medical equipment, which are electroencephalography and thermotherapy equipment from which centers we derived less than 1.0% of our total revenues in each of 2009, 2010 and 2011. Damage to, or the loss of, such uninsured equipment due to natural disasters, such as fires, floods or earthquakes, could have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operation. In addition, the operations in our network of centers may be particularly vulnerable to natural disasters that disrupt transportation since many patients travel long distances to reach such centers. Also, we do not have any business interruption insurance. Any business disruption could result in substantial expenses and diversion of resources and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. For example, the strong earthquake that struck Sichuan Province in May 2008 resulted in the suspension of operations at three of our centers in Chengdu, the provincial capital of Sichuan Province, for approximately one month due to the diversion of hospital resources toward the treatment of earthquake victims.

Most of our radiotherapy and diagnostic imaging equipment contains radioactive materials or emits radiation during operation.

Most of the radiotherapy and diagnostic imaging equipment in our network of centers, including gamma knife systems, proton beam therapy systems, linear accelerators and PET-CT systems, contain radioactive materials or emit radiation during operation. Radiation and radioactive materials are extremely hazardous unless properly managed and contained. Any accident or malfunction that results in radiation contamination could cause significant harm to human beings and could subject us to significant legal expenses and result in harm to our reputation. Although equipment manufacturers and our hospital partners and their staff may bear some or all of the liability and costs associated with any accidents or malfunctions, if we are found to be liable in any way we may also face severe fines, legal reparations and possible suspension of our operating permits, all of which could have a material and adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. Also, certain of our medical equipment require the periodic replacement of their radioactive source materials. We do not directly oversee the handling of radioactive materials during the replacement or reloading process or during the disposal process, and any failure on the part of our hospital partners to handle or dispose of such radioactive materials in accordance with PRC laws and regulations may have an adverse effect on the operation of such centers.

Any change in the regulations governing the use of medical data in China, which are still in development, could adversely affect our ability to use our medical data and could potentially subject us to liability for our past use of such medical data.

The centers in our network collect and store medical data from radiotherapy treatments for purposes of analysis, use in training doctors providing services in our network and improving the effectiveness of the treatments provided in our network of centers. In addition, doctors in our network utilize such medical data to conduct clinical research. We do not make any such medical data public and only keep such medical data for our internal use and for research purposes by doctors upon the approval of our medical affairs department and our hospital partners. Chinese regulations governing the use of such medical data are still in development but currently do not impose any restrictions on the internal use of such data by us as long as we have the permission of our hospital partners who have ownership of such data. Any change in the regulations governing the use of such medical data could adversely affect our ability to use such medical data and could subject us to liability for past use of such data, either of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, operations and financial results.

Our directors, executive officers and significant shareholders have substantial influence over our company and their interests may not be aligned with the interests of our other shareholders.

As of the date of this annual report, our directors, executive officers and significant shareholders beneficially owned approximately 61.3% of our outstanding share capital. As such, they have substantial influence over our business, including decisions regarding mergers, consolidations and the sale of all or substantially all of our assets, election of directors and other significant corporate actions. This concentration of ownership may discourage, delay or prevent a change in control of our company, which could deprive our shareholders of an opportunity to receive a premium for their shares as part of a sale of our company and might reduce the price of our ADSs. These actions may be taken even if they are opposed by our other shareholders.

Our articles of association contain anti-takeover provisions that could adversely affect the rights of holders of our ordinary shares and ADSs.

Our third amended and restated articles of association limit the ability of others to acquire control of our company or cause us to engage in change-of-control transactions. These provisions could have the effect of depriving our shareholders of an opportunity to sell their shares at a premium over prevailing market prices by discouraging third parties from seeking to obtain control of our company in a tender offer or similar transaction. For example, our board of directors has the authority, without further action by our shareholders, to issue preferred shares in one or more series and to fix their designations, powers, preferences, privileges, and relative participating, optional or special rights and the qualifications, limitations or restrictions, including dividend rights, conversion rights, voting rights, terms of redemption and liquidation preferences, any or all of which may be greater than the rights associated with our ordinary shares, in the form of ADS or otherwise. Preferred shares could be issued quickly with terms calculated to delay or prevent a change in control of our company or to make removal of management more difficult. If our board of directors issues preferred shares, the price of our ADSs may fall and the voting and other rights of the holders of our ordinary shares and ADSs may be adversely affected.

We may require additional funding to finance our operations, which financing may not be available on terms acceptable to us or at all, and if we are able to raise funds, the value of your investment in us may be negatively impacted.

Our business operations may require expenditures that exceed our available capital resources. To the extent that our funding requirements exceed our financial resources, we will be required to seek additional financing or to defer planned expenditures. There can be no assurance that we can obtain these bank loans or additional funds on terms acceptable to us, or at all. In addition, our ability to raise additional funds in the future is subject to a variety of uncertainties, including, but not limited to:

Furthermore, if we raise additional funds through equity or equity-linked financings, your equity interest in our company may be diluted. Alternatively, if we raise additional funds by incurring debt obligations, we may be subject to various covenants under the relevant debt instruments that may, among other things, restrict our ability to pay dividends or obtain additional financing. Servicing such debt obligations could also be burdensome to our operations. If we fail to service such debt obligations or are unable to comply with any of these covenants, we could be in default under such debt obligations and our liquidity and financial condition could be materially and adversely affected.

We have granted security interests over certain of our medical equipment in order to secure bank borrowings. Any failure to satisfy our obligations under such borrowings could lead to the forced sale of such equipment.

In order to secure bank loans in an aggregate amount of RMB201.2 million (US$32.0 million) as of December 31, 2011 we have granted security interests in equipment with a net carrying value of RMB 171.3 million (US$27.2 million), representing 16.0% of the net value of our net property, plant and equipment of RMB1,068.7 million (US$169.8 million) as of December 31, 2011. Any failure on our part to satisfy our obligations under these loans could lead to the forced sale of our medical equipment that secure these loans, the suspension of the operation of the centers in which such medical equipment is used, or otherwise damage our relationship with our hospital partners and our reputation in the medical community, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operation. We may grant additional security interests in our equipment in order to secure future bank borrowings.

If we fail to establish or maintain an effective system of internal controls over our financial reporting, we may be unable to accurately report our financial results or prevent fraud, and investor confidence and the market price of our ADSs may, therefore, be adversely impacted.

In connection with management’s assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting for the year ended December 31, 2010, we and our current independent registered public accounting firm identified a material weakness in our internal controls over financial reporting related to our lack of adequate resources with the requisite U.S. GAAP and SEC financial accounting and reporting expertise to support the accurate and timely assembly and presentation of our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. As of December 31, 2011, this material weakness has been remediated. We have successfully completed our Section 404 assessment for the year ended December 31, 2011 and received the auditor’s attestation. However, in the future, if we fail to maintain effective internal controls over financial reporting or to obtain an “unqualified” auditors’ attestation, our ability to accurately report our financial results may be impaired, which could adversely impact investor confidence and the market price of our ADSs.

Our business may be adversely affected by fluctuations in the value of the Renminbi as a significant portion of our capital expenditures relates to the purchase of medical equipment priced in U.S. dollars.

A significant portion of our capital expenditures relates to the purchase of radiotherapy and diagnostic imaging equipment from manufacturers outside of China. As the price of such equipment is denominated almost exclusively in U.S. dollars, any depreciation in the value of the Renminbi against the U.S. dollar could cause a significant increase our capital expenditures, reduce the profitability of our network of centers and have a material and adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

If we grant employee share options, restricted shares or other equity incentives in the future, our net income could be adversely affected.

We adopted our 2008 share incentive plan on October 16, 2008, which was subsequently amended on November 17, 2009. We are required to account for share-based compensation in accordance with ASC 718, Compensation-Stock Compensation, which requires a company to recognize, as an expense, the fair value of share options and other equity incentives to employees based on the fair value of equity awards on the date of the grant, with the compensation expense recognized over the period in which the recipient is required to provide service in exchange for the equity award. On November 27, 2009 and September 30, 2011, we granted options to purchase 4,765,800 and 355,884 ordinary shares at an exercise price of US$3.67 and US$2.17 per share, respectively, under our 2008 share incentive plan to our directors and employees. We did not grant any option under our 2008 share incentive plan in 2010. We granted share options in 2007, before adopting our 2008 share incentive plan, to certain executive officers that were subsequently exercised in 2008. As a result, we have incurred share-based compensation expenses of RMB1.0 million in 2009, RMB9.6 million in 2010, and RMB9.2 million (US$1.5 million) in 2011 related to such options. If we grant more options, restricted shares or other equity incentives in the future, we could incur significant compensation charges and our results of operations could be adversely affected.

We are a Cayman Islands company and, because judicial precedent regarding the rights of shareholders is more limited under Cayman Islands law than that under U.S. law, you may have less protection for your shareholder rights than you would under U.S. law.

Our corporate affairs are governed by our memorandum and articles of association, as amended and restated from time to time, the Companies Law (as amended) of the Cayman Islands and the common law of the Cayman Islands. The rights of shareholders to take action against the directors, actions by minority shareholders and the fiduciary responsibilities of our directors to us under Cayman Islands law are to a large extent governed by the common law of the Cayman Islands. The common law of the Cayman Islands is derived in part from comparatively limited judicial precedent in the Cayman Islands as well as from English common law, which has persuasive, but not binding, authority on a court in the Cayman Islands. The rights of our shareholders and the fiduciary responsibilities of our directors under Cayman Islands law are not as clearly established as they would be under statutes or judicial precedent in some jurisdictions in the United States. In particular, the Cayman Islands has a less developed body of securities laws than the United States. In addition, some U.S. states, such as Delaware, have more fully developed and judicially interpreted bodies of corporate law than the Cayman Islands.

As a result of all of the above, public shareholders may have more difficulty in protecting their interests in the face of actions taken by management, members of the board of directors or controlling shareholders than they would as shareholders of a company headquartered in the U.S.

We are a Cayman Islands company and substantially all of our assets are located outside of the United States. Substantially all of our current operations are conducted in the PRC. In addition, most of our directors and officers are nationals and residents of countries other than the United States. As a result, it may be difficult for you to effect service of process within the United States upon these persons. It may also be difficult for you to enforce judgments obtained in U.S. courts based on the civil liability provisions of the U.S. federal securities laws against us and our officers and directors, most of whom are not residents in the United States and the substantial majority of whose assets are located outside of the United States. In addition, there is uncertainty as to whether the courts of the Cayman Islands or the PRC would recognize or enforce judgments of U.S. courts against us or such persons predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the securities laws of the United States or any state and it is uncertain whether such Cayman Islands or PRC courts would be competent to hear original actions brought in the Cayman Islands or the PRC against us or such persons predicated upon the securities laws of the United States or any state.

We are exempt from certain corporate governance requirements of the New York Stock Exchange.

We are exempt from certain corporate governance requirements of the New York Stock Exchange, or the NYSE, by virtue of being a foreign private issuer. We are required to provide a brief description of the significant differences between our corporate governance practices and the corporate governance practices required to be followed by U.S. domestic companies under the NYSE rules. The standards applicable to us are considerably different than the standards applied to U.S. domestic issuers. The significantly different standards applicable to us do not require us to:

We intend to rely on all such exemptions provided by the NYSE to a foreign private issuer, except that we have established a compensation committee, will seek shareholder approval for the implementation of share incentive plans and for the increase in the number of shares available to be granted under share incentive plans and have adopted and disclosed corporate governance guidelines and a code of business conduct and ethics for directors, officers and employees. As a result, you may not be provided with the benefits of certain corporate governance requirements of the NYSE.

We may be classified as a passive foreign investment company, which could result in adverse United States federal income tax consequences to United States Holders.

We do not expect to be a “passive foreign investment company,” or a PFIC, for U.S. federal income tax purposes for 2011, and we do not expect to become one in the future, although there can be no assurance in this regard. The determination of whether or not we are a PFIC is made on an annual basis and depends on the composition of our income and assets. A non-U.S. corporation will be considered a PFIC for any taxable year if either (i) at least 75% of its gross income is passive income or (ii) at least 50% of the value of its assets (based on an average of the quarterly values of the assets during a taxable year) is attributable to assets that produce or are held for the production of passive income (which includes cash). The market value of our assets may be determined in large part by the market price of our ADSs and ordinary shares, which is likely to fluctuate. In addition, the composition of our income and assets will be affected by how, and how quickly, we spend our cash. If we are treated as a PFIC for any taxable year during which United States Holders (as defined in “Item 10. Additional Information—E. Taxation—United States Federal Income Taxation”) hold ADSs or ordinary shares, certain adverse United States federal income tax consequences could apply to such United States Holders. See “Item 10. Additional Information—E. Taxation—United States Federal Income Taxation—Passive Foreign Investment Company.”

Healthcare administrative authorities in China currently set procurement quotas for certain types of medical equipment.

The procurement, installation and operation of large medical equipment in China are regulated by the Rules on Procurement and Use of Large Medical Equipment issued on December 31, 2004 by the Ministry of Health, the NDRC, and the Ministry of Finance. Pursuant to these rules, quotas for large medical equipment are set by the NDRC and the Ministry of Health or the relevant provincial healthcare administrative authorities, and hospitals must obtain a large medical equipment procurement license prior to the procurement of any such equipment. For medical equipment classified as Class A large medical equipment, which includes gamma knife systems, proton beam therapy systems and PET-CT scanners, procurement planning and approval are conducted by the Ministry of Health and the NDRC and large medical equipment procurement licenses are issued by the Ministry of Health. For medical equipment classified as Class B large medical equipment, which includes linear accelerators and MRI and CT scanners, procurement planning and approval are conducted by the relevant provincial healthcare administrative authorities with ratification by the Ministry of Health and the large medical equipment procurement licenses are issued by the relevant provincial healthcare administrative authorities. These rules apply to all public and private civilian medical institutions, whether non-profit or for-profit. Although these rules do not directly apply to military hospitals in China, which are hospitals regulated by the military but most of which are otherwise the same as other government-owned civilian hospitals open to the public, they are used as a reference by the healthcare administrative authority of the general logistics department of the PRC People’s Liberation Army, or the PLA, in approving the procurement of such medical equipment. The procurement regulations issued by the Ministry of Health stipulate that from 2011 to 2015, the total number of PET-CT large medical equipment procurement licenses issued in China cannot exceed 160 and by the end of 2015, the total number of PET-CT systems in China cannot exceed 270. There is currently no guidance as to the total number of Class A large medical equipment procurement licenses that may be issued for other types of Class A large medical equipment that the centers in our network operate. In addition, many provincial administrative authorities do not provide the general public with information on their procurement planning and quotas for Class B large medical equipment procurement licenses, if any. Although the current number of procurement licenses available did not have a significant impact on our existing expansion plan in 2011, the limitation on the number of procurement licenses available and any adverse change to such procurement licenses available in the future as a result of any change in government policy, increases in competition and the number of applicants for the procurement licenses or other factors, or any failure of our hospital partners to obtain such licenses as expected, may affect our expansion plan after 2011, which could have a material adverse effect on our future prospects.

In addition, for most of the medical equipment that we intend to install and operate in our specialty cancer hospitals, we will need to obtain large medical equipment procurement licenses from the Ministry of Health or provincial level healthcare administrative authorities. Such licenses might not be obtained in a timely manner or at all, which could delay or prevent the opening of our specialty cancer hospitals, and could have a material adverse effect on our growth strategy and results of operations. See “—Risks Related to Our Business—We are planning to establish and operate specialty cancer hospitals that will be majority owned by us and are subject to significant risks.”

Certain of our hospital partners have not received large medical equipment procurement licenses or interim procurement permits for some of the medical equipment in our network of centers which could result in fines or the suspension from use of such medical equipment.

The quota requirement for large medical equipment procurement became effective in March 2005. A medical institution that houses equipment purchased prior to that time is required to retroactively apply for and obtain a large medical equipment procurement license. If a medical institution is unable to obtain a procurement license as a result of a lack of procurement quotas for such medical equipment allocated to the region in which the medical institution is located, an interim procurement permit for large medical equipment must be obtained in lieu thereof. As of December 31, 2011, of the 117 units of medical equipment in the centers in our network that are subject to large medical equipment procurement quota requirements, 75 were issued with a procurement license, 16 were issued with an interim procurement permit subsequent to the implementation of the quota requirement, 20 were issued with procurement permits or authorizations by competent regulatory authorities prior to the implementation of the quota requirement but have not received new procurement licenses or interim procurement permits under the quota requirements that became effective in 2005, and six, which accounted for approximately 4.6%, 4.4% and 4.2% of our total net revenues in 2009, 2010 and 2011, respectively, have not yet been issued with any procurement license or permit. Although our hospital partners have applied to the competent regulatory authorities for procurement licenses for these last 26 centers, we cannot assure you that they will be successful. If our hospital partners fail to receive either a procurement license or an interim procurement permit, the centers in our network operating such medical equipment may be required to discontinue operations and may be deprived of the revenue derived from the operation of such equipment or assessed a fine, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operation.

We believe that the 20 units of equipment, for which procurement permits or authorizations were obtained from the regulatory authorities prior to the implementation of the quota requirement but no new procurement licenses or interim procurement permits under the 2005 quota requirements have been issued, are unlikely to face fines or other penalties from such regulatory authorities, although we cannot be certain. These 20 units of equipment accounted for approximately 16.7%, 15.9% and 12.5% of our total net revenues in 2009, 2010 and 2011, respectively. In addition, for the two units of medical equipment that were issued with interim procurement permits subsequent to the implementation of the quota requirement, the relevant regulations require that hospitals pay taxes derived from the use of equipment covered by such interim permits, which may increase the operating costs of the centers in our network that operate such equipment. Also, upon the expiration of the useful life of medical equipment issued with interim procurement permits, hospitals are not permitted to replace such medical equipment with a newer model, in which case we may not be able to continue or renew our agreements with such hospital partners with interim procurement permits for medical equipment reaching the end of its life unless they are able to obtain a new procurement license.

Pricing for the services provided by our network of centers may be adversely affected by reductions in treatment and examination fees set by the Chinese government.

Centers in our network are primarily located in non-profit civilian and military hospitals in China. The medical service fees charged by these non-profit hospitals are subject to price ceilings set by the relevant provincial or regional price control authorities and healthcare administrative authorities in accordance with the Opinion Concerning the Reform of Medical Service Pricing Management issued on July 20, 2000 by the NDRC and the Ministry of Health. These price ceilings can be adjusted by those authorities downwards or upwards from time to time. For example, in 2006, treatment fees for the head gamma knife in one of the centers in our network decreased by approximately 30% and in 2007, and treatment fees for the body gamma knife in one of the centers in our network decreased by approximately 25%. However, overall, the average medical service fees for each of the treatments and diagnostic imaging services provided across our network of centers have remained stable since 2007. The relevant price control authorities and healthcare administrative authorities provide notices to hospitals, which in turn provide immediate notice to us, as to any change in the pricing ceiling for medical services. The timing between when notices are provided by the relevant price control authorities and healthcare administrative authorities and the effective date of such pricing change varies in different cities and regions as well as the relevant medical services in question, but typically ranges from one to three months. According to the Implementation Plan for the Recent Priorities of the Health Care System Reform (2009-2011), which was issued by the State Council on March 18, 2009, the Chinese government is aiming to reduce the examination fees for large medical equipment. In addition, according to the Opinion on the Reform of Pharmaceuticals and Healthcare Service Pricing Structures issued on November 9, 2009 by the NDRC, the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security, or the MHRSS, the Chinese government is also aiming to reduce the treatment fees for large medical equipment. If the examination or treatment fees for the services provided by the centers in our network are reduced by the government under these or other policies, our contracted percentage of each center’s revenue net of specified operating expenses may decrease, hospitals may be discouraged from entering into or renewing their agreements with us, and our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

Our business may be harmed by technological and therapeutic changes or by shifts in doctors’ or patients’ preferences for alternative treatments.

The treatment of cancer patients is subject to potentially revolutionary technological and therapeutic changes. Future technological developments could render our equipment and the services provided in our network of centers obsolete. We may incur significant costs in replacing or modifying equipment in which we have already made a substantial investment prior to the end of its anticipated useful life. In addition, there may be significant advances in other cancer treatment methods, such as chemotherapy, surgery, biological therapy, or in cancer prevention techniques, which could reduce demand or even eliminate the need for the radiotherapy services that we provide. Also, patients and doctors may choose alternative cancer therapies over radiotherapy due to any number of reasons. Any shifts in doctors’ or patients’ preferences for other cancer therapies over radiotherapy may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The technology used in some of our radiotherapy equipment, particularly our body gamma knife and our proton beam therapy system, has been in use for a limited period of time and the international medical community has not yet developed a large quantity of peer-reviewed literature that supports their safe and effective use.

The technology in some of our radiotherapy equipment, particularly the body gamma knife system and the proton beam therapy system, has been in use for a limited period of time, and the international medical community has not yet developed a large quantity of peer-reviewed literature that supports their safe and effective use. As a result, such technology may not continue to gain acceptance by doctors and patients in China or may lose any acceptance such technology has previously gained if negative information were to emerge concerning their effectiveness or safety. As our agreements with manufacturers do not directly address such contingencies, we cannot assure you that equipment manufacturers would allow us to return their equipment or to otherwise reimburse us for any losses that we may suffer under all such circumstances. Since each unit of our medical equipment represents a significant investment, any of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operation.

Our business may be adversely affected by impending healthcare reforms in China.

In January 2009, the Chinese government approved in principle a healthcare reform plan to address the affordability of healthcare services, the rural healthcare system and healthcare service quality in China. In March, 2009, the Chinese government published the healthcare reform plan for 2009 to 2010, which broadly addressed medical insurance coverage, essential medicines, provision of basic healthcare services and reform of public hospitals. The published healthcare reform plan also called for additional government spending on healthcare over the next three years of RMB850.0 billion to support the reform plan. According to the Implementation Plan for the Recent Priorities of the Health Care System Reform (2009-2011), which was issued by the State Council on March 18, 2009, the Chinese government is aiming to reduce the examination fees for large medical equipment. In addition, according to the Opinion on the Reform of Pharmaceuticals and Healthcare Service Pricing Structures issued on November 9, 2009 by the NDRC, the Ministry of Health and the MHRSS, the Chinese government is also aiming to reduce the treatment fees for large medical equipment. Although many details related to the implementation of the healthcare reform plan are not yet clear, the implementation of any policy that reduces examination or treatment fees for large medical equipment or provides more funding for hospitals to purchase their own equipment may have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Some details of the implementation of the healthcare reform that have been published, including a policy drafted jointly by five ministries, including the Ministry of Finance, NDRC and the Ministry of Health, providing general principles and guidelines for government subsidies and investments in the public healthcare system, a policy statement allowing doctors to practice in up to three hospital within the same province, and the release of a list of 307 essential drugs whose prices are subject to central government guidelines and provincial government tenders. The distribution of these drugs is expected to encompass all government-owned healthcare facilities by 2020. In addition, the government has implemented a pilot plan as to the new rural healthcare insurance program whereby patients are required to pay hospitals only a portion of their medical expenses upfront and hospitals are required to seek payment of the balance from the government. Any resulting disputes or late or delinquent reimbursement payments may affect the collection of revenue at our network of centers and could increase our accounts receivables days. On February 11, 2010, the Ministry of Health, the State Commission Office for Public Sector Reform, the NDRC, the Ministry of Finance and the MHRSS jointly issued the Guidance of Pilots of Public Hospital Reform, or the Public Hospital Reform Guidance, which provides the general plan and policy of public hospital reforms that encourages private capital to invest in the medical service industry. Hospitals may take measures through cooperation, management and reorganization to promote the rational distribution of medical resources. The Public Hospital Reform Guidance may result in an increase competition as hospitals receive more private capital to finance the construction and operation of their own radiotherapy and diagnostic imaging center. In addition, the PRC government also calls for the reduction of the examination or treatment fees for large medical equipment in the Public Hospital Reform Guidance which may adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. See “—Pricing for the services provided by our network of centers may be adversely affected by reductions in treatment and examination fees set by the Chinese government.”

We or our hospital partners may be unable to obtain various permits and authorizations from regulatory authorities in China relating to our medical equipment, which could delay the installation or interrupt the operation of our equipment.

For our hospital-based centers, our hospital partners are required to obtain a radiation safety permit from the Ministry of Environmental Protection, or MEP, and a radiotherapy permit from the competent healthcare administrative authorities in order to operate the medical equipment in our network of centers that contains radioactive materials or emit radiation during operation. Our hospital partners are also required to obtain a radiation worker permit from the competent provincial healthcare administrative authorities for each medical technician who operates such equipment. Any failure on the part of our hospital partners to obtain approvals or renewals of these permits from the MEP or the competent healthcare administrative authorities could delay the installation, or interrupt the operation, of our medical equipment, either of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operation.

Each of our planned specialty cancer hospitals that will be majority owned by us will be required to obtain a radiation safety permit from the MEP and a radiotherapy permit as well as a medical institution practicing license and radiation worker permits for our staff from the relevant provincial healthcare administrative authorities. Any failure on our part to obtain approvals or renewals of these permits could delay the opening, or interrupt the operation, of our specialty cancer hospitals, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operation. For more information on risks related to our planned specialty cancer hospitals, see “—Risks Related to Our Business—We are planning to establish and operate specialty cancer hospitals that will be majority owned by us and are subject to significant risks.”

If the government and public insurers in the PRC do not continue to provide sufficient coverage and reimbursement for the radiotherapy and diagnostic imaging services provided by our network of centers, our revenues could be adversely affected.

Although self payments account for a high percentage of total medical expenses in China, approximately 27.5% of total medical expenses were sourced from direct payments by the government and approximately 35.1% of total medical expenses were sourced from government-directed public medical insurance schemes, commercial insurance plans and employers in 2009, according to the Ministry of Health. For public servants and others covered by 1989 Administrative Measure on Public Health Service and the 1997 Circular of Reimbursement Coverage of Large Medical Equipment of Public Health Service, the government currently either fully or partially reimburses medical expenses for certain approved cancer diagnosis and radiotherapy treatment services, including treatments utilizing linear accelerators and diagnostic imaging services utilizing CT and MRI scanners. However, gamma knife treatments and PET scans are currently not eligible for reimbursement under this plan. Urban residents in China are covered by one of two urban public medical insurance schemes and rural residents are covered under a new rural healthcare insurance program launched in 2003. The urban employees basic medical insurance scheme, which covers employed urban residents, partially reimburses urban workers for treatments utilizing linear accelerators and gamma knife systems and diagnostic imaging services utilizing CT and MRI scanners, with reimbursement levels varying from province to province. For urban non-workers and rural residents, the types of cancer diagnosis and radiotherapy treatments that are covered are generally set with reference to the policy for urban employees in the same region of the country, but the reimbursement levels for covered medical expenses for urban non-workers and rural residents, which vary widely from region to region and treatment to treatment, are generally lower than those for urban employees in the same region. We cannot assure you that the current coverage or reimbursement levels for cancer diagnosis or radiotherapy treatments will persist. If the national or provincial authorities in China decide to reduce the coverage or reimbursement levels for the radiotherapy and diagnostic imaging services provided by our network of centers, patients may opt for or be forced to resort to other forms of cancer therapy and our business, financial condition and results of operation could be materially and adversely affected.

Adverse changes in political, economic and other policies of the Chinese government could have a material adverse effect on the overall economic growth of China, which could materially and adversely affect the growth of our business and our competitive position.

All of our business operations are conducted in China. Accordingly, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects are affected significantly by economic, political and legal developments in China. The Chinese economy differs from the economies of most developed countries in many respects, including:

While the Chinese economy has experienced significant growth in the past 30 years, growth has been uneven, both geographically and among various sectors of the economy. The Chinese economy has also experienced certain adverse effects due to the recent global financial crisis. The Chinese government has implemented various measures to encourage economic growth and guide the allocation of resources. Some of these measures benefit the overall Chinese economy, but may also have a negative effect on us. For example, our financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected by government control over capital investments or changes in tax regulations that are applicable to us.

The Chinese economy has been transitioning from a planned economy to a more market-oriented economy. Although in recent years the Chinese government has implemented measures emphasizing the utilization of market forces for economic reform, the reduction of state ownership of productive assets and the establishment of sound corporate governance in business enterprises, a substantial portion of the productive assets in China is still owned by the Chinese government. The continued control of these assets and other aspects of the national economy by the Chinese government could materially and adversely affect our business. The Chinese government also exercises significant control over Chinese economic growth through the allocation of resources, controlling payment of foreign currency-denominated obligations, setting monetary policy and providing preferential treatment to particular industries or companies.

Any adverse change in the economic conditions or government policies in China could have a material adverse effect on overall economic growth and the level of healthcare investments and expenditures in China, which in turn could lead to a reduction in demand for our products and consequently have a material adverse effect on our businesses.

Uncertainties with respect to the PRC legal system could have a material adverse effect on us.

The PRC legal system is based on written statutes. Prior court decisions may be cited for reference but have limited precedential value. In 1979, the PRC government began to promulgate a comprehensive system of laws and regulations governing economic matters in general. The overall effect of legislation since then has been to significantly enhance the protections afforded to various forms of foreign investments in China. We conduct all of our business through our subsidiaries established in China. These subsidiaries are generally subject to laws and regulations applicable to foreign investment in China and, in particular, laws applicable to foreign-invested enterprises. However, since these laws and regulations are relatively new and the PRC legal system continues to rapidly evolve, the interpretations of many laws, regulations and rules are not always uniform and enforcement of these laws, regulations and rules involves uncertainties, which may limit legal protections available to us. In addition, some regulatory requirements issued by certain PRC government authorities may not be consistently applied by other government authorities (including local government authorities), thus making strict compliance with all regulatory requirements impractical, or in some circumstances, impossible. For example, we may have to resort to administrative and court proceedings to enforce the legal protection that we enjoy either by law or contract. However, since PRC administrative and court authorities have significant discretion in interpreting and implementing statutory and contractual terms, it may be more difficult to evaluate the outcome of administrative and court proceedings and the level of legal protection we enjoy than in more developed legal systems. These uncertainties may impede our ability to enforce the contracts we have entered into with our business partners, customers and suppliers. In addition, such uncertainties, including the inability to enforce our contracts, together with any development or interpretation of PRC law that is adverse to us, could materially and adversely affect our business and operations. Furthermore, intellectual property rights and confidentiality protections in China may not be as effective as in the United States or other countries. Accordingly, we cannot predict the effect of future developments in the PRC legal system, including the promulgation of new laws, changes to existing laws or the interpretation or enforcement thereof, or the preemption of local regulations by national laws. These uncertainties could limit the legal protections available to us and other foreign investors, including you. In addition, any litigation in China may be protracted and result in substantial costs and diversion of our resources and management attention.

The M&A rule establishes more complex procedures for some acquisitions of Chinese companies by foreign investors, which could make it more difficult for us to pursue growth through acquisitions in China.

The M&A rule establishes additional procedures and requirements that could make some acquisitions of Chinese companies by foreign investors more time-consuming and complex, including requirements in some instances that the Ministry of Commerce be notified in advance of any change-of-control transaction in which a foreign investor takes control of a Chinese domestic enterprise. We may grow our business in part by acquiring complementary businesses. Complying with the requirements of the M&A rule to complete such transactions could be time-consuming, and any required approval processes, including obtaining approval from the Ministry of Commerce, may delay or inhibit our ability to complete such transactions, which could affect our ability to expand our business or maintain our market share.

Recent PRC regulations, particularly SAFE Circular No. 75 relating to acquisitions of PRC companies by foreign entities, may limit our ability to acquire PRC companies and adversely affect the implementation of our strategy as well as our business and prospects.

In 2005, the State Administration of Foreign Exchange, or the SAFE issued a number of rules regarding offshore investments by PRC residents. The currently effective rule, the Notice on Issues Relating to the Administration of Foreign Exchange in Fund-Raising and Return Investment Activities of Domestic Residents Conducted Via Offshore Special Purpose Companies, known as SAFE Circular No. 75, was issued on October 21, 2005 and further clarified by Circular No. 106 issued by the SAFE on May 29, 2007. SAFE Circular No. 75 requires PRC residents to register with and receive approvals from the SAFE in connection with certain offshore investment activities. Since we are a Cayman Islands company that is controlled by PRC residents, we are affected by the registration requirements imposed by SAFE Circular No. 75. Also, any failure by our shareholders who are PRC residents to comply with SAFE Circular No. 75, or change in SAFE policy and regulations in respect of SAFE Circular No. 75, could adversely affect us in a variety of ways. SAFE Circular No. 75 provides, among other things, that prior to establishing or assuming control of an offshore company for the purpose of transferring to that offshore company assets of, or equity interests in, an enterprise in the PRC, each PRC resident (whether a natural or legal person) who is an ultimate controller of the offshore company must complete prescribed registration procedures with the relevant local branch of the SAFE. Such PRC resident must amend his or her SAFE registration under certain circumstances, including upon any further transfer of equity interests in, or assets of, an onshore enterprise to the offshore company as well as any material change in the capital of the offshore company, including by way of a transfer or swap of shares, a merger or division, a long-term equity or debt investment or the creation of any security interests in favor of third parties. The registration and filing procedures under SAFE rules are prerequisites for other approval and registration procedures necessary for capital inflow from the offshore entity, such as inbound investments or shareholder loans, or capital outflow to the offshore entity, such as the payment of profits or dividends, liquidating distributions, equity sale proceeds, or the return of funds upon a capital reduction. SAFE Circular No. 75 applies retroactively and to indirect shareholdings. PRC residents who have established or acquired direct or indirect control of offshore companies that have made onshore investments in the PRC in the past are required to complete the registration procedures by March 31, 2006. On May 27, 2011, the SAFE issued Circular of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange on Printing and Distributing on the Operating Rules for the Administration of Foreign Exchange with Respect to the Financing and Round-tripping Investment of Domestic Residents via Overseas Special Purpose Companies, called as SAFE Circular No.19 as well, in which regulates procedures in detail, including legal basis, materials to be examined, principles for examination and scope of authorization for all kinds of relevant registrations. The failure or inability of a PRC resident shareholder to receive any required approvals or make any required registrations could subject the PRC subsidiary to fines and legal sanctions, restrict the offshore company’s additional investments in the PRC subsidiary, or limit the PRC subsidiary’s ability to make distributions or pay dividends offshore. Due in part to the uncertainties relating to the interpretation and execution of SAFE Circular No. 75 and No.19, their effect on companies such as ours is difficult to predict.

Currently, several of our shareholders who are residents in the PRC and are subject to the above registration or amendment of registration requirements have applied to SAFE’s local branches to make the required make-up SAFE registration with respect to their existing investments in our company. Furthermore, there may be additional PRC shareholders, whose identities we may not be aware of and whose actions we do not control, who are not in compliance with the registration procedures set forth in SAFE Circular No. 75 and No.19. If the SAFE determines that any of our PRC shareholders failed to make filings that they should have made with respect to any of our offshore entities, we could be subject to fines and legal penalties, or the SAFE could impose restrictions on our foreign exchange activities, including the payment of dividends and other distributions to us or our affiliates and our PRC subsidiaries’ ability to receive capital from us. Any of these actions could, among other things, materially and adversely affect our business operations, acquisition opportunities and financing alternatives.

PRC regulation of loans and direct investment by offshore holding companies to PRC entities may delay or prevent us from using the proceeds of our initial public offering to make loans or additional capital contributions to our PRC subsidiaries.

In utilizing the proceeds from our initial public offering or from any further offerings, as an offshore holding company of our PRC subsidiaries, we may make loans to our PRC subsidiaries. Any loans to our PRC subsidiaries are subject to PRC regulations and approvals. For example, loans by us to our wholly owned PRC subsidiaries in China, each of which is a foreign-invested enterprise, to finance their activities cannot exceed statutory limits and must be registered with the SAFE or its local counterpart.

We may also decide to finance our PRC subsidiaries through additional capital contributions. These capital contributions must be approved by the Ministry of Commerce in China or its local counterpart. We cannot assure you that we will be able to obtain these government registrations or approvals on a timely basis, if at all, with respect to future loans or capital contributions by us to our subsidiaries or any of their respective subsidiaries. If we fail to receive such registrations or approvals, our ability to use the proceeds of our initial public offering and to capitalize our PRC operations may be negatively affected, which could adversely and materially affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business.

Governmental control of currency conversion may limit our ability to use our revenues effectively and the ability of our PRC subsidiaries to obtain financing.

We receive all of our revenues in Renminbi, which currently is not a freely convertible currency. Restrictions on currency conversion imposed by the PRC government may limit our ability to use revenues generated in Renminbi to fund our expenditures denominated in foreign currencies or our business activities outside China, if any. Under China’s existing foreign exchange regulations, Renminbi may be freely converted into foreign currency for payments relating to “current account transactions,” which include among other things dividend payments and payments for the import of goods and services, by complying with certain procedural requirements. Our PRC subsidiaries are able to pay dividends in foreign currencies to us without prior approval from the SAFE, by complying with certain procedural requirements. Our PRC subsidiaries may also retain foreign currency in their respective current account bank accounts for use in payment of international current account transactions. However, we cannot assure you that the PRC government will not take measures in the future to restrict access to foreign currencies for current account transactions.

Conversion of Renminbi into foreign currencies, and of foreign currencies into Renminbi, for payments relating to “capital account transactions,” which principally includes investments and loans, generally requires the approval of SAFE and other relevant PRC governmental authorities. Restrictions on the convertibility of the Renminbi for capital account transactions could affect the ability of our PRC subsidiaries to make investments overseas or to obtain foreign currency through debt or equity financing, including by means of loans or capital contributions from us. In particular, if our PRC subsidiaries borrow foreign currency from us or other foreign lenders, they must do so within approved limits that satisfy their approval documentation and PRC debt to equity ratio requirements. Further, such loans must be registered with the SAFE or its local counterpart. In practice, it could be time-consuming to complete such SAFE registration process.

If we finance our PRC subsidiaries through additional capital contributions, the amount of these capital contributions must be approved by the Ministry of Commerce in China or its local counterpart. On August 29, 2008, SAFE promulgated Circular 142, a notice regulating the conversion by a foreign-invested company of foreign currency into Renminbi by restricting how the converted Renminbi may be used. The notice requires that Renminbi converted from the foreign currency-denominated capital of a foreign-invested company may only be used for purposes within the business scope approved by the applicable governmental authority and may not be used for equity investments within the PRC unless specifically provided for otherwise in its business scope. In addition, SAFE strengthened its oversight of the flow and use of Renminbi funds converted from the foreign currency-denominated capital of a foreign-invested company. The use of such Renminbi may not be changed without approval from SAFE, and may not be used to repay Renminbi loans if the proceeds of such loans have not yet been used for purposes within the company’s approved business scope. Violations of Circular 142 may result in severe penalties, including substantial fines as set forth in the Foreign Exchange Administration Regulations.

We cannot assure you that we will be able to complete the necessary government registrations or obtain the necessary government approvals on a timely basis, if at all, with respect to future loans by us to our PRC subsidiaries or with respect to future capital contributions by us to our PRC subsidiaries. If we fail to complete such registrations or obtain such approvals, our ability to use the proceeds we receive from our initial public offering and to capitalize or otherwise fund our PRC operations may be negatively affected, which could adversely and materially affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business.

Fluctuations in the value of the Renminbi may have a material adverse effect on your investment.

The value of the Renminbi against the U.S. dollar and other currencies may fluctuate and is affected by, among other things, changes in China’s political and economic conditions. The conversion of Renminbi into foreign currencies, including U.S. dollars, has historically been set by the People’s Bank of China. On April 16, 2012, the PRC government changed its policy of pegging the value of the Renminbi to the U.S. dollar. Under the new policy, the Renminbi is permitted to fluctuate within a band against a basket of certain foreign currencies, determined by the Bank of China, against which it can rise or fall by as much as 1% each day.

There remains significant international pressure on the PRC government to further liberalize its currency policy, which could result in a further and more significant appreciation in the value of the Renminbi against the U.S. dollar. In addition, as we rely entirely on dividends paid to us by our PRC subsidiaries, any significant revaluation of the Renminbi may have a material adverse effect on our revenues and financial condition, and the value of any dividends payable on our ADSs in foreign currency terms. For example, to the extent that we need to convert U.S. dollars that we receive from a future offering into Renminbi for our operations, appreciation of the Renminbi against the U.S. dollar would have an adverse effect on the Renminbi amount that we receive from the conversion. Conversely, if we decide to convert our Renminbi into U.S. dollars for the purpose of making payments for dividends on our ordinary shares or ADSs or for other business purposes, appreciation of the U.S. dollar against the Renminbi would have a negative effect on the U.S. dollar amount available to us. In addition, appreciation or depreciation in the value of the Renminbi relative to the U.S. dollar would affect our financial results reported in U.S. dollar terms without giving effect to any underlying change in our business or results of operations.

The increase in the PRC enterprise income tax and the discontinuation of the preferential tax treatment currently available to us could, in each case, result in a decrease of our net income and materially and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

Our PRC subsidiaries are incorporated in the PRC and are governed by applicable PRC income tax laws and regulations. Prior to January 1, 2008, entities established in the PRC were generally subject to a 30% state and 3% local enterprise income tax rate. There were various preferential tax treatments promulgated by national tax authorities that were available to foreign-invested enterprises or enterprises located in certain areas of China. In addition, some local tax authorities may allow enterprises registered in their tax jurisdiction to enjoy lower preferential tax treatments according to local preferential tax policy. The PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law, or the EIT Law, was enacted on March 16, 2007 and became effective on January 1, 2008. The implementation regulations under the EIT Law issued by the PRC State Council became effective January 1, 2008. Under the EIT Law and the implementation regulations, the PRC has adopted a uniform tax rate of 25% for all enterprises (including foreign-invested enterprises) and revoked the previous tax exemption, reduction and preferential treatments applicable to foreign-invested enterprises. However, there is a transition period for enterprises, whether foreign-invested or domestic, that received preferential tax treatments granted in accordance with the then prevailing tax laws and regulations prior to January 1, 2008. Enterprises that were subject to an enterprise income tax rate lower than 25% prior to January 1, 2008 may continue to enjoy the lower rate and gradually transition to the new tax rate within five years after the effective date of the EIT Law. In 2010, our subsidiaries Aohua Medical and Shanghai Medstar each had a preferential income tax rate of 22% that is increased to 24% in 2011, and is scheduled to increase to 25% in 2012. We cannot assure you that the preferential income tax rates that we enjoy will not be phased out at a faster rate or will not be discontinued altogether, either of which could result in a decrease of our net income and materially and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

Also, the reduced enterprise income tax rate of 15%, as described above, that our subsidiary Shanghai Medstar enjoyed before January 1, 2008, was granted based on Shanghai tax authorities’ local preferential tax policy. It is uncertain whether the transitional tax rates under the EIT Law would apply to companies that enjoyed a preferential reduced tax rate of 15% under a local preferential tax policy. If Shanghai Medstar cannot enjoy such transitional tax rates under the EIT Law, it will be subject to the standard enterprise income tax rate, which is currently 25%, and our income tax expenses would increase, which would have a material adverse effect on our net income and results of operation. In addition, under current PRC regulations, if it is determined that a taxpayer has underpaid tax due to prior incorrect advice from relevant tax authorities, the taxpayer may still be required to retroactively pay the full amount of unpaid tax within three years of such determination, although the taxpayer would not be subject to any penalty or late payment interest. If we are required to make such retroactive tax payments due to the retroactive cancellation of Shanghai Medstar’s preferential reduced enterprise income tax rate of 15%, our financial condition and results of operation could be materially and adversely affected.

We rely on dividends paid by our subsidiaries for our cash needs, and any limitation on the ability of our subsidiaries to make payments to us could have a material adverse effect on our ability to conduct our business.

We conduct all of our business through our consolidated subsidiaries incorporated in China. We rely on dividends paid by these consolidated subsidiaries for our cash needs, including the funds necessary to pay any dividends and other cash distributions to our shareholders, to service any debt we may incur and to pay our operating expenses. The payment of dividends by entities established in China is subject to limitations. Regulations in China currently permit payment of dividends only out of accumulated profits as determined in accordance with accounting standards and regulations in China. Each of our PRC subsidiaries, including wholly foreign-owned enterprises, or WFOEs, and joint venture enterprises is also required to set aside at least 10% of its after-tax profit based on PRC accounting standards each year to its general reserves or statutory capital reserve fund until the aggregate amount of such reserves reaches 50% of its respective registered capital. Our statutory reserves are not distributable as loans, advances or cash dividends. We anticipate that in the foreseeable future our PRC subsidiaries will need to continue to set aside 10% of their respective after-tax profits to their statutory reserves. In addition, if any of our PRC subsidiaries incurs debt on its own behalf in the future, the instruments governing the debt may restrict its ability to pay dividends or make other distributions to us. Any limitations on the ability of our PRC subsidiaries to transfer funds to us could materially and adversely limit our ability to grow, make investments or acquisitions that could be beneficial to our business, pay dividends and otherwise fund and conduct our business.

In addition, under the EIT law, the Circular issued by the State Administration of Taxation on January 29, 2008 regarding a summary on the dividend rates under the double tax treaties, or Notice 112, the Arrangement between the Mainland of China and the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and the Prevention of Fiscal Evasion with respect to Taxes on Income, or the Double Taxation Arrangement (Hong Kong), which became effective on December 8, 2006, and the Notice of the State Administration of Taxation Regarding Interpretation and Recognition of Beneficial Owners under Tax Treaties, or Notice 601, which became effective on October 27, 2009, dividends from our PRC subsidiaries paid to us through our Hong Kong subsidiary may be subject to a withholding tax at a rate of 10%, or at a rate of 5% if our Hong Kong subsidiary is considered as a “beneficial owner” that is generally engaged in substantial business activities and entitled to treaty benefits under the Double Taxation Arrangement (Hong Kong). Furthermore, the ultimate tax rate will be determined by treaty between the PRC and the tax residence of the holder of the PRC subsidiary. We are actively monitoring the proposed withholding tax and are evaluating appropriate organizational changes to minimize the corresponding tax impact.

Dividends we receive from our operating subsidiaries located in the PRC would be subject to PRC withholding tax.

The EIT Law provides that a maximum income tax rate of 20% may be applicable to dividends payable to non-PRC investors that are “non-resident enterprises,” to the extent such dividends are derived from sources within the PRC, and the State Council has reduced such rate to 10%, in the absence of any applicable tax treaties that may reduce such rate, through the implementation regulations. We are a Cayman Islands holding company and substantially all of our income may be derived from dividends we receive from our operating subsidiaries located in the PRC. If we are required under the EIT Law to pay income tax for any dividends we receive from our subsidiaries, the amount of dividends, if any, we may pay to our shareholders and ADS holders may be materially and adversely affected.

According to the Double Taxation Arrangement (Hong Kong), Notice 112, Notice 601 and Guoshuihan [2009] No. 81, dividends paid to enterprises incorporated in Hong Kong are subject to a withholding tax of 5% provided that a Hong Kong resident enterprise owns over 25% of the PRC enterprise continuously in the last 12 months before distributing the dividend and can be considered as a “beneficial owner” and entitled to treaty benefits under the Double Taxation Arrangement (Hong Kong). Thus, as Cyber Medical is a Hong Kong company and owns 100% of CMS Hospital Management, under the aforementioned arrangement dividends paid to us through Cyber Medical by CMS Hospital Management may be subject to the 5% income tax if we and Cyber Medical are considered as “non-resident enterprises” under the EIT Law and Cyber Medical is considered as a “beneficial owner” and entitled to treaty benefits under the Double Taxation Arrangement (Hong Kong). If Cyber Medical is not regarded as the beneficial owner of any such dividends, it will not be entitled to the treaty benefits under the Double Taxation Arrangement (Hong Kong). As a result, such dividends would be subject to normal withholding income tax of 10% as provided by the PRC domestic law rather than the favorable rate of 5% applicable under the Double Taxation Arrangement (Hong Kong).

The British Virgin Islands, where OMS, the direct holding company of Aohua Medical and Aohua Leasing, is incorporated, does not have a tax treaty with the PRC. Thus, if OMS is considered a “non-resident enterprise” under the EIT law, the 10% withholding tax would be imposed on our dividend income received from Aohua Medical and Aohua Leasing.

We may be classified as a “resident enterprise” for PRC enterprise income tax purposes, which could result in unfavorable tax consequences to us and our non-PRC shareholders.

The EIT Law provides that enterprises established outside of China whose “effective management organizations” are located in China are considered “resident enterprises” and are generally subject to the uniform 25% enterprise income tax rate on their worldwide income. In addition, a circular issued by the State Administration of Taxation on April 22, 2009 regarding the standards used to classify certain Chinese-invested enterprises controlled by Chinese enterprises or Chinese group enterprises and established outside of China as “resident enterprises” clarified that dividends and other income paid by such “resident enterprises” will be considered to be PRC source income, subject to PRC withholding tax, currently at a rate of 10%, when recognized by non-PRC enterprise shareholders. This circular also subjects such “resident enterprises” to various reporting requirements with the PRC tax authorities. Under the implementation regulations to the enterprise income tax, a “effective management organizations” is defined as a body that has material and overall management and control over the manufacturing and business operations, personnel and human resources, finances and properties of an enterprise. In addition, the circular mentioned above sets out criteria for determining whether “effective management organizations” are located in China for overseas incorporated, domestically controlled enterprises. However, as this circular only applies to enterprises established outside of China that are controlled by PRC enterprises or groups of PRC enterprises, it remains unclear how the tax authorities will determine the location of “effective management organizations” for overseas incorporated enterprises that are controlled by individual PRC residents like us and some of our subsidiaries. Therefore, although substantially all of our management is currently located in the PRC, it remains unclear whether the PRC tax authorities would require our overseas registered entities to be treated as PRC tax resident enterprises. We do not currently consider our company to be a PRC tax resident enterprise. However, if the PRC tax authorities disagree with our assessment and determine that we are a “resident enterprise,” we may be subject to enterprise income tax at a rate of 25% on our worldwide income and dividends paid by us to our non-PRC shareholders as well as capital gains recognized by them with respect to the sale of our shares may be subject to a PRC withholding tax. This will have an impact on our effective tax rate, a material adverse effect on our net income and results of operations, and may require us to withhold tax on our non-PRC shareholders.

Dividends payable by us to our foreign investors and gains on the sale of our ADSs or ordinary shares may become subject to taxes under PRC tax laws.

Under the EIT Law and implementation regulations issued by the State Council, a 10% PRC income tax is applicable to dividends payable to investors that are “non-resident enterprises,” which do not have an establishment or place of business in the PRC or which have such establishment or place of business but have income not effectively connected with the establishment or place of business, to the extent such dividends are derived from sources within the PRC. Similarly, any gain realized on the transfer of ADSs or shares by such investors is also subject to a 10% PRC income tax if such gain is regarded as income derived from sources within the PRC. It is unclear whether dividends paid on our ordinary shares or ADSs, or any gain realized from the transfer of our ordinary shares or ADSs, would be treated as income derived from sources within the PRC and would as a result be subject to PRC tax. If we are considered a PRC “resident enterprise,” then any dividends paid to our overseas shareholders or ADS holders that are “non-resident enterprises” may be regarded as being derived from PRC sources and, as a result, would be subject to PRC withholding tax at a rate of 10%. In addition, if we are considered a PRC “resident enterprise,” non-resident enterprise shareholders of our ordinary shares or ADSs may be eligible for the benefits of income tax treaties entered into between China and other countries. If we are required under the EIT Law to withhold PRC income tax on dividends payable to our non-PRC investors that are “non-resident enterprises,” or if you are required to pay PRC income tax on the transfer of our ordinary shares or ADSs, the value of your investment in our ordinary shares or ADSs may be materially and adversely affected.

If we are found to have failed to comply with applicable laws, we may incur additional expenditures or be subject to significant fines and penalties.

Our operations are subject to PRC laws and regulations applicable to us. However, the scope of many PRC laws and regulations are uncertain, and their implementation could differ significantly in different localities. In certain instances, local implementation rules and their implementation are not necessarily consistent with the regulations at the national level. Although we strive to comply with all applicable PRC laws and regulations, we cannot assure you that the relevant PRC government authorities will not determine that we have not been in compliance with certain laws or regulations.

Our auditor, like other independent registered public accounting firms operating in China, is not permitted to be subject to inspection by Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, and as such, investors may be deprived of the benefits of such inspection.

Our independent registered public accounting firm that issues the audit reports included in our annual reports filed with the SEC, as an auditor of companies that are traded publicly in the United States and a firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), or PCAOB, is required by the laws of the United States to undergo regular inspections by PCAOB to assess its compliance with the laws of the United States and professional standards. Because our auditor is located in China, a jurisdiction where PCAOB is currently unable to conduct inspections without the approval of the PRC authorities, our auditor, like other independent registered public accounting firms operating in China, is currently not inspected by PCAOB.

Inspection of other firms that PCAOB has conducted outside of China have identified deficiencies in those firms’ audit procedures and quality control procedures, which may be addressed as part of the inspection process to improve future auditor quality. The inability of PCAOB to conduct inspections of independent registered public accounting firms operating in China makes it more difficult to evaluate the effectiveness of our auditor’s audit procedures or quality control procedure. As a result, investors may be deprived of the benefits of PCAOB inspections.

We face risks related to natural disasters and health epidemics in China, which could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

Our business could be materially and adversely affected by natural disasters or the outbreak of health epidemics in China. For example, in May 2008, Sichuan Province experienced a strong earthquake, measuring approximately 8.0 on the Richter scale, that caused widespread damage and casualties. In addition, as our network of radiotherapy and diagnostic imaging centers are located in hospitals across China, our operations may be particularly vulnerable to any health epidemic. In the last decade, the PRC has suffered health epidemics related to the outbreak of avian influenza and severe acute respiratory syndrome, or SARS. In April 2009, an outbreak of the H1N1 virus, also commonly referred to as “swine flu”, occurred in Mexico and has spread to other countries, including China. If the outbreak of swine flu were to become widespread in China or increase in severity, it could have an adverse effect on economic activity in China, and our business and operations could be adversely affected. Any future natural disasters or health epidemics in the PRC could also have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

The market price for our ADSs has been and may continue to be highly volatile and subject to wide fluctuations in response to factors including the following:

In addition, the securities market has from time to time experienced significant price and volume fluctuations that are not related to the operating performance of particular companies. For example, the securities of some China-based companies that have listed their securities in the United States have experienced significant volatility since their initial public offerings, including, in some cases, substantial price declines in the trading prices of their securities. The trading performances of these Chinese companies’ securities after their offerings may affect the attitudes of investors toward Chinese companies listed in the United States, which consequently may impact the trading performance of our ADSs, regardless of our actual operating performance. Moreover, any negative news or perceptions about inadequate corporate governance practices or fraudulent accounting, corporate structure or other matters of other Chinese companies may also negatively affect the attitudes of investors towards Chinese companies in general, including us, regardless of whether we have engaged in any inappropriate activities.

Furthermore, the global financial crisis and the ensuing economic recessions in many countries have contributed and may continue to contribute to extreme volatility in the global stock markets, such as the large decline in share prices in the United States, China and other jurisdictions in late 2008, early 2009 and the second half of 2011. Such market fluctuations may materially and adversely affect the market price of our ADSs. In the past, following periods of volatility in the market price of a company’s securities, shareholders have often instituted securities class action litigation against that company. If we were involved in a class action suit or other securities litigation, it would divert the attention of our senior management, require us to incur significant expense and, whether or not adversely determined, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Substantial future sales or perceived sales of our ADSs in the public market could cause the price of our ADSs to decline.

Sales of our ADSs or ordinary shares in the public market, or the perception that these sales could occur, could cause the market price of our ADSs to decline. In addition, certain of our shareholders or their transferees and assignees have the right to cause us to register the sale of their shares under the Securities Act upon the occurrence of certain circumstances. Registration of these shares under the Securities Act would result in these shares becoming freely tradable without restriction under the Securities Act immediately upon the effectiveness of the registration. Sales of these registered shares in the public market could cause the price of our ADSs to decline.

Holders of ADSs have fewer rights than shareholders and must act through the depositary to exercise those rights.

Holders of ADSs do not have the same rights as our shareholders and may only exercise voting rights with respect to the underlying ordinary shares in accordance with the provisions of the deposit agreement. Under the deposit agreement, if the vote is by show of hands, the depositary will vote the deposited securities in accordance with the voting instructions received from a majority of holders of ADSs that provided timely voting instructions. If the vote is by poll, the depositary will vote the deposited securities in accordance with the voting instructions it timely receives from ADS holders. In the event of poll voting, deposited securities for which no instructions are received will not be voted. Under our third amended and restated articles of association, the minimum notice period required to convene a general meeting is seven days. When a general meeting is convened, you may not receive sufficient notice of a shareholders’ meeting to permit you to your ordinary shares to allow you to cast your vote with respect to any specific matter. In addition, the depositary and its agents may not be able to send voting instructions to you or carry out your voting instructions in a timely manner. We will make all reasonable efforts to cause the depositary to extend voting rights to you in a timely manner, but we cannot assure you that you will receive the voting materials in time to ensure that you can instruct the depositary to vote your shares. Furthermore, the depositary and its agents will not be responsible for any failure to carry out any instructions to vote, for the manner in which any vote is cast or for the effect of any such vote. As a result, you may not be able to exercise your right to vote and you may lack recourse if your ordinary shares are not voted as you requested. In addition, in your capacity as an ADS holder, you will not be able to call a shareholder meeting.

Your ADSs are transferable on the books of the depositary. However, the depositary may close its transfer books at any time or from time to time when it deems is expedient to do so in connection with the performance of its duties. In addition, the depositary may refuse to deliver, transfer or register transfers of ADSs generally when our books or the books of the depositary are closed, or at any time if we or the depositary deem it advisable to do so because of any requirement of law or of any government or governmental body, or under any provision of the deposit agreement, or for any other reason.

Your right to participate in any future rights offerings may be limited, which may cause dilution to your holdings and you may not receive cash dividends if it is impractical to make them available to you.

We may, from time to time, distribute rights to our shareholders, including rights to acquire our securities. However, we cannot make any such rights available to you in the United States unless we register such rights and the securities to which such rights relate under the Securities Act or an exemption from the registration requirements is available. Also, under the deposit agreement, the depositary bank will not make rights available to you unless the distribution to ADS holders of both the rights and any related securities are either registered under the Securities Act, or exempted from registration under the Securities Act. We are under no obligation to file a registration statement with respect to any such rights or securities or to endeavor to cause such a registration statement to be declared effective. Moreover, we may not be able to establish an exemption from registration under the Securities Act. Accordingly, you may be unable to participate in our rights offerings and may experience dilution in your holdings.

In addition, the depositary has agreed to pay to you the cash dividends or other distributions it or the custodian receives on our ordinary shares or other deposited securities after deducting its fees and expenses. You will receive these distributions in proportion to the number of ordinary shares your ADSs represent. However, the depositary may, at its discretion, decide that it is inequitable or impractical to make a distribution available to any holders of ADSs. For example, the depositary may determine that it is not practicable to distribute certain property through the mail, or that the value of certain distributions may be less than the cost of mailing them. In these cases, the depositary may decide not to distribute such property and you will not receive such distribution.

Concord Medical Services Holdings Limited, or Concord Medical, was incorporated in the Cayman Islands on November 27, 2007 as a limited liability company. Concord Medical became our ultimate holding company on March 7, 2008, when the shareholders of Ascendium Group Limited, or Ascendium, a holding company incorporated in the British Virgin Islands on September 10, 2007, exchanged all of their shares in Ascendium for shares of Concord Medical. Prior to that, on October 30, 2007, Ascendium had acquired 100% of the equity interest in Our Medical Services, Ltd., or OMS, resulting in a change in control. We refer to this transaction as the OMS reorganization in this annual report. Prior to the OMS reorganization, OMS, together with Shenzhen Aohua Medical Services Co., Ltd., or Aohua Medical, in which OMS effectively held all of the equity interest at the time, operated all of our business.

Aohua Medical was incorporated by OMS on July 23, 1997 and OMS contributed RMB4.8 million to Aohua Medical, representing 90% of the equity interest in Aohua Medical. The remaining 10% equity interest in Aohua Medical was held by two nominees who acted as the custodians of such equity interest. On June 10, 2009, this 10% equity interest was transferred to our subsidiary Shenzhen Aohua Medical Leasing and Services Co., Ltd., or Aohua Leasing. The two nominees have not maintained their required capital contributions at any time subsequent to the incorporation of Aohua Medical. Due to this capital deficiency as well as other legal conditions, the two nominees had no legal rights to participate either retrospectively or prospectively at any time in any profits or losses of Aohua Medical or to share in any residual assets or any proceeds in the event that Aohua Medical encountered a liquidation event. For these reasons, we do not account for this 10% equity interest as a minority interest in our consolidated results of operations or financial position.

On July 31, 2008, our subsidiary Ascendium acquired 100% of the equity interest in China Medstar together with its wholly owned PRC subsidiary, Shanghai Medstar, for approximately £17.1 million. China Medstar, through its then subsidiary Shanghai Medstar, engaged in the provision of medical equipment leasing and management services to hospitals in the PRC. On March 1, 2009, 100% of the equity interest in Shanghai Medstar was transferred from China Medstar to Ascendium. On August 17, 2009, the registration for such transfer was completed.

On October 28, 2008, we acquired 100% of the equity interest in Beijing Xing Heng Feng Medical Technology Co., Ltd., or Xing Heng Feng Medical, through our subsidiaries Aohua Leasing and CMS Hospital Management Co., Ltd., or CMS Hospital Management, for a consideration of approximately RMB35.0 million.

In April 2010, we acquired four radiotherapy and diagnostic imaging centers in Hebei Province for RMB60.0 million, including RMB42.0 million in cash and RMB18.0 million in contingent consideration, by acquiring 100% of the equity interest in Tianjin Kangmeng Radiology Equipment Management Co., Ltd.

In July 2010, we have acquired 52% of the equity interest in Chang’an CMS International Cancer Center for RMB103.2 million from Chang’an Hospital. In May, June and September 2011, we incorporated four holding companies, namely, (i) US Proton Therapy Holdings Limited (BVI) in British Virgin Islands, (ii) US Proton Therapy Holdings Limited (Delaware) in Delaware, USA, (iii) Guangzhou Huanan Taihe Medical Technology Limited in PRC, and (iv) Medstar Oversea Limited in British Virgin Islands for potential future acquisitions and businesses. None of these holding companies had any substantive assets or business as of date of this annual report.

In March 2012, we entered into a purchase agreement through Cyber Medical and Shanghai Medstar to acquire 52% of the equity interest in Chang’an Hospital, a licensed full-service private hospital, for a total consideration of approximately RMB248.0 million (US$39.4 million). The closing of this acquisition is subject to certain closing conditions and relevant government approvals.

As of the date of this annual report, we conduct substantially all of our operations through the following subsidiaries in the PRC:

Our principal executive offices are located at 18/F, Tower A, Global Trade Center, 36 North Third Ring Road East, Dongcheng District, Beijing, People’s Republic of China, 100013. Our telephone number at this address is (86 10) 5903-6688 and our fax number is (86 10) 5957-5252. Our registered office in the Cayman Islands is at Scotia Centre, 4th Floor, P.O. Box 2804, George Town, Grand Cayman, Cayman Islands KY1-1112. Our website is www.concordmedical.com. The information contained on our website is not a part of this annual report.

We operate the largest network of radiotherapy and diagnostic imaging centers in China in terms of revenues and the total number of centers in operation in 2008, according to a report by Frost & Sullivan commissioned by us that compared our pro forma revenues against the revenues of our competitors in 2008 and our number of centers and units of equipment against those of our competitors as of the end of 2008. As of December 31, 2011, our network comprised 131 centers based in 73 hospitals, spanning 51 cities across 24 provinces and administrative regions in China. These hospitals are substantially comprised of 3A hospitals, the highest ranked hospitals by quality and size in China as determined in accordance with the standards of the Ministry of Health. Cancer was the leading cause of death in China in 2008 according to the Ministry of Health, and there is a relatively low penetration of radiotherapy and diagnostic imaging equipment compared to developed countries. We believe that our leading network and our experience and expertise uniquely position us to address the underserved market in China for radiotherapy and diagnostic imaging services.

Most of the centers in our network are established through long-term lease and management services arrangements entered into with our hospital partners. Under these arrangements, we receive a contracted percentage of each center’s revenue net of specified operating expenses. Each center is located on the premises of our hospital partners and is typically equipped with a primary unit of advanced radiotherapy or diagnostic imaging equipment, such as a linear accelerator, head gamma knife system, body gamma knife system, positron emission tomography-computed tomography scanner, or PET-CT scanner, or magnetic resonance imaging scanner, or MRI scanner. We provide clinical support services to doctors who work in the centers in our network, which include developing treatment protocols for doctors and organizing joint diagnosis between doctors in our network and clinical research. In addition, we help recruit and determine the compensation of doctors and other medical personnel in our network and are typically in charge of most of the non-clinical aspects of the centers’ daily operations, including marketing, training and administrative duties. Our hospital partners are responsible for the centers’ clinical activities, the medical decisions made by doctors, and the employment of the doctors in accordance with regulations.

We believe that our success is largely due to the high quality clinical care provided at our network of centers and our market-oriented management culture and practices. Many of the doctors who work in our network have extensive clinical experience in radiotherapy, some of whom are recognized as leading experts in radiation oncology in China. We enhance the quality of clinical care in our network through established training of, and on-going clinical education for, doctors in our network. We believe that our market-oriented management culture and practices allow us to manage centers more efficiently and offer more consistent and better patient services than our competitors. We believe that our success has given us a strong reputation within the medical community, which in turn gives us a competitive advantage in gaining patient referrals and establishing new centers.

To complement our organic growth, we have also selectively acquired businesses to expand our network. For example, in July 2008, we acquired China Medstar Pte. Ltd., or China Medstar, a company then publicly listed on the Alternative Investment Market of the London Stock Exchange, or the AIM, for approximately £17.1 million. At the time of the acquisition, China Medstar jointly managed 23 centers with its hospital partners across 14 cities in China. In April 2010, we acquired four radiotherapy and diagnostic imaging centers in Hebei Province for RMB60.0 million through our acquisition of Tianjin Kangmeng Radiology Equipment Management Co., Ltd.

To further enhance our reputation and to employ high quality doctors, we are in the process of establishing and operating specialty cancer hospitals in China. We established our first specialty cancer hospital, Chang’an CMS International Cancer Center, in Xi’an, Shanxi Province in July 2010 with Chang’an Hospital, a licensed full-service private hospital. In March 2012, we entered into a purchase agreement through our subsidiaries, Cyber Medical and Shanghai Medstar, to acquire 52% of the equity interest in Chang’an Hospital for a total consideration of approximately RMB248 million (US$39.4 million). The consummation of this acquisition will give us effective control over the full capacity of 1,100 beds in Chang’an Hospital. We are also in the process of establishing the Beijing Proton Medical Center, another specialty cancer hospital, which is expected to commence operation in late 2014. We expect that the Beijing Proton Medical Center will be the first proton beam therapy treatment center in China equipped with a proton beam therapy system licensed for clinical use. In January 2011, we entered into a framework agreement with Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center and a third party to form a specialty hospital in Guangzhou for cancer diagnosis and treatment. We plan to establish and operate additional specialty cancer hospitals that will be majority owned by us.

Our business has grown significantly in recent years through development of new centers, increases in the number of patient cases of existing centers and acquisitions. We have increased the number of centers in our network from 88 as of December 31, 2009 to 119 as of December 31, 2010 and to 131 as of December 31, 2011. Our total net revenues were RMB292.4 million, RMB389.5 million and RMB 450.1 million (US$71.5 million) for the year ended December 31, 2009, 2010 and 2011, respectively. For additional information relating to our history and reorganization and our financial presentation, see “— History and Development of the Company,” “—Organizational Structure” and “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects.”

As of December 31, 2011, we operated an extensive network of 131 centers based in 73 hospitals, spanning 51 cities across 24 provinces and administrative regions in China. These hospitals are substantially comprised of 3A hospitals, the highest ranked hospitals by quality and size in China as determined in accordance with the standards of the Ministry of Health. Our network includes 106 radiotherapy and diagnostic imaging centers and 25 centers that provide other treatment and diagnostic services, such as electroencephalography for the diagnosis of epilepsy, thermotherapy to increase the efficacy of and for pain relief after radiotherapy and chemotherapy, high intensity focused ultrasound therapy for the treatment of cancer, stereotactic radiofrequency ablation for the treatment of Parkinson’s Disease and refraction and tonometry for the diagnosis of ophthalmic conditions. Each center is typically equipped with a primary unit of medical equipment, such as a linear accelerator, head gamma knife system, body gamma knife system, PET-CT scanner or MRI scanner. Each center is located on the premises of our hospital partners with the facilities of the centers provided by the hospitals. Each center is usually comprised of a treatment area, a patient preparation and observation room, working areas for the center’s doctors and other personnel and a waiting and reception area.

In addition to our network of centers, we established and are operating a specialty cancer hospital, Chang’an CMS International Cancer Center, which is majority owned by us in Xi’An, Shaanxi Province. We are also currently in the process of establishing the Beijing Proton Medical Center in Beijing. In January 2011, we entered into a framework agreement with Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center and a third party to form a specialty hospital in Guangzhou for cancer diagnosis and treatment. We plan to establish and operate additional specialty cancer hospitals that will be majority owned by us.

As of December 31, 2011, we had 124 centers that were established under lease and management services arrangements. We typically establish such centers with civilian hospitals by entering into a lease agreement and a management agreement. Centers at military hospitals, which are regulated by the military but most of which are otherwise the same as other government-owned hospitals open to the public, are typically established under a cooperation agreement. The reason for the two different contractual structures is to comply with the different regulations governing civilian and military hospitals in China. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulation of Our Industry—Regulation of Medical Institutions—Restrictions on Cooperation Agreements.”

Under these lease and management services arrangements, we are responsible for purchasing the medical equipment used in the centers. We lease this medical equipment to the hospitals for a fixed period of time and establish and manage the centers in conjunction with our hospital partners. These arrangements are typically long-term in nature, ranging from six to 20 years. We receive from the hospital a contracted percentage of each center’s revenue net of specified operating expenses. Such contracted percentage typically ranges from 50% to 90% and are typically adjusted based on a declining scale over the term of the arrangement but in some instances, are fixed for the duration of the arrangement. We also have centers that operate under revenue-sharing agreements, which stipulate the percentage of the revenue and the pre-operating expenses to be shared with our hospital partners. The specified operating expenses of centers typically include variable expenses such as the salaries and benefits of the medical and other personnel at the center, the cost of medical consumables, marketing expenses, training expenses, utility expenses and routine equipment repair and maintenance expenses. Typically, these lease and management services arrangements may be terminated upon the mutual agreement of the parties if the centers experience an operating loss for a specified period of time or fail to achieve certain operating targets. In addition, the arrangements typically can be terminated upon the default or failure by either party to perform its respective obligations under the arrangement. In the event of termination, most arrangements call for the parties to reach a mutual agreement as to the resolution of the remaining obligations of the parties or the division of assets that have been acquired for the centers. Under certain of these arrangements, our hospital partners are required to compensate us based on the average contracted percentage for an agreed upon period of time if we are not responsible for the early termination. Since the beginning of 2007, we have terminated the agreements of 5 centers in our network with our hospital partners primarily due to the unsatisfactory performances of the centers located in these hospitals. Excluding acquired and terminated centers, as of the date of this annual report, we entered into agreements with hospital partners to establish 92 new centers since the beginning of 2007. All of such agreements remain in force and 55 centers are already in operation.

From time to time, we provide management services to radiotherapy and diagnostic imaging centers under service-only agreements. As of December 31, 2011, we had such agreements for seven centers. Unlike the centers established under lease and management services arrangements, we do not purchase and lease to the hospitals the medical equipment used at the centers established under service-only agreements. Rather, we only manage such centers in exchange for a management fee typically consisting of a contracted percentage of the revenue net of specified operating expenses of the center. In addition, as compared to our lease and management services arrangements, the terms of the service-only agreements are typically shorter. We enter into such service-only agreements on a strategic basis to expand the coverage of our network. We will continue from time to time enter into additional strategic service-only agreements with other hospitals in the future.

As part of our arrangement to establish our first specialty cancer hospital, Chang’an CMS International Cancer Center, we entered into service-only agreements with a general hospital in Xi’an, Chang’an Hospital Co., Ltd., or Chang’an Hospital, in 2008 to provide management services to Chang’an Hospital and also the six radiotherapy and diagnostic imaging centers located in such hospital. We receive a management fee from the Chang’an Hospital that is equal to a percentage of its total revenues. For additional information, see “— Specialty Cancer Hospitals.” In August 2009, we purchased from Chang’an Hospital the six units of radiotherapy and diagnostic imaging equipment that were located at the six centers that we managed under service-only agreements with Chang’an Hospital. The total agreed upon consideration for such equipment was approximately RMB72.7 million all of which was paid as of December 31, 2009. We subsequently entered into a long-term lease and management services arrangement with Chang’an Hospital pursuant to which we leased these six units of equipment to Chang’an Hospital. Two of the six units of equipment were combined into one center and we provide lease and management services to the five centers in which these six units of equipment are located. The lease and management services agreement with Chang’an Hospital will be terminated upon the completion of our acquisition of 52% of the equity interest in Chang’an Hospital. See “—Chang’an CMS International Cancer Center”.

We are currently in the process of establishing specialty cancer hospitals that will focus on providing radiotherapy services as well as diagnostic imaging services, chemotherapy and surgery. We intend for these specialty cancer hospitals to provide a complete and coordinated treatment program for cancer patients. We intend for these hospitals to be centers of excellence in our network providing cancer treatments to patients using the latest radiotherapy technology in China. Typically, in China the various specialist doctors such as surgeons, radiation oncologists or medical oncologists who provide care to a given cancer patient do not collaborate. We believe that the quality of cancer treatment will be greatly improved at our specialty cancer hospitals, because we will employ and manage the various specialist doctors directly and thereby promote the appropriate coordination of their services for the benefit of cancer patients. We believe that these hospitals will play an important role in further strengthening our reputation as the leading provider of radiotherapy services in China and developing our corporate brand. These specialty cancer hospitals will be majority owned and operated by us. We will purchase all of the medical equipment for these hospitals and will employ and manage all of the personnel, including doctors, nurses, medical technicians and administrative personnel. The specialty cancer hospitals will be licensed as for-profit hospitals in China and will be subject to the relevant PRC laws and regulations and permits requirements. As for-profit hospitals, the medical service fees of our specialty cancer hospitals will not be subject to price controls but will be subject to certain taxes not applicable to non-profit hospitals. We plan to fund the development of our specialty cancer hospitals with proceeds raised from our initial public offering and with bank loans.

We entered into a framework agreement and a supplemental agreement with Chang’an Hospital, and Xi’an Century Friendship Medical Technology R&D Co., Ltd., or Xi’an Century Friendship, a subsidiary of Chang’an Hospital in July 2008, pursuant to which we established a specialty cancer hospital, Chang’an CMS International Cancer Center, in Xi’an, Shanxi Province. Chang’an Hospital is controlled by Chang’an Information Industry (Group) Co., Ltd., or Chang’an Information Industry, a China-based conglomerate engaged in information technology, real estate and the medical industries. Under the framework agreement, Xi’an Century Friendship established a wholly owned subsidiary, a cancer specialty hospital with a focus on cancer diagnosis and treatment services, which was subsequently renamed Chang’an CMS International Cancer Center (“CCICC”), and transferred the land use rights and building in connection with establishing the specialty cancer hospital to CCICC. In April 2010, we entered into an agreement through our subsidiary Cyber Medical with Chang’an Hospital to acquire 52% of the equity interest in CCICC. CCICC has a gross floor area of approximately 12,000 square meters with over 300 licensed patient beds. CCICC provides treatments for a wide range of tumor types using a variety of radiotherapy equipment as well as chemotherapy and surgery. We purchased a MM50 intensity-modulated radiation therapy system, a Novalis intensity-modulated radiation therapy system and PET-CT, MRI and CT scanners from Chang’an Hospital.

In March 2012, we entered into a purchase agreement through our subsidiaries, Cyber Medical and Shanghai Medstar, to acquire 52% of the equity interest in Chang’an hospital for a total consideration of approximately RMB248.0 million (US$39.4 million). The closing of this acquisition is subject to certain closing conditions and relevant government approvals. The consummation of this acquisition will give us effective control over the full capacity of 1,100 beds in Chang’an Hospital. The acquisition is intended to expand the development of CCICC, which will be merged into Chang’an Hospital after the closing of the acquisition.

We have also entered into a framework agreement with Chang’an Information Industry to establish the Beijing Proton Medical Center. The Beijing Proton Medical Center will allow us to bring the latest in radiotherapy treatment technology to China and increase the radiotherapy treatment options available to cancer patients. The Beijing Proton Medical Center is expected to be operational in late 2014 and is expected to be the first proton beam therapy system in China licensed for clinical use. The Beijing Proton Medical Center is expected to have a gross floor area of approximately 12,700 square meters and have 50 licensed patient beds. The Beijing Proton Medical Center will primarily offer treatments using a proton beam therapy system, which treatments are designed to be non-invasive and usually do not require hospitalization. As a result, the Beijing Proton Medical Center will not require the use of as many patient beds as the Chang’an CMS International Cancer Center. In addition, the proton beam therapy system occupies a much larger installation area than the radiotherapy and diagnostic imaging equipment that is to be used in the Chang’an CMS International Cancer Center, which reduced physical areas for licensed beds that can be made available in the Beijing Proton Medical Center.

The framework agreement contemplates that we are to invest equity capital to the Beijing Proton Medical Center project that was previously invested and developed by Chang’an Information Industry, Hong Kong Jian Chang Group Ltd. and China-Japan Friendship Hospital. We will then obtain approximately 93.0% of the equity interest in Beijing Century Friendship Science & Technology Development Co., Ltd., or Beijing Century Friendship, which will in turn own approximately 55.0% of the Beijing Proton Medical Center. The remaining approximately 7.0% of the equity interest in Beijing Century Friendship will be owned by Xi’an Wanjie Changxin Medical Development Co., Ltd., or Xi’an Wanjie Changxin, a subsidiary of Chang’an Information Industry. As a result, we ultimately expect to own approximately 51.2% of the Beijing Proton Medical Center, with the remaining equity interest owned by Xi’an Wanjie Changxin, Hong Kong Jian Chang Group Ltd. and China-Japan Friendship Hospital.

The framework agreement provides that it will only become effective upon our payment of RMB10.0 million in deposit to Chang’an Information Industry. As of the date of this annual report, we have not made such deposits.

However, we provided Beijing Century Friendship with interest-free loans of RMB26.6 million and RMB29.6 million (US$4.7 million) as of December 31, 2010 and, 2011, respectively, for working capital purposes towards establishing the Beijing Proton Medical Center. The loans are due by December 31, 2012. We are currently waiting for the relevant permits and approvals to be obtained by the other shareholders to the Beijing Proton Medical Center We plan to enter into additional definitive agreements as to the establishment of the Beijing Proton Medical Center after the relevant permits and approvals are obtained. Total development costs for the completion of Beijing Proton Medical Center are expected to be approximately RMB500 million to RMB600 million. We plan to fund the development of the Beijing Proton Medical Center with our working capital and bank loans.

In 2011, we entered into financing lease agreements in connection with sales and leaseback agreement with several hospitals to which we lease radiotherapy, diagnostic and other equipments. We will transfer the leased properties to the lessee by the end of the lease term pursuant to the financing lease agreement. The terms of the financing leases vary, usually between 3 to 5 years. The net investment in financing lease is in the range of RMB3.0 million to RMB61.8 million, depending on the types of equipments subject to the leases.

We have, from time to time, purchased medical equipment from manufacturers or distributors for re-sale to hospitals, and have contractual relationships with certain equipment manufacturers, acted as a distributor of such manufacturer’s equipment in selling medical equipment to hospitals. Although we may continue these activities on a limited basis in the future, we do not expect these activities to represent an important part of our business going forward.

Each of the centers in our network is typically equipped with a primary unit of medical equipment, such as a linear accelerator, head gamma knife system, body gamma knife system, PET-CT scanner or MRI scanner. Set forth below is a summary of the principal treatment and diagnostic imaging modalities provided at our centers.

As of December 31, 2011, we owned 25 linear accelerators and one MM50 intensity-modulated radiation therapy systems. Linear accelerators use microwave technology to deliver a high-energy x-ray beam directed at the tumor. Linear accelerators can be used to treat tumors in the brain or elsewhere in the body. A typical course of treatment given to a patient ranges from 20 to 40 daily sessions and with each session lasting for 10 to 20 minutes. Since linear accelerators move during treatment, they are not as precise as gamma knife systems. However, linear accelerators are capable of treating larger tumors. Linear accelerators can also be integrated with specialized computer software and advanced imaging and detection equipment to provide more effective and advanced treatments. Such advanced treatments include three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy, which uses imaging equipment to create detailed, three-dimensional representations of the tumor and surrounding organs. The radiation beam can then be shaped to match the patient’s tumor, thereby reducing the radiation damage to healthy tissues. In general, such advanced modalities increase the medical service fees that can be charged as compared to the maximum medical service fees that can be charged for treatments.

A gamma knife is used in radiosurgery for the treatment of tumors and other abnormal growths. A gamma knife uses multiple radiation sources, which differentiates it from traditional radiotherapy where only a single radiation source is used. These radioactive sources, which are typically cobalt-60, a radioactive isotope, emit gamma rays that are passed through a collimator unit to produce a highly-focused beam of radiation. The individual beams then converge to deliver an extremely concentrated dose of radiation to locations within the patient that are identified using imaging guidance systems, such as PET-CT or MRI scanners. The intense radiation produced by a gamma knife at a precise target point destroys tumor cells, while minimizing damage to the surrounding healthy tissues. The treatment procedure is minimally or non-invasive and may be used as a primary or supplementary treatment option for cancer patients. The treatment requires no general anesthesia and provides an alternative treatment option to patients who may not be good candidates for surgery. In addition, the gamma knife procedure usually involves shorter patient hospitalization, is more cost effective than surgery and avoids many of the potential risks and complications that are associated with other treatment options. Our network of centers currently operates two types of gamma knife systems, head gamma knife systems and body gamma knife systems. As of December 31, 2011, we owned 37 gamma knife systems, including 24 head gamma knife systems and 13 body gamma knife systems.

Head gamma knife systems are primarily used for the treatment of brain tumors. The treatment is typically completed in one 10 to 30 minute session rather than in multiple daily sessions spanning several weeks during which time small doses of radiation are given at each session. Head gamma knife systems can also be used to treat other conditions, such as certain types of brain lesions, trigeminal neuralgia (facial pain) and arteriovenous malformations (abnormal connection between veins and arteries).

Body gamma knife systems are used for the treatment of tumors located in the body but outside of the brain. Treatments using the body gamma knife are provided over a course of multiple sessions spanning several weeks. The radiation that converges from the individual beams is less concentrated than in head gamma knife systems due to the difficulty of fixing and restricting the movement of the body. This is a widely used technology in China that was developed domestically and approved by the PRC State Food and Drug Administration, or the SFDA. However, the body gamma knife system has not been broadly introduced and widely adopted outside of China. We believe this is because the Chinese manufacturers of body gamma knife system have determined that the time and cost of gaining approval for use of the body gamma knife system in countries other than China are likely commercially prohibitive. In addition, potential gamma knife system manufacturers outside of China may not have historically viewed clinical studies conducted by users of body gamma knife systems in China as sufficiently convincing for them to try to develop such systems outside of China. As a result, we believe that the international medical community has not yet had the opportunity to develop a large quantity of peer-reviewed literature that supports the safe and effective use of body gamma knife system and to adopt such technology outside of China.

Proton beam therapy is a form of external beam radiotherapy that uses beams of protons rather than the x-ray beams used by linear accelerators. The advantages of proton beam therapy compared to other types of external beam radiotherapy is that a proton beam’s signature energy distribution curve, known as the “Bragg peak,” allows for greater accuracy in targeting tumor cells so that healthy tissue is exposed to a smaller dosage. Proton beam therapy can focus cell damage caused by the proton beam at the precise depth of the tissue where the tumor is situated, while tissues located before the Bragg peak receive a reduced dose and tissues situated after the peak receive none. These advantages make proton beam therapy a preferred option for treating certain types of cancers where conventional radiotherapy would damage surrounding tissues to an unacceptable level, such as tumors near optical nerves, the spinal cord or central nervous system and in the head and neck area, as well as prostate cancer and cancer in pediatric cases. Proton beam therapy is not a widely utilized treatment modality, with only approximately 55 proton beam therapy treatment centers in operation or under construction worldwide. We plan to enter into the proton therapy market with the construction of our Beijing Proton Medical Center. See “—Our Network of Centers and Specialty Cancer Hospitals—Specialty Cancer Hospitals.”

Our network of centers employs a wide range of diagnostic imaging equipment. Such equipment includes some of the most advanced diagnostic imaging technology available in China, including PET-CT scanners. A PET-CT scanner is a device that combines a positron emission tomography, or PET, scanner and a computed tomography, or CT, scanner in one unit. PET-CT scanners allow the functional imaging obtained by PET scanning, which depicts the spatial distribution of metabolic or biochemical activities in the body, to be more precisely aligned or correlated with the anatomic imaging obtained by a CT scanner. Other diagnostic imaging services offered in our centers include MRI. MRI scanners use a powerful magnetic field, radio frequency pulses and computers to produce detailed pictures of organs, soft tissues, bone and virtually all other internal body structures. MRI technology, which does not involve radiation, is typically able to provide a much greater level of contrast between the different soft tissues of the body than CT, making it especially useful in neurological or oncological imaging. As of the date of this annual report, we owned 14 PET-CT scanners and 23 MRI scanners.

Our network also includes centers that provide other treatments and diagnostic services through the use of other types of medical equipment. Such equipment currently includes CT, ECT, electroencephalography for the diagnosis of epilepsy, thermotherapy to increase the efficacy of and for pain relief after radiotherapy and chemotherapy, high intensity focused ultrasound therapy for the treatment of cancer, stereotactic radiofrequency ablation for the treatment of Parkinson’s Disease and refraction and tonometry for the diagnosis of ophthalmic conditions. In 2009, 2010 and 2011, revenues derived from centers that provide such other services were approximately 6.6%, 7.2% and 4.7%, respectively, of our total net revenues.

The medical equipment used in our network of centers is highly complex and there are usually a limited number of manufacturers worldwide that produce such equipment. We typically purchase the medical equipment used in our network directly from domestic manufacturers and through importers from overseas manufacturers.

In accordance with the relevant PRC laws and regulations, the procurement, installation and operation of Class A or Class B large medical equipment by hospitals in China are subject to procurement quotas or procurement planning and a large medical equipment procurement license must be obtained prior to the purchase of such medical equipment. For medical equipment classified as Class A large medical equipment, which includes gamma knife systems, proton beam therapy systems and PET-CT scanners, quotas are set by the Ministry of Health and the NDRC and large medical equipment procurement licenses are issued by the Ministry of Health. For medical equipment classified as Class B large medical equipment, which includes linear accelerators and MRI and CT scanners, procurement planning and approval is conducted by the relevant provincial healthcare administrative authorities with ratification by the Ministry of Health and the large medical equipment procurement licenses are issued by the relevant provincial healthcare administrative authorities. A large medical equipment procurement license is not required for medical equipment that is not classified as either Class A or Class B large medical equipment. These rules concerning procurement of large medical equipment apply to all public and private medical institutions in China, whether non-profit or for-profit, except for military hospitals in China, which have a separate procurement system. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulation of Our Industry—Regulation of Medical Institutions—Large Medical Equipment Procurement License.”

Once non-profit hospitals have obtained large medical equipment procurement licenses, the purchase of medical equipment for such hospitals is conducted through a collective tender process. The tender process is centralized in accordance with relevant PRC laws and regulations and is supervised by the Ministry of Health for Class A large medical equipment. For Class B large medical equipment, the tender process is supervised by the relevant provincial heath administrative authorities. Equipment purchases by military hospitals are also conducted through a centralized collective tender process supervised by the general logistics department of the PLA. The government or military authority will appoint an agent to manage the tender process who must be certified by the government and qualified to conduct the tender process. The agent publicizes information relevant to the tender process, such as the type of equipment requested by the hospital and the desired commercial terms. The manufacturers will prepare the tender document according to the agent’s requirement and submit their bids to the agent on or before the specified date. The agent will then consult with industry experts in evaluating each bid and the industry experts will make a determination on the winning manufacturer. When the tender process is complete, the results are publicly announced and an import permit is issued for the equipment of the winning manufacturer. We then begin negotiations with such manufacturer or its importer on the purchase price and the purchasing terms for the equipment based on the general commercial terms submitted by such manufacturer in the tender process.

The following is a brief summary of the various aspects of the operations of the radiotherapy and diagnostic imaging centers in our network.

We manage each of the radiotherapy and diagnostic centers jointly with our hospital partners. Our hospital partners appoint a medical director to each center and are responsible for the centers’ clinical activities, the medical decisions made by doctors, and the employment of doctors in accordance with the licensing regulations. We provide clinical support to doctors, including developing treatment protocols for doctors and organizing joint diagnosis between doctors in our network and clinical research. We appoint either an operations director or a project manager to each center. Such director or manager provides most of the non-clinical aspects of the centers’ day-to-day operations, which include marketing, providing training and clinical education to doctors and other medical personnel in the centers and other general administrative duties such as arranging for the repair and maintenance of medical equipment. Budgets for each center are established annually based on discussions between our hospital partners and us. Costs incurred at the centers usually require approval of both our hospital partners and us. As a matter of practice, certain major expenditures of the center are subject to further approval by our hospital partners’ management and our management.

We have established operating procedures and a comprehensive quality assurance program to ensure that our centers operate efficiently and provide consistent and high quality services. The operating procedures cover the use and maintenance of the medical equipment and interactions with patients, from initial patient appointment and registration to post-treatment follow-up. The operations director or project manager of each center is primarily responsible for ensuring the adherence to our operating procedures and comprehensive quality assurance program.

At the corporate level, we have established a dedicated operations department to supervise and provide support to ensure the effective operation of each center. We actively monitor the activities of each center and conduct scheduled annual evaluations for all centers. These evaluations focus on whether the applicable procedures are followed and whether our operating personnel are performing at the expected level. In addition to the scheduled annual review, we also conduct unscheduled evaluations for certain randomly selected centers. The results of these evaluations are used to help determine the compensation received by our operations directors or project managers and our other employees at the centers. We receive weekly reports on the operating activities for each center, which help us identify opportunities for continued improvement with regards to various aspects of each center’s operations. We also have a risk management department that helps to ensure that we meet applicable PRC laws and regulations and compliance standards for the operation of our business. We have also adopted a code of ethics.

For our specialty cancer hospitals, we have full operating control over all clinical and non-clinical aspects of its operation, including direct supervision over medical decisions made by doctors at CCICC, and we intend to establish the same level of full operating control for Beijing Proton Medical Center.

In addition to the operations director or project manager appointed by us to each center, we also typically staff each center with dedicated marketing and accounting personnel. Our hospital partners appoint medical directors to the centers and, except in very limited cases, they also assign all of the doctors and other medical personnel to the centers. However, we also help our hospital partners to recruit many of the doctors or medical personnel providing services at the center. We provide feedback to our hospital partners as to the suitability and performance of the doctors and other medical personnel at each center, and work with our hospital partners to ensure that each center is staffed with the most qualified and suitable personnel. In addition, we help our hospital partners to determine the compensation of doctors and other medical personnel providing services in our network of centers. We also, on a very limited basis, enter into employment agreements with doctors to work at centers in our network after consulting with our hospital partners where such centers are based. In addition to the CCICC acquisition, we are currently in the process of establishing other specialty cancer hospitals. We will be responsible for employing and managing all personnel of these specialty cancer hospitals, including doctors and other medical personnel.

We have a medical affairs department to support the training, clinical education and clinical research activities of our network of centers. Prior to setting up a new center, we arrange training for the medical professionals of such new center at certain established centers in our network designated as training centers. This provides the medical professionals of such new center with the opportunity to gain hands-on clinical experience in advanced radiotherapy treatment and diagnostic imaging technologies and to benefit from the considerable clinical knowledge of the doctors and other medical personnel at the designated training centers. The doctors at the designated training centers will evaluate the performance of the medical professionals of the new center and ensure that they can provide high quality clinical care. In addition, we also arrange training for the medical staff with the medical equipment manufacturers. We also periodically provide follow-up training at selected centers and host academic conferences and semi-annual academic seminars where doctors and other medical personnel from our network of centers and medical experts in China are invited to share their knowledge and clinical experience. From time to time, we invite experts from professional or academic institutions, such as the Oncology Hospital of the Chinese Academy of Medical Science, to give lectures and provide guidance as to the latest developments and trends in radiotherapy treatments.

We believe that a well-managed clinical research program enhances the reputation of doctors in our network, which in turn enhances the reputation of our network of centers. We maintain a database of radiotherapy treatments. This collection of data can be used, upon approval by us and our hospital partners, to conduct cross-center clinical research and statistical analysis to determine the efficacy and potential of treatment methods offered in our network. We actively organize, encourage and assist doctors in our network to engage in clinical research and to publish their results. We assist in coordinating the clinical research efforts between different radiotherapy and diagnostic imaging centers in our network, which is critical for certain research initiatives that require a significant amount of clinical data that would be difficult for one center to collect.

Doctors in China have historically had very limited opportunities for discussions or consultations with doctors outside of their own hospital. Our network offers doctors the opportunity to consult with each other on challenging cases and treatments. In addition, we have developed treatment protocols that are introduced to each center and can be followed by doctors in our network of centers. We also evaluate the clinical activities of each center as part of our annual evaluations to ensure that high quality treatments or services are provided to patients. We also publish an internal quarterly magazine titled “Stereotactic Radiosurgery” that highlights the different clinical cases being treated in our centers and the latest developments in radiosurgery treatment. We further assist in the publication of other literature related to radiosurgery.

Marketing efforts for each center in our network are primarily initiated and implemented by the marketing personnel or the operations director or project manager situated at each center with the support of our headquarters. Each center’s marketing efforts are directed at other doctors in the hospital where the center is based and at other local hospitals. These marketing efforts are focused on informing such doctors of the applicability and benefits of radiotherapy and the expertise and experience of the doctors at the centers. We also create and distribute educational materials and brochures and engage in consumer advertising and educational campaigns through television, magazines and electronic media.

Each center is required to report its marketing activities to us, and we closely monitor such activities and give approval for major marketing initiatives. We also oversee the budget for marketing activities at the centers. We assist the centers by providing relevant content for marketing materials and help to coordinate with leading experts in the medical community to attend conferences or seminars hosted by the centers. As our network of centers continues to expand and as we begin operating our specialty cancer hospitals, we plan to begin centralizing certain of the marketing and advertising efforts.

Our hospital partners are responsible for patient billing and fee collections and for delivering to us our contracted percentage of medical fees based on our arrangements with them. We typically hire accounting personnel to each of our centers who are in charge of keeping books and records as to the revenues and expenses of the center. We reconcile the accounting records for each center in our network with our hospital partners periodically. After the revenue net of specified operating expenses of a center is agreed upon between us and our hospital partner, we will bill our hospital partner for our portion of the revenue determined based on our contracted percentage. Our hospital partners will then go through their internal approval process, which usually takes about 45 days from the time of billing before making payments to us. We have implemented accounting procedures at each of the centers in our network, and perform periodic reviews to ensure that such activities are properly conducted. For our specialty cancer hospitals, we will be responsible for patient billing and fee collection.

Equipment maintenance and repair are typically carried out by the equipment manufacturers or third party service companies. The manufacturers typically provide equipment warranties for a period of one year. After the warranty period expires, we typically enter into service agreements with the manufacturers or third party service companies to provide periodic maintenance and repair services. We have also established a dedicated engineering team that is responsible for the general preventive maintenance of medical equipment used in our network of centers. Our engineering team serves as an initial point of contact when problems are encountered and coordinates with equipment manufacturers or a third-party service company to ensure that problems are resolved in a timely manner whenever they arise.

Medical service fees generated through the use of both Class A and Class B large medical equipment at non-profit civilian hospitals and military hospitals are subject to the pricing guidance of the relevant provincial or regional price control authorities and healthcare administrative authorities. The pricing guidance sets forth the range of medical service fees that can be charged by non-profit civilian medical institutions and military hospitals. See “Item 3. Key Information —D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Industry—Pricing for the services provided by our network of centers may be adversely affected by reductions in treatment and examination fees set by the Chinese government” and “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulation of Our Industry—Pricing of Medical Services.” The relevant price control authorities and healthcare administrative authorities provide notices to hospitals, which in turn provide immediate notices to us, as to any change in the pricing ceiling for medical services. The timing between when notices are provided by the relevant price control authorities and healthcare administrative authorities and the effective date of such pricing change varies in different cities and regions as well as the relevant medical services in question, but typically ranges from one to three months. For-profit hospitals or centers based in for-profit hospitals in China, such as our planned specialty cancer hospitals, are not subject to such pricing restrictions and are entitled to set medical service fees based on their cost structures, market demand and other factors.

We have a business development team responsible for pursuing opportunities to develop centers with hospitals and a hospital investment team responsible for pursuing opportunities to establish specialty cancer hospitals. When examining potential opportunities, we take into account factors that include:

After each potential opportunity is identified and evaluated by the business development team or the hospital investment team, as applicable, the opportunity is presented to our investment committee for review. Our investment committee is comprised of several of our senior executives and members of our board of directors, and includes Mr. Steve Sun, the chairman of the committee, Dr. Jianyu Yang, Dr. Zheng Cheng, Mr. Adam Jigang Sun, Ms. Xun Liu and one rotating regional director. New projects need to be approved by our chief executive officer and two-thirds of the members of our investment evaluation committee.

The radiotherapy and diagnostic imaging market in China is fragmented and the competition is intense. The centers in our network compete primarily on a regional or local basis with government-owned and private hospitals that offer radiotherapy and diagnostic imaging services either directly or in conjunction with third parties, such as China Renji Medical Group Ltd. and Jiancheng Investment Co. In addition, since hospitals typically establish radiotherapy and diagnostic imaging centers located on their premises through long term lease and management services arrangements with us or our competitors, in a given locality over a given period there may only be a limited number of top-tier hospitals who have not yet entered into long-term arrangements with us or other companies like and type of certain medical equipment that can be purchased by us or our hospital partners, such as head gamma knife systems of PET-CT scanners, further limit the number of top-tier hospitals that we or our competitors can enter into arrangements with in a given period. We primarily compete with our competitors on the range of the option of services provided by us and our competitors, the reputation of centers in our network among doctors and patients in China and level of patient service and satisfaction.

In addition, we also compete with those who offer other types of available treatment methods that we do not offer, such as chemotherapy, surgery, different forms of radiotherapy that we do not currently offer, other alternative treatment methods commercialized in recent years and certain treatments that are currently in the experimental stage. These treatments may be more effective or less costly, or both, compared to the treatment methods that our centers provide.

The Ministry of Health enacted the Administrative Measures on Medical Wastes Management of Medical Institutions in 2003, which sets forth the management of and criteria for the disposal of medical waste generated in the operation of medical institutions. As the supervising authority, the environmental protection authority at the county or higher levels is responsible for environmental inspections of hospitals within their jurisdictions. The Ministry of Health and the environmental protection authorities have also promulgated a series of specific regulations on the disposal of dangerous medical waste and the requirements of vehicles used to transport medical wastes. In addition, certain of the medical equipment used in our network of centers, such as gamma knife systems, use radioactive sources. In accordance with the Regulation on Radioisotope and Radiation Equipment Safety and Protection promulgated by the PRC State Council in 2005, these radioactive sources should be returned to the manufacturer of such radioactive materials or sent to dedicated radioactive waste disposal units appointed by the MEP. Radioactive materials are generally obtained from, and returned to, the medical equipment manufacturers or other third parties, which then have the ultimate responsibility for their proper disposal. However, as all centers in our network are located on the premises of our hospital partners, we do not directly oversee the disposal of certain medical waste generated in the centers. The failure of any of our hospital partners to dispose of such waste in accordance with PRC laws and regulations may have an adverse effect on the operation of centers in our network. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Company—Most of our radiotherapy and diagnostic imaging equipment contains radioactive materials or emits radiation during operation.” For our specialty cancer hospitals, we will be responsible for the disposal of the medical waste generated.

We maintain property insurance on many of the medical equipment used in our network of centers to protect against loss in the event of fire, earthquake, flood and a wide range of natural disasters. We do not typically maintain any professional malpractice liability insurance since we do not employ the doctors and other medical personnel providing services in the centers, except in very limited cases and the centers are located on the premises of our hospital partners. Accordingly, we are not directly responsible for any incidents that occur in the course of providing treatment. However, as certain agreements entered into with our hospital partners require us to share in the expenses related to medical disputes and for such expenses to be included as the expenses of the centers, we have obtained malpractice liability insurance for a limited number of centers. We do not maintain product liability insurance for the medical equipment. We do not maintain real property insurance on the centers as this is the responsibility of our hospital partners. We do not maintain business interruption insurance or key employee insurance for our executive offices as we believe it is not the normal industry practice in China to maintain such insurance. We consider our current insurance coverage to be adequate. However, uninsured damage to any of the medical equipment in our network of centers or inadequate insurance carried by our partner hospitals as to their respective centers could result in significant disruption to the operation of centers in our network and result in a material adverse effect to our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We have entered into framework agreements to establish specialty cancer hospitals that are to be majority-owned by us. We will employ all of the personnel of such hospitals, including doctors, nurses and medical technicians. As a result, we plan to obtain professional malpractice liability insurance for such specialty cancer hospitals. However, there can be no assurance that such insurance will be available at a reasonable price or that we will be able to maintain adequate levels of professional and general liability insurance coverage

On December 4, 2009, we received a notice that a legal proceeding was initiated against us that alleges a gamma knife system currently in use in certain centers in our network was previously found to infringe upon the patent of a third party. This claim relates to a patent used in the head gamma knife system manufactured by one of our equipment manufacturers, Our Medical New Technology. A previous legal proceeding involving such patent was initiated in June 2000 against Our Medical New Technology, its related parties and our subsidiary, AMS. The relevant PRC court determined in 2004 that all head gamma knife systems manufactured by Our Medical New Technology after the patent owner began to contest the use of such patent on December 23, 1999 were manufactured without the requisite consent to use the patent in question. The relevant PRC court also ordered the use of such equipment to cease. Based on our current assessment, we have identified one head gamma knife system in one of the centers in our network that may be subject to such claim. Revenue derived from such center represented approximately 0.9%, 0.8% and 0.6% of our total net revenues in 2009, 2010 and 2011, respectively. Our Medical New Technology, the manufacturer of the head gamma knife system that may be subject to this claim, has agreed to indemnify us for any damages or losses that we may incur from any intellectual property infringement by such system. We are also continuing to assess whether there is any other medical equipment in our network that might be subject to this claim. On April 12, 2010, Our Medical New Technology filed a petition with the Patent Reexamination Board of the State Intellectual Property Office challenging the validity of the patent in question. In February 2011, the Patent Reexamination Board issued a decision nullifying the patent in question in whole. The decision of the Patent Reexamination Board was then appealed at the No.1 Beijing Appellate Court, which made the administrative judgment to affirm the review decision of the Patent Reexamination Board in March 2012. We do not currently believe that this claim would result in a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

We are not currently involved in any other material litigation, arbitration or administrative proceedings. However, we may from time to time become a party to various other litigation, arbitration or administrative proceedings arising in the ordinary course of our business.

This section sets forth a summary of the most significant regulations or requirements that affect our business activities in China or our shareholders’ right to receive dividends and other distributions from us.

China’s healthcare industry is regulated by various government agencies, including the Ministry of Health. The Ministry of Health has branch offices across China that oversee the healthcare industry at the provincial and county levels, which branch offices, together with the Ministry of Health, we refer to as the healthcare administrative authorities. The healthcare administrative authorities and other government agencies, such as the National Development and Reform Commission, or NDRC, the State Food and Drug Administration, or SFDA, the Ministry of Environmental

Protection, or MEP, and the Ministry of Commerce, or MOFCOM, have promulgated rules and regulations relating to the procurement of large medical equipment, the pricing of medical services, the operation of radiotherapy equipment, the licensing and operation of medical institutions and the licensing of medical staff.

The SFDA categorizes medical equipment into three classes according to the level of control by the government authorities that, in the judgment of the SFDA, is required for their safe and effective operation. Class I medical equipment are those medical equipment that require only an ordinary level of control in order to ensure their safe and effective operation. Class II medical equipment are those medical equipment that require a heightened level of control in order to ensure their safe and effective operation. Class III medical equipment are those medical equipment that are used to support or maintain human life, are implanted into the human body or otherwise pose a potential danger to the human body. Class III medical equipment require strict control in order to ensure their safe and effective operation. In order to ensure an adequate level of control in the operation of Class II and Class III medical equipment, enterprises that engage in the operation of such equipment, which include gamma knife systems, linear accelerators, MRI systems and PET-CT systems, must each obtain a medical equipment operating enterprise permit from the relevant provincial drug supervision and administration agency. As a result, our subsidiaries Shanghai Medstar, Aohua Medical, Xing Heng Feng Medical and Aohua Leasing must each obtain a medical equipment operating enterprise permit from the relevant provincial drug supervision and administration agency pursuant to the Medical Equipment Supervision and Administration Regulation effective as of April 1, 2000. Each such permit is valid for a term of five years and, prior to expiration, must be reviewed by and an extension of its term must be obtained from the relevant authorities. All of our aforementioned subsidiaries have received a medical equipment operating enterprise permit.

As organizations that produce, sell or use radioactive materials or devices in the PRC, our subsidiaries Shanghai Medstar, Aohua Medical and Aohua Leasing are required to obtain radiation safety permits from the relevant national or provincial environmental protection authorities pursuant to the Regulation on Radioisotope and Radiation Equipment Safety and Protection issued on September 14, 2005 by the PRC State Council and the Rules on Radioisotopes and Radiation Device Safety Permit issued on January 18, 2006 by the State Environmental Protection Administration (now the MEP) and amended on December 6, 2008 by the MEP. Each such radiation safety permit is valid for a term of five years and, prior to expiration, must be reviewed by and an extension of its term must be obtained from the relevant authorities. All of our aforementioned subsidiaries have received a radiation safety permit.

Any organization that is subject to radiation safety permitting requirements is required to strictly observe state regulations regarding individual radiation dosage monitoring and health administration, conduct individual dosage monitoring and occupational health examinations for its staff that are directly involved in the production, sale or use of radioactive materials or devices and maintain individual dosage files and occupational health files. Any used radioactive source materials must be returned to the manufacturer or the original exporter of the equipment. If return to the manufacturer or the original exporter is not possible, the used radioactive materials must be delivered to a qualified radioactive waste consolidation and storage unit for storage.

As foreign-invested companies engaged in the leasing or financial leasing business, certain of our subsidiaries must obtain a Foreign-invested Enterprise Approval Certificate from the MOFCOM or its competent local branch. Each such certificate will specify the permitted business scope of the foreign-invested company as either leasing or financial leasing. Foreign-invested leasing companies, such as our subsidiary, Aohua Medical, are permitted to operate their businesses for no more than 30 years after obtaining such certificates, after which time they are required to apply for and obtain an extension of the term of their certificate. Foreign-invested leasing companies are also required to observe the rules for the registered capital and total investment provided in the Company Law issued by the Standing Committee of National People’s Congress of the PRC on December 29, 1993, as amended from time to time, and other relevant regulations. Foreign-invested financial leasing companies, such as our subsidiaries Aohua Leasing and Shanghai Medstar are, in addition to the aforementioned requirements for foreign-invested leasing companies, subject to the additional requirements of maintaining a registered capital level of at least US$10 million, having qualified professionals and having senior managers with professional qualifications and with no less than 3 years of management experience. Our subsidiaries Aohua Leasing and Shanghai Medstar have each obtained a foreign-invested financial leasing company permit and our subsidiary Aohua Medical has obtained a foreign-invested leasing company permit.

Medical institutions in China can be divided into three main categories: public non-profit medical institutions, private non-profit medical institutions and for-profit medical institutions. Medical institutions falling under each category have differing registered business purposes and governing financial, tax, pricing and accounting standards than medical institutions falling under one of the other categories. Public non-profit medical institutions, including those owned by the government and military hospitals, are set up and operated to provide a public service and are eligible for financial subsidies from the government. In contrast, private non-profit medical institutions are not eligible for government financial subsidies. Both public and private non-profit medical institutions are required to set their medical service fees within a range stipulated by the relevant governmental price control authorities, to implement financial and accounting systems in accordance with standards promulgated by government authorities and to retain any profits for the continued development of such institutions.

For-profit medical institutions are permitted to set prices for their medical services in accordance with the market, to implement financial and accounting systems in accordance with market practice for business enterprises and to distribute profits to their shareholders. Like private non-profit medical institutions, for-profit medical institutions are not entitled to government financial subsidies. The specialty cancer hospitals that we plan to develop will be established as for-profit medical institutions.

Pursuant to the Regulation on Medical Institution issued on February 26, 1994 by the PRC State Council, any organization or individual that intends to establish a medical institution must obtain a medical institution practicing license from the relevant healthcare administrative authorities. In determining whether to approve any application, the relevant healthcare administrative authorities are to consider whether the proposed medical institution comports with the population, medical resources, medical needs and geographic distribution of existing medical institutions in the regions for which such authorities are responsible as well as whether the proposed medical institution meets the basic medical standards set by the Ministry of Health. Each of the independent specialty cancer hospitals that we intend to establish would need to obtain such a medical institution practicing license. We are applying for a license for CCICC and it is currently operated within Chang’an Hospital, which has the necessary license.

The procurement, installation and operation in China of large medical equipment, which is defined as any medical equipment valued at over RMB5.0 million or listed in the medical equipment administration catalogue of the Ministry of Health, is regulated by the Rules on Procurement and Use of Large Medical Equipment issued on December 31, 2004 by the Ministry of Health, the NDRC and the Ministry of Finance, which became effective on March 1, 2005. Pursuant to these rules, quotas for large medical equipment are set by the Ministry of Health and the NDRC or the relevant provincial healthcare administrative authorities, and hospitals must obtain a large medical equipment procurement license prior to the procurement of any such equipment that is covered by the rules on procurement. For large medical equipment classified as Class A large medical equipment, which includes gamma knife systems, proton beam therapy systems and PET-CT scanners, quotas are set by the Ministry of Health and the NDRC and large medical equipment procurement licenses are issued by the Ministry of Health. For large medical equipment classified as Class B large medical equipment, which includes linear accelerators and MRI and CT scanners, procurement planning and approval is conducted by the relevant provincial healthcare administrative authorities with ratification by the Ministry of Health and the large medical equipment procurement licenses are issued by the relevant provincial healthcare administrative authorities. However, many provincial administrative authorities do not provide the general public with information on their procurement planning and quotas for Class B large medical equipment procurement licenses, if any. A large medical equipment procurement license is not required for medical equipment that is not classified as either Class A or Class B large medical equipment. These rules concerning procurement of large medical equipment apply to all public and private medical institutions in China, whether non-profit or for-profit, except for military hospitals which have a separate procurement system. See “—Regulation of Military Hospitals.”

In accordance with the 2011-2015 National PET-CT Procurement Plan issued on September 30, 2011, by the Ministry of Health and the NDRC, the total number of PET-CT large medical equipment procurement licenses issued in China cannot exceed 270 from the date of the plan through the end of 2015, the new licenses can not exceed 160. In accordance with the National Gamma Ray Stereotactic Head Radiosurgery System Procurement Plan issued on March 20, 2007 by the Ministry of Health and the NDRC, from the date of the plan through the end of 2010, the total number of large medical equipment procurement licenses issued for head gamma knife systems cannot exceed 60 nationwide. Procurement applications for head gamma knife equipment must be filed with the relevant provincial healthcare administrative authorities along with a feasibility report, which must be reviewed by such provincial authorities before it is submitted to the Ministry of Health for approval. There is currently no guidance as to the total number of large medical equipment procurement licenses that may be issued for other types of medical equipment that the centers in our network operate.

With respect to any Class A or Class B large medical equipment purchased before the Rules on Procurement and Use of Large Medical Equipment came into effect on March 1, 2005, the medical institution that houses such equipment must apply to the Ministry of Health or the relevant provincial healthcare administrative authorities for a large medical equipment procurement license for such equipment. If such medical institution is unable to obtain a procurement license as a result of a lack of procurement quotas for such medical equipment allocated to the region in which the medical institution is located, an interim procurement permit for large medical equipment is required to be obtained in lieu thereof. Moreover, any medical institution holding an interim permit must pay taxes on income derived from the use of the equipment covered by the interim permit and, upon the expiration of the useful life of such medical equipment, the medical institution must dispose of such equipment and is not permitted to replace it with a newer model. Some of our medical equipment have not yet received a large medical equipment procurement license or an interim permit. For more information, see “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Industry—Certain of our hospital partners have not received large medical equipment procurement licenses or interim procurement permits for some of the medical equipment in our network of centers which could result in fines or the suspension from use of such medical equipment.”

Medical institutions that engage in radiotherapy are governed by the Regulatory Rules on Radiotherapy issued on January 24, 2006 by the Ministry of Health and are required to obtain a radiotherapy permit from the relevant healthcare administrative authorities. These rules require such medical institutions to possess qualifications sufficient for radiotherapy work, which include having adequate facilities for housing radiotherapy equipment as well as having qualified, properly trained personnel. Medical institutions that operate medical equipment containing radioactive materials are also required to obtain a radiation safety permit. See “—Permits Required by Our Company—Radiation Safety Permits.”

Medical institutions that engage in the operation of medical equipment that contains radioactive materials or emits radiation during operation are required to obtain a radiation worker permit from the competent healthcare administrative authorities for each medical technician who operates such equipment.

The procurement, installation and operation of large medical equipment by medical institutions of the PLA is regulated by the healthcare administrative authority of the general logistics department of the PLA with reference to the Rules on Procurement and Use of Large Medical Equipment. The general logistic department of the PLA issues a large equipment application permit to those military hospitals approved for procurement. The procurement planning records and annual reviews are provided to the Ministry of Health for its records.

Since the effectiveness in September 2000 of the Implementation Opinions on the Management by Classification of Urban Medical Institutions by the Ministry of Health, the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the Ministry of Finance and the NDRC, non-profit medical institutions other than military hospitals have been prohibited from entering into new cooperation agreements or continuing to operate under existing cooperation agreements with third parties pursuant to which the parties jointly invest in or cooperate to set up for-profit centers or units that are not independent legal entities. However, according to the Opinions on Certain Issues Regarding Management by Classification of Urban Medical Institutions issued on July 20, 2001 by the Ministry of Health, the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the Ministry of Finance and the NDRC, a non-profit medical institution that lacks sufficient funds to purchase medical equipment outright may enter into a leasing agreement pursuant to which the medical institution leases medical equipment at market rates. In response to this regulatory change, we have replaced the majority of our cooperation agreements with non-profit civilian hospitals with leasing and management agreements. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Company—We may not be successful in negotiating the conversion of a few of our cooperation agreements with our partner hospitals into lease and management arrangements due to regulatory changes.”

Pursuant to the Administrative Measures on Clinical Application of Medical Technology, effective as of May 1, 2009, medical institutions must apply to the Ministry of Health for approval before utilizing certain medical technologies. On November 13, 2009, the Ministry of Health issued the Trial Administrative Rules on Proton and Heavy Ion Radiotherapy Technologies, which provide the guidelines for government authorities to review and approve applications of medical institutions for clinical use of proton and heavy ion radiotherapy technologies. Furthermore, these rules set out the minimum requirements for medical institutions and their medical staff to provide proton and heavy ion radiotherapy. Such requirements include, among other things, that medical institutions that are eligible for providing proton and heavy ion radiotherapy must (i) be 3A hospitals, (ii) have a radiotherapy department with 10 or more years of radiotherapy experience and 30 or more inpatient beds, (iii) have a diagnostic imaging department with five or more years of diagnostic imaging experience and equipped with diagnostic imaging equipment such as MRI, CT and PET-CT, and (iv) have at least two staff doctors possessing technical competence in the clinical application of proton and heavy ion radiotherapy technologies. Our Beijing Proton Medical Center has already received preliminary approval from the Ministry of Health prior to the promulgation of these new rules. These rules will apply to any proton or heavy ion radiotherapy treatment centers that we or our hospital partners may build and operate in the future.

Doctors in China must obtain a doctor practitioner or assistant doctor practitioner license in accordance with the Law on Medical Practitioners, effective as of May 1, 1999, and the Interim Measures for Registration of Medical Practitioners, effective as of July 16, 1999. Currently, each doctor is required to practice in the medical institution specified in such doctor’s registration. If a doctor intends to change such doctor’s practice location, including but not limited to moving to or from a non-profit medical institution or to or from a for-profit medical institution, practice classification, practice scope or other registered matters, such doctor is required to apply for such change with the competent healthcare administrative authorities. However, with the approval of the medical institution with which a doctor is affiliated, such doctor may, within such doctor’s scope of practice, undertake outside consultations, including diagnostic and treatment activities, for patients of another medical institution.

The Notice Concerning the Doctors to Practice in Different Locations, which is issued by the Ministry of Health on September 11, 2009, sets forth the basic principles for doctors to practice in different medical institutions. Pursuant to the notice doctors are allowed to be employed by more than two medical institutions subject to the approval of the Ministry of Health. However the implementation details are currently unclear. On January 1, 2010, the Trial Management Measures Concerning the Doctors to Practice in Different Locations issued by Guangdong provincial branches of the Ministry of Health became effective. The measures provide that doctors, who meet the requirements set forth therein, may apply for practicing in different medical institutions. The measures are currently effective for a trial period of three years.

Pursuant to the Opinion Concerning the Reform of Medical Service Pricing Management issued by the NDRC and the Ministry of Health on July 20, 2000, medical services fees generated through the use of both Class A and Class B large medical equipment at non-profit medical institutions and military hospitals are subject to the pricing guidelines of the relevant provincial or regional price control authorities and healthcare administrative authorities. The pricing guidance sets forth the range of medical services fees that can be charged by non-profit medical institutions and military hospitals. For-profit medical institutions are not subject to such pricing restrictions and are entitled to set medical services fees based on their cost structures, market demand and other factors. According to the Implementation Plan for the Recent Priorities of the Health Care System Reform (2009-2011), which was issued by the State Council on March 18, 2009, the Chinese government is aiming to reduce the examination fees for large medical equipment. In addition, according to the Opinion on the Reform of Pharmaceuticals and Healthcare Service Pricing Structures issued on November 9, 2009 by the NDRC, the Ministry of Health and the MHRSS, the Chinese government is also aiming to reduce the treatment fees for large medical equipment. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Pricing for the services provided by our network of centers may be adversely affected by reductions in treatment and examination fees set by the Chinese government.”

China has a complex medical insurance system that is currently undergoing reform. Typically, those covered by medical insurance must pay for medical services out of their own pocket at the time services are rendered and must then seek reimbursement from the relevant insurer. For public servants and others covered by the 1989 Administrative Measure on State Provision of Healthcare and the 1997 Circular on Reimbursement Coverage of Large Medical Equipment under State Provision of Healthcare, the PRC government currently either fully or partially reimburses medical expenses for certain approved cancer diagnosis and radiotherapy treatment services, including treatments utilizing linear accelerators and diagnostic imaging services utilizing CT and MRI scanners. However, gamma knife treatments and PET scans are currently not eligible for reimbursement under this plan.

Urban residents in China that are not covered by the 1989 Administrative Measure on State Provision of Healthcare and the 1997 Circular on Reimbursement Coverage of Large Medical Equipment under State Provision of Healthcare are covered by one of two nationwide public medical insurance schemes, which are the Urban Employees Basic Medical Insurance Program and the Urban Residents Basic Medical Insurance Program. Rural residents in China are covered under a new Rural Cooperative Medical Program launched in 2003. The Urban Employees Basic Medical Insurance Program, which covers employed urban residents, partially reimburses urban workers for treatments utilizing linear accelerators and gamma knife systems and diagnostic imaging services utilizing CT and MRI scanners, with reimbursement levels varying from province to province. However, diagnostic imaging services utilizing PET and PET-CT scans are currently not reimbursable under the Urban Employees Basic Medical Insurance Program. For urban non-workers who are covered by the Urban Residents Basic Medical Insurance Program and rural residents who are covered by the new Rural Cooperative Medical Program, the types of cancer diagnosis and radiotherapy treatments that are covered are generally set with reference to the policy for urban employees in the same region of the country. However, the reimbursement levels for covered medical expenses for urban non-workers and rural residents, which vary widely from region to region and treatment to treatment, are generally lower than those for urban employees in the same region. Currently no reimbursement is available for proton beam therapy treatments. The table below summarizes certain key aspects of these three medical insurance programs:

Sources: Ministry of Health, MHRSS, National Bureau of Statistics, and various other central and local PRC government websites.

Pursuant to the Foreign Exchange Administration Regulation promulgated on January 29, 1996, as amended on January 14, 1997 and August 5, 2008, and various regulations issued by the SAFE and other relevant PRC government authorities, the Renminbi is freely convertible only with respect to current account items, such as trade-related receipts and payments, interest and dividends. Capital account items, such as direct equity investments, loans and repatriations of investments, require the prior approval of the SAFE or its local branches for conversion of Renminbi into foreign currency, such as U.S. dollars, and remittance of the foreign currency outside the PRC. Payments for transactions that take place within the PRC must be made in Renminbi. Foreign exchange transactions under the capital account are still subject to limitations and require approvals from, or registration with, the SAFE and other relevant PRC governmental authorities, or their competent local branches.

On August 29, 2008, the SAFE promulgated SAFE Circular No. 142, a notice regulating the conversion by a foreign-invested company of foreign currency into Renminbi by restricting how converted Renminbi may be used. This notice requires that Renminbi converted from the foreign currency-denominated capital of a foreign-invested company only be used for purposes within the business scope approved by the applicable governmental authority and may not be used for equity investments within the PRC unless specifically provided for otherwise in its business scope. In addition, the SAFE strengthened its oversight of the flow and use of Renminbi funds converted from the foreign currency-denominated capital of a foreign-invested company. The use of such Renminbi may not be changed without SAFE’s approval and may not be used to repay Renminbi loans if the proceeds of such loans have not yet been used for purposes within the company’s approved business scope. Violations of SAFE Circular No. 142 may result in severe penalties, including substantial fines as set forth in the Foreign Exchange Administration Regulation. As a result, SAFE Circular No. 142 may significantly limit our ability to transfer the net proceeds from our initial public offering to our PRC subsidiaries, which may adversely affect the continued growth of our business.

Pursuant to SAFE Circular No. 75, (i) a PRC resident must register with the local SAFE branch before establishing or controlling an overseas special purpose vehicle, or SPV, for the purpose of obtaining overseas equity financing using the assets of or equity interests in a domestic enterprise; (ii) when a PRC resident contributes the assets of or its equity interests in a domestic enterprise into an SPV, or engages in overseas financing after contributing assets or equity interests into an SPV, such PRC resident must register his or her interest in the SPV and any subsequent change thereto with the local SAFE branch; and (iii) when the SPV experiences a material event, such as a change in share capital, merger or acquisition, share transfer or exchange, spin-off or long-term equity or debt investment, the PRC resident must, within 30 days after the occurrence of such event, register such event with the local SAFE branch. On May 29, 2007, the SAFE issued guidance to its local branches for the implementation of the SAFE Circular No. 75, which guidance provides for more standardized, specific and stringent supervision regarding such registration requirements and requires PRC residents holding any equity interests or options in SPVs, directly or indirectly, controlling or nominal, to register with the SAFE. On May 27, 2011, the SAFE issued SAFE Circular No.19 which stipulates more detailed implementation for these registrations, including legal basis, materials to be examined, principles for examination and scope of authorization.

Currently, several of our shareholders who are residents in the PRC and are subject to the above registration or amendment of registration requirements, have applied to SAFE’s local branches to make the required SAFE registration with respect to their investments in our company. Because of the current suspension of acceptance of such registrations by the SAFE authorities due to reportedly forthcoming new SAFE regulations, such shareholders’ applications are still pending. We cannot assure you that these shareholders’ pending applications will eventually be approved by the authorities. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China — Recent PRC regulations, particularly SAFE Circular No. 75 relating to acquisitions of PRC companies by foreign entities, may limit our ability to acquire PRC companies and adversely affect the implementation of our strategy as well as our business and prospects.”

Pursuant to the Foreign Exchange Administration Regulation promulgated in 1996, as amended in 1997 and 2008, and various regulations issued by the SAFE and other relevant PRC government authorities, the PRC government imposes restrictions on the convertibility of Renminbi into foreign currencies and, in certain cases, on the remittance of currency out of China. Our PRC subsidiaries are regulated under the Foreign Investment Enterprise Law, which was issued on April 12, 1986 and amended on October 31, 2000, the Implementation Rules of the Foreign Investment Enterprise Law, which was issued on October 28, 1990 and amended on April 12, 2001, and the newly revised PRC Company Law, which became effective as of January 1, 2006. Pursuant to these regulations, each of our PRC subsidiaries must allocate at least 10.0% of its after-tax profits to a statutory common reserve fund. When the accumulated amount of the statutory common reserve fund exceeds 50.0% of the registered capital of such subsidiary, no further allocation is required. Funds allocated to a statutory common reserve fund may not be distributed to equity owners as cash dividends. Furthermore, each of our PRC subsidiaries may allocate a portion of its after-tax profits, as determined by such subsidiary’s ultimate decision-making body, to its staff welfare and bonus funds, which allocated portion may not be distributed as cash dividends.

Pursuant to the Administration Measure for Individual Foreign Exchange issued in December 2006 and the Implementation Rules of Administration Measure for Individual Foreign Exchange, issued in January 2007 by the SAFE, all foreign exchange matters relating to employee stock award plans or stock option plans for PRC residents may only be transacted upon the approval of the SAFE or its authorized branch. On March 28, 2007, the SAFE promulgated the Application Procedure of Foreign Exchange Administration for Domestic Individuals Participating in Employee Stock Award Plan or Stock Option Plan of Overseas-Listed Company, or the Stock Option Rule. Under the Stock Option Rule, PRC citizens who participate in employee stock award and share option plans of an overseas publicly-listed company must register with the SAFE and complete certain related procedures. These procedures must be conducted by a PRC agent designated by the subsidiary of such overseas publicly-listed company with which the PRC citizens affiliate. The PRC agent may be a subsidiary of such overseas publicly-listed company, any such PRC subsidiary’s trade union having legal person status, a trust and investment company or other financial institution qualified to act as a custodian of assets. Such participant’s foreign exchange income received from the sale of shares or dividends distributed by the overseas publicly-listed company must first be remitted into a collective foreign exchange account opened and managed by the PRC agent prior to any distribution of such income to such participants in a foreign currency or in Renminbi.

Pursuant to Circular No. 106, employee stock award plans of SPVs and employee share option plans of SPVs must be filed with the SAFE while applying for the registration for the establishment of the SPVs. After employees exercise their options, they must apply for an amendment to the registration for the SPV with the SAFE. We intend to comply with these regulations and to ask our PRC optionees to comply with these regulations. In accordance with the Circular of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange on Issues concerning the Administration of Foreign Exchange Used for Domestic Individuals’ Participation in Equity Incentive Plans of Companies Listed Overseas issued by SAFE on February 15, 2012, individuals who participate in equity incentive plans of the same overseas listed company shall, through the domestic company to which the said company is affiliated, collectively entrust a domestic agency to handle issues like foreign exchange registration, account establishment, funds transfer and remittance, and entrust an overseas institution to handle issues like exercise of options, purchase and sale of corresponding stocks or equity, and transfer of corresponding funds. However, as these rules have only been recently promulgated, it is currently unclear how these rules will be interpreted and implemented. If the applicable authorities determine that we or our PRC optionees have failed to comply with these regulations, we or our PRC optionees may be subject to fines and legal sanctions.

Provisions Regarding Mergers and Acquisitions of Domestic Enterprises by Foreign Investors and Overseas Listings

On August 8, 2006, six PRC regulatory agencies, including the PRC Ministry of Commerce, the State Assets Supervision and Administration Commission, the State Administration for Taxation, the State Administration for Industry and Commerce, the CSRC and the SAFE, jointly issued the Regulations on Mergers and Acquisitions of Domestic Enterprises by Foreign Investors, or the M&A Rule, which became effective on September 8, 2006. The M&A Rule, among other things, includes provisions that require any offshore special purpose vehicle, or SPV, formed for the purpose of an overseas listing of equity interests in a PRC company that is controlled directly or indirectly by one or more PRC companies or individuals, to obtain the approval of the CSRC prior to the listing and trading of such SPV’s securities on an overseas stock exchange. The application of the M&A Rule is currently unclear. However, our PRC counsel, Jingtian & Gongcheng Attorneys At Law, has advised us that based on its understanding of the current PRC laws, rules and regulations and the M&A Rule, the M&A Rule does not require that we obtain prior CSRC approval for the listing and trading of our ADSs on the NYSE, because our acquisition of the equity interest in our PRC subsidiaries is not subject to the M&A Rule due to the fact that Aohua Medical and Shanghai Medstar were already foreign-invested enterprises before September 8, 2006, the effective date of the M&A Rule. Jingtian & Gongcheng Attorneys At Law has further advised us that their opinions summarized above are subject to the timing and content of any new laws, rules and regulations or clear implementations and interpretations from the CSRC in any form relating to the M&A Rule.

A loan made by foreign investors as shareholders in a foreign-invested enterprise is considered to be foreign debt in China and is subject to several Chinese laws and regulations, including the Foreign Exchange Administration Regulation of 1996 and its amendments of 1997 and 2008, the Interim Measures on Foreign Debts Administration of 2003, or the Interim Measures, the Statistical Monitoring of Foreign Debts Tentative Provisions of 1987 and its implementing rules of 1998, the Administration Provisions on the Settlement, Sale and Payment of Foreign Exchange of 1996, and the Notice of the SAFE on Issues Related to Perfection of Foreign Debts Administration, dated October 21, 2005.

Under these rules and regulations, a shareholder loan in the form of foreign debt made to a Chinese entity does not require the prior approval of the SAFE. However, such foreign debt must be registered with and recorded by the SAFE or its local branch in accordance with relevant PRC laws and regulations. Our PRC subsidiaries can legally borrow foreign exchange loans up to their respective borrowing limits, which is defined as the difference between the amount of their respective “total investment” and “registered capital” as approved by the MOFCOM, or its local counterparts. Interest payments, if any, on the loans are subject to a 10% withholding tax unless any such foreign shareholder’s jurisdiction of incorporation has a tax treaty with China that provides for a different withholding arrangement. Pursuant to Article 18 of the Interim Measures, if the amount of foreign exchange debt of our PRC subsidiaries exceeds their respective borrowing limits, we are required to apply to the relevant Chinese authorities to increase the total investment amount and registered capital to allow the excess foreign exchange debt to be registered with the SAFE.

For a discussion of applicable PRC tax regulations, see “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects.”

On June 29, 2007, the National People’s Congress promulgated the Labor Contract Law of PRC, or the Labor Law, which became effective as of January 1, 2008. On September 18, 2008, the PRC State Council issued the PRC Labor Contract Law Implementation Rules, which became effective as of the date of issuance. The Labor Law and its implementation rules are intended to give employees long-term job security by, among other things, requiring employers to enter into written contracts with their employees and restricting the use of temporary workers. The Labor Law and its implementation rules impose greater liabilities on employers, require certain terminations to be based upon seniority rather than merit and significantly affect the cost of an employer’s decision to reduce its workforce. Employment contracts lawfully entered into prior to the implementation of the Labor Law and continuing after the date of its implementation remain legally binding and the parties to such contracts are required to continue to perform their respective obligations thereunder. However, employment relationships established prior to the implementation of the Labor Law without a written employment agreement were required to be memorialized by a written employment agreement that satisfies the requirements of the Labor Law within one month after it became effective on January 1, 2008.

The following diagram illustrates our company’s organizational structure, and the place of formation, ownership interest and affiliation of each of our principal subsidiaries and affiliated entities as of the date of this annual report.

Our principal headquarters are located at 18/F, Tower A, Global Trade Center, 36 North Third Ring Road East, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100013. We occupy and use this office space with a gross floor area of approximately 1,931 square meters, pursuant to lease agreements entered into in March 2009 each with a term of three years. The following table sets forth our other leased properties as of the date of this annual report:

The centers in our network typically have gross floor area ranging from approximately 100 to 400 square meters depending on the services provided at the center. We established a specialty cancer hospital in Xi’an Chang’an CMS International Cancer Center, that is majority owned by us and have entered into an agreement to establish and operate another specialty cancer hospital in Beijing, Beijing Proton Medical Center, that is to be majority owned by us. Chang’an CMS International Cancer Center has a gross floor area of approximately 12,000 square meters and Beijing Proton Medical Center has a planned gross floor area of approximately 12,700 square meters. We obtained the land use rights for properties occupied by Chang’an CMS International Cancer Center and expect to obtain the land use rights for properties occupied by Beijing Proton Medical Center. For additional information on our centers and specialty cancer hospitals, please see “—Our Network of Centers and Specialty Cancer Hospitals.”

We owned the following primary medical equipment⁽¹⁾ as of December 31, 2011, which are located in the various centers across our network:

You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere in this annual report. This discussion may contain forward looking statements based upon current expectations that involve risks and uncertainties. See “—G. Safe Harbor.” Our actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward looking statements as a result of various factors, including those set forth under “Item 3. Key Information —D. Risk Factors” or in other parts of this annual report.

We operate the largest network of radiotherapy and diagnostic imaging centers in China in terms of revenues and the total number of centers in operation. Most of the centers in our network are established through long-term lease and management services arrangements typically ranging from six to 20 years entered into with hospitals. Under these arrangements, we receive a contracted percentage of each center’s revenue net of specified operating expenses. Such contracted percentages typically range from 50% to 90% and are adjusted based on a declining scale over the term of the arrangement but in certain circumstances are fixed for the duration of the arrangement. Each center is located on the premises of our hospital partners and is typically equipped with a primary unit of advanced radiotherapy or diagnostic imaging equipment, such as a linear accelerator, head gamma knife system, body gamma knife system, PET-CT scanner or MRI scanner. We manage each center jointly with our hospital partner and we purchase the medical equipment used in our network of centers and lease such equipment to our hospital partners.

Our business has grown significantly in recent years through development of new centers, increases in the number of patient cases in our network and acquisitions. We have increased the number of centers in our network from 88 at the end of 2009 to 119 as of December 31, 2010 and 131 as of December 31, 2011. Our total net revenues increased to RMB450.1 million (US$71.5 million) in 2011 from RMB389.5 million in 2010 and RMB292.4 million in 2009, due primarily to business expansion and patient volume growth.

Our financial performance and results of operations are generally affected by the number of cancer patients in China. According to a report by Frost & Sullivan, patients diagnosed with cancer in China increased from approximately 2.8 million patients in 2003 to 3.5 million patients in 2008. Frost & Sullivan further estimates that new cancer cases will increase to approximately 4.1 million in China in 2015. Based on a survey conducted by the Ministry of Health, the increase in cancer cases is primarily attributable to demographic changes and urbanization. With the continued increase in disposable income, government healthcare spending and medical insurance coverage, there has been a considerable increase in demand for cancer diagnosis and treatments and we have been able to grow our business significantly by providing high quality radiotherapy and diagnostic imaging services in China to address such needs. In addition, public hospitals generally lack the financial resources to purchase, or the expertise to operate, radiotherapy and diagnostic imaging centers. Such factors combined have contributed favorably to the growth of our business.

We believe that the radiotherapy and diagnostic imaging market will continue to be favorable in the future. However, changes in the cancer treatment market in China, whether due to changes in government policy or any decrease in the number of cancer cases treated by radiotherapy in China, may have an adverse effect on our results of operations. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—Business Overview—Regulation of Our Industry.”

In addition to general industry and regulatory factors, our financial performance and results of operations are affected by company-specific factors. We believe that the most significant of these factors are:

Our ability to expand our network of centers is one of the most important factors affecting our results of operation and financial condition. Historically, our business growth has been primarily driven by developing new centers through entering into new arrangements with hospital partners or acquisitions from third parties and we expect this to continue to be the key driver for our future growth. Each additional center that we develop increases the number of patient cases treated in our network and contributes to our continued revenue growth. However, new centers developed through our entering into new arrangements with hospital partners generally involve a ramp-up period during which time the operating efficiency of such centers may be lower than that of our established centers, which may negatively affect our profitability. In addition, if we establish additional centers through acquisition, our acquired intangible assets will increase and the resulting amortization expenses may, to a significant extent, offset the benefit of the increase in revenues generated from centers established through acquisitions. Further, other factors such as the financial resources and know-how of hospitals in China to purchase medical equipment directly and to operate radiotherapy and diagnostic imaging centers independently, and the number of units of radiotherapy and diagnostic imaging equipment that are allocated by the PRC government for purchase, will also affect our ability to expand our network. Our ability to expand our network will depend on a number of factors, such as:

In 2009, we added 23 new centers to our network under similar lease and management services arrangements, five of which were converted in August 2009 from six centers that were previously managed under service-only agreements, and one new center to our network under service-only agreement. In 2010, we added 33 new centers to our network, of which 31 were under lease and management services arrangements, and two were under service-only agreements. We closed two centers in 2010 after their contracts expired. In 2011, we added 13 new centers to our network, of which 10 were under lease and management services arrangements, and three were under service-only agreements. We closed one center in 2011 after its contract expired.

Increasing the number of patient cases diagnosed and treated at our existing centers is important for the continued growth of our business. The number of patient cases is primarily driven by doctor referrals. Doctors decide whether to refer patients to centers in our network based on factors such as the reputation of the center, the location of the center and the reputation of the doctors who provide services in the center. In addition, the referring doctors’ awareness of the efficacy and benefits of radiotherapy treatments and their preference as to other cancer treatment methods also contribute to their willingness to refer cases for diagnosis and treatment to the centers in our network. Accordingly, we have focused our marketing efforts on increasing referring doctors’ awareness of the efficacy of radiotherapy treatments and the advantages of the treatment options available to their patients in our network of centers. There is also typically a ramp-up period for newly established centers during which time acceptance by doctors and patients of such new centers gradually pick up and the number of patient cases increase. The numbers of our treatment and diagnostic patient cases were 34,388 and 166,516 in 2011, respectively, representing 7.7% and 28.0% increases from 2010, respectively.

The majority of our total net revenues is derived from our lease and management services arrangements with our hospital partners which typically range from six to 20 years and under which we receive a contracted percentage of each center’s revenue net of specified operating expenses. Such contracted percentages typically ranges from 50% to 90% and are typically adjusted based on a declining scale over the term of the arrangement but in certain circumstances, are fixed for the duration of the arrangement. In the event that specified operating expenses exceed the revenues of the center, we would collect no revenues from such center. As a result, our ability to negotiate a higher contracted percentage and our ability to contain operating expenses will have a significant effect on our revenues and profitability.

In negotiations with hospitals as to our contracted percentage, we consider factors such as:

Our ability to achieve a higher contracted percentage also depends on our bargaining power relative to our potential hospital partners and on the purchase price of the medical equipment to be used at the new centers. We believe that our contracted percentage of centers’ revenue for new arrangements will generally decline over time as the purchase prices of the primary medical equipment used in our network of centers decrease due to technological advancement and increased competition.

We also provide management services to a small number of centers through service-only agreements where we receive a management fee equal to a contracted percentage of each center’s revenue net of specified operating expenses. Such service-only agreements typically increase our profitability as we do not own the medical equipment used by such centers, and thus do not incur the associated depreciation expenses. However, service-only agreements are usually short-term in nature, and the risk of non-renewal of such agreements is high. We also typically receive a lower contracted percentage under such service-only agreements compared to the percentage we receive from centers managed under lease and management services arrangements. Accordingly, we do not intend to substantially increase the number of service-only agreements in the future.

In addition to the CCICC acquisition, we are also currently in the process of establishing other specialty cancer hospitals that will be majority owned and operated by us. For such hospitals, we will need to hire a significant number of medical and other personnel and incur other start-up costs that will result in an increase in our operating expenses without a corresponding increase in revenues during the initial ramp-up period. As a result, our profitability may be negatively affected.

The medical service fees charged for the services provided in our network of centers vary by the type of medical equipment used as well as the provinces or regions in China in which such centers are located due to the varying applicable price ceilings. Medical service fees in China are subject to government controlled price ceilings established by the relevant government authorities in the different provinces and regions. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Industry—Pricing for the services provided by our network of centers may be adversely affected by reductions in treatment and examination fees set by the Chinese government” and “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulation of Our Industry—Pricing of Medical Services.” The maximum medical service fees for the same treatment using the same equipment may differ between provinces and regions. Centers established in provinces or regions with a significantly higher price ceiling may result in an increase in our revenues derived from such centers and higher profit margin for the centers, resulting in an increase in our profitability. In addition, certain medical services allow us to charge higher fees than other types of medical services. For example, medical service fees for treatments provided through head gamma knife systems typically range from approximately RMB9,000 to RMB20,000 per patient case, with each treatment lasting one session for approximately 10 to 30 minutes, medical service fees for treatments provided through body gamma knife systems typically range from approximately RMB12,500 to RMB25,000 per patient case, with each treatment lasting five to ten sessions and 10 to 20 minutes each, and medical service fees for treatments provided through linear accelerators typically range from approximately RMB8,000 to RMB40,000 per patient case, with each treatment lasting from 20 to 40 sessions and 10 to 20 minutes each. In addition, linear accelerators can be integrated with specialized computer software and advanced imaging and detection equipment to provide more effective and advanced treatments such as three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy, which significantly increase the medical service fees per treatment. Furthermore, diagnostic imaging services typically have a lower profit margin than radiotherapy treatment.

Depreciation expense associated with the medical equipment that we purchase and use in the centers represents a significant portion of our cost of revenues. Our ability to reduce the price of medical equipment purchased, thereby reducing the depreciation expense associated with the medical equipment purchased, will serve to increase our profitability. Our extensive network of centers has provided us with increased bargaining power with equipment manufacturers. We have entered into strategic agreements with certain medical equipment manufacturers in order to lower the average cost of our equipment. Such agreements provide that we will receive preferential pricing if we purchase a certain number of units of equipment from a manufacturer within a given period of time. However, we are not required by such agreements to commit to purchase a minimum number of units of equipment from such manufacturers or precluded from purchasing equipment from other manufacturers. We aim to continue to enter into additional strategic agreements with medical equipment manufacturers to further reduce the cost of our equipment in the future. Furthermore, we expect the purchase prices of our primary medical equipment to decrease over time as a result of technological advancement and increased competition.

We completed the following acquisition of the following six businesses during or after 2008:

The consideration paid for each acquisition was allocated to the net assets acquired at estimated fair value, with the acquired intangible assets amortized over the period of expected benefits to be realized. The results of operations of China Medstar were consolidated into our results of operations commencing in August 2008, the results of operations of Xing Heng Feng Medical were consolidated into our results of operations commencing in November 2008, and the results of operations of Tianjin Kangmeng Radiology Equipment Management Co., Ltd. were consolidated into our results of operation commencing in April 2010.

We did not make any acquisition in 2009. However, we entered into an agreement in April 2010 to acquire four radiotherapy and diagnostic imaging centers in Hebei Province for RMB60.0 million by acquiring 100% of the equity interest in Tianjin Kangmeng Radiology Equipment Management Co., Ltd.

In July 2010, we acquired 52% of the equity interest in CCICC for RMB103.2 million from Chang’an Hospital.

In March 2012, we entered into a purchase agreement through Cyber Medical and Shanghai Medstar to acquire 52% of the equity interest in Chang’an Hospital for a total consideration of approximately RMB248.0 million (US$39.4 million). The consummation of this acquisition will give us effective control over the full capacity of 1,100 beds in Chang’an Hospital. After this acquisition, we plan to transform Chang’an Hospital into a full-service hospital with a special focus on cancer diagnosis and treatment services.

The majority of our revenues are directly related to the number of patient cases treated in our network. We receive a contracted percentage of each center’s revenue net of specified operating expenses. Such revenues are derived from medical service fees received by our hospital partners for the services provided in the centers. The specified operating expenses of centers typically include variable expenses, such as salaries and benefits of the medical and other personnel at the center, the cost of medical consumables, marketing expenses, training expenses, utility expenses and routine equipment repair and maintenance expenses. Corporate level expenses that cannot be directly attributable to one center are typically accounted for as our cost of revenues. In addition, under certain lease and management services arrangements with our hospital partners, certain of the center-incurred expenses may be accounted for as our cost of revenues rather than as the expenses of the centers. Our contracted percentages typically range from 50% to 90% and are typically adjusted on a declining scale over the term of the arrangement. In certain circumstances, the contracted percentage is fixed for the duration of the arrangement. Revenues derived from such centers are accounted for as “lease and management services” on our consolidated statement of operation.

We also provide management services to a limited number of centers through service-only agreements under which the medical equipment is owned by the hospital or other third parties. We typically receive a management fee from each center equal to a contracted percentage of the center’s revenue net of specified operating expenses. Revenues derived from providing management services through service-only agreements are accounted for as “management services” on our consolidated statement of operation. As of December 31, 2011, we managed seven centers under service-only agreements.

We also generate revenues, which are reported as net from the sale of medical equipment we have purchased to hospitals and receive commissions from manufacturers for acting as their agent for the sale of such medical equipment to hospitals. We typically enter into a separate purchase agreement with manufacturers or the distributors of such manufacturers each time we purchase medical equipment for sale.

During the years ended December 31, 2009, 2010 and 2011, we had financing lease income of nil, RMB5.1 million and RMB9.2 million (US$1.5 million), net of tax, respectively.

The following table sets forth the breakdown of our total net revenues for the periods indicated.

Fees for medical services provided at the centers are paid directly to our hospital partners by patients and we are not responsible for patient billing and fee collection. Medical service fees in China are typically paid in full upfront by patients prior to receiving services. Generally, patients claim reimbursements, if any is available under the applicable public or private medical insurance plans. As a result, hospitals do not generally experience bad debt problems. However, the healthcare reform announced by the PRC government in January 2009 has introduced pilot public medical insurance plans. Under these plans patients are only responsible for paying their deductible amounts upfront and hospitals are responsible for seeking reimbursements from the relevant government authorities after the treatments are provided. Certain of the hospitals in which some of the centers in our network are based, as well as Chang’an Hospital, are involved in such pilot medical insurance plan. We do not expect such change in payment timing to have a direct effect on our ability to collect our contracted percentage from our hospital partners. However, the ability of our hospital partners to collect medical service fees from the government authorities in a timely manner may affect the timing of payments made by our hospital partners to us as a result.

In the past, we have recorded uncollectible accounts receivable. Our allowance for doubtful accounts amounted to RMB2.0 million, RMB1.4 million and RMB 16.1 million (US$2.6 million) as of December 31, 2009, 2010 and 2011, respectively.

We have historically derived a large portion of our total net revenues from a limited number of our hospital partners. For the years ended December 31, 2009, 2010 and 2011, net revenue derived from our top five hospital partners amounted to approximately 33.6%, 31.8% and 33.0%, respectively, of our total net revenues. Our largest hospital partner accounted for 10.1% , 12.3% and 14.3%, respectively, of our total net revenues during those periods. We expect this revenue concentration to decline over time as our network of centers continues to expand.

Chang’an Hospital was the largest hospital partner in terms of revenue contribution for the year ended December 31, 2011 and accounted for approximately 14.3% of our total net revenues in 2011. In August 2009, we purchased the six units of the medical equipment housed in six centers from Chang’an Hospital. We provide management services to Chang’an Hospital through a lease and management services agreement. Under such lease and management services agreement, we receive a contracted percentage of each center’s revenue net of specified operating expenses. The contracted percentage is adjusted based on a declining scale over the term of the agreement. The agreement may be terminated due to changes in government policies that prohibit the lease of such medical equipment and Chang’an Hospital will be required to pay us an amount equal to the purchase price of the medical equipment less depreciation. In addition, the arrangement can be terminated by us upon the default or failure by Chang’an Hospital to perform its obligations. In July 2010, we acquired from Chang’an Hospital through our subsidiary Cyber Medical 52% of the equity interest in CCICC for RMB103.2 million. CCICC currently owns the relevant building and land in which Chang’an Hospital is located, including the five centers that we currently manage for Chang’an Hospital. In March 2012, we entered into a purchase agreement through our subsidiaries, Cyber Medical and Shanghai Medstar, to acquire 52% of the equity interest in Chang’an hospital for a total consideration of approximately RMB248.0 million (US$39.4 million). The closing of this acquisition is subject to certain closing conditions and relevant government approvals. The consummation of this acquisition will give us effective control over the full capacity of 1,100 beds in Chang’an Hospital. The acquisition is intended to expand the development of CCICC, which will be merged into Chang’an Hospital after the closing of the acquisition.

We are subject to approximately 5% business tax and related surcharges on certain of our revenues, except as described in our accompanied consolidated financial statements. Such taxes and surcharges amounted to RMB10.8 million, RMB17.5 million and RMB23.2 million (US$3.7 million) in 2009, 2010 and 2011, respectively, and are deducted prior to deriving our total net revenues. In addition, revenue derived from the sale of medical equipment are net of value-added tax of 17% which amounted to RMB1.5 million, RMB1.2 million and RMB0.6 million (US$0.1 million) in 2009, 2010 and 2011, respectively.

CCICC is majority owned and operated by us in Xi’An, Shaanxi Province. We are also currently in the process of establishing the Beijing Proton Medical Center in Beijing. In January 2011, we entered into an agreement with Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center and a third party to form a specialty hospital in Guangzhou for cancer diagnosis and treatment.

The following table sets forth our cost of revenues and operating expenses in absolute amounts and as percentage of our total net revenues for the periods indicated.

Our cost of revenues primarily consists of the amortization of acquired intangibles, the depreciation of medical equipment purchased, installed and operated in our network of centers and other costs, including material cost of disposal medical supplies. With the exception of the amortization of acquired intangible assets, we expect such cost of revenues to increase in the future in line with the growth in our total net revenues as we continue to expand our network of centers and purchase more medical equipment. Our cost of revenues also include salaries and benefits for personnel employed by us and assigned to centers in our network, such as our project managers, as well as other costs that include certain training, marketing and selling and equipment repair and maintenance expenses that are not accounted for as the centers’ operating expenses in accordance with the terms of our lease and management services arrangements with our hospital partners. In addition, certain expenses are allocated as our cost of revenues instead of centers’ operating expenses if such expenses are incurred across several centers and cannot be allocated to one individual center. Our amortization of acquired intangibles in connection with the OMS reorganization, the acquisition of China Medstar, Tianjin Kangmeng Radiology Equipment Management Co., Ltd. and other businesses was RMB26.5 million, RMB26.5 million and RMB25.1 million (US$4.0 million) in 2009, 2010 and 2011, respectively. We expect our amortization of acquired intangibles in connection with the OMS reorganization and the acquisition of China Medstar and other businesses to fall between the range of approximately RMB25.1 million and RMB18.2 million annually between 2012 and 2015.

Once our specialty cancer hospitals are established, our cost of revenues will also include costs associated with the operations of such hospitals. We expect such costs of revenue to include depreciation and amortization of the properties, buildings and equipment that are used by our specialty cancer hospitals, the salaries and benefits associated with our medical and non-medical personnel and overhead costs, which include the cost of materials for medical procedures and utility, repair and maintenance expenses.

Selling Expenses. Selling expenses consist primarily of expenses associated with the development of new centers and specialty cancer hospitals, such as salaries and benefits for our business development personnel, marketing expenses and travel related expenses. Selling expenses have increased in absolute amount from 2009 through 2011 as a result of increased efforts to expand our network of centers and our specialty cancer hospitals. We expect our selling expenses to continue to increase in absolute amount in the future, in line with the expansion of our network and the growth in our total net revenues. Our selling expenses include share-based compensation, RMB0.3 million in 2009, and RMB2.5 million in 2010, and RMB2.4 million (US$0.4 million) in 2011.

General and Administrative Expenses. General and administrative expenses consist primarily of salaries and benefits for our finance, human resources and administrative personnel, fees and expenses of legal, accounting and other professional services, insurance expenses, travel related expenses, depreciation of equipment and facilities used for administrative purposes, and other expenses. Our general and administrative expenses also include share-based compensation expenses in 2009, 2010 and 2011 that amounted to RMB0.7 million, RMB7.0 million and RMB6.9 million (US$1.1 million), respectively. See “—Share-based Compensation.” Without taking into account the share-based compensation expenses, our general and administrative expenses have increased in absolute dollar terms as we have recruited additional general and administrative employees and have incurred additional costs related to the growth of our business. We expect such expenses to continue to increase in absolute dollar terms in the future, in line with the expansion of our network of centers and the growth in our total net revenues.

Asset Impairment. Our asset impairment was nil, RMB3.2 million and RMB333.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2009, 2010 and 2011. The significant increase in asset impairment in 2011 was mainly due to a one-time goodwill impairment of RMB300.2 million (US$47.7 million) and a provision of deposits for purchase of property, plant and equipment of RMB20.7 million (US$3.3 million). For more details, see “—Year Ended December 31, 2011 Compared to the Year Ended December 31, 2010—Asset impairment.”

On November 17, 2007, OMS, the predecessor of our company, adopted a share option plan, or the OMS option plan, pursuant to which OMS granted to three of its executive directors, Mr. Haifeng Liu, Mr. Jianyu Yang and Mr. Steve Sun, or the OMS grantees, options to purchase a total of up to 25,000,000 ordinary shares, or the OMS share options, to purchase the ordinary shares of OMS at an exercise price of US$0.80 per share, which the board of OMS determined to become vested upon the satisfaction of a number of performance conditions that related to the completion of the OMS reorganization, achievement of net profit target of OMS, and the raising of new financing. The OMS share options were exercisable from the date of completion of the 2007 audited consolidated financial statements of OMS to December 31, 2008 and were transferrable to any individuals designated by the OMS grantees.

On August 18, 2008, the board of directors of OMS contemplated that the OMS grantees had achieved all performance conditions outlined in the OMS option plan. However, as the capital structure of our company had changed at that time such that we had replaced OMS as the ultimate holding company of our subsidiaries, the board of directors of OMS resolved that the OMS option plan would be settled in vested options to purchase 21,184,600 ordinary shares to purchase shares of our company, with each option having an exercise price of US$0.79 exercisable before December 31, 2008. On the same day, two of the OMS grantees, Mr. Jianyu Yang and Mr. Steve Sun, exercised their respective options to purchase an aggregate of 6,355,400 ordinary shares of our company, with total proceeds from such exercise received by us amounting to approximately RMB34.4 million. We recorded share-based compensation expense of approximately RMB49.5 million in 2007 related to these options granted, which was recorded in general and administrative expenses. The third OMS grantee, Mr. Haifeng Liu, sold all of his vested options to purchase 14,829,200 ordinary shares of our company to three former directors of China Medstar who are now our directors and executive officers as employment incentive for such directors. The three executive directors subsequently exercised the vested options with total proceeds from such exercise received by us amounting to approximately US$11.7 million. Given the transfer of the OMS share options to the three directors was provided as an employment incentive, we recorded additional share-based compensation expense of approximately RMB4.2 million in 2008, which was recorded in general and administrative expenses.

On October 16, 2008, our board of directors adopted the 2008 share incentive plan, which was subsequently amended on November 17, 2009 and November 26, 2011 to increase the number of ordinary shares available for grant under the plan. The plan provides for the grant of options, share appreciation rights, or other share-based awards to key employees, directors or consultants. Our board of directors and shareholders authorized the issuance of up to 4,765,800 ordinary shares upon exercise of awards granted under our 2008 share incentive plan. On November 27, 2009 and September 30, 2011, we granted options to purchase a total of 4,765,800 ordinary shares at exercise prices of US$3.67 and US$2.17 per share, respectively, under our 2008 share incentive plan to our directors and employees. We did not grant any option under our 2008 share incentive plan in 2010. We have incurred share-based compensation expenses of RMB1.0 million in 2009, RMB9.6 million in 2010, and RMB9.2 million (US$1.5 million) in 2011 related to such options.

Accretion of Series A and Series B Contingently Redeemable Convertible Preferred Shares

Under the terms of the Amended and Restated Shareholders’ Agreement dated as of October 20, 2008, which was subsequently amended on November 17, 2009 and on December 7, 2009, by and among us, our shareholders and certain other parties named therein, holders of the Series A and Series B redeemable convertible preferred shares have the right to require us to repurchase their preferred shares if (i) three years after the closing date of the subscription of the Series B contingently redeemable convertible preferred shares a qualified initial public offering has not taken place; (ii) any of certain of our key directors has resigned which resulted in or would be likely to result in a material adverse effect on our business; or (iii) we or any of our subsidiaries have breached or failed to be in compliance with any applicable laws which has had or would be reasonably likely to have a material adverse effect on our business. In the event of a repurchase under this right, we are required to repurchase all of the outstanding Series A or Series B contingently redeemable convertible preferred shares at a repurchase price equal to the original issue price of the preferred shares, plus an amount which would have accrued on the original issue price at a compound annual rate of at least 12.5% from the date of issuance up to and including the date on which such repurchase price is paid. The accretion of the Series A and Series B contingently redeemable convertible preferred shares is reflected as a charge against net income (loss) attributable to ordinary shareholders and totaled RMB30.1 million and RMB48.4 million in 2009 for Series A and Series B contingently redeemable convertible preferred shares, respectively. All of our Series A and Series B contingently redeemable convertible preferred shares were converted into ordinary shares upon our initial public offering in December 2009. There is no such accretion in 2010 and 2011.

We are incorporated in the Cayman Islands. Under the current law of the Cayman Islands, we are not subject to income or capital gains tax. In addition, dividend payments made by us are not subject to withholding tax in the Cayman Islands.

Certain of our subsidiaries are established in the British Virgin Islands and under the current laws of the British Virgin Islands, such subsidiaries are not subject to income tax.

We did not have any assessable profits subject to the United States profits tax in 2009, 2010 and 2011. We do not anticipate having any income subject to income taxes in the United States in the foreseeable future.

We did not have any assessable profits subject to the Hong Kong profits tax in 2009, 2010 and 2011. We do not anticipate having any income subject to income taxes in Hong Kong in the foreseeable future.

We did not have any assessable profits subject to the Singapore profits tax 2009, 2010 and 2011. We do not anticipate having any income subject to income taxes in Singapore in the foreseeable future.

Our PRC subsidiaries are incorporated in the PRC and are governed by applicable PRC income tax laws and regulations. The EIT Law was enacted on March 16, 2007 and became effective on January 1, 2008. The implementation regulations under the EIT Law issued by the PRC State Council became effective January 1, 2008. Under the EIT Law and the implementation regulations, the PRC has adopted a uniform tax rate of 25% for all enterprises (including foreign-invested enterprises) and has revoked the previous tax exemption, reduction and preferential treatments applicable to foreign-invested enterprises. However, there is a transition period for enterprises, whether foreign-invested or domestic, that were registered on or before March 16, 2007 and received preferential tax treatments granted by relevant tax authorities prior to January 1, 2008. Some enterprises that were subject to an enterprise income tax rate lower than 25% prior to January 1, 2008 may continue to enjoy the lower rate and gradually transition to the new tax rate within five years after the effective date of the EIT Law. In 2011, our subsidiaries Aohua Medical and Shanghai Medstar each had a preferential income tax rate of 24% that is scheduled to increase to 25% in 2012. Our other PRC subsidiaries are subject to the tax rate of 25% in 2010.

The EIT Law provides that enterprises established outside of China whose “effective management organizations” are located in China are considered “resident enterprises” and are generally subject to the uniform 25% enterprise income tax rate on their worldwide income. In addition, a recent circular issued by the State Administration of Taxation regarding the standards used to classify certain Chinese-invested enterprises controlled by Chinese enterprises or Chinese group enterprises and established outside of China as “resident enterprises” clarified that dividends and other income paid by such “resident enterprises” will be considered to be PRC source income, subject to PRC withholding tax, currently at a rate of 10%, when recognized by non-PRC enterprise shareholders. This circular also subjects such “resident enterprises” to various reporting requirements with the PRC tax authorities. Under the implementation regulations to the EIT Law, a “effective management organizations” is defined as a body that has material and overall management and control over the manufacturing and business operations, personnel and human resources, finances and properties of an enterprise. In addition, the recent circular mentioned above details that certain Chinese-invested enterprises controlled by Chinese enterprises or Chinese group enterprises will be classified as “resident enterprises” if all of the following are located or resident in China: senior management personnel and departments that are responsible for daily production, operation and management; financial and personnel decision making bodies; key properties, accounting books, company seal, and minutes of board meetings and shareholders’ meetings; and half or more of the directors with voting rights or senior management. However, as this circular only applies to enterprises established outside of China that are controlled by PRC enterprises or groups of PRC enterprises, it remains unclear how the tax authorities will determine the location of “effective management organizations” for overseas incorporated enterprises that are controlled by individual PRC residents like us and some of our subsidiaries. Therefore, although substantially all of our management is currently located in the PRC, it remains unclear whether the PRC tax authorities would require our overseas registered entities to be treated as PRC tax resident enterprises. If the PRC tax authorities determine that we are a “resident enterprise,” we may be subject to enterprise income tax at a rate of 25% on our worldwide income.

Under the EIT Law, a maximum withholding income tax rate of 20% may be applicable to dividends payable to non-PRC investors that are “non-resident enterprises,” to the extent such dividends are derived from sources within the PRC, and the State Council has reduced such rate to 10% through the implementation regulations. We are a Cayman Islands holding company and substantially all of our income may be derived from dividends we receive from our operating subsidiaries located in the PRC. According to the Double Taxation Arrangement (Hong Kong), Notice 112, Notice 601 and Guoshuihan [2009] No. 81, dividends paid to enterprises incorporated in Hong Kong are subject to a withholding tax of 5% provided that a Hong Kong resident enterprise owns no less than 25% of the PRC enterprise continuously in the last 12 months before distributing the dividend and can be considered as a “beneficial owner” and entitled to treaty benefits under the Double Taxation Arrangement (Hong Kong). Thus, dividends paid to us through our Hong Kong subsidiary by our subsidiaries in China may be subject to the 5% income tax if the Cayman Islands holding company and our Hong Kong subsidiary are considered as “non-resident enterprises” under the EIT Law and our Hong Kong subsidiary is considered to be a “beneficial owner” and entitled to treaty benefits under the Double Taxation Arrangement (Hong Kong). If we are considered as non-resident enterprise and required under the EIT Law to pay income tax for any dividends we receive from our subsidiaries, it will materially and adversely affect the amount of dividends, if any, we may pay to our shareholders and ADS holders.

We prepare our consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, which requires us to make judgments, estimates and assumptions that affect (i) the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, (ii) disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the end of each reporting period, and (iii) the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during each reporting period. We continually evaluate these estimates and assumptions based on historical experience, knowledge and assessment of current business and other conditions, expectations regarding the future based on available information and reasonable assumptions, which together form a basis for making judgments about matters not readily apparent from other sources. Since the use of estimates is an integral component of the financial reporting process, actual results could differ from those estimates. Some of our accounting policies require higher degrees of judgment than others in their application. When reviewing our financial statements, you should consider (i) our selection of critical accounting policies, (ii) the judgment and other uncertainties affecting the application of such policies and (iii) the sensitivity of reported results to changes in conditions and assumptions. We consider the policies discussed below to be critical to an understanding of our financial statements as their application places the most significant demands on the judgment of our management.

The majority of our revenues are derived directly from hospitals that enter into medical equipment lease and management service arrangements with us. A lease and management service arrangement will typically include the purchase and installation of diagnostic imaging and/or radiation oncology system (“medical equipment”) at the hospital, and the full-time deployment of a qualified system technician who is responsible for certain management services related to the radiotherapy or diagnostic services being performed by the hospital centers’ doctors to their patients. To a lesser extent, revenues are generated from stand-alone management service arrangements where a hospital has previously acquired the equipment from the Company or through another vendor or sale of medical equipment.

Revenues arising from sales of medical equipment and render of services are recognized when there is persuasive evidence of an arrangement, the fee is fixed or determinable, collectability is reasonably assured and the delivery of the medical equipment or services has occurred. When the fees associated with an arrangement containing extended payment terms are not considered to be fixed or determinable at the outset of arrangement, revenue is recognized as payments become due, and all of the other criteria above have been met.

We are subject to approximately 5% business tax and related surcharges on the revenue earned from provision of leasing and management services except for that disclosed in the 2008 Share Incentive Plan. We have recognized revenues net of these business taxes and other surcharges. Such business tax and related surcharges for the years ended December 31, 2009, 2010 and 2011 are approximately RMB10,771, RMB17,511 and RMB23,196 (US$3,685), respectively. In the event that revenue recognition is deferred to a later period, the related business tax and other surcharges and fees are also deferred and will be recognized only upon recognition of the deferred revenue.

Lease and management services. We have entered into both leases and management service arrangements with independent hospitals consisting of terms that range from 6 to 20 years. Pursuant to these arrangements, we receive a percentage of the net profit (“profit share” as defined in the arrangement) of the hospital unit that delivers the diagnostic imaging and/or radiation oncology services determined in accordance with the terms of the arrangement.

Pursuant to ASC 840, we determined that the lease and management service arrangements contain a lease of medical equipment. The hospital has the ability and right to operate the medical equipment while obtaining more than a minor amount of the output. The arrangement also contains a non-lease deliverable being the management service element. The arrangement consideration should be allocated between the lease element and the non-lease deliverables on a relative fair value basis, however because all of the consideration is earned through the contingent rent feature discussed below, there is no impact of such allocation.

ASC 840 is applied to the lease elements of the arrangement and U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 104 is applied to other elements of the arrangement not within the scope of ASC 840.

The lease rentals and management service receivable under the lease arrangement are based entirely on a profit sharing formula (“contingent rent feature”). The profitability of the business unit is not only dependent on the medical equipment placed at the hospital, but also the hospital’s ability to manage the costs and appoint doctors and clinical staff to operate the equipment. Certain of the lease and management service arrangements may include a transfer of ownership or bargain purchase option at the end of the lease term. Due to the length of the lease term, the collectability of these minimum lease payments are not considered reasonably predictable and there are also inherent uncertainties regarding the future costs to be incurred by us relating to the arrangement. Given these uncertainties, we account for all of these lease arrangements as operating leases.

As the collectability of the minimum lease rental is not considered predictable, and the remaining rental is considered contingent, we recognize revenue when a lease payment under the arrangement become fixed, i.e. when the profit share under the arrangement is determined and agreed upon by both parties to the agreement. Similarly, for the service element of the arrangement, revenue is only considered determinable at the time a payment under the arrangement becomes fixed, i.e. when the profit share under the arrangement is determined and agreed upon by both parties. Revenue is recognized when it is determined that the basic criteria, referred to above, have also been met.

Management services. We provide stand-alone management services to certain hospitals which are already in possession of radiotherapy and diagnostic equipment. The fee for the management service arrangement is either based on a contracted percentage of monthly revenue generated by the specified hospital unit (“revenue share”) or in limited instances on a fixed monthly fee. The consideration that is based on a contracted percentage of revenue is recognized when the monthly fees under the arrangement become due, i.e. when the revenue share under the arrangement is determined and agreed upon by both parties to the agreement. Fixed monthly fees are recognized ratably over the service term.

Medical equipment sales. Pursuant to the application of ASC 605, Revenue Recognition, we record revenue related to medical equipment sales on a net basis when the equipment is delivered to the customer and the sales price is determinable. During the years ended December 31, 2009, 2010 and 2011, the Company had medical equipment sales, of RMB2,675, RMB3,475 and RMB1,635 (US$260), net of 17% value-added tax of approximately RMB1,519, RMB1,244 and RMB647 (US$103) taxes, respectively. Revenue derived from medical equipment sales is recorded as other revenue in the consolidated statements of operations.

Trial operations of CCICC. Pursuant to the supplemental agreement entered into between us and Chang’an, CCICC recognized other revenue amounting to RMB8,254 and RMB 23,742 (US$3,772), respectively, for the years ended December 31, 2010 and 2011 in relation to the operations of the oncology center of Chang’an during the trial period from July 1, 2010 to December 31, 2011, respectively.

Direct financing lease income. Pursuant to ASC 840, we record revenue attributable to direct financing leases so as to produce a constant rate of return on the balance of the net investment in the lease. During the years ended December 31, 2009, 2010 and 2011, the Company had financing lease income of nil, RMB5,147 and RMB9,224 (US$1,466), net of taxes, respectively. Income derived from direct financing leases is recorded as other revenue in the consolidated statements of operations.

Cost of revenues primarily consists of the amortization of acquired intangibles, the depreciation of medical equipment purchased, installed and operated in the network of centers and other costs, including salary cost and material cost of disposal medical supplies.

Cost relating to lease and management service arrangement. The cost of medical equipment that is leased under an operating lease is included in property, plant and equipment in the balance sheet. The medical equipment is depreciated using our depreciation policy. The costs of the management service component are recognized as an expense as incurred.

Cost of management services. Costs of management services mainly include the labor costs of technicians and management staff as well as related medical consumables.

Cost of equipment sales. Cost of equipment sales, recorded net against the related revenue, includes the cost of the equipment purchased and other direct costs involved in the equipment sales.

We consider many factors in assessing the collectability of its receivables due from its customers, such as, the age of the amounts due, the customer’s payment history and credit-worthiness. An allowance for doubtful accounts is recorded in the period in which uncollectability is determined to be probable. Accounts receivable balances are written off after all collection efforts have been exhausted.

Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the estimated fair value of net tangible and identifiable intangible assets acquired. The Company’s goodwill and acquisition related intangible assets outstanding at December 31, 2009, 2010 and 2011 were related to the Company’s Reorganization, the acquisition of China Medstar, XHF and other businesses. In accordance with ASC 350, Intangibles, Goodwill and Other, or ASC 350, goodwill amounts are not amortized, but rather are tested for impairment at least annually or more frequently if there are indicators of impairment present.

The goodwill testing utilizes a two-step impairment analysis, whereby we compare the carrying value of each identified reporting unit to its fair value. If the carrying value of the reporting unit is greater than its fair value, the second step is performed, where the implied fair value of goodwill is compared to its carrying value. We recognize an impairment charge for the amount by which the carrying amount of goodwill exceeds its implied fair value.

Acquired intangible assets relate to customer relationships and operating leases that are not considered to have an indefinite useful life. These intangible assets are amortized on a straight line basis over the economic life. The customer relationship assets relate to the ability to sell existing and future services to existing customers and have been estimated using the income method. Operating leases relate to favorable operating lease terms based on market conditions that existed on the date of acquisition and are amortized over the term of the leases.

We evaluates our long-lived assets or asset group including acquired intangibles with finite lives for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances (such as a significant adverse change to market conditions that will impact the future use of the assets) indicate that the carrying amount of a group of long-lived assets may not be fully recoverable. When these events occur, we evaluate the impairment by comparing the carrying amount of the assets to future undiscounted cash flows expected to result from the use of the assets and their eventual disposition. If the sum of the expected undiscounted cash flows is less than the carrying amount of the assets, we recognize an impairment loss based on the excess of the carrying amount of the asset group over its fair value, generally based upon discounted cash flows or quoted market prices.

Share-based awards granted to employees are accounted for under ASC 718, Compensation-Stock Compensation, or ASC 718. In accordance with ASC 718, the Company determines whether a share option should be classified and accounted for as a liability award or equity award. All grants of share-based awards to employees classified as equity awards are recognized in the financial statements based on their grant date fair values which are calculated using an option pricing model. We have elected to recognize compensation expense using the straight-line method for all share options granted with graded vesting based on service conditions. To the extent the required vesting conditions are not met resulting in the forfeiture of the share-based awards, previously recognized compensation expense relating to those awards are reversed. ASC 718 requires forfeitures to be estimated at the time of grant and revised, if necessary, in subsequent period if actual forfeitures differ from initial estimates. Share-based compensation expense was recorded net of estimated forfeitures such that expense was recorded only for those share-based awards that are expected to vest.

We have made a number of acquisitions and may make strategically important acquisitions in the future. When recording an acquisition, we allocate the purchase price of the acquired company to the tangible and identifiable intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their estimated fair values. With the assistance of a valuation firm, we determined the fair values of identifiable intangible assets, including acquired lease agreements. These valuations require us to make significant estimates and assumptions which include future expected cash flows from the acquired lease agreements, discount rates, and assumptions regarding the period of time the acquired lease agreements, services agreements and customer relationships will continue. Such assumptions may be incomplete or validity of such assumptions and estimates.

The following table sets forth a summary, for the periods indicated, of our consolidated results of operations. Our historical results presented below are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for any future period.

Total Net Revenues. Our total net revenues increased by 15.6% to RMB450.1 million (US$71.5 million) for the year ended December 31, 2011 from RMB389.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2010, primarily due to the expansion of our business which resulted in an increase in patient cases from both existing centers and the 13 newly opened centers in 2011.

Cost of Revenues. Total cost of revenues increased by 29.9% to RMB159.4 million (US$25.3 million) for the year ended December 31, 2011 from RMB122.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2010. Cost of revenues as a percentage of our total net revenues increased to 35.4% for the year ended December 31, 2011 from 31.5% for the year ended December 31, 2010. This increase was due primarily to:

Gross Profit and Gross Margin. As a result of the foregoing, our gross profit increased by 9.0% to RMB290.7 million (US$46.2 million) for the year ended December 31, 2011 from RMB266.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2010. Our gross margin decreased to 64.6% for the year ended December 31, 2011 from 68.5% for the year ended December 31, 2010. This decrease was due primarily to the increased cost of revenues and relatively flat revenue growth.

Operating Expenses. Our operating expenses increased significantly to RMB452.0 million (US$71.8 million) for the year ended December 31, 2011 from RMB87.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2010. This increase was due to the following charges and expenses:

Asset Impairment Charge. For the year ended December 31, 2011, we incurred asset impairment charge of RMB333.9 million (US$53.1 million), the majority of which was a one-time goodwill impairment charge of RMB300.2 million (US$47.7 million). A substantial portion of goodwill on our balance sheet related to the acquisitions by our predecessor before our initial public offering in December 2009. In performing our annual impairment assessment for the year of 2011, the decline in our market capitalization in comparison to the carrying value of our net assets caused our management to perform a hypothetical purchase allocation in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Based on the hypothetical purchase allocation, the management concluded that the implied value of goodwill is zero and consequently recorded a goodwill impairment charge of RMB 300.2 million (US$47.7 million) for the year of 2011. The charge is a non-cash item and will not affect our cash flows, liquidity position or borrowing capacity under our credit facilities; and is excluded from our financial results in evaluating financial covenants under our credit agreements. We also recognized a provision of deposits for purchase of property, plant and equipment of RMB20.7 million (US$3.3 million) for certain deposits we made for purchase of equipment due to uncertainty in connection with the collectability of such equipment deposits.

Selling Expenses. Our selling expenses increased by 118.0% to RMB37.5 million (US$6.0 million) for the year ended December 31, 2011 from RMB17.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2010. Selling expenses as a percentage of our total net revenues increased to 8.3% for the year ended December 31, 2011 from 4.4% for the year ended December 31, 2010. The increase was due primarily to the increase in office expenses, conference expenses and advertising and promotion expenses as a result of the expansion of our business and our increased sales and marketing efforts.

General and Administrative Expenses. Our general and administrative expenses increased by 20.7% to RMB80.6 million (US$12.8 million) for the year ended December 31, 2011 from RMB66.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2010. This increase was due primarily to a significant increase in bad debt provision to RMB14.8 million in the year ended December 31, 2011 from RMB0.6 million in the year ended December 31, 2010 due to uncertainty in connection with the collectability of outstanding receivables.

Operating Loss. As a result of the above, we incurred an operating loss of RMB161.3 million in year ended December 31, 2011.

Interest Expense. Our interest expense decreased by 12.2% to RMB6.5 million (US$1.0 million) for the year ended December 31, 2011 from RMB7.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2010, primarily as a result of the decrease in our bank borrowings.

Foreign Exchange Loss. Our foreign exchange loss increased by 101.9% to RMB11.0 million (US$1.7 million) for the year ended December 31, 2011 from RMB5.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2010, due primarily to depreciation of our cash balances held in U.S. dollars against the Renminbi.

Interest Income. Our interest income increased by 69.8% to RMB13.4 million (US$2.1 million) for the year ended December 31, 2011 from RMB7.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2010, due primarily to the increase in bank deposit interest rate.

Income Taxes. Our income tax expense increased by 5.6% to RMB46.3 million (US$7.4 million) for the year ended December 31, 2011 from RMB43.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2010. This increase was due primarily to increase in our taxable profits, as well as a higher effective enterprise income tax.

Net Loss. As a result of the above, we incurred a net loss of RMB211.4 million (US$33.6 million) for the year ended December 31, 2011, as compared to a net income of RMB130.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2010.

Total Net Revenues. Our total net revenues increased by 33.2% to RMB389.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2010 from RMB292.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2009, primarily due to an increase of approximately 10% in patient cases from existing centers and increase in patient cases as a result of the opening of 33 new centers in 2010.

Cost of Revenues. Total cost of revenues increased by 40.1% to RMB122.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2010 from RMB87.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2009. This increase was due primarily to an increase in our depreciation costs related to the opening on new centers and the resulting increase in salaries and benefits for additional personnel employed by and assigned to the new centers.

Cost of revenues as a percentage of our total net revenues increased to 31.5% for the year ended December 31, 2010 from 29.9% for the year ended December 31, 2009. This increase was due primarily to:

Gross Profit and Gross Margin. As a result of the foregoing, our gross profit increased by 30.2% to RMB266.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2010 from RMB204.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2009. Our gross margin decreased to 68.5% for the year ended December 31, 2010 from 70.1% for the year ended December 31, 2009.

Operating Expenses. Our operating expenses increased by 132.4% to RMB87.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2010 from RMB37.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2009 due primarily to (i) an increase in salaries and employee benefits payment associated with an increased headcount primarily as a result of business expansion, (ii) an increase in professional expenses associated with being a public company and (iii) an increase in share-based compensation expense of RMB8.6 million.

Selling Expenses. Our selling expenses increased by 123.5% to RMB17.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2010 from RMB7.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2009. This increase in our selling expenses was due primarily to an approximately 118.3% increase in travelling expenses, entertainment expense, and office expenses to approximately RMB10.8 million related to increased business development efforts and an increase in share-based compensation expenses from RMB0.3 million in 2009 to RMB2.5 million in 2010.

General and Administrative Expenses. Our general and administrative expenses increased by 124.0% to RMB66.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2010 from RMB29.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2009. This increase was due primarily to (i) an increase in salaries and benefits payment in connection with the increased headcount of our personnel and their travel related expenses, (ii) an increase in professional expenses associated with being a public company, and (iii) an increase in share-based compensation expenses from RMB0.7 million in 2009 to RMB7.0 million in 2010.

Operating Income. As a result of the foregoing, our operating income increased by 7.3% to RMB179.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2010 from RMB167.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2009. Operating margin decreased to 46.1% for the year ended December 31, 2010 from 57.2% for the year ended December 31, 2009.

Interest Expense. Our interest expense increased by 8.1% to RMB7.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2010 from RMB6.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2009.

Foreign Exchange Loss. Our foreign exchange loss increased significantly to RMB5.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2010 from RMB0.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2009. The loss was due primarily to depreciation of our cash balances held in U.S. dollars against the Renminbi.

Gain from Disposal of Equipment. We recorded a gain of RMB0.5 million from the disposal of equipment for the year ended December 31, 2010. We did not record such gain for the year ended December 31, 2009.

Interest Income. Our interest income increased significantly to RMB7.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2010 from RMB0.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2009. This increase was due primarily to the increase in interest rate.

Income Taxes. Our income tax expense increased by 20.5% to RMB43.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2010 from RMB36.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2009. This increase was due primarily to increase in our taxable profits, as well as a higher effective enterprise income tax rate of 25.1% for the year ended December 31, 2010 as compared to 22.6% for the year ended December 31, 2009.

Net Income and Net Margin. As a result of the foregoing, our net income increased by 4.9% to RMB130.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2010 from RMB124.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2009. Net margin decreased to 33.6% for the year ended December 31, 2010 from 42.7% for the year ended December 31, 2009.

Our liquidity needs include (i) net cash used in operating activities that consists of (a) cash required to fund the initial build-out and continued expansion of our network and (b) our working capital needs, which include payment of our operating expenses and financing of our accounts receivable; and (ii) net cash used in investing activities that consists of the investments in our direct investment entities. To date, we have financed our operations primarily through cash flows from operations and short- and long-term bank borrowings, as well as the issuance of convertible notes and contingently redeemable convertible preferred shares and more recently through the proceeds from our initial public offering.

As of December 31, 2011, we had RMB219.1 million (US$34.8 million) in cash, RMB15.0 million (US$2.4 million) in short-term borrowings outstanding and RMB186.2 million (US$29.6 million) in long-term borrowings outstanding, including the current portion of such long-term borrowings outstanding.

In September, October, November and December 2011, Shanghai Medstar entered into long-term loan agreements with Shanghai Jinqiao Branch of Agriculture Bank of China of RMB12.0 million, RMB24.5 million, RMB29.0 million and RMB42.0 million, respectively. The terms of these loans were three years. These long-term borrowings had a variable annual interest rate equaling the benchmark lending rate of the People’s Bank of China, adjusted every 3 months. Shanghai Medstar was required to make monthly or quarterly payments starting from January 2012 or later.

In September 2011, Shanghai Medstar entered into a short-term loan agreement of RMB15.0 million that bearing an interest rate of 6.1% under the agreement with HSBC Bank (China) Company Limited, secured by account receivables of Shanghai Medstar and guaranteed by Aohua Medical and Aohua Leasing. In October 2011, Shanghai Medstar entered into a long-term loan agreement of RMB35.0 million with HSBC Bank (China) Company Limited that matures in October 2014. This long-term borrowing had a variable annual interest rate equaling 110% of the benchmark lending rate of the People’s Bank of China, adjusted every 3 months, secured by the respective medical equipment. The borrowings contained restrictive covenants requiring the maintenance of tangible net worth of RMB180.0 million and RMB100.0 million by Aohua Medical and Aohua Leasing, respectively, a total liability to tangible net worth ratio, as calculated based on PRC generally accepted accounting principles, of 0.5 times and 0.36 times at all time by Shanghai Medstar and Aohua Medical, a total liability and contingent liability to tangible net worth ratio, as calculated based on PRC generally accepted accounting principles, of 0.7 times by Shanghai Medstar, and a total loan to tangible net worth ratio, as calculated based on PRC generally accepted accounting principles, of 1.0 times at all time by Aohua Leasing.

The following table sets forth a summary of our cash flows for the periods indicated:

The primary factors affecting our operating cash flow is the amount and timing of payments of our contractual percentage of each center’s revenue net of specified operating expenses that we received from our hospital partners and cash payments that we made in connection with establishing new centers.

Net cash generated from operating activities was RMB137.1 million (US$21.8 million) for the year ended December 31, 2011 consisting primarily of cash received from hospital partners, which was reduced by an increase in accounts receivable of RMB94.7 million (US$15.0 million) and increase in deposit for non-current assets for RMB35.2 million (US$5.6 million).

Net cash generated from operating activities was RMB191.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2010, consisted primarily of cash received from hospital partners, which was reduced by an increase in notes and accounts receivable of RMB58.4 million and an increase in deposits for non-current assets and prepayment in land use right of RMB55.5 million.

Net cash generated from operating activities in 2009 was RMB135.9 million. Net cash generated from operating activities was due primarily to cash received from an increased number of hospital partners which, in turn, was primarily a result of our acquisition of China Medstar. This increase was partially offset by an increase in accounts receivable and a decrease in accrued expenses and other liabilities.

Net cash used in investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2011 was RMB494.9 million (US$78.6 million) consisting primarily of (i) deposit paid for purchase of equipments of RMB239.2 million (US$38.0 million), (ii) investment in held to maturity security of RMB100.5 million (US$16.0 million) at Shanghai Jinqiao branch of the Agriculture Bank of China, (iii) net investment in direct financing leases of RMB74.1 million (US$11.8 million), (iv) purchase of time deposits of RMB50.4 million (US$8.0 million) and (v) payment of acquisitions, net of cash acquisition of RMB20.3 million (US$3.2 million).

Net cash used in investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2010 was RMB529.5 million, consisting primarily of (i) deposits paid for the purchase of medical equipment that amounted to RMB293.9 million, (ii) the purchase of buildings and medical equipments for new centers that amounted to RMB111.1 million, (iii) payments for acquisition of Tianjin Kangmeng of RMB45.0 million, and (iv) an increase in net investment in financing lease of RMB85.9 million.

Net cash used in investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2009 was RMB272.3 million. Net cash used in investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2009 was due primarily to (i) deposits paid for the purchase of medical equipment for new centers that amounted to RMB63.0 million, (ii) the purchase of medical equipment for new centers (including the purchase from Chang’an Hospital of the six units of radiotherapy and diagnostic imaging equipment) that amounted to RMB168.8 million, and (iii) the payment of the remaining acquisition consideration for Xing Heng Feng Medical and certain other business of RMB32.0 million.

Net cash generated from financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2011 was RMB41.8 million (US$6.6 million). Net cash generated from financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2011 was due primarily to (a) proceeds from long-term bank borrowings of RMB142.5 million (US$22.6 million) and proceeds from short-term bank borrowings of RMB45.0 million (US$7.1 million), and (b) decrease in restricted cash of RMB91.5 million (US$14.5 million), partially offset by (i) repayment of our short-term bank borrowings of RMB113.0 million (US$18.0 million), and repayment of our long-term borrowings of RMB62.3 million (US$9.9 million), (ii) dividend we paid to ordinary shareholders of RMB55.2 million (US$8.8 million), and (iii) RMB6.9 million (US$1.1 million) used for the repurchase of our ordinary shares pursuant to our share repurchase program.

Net cash used in financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2010 was RMB154.9 million. Net cash used in financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2010 was due primarily to repayment of short-term bank borrowings of RMB143.0 million, repayment of long-term bank borrowings of RMB88.1 million, payment for repurchase of ordinary shares of RMB76.8 million and an increase in restricted cash of RMB113.0 million, which were partially offset by the proceeds from short-term bank borrowing of RMB214.5 million and the proceeds from long-term bank borrowing of RMB55.7 million.

Net cash generated from financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2009 was RMB819.8 million. Net cash generated from financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2009 was due primarily to the proceeds from our initial public offering, net of issuance cost, of RMB820.9 million, the proceeds from long-term bank borrowings of RMB135.6 million, the proceeds from short-term bank borrowings of RMB19.0 million and a decrease in restricted cash of RMB4.7 million, which were partially offset by the repayment of long-term bank borrowings of RMB89.1 million and the repayment of short-term bank borrowings of RMB28.3 million.

We entered into an agreement in April 2010 to acquire four radiotherapy and diagnostic imaging centers in Hebei Province for RMB60.0 million, including RMB42.0 million in cash and RMB18.0 million in contingent consideration, by acquiring 100% of the equity interest in Tianjin Kangmeng Radiology Equipment Management Co., Ltd. The acquisition payment was made from cash generated from our operating cash flows. Furthermore, we have acquired 52% of the equity interest in Chang’an CMS International Cancer Center for RMB103.2 million from Chang’an Hospital in July 2010. Chang’an CMS International Cancer Center currently owns part of the land use right and the building in which Chang’an Hospital is currently located. We acquired certain medical equipment located in Chengdu Military Hospital and the related business from a third party for cash consideration of RMB18.0 million (US$2.9 million) in January 2011.

In March 2012, we entered into a purchase agreement through our subsidiaries to acquire 52% of the equity interest in Chang’an Hospital for a total consideration of approximately RMB248.0 million (US$39.4 million). The closing of this acquisition is subject to certain closing conditions and relevant government approvals.

In 2009, 2010 and 2011, our capital expenditures totaled RMB228.7 million, RMB405.0 million and RMB257.6 million (US$40.9 million), respectively. In past years, our capital expenditures related primarily to the purchase of medical equipment and the acquisition of assets from third parties. Our capital expenditures in 2011 consisted primarily of deposits paid for purchase of equipment, and decreased by 36.4% as compared to 2010 as we opened less new centers in 2011 compared with 2010. Capital expenditures increased by 77.1% in 2010 as compared to 2009 as we have established 15 more new centers in 2010 as compared to 2009. Our capital expenditures in 2010 included the CCICC acquisition for the total consideration of approximately RMB103.2 million (US$15.6 million). In August 2009, we purchased from Chang’an Hospital the six units of radiotherapy and diagnostic imaging equipment that were located at the six centers that we previously managed under service-only agreements with Chang’an Hospital. The total agreed upon consideration for such equipment was approximately RMB72.7 million, which was fully paid as of December 31, 2009. We subsequently entered into a long-term lease and management services arrangement with Chang’an Hospital pursuant to which we leased these six units of equipment to Chang’an Hospital. Two of the six units of equipment were combined into one center and we provide lease and management services to the five remaining centers in which these six units of equipment are located.

We estimate that our expected aggregate capital expenditures in 2012 will be approximately RMB250 million (US$39.7 million) to RMB275 million (US$43.7 million), which we will use mainly for the continued expansion of our network of radiotherapy and diagnostic imaging centers, including for the purchase of medical equipment and for the establishment of our specialty cancer hospitals.

We believe that our current levels of cash and cash flows from operations will be sufficient to meet our anticipated cash needs for at least the next 12 months. However, we may need additional cash resources in the future if we experience changed business conditions or other developments or if we find and wish to pursue opportunities for investment, acquisition, strategic cooperation or other similar actions. If we ever determine that our cash requirements exceed our amounts of cash on hand, we may seek to issue debt or equity securities or obtain a credit facility. Any issuance of equity or equity-linked securities could cause dilution for our shareholders. Any incurrence of indebtedness could increase our debt service obligations and cause us to be subject to restrictive operating and finance covenants. It is possible that, when we need additional cash resources, financing will only be available to us in amounts or on terms that would not be acceptable to us or financing will not be available at all.

In May 2011, the FASB issued ASU No. 2011-04, Amendments to Achieve Common Fair Value Measurement and Disclosure Requirements in U.S. GAAP and IFRSs. The amendments in this Update result in common fair value measurement and disclosure requirements in U.S. GAAP and IFRSs. Consequently, the amendments change the wording used to describe many of the requirements in U.S. GAAP for measuring fair value and for disclosing information about fair value measurements. The amendments in this Update are to be applied prospectively. For public entities, the amendments are effective during interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2011. Early application by public entities is not permitted. We will adopt ASU 2011-04 for the fiscal year commencing January 1, 2012. We do not expect that the adoption of ASU 2011-04 will have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.

In June 2011, the Financial Accounting Standard Board, or the FASB issued ASU No. 2011-05, Comprehensive Income-Presentation of Comprehensive Income ASU 2011-04. The amendments require that all nonowner changes in stockholders’ equity be presented either in a single continuous statement of comprehensive income or in two separate but consecutive statements. In the two-statement approach, the first statement should present total net income and its components followed consecutively by a second statement that should present total other comprehensive income, the components of other comprehensive income, and the total of comprehensive income. The amendments in this Update should be applied retrospectively. For public entities, the amendments are effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those years, beginning after December 15, 2011. We will adopt ASU 2011-05 for the fiscal year commencing January 1, 2012. Certain disclosure requirement under ASU 2011-05 regarding presentation of reclassification of items out of accumulated other comprehensive income were subsequently superseded by ASU 2011-12, Deferral of the Effective Date for Amendments to the Presentation of Reclassifications of Items Out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income in Accounting Standards Update No. 2011-05. We do not expect that the adoption of ASU 2011-05, as superseded by ASU 2011-12, will have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.

In September 2011, the FASB issued ASU 2011-08, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other (Topic 350), Testing Goodwill for Impairment. ASU 2011-08 is intended to simplify how entities test goodwill for impairment. ASU 2011-08 permits an entity to first assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is “more likely than not” that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount as a basis for determining whether it is necessary to perform the two-step goodwill impairment test described in Topic 350. ASU 2011-08 is effective for annual and interim goodwill impairment tests performed for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2011. Early adoption is permitted, including for annual and interim goodwill impairment tests performed as of a date before September 15, 2011, if an entity’s financial statements for the most recent annual or interim period have not yet been issued. We do not expect that the adoption of ASU 2011-08 will have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

We do not make, and do not expect to make, significant expenditures on research and development activities.

We have applied to the PRC Trademark Office of the State Administration for Industry and Commerce for and obtained the registration of our trademark “Medstar” in October 2009 to protect our corporate name. We also own the rights to 120 domain names that we use in connection with the operation of our business. Many of the domain names that we own include domain names in Chinese that contain relevant key words associated with various types of cancer, radiotherapy, gamma knife systems, linear accelerators or other medical equipment used or treatments and services provided in our network. We believe that such domain names provide us with the opportunity to enhance our marketing efforts for the treatments and services provided in our network and enhance patients’ knowledge as to cancers, the benefits of radiotherapy and the various treatment options that are available. Other than the use of our trademark and domain names, our business generally is not directly dependent upon any patents, licensed technology or other intellectual property. However, we cannot be certain that the equipment manufacturers from which we purchase equipment have all requisite third-party consents and licenses for the intellectual property used in the equipment they manufacture. As a result, those equipment manufacturers may be exposed to risks associated with intellectual property infringement and misappropriation claims by third parties which, in turn, may subject us to claims that the equipment we have purchased infringes the intellectual property rights of third parties. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risk Related to Our Company—We may fail to protect our intellectual property rights or we may be exposed to misappropriation and infringement claims by third parties, either of which may have a material adverse effect as to our business.” As we begin to operate specialty cancer hospitals under our own brand name in the future and as our brand name gains more recognition among the general public, we will work to increase, maintain and enforce our rights in our trademark portfolio, the protection of which is important to our reputation and branding strategy and the continued growth of our business.

Other than as disclosed elsewhere in this annual report, we are not aware of any trends, uncertainties, demands, commitments or events since January 1, 2010 that are reasonably likely to have a material adverse effect on our net revenues, income, profitability, liquidity or capital resources, or that caused the disclosed financial information to be not necessarily indicative of our future operating results or financial condition.

We do not engage in trading activities involving non-exchange traded contracts or interest rate swap transactions or foreign currency forward contracts. In the ordinary course of our business, we do not enter into transactions involving, or otherwise form relationships with, unconsolidated entities or financials partnerships that are established for the purpose of facilitating off-balance sheet arrangements or other contractually narrow or limited purposes.

The following table sets forth our contractual obligations and commercial commitments as of December 31, 2011:

Our short- and long-term debt obligations as of December 31, 2011 represent bank borrowings obtained by our subsidiaries. Our short-term bank borrowing outstanding as of December 31, 2011 had a weighted average interest rate of 6.10% per annum. Our long-term bank borrowing outstanding as of December 31, 2011 had a weighted average interest rate of 6.45% per annum.

As of December 31, 2011, we had RMB15 million (US$2.4 million) in short-term borrowings outstanding and RMB186.2 million (US$29.6 million) in long-term borrowings outstanding, including the current portion of such long-term borrowings outstanding.

During the year ended December 31, 2010, we entered into two non-cancellable corporate office operating leases with a lease term of one and three years, respectively. As of December 31, 2011, our operating lease obligation for 2012, 2013 and 2014 was RMB3.2 million (US$0.5 million), RMB0.4 million (US$0.1 million) and nil, respectively.

As of December 31, 2011, we had purchase obligation for certain medical equipment that amounted to RMB37.8 million (US$6.0 million), which are all scheduled to be paid within one year.

This annual report contains forward looking statements that relate to future events, including our future operating results and conditions, our prospects and our future financial performance and condition, all of which are largely based on our current expectations and projections. The forward looking statements are contained principally in the sections entitled “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors,” “Item 4. Information on the Company” and “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects.” These statements are made under the “safe harbor” provisions of the U.S. Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. You can identify these forward looking statements by terminology such as “may,” “will,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “future,” “intend,” “plan,” “believe,” “estimate,” “is/are likely to” or other and similar expressions. We have based these forward looking statements largely on our current expectations and projections about future events and financial trends that we believe may affect our financial condition, results of operations, business strategy and financial needs. These forward looking statements include, among other things, statements relating to:

The forward looking statements made in this annual report relate only to events or information as of the date on which the statements are made in this annual report. Except as required by law, we undertake no obligation to update or revise publicly any forward looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, after the date on which the statements are made or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events. You should read this annual report completely and with the understanding that our actual future results may be materially different from what we expect.

The following table sets forth information regarding our directors and executive officers as of the date of this annual report.

Dr. Jianyu Yang has served as our chairman since November 2011 and has served as our chief executive officer since 2008. He served as a director of our company and president from 2008 to 2011. Prior to joining our company, Dr. Yang served as chief executive officer of Eguard Resource Development Co., Ltd., a PRC company listed on the Shenzhen Stock Exchange in China principally engaged in the provision of comprehensive solutions in recycling, re-use of solid wastes and wastewater since 2003, vice president of Beijing Sound Environmental Group Co. Ltd. from 2002 to 2003, assistant to the general manager of Xiangcai Securities Co., Ltd. from 2000 to 2002, and senior economist at China Agricultural Bank from 1999 to 2000. Dr. Yang received a doctorate degree in economics from Liaoning University in 1999 in China.

Dr. Zheng Cheng has served as co-chairman of the board from 2008 to 2011 and is currently a director. Dr. Cheng has also served as our chief operating officer since 2008 and our president since November 2011. Dr. Cheng was a co-founder of China Medstar. Prior to founding China Medstar in 1996, Dr. Cheng served as division chief of steel products of China National Defense Military Material General Company from 1992 to 1996 and military physician in the Department of Cerebral Surgery of the Beijing Air Force General Hospital from 1986 to 1992 and in the No. 1 Field Clinic of Yunnan Laoshan Frontier in 1986. Dr. Cheng received his bachelor’s degree in clinical neurosurgery from the First Military Medical University of the People’s Liberation Army of China in 1986. Dr. Cheng is a qualified clinical surgeon in China.

Mr. Adam Jigang Sun has served as our chief financial officer since September 2011. Prior to joining our company, Mr. Sun was the chief financial officer of a subsidiary of Asia Pacific Medical Group from January to September 2011. Mr. Sun was the vice president of corporate development of China Ritar Power Corp., a publicly traded battery manufacturer in 2010. Mr. Sun served as the chief financial officer of Shijiazhuang Gongda Chemical Engineering Equipment Co., Ltd. from 2008 to 2010. Mr. Sun co-founded IA Exchange, Inc., a financial advisory firm in 2004, and led the company till 2008. Mr. Sun received his master of business administration degree from the University of Chicago Booth School of Business in 1998 and his bachelor of arts degree in English from China Foreign Affairs College in 1990.

Mr. Steve Sun is a director and the chairman of our investment committee. He served as co-chairman of the board from 2008 to 2011. He was also our chief financial officer from 2009 to 2011. Mr. Sun was a director and the president of Aohua Medical from 2006 to 2008. Prior to joining our company, Mr. Sun served as the chief operating officer of Sunshine 100 Real Estate Group, a Beijing-based real estate company, from 2004 to 2005 and executive vice president of AE Capital Markets Inc., a New York-based investment bank, from 1997 to 2000. Mr. Sun received a master’s degree in business management from the University of Chicago in 1996, a master’s degree in operational research from Xidian University in 1985 and a bachelor’s degree in mathematics from Heilongjiang University in 1983.

Mr. Jing Zhang has served as our chief administrative officer since November 2011. He served as a director and executive president from 2008 to 2011. Mr. Zhang was a co-founder of China Medstar. Prior to founding China Medstar in 1996, Mr. Zhang was in charge of research and development at the Institute of Chemistry of Beijing Timber General Co., Ltd. from 1987 to 1996. Mr. Zhang received a bachelor’s degree in polymer chemistry from the Beijing Institute of Chemical Technology in 1987.

Mr. Yaw Kong Yap has served as a senior vice president since 2008. He served as a director and financial controller of our company from 2008 to 2011. Mr. Yap joined China Medstar in 2005 and served as its chief financial officer prior to our acquisition of China Medstar. Prior to joining China Medstar, Mr. Yap served as the chief executive officer of Advanced Produce Centre Development Pte, Ltd., a Singapore real estate company, from 2003 to 2005, the chief financial officer of Global Fruits Pte Limited from 1999 to 2003, the regional financial controller of America Air Filtration Asia from 1996 to 1998 and the financial controller of Chevalier International (USA) Ltd. from 1991 to 1996. Mr. Yap received a bachelor’s degree from Indiana University of Pennsylvania in the United States in 1990. Mr. Yap was a Certified Public Accountant in the United States.

Mr. Jie Xin has served as a director since November 2011. He was a managing director at CICC Private Equity from 2007 to 2011. Prior to joining CICC Private Equity, he was the director of private equity of Standard Chartered Bank, vice chief representative of Veolia Water China, general manager of Good investment Co. Ltd., associate in the investment banking department of CICC, and marketing specialist of Sun Microsystems. Mr. Xin has 13 years of experience in private equity investment and investment banking. Mr. Xin received a master’s degree in International Economics from Nan Kai University in Tianjin, China in 2005 and a bachelor’s degree in Business Administration from University of Georgia in 1996.

Mr. Feng Xiao has served as a director of our company since 2008. Mr. Xiao is also currently a managing director of the Carlyle Group, focusing on growth capital investments in China. Mr. Xiao had served as a vice president at CICC from 2000 to 2005, where he had been involved in the restructuring and listing of a number of leading Chinese companies, and worked at as a lawyer and a registered trademark agent at China Patent Agent (HK) Limited from 1995 to 1998. Mr. Xiao received an M.B.A. degree from the China Europe International Business School in 1999 and a bachelor’s degree in both computer science and English from Tsinghua University in 1995. Mr. Xiao also holds a lawyer’s qualification certificate in China.

Dr. Frank Ren has served as our director since November 2011. He is a founder and has served as the chief executive officer of Shadowfax Asset Management Limited, a Hong Kong based asset management company since 2009. From 2004 to 2008, he was a managing director at China Everbright Asset Management. He also worked as a senior investment manager at Omega Advisor in New York from 1998 to 2000, as a director at Barclays Capital in London from 1997 to 1998, and as a fixed income bond trader at Goldman Sachs & Co. from 1994 to 1997. Dr. Ren received a Ph.D. and a M.B.A. degree from Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1994 and a bachelor’s degree in Engineering from Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics in China in 1985. Dr. Ren has served as a Director of the Company from 2008 to 2009.

Ms. Elaine Zong has served as our independent director since 2010. She served as a director of our company from 2008 to 2010. Ms. Zong was a managing director of C.V. Starr Investment Advisors (Asia) Limited, focusing on private equity investments in China, from 2006 to 2010. Ms. Zong served as senior vice president at Deutsche Bank from 2005 to 2006, as vice president at Merrill Lynch from 2001 to 2003, and as an associate in the investment banking division of J.P. Morgan from 1998 to 2001. Ms. Zong received an M.B.A. degree from the University of Chicago in the United States in 1998 and a bachelor’s degree in economics from Fudan University of China in 1992. Ms. Zong is a Chartered Financial Analyst.

Mr. Denny Lee has served as an independent director of our company since December 2009. Mr. Lee is currently a non-executive director of Netease.com, Inc., a company listed on the Nasdaq Global Select Market, and an independent director and chairman of the audit committee of three NYSE listed companies, New Oriental Education & Technology Group Inc., Acorn International, Inc. and Gushan Environmental Energy Limited. Previously, Mr. Lee was the chief financial officer of Netease.com until June 2007 and the financial controller of Netease.com from November 2001 to April 2002. Prior to joining Netease.com in 2001, Mr. Lee worked in the Hong Kong office of KPMG for more than ten years. Mr. Lee graduated from the Hong Kong Polytechnic University majoring in accounting and is a member of The Hong Kong Institute of Certified Public Accountants and The Chartered Association of Certified Accountants.

Dr. Weibo Yin has served as an independent director since November 2011. He is the Honorary President of Chinese Society of Radiation Oncology and a board member of the International Congress of Radiation Oncology. Dr. Yin has served various positions such as professor emeritus, professor, associate professor and resident doctor in Cancer Hospital of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical University since 1957. In addition, Dr. Yin has published 155 research papers on radiation oncology, in 32 of which he was the first author. Dr. Yin received his M.D. degree from Peking Union Medical University in 1957.

The address of our directors and executive officers is Concord Medical Services Holdings Limited, 18/F, Tower A, Global Trade Center, 36 North Third Ring Road East, Dongcheng District, Beijing, People’s Republic of China, 100013.

In 2011, the aggregate cash compensation to all of our directors and our executive officers was RMB2.3 million (US$0.4 million). For share-based compensation, see “—Share Incentive Plans.” We don’t have any amount accrued in 2011 for pension, retirement or other similar benefits to our directors and our executive officers.

On August 18, 2008, the board of directors of OMS contemplated that the OMS grantees had achieved certain performance conditions outlined in the OMS option plan. However, as the capital structure of our company had changed at that time such that we had replaced OMS as the ultimate holding company of our subsidiaries, the board of directors of OMS resolved that the OMS option plan would be settled in vested options to purchase 21,184,600 ordinary shares to purchase shares of our company, with each option having an exercise price of US$0.79 exercisable before December 31, 2008. On the same day, two of the OMS grantees, Mr. Jianyu Yang and Mr. Steve Sun, exercised their respective options to purchase an aggregate of 6,355,400 ordinary shares of our company, with total proceeds from such exercise received by us amounting to approximately RMB34.4 million. We recorded share-based compensation expense of approximately RMB49.5 million in 2007 related to these options granted, which was recorded in general and administrative expenses. The third OMS grantee, Mr. Haifeng Liu, sold all of his vested options to purchase 14,829,200 ordinary shares of our company to three former directors of China Medstar who are now our directors and executive officers as employment incentive for such directors. The three executive directors subsequently exercised the vested options with total proceeds from such exercise received by us amounting to approximately US$11.7 million. Given the transfer of the OMS share options to the three directors was provided as an employment incentive, we recorded additional share-based compensation expense of approximately RMB4.2 million in 2008, which was recorded in general and administrative expenses.

The 2008 share incentive plan was adopted by our shareholders on October 16, 2008 and amended on November 17, 2009 to increase the number of ordinary shares available for grant under the plan. Our share incentive plan provides for the grant of options, share appreciation rights, or other share-based awards, referred to as “awards.” The purpose of the plan is to aid us in recruiting and retaining key employees, directors or consultants and to motivate such persons to exert their best efforts on behalf of our company by providing incentives through the granting of awards. Our board of directors believes that our company will benefit from the added interest that such persons will have in the welfare of the company as a result of their proprietary interest in the company’s success.

Termination of Awards. Options have specified terms set forth in a share option agreement. If the recipient’s employment with the company is terminated for any reason, the recipient’s vested options shall remain exercisable subject to the provisions of the plan and the option agreement and the recipient’s unvested options shall terminate without consideration. If the options are not exercised or purchased by the last day of the exercise period, they will terminate.

Administration. Our 2008 share incentive plan is currently administered by the compensation committee of our board of directors. Our board of directors or the compensation committee is authorized to interpret the plan, to establish, amend and rescind any rules and regulations relating to the plan, and to make any other determinations that it deems necessary or desirable for the administration of the plan. Our board of directors or the compensation committee will determine the provisions, terms and conditions of each award consistent with the provisions of the plan, including, but not limited to, the exercise price for an option, vesting schedule, forfeiture provisions, form of payment of exercise price and other applicable terms.

Option Exercise. of options granted under the 2008 share incentive plan may not exceed eight years from the date of grant. The consideration to be paid for our ordinary shares upon exercise of an option or purchase of shares underlying the option may include cash, check or other cash-equivalent, consideration received by us in a cashless exercise and, to the extent permitted by our board of directors or the compensation committee and subject to the provisions of the option agreement, ordinary shares or a combination of ordinary shares and cash or cash-equivalent.

Change in Control. If a third-party acquires us through the purchase of all or substantially all of our assets, a merger or other business combination or if during any two consecutive year period individuals who at the beginning of such period constituted the board of directors cease for any reason to constitute a majority of our board of directors, then, if so determined by our board of directors or the compensation committee with respect to the applicable award agreement or otherwise, any outstanding awards that are unexercisable or otherwise unvested or subject to lapse restrictions will automatically be deemed exercisable or otherwise vested or no longer subject to lapse restrictions, as the case may be, as of immediately prior to such change in control. Our board of directors or the compensation committee may also, in its sole discretion, decide to cancel such awards for fair value, provide for the issuance of substitute awards that will substantially preserve the otherwise applicable terms of any affected awards previously granted, or provide that affected options will be exercisable for a period of at least 15 days prior to the change in control but not thereafter.

Amendment and Termination of Plan. Our board of directors may at any time amend, alter or discontinue our 2008 share incentive plan. Amendments or alterations to our 2008 share incentive plan are subject to shareholder approval if they increase the total number of shares reserved for the purposes of the plan or change the maximum number of shares for which awards may be granted to any participant. Any amendment, alteration or termination of our 2008 share incentive plan must not adversely affect awards already granted without written consent of the recipient of such awards. Unless terminated earlier, our 2008 share incentive plan will continue in effect for a term of ten years from the date of its adoption.

Our board of directors and shareholders authorized the issuance of up to 4,765,800 ordinary shares upon exercise of awards granted under our 2008 share incentive plan upon the adoption of the plan. On November 26, 2011, the board of directors and the shareholders authorized the issuance of additional 5,101,968 ordinary shares under the 2008 share incentive plan. On November 27, 2009 and September 30, 2011, we granted options to purchase 4,765,800 and 355,884 ordinary shares at an exercise price of US$3.67 and US$2.17 per share, respectively of which options to purchase an aggregate of 1,716,500 ordinary shares were granted to our executive officers and directors, including 288,700 ordinary shares to Mr. Jianyu Yang, 288,700 ordinary shares to Mr. Zheng Cheng, 264,400 ordinary shares to Mr. Steve Sun, 250,000 ordinary shares to Mr. Jing Zhang, 230,000 ordinary shares to Mr. Yaw Kong Yap, 264,400 ordinary shares to Mr. Boxun Zhang, 130,300 ordinary shares to Mr. Denny Lee and 355,884 ordinary shares to Mr. Jigang Sun, and the remainder to other employees. Such options have an exercise price equal to the price per ordinary share of our initial public offering and are subject to a four-year vesting schedule with 25% vesting on each of the first, second, third and fourth anniversary of the grant date, and will terminate no later than eight years from their grant date.

The following table summarizes, as of December 31, 2011, the outstanding options granted to our directors and executive officers and other individuals as a group.

We currently have 9 directors, including three independent directors, on our board of directors. Our board of directors consists of an audit committee and a compensation committee. We currently do not plan to establish a nominating committee. Each committee’s members and functions are described below.

Our audit committee consists of Mr. Denny Lee, Ms. Elaine Zong and Dr. Weibo Yin. Mr. Denny Lee is the chairman of our audit committee. Each of our audit committee members meets the criteria of an audit committee financial expert as set forth under the applicable rules of the SEC. Our board of directors has determined that each of our audit committee members satisfies the requirements for an “independent director” within the meaning of Section 303A of the NYSE Listed Company Manual and meets the criteria for independence set forth in Rule 10A-3 of the Exchange Act. Our board of directors has also determined that the simultaneous service by Mr. Denny Lee on the audit committee of three other public companies would not impair his ability to effectively serve on our audit committee. The audit committee oversees our accounting and financial reporting processes and the audits of the financial statements of our company. The audit committee is responsible for, among other things:

Our compensation committee consists of Mr. Jie Xin and Mr. Feng Xiao. Mr. Jie Xin is the chairperson of our compensation committee. Our compensation committee assists the board in reviewing and approving the compensation structure of our directors and executive officers, including all forms of compensation to be provided to our directors and executive officers. Members of the compensation committee are not prohibited from direct involvement in determining their own compensation. Our chief executive officer may not be present at any committee meeting during which his compensation is deliberated. The compensation committee is responsible for, among other things:

Under Cayman Islands law, our directors have a fiduciary duty to act honestly, in good faith and with a view to our best interests. Our directors also have a duty to exercise the skill they actually possess and such care and diligence that a reasonably prudent person would exercise in comparable circumstances. In fulfilling their duty of care to us, our directors must ensure compliance with our memorandum and articles of association, as amended and restated from time to time. A director may be liable for any loss suffered by us as a result of a breach of their fiduciary duties.

Our executive officers are elected by and serve at the discretion of the board of directors. Our directors are not subject to a term of office and hold office until such time as they resign or are removed from office without cause by special resolution or the unanimous written resolution of all shareholders or with cause by ordinary resolution or the unanimous written resolutions of all shareholders. A director will be removed from office automatically if, among other things, the director (i) becomes bankrupt or makes any arrangement or composition with his creditors or (ii) dies or is found by our company to be or becomes of unsound mind. We have not entered into any service agreements with our directors that provide for any type of compensation upon termination.

We have entered into employment agreements with all of our executive officers. Under these agreements, each of our executive officers is employed for a non-fixed period of time. These employment agreements can be terminated in accordance with the Labor Contract Law of the PRC and other relevant regulations. Under the Labor Contract Law, we can terminate without any prior notice the employment agreement with any of our executive officers in the event that such officer’s actions have resulted in material and demonstrable harm to our interest. Under certain circumstances, including where the officer has not performed as expected and, upon internal reassignment or training, still fails to be qualified for the job, we may also terminate the employment agreement with any of our executive officers upon providing 30 days notice or paying one month in severance. Our executive officer may typically terminate his or her employment at any time if we fail to provide labor protection or work conditions as stipulated in the employment agreement. The executive officers may also terminate the employment agreement at any time without cause upon 30 days notice. Usually, if we terminate the employment agreement of any of our executive officers, we have to pay them certain severance pay in proportion to their working years with us, except where such officer’s actions have resulted in material and demonstrable harm to our interests, among other circumstances.

Each executive officer has agreed to hold, both during and subsequent to the terms of his or her agreement, in confidence and not to use, except in pursuance of his or her duties in connection with the employment, any of our confidential information, technological secrets, commercial secrets and know-how. Each of our executive officers has entered into a confidentiality agreement with us. Our executive officers have also agreed to disclose to us all inventions, designs and techniques resulted from work performed by them, and to assign us all right, title and interest of such inventions, designs and techniques.

A director may vote in respect of any contract or transaction in which he or she is interested, provided that the nature of the interest of any directors in such contract or transaction is disclosed by him or her at or prior to its consideration and any vote on that matter.

The directors may determine remuneration to be paid to the directors. The compensation committee assists the directors in reviewing and approving the compensation structure for the directors. The directors may exercise all the powers of the company to borrow money and to mortgage or charge its undertaking, property and uncalled capital, and to issue debentures or other securities whether outright or as security for any debt obligations of our company or of any third party.

Our employees consist of all personnel that work in our headquarters and our regional offices and certain personnel that work in our network of centers. Our employees in our network are generally the operations directors or project managers and the marketing, accounting or administrative personnel of the centers. We had 160, 232 and 472 employees as of December 31, 2009, 2010 and 2011, respectively. The following table set forth certain information about our employees by function as of the period indicated:

We have entered into employment agreements with each of our employees. We may terminate the employment of any of our employees in the event that such employee’s actions have resulted in material and demonstrable harm to our interests or if the employee has not performed as expected. An employee may typically terminate his or her employment at any time for any material breach of the employment agreement by us. The employee may also terminate the employment agreement at any time without cause upon 30 days prior notice. Each of our employees who have access to sensitive and confidential information has also entered into a non-disclosure and confidentiality agreement with us. For information as to employment agreements with our executive officers, see “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees—Compensation of Directors and Executive Officers—Employment Agreements.” We are required under PRC law to make contributions to our employee benefit plans based on specified percentages of the salaries, bonuses, housing allowances and certain other allowances of our employees, up to a maximum amount specified by the respective local government authorities. The total amount of the contributions that we made to employee benefit plans in 2009, 2010 and 2011 was RMB2.5 million, RMB3.5 million and RMB5.1 million (US$0.8 million), respectively.

Our success depends to a significant extent upon, among other factors, our ability to attract, retain and motivate qualified personnel. Many of our employees have extensive industry experience, and we place a strong emphasis on continuously improving our employees’ expertise by providing periodic training to enhance their skills and knowledge. Our employees are not covered by any collective bargaining agreement. We believe that we have a good relationship with our employees. All of our employees are based in China.

In accordance with applicable PRC laws and regulations, the Ministry of Health oversees the activities of doctors in China. The relevant local healthcare administrative authorities above the county level are responsible for the supervision of doctors located in their regions. Doctors in China are regulated by a registration system and each doctor may only practice medicine in the sole medical institution where such doctor is registered. Doctors are not permitted to be registered in more than one medical institution. However, doctors may, upon the approval of the medical institution with which they are registered, enter into consulting agreements with third parties to engage in medical practice for another institution. We enter into such consulting contracts with doctors from time to time to provide expert assistance and consultation to our company and our network of centers. In very limited cases, we enter into employment agreements with doctors to work at centers in our network after consulting with our hospital partners where such centers are based. These doctors register their practice with the hospitals in accordance with applicable PRC laws and regulations.

The following table sets forth information with respect to the beneficial ownership of our ordinary shares as of the date of this annual report by:

None of our existing shareholders has voting rights that differ from the voting rights of other shareholders. We are not aware of any arrangement that may, at a subsequent date, result in a change of control of our company. For information regarding our ordinary shares and ADSs held or beneficially owned by persons in the United States, see “Item 9. The Offering and Listing” in this annual report.

Please refer to “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees—E. Share Ownership.”

China Medstar has, in connection with payments of certain professional fees related to a private placement transaction in 2004, borrowed from Beijing Medstar Hi-Tech Investment Co., Ltd., a company majority owned by Dr. Zheng Cheng, our president and chief operating officer. As of December 31, 2009, 2010 and 2011, the remaining balance was RMB0.2 million, nil and nil, respectively. In addition, in connection with payment of certain fees related to China Medstar’s initial public offering on the AIM, China Medstar has borrowed from Dr. Zheng Cheng. As of December 31, 2009, 2010 and 2011, the remaining balance was RMB1.2 million, nil and nil, respectively. Furthermore, in connection with certain administrative expenses related to China Medstar in 2006 and 2007, China Medstar borrowed from Mr. Yaw Kong Yap, our director and financial controller. As of December 31, 2009, 2010 and 2011, the remaining balance was RMB0.2 million, nil and nil, respectively. These loans are unsecured, interest-free and repayable on demand and are all based on oral agreements between the parties.

See “Item 4. Information on the Company—History and Development of the Company,” “Item 4. Information on the Company—Organizational Structure”

For a discussion of the share option plan adopted in 2007 by OMS, our predecessor, and our 2008 share incentive plan, see “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees—Compensation of Directors and Executive Officers—Share Incentive Plans.”

We have appended consolidated financial statements filed as part of this annual report.

On December 4, 2009, we received a notice that a legal proceeding was initiated against us that alleges a gamma knife system currently in use in certain centers in our network was previously found to infringe upon the patent of a third party. This claim relates to a patent used in the head gamma knife system manufactured by one of our equipment manufacturers, Our Medical New Technology. A previous legal proceeding involving such patent was initiated in June 2000 against Our Medical New Technology, its related parties and our subsidiary, AMS. The relevant PRC court determined in 2004 that all head gamma knife systems manufactured by Our Medical New Technology after the patent owner began to contest the use of such patent on December 23, 1999 were manufactured without the requisite consent to use the patent in question. The relevant PRC court also ordered the use of such equipment to cease. We are currently assessing the validity and the potential impact of the claim filed against us. Based on our current assessment, we have identified one head gamma knife system in one of the centers in our network that may be subject to such claim. Revenue derived from such center represented approximately 0.9%, 0.8% and 0.6% of our total net revenues in 2009, 2010, and 2011 respectively. Our Medical New Technology, the manufacturer of the head gamma knife system that may be subject to this claim, has agreed to indemnify us for any damages or losses that we may incur from any intellectual property infringement by such system. We are also continuing to assess whether there is any other medical equipment in our network that might be subject to this claim. On April 12, 2010, Our Medical New Technology filed a petition with the Patent Reexamination Board of the State Intellectual Property Office challenging the validity of the patent in question. In February 2011, the Patent Reexamination Board issued a decision nullifying the patent in question in whole. The decision of the Patent Reexamination Board was then appealed at the No.1 Beijing Appellate Court, which made the administrative judgment to affirm the review decision of the Patent Reexamination Board in March 2012. We do not currently believe that this claim would result in a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

On July 26, 2011, our board of directors declared a special dividend of US$0.06 per ordinary share (or US$0.18 per ADS) on our outstanding ordinary shares. The total expense for the special dividend was US$8.8 million, based on the 142,353,532 ordinary shares that were outstanding as of July 28, 2010. We paid the dividends on September 30, 2011, to shareholders of record at the close of business on August 31, 2011.

Going forward, we intend to retain most, if not all, of our available funds and any future earnings to operate and expand our business. Our board of directors has complete discretion as to whether to distribute dividends. Even if our board of directors decides to pay further dividends, the form, frequency and amount will depend upon our future operations and earnings, capital requirements and surplus, general financial condition, contractual restrictions and other factors that our board of directors may deem relevant.

If we pay any further dividends, we will pay our ADS holders to the same extent as holders of our ordinary shares, subject to the terms of the deposit agreement, including the fees and expenses payable thereunder. Cash dividends on our ordinary shares, if any, will be paid in U.S. dollars.

We have not experienced any significant changes since the date of our audited consolidated financial statements included in this annual report.

Our ADSs, each representing three of our ordinary shares, have been listed on the New York Stock Exchange since December 11, 2009 under the symbol “CCM.” The table below shows, for the periods indicated, the high and low market prices for our ADSs. The closing price for our ADSs on the New York Stock Exchange on April 23, 2012 was US$3.78 per ADS.

As of March 31, 2012, a total of 19,023,410 ADSs representing 57,070,230 ordinary shares were outstanding. Such ordinary shares were registered in the name of a nominee of JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., the depositary for the ADSs. We have no further information as to ordinary shares or ADSs held, or beneficially owned, by U.S. persons.

Our ADSs, each representing three of our ordinary shares, have been listed on the New York Stock Exchange since December 11, 2009 under the symbol “CCM.”

We incorporate by reference into this annual report the description of our third amended and restated memorandum of association contained in our F-1 registration statement (File No. 333-163155), as amended, initially filed with the Commission on November 17, 2009. Our shareholders adopted our third amended and restated memorandum and articles of association by unanimous resolutions upon the completion of our initial public offering on December 11, 2009.

We have not entered into any material contracts other than in the ordinary course of business and other than those described in “Item 4. Information on the Company” or elsewhere in this annual report.

See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulation of Our Industry.”

The Cayman Islands currently levy no taxes on individuals or corporations based upon profits, income, gains or appreciation, and there is no taxation in the nature of inheritance tax or estate duty. No Cayman Islands stamp duty will be payable unless an instrument is executed in, brought to, or produced before a court of the Cayman Islands. The Cayman Islands are not parties to any double tax treaties. There are no exchange control regulations or currency restrictions in the Cayman Islands.

The PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law, or the EIT Law, and the implementation regulations for the EIT Law issued by the PRC State Council, became effective as of January 1, 2008. The new EIT law and its implementation regulation impose a single uniform income tax rate of 25% on all Chinese enterprises, including foreign-invested enterprises, and levies a withholding tax rate of 10% on dividends payable by Chinese subsidiaries to their non-PRC enterprise shareholders except with respect to any such non-PRC enterprise shareholder whose jurisdiction of incorporation has a tax treaty with China that provides for a different withholding agreement. The EIT Law provides that enterprises established outside of China whose “effective management organizations” are located in China are considered “resident enterprises” and are generally subject to the uniform 25% enterprise income tax rate on their worldwide income. Under the implementation regulations for the EIT Law issued by the PRC State Council, a “effective management organizations” is defined as a body that has material and overall management and control over the manufacturing and business operations, personnel and human resources, finances and treasury and assets of an enterprise. On April 22, 2009, the State Administration of Taxation promulgated a circular which sets out criteria for determining whether “effective management organizations” are located in China for overseas incorporated, domestically controlled enterprises. However, as this circular only applies to enterprises incorporated under the laws of foreign countries or regions that are controlled by PRC enterprises or groups of PRC enterprises, it remains unclear how the tax authorities will determine the location of “effective management organizations” for overseas incorporated enterprises that are controlled by individual PRC residents like us and some of our subsidiaries. Therefore, although substantially all of our operational management is currently based in the PRC, it is unclear whether PRC tax authorities would require us to be treated as a PRC tax resident enterprise. We do not currently consider our company to be a PRC tax resident enterprise. However, if the Chinese tax authorities disagree with our assessment and determine that we are a PRC tax resident enterprise, we may be subject to a 25% enterprise income tax on our global income.

Under the EIT Law and implementation regulations issued by the State Council, a 10% PRC income tax is applicable to dividends payable to investors that are “non-resident enterprises,” which do not have an establishment or place of business in the PRC, or which have such establishment or place of business but the relevant income is not effectively connected with the establishment or place of business, to the extent such dividends have their sources within the PRC. Furthermore, a circular issued by the Ministry of Finance and the State Administration of Taxation on February 22, 2008 stipulates that undistributed earnings generated prior to January 1, 2008 are exempt from enterprise income tax. We are a holding company incorporated in the Cayman Islands, which indirectly holds, through Ascendium, Cyber Medical and OMS, our equity interests in our PRC subsidiaries. Our business operations are principally conducted through PRC subsidiaries. Thus, dividends for earnings accumulated beginning on January 1, 2008 payable to us by our subsidiaries in China, if any, will be subject to the 10% income tax if we are considered as “non-resident enterprises” under the EIT Law. Under the EIT law, Notice 112, which was issued on January 29, 2008 and the Double Taxation Arrangement (Hong Kong), which became effective on December 8, 2006, dividends from our PRC subsidiaries paid to us through our Hong Kong subsidiary may be subject to a 10% withholding tax or a 5% withholding tax if our Hong Kong subsidiary can be considered as a “beneficial owner” and entitled to treaty benefits under the Double Taxation Arrangement (Hong Kong). Under the existing implementation rules of the EIT Law, it is unclear whether the PRC tax authority would treat us as PRC tax resident enterprise. Accordingly dividends paid by us to our non-PRC tax resident enterprise ADS holders and ordinary shareholders may be deemed to be derived from sources within the PRC and, therefore, be subject to the 10% PRC income tax.

Similarly, any gain realized on the transfer of our ADSs or ordinary shares by our non-PRC tax resident enterprise ADS holders and ordinary shareholders may also be subject to the 10% PRC income tax if we are considered as PRC tax resident enterprise and such gain will be regarded as income derived from sources within the PRC.

The following discussion describes the material United States federal income tax consequences of the ownership of our ordinary shares and ADSs as of the date hereof. The discussion is applicable to United States Holders (as defined below) who hold our ordinary shares or ADSs as capital assets. As used herein, the term “United States Holder” means a holder of an ordinary share or ADS that is for United States federal income tax purposes:

This discussion does not represent a detailed description of the United States federal income tax consequences applicable to you if you are subject to special treatment under the United States federal income tax laws, including if you are:

The discussion below is based upon the provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), and regulations, rulings and judicial decisions thereunder as of the date hereof, and such authorities may be replaced, revoked or modified so as to result in United States federal income tax consequences different from those discussed below. In addition, this discussion is based, in part, upon representations made by the depositary to us and assumes that the deposit agreement, and all other related agreements, will be performed in accordance with their terms.

If a partnership holds our ordinary shares or ADSs, the tax treatment of a partner will generally depend upon the status of the partner and the activities of the partnership. If you are a partner of a partnership holding our ordinary shares or ADSs, you should consult your tax advisors.

This discussion does not contain a detailed description of all the United States federal income tax consequences to you in light of your particular circumstances and does not address the effects of any state, local or non-United States tax laws. If you are considering the purchase, ownership or disposition of our ordinary shares or ADSs, you should consult your own tax advisors concerning the United States federal income tax consequences to you in light of your particular situation as well as any consequences arising under the laws of any other taxing jurisdiction.

If you hold ADSs, for United States federal income tax purposes, you generally will be treated as the owner of the underlying ordinary shares that are represented by such ADSs. Accordingly, deposits or withdrawals of ordinary shares for ADSs will not be subject to United States federal income tax.

Subject to the discussion under “— Passive Foreign Investment Company” below, the gross amount of distributions on the ADSs or ordinary shares (including any amounts withheld to reflect PRC withholding taxes) will be taxable as dividends, to the extent paid out of our current or accumulated earnings and profits as determined under United States federal income tax principles. Such income (including withholding taxes) will be includable in your gross income as ordinary income on the day actually or constructively received by you, in the case of the ordinary shares, or by the depositary, in the case of ADSs. Such dividends will not be eligible for the dividends-received deduction allowed to corporations under the Code. To the extent that the amount of the distribution exceeds our current and accumulated earnings and profits for a taxable year, as determined under United States federal income tax principles, it will be treated first as a tax-free return of your tax basis in your ADSs or ordinary shares, and to the extent the amount of the distribution exceeds your tax basis, the excess will be taxed as capital gain. We do not expect to keep earnings and profits in accordance with United States federal income tax principles. Therefore, you should expect that a distribution will be treated as a dividend (as discussed above).

With respect to non-corporate United States Holders, certain dividends received in taxable years beginning before January 1, 2013 from a qualified foreign corporation may be subject to reduced rates of taxation. A foreign corporation is treated as a qualified foreign corporation with respect to dividends received from that corporation on shares (or ADSs backed by such shares) that are readily tradable on an established securities market in the United States. United States Treasury Department guidance indicates that our ADSs (which are listed on the NYSE), but not our ordinary shares, are readily tradable on an established securities market in the United States. Thus, we believe that dividends we pay on our ordinary shares that are represented by ADSs, but not on our ordinary shares that are not so represented, will meet such conditions required for the reduced tax rates. There can be no assurance that our ADSs will be considered readily tradable on an established securities market in later years. A qualified foreign corporation also includes a foreign corporation that is eligible for the benefits of certain income tax treaties with the United States. In the event that we are deemed to be a PRC “resident enterprise” under PRC tax law (see discussion under “Taxation — People’s Republic of China Taxation”), we may be eligible for the benefits of the income tax treaty between the United States and the PRC and, if we are eligible for such benefits, dividends we pay on our ordinary shares, regardless of whether such ordinary shares are represented by ADSs, would be subject to the reduced rates of taxation. Non-corporate United States Holders that do not meet a minimum holding period requirement during which they are not protected from the risk of loss or that elect to treat the dividend income as “investment income” pursuant to Section 163(d)(4) of the Code will not be eligible for the reduced rates of taxation regardless of our status as a qualified foreign corporation. In addition, the rate reduction will not apply to dividends if the recipient of a dividend is obligated to make related payments with respect to positions in substantially similar or related property. This disallowance applies even if the minimum holding period has been met. Moreover, non-corporate United States Holders will not be eligible for reduced rates of taxation on any dividends received from us in taxable years beginning prior to January 1, 2013 if we are a PFIC in the taxable year in which such dividends are paid or in the preceding taxable year. You should consult your own tax advisors regarding the application of these rules given your particular circumstances.

In the event that we are deemed to be a PRC “resident enterprise” under PRC tax law, you may be subject to PRC withholding taxes on dividends paid to you with respect to the ADSs or ordinary shares (see discussion under “Taxation — People’s Republic of China Taxation”). However, you may be able to obtain a reduced rate of PRC withholding taxes under the treaty between the United States and the PRC if certain requirements are met. In addition, subject to certain conditions and limitations, PRC withholding taxes on dividends may be treated as foreign taxes eligible for credit against your United States federal income tax liability. For purposes of calculating the foreign tax credit, dividends paid on the ADSs or ordinary shares will be treated as foreign-source income and will generally constitute passive category income. Furthermore, in certain circumstances, if you have held the ADSs or ordinary shares for less than a specified minimum period during which you are not protected from risk of loss, or are obligated to make payments related to the dividends, you will not be allowed a foreign tax credit for any PRC withholding taxes imposed on dividends paid on the ADSs or ordinary shares. The rules governing the foreign tax credit are complex. You are urged to consult your tax advisors regarding the availability of the foreign tax credit under your particular circumstances.

Based on our financial statements, relevant market data, and the projected composition of our income and valuation of our assets, including goodwill, we do not expect to be a passive foreign investment company, or a PFIC, for United States federal income tax purposes for our current taxable year ending December 31, 2012, and we do not expect to become one in the future, although there can be no assurance in this regard. If we are a PFIC for any taxable year during which you hold our ADSs or ordinary shares, you will be subject to special tax rules discussed below.

For this purpose, passive income generally includes dividends, interest, royalties and rents (other than royalties and rents derived in the active conduct of a trade or business and not derived from a related person). If we own at least 25% (by value) of the stock of another corporation, we will be treated for purposes of the PFIC tests, as owning our proportionate share of the other corporation’s assets and receiving our proportionate share of the other corporation’s income.

The determination of whether we are a PFIC is made annually. Accordingly, it is possible that we may become a PFIC in the current or any future taxable year due to changes in our asset or income composition. Because we have valued our goodwill based on the market value of our equity, a decrease in the price of our ADSs or ordinary shares may result in our becoming a PFIC. In addition, the composition of our income and assets will be affected by how, and how quickly, we spend our cash. If we are a PFIC for any taxable year during which you hold our ADSs or ordinary shares, you will be subject to special tax rules discussed below.

If we are a PFIC for any taxable year during which you hold our ADSs or ordinary shares, you will be subject to special tax rules with respect to any “excess distribution” received and any gain realized from a sale or other disposition, including a pledge, of ADSs or ordinary shares. Distributions received in a taxable year that are greater than 125% of the average annual distributions received during the shorter of the three preceding taxable years or your holding period for the ADSs or ordinary shares will be treated as excess distributions. Under these special tax rules:

In addition, non-corporate United States Holders will not be eligible for reduced rates of taxation on any dividends received from us in taxable years beginning prior to January 1, 2013 if we are a PFIC in the taxable year in which such dividends are paid or in the preceding taxable year. You will be required to file Internal Revenue Service Form 8621 if you hold our ADSs or ordinary shares in any year in which we are classified as a PFIC.

If we are a PFIC for any taxable year during which you hold our ADSs or ordinary shares and any of our non-United States subsidiaries is also a PFIC, a United States Holder would be treated as owning a proportionate amount (by value) of the shares of the lower-tier PFIC for purposes of the application of these rules. You are urged to consult your tax advisors about the application of the PFIC rules to any of our subsidiaries.

In certain circumstances, in lieu of being subject to the excess distribution rules discussed above, you may make an election to include gain on the stock of a PFIC as ordinary income under a mark-to-market method, provided that such stock is regularly traded on a qualified exchange. Under current law, the mark-to-market election may be available to holders of our ADSs which are listed on the NYSE, which also constitute a qualified exchange, although there can be no assurance that the ADSs will be “regularly traded” for purposes of the mark-to-market election. It should be noted that only the ADSs, and not the ordinary shares, are listed on the NYSE. Consequently, if you are a holder of ordinary shares that are not represented by ADSs, you generally will not be eligible to make a mark-to-market election if we are or were to become a PFIC. If you make an effective mark-to-market election, you will include in each year as ordinary income the excess of the fair market value of your ADSs at the end of the year over your adjusted tax basis in the ADSs. You will be entitled to deduct as an ordinary loss in each such year the excess of your adjusted tax basis in the ADSs over their fair market value at the end of the year, but only to the extent of the net amount previously included in income as a result of the mark-to-market election. If you make an effective mark-to-market election, any gain you recognize upon the sale or other disposition of ADSs will be treated as ordinary income and any loss will be treated as ordinary loss, but only to the extent of the net amount previously included in income as a result of the mark-to-market election.

Your adjusted tax basis in the ADSs will be increased by the amount of any income inclusion and decreased by the amount of any deductions under the mark-to-market rules. If you make a mark-to-market election it will be effective for the taxable year for which the election is made and all subsequent taxable years unless the ADSs are no longer regularly traded on a qualified exchange or the Internal Revenue Service consents to the revocation of the election. You are urged to consult your tax advisors about the availability of the mark-to-market election and whether making the election would be advisable in your particular circumstances.

A U.S. investor in a PFIC generally can mitigate the consequences of the rules described above by electing to treat the PFIC as a “qualified electing fund” under Section 1295 of the Code. However, this option is not available to you because we do not intend to comply with the requirements necessary to permit you to make this election. You are urged to consult your tax advisors concerning the United States federal income tax consequences of holding ADSs or ordinary shares if we are considered a PFIC in any taxable year.

For United States federal income tax purposes and subject to the discussion under “ — Passive Foreign Investment Company” above, you will recognize taxable gain or loss on any sale or exchange of ADSs or ordinary shares in an amount equal to the difference between the amount realized for the ADSs or ordinary shares and your tax basis in the ADSs or ordinary shares. Such gain or loss will generally be capital gain or loss. Capital gains of non-corporate United States Holders derived with respect to capital assets held for more than one year are eligible for reduced rates of taxation. The deductibility of capital losses is subject to limitations. Any gain or loss recognized by you will generally be treated as United States source gain or loss. However, if we are treated as a PRC “resident enterprise” for PRC tax purposes and PRC tax was imposed on any gain, and if you are eligible for the benefits of the income tax treaty between the United States and the PRC, you may elect to treat such gain as PRC source gain. If you are not eligible for the benefits of the income tax treaty between the United States and the PRC or you fail to make the election to treat any gain as PRC source, then you may not be able to use the foreign tax credit arising from any PRC tax imposed on the disposition of our ADSs or ordinary shares, unless such credit can be applied (subject to applicable limitations) against tax due on other income treated as derived from foreign sources. You are urged to consult your tax advisors regarding the tax consequences if a foreign tax, such as a PRC tax, is imposed on gain on a disposition of our ADSs or ordinary shares, including the availability of the foreign tax credit and the election to treat any gain as PRC source, under your particular circumstances.

In general, information reporting will apply to dividends in respect of our ADSs or ordinary shares and to the proceeds from the sale, exchange or redemption of our ADSs or ordinary shares that are paid to you within the United States (and in certain cases, outside the United States), unless you are an exempt recipient such as a corporation. A backup withholding tax may apply to such payments if you fail to provide a taxpayer identification number or certification of other exempt status or fail to report in full dividend and interest income.

Any amounts withheld under the backup withholding rules will be allowed as a refund or a credit against your United States federal income tax liability provided the required information is furnished to the Internal Revenue Service in a timely manner.

We have filed this annual report, including exhibits, with the SEC. As allowed by the SEC, in Item 19 of this annual report, we incorporate by reference certain information we filed with the SEC. This means that we can disclose important information to you by referring you to another document filed separately with the SEC. The information incorporated by reference is considered to be part of this annual report.

You may read and copy this annual report, including the exhibits incorporated by reference in this annual report, at the SEC’s Public Reference Room at 100 F Street, N.E., Washington, D.C. 20549 and at the SEC’s regional offices in New York, New York and Chicago, Illinois. You can also request copies of this annual report, including the exhibits incorporated by reference in this annual report, upon payment of a duplicating fee, by writing information on the operation of the SEC’s Public Reference Room.

The SEC also maintains a website at www.sec.gov that contains reports, proxy statements and other information regarding registrants that file electronically with the SEC. Our annual report and some of the other information submitted by us to the SEC may be accessed through this web site.

As a foreign private issuer, we are exempt from the rules under the Exchange Act prescribing the furnishing and content of quarterly reports and proxy statements, and officers, directors and principal shareholders are exempt from the reporting and short swing profit recovery provisions contained in Section 16 of the Exchange Act.

We will furnish our shareholders with annual reports, which will include a review of operations and annual audited consolidated financial statements prepared in conformity with U.S. GAAP.

For a listing of our subsidiaries, see “Item 4. Information on the Company — C. Organizational Structure.”

All of our revenues and substantially all of our expenditures are denominated in Renminbi. However, the price of medical equipment that we purchase from foreign manufacturers is denominated in U.S. dollars. We pay for such equipment in Renminbi through importers at a pre-determined exchange rate that is typically agreed to at the time of purchase that will be adjusted to a certain extent if there is significant fluctuation as to the exchange rate. As a result, fluctuations in the exchange rate between the U.S. dollar and the Renminbi will affect the cost of such medical equipment to us and will affect our results of operation and financial condition.

The Renminbi’s exchange rate with the U.S. dollar and other currencies is affected by, among other things, changes in China’s political and economic conditions. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—Fluctuations in the value of the Renminbi may have a material adverse effect on your investment.” Any significant revaluation of the Renminbi may materially and adversely affect our cash flows, revenues, earnings and financial position, and the value of, and any dividends payable on, our ADSs in U.S. dollars. Based on the amount of our cash denominated in U.S. dollar as of December 31, 2011, a 10% change in the exchange rates between the Renminbi and the U.S. dollar would result in an increase or decrease of RMB8.0 million (US$1.3 million) in our total cash position.

The functional currency of our company and our subsidiaries, including Ascendium, CMS Holdings, OMS, Cyber Medical, China Medstar, King Cheers Holding Limited, Medstar Overseas Ltd, US Proton Therapy Holdings Limited (BVI), and US Proton Therapy Holdings Limited (Delaware) is the U.S. dollar. Our PRC subsidiaries have determined their functional currencies to be the Renminbi based on the criteria set forth under ASC 830, Foreign Currency Matters. We use the Renminbi as our reporting currency. We use the monthly average exchange rate for the year and the exchange rate at the balance sheet date to translate the operating results and financial position of our PRC subsidiaries, respectively. Translation differences are recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income, a component of shareholders’ equity. Transactions denominated in foreign currencies are remeasured into our functional currency at the exchange rates prevailing on the transaction dates. Foreign currency denominated financial assets and liabilities are remeasured at the balance sheet date exchange rate. Exchange gains and losses are included in the consolidated statements of income.

Our exposure to interest rate risk relates to interest expenses incurred by our short-term and long-term bank borrowings and interest income on our interest-bearing bank deposits. We have not used any derivative financial instruments or engaged in any interest rate hedging activities to manage our interest rate risk exposure. Our future interest expense on our short-term and long-term borrowings may increase or decrease due to changes in market interest rates. During 2011, our short-term and long-term bank borrowings, all of which were denominated in Renminbi, had a weighted average interest rate of 6.71% per annum and 6.34% per annum, respectively. Our future interest income on our interest-bearing cash and pledged deposit balances may increase or decrease due to changes in market interest conditions. We monitor interest rates in conjunction with our cash requirements to determine the appropriate level of bank borrowings relative to other sources of funds. Based on our outstanding borrowings as of December 31, 2011, a 10% change in the interest rates would result in an increase or decrease of RMB0.6 million (US$0.1 million) of our total amount of interest expense for the year ended December 31, 2011. Based on our outstanding interest earning instruments during the year ended December 31, 2011, a 10% change in the interest rates would result in an increase or decrease of approximately RMB1.3 million (US$0.2 million) in our total amount of interest income for the year ended December 31, 2011.

According to the National Bureau of Statistics of China, China’s overall national inflation rate, as represented by the general consumer price index, was approximately -0.7% in 2009, 3.3% in 2010 and 5.4% in 2011. We have not in the past been materially affected by any such inflation, but we can provide no assurance that we will not be affected in the future.

The depositary may charge each person to whom ADSs are issued, including, without limitation, issuances against deposits of shares, issuances in respect of share distributions, rights and other distributions, issuances pursuant to a stock dividend or stock split declared by us or issuances pursuant to a merger, exchange of securities or any other transaction or event affecting the ADSs or deposited securities, and each person surrendering ADSs for withdrawal of deposited securities or whose ADRs are cancelled or reduced for any other reason, US$5.00 for each 100 ADSs (or any portion thereof) issued, delivered, reduced, cancelled or surrendered, as the case may be. The depositary may sell (by public or private sale) sufficient securities and property received in respect of a share distribution, rights and/or other distribution prior to such deposit to pay such charge.

The following additional charges shall be incurred by the ADR holders, by any party depositing or withdrawing shares or by any party surrendering ADSs or to whom ADSs are issued (including, without limitation, issuance pursuant to a stock dividend or stock split declared by us or an exchange of stock regarding the ADRs or the deposited securities or a distribution of ADSs), whichever is applicable:

We will pay all other charges and expenses of the depositary and any agent of the depositary (except the custodian) pursuant to agreements from time to time between us and the depositary. The charges described above may be amended from time to time by agreement between us and the depositary.

Our depositary has agreed to reimburse us for certain expenses we incur that are related to establishment and maintenance of the ADR program, including investor relations expenses and exchange application and listing fees. Neither the depositary nor we can determine the exact amount to be made available to us because (i) the number of ADSs that will be issued and outstanding, (ii) the level of fees to be charged to holders of ADSs and (iii) our reimbursable expenses related to the ADR program are not known at this time. The depositary collects its fees for issuance and cancellation of ADSs directly from investors depositing shares or surrendering ADSs for the purpose of withdrawal or from intermediaries acting for them. The depositary collects fees for making distributions to investors by deducting those fees from the amounts distributed or by selling a portion of distributable property to pay the fees. The depositary may collect its annual fee for depositary services by deduction from cash distributions, or by directly billing investors, or by charging the book-entry system accounts of participants acting for them. The depositary may generally refuse to provide services to any holder until the fees and expenses owing by such holder for those services or otherwise are paid.

We received payments from the depository or any reimbursement relating to the ADS facility in the amount of nil and US$213,689 in 2010 and 2011, respectively.

See “Item 10. Additional Information” for a description of the rights of securities holders, which remain unchanged.

We completed our initial public offering of 36,000,000 ordinary shares, in the form of ADSs, at a price of US$11.00 per ADS, in December 2009, after our ordinary shares and American Depositary Receipts were registered under the Securities Act. The aggregate price of the offering amount registered and sold was US$132.0 million, of which we received net proceeds of US$120.3 million. Morgan Stanley & Co. International plc, J.P. Morgan Securities Inc. and China International Capital Corporation Hong Kong Securities Limited were the underwriters for the initial public offering of our ADSs.

As of December 31, 2011, approximately US$72.2 million of the net proceeds from our public offerings has been used for capital expenditures, approximately US$26.3 million has been used for general corporate purposes, and approximately US$21.8 million of the net proceeds from our public offerings had not yet been used. We are continuously examining opportunities to expand our business through merger and acquisitions, organic growth and strategic alliances with our business partners, and anticipate that the remaining amount of the net proceeds from our initial public offering may be used for such purposes.

As required by Rule 13a-15(b) under the Exchange Act, we have carried out an evaluation with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Offer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report. Based upon this evaluation, our management has concluded that, as of December 31, 2011, our existing disclosure controls and procedures were effective to provide reasonable assurance that material information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file with, or submit to, the SEC under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in by the SEC’s rules and regulations.

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Internal control over financial reporting is a system designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of its published consolidated financial statements for external purposes in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, or U.S. GAAP. Internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of our assets; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, and that our receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of our management or our board of directors; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of our assets that could have a material effect on our interim or annual consolidated financial statements. All internal control systems, no matter how well designed, have inherent limitations. Therefore, even those systems determined to be effective may not prevent or detect misstatements and can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to financial statement preparation and presentation. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

As required by Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and related rules as promulgated by the SEC, management assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2011, using the criteria established within the Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). As a result of management’s evaluation of our internal control over financial reporting, our management has concluded that, as of December 31, 2011, our internal control over financial reporting was effective.

Our independent registered public accounting firm, Ernst & Young Hua Ming, or Ernst & Young, has audited the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2011, as stated in its report, which appears on page F-3 of this annual report on Form 20-F.

In order to remediate the material weaknesses disclosed in our 2010 Form 20-F, during 2011 we have undertaken a number of measures, including (i) hiring additional qualified professionals, including a financial controller with relevant accounting experience, skills and knowledge in the preparation of financial statements under the requirements of U.S. GAAP and financial reporting disclosure under the requirements of SEC rules, (ii) providing additional training to our accounting and finance department personnel, including areas of new and emerging accounting standards, and (iii) enhancing our accounting and finance policy and procedure manuals to provide guidance to our finance and accounting department personnel in addressing significant accounting issues and preparing our financial statements so that they are in compliance with U.S. GAAP and SEC requirements.

We have taken additional measures to enhance our internal controls over financial reporting in 2011, including (i) hiring a director and a senior manager of internal audit with requisite experience in Section 404 requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, (ii) developing an internal audit function in which the personnel has worked with external consultant during the year in performing the assessment and evaluation and providing remediation advise to continue enhancing the Company’s internal control over financial reporting, and (iii) continuing to develop and enhance our internal policies and procedures relating to internal controls over financial reporting.

Except as described above, there were no changes in our internal controls over financial reporting that occurred during the period covered by this annual report that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal controls over financial reporting.

Our Board of Directors has determined that each of the members of our audit committee qualifies as an “audit committee financial expert” as defined in Item 16A of Form 20-F.

Our board of directors has adopted a code of ethics that applies to our directors, officers, employees and agents, including certain provisions that specifically apply to our chief executive officer, chief financial officer, chief strategy officer, president, executive president, financial controller and any other persons who perform similar functions for us. We have filed our code of business conduct and ethics as an exhibit to our registration statement on Form F-1. We hereby undertake to provide to any person without charge, a copy of our code of business conduct and ethics within ten working days after we receive such person’s written request.

The following table sets forth the aggregate fees by categories specified below in connection with certain professional services rendered by Ernst & Young, our independent registered public accounting firm. We did not pay any other fees to Ernst & Young during the periods indicated below.

The policy of our audit committee or our board of directors is to pre approve all audit and non-audit services, such as audit-related, tax and other services provided by Ernst & Young.

In September 2011, our board of directors and shareholders approved a share repurchase program, which provided authorization to purchase up to US$20 million worth of our outstanding ADSs. From the inception of the program to December 31, 2011, we have purchased 316,645 ADSs, or 949,935 common shares, through open-market transactions for an aggregate consideration of approximately US$1,087,299 including transaction fees.

The following table sets forth certain information related to purchases made by us of our ADSs under the program in 2011:

We intend to rely on all such exemptions provided by the NYSE to a foreign private issuer, except that:

As a result, you may not be provided with the benefits of certain corporate governance requirements of the NYSE.

The following financial statements are filed as part of this annual report, together with the report of the independent registered public accounting firm:

The registrant hereby certifies that it meets all of the requirements for filing its annual report on Form 20-F and that it has duly caused and authorized the undersigned to sign this annual report on its behalf.


CONCORD MEDICAL SERVICES HOLDINGS LIMITED
CONCORD MEDICAL SERVICES HOLDINGS LIMITED

By:		/s/ Jianyu Yang
		Name: Jianyu Yang
		Title: Chief Executive Officer

The Board of Directors and Shareholders of Concord Medical Services Holdings Limited

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Concord Medical Services Holdings Limited (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2011 and 2010, and the related consolidated statements of operations, shareholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2011. These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audits.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the consolidated financial position of Concord Medical Services Holdings Limited at December 31, 2011 and 2010, and the consolidated results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2011, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2011, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission and our report dated April 25, 2012 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

The Board of Directors and Shareholders of Concord Medical Services Holdings Limited

We have audited Concord Medical Services Holdings Limited’s (the “Company”) internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2011, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (the COSO criteria). The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

In our opinion, Concord Medical Services Holdings Limited maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2011, based on the COSO criteria.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the consolidated balance sheets of Concord Medical Services Holdings Limited as of December 31, 2011 and 2010 and the related consolidated statements of operations, changes in shareholders’ equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2011 of Concord Medical Services Holdings Limited and our report dated April 25, 2012 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

(Amounts in thousands of Renminbi (“RMB”) and US dollar (“US$”), except for number of shares)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.

(Amounts in thousands of Renminbi (“RMB”) and United States Dollar (“US$”), except for number of shares)

(Amounts in thousands of Renminbi (“RMB”) and United States Dollar (“US$”),

The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the financial statements of Concord Medical Services Holdings Limited (the “Company”) and its subsidiaries, including Ascendium Group Limited (“Ascendium”), China Medical Services (Holdings) Limited (“CMS Holdings”), Our Medical Services Limited (“OMS”), China Medstar Pte. Limited (“China Medstar”), Cyber Medical Networks Limited (“Cyber”), King Cheers Holdings Limited (“King Cheers”), Medstar Overseas Limited, US Proton Therapy Holdings Limited (“Proton BVI”), US Proton Therapy Holdings Limited (US Proton), CMS Hospital Management Co., Ltd. (“CHM”), Shenzhen Aohua Medical Services Co., Ltd (“AMS”), Shenzhen Aohua Medical Leasing & Services Limited (“AML”), Medstar (Shanghai) Leasing Co., Ltd. (“MSC”), Beijing Xing HengFeng Medical Technology Co., Ltd. (“XHF”), Tianjin Kangmeng Radiology Equipment Management Co., Ltd. (“TKM”), Shenzhen Lingdun Medical Investment & Management Co., Ltd. (“XLD”), Xi’AnWanjiehuaxiang Medical Technology Development Co., Ltd. (“CCICC”), and Guangzhou South Taihe Medical Technology Co. Ltd.(“GZ Proton”). The Company and its subsidiaries are collectively referred to as the “Group”.

(Amounts in thousands of Renminbi (“RMB”) and United States Dollar (“US$”),

The Group is principally engaged in the leasing of radiotherapy and diagnostic imaging equipment and the provision of management services to hospitals located in the People’s Republic of China (“PRC”). The Group develops and operates its business through its subsidiaries. Details of the Company’s subsidiaries as of December 31, 2011 are as follows:

Prior to October 30, 2007, OMS was owned by a group of individuals (the “OMS Individual Shareholders”) through two intermediate investment holding companies (“IIHC”), there was no ultimate controlling shareholder of OMS. OMS together with AMS, OMS’ wholly owned subsidiary, were the predecessors of the Group and operated the business of the Group prior to the reorganization on October 30, 2007 (the “Reorganization”).

(Amounts in thousands of Renminbi (“RMB”) and United States Dollar (“US$”),

Ascendium is a limited liability company that was incorporated in the BVI on September 10, 2007. The Reorganization agreement provided that Ascendium (a shell company owned by a nominee shareholder prior to the Reorganization), upon completion of the Reorganization, be owned by a group of individuals (“Ascendium’s shareholders”), who as a group are substantively different than the shareholders of the IIHC (IIHC directly owned 100% of OMS prior to October 30, 2007). In accordance with the Reorganization agreement, Ascendium’s shareholders acquired 100% ownership in OMS in exchange for issuing Ascendium shares to a portion of the IIHC shareholders. The agreement also provided for the settlement of certain unspecified obligations amongst the IIHC shareholders and IIHC. The majority of Ascendium’s shareholdings was acquired by a number of indirect shareholders of OMS, however because there was no controlling shareholder and the differences in shareholders is substantive, Ascendium accounted for the acquisition of 100% of OMS. The aggregate purchase price for the acquisition on October 30, 2007 was determined to be RMB393,435, which represents the fair value of the Ascendium shares issued as consideration.

The Company was incorporated under the law of the Cayman Islands on November 27, 2007. On March 7, 2008, all the then existing shareholders of Ascendium exchanged their respective shares of Ascendium for shares of the Company at a ratio of 10 shares in the Company in return for each share in Ascendium. As a result, Ascendium became the wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company.

On July 31, 2008, the Group acquired 100% of the equity interest in China Medstar. On October 28, 2008, the Group consummated 100% of the equity interest in XHF. The acquisitions were accounted for using the purchase method of accounting pursuant to ASC 805, Business Combinations. The acquired assets and liabilities of China Medstar and XHF were recorded at estimated fair values on their respective acquisition dates.

Shenzhen Aohua Medical Services (“AMS”) was incorporated by OMS on July 23, 1997 and OMS contributed RMB 4,800 representing 90% equity interest in AMS. Since the incorporation of AMS, 10% of its equity interest was held by two third party nominees who acted as the custodians of such equity interest. The two nominees did not maintain their required capital contributions at any time subsequent to the incorporation of AMS. In December 2007, the Group entered into an agreement with the two nominees to obtain title of their 10% equity interest. The two nominees agreed to complete all legal procedures required to effect legal transfer of the shares to OMS on June 10, 2009 upon approval by the Shenzhen Industrial and Commercial Administration Bureau in return for a fee of RMB 4,200.

Due to the two nominees’ failure to complete their capital injection obligations as required by PRC Company Law, it is in the Company’s view that the two nominees never possessed any ordinary shareholding rights, including dividend or voting rights. Consequently, OMS effectively controlled 100% of the equity of AMS prior to the legal reacquisition of shares subsequent to December 31, 2009. As such, the Group’s consolidated financial statements do not present a minority interest for the financial statement periods presented.

On December 15, 2009, the Company acquired 100% equity interest of King Cheers at a consideration of HK$2. King Cheers was incorporated in Hong Kong on May 18, 2001 under the Hong Kong Companies Ordinance. It is an investment holding company and has no business operation of its own.

(Amounts in thousands of Renminbi (“RMB”) and United States Dollar (“US$”),

On December 16, 2009, the Company completed its initial public offering of 12,000,000 American Depositary Shares (“ADSs”) at US$ 11.0 per ADS. Each ADS comprises three ordinary shares of the Company. The net proceeds to the Company from the offering amounted to approximately RMB 813,938 (US$119,211), net of underwriter commission and issuance costs paid and payable.

On April 22, 2010, the Group acquired 100% of the equity interest in TKM. The acquisition was accounted for using the purchase method of accounting pursuant to ASC 805, Business Combinations. The acquired assets and liabilities of TKM were recorded at estimated fair values on their respective acquisition dates.

On July 6, 2010, the Group acquired 52% of the equity interest in CCICC from Chang’an Hospital Co. Ltd. (“Chang’an”), in accordance with the framework agreement entered into in 2008. The transaction was accounted for as an acquisition of assets pursuant to ASC 805, Business Combinations, as the assets acquired did not constitute a business.

XLD was set up as a 100% owned subsidiary by AML and CHM, with ownership of 90% and 10%, respectively, on August 25, 2010, for purpose of expanding the Group’s medical equipment leasing business.

Medstar Overseas was incorporated in the BVI on September 22, 2011. Proton BVI was incorporated in the BVI on May 16, 2011. US Proton was incorporated in the State of Delaware, U.S.A. on June 29, 2011. These companies are investment holding companies and have no business operation of their own.

GZ Proton was incorporated by the Group and a third party on June 29, 2011, for purposes of expanding the Group’s business area of medical technology research and development, and provision of management and consultant services. The Group holds 90% equity interest in GZ Proton. GZ Proton has been dormant since incorporation.

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with United States generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”).

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the balance sheet dates and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. Significant estimates and assumptions reflected in the Company’s financial statements include, but are not limited to, purchase price allocation, contingent business acquisition consideration, revenue recognition, allowance for doubtful accounts, asset impairment, useful lives of property, plant and equipment and acquired intangible assets, realization of deferred tax assets, share-based compensation expense, and the valuation of the Company’s acquired tangible and intangible assets and liabilities and ordinary shares and Series A and B contingently redeemable convertible preferred shares. Actual results could materially differ from those estimates.

(Amounts in thousands of Renminbi (“RMB”) and United States Dollar (“US$”),

The consolidated financial statements of the Group include the financial statements of the Company and its subsidiaries. All transactions and balances between the Company and its subsidiaries have been eliminated upon consolidation.

The Company’s PRC subsidiaries determine their functional currencies to be the Chinese Renminbi (“RMB”) based on the criteria of ASC 830, Foreign Currency Matters. The Company uses the RMB as its reporting currency. The Company uses the monthly average exchange rate for the year and the exchange rate at the balance sheet date to translate the operating results and financial position, respectively. Translation differences are recorded in accumulated other comprehensive loss, a component of shareholders’ equity. The functional currency of the Company and its subsidiaries, Ascendium, CMS Holdings, OMS, Cyber, China Medstar, King Cheers, Medstar Overseas, Proton BVI and US Proton is the United States dollar (“US$”).

Transactions denominated in foreign currencies are remeasured into the functional currency at the exchange rates prevailing on the transaction dates. Foreign currency denominated financial assets and liabilities are remeasured at the exchange rates prevailing at the balance sheet date. Exchange gains and losses are included in the consolidated statements of operations.

Amounts in U.S. dollars are presented for the convenience of the reader and are translated at the noon buying rate of RMB6.2939 to US$1.00 on December 30, 2011 as published on the website of the Federal Reserve Board. No representation is made that the RMB amounts could have been, or could be, converted into US$ at such rate.

Cash includes cash deposits with original maturities of less than three months, which are unrestricted as to withdrawal and use.

Short-term and long-term restricted cash represents collateral required to be maintained pursuant to contractual financing arrangements the Group has entered into with certain financial institutions (see note 5).

(Amounts in thousands of Renminbi (“RMB”) and United States Dollar (“US$”),

Investments in less-than-majority-owned investees over which the Group has significant influence are accounted for under the equity method, which requires equity investments be carried at original cost adjusted for the proportionate share of the investees’ income, losses and distributions. The Group assesses the carrying value of equity investments when an indicator of a loss in value is present and records a loss in value of the investment when the assessment indicates that an other-than-temporary decline in the investment exists. In October, 2011, the Group incorporated Xi’an Jiangyuan Andike Ltd. (“Xi’an Jiangyuan”) with other investors and held 27% of the equity interest in Xi’an Jiangyuan. The principal business of Xi’an Jiangyuan is production of radioactive pharmaceuticals and development of Cyclotron ancillary equipments. The results of Xi’an Jiangyuan from the date of incorporation till December 31, 2011 were immaterial to the consolidated financial statements of the Group.

The Group accounts for its investments in accordance with ASC 320, Investments-Debt and Equity Securities (“ASC 320”). According to ASC 320, the investments in debt securities are accounted for as either “held-to-maturity”, “trading” or “available-for-sale”.

Debt securities that the Company has positive intent and ability to hold to maturity are classified as held-to-maturity securities and are stated at amortized cost. For individual securities classified as held-to-maturity securities, the Group evaluates whether a decline in fair value below the amortized cost basis is other than temporary in accordance to ASC 320. If the decline in fair value is judged to be other than temporary, the cost basis of the individual security would be written down to its fair value as a charge to the consolidated statements of operations. No impairment loss was recognized on the held-to-maturity securities for any of years presented.

Time deposits consist of deposits placed with financial institutions with original maturity terms of greater than three months, but less than one year.

The Group considers many factors in assessing the collectability of its receivables due from its customers, such as, the age of the amounts due, the customer’s payment history and credit-worthiness. An allowance for doubtful accounts is recorded in the period in which uncollectability is determined to be probable. Accounts receivable balances are written off after all collection efforts have been exhausted.

(Amounts in thousands of Renminbi (“RMB”) and United States Dollar (“US$”),

In accordance with ASC 840, Leases (“ASC 840”), leases for a lessee are classified at the inception date as either a capital lease or an operating lease. The Company assesses a lease to be a capital lease if any of the following conditions exist: a) ownership is transferred to the lessee by the end of the lease term, b) there is a bargain purchase option, c) the lease term is at least 75% of the property’s estimated remaining economic life or d) the present value of the minimum lease payments at the beginning of the lease term is 90% or more of the fair value of the leased property to the lessor at the inception date. A capital lease is accounted for as if there was an acquisition of an asset and an incurrence of an obligation at the inception of the lease. The capital lease obligation reflects the present value of future rental payments, discounted at the appropriate interest rates. The cost of the asset is amortized over the lease term. However, if ownership is transferred at the end of the lease term, the cost of the asset is amortized as set out under the plant and equipment section of this note.

Operating lease expenses are recognized on a straight-line basis over the applicable lease term.

Net investment in direct financing leases represents leases of medical equipment arising from sale and leaseback transactions. For leases where the Group is the lessor, a transaction is accounted for as a direct financing lease if the transaction satisfies one of the four capital lease conditions as discussed under the leases obligations section of this note, the collectability of the minimum lease payments is reasonably predictable, and there are no important uncertainties surrounding the amount of unreimbursable costs yet to be incurred by the Group under the lease.

The net investment in the direct financing leases consists of the minimum lease payments, net of executory costs and profits thereon, unguaranteed residual value, accruing to the benefit of the Group and initial direct costs less unearned income. Over the period of a lease, each lease payment received is allocated between the repayment of the net investment in the lease and financing lease income based on the effective interest method so as to produce a constant rate of return on the balance of the net investment in the lease. The leased property is collateralized against the lease payments and is transferred to the lessee upon the maturity of the lease. There are no executory costs and profits thereon and unguaranteed residual value with respect to such leased equipment for the periods presented.

Property, plant and equipment are stated at cost and are depreciated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets, as follows:

(Amounts in thousands of Renminbi (“RMB”) and United States Dollar (“US$”),

Repair and maintenance costs are charged to expense as incurred, whereas the cost of renewals and betterments that extends the useful lives of property, plant and equipment is capitalized as additions to the related assets. Retirements, sales and disposals of assets are recorded by removing the cost and accumulated depreciation from the asset and accumulated depreciation accounts with any resulting gain or loss reflected in the consolidated statements of operations.

Costs incurred in constructing new facilities, including progress payment, interest and other costs relating to the construction are capitalized and transferred to fixed assets upon completion. Total interest costs incurred and capitalized during the years ended December 31, 2009, 2010 and 2011 amounted to RMB1,310, RMB2,517 and RMB724 (US$115), respectively.

Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the estimated fair value of net tangible and identifiable intangible assets acquired. The Company’s goodwill and acquisition related intangible assets outstanding at December 31, 2009, 2010 and 2011 were related to the Company’s Reorganization, the acquisition of China Medstar, XHF and other businesses (see notes 1). In accordance with ASC 350, Intangibles, Goodwill and Other (“ASC 350”), goodwill amounts are not amortized, but rather are tested for impairment at least annually or more frequently if there are indicators of impairment present.

The goodwill testing utilizes a two-step impairment analysis, whereby the Group compares the carrying value of each identified reporting unit to its fair value. If the carrying value of the reporting unit is greater than its fair value, the second step is performed, where the implied fair value of goodwill is compared to its carrying value. The Group recognizes an impairment charge for the amount by which the carrying amount of goodwill exceeds its implied fair value.

Prepaid land lease payments represent amounts paid for the right to use land in the PRC and are recorded at purchase cost less accumulated amortization. Amortization is provided on a straight line basis over the terms of the land use rights agreement, which is 38 years.

(Amounts in thousands of Renminbi (“RMB”) and United States Dollar (“US$”),

The Group evaluates its long-lived assets or asset group including acquired intangibles with finite lives for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances (such as a significant adverse change to market conditions that will impact the future use of the assets) indicate that the carrying amount of a group of long-lived assets may not be fully recoverable. When these events occur, the Group evaluates the impairment by comparing the carrying amount of the assets to future undiscounted cash flows expected to result from the use of the assets and their eventual disposition. If the sum of the expected undiscounted cash flows is less than the carrying amount of the assets, the Group recognizes an impairment loss based on the excess of the carrying amount of the asset group over its fair value, generally based upon discounted cash flows or quoted market prices.

The Company has share repurchase programs where the shares are acquired and subsequently cancelled. Cost of the Company’s shares acquired is treated as a deduction from shareholders’ equity. Any excess purchase price over par value is charged directly to additional paid-in capital.

The carrying amounts of the Group’s financial instruments, including cash, time deposits with original maturities exceeding three months, held-to-maturity securities, notes receivable, accounts receivable, accounts payable, and other liabilities approximate fair value because of their short maturities. The carrying amounts of the Group’s short-term and long-term bank borrowings bear interest at floating rates and therefore approximate the fair value of these obligations as at December 31, 2010 and 2011.

The majority of the Group’s revenues are derived directly from hospitals that enter into medical equipment lease and management service arrangements with the Group. A lease and management service arrangement will typically include the purchase and installation of diagnostic imaging and/or radiation oncology system (“medical equipment”) at the hospital, and the full-time deployment of a qualified system technician who is responsible for certain management services related to the radiotherapy or diagnostic services being performed by the hospital centers’ doctors to their patients. To a lesser extent, revenues are generated from stand-alone management service arrangements where a hospital has previously acquired the equipment from the Company or through another vendor or sale of medical equipment.

(Amounts in thousands of Renminbi (“RMB”) and United States Dollar (“US$”),

The Group is subject to approximately 5% business tax and related surcharges on the revenue earned from provision of leasing and management services except for that disclosed in note 22. The Group has recognized revenues net of these business taxes and other surcharges. Such business tax and related surcharges for the years ended December 31, 2009, 2010 and 2011 are approximately RMB10,771, RMB17,511 and RMB23,196 (US$3,685), respectively. In the event that revenue recognition is deferred to a later period, the related business tax and other surcharges and fees are also deferred and will be recognized only upon recognition of the deferred revenue.

The Group enters into both leases and management service arrangements with independent hospitals consisting of terms that range from 6 to 20 years. Pursuant to these arrangements, the Group receives a percentage of the net profit (“profit share” as defined in the arrangement) of the hospital unit that delivers the diagnostic imaging and/or radiation oncology services determined in accordance with the terms of the arrangement.

Pursuant to ASC 840, the Group determined that the lease and management service arrangements contain a lease of medical equipment. The hospital has the ability and right to operate the medical equipment while obtaining more than a minor amount of the output. The arrangement also contains a non-lease deliverable being the management service element. The arrangement consideration should be allocated between the lease element and the non-lease deliverables on a relative fair value basis, however because all of the consideration is earned through the contingent rent feature discussed below, there is no impact of such allocation.

The lease rentals and management service receivable under the lease arrangement are based entirely on a profit sharing formula (“contingent rent feature”). The profitability of the business unit is not only dependent on the medical equipment placed at the hospital, but also the hospital’s ability to manage the costs and appoint doctors and clinical staff to operate the equipment. Certain of the lease and management service arrangements may include a transfer of ownership or bargain purchase option at the end of the lease term. Due to the length of the lease term, the collectability of these minimum lease payments are not considered reasonably predictable and there are also inherent uncertainties regarding the future costs to be incurred by the Group relating to the arrangement. Given these uncertainties, the Group accounts for all of these lease arrangements as operating leases.

(Amounts in thousands of Renminbi (“RMB”) and United States Dollar (“US$”),

As the collectability of the minimum lease rental is not considered predictable, and the remaining rental is considered contingent, the Group recognizes revenue when a lease payment under the arrangement become fixed, i.e. when the profit share under the arrangement is determined and agreed upon by both parties to the agreement. Similarly, for the service element of the arrangement, revenue is only considered determinable at the time a payment under the arrangement becomes fixed, i.e. when the profit share under the arrangement is determined and agreed upon by both parties. Revenue is recognized when it is determined that the basic criteria, referred to above, have also been met.

The Group provides stand-alone management services to certain hospitals which are already in possession of radiotherapy and diagnostic equipment. The fee for the management service arrangement is either based on a contracted percentage of monthly revenue generated by the specified hospital unit (“revenue share”) or in limited instances on a fixed monthly fee. The consideration that is based on a contracted percentage of revenue is recognized when the monthly fees under the arrangement become due, i.e. when the revenue share under the arrangement is determined and agreed upon by both parties to the agreement. Fixed monthly fees are recognized ratably over the service term.

Pursuant to the application of ASC 605, Revenue Recognition, the Group records revenue related to medical equipment sales on a net basis when the equipment is delivered to the customer and the sales price is determinable. During the years ended December 31, 2009, 2010 and 2011, the Company had medical equipment sales, of RMB2,675, RMB3,475 and RMB1,635 (US$260), net of 17% value-added tax of approximately RMB1,519, RMB1,244 and RMB647 (US$103) taxes, respectively. Revenue derived from medical equipment sales is recorded as other revenue in the consolidated statements of operations.

Pursuant to the supplemental agreement entered into between the Group and Chang’an (see note 29), CCICC recognized other revenue amounting to RMB8,254 and RMB 23,742 (US$3,772), respectively, for the years ended December 31, 2010 and 2011 in relation to the operations of the oncology center of Chang’an during the trial period from July 1, 2010 to December 31, 2011, respectively.

Pursuant to ASC 840, the Group records revenue attributable to direct financing leases so as to produce a constant rate of return on the balance of the net investment in the lease. During the years ended December 31, 2009, 2010 and 2011, the Company had financing lease income of nil, RMB5,147 and RMB9,224 (US$1,466), net of taxes, respectively. Income derived from direct financing leases is recorded as other revenue in the consolidated statements of operations.

(Amounts in thousands of Renminbi (“RMB”) and United States Dollar (“US$”),

The cost of medical equipment that is leased under an operating lease is included in property, plant and equipment in the balance sheet. The medical equipment is depreciated using the Group’s depreciation policy. The costs of the management service component are recognized as an expense as incurred.

Costs of management services mainly include the labor costs of technicians and management staff as well as related medical consumables.

Cost of equipment sales, recorded net against the related revenue, includes the cost of the equipment purchased and other direct costs involved in the equipment sales.

Advertising costs are expensed when incurred and are included in selling expenses in the consolidated statements of operations. For the years ended December 31, 2009, 2010 and 2011, the advertising expenses were approximately nil, RMB377 and RMB6,917 (US$1,099), respectively.

The Group follows the liability method of accounting for income taxes. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the difference between the financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates that will be in effect in the period in which the differences are expected to reverse. The Group records a valuation allowance to offset deferred tax assets if based on the weight of available evidence, it is more-likely-than-not that some portion, or all, of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The effect on deferred taxes of a change in tax rate is recognized in tax expense in the period that includes the enactment date of the change in tax rate.

(Amounts in thousands of Renminbi (“RMB”) and United States Dollar (“US$”),

The Group adopted ASC 740, Income Taxes, which clarifies the accounting and disclosure for uncertainty in income taxes. Interests and penalties arising from underpayment of income taxes shall be computed in accordance with the related PRC tax laws. The amount of interest expense is computed by applying the applicable statutory rate of interest to the difference between the tax position recognized and the amount previously taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. Interests and penalties recognized in accordance with ASC 740 are classified in the financial statements as a component of income tax expense. In accordance with the provisions of ASC 740, the Group recognizes in its financial statements the impact of a tax position if a tax return position or future tax position is “more likely than not” to prevail based on the facts and technical merits of the position. Tax positions that meet the “more likely than not” recognition threshold are measured at the largest amount of tax benefit that has a greater than fifty percent likelihood of being realized upon settlement. The Group’s estimated liability for unrecognized tax positions which is included in the “accrued expenses and other liabilities” account is periodically assessed for adequacy and may be affected by changing interpretations of laws, rulings by tax authorities, changes and/or developments with respect to tax audits, and expiration of the statute of limitations. The outcome for a particular audit cannot be determined with certainty prior to the conclusion of the audit and, in some cases, appeal or litigation process. The actual benefits ultimately realized may differ from the Group’s estimates. As each audit is concluded, adjustments, if any, are recorded in the Group’s financial statements. Additionally, in future periods, changes in facts, circumstances, and new information may require the Group to adjust the recognition and measurement estimates with regard to individual tax positions. Changes in recognition and measurement estimates are recognized in the period in which the changes occur.

The Group’s employees participate in the Company’s share-based scheme which is discussed in more details under note 23. Share-based awards granted to employees are accounted for under ASC subtopic 718, Compensation-Stock Compensation (“ASC 718”).

In accordance with ASC 718, the Company determines whether a share option should be classified and accounted for as a liability award or equity award. All grants of share-based awards to employees classified as equity awards are recognized in the financial statements based on their grant date fair values which are calculated using an option pricing model. The Group has elected to recognize compensation expense using the straight-line method for all share options granted with graded vesting based on service conditions. To the extent the required vesting conditions are not met resulting in the forfeiture of the share-based awards, previously recognized compensation expense relating to those awards are reversed. ASC 718 requires forfeitures to be estimated at the time of grant and revised, if necessary, in subsequent period if actual forfeitures differ from initial estimates. Share-based compensation expense was recorded net of estimated forfeitures such that expense was recorded only for those share-based awards that are expected to vest.

(Amounts in thousands of Renminbi (“RMB”) and United States Dollar (“US$”),

Income (loss) per share is computed in accordance with ASC 260, Earnings Per Share. Basic income (loss) per ordinary share is computed by dividing income (loss) attributable to holders of ordinary shares by the weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding during the period. Diluted income (loss) per ordinary share reflects the potential dilution that could occur if securities or other contracts to issue ordinary shares were exercised or converted into ordinary shares. Ordinary shares issuable upon the conversion of the contingently redeemable convertible preferred shares are included in the computation of diluted income (loss) per ordinary share on an “if-converted” basis when the impact is dilutive. The dilutive effect of outstanding share-based awards is reflected in the diluted income (loss) per share by application of the treasury stock method. Two-Class Method prescribed under ASC 260, Earnings Per Share, is used to calculate income (loss) per share data for preferred shares that are participating securities in the event the Group has reportable net income.

Comprehensive income (loss) is defined to include all changes in equity except those resulting from investments by owners and distributions to owners. Among other disclosures, ASC 220, Comprehensive Income, requires that all items that are required to be recognized under current accounting standards as components of comprehensive income be reported in a financial statement that is displayed with the same prominence as other financial statements. During the periods presented, the Group’s comprehensive income (loss) includes net income (loss) and foreign currency translation adjustments and is presented in the statement of changes in shareholders’ equity.

In May 2011, the FASB issued ASU 2011-04, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820), Amendments to Achieve Common Fair Value Measurement and Disclosure Requirements in U.S. GAAP and IFRSs (“ASU 2011-04”). ASU 2011-04 amends the fair value measurement and disclosure guidance in ASC 820, Fair Value Measurement, to converge U.S. GAAP and International Financial Reporting Standards requirements for measuring amounts at fair value as well as disclosures about these measurements. The amendments are effective during interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2011. The Company does not expect that the adoption of ASU 2011-04 will have a material impact to the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

(Amounts in thousands of Renminbi (“RMB”) and United States Dollar (“US$”),

In June 2011, the FASB issued ASU 2011-05, Comprehensive Income (Topic 220), presentation of Comprehensive Income (“ASU 2011-05”). ASU 2011-05 requires that all non-owner changes in stockholders’ equity be presented either in a single continuous statement of comprehensive income or in two separate but consecutive statements. In the two-statement approach, the first statement should present total net income and its components followed consecutively by a second statement that should present total other comprehensive income, the components of other comprehensive income, and the total of comprehensive income. ASU 2011-05 eliminates the option to present the components of other comprehensive income as part of the statement of changes in stockholders’ equity. In December 2011, the FASB issued ASU 2011-12, Deferral of the Effective Date for Amendments to the Presentation of Reclassifications of Items Out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income in Accounting Standards Update No. 2011-05 (“ASU 2011-12”). ASU 2011-12 defers the requirement in ASU 2011-05 that entities present reclassification adjustments for each component of accumulated other comprehensive income (“AOCI”) in both net income and other comprehensive income on the face of the financial statements. ASU 2011-12 requires entities to continue to present amounts reclassified out of AOCI on the face of the financial statements or disclose those amounts in the notes to the financial statements. The effective date of ASU 2011-12 is consistent with ASU 2011-05, which is effective for fiscal years and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2011 for public entities. The Company does not expect that the adoption of both ASU 2011-05 and ASU 2011-12 will have a material impact to the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In September 2011, the FASB issued ASU 2011-08, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other (Topic 350), Testing Goodwill for Impairment (“ASU 2011-08”). ASU 2011-08 is intended to simplify how entities test goodwill for impairment. ASU 2011-08 permits an entity to first assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is “more likely than not” that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount as a basis for determining whether it is necessary to perform the two-step goodwill impairment test described in Topic 350. ASU 2011-08 is effective for annual and interim goodwill impairment tests performed for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2011. Early adoption is permitted, including for annual and interim goodwill impairment tests performed as of a date before September 15, 2011, if an entity’s financial statements for the most recent annual or interim period have not yet been issued. The Company does not expect that the adoption of ASU 2011-08 will have a material impact to the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

Assets that potentially subject the Group to significant concentration of credit risk primarily consist of cash, accounts receivable and advances made to suppliers and hospital customers. The maximum exposure of such assets to credit risk is their carrying amounts as of the balance sheet dates.

As of December 31, 2011, substantially all of the Group’s cash was deposited in financial institutions located in the PRC and in Hong Kong, which management believes are of high credit quality.

(Amounts in thousands of Renminbi (“RMB”) and United States Dollar (“US$”),

Accounts receivable are typically unsecured and are derived from revenue earned from hospitals in the PRC. The risk with respect to accounts receivable is mitigated by credit evaluations the Group performs on its customers and its ongoing monitoring of outstanding balances.

Advances made to suppliers are typically unsecured and arise from deposits paid in advance for future purchases of medical equipment. As a percentage of total advances, the top five suppliers accounted for 71% and 85% as of December 31, 2010 and 2011, respectively. Due to the Group’s concentration of advances made to a limited number of suppliers and the significant prepayments that are made to them, any negative events or deterioration in financial strength with respect to the Group’s suppliers may cause material loss to the Group and have a material adverse effect on the Group’s financial condition and results of operations. The risk with respect to advances made to suppliers is mitigated by credit evaluations that the Group performs on its suppliers prior to making any advances and the ongoing monitoring of its suppliers’ performance.

With respect to advances made to hospital customers, the Group conducts periodic credit evaluation of its customers but does not require collateral or other security from its hospital customers.

The Group currently generates a substantial portion of its revenue from a limited number of customers. As a percentage of revenues, the top five customers accounted for 33%, 32% and 33% for the years ended December 31, 2009, 2010 and 2011, respectively. The loss of revenue from any of these customers would have a significant negative impact on the Group’s business. However, arrangements with customers are mostly long-term in nature. Due to the Group’s dependence on a limited number of customers and the contingent fees received based on variables the Group does not control, any negative events with respect to the Group’s customers may cause material fluctuations or declines in the Group’ revenue and have a material adverse effect on the Group’s financial condition and results of operations.

A significant portion of the Group’s medical equipment is sourced from its five largest suppliers who collectively accounted for 69%, 55% and 82% of total medical equipment purchases of the Group for the years ended December 31, 2009, 2010 and 2011, respectively. Failure to develop or maintain the relationships with these suppliers may cause the Group not able to identify other suppliers timely in order to expand its business with new hospitals. Any disruption in the supply of medical equipment to the Group may adversely affect the Group’s business, financial condition and results of operations.

The Group’s operations may be adversely affected by significant political, economic and social uncertainties in the PRC. Although the PRC government has been pursuing economic reform policies for more than 20 years, no assurance can be given that the PRC government will continue to pursue such policies or that such policies may not be significantly altered, especially in the event of a change in leadership, social or political disruption or unforeseen circumstances affecting the PRC’s political, economic and social conditions. There is also no guarantee that the PRC government’s pursuit of economic reforms will be consistent or effective.

(Amounts in thousands of Renminbi (“RMB”) and United States Dollar (“US$”),

The Group transacts all of its business in RMB, which is not freely convertible into foreign currencies. On January 1, 1994, the PRC government abolished the dual rate system and introduced a single rate of exchange as quoted daily by the People’s Bank of China (the “PBOC”). However, the unification of the exchange rates does not imply that the RMB may be readily convertible into United States dollars or other foreign currencies. All foreign exchange transactions continue to take place either through the PBOC or other banks authorized to buy and sell foreign currencies at the exchange rates quoted by the PBOC. Approval of foreign currency payments by the PBOC or other institutions requires submitting a payment application form together with suppliers’ invoices, shipping documents and signed contracts.

Additionally, the value of the RMB is subject to changes in central government policies and international economic and political developments affecting supply and demand in the PRC foreign exchange trading system market.

A medical-related business is subject to significant restrictions under current PRC laws and regulations. Currently, the Group conducts its operations in China through contractual arrangements entered into with hospitals in the PRC. The relevant regulatory authorities may find the current contractual arrangements and businesses to be in violation of any existing or future PRC laws or regulations. If so, the relevant regulatory authorities would have broad discretion in dealing with such violations.

In order to expand the Group’s network in cancer radiotherapy and diagnosis, on January 10, 2011, the Group acquired certain medical equipment and the related business located in Chengdu Military Hospital (“CD hospital”) in Chengdu, PRC from a third party for a cash consideration of RMB18,000 (US$2,860). These acquired assets and activities were considered to constitute businesses in accordance with ASC 805, Business Combinations (“ASC 805”).

The Group, with the assistance of an independent appraiser, determined the fair value of the acquired intangible assets to be approximately RMB7,963. The Company amortizes acquisition related intangible assets on a straight basis over their estimated economic lives.

Unaudited pro forma consolidated financial information has not been provided due to the overall insignificance of the acquisition relative to the Company’s results of operations and financial condition. The results of the operations have been included in the Company’s consolidated financial statements since consummation of the acquisition.

(Amounts in thousands of Renminbi (“RMB”) and United States Dollar (“US$”),

The purchase price allocation for the acquisition is primarily based on valuations determined by the Group with the assistance of an independent appraiser. The purchase price was allocated to net assets acquired at estimated fair value as follows:

TKM was established in Tianjin, the PRC, on November 16, 2007 as a limited liability company. The registered and paid-in capital of TKM amounted to RMB5,000. Similarly, TKM is principally engaged in the provision of leasing of medical equipment and management services. On April 22, 2010, the Group consummated 100% of the equity interest of TKM for RMB42,000 and contingent consideration of up to RMB18,000 based on the achievement of pre-determined net profit and accumulated net profit targets of the existing contracts entered into by TKM up to March 2013. The acquisition of TKM was designed to strengthen the Group’s presence in northern China, an important market for the Group’s business.

The contingent consideration has been recorded at its present value of RMB16,536 at the date of acquisition, and subsequently remeasured to fair value at each reporting date until the contingency is resolved, with changes in fair value recognized in the consolidated statement of operations. As at December 31, 2010 and 2011, RMB14,072 and RMB 11,999 (US$1,906) was recorded in “Contingent business acquisition consideration”, respectively.

The Group, with the assistance of an independent appraiser, determined the fair value of the acquired intangible assets to be approximately RMB22,579. The Company amortizes acquisition related intangible assets on a straight basis over their estimated economic lives.

Unaudited pro forma consolidated financial information has not been provided due to the overall insignificance of the acquisition relative to the Company’s results of operations and financial condition for the year ended December 31, 2010. The results of TKM’s operations have been included in the Company’s consolidated financial statements since consummation of the acquisition.

(Amounts in thousands of Renminbi (“RMB”) and United States Dollar (“US$”),

CCICC was established in Xi’an, the PRC on March 2, 2009 as a limited liability company. The registered and paid-in capital of CCICC amounted to RMB150,000. On July 6, 2010, the Group consummated 52% of the equity interest of CCICC for total consideration of approximately RMB103,181. The transaction was accounted for as an acquisition of assets pursuant to ASC 805, given the assets acquired consisted mainly of a building and prepaid land lease payments and did not constitute a business. The carrying value of the acquired assets were allocated based on their relative fair value, and subsequently depreciated or amortized over the straight line method over their respective estimated economic lives.

Restricted cash includes bank deposits that are required under the Company’s borrowing arrangements to be kept as part of the security required under the respective loan agreements. The current and non-current restricted cash amounted to RMB2,512 (US$399) (2010: RMB102,873) and RMB22,012 (US$3,497) (2010: RMB14,792), as of December 31, 2011 respectively, based on the classification of the underlying financing (see note 16).

As of December 31, 2011, the held-to-maturity securities have amortized costs of RMB100,466 which approximates fair value according to prevailing market prices. The securities were placed with financial institutions, carried interest rates ranging from 4.6% to 4.8% per annum and matured in January 2012.

Time deposits carried interest ranging from 2.97% to 3.02% per annum as of December31, 2011. All of the time deposits are denominated in US$.

(Amounts in thousands of Renminbi (“RMB”) and United States Dollar (“US$”),

As at December 31, 2010 and 2011, accounts receivable with carrying value of RMB7,883 and RMB21,677 (US$3,444) were used to secure bank borrowings of RMB42,865 and RMB30,599 (US$4,862) as at December 31, 2010 and 2011, respectively (see note 16).

(Amounts in thousands of Renminbi (“RMB”) and United States Dollar (“US$”),

Provisions are charged directly to the statement of operations. The related expense is included in the caption “Asset impairment”.

(Amounts in thousands of Renminbi (“RMB”) and United States Dollar (“US$”),

Depreciation expenses were approximately RMB51,681, RMB82,889 and RMB 94,837(US$15,068) for the years ended December 31, 2009, 2010 and 2011, respectively.

As at December 31, 2010 and 2011, certain of the Group’s property, plant and equipment with a net book value of approximately RMB173,517 and RMB171,333 (US$27,222) were pledged as security for bank borrowings of RMB77,086 and RMB32,933 (US$5,232), respectively.

As at December 31, 2010 and 2011, the Company held equipment under operating lease contracts with customers with an original cost of RMB767,001 and RMB948,078 (US$150,634) and accumulated depreciation of RMB140,509 and RMB187,776 (US$29,835), respectively.

During the year ended December 31, 2011, the Group identified impairment indicators such as insufficient gross margin in certain medical equipment leasing arrangements and with respect to a piece of medical equipment not currently in use. It was assessed that the future undiscounted cash flows for the equipment would be lower than its carrying amount. The Group assessed the fair value of the equipment by reference to the market value for similar assets and recognized an impairment charge, being the difference between the carrying value and the fair value of the equipment, amounting to RMB3,179 (US$505). The impairment charges are included in the caption of “Asset impairment” in the consolidated statements of operations.

(Amounts in thousands of Renminbi (“RMB”) and United States Dollar (“US$”),

The land use right was obtained through the acquisition of 52% equity interest in CCICC during 2010, and is amortized under the straight-line method over the remaining land use certification of 38 years. Amortization expenses for the years ended December 31, 2009, 2010 and 2011 were nil, RMB310 and RMB743 (US$118), respectively.

As of December 31, 2011, estimated amortization expense of the prepaid land lease payments acquired for each of next five years is as follows:

(Amounts in thousands of Renminbi (“RMB”) and United States Dollar (“US$”),

In accordance with ASC 350, the Group is considered to be a single reporting unit. The Group assessed the fair value of the reporting unit as of December 31, 2011 by reference to the closing price of its publicly traded ADS on that date as well as an assumed control premium. Due to the decline of the price of the ADS during the year ended December 31, 2011, the assessed fair value was below the carrying value of the reporting unit as of year end. The Group then performed a hypothetical purchase allocation using the fair value of the reporting unit and determined that the goodwill was fully impaired. As a result, the Group recognized a goodwill impairment charge of RMB300,163 (US$47,691) for the year ended December 31, 2011 under the caption of “Asset impairment” in the consolidated statement of operations.

For the year ended December 31, 2011, the Company recorded impairment on goodwill, property, plant, and equipment, deposits for non-current assets and other current assets amounting to RMB300,163 (US$47,691), RMB3,179 (US$505), RMB20,679 (US$3,286) and RMB9,913 (US$1,575), respectively. For the year ended December 31, 2010, the Company recorded impairment on deposits for non-current assets and other current assets amounting to RMB2,513 and RMB706, respectively. The total amount of impairment charge of RMB333,934 (US$53,057) (2010: RMB3,219) is included in the caption of “Asset impairment” in the consolidated statements of operations.

(Amounts in thousands of Renminbi (“RMB”) and United States Dollar (“US$”),

Acquired intangible amortization expenses were approximately RMB26,493, RMB26,488 and RMB25,058 (US$3,981) for the years ended December 31, 2009, 2010 and 2011, respectively. The estimated annual amortization expenses for the above intangible assets for each of the five succeeding years are as follows:

(Amounts in thousands of Renminbi (“RMB”) and United States Dollar (“US$”),

On December 18, 2007, the Group entered into a framework agreement to build a proton treatment center in Beijing, pursuant to which the Group paid deposits to a subsidiary of Chang’an Information to be used towards the construction of the proton treatment center. Total deposits paid as of December 31, 2010 and 2011 pursuant to this arrangement amounted to RMB26,600 and RMB29,600 (US$4,703), respectively.

In December 2010, the Group entered into a framework agreement for acquisition of Chang’an (see note 29). A deposit of RMB3,000 (US$477) was made in accordance with the planned acquisition.

The Group operates as a lessor in direct financing lease agreements for medical equipment, with hospitals and other companies that engage in ongoing cooperation agreements with hospitals. These leases have remaining terms ranging generally from three to five years. Net investment in direct financing leases is comprised of the following:

(Amounts in thousands of Renminbi (“RMB”) and United States Dollar (“US$”),

The future minimum lease payments to be received from such non-cancelable direct financing leases are as follows:

On June 21, 2011, the Group made interest-free financing deposits amounting to RMB23,608 (US$3,751) to Changhai Hospital, for the CyberKnife Robotic Radiosurgery System. The deposit for the center is refundable in monthly installments for the following 15 years.

On September 1, 2011, the Group made interest-free performance security deposits amounting to RMB9,500 (US$1,509) to Hanzhong 3201 Hospital, for management services to be rendered. The deposit is refundable in monthly installments starting from September 1, 2011 till May 31, 2020. At December 31, 2011 the outstanding balance was RMB8,052 (US$1,279).

(Amounts in thousands of Renminbi (“RMB”) and United States Dollar (“US$”),

All bank borrowings at December 31, 2010 and 2011 are obtained from financial institutions in the PRC and are secured by equipment with a net carrying value of RMB173,517 and RMB171,333(US$27,222), accounts receivable with carrying value of RMB7,883 and RMB21,677 (US$3,444) and restricted cash with carrying value of RMB117,665 and RMB24,524 (US$3,896), respectively. Restricted cash, as of December 31, 2011, is classified as current and non-current in the amount of RMB2,512 (US$399) (2010: RMB102,873) and RMB22,012 (US$3,497) (2010: RMB14,792), respectively, based on the classification of the underlying financing.

As at December 31, 2010 and 2011, the short-term bank borrowing bore a weighted average interest of 4.60% and 6.10% per annum, and the long-term bank borrowings bore a weighted average interest of 5.30% and 6.45% per annum, respectively. All borrowings are denominated in RMB.

As of December 31, 2011, the maturity of these long-term bank borrowings was as follows:

As of December 31, 2011, the Company had short-term bank credit lines totaling RMB15,000 (US$2,383), which were fully utilized; and long-term bank credit lines totaling RMB550,000 (US$87,386), of which RMB170,580 (US$27,102) were utilized.

(Amounts in thousands of Renminbi (“RMB”) and United States Dollar (“US$”),

One of the bank credit line arrangements, with total amount and utilized amount at RMB65,000 and RMB50,000 respectively at December 31, 2011, was entered into by a subsidiary of the Group, MSC, which requires AML and AMS, other subsidiaries of the Group, in accordance with PRC GAAP, to maintain a financial reporting covenant of tangible net worth of at least RMB100,000 and RMB180,000, respectively. It also requires the borrower MSC and the guarantor AMS with the total gearing ratio of less than 0.5 and 0.36 respectively, and the other guarantor AML with the external gearing ratio of less than 1.0. Tangible net worth is calculated as the sum of issued share capital and reserves, less goodwill and intangible assets and any amount due from shareholders. The total gearing ratio is calculated as the ratio of total liabilities to tangible net worth. The external gearing ratio is calculated as the ratio of interest-bearing debt to the sum of total net intangible assets, irredeemable preferred stock and minority interests. The Group was in compliance with these financial covenants as at December 31, 2011. The remaining bank credit lines and borrowings do not have any financial reporting or administrative covenants restricting the Group’s operating, investing and financing activities.

(Amounts in thousands of Renminbi (“RMB”) and United States Dollar (“US$”),

The Company has one capital lease obligation with an independent financing company, collateralized by medical equipment with a net book value of approximately RMB14,841 and RMB13,699 (US$2,177) as at December 31, 2010 and 2011, respectively. The obligation has a stated interest rate of 9.96%, and is repayable in monthly installments by August 2013.

Future minimum lease payments, together with the present value of the net minimum lease payments under capital leases, at December 31, 2011, are summarized as follows:

As at December 31, 2010 and 2011, the Company held equipment under capital lease contracts with an original cost of RMB17,124 and RMB17,124 (US$2,721) and accumulated depreciation of RMB2,283 and RMB3,425 (US$544), respectively. The depreciation and amortization expenses of medical equipment under capital leases are included in cost of revenues.

In April 2008, OMS issued an aggregate of 53,070 Series A contingently redeemable convertible preferred shares (“Series A Preferred Shares”) to Carlyle and CICC Sun Company Limited (“CICC”) for total cash proceeds of US$10,000, each investor subscribing for US$5,000. As discussed in note 17, the aggregate principal and accrued and unpaid interest relating to the Tranche A Convertible Notes were converted into 28,882 Series A Preferred Shares on April 10, 2008 and all the principal and accrued and unpaid interest relating to the Tranche B Convertible Notes were converted into 87,425 Series A Preferred Shares on July 31, 2008.

Concurrent with the issuance of the Series A Preferred Shares, one of the Company’s major shareholders transferred additional Series A Preferred Shares to CICC in return for services rendered relating to the placement of Series A Preferred Shares and the Tranche B Convertible Notes. The total additional shares to be transferred represented 1.3% of the then if-converted outstanding ordinary shares. This transfer agreement was settled on June 18, 2008. The Company agreed that a relative of a director of the Company shall transfer 756,500 of her own holdings of the Company’s ordinary shares, which were redesignated as Series A Preferred Shares, and issued to CICC.

In October 2008, the Company issued an aggregate of 233,332 Series B contingently redeemable convertible preferred shares (the “Series B Preferred Shares”) to Carlyle, Starr Investments Cayman II, Inc. (“Starr”), and CICC for cash consideration of US$25,000, US$25,000 and US$10,000, respectively.

(Amounts in thousands of Renminbi (“RMB”) and United States Dollar (“US$”),

The key terms of the Series A Preferred Shares and the Series B Preferred Shares (collectively the “Preferred Shares”) summarized below are defined in the Amended and Restated Shareholders’ Agreement and the Company’s Second Amended and Restated Memorandum and Articles of Association adopted by special resolution passed on October 20, 2008, signed among the Company, Carlyle, Starr and CICC.

The holder of each Preferred Share shall be entitled to the number of votes equal to the number of ordinary shares into which such Preferred Share could be converted.

A qualified initial public offering (“QIPO”) is defined as a firm-commitment underwritten IPO led by the Board, yielding a valuation of the Company of not less than US$450,000 immediately prior to the consummation of such IPO, or any other IPO approved by holders of at least 70% of the then outstanding Series B Preferred Shares.

Each holder of Preferred Shares shall be entitled to receive a dividend on an annual basis, in respect of each Preferred Share, of an amount equal to the higher of: (a) the product of the number of ordinary shares into which such Preferred Share may then be converted multiplied by the dividend per ordinary share declared on the ordinary shares; or (b) the product of the original issuance price of each Preferred Share multiplied by 5%. Dividends are payable annually on April 30 in the following financial year.

In the event of any liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Company, each holder of Preferred Shares shall be entitled to receive, prior to and in preference to any distribution of any of the assets or surplus funds of the Company to the holders of the ordinary shares, the amount equal to the sum of 150% times the original price of each Preferred Share plus all accrued but unpaid dividends thereon and all interest accrued on such unpaid dividends, taking into account adjustments for share splits, share dividends, recapitalizations, share consolidations and other capital reorganizations (“Liquidation Preference”).

Each Preferred Share shall be convertible, at the option of the holder at any time into a number of fully paid and non-assessable ordinary shares at an initial conversion ratio of 1:100 (the “Conversion Ratio”), subject to adjustments for anti-dilution, as follows:

All Preferred Shares outstanding immediately prior to the closing of the QIPO shall, on and with effect from the closing of the QIPO, be automatically converted into ordinary shares at the then Conversion Ratio.

(Amounts in thousands of Renminbi (“RMB”) and United States Dollar (“US$”),

Upon the occurrence of any Put Trigger Event as defined below, each holder of Preferred Shares shall have the right to require the Company to purchase all the Preferred Shares held by the Preferred Shareholders at a rate of return of 12.5%.

If the Group’s 2008 adjusted net income (pro forma adjusted net income including 2008 net income of China Medstar for the whole year) falls below US$21,430 or if the Group’s 2009 adjusted net income falls below US$34,000, the controlling shareholders shall transfer a number of ordinary shares and cash to the Series A Preferred shareholders and Series B preferred shareholders, to a maximum of approximately 198,200,000 ordinary shares as well as pay cash to the Preferred shareholders to a maximum of US$18,000. The Company has no legal obligation to indemnify the controlling shareholders for such cash payment. The above earnings adjustments automatically terminate upon occurrence of a QIPO.

The Preferred Shares have been classified as mezzanine equity because their redemption is contingent on certain events which are not within the control of the Company. The initial carrying value of the preferred shares is accreted using the effective interest method to the redemption amount over the earliest redemption date.

The initial carrying value of the Preferred Shares is the issuance price at their respective issuance dates less the attributable issuance costs. The Company evaluated the Preferred Shares to determine if there were any embedded derivatives requiring bifurcation and to determine if there was any beneficial conversion feature. The Company determined that the conversion option of the Preference Shares did not qualify for the scope exception of ASC 815-10-15-74, Derivatives and Hedging, Overall, Scope and Scope Exceptions, General, because the conversion price may be adjusted if the Company’s ordinary or preference shares are subsequently issued at a lower price than the original conversion price. However, the conversion option of the Preferred Shares did not qualify for derivative accounting because the Preferred Shares are not readily convertible into cash as there is not a market mechanism in place for trading its shares. The redemption option of the Preferred Shares did not qualify for derivative accounting because the option was not considered to require a principle repayment involving a substantial premium or discount. The liquidation, preference of Series A Preferred Shares that may be triggered if the company is placed in liquidation, dissolution or winding up was evaluated to be an embedded derivative to be bifurcated. As at December 31, 2008, the Company has assessed the value of this embedded derivative to be insignificant.

(Amounts in thousands of Renminbi (“RMB”) and United States Dollar (“US$”),

Accounting for the contingently redeemable convertible preferred shares (continued)

A beneficial conversion feature exists when the effective conversion price of the Preferred Shares is lower than the fair value of the ordinary shares at April 2, 2009 and July 31, 2009 for the Series A Preferred Shares and October 17, 2008 for the Series B Preferred Shares. The intrinsic value of the beneficial conversion feature is allocated from the carrying value of the Preferred Shares as a contribution to additional paid-in-capital. Since the conversion price of the Preferred Shares is subject to additional Preferred Shares from the Earnings Adjustments, the effective conversion price used to calculate the beneficial conversion feature is determined at the commitment date as the most favorable conversion price that would be in effect at the conversion date, assuming there are no changes to the current circumstances except for the passage of time.

The Company determined the fair value of ordinary shares based on valuations performed with assistance from American Appraisal. In accordance with ASC subtopic 470-20, Debt, Debt with Conversion and Other Options, if the intrinsic value of the beneficial conversion feature is greater than the proceeds allocated to the Preferred Shares, the amount of discount assigned to the beneficial conversion feature is limited to the amount of the proceeds allocated to the Preferred Shares. The cumulative preferred dividends were recorded as a reduction of income available to ordinary shareholders.

The discount resulting from the beneficial conversion feature to the Preferred Shares is then accreted to the earliest conversion date. For the year ended December 31, 2008, total beneficial conversion feature recorded for the Series A and Series B Preferred Shares was RMB253,317 and RMB295,019, respectively, which was immediately accreted at the issuance date.

An accretion charge to increase the carrying value of the Preferred Shares to their expected redemption amount is recorded as a reduction to retained earnings from the date of issuance to the earliest redemption date of the Preferred Shares using the effective interest method. The redemption amount for the Preferred Shares provides the shareholder with a 12.5% compounded annual return on the original subscription price or converted value, of which 5% is payable as a fixed dividend. For the year ended December 31, 2008, accretion recorded to the expected redemption amount of the Series A and Series B Preferred Shares amounted to RMB17,026 and RMB9,744, of which RMB6,801 and RMB3,987 was recorded as dividend payable, respectively. Similarly, for the year ended December 31, 2009, accretion recorded to the expected redemption amount for the Series A and Series B Preferred Shares amounted to RMB30,050 and RMB48,359. On November 17, 2009, the Company declared dividends that amounted to an aggregate of approximately RMB10,867 payable to shareholders of the Series A and Series B contingently redeemable convertible preferred shares. Such dividends were paid in cash on November 27, 2009.

(Amounts in thousands of Renminbi (“RMB”) and United States Dollar (“US$”),

Accounting for the contingently redeemable convertible preferred shares (continued)

The balance and changes in balance of the Series A Preferred Shares and Series B Preferred Shares are as follows:

On December 16, 2009, the Company completed its qualified initial public offering of 36,000,000 ordinary shares. Upon completion of the initial public offering, all of the Company’s outstanding Series A and Series B Preferred Shares were converted into 41,027,400 ordinary shares.

On June 30, 2010, the Company announced a share repurchase program authorized by the Board of Directors. Pursuant to the program, the Company repurchased 1,700,656 ADSs, representing 5,101,968 ordinary shares, with a total consideration of US$11,416 during 2010. The shares repurchased by the Company were all cancelled before December 31, 2010.

On September 30, 2011, the Company announced a share repurchase program authorized by the Board of Directors. Pursuant to the program, the Company repurchased 316,645 ADSs, representing 949,935 ordinary shares, with a total consideration of US$1,087 for the year ended December 31, 2011. The repurchased shares are due to be cancelled in 2012.

On September 30, 2011, the board of directors paid a special dividend of US$0.06 per ordinary share to shareholders of record on August 31, 2011, amounting to RMB55,151 (US$8,541) in total.

(Amounts in thousands of Renminbi (“RMB”) and United States Dollar (“US$”),

The Company’s ability to pay dividends is primarily dependent on the Company receiving distributions of funds from its subsidiaries. Relevant PRC statutory laws and regulations permit payments of dividends by the Group’s PRC subsidiaries only out of their retained earnings, if any, as determined in accordance with PRC accounting standards and regulations. The results of operations reflected in the financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP differ from those reflected in the statutory financial statements of the Company’s subsidiaries.

In accordance with the PRC Regulations on Enterprises with Foreign Investment and their articles of association, a foreign invested enterprise established in the PRC is required to provide certain statutory reserves, namely general reserve fund, the enterprise expansion fund and staff welfare and bonus fund which are appropriated from net profit as reported in the enterprise’s PRC statutory accounts. A foreign invested enterprise is required to allocate at least 10% of its annual after-tax profit to the general reserve until such reserve has reached 50% of its respective registered capital based on the enterprise’s PRC statutory accounts. Appropriations to the enterprise expansion fund and staff welfare and bonus fund are at the discretion of the board of directors for all foreign invested enterprises. The aforementioned reserves can only be used for specific purposes and are not distributable as cash dividends. MSC, CHM, AMS, XHF, AML, TKM, CCICC and GZ Proton were established as a foreign invested enterprise and therefore are subject to the above mandated restrictions on distributable profits.

Additionally, in accordance with the Company Law of the PRC, a domestic enterprise is required to provide at least 10% of its annual after-tax profit to the statutory common reserve until such reserve has reached 50% of its respective registered capital based on the enterprise’s PRC statutory accounts. A domestic enterprise is also required to provide discretionary surplus reserve, at the discretion of the board of directors, from the profits determined in accordance with the enterprise’s PRC statutory accounts. The aforementioned reserves can only be used for specific purposes and are not distributable as cash dividends. XLD was established as a domestic invested enterprise and therefore are subject to the above mentioned restrictions on distributable profits.

As a result of these PRC laws and regulations that require annual appropriations of 10% of after-tax income to be set aside prior to payment of dividends as general reserve fund, the Company’s PRC subsidiaries are restricted in their ability to transfer a portion of their net assets to the Company.

The amount of net assets restricted was RMB845,049 (US$134,265) as of December 31, 2011.

Under the current laws of the Cayman Islands, the Company is not subject to tax on income or capital gains. In addition, upon payments of dividends by the Company to its shareholders, no Cayman Islands withholding tax will be imposed.

(Amounts in thousands of Renminbi (“RMB”) and United States Dollar (“US$”),

Under the current laws of the British Virgin Islands, Ascendium, OMS and Proton BVI are not subject to tax on income or capital gains. In addition, upon payments of dividends by these companies to their shareholders, no British Virgin Islands withholding tax will be imposed.

US Proton is incorporated in the State of Delaware, U.S.A. and does not conduct any substantive operations of its own.

China Medstar is incorporated in Singapore and does not conduct any substantive operations of its own. No provision for Singapore profits tax has been made in the consolidated financial statements as the Company has no assessable profits for the year ended December 31, 2011. In addition, upon payments of dividends by China Medstar to its shareholder, no Singapore withholding tax will be imposed.

CMS Holdings, Cyber and King Cheers are incorporated in Hong Kong and do not conduct any substantive operations of their own.

No provision for Hong Kong profits tax has been made in the consolidated financial statements as the Company has no assessable profits for the year ended December 31, 2011. In addition, upon payment of dividends by CMS Holdings and Cyber to their shareholders, no Hong Kong withholding tax will be imposed.

In March 2007, a new enterprise income tax law (the “New EIT Law”) in the PRC was enacted which was effective on January 1, 2008. The New EIT Law applies a uniform 25% EIT rate to both foreign invested enterprises and domestic enterprises. The new law provides a five-year transition period from its effective date for those enterprises which were established before the promulgation date of the new tax law and which were entitled to a preferential tax treatment such as a reduced tax rate or a tax holiday. Based on the transitional rule, certain categories of enterprises, including the foreign invested enterprise located in Shenzhen Special Economic Zone and Pudong New District, which previously enjoyed a preferential tax rate of 15% are eligible for a five-year transition period during which the income tax rate will be gradually increased to the unified rate of 25%. Specifically, the applicable rates for AMS and MSC would be 22%, 24% and 25% for 2010, 2011, 2012 and thereafter, respectively.

AMS and MSC have accounted for their current and deferred income tax based on the five-year transitional tax rates, as applicable.

Dividends paid by PRC subsidiaries of the Group out of the profits earned after December 31, 2007 to non-PRC tax resident investors would be subject to PRC withholding tax. The withholding tax would be 10%, unless a foreign investor’s tax jurisdiction has a tax treaty with China that provides for a lower withholding tax rate.

(Amounts in thousands of Renminbi (“RMB”) and United States Dollar (“US$”),

In general, the PRC tax authorities have up to five years to conduct examinations of the PRC entities’ tax filings. Accordingly, the PRC entities’ tax years from 2006 to 2010 remain subject to examination by the tax authorities.

The current and deferred components of the income tax expense/(benefit) appearing in the consolidated statements of operations are as follows:

A reconciliation of the differences between the statutory tax rate and the effective tax rate for EIT is as follows:

(Amounts in thousands of Renminbi (“RMB”) and United States Dollar (“US$”),

The Group has recorded an unrecognized tax positions of approximately RMB16,576 and RMB16,293 (US$2,589) in 2010 and 2011, respectively, which is included in the account of “Accrued expenses and other liabilities”. At December 31, 2010 and 2011, RMB11,202 and RMB12,235 (US$1,944), respectively, would impact the effective tax rate, if recognized in connection with the normal tax return preparation. Included in the balance at December 31, 2010 and 2011 are approximately RMB5,374 and RMB4,058 (US$645), respectively, of tax positions for which the ultimate deductibility is highly certain but for which there is uncertainty about the timing of such deductibility.

It is possible that the amount of unrecognized tax positions will change in the next twelve months. However, an estimate of the range of the possible change cannot be made at this time.

The bases for interest and penalties are of 0.05% per day and 50% respectively of the relevant income tax liabilities. The Company recognized an increase (decrease) amounting to RMB2,167, RMB(1,960), RMB4,756 (US$756) in interest and penalties during the years ended December 31, 2009, 2010 and 2011, respectively. As of December 31, 2010 and 2011, the Company recognized RMB7,879 and RMB12,636 (US$2,007), respectively of interest and penalties.

(Amounts in thousands of Renminbi (“RMB”) and United States Dollar (“US$”),

Aggregate undistributed earnings of the Company’s subsidiaries located in the PRC that are available for distribution at December 31, 2011 are considered to be indefinitely reinvested under ASC 740, Income Taxes, and accordingly, no provision has been made for taxes that would be payable upon the distribution of those amounts to any entity within the Group outside the PRC. Unrecognized deferred tax liabilities for temporary differences related to investments in foreign subsidiaries were not recorded because the determination of that amount is not practicable.

The Group does not have any present plan to pay any cash dividends from the PRC subsidiaries in the foreseeable future. It intends to retain most of its available funds and any future earnings on its PRC subsidiaries for use in the operation and expansion of its business. As of December 31, 2011, the PRC subsidiaries have not declared any dividends to its holding companies. Dividends paid to shareholders in 2011 were from funds held by the Group’s offshore holding companies.

Generally revenue earned from the provision of leasing and management services is subject to 5% business tax regulations promulgated by the State Council of the PRC. According to Guoshuihan [1999] No. 3402 issued by State Administration of Tax (the “SAT”), the revenue generated from certain qualified profit sharing cooperation arrangements, which is treated as investment income under existing PRC tax regulation is not subject to business taxes. One of the Group’s subsidiaries has not recorded any business taxes on certain of its leasing and management services on the basis that revenue generated from these profit sharing cooperation arrangements with hospitals are not subject to business taxes. Based on the above, management believes that it is not probable the SAT will challenge this subsidiary’s position that it’s not subject to business tax for those profit sharing cooperation arrangements.

On October 16, 2008, the Board of Directors adopted the 2008 Share Incentive Plan (“The 2008 Share Incentive Plan”). The 2008 Share Incentive Plan provides for the granting of options, share appreciation rights, or other share based awards to key employees, directors or consultants. The total number of the Company’s ordinary shares that may be issued under the 2008 Share Incentive Plan is up to 13,218,000 ordinary shares.

(Amounts in thousands of Renminbi (“RMB”) and United States Dollar (“US$”),

On November 17, 2009, the Board of Directors approved a grant of options to its directors and employees to purchase an aggregate of 4,765,800 ordinary shares under its 2008 Share Incentive Plan. On November 27, 2009 and September 30, 2011, the Company granted options to purchase 4,765,800 ordinary shares to its directors and employees at an exercise price $3.67 and $2.17 per share respectively, a contractual life of eight years and vest equally on the first, second, third, and fourth anniversary of the grant date. The measurement date occurred when the exercise price was established, at which time the Company estimated the fair value of these share-based payment awards and recognize compensation cost over each employee’s respective requisite service period which closely approximates the vesting period of the awards. The total compensation recognized in for the years ended December 31 2009, 2010 and 2011 was RMB 1,006, RMB9,571 and RMB9,234 (US$1,467), respectively. The Company recognizes the compensation expense on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period for the entire award. However, the amount of compensation cost recognized at any date must at least equal the portion of the grant-date value of the award that is vested at that date.

The Company calculated the estimated grant date fair value of the share options granted in the years ended December 31, 2009 and September 30, 2011, with the assistance from an independent appraiser, using a Black-Scholes Model based on the following weighted average assumptions:

The risk-free rate was based on the US Treasury bond yield curve in effect at the time of grant for periods corresponding with the expected term of the option. The dividend yield was assumed nil , although the Company paid a special dividend in 2011, the Company has not yet developed a long-term dividend policy and does not currently expect to pay dividends on its ordinary shares in the foreseeable future. The volatility assumption was estimated based on the price volatility of ordinary shares of comparable companies in the health care industry. The expected term of options granted in 2009 reflected the application of the simplified method set out in SAB No. 107, Staff Accounting Bulletin, which defined the term as the average of the contractual term of the options and the weighted-average vesting period for the options given their characteristics. The expected term of options granted in 2011 was calculated based upon the expected term of similar grants of comparable companies. Forfeiture rate is estimated based on the historical and future expectation of employee turnover rate and will be adjusted to reflect future change in circumstances and facts, if any.

(Amounts in thousands of Renminbi (“RMB”) and United States Dollar (“US$”),

The following table summarizes employee share-based awards activities for the year ended December 31, 2011:

The weighted-average grant-date fair value of share options granted for the years ended December 31, 2009, 2010 and 2011 are US$1.33, Nil and US$0.29, respectively.

The aggregate intrinsic value is calculated as the difference between the exercise price of the underlying awards and the fair value of the Company’s shares that would have been received by the option holders if all in-the-money options had been exercised on the issuance date.

There were no options exercised for the years ended December 31, 2009, 2010 and 2011. The total intrinsic value of the options granted and exercised for the years ended December 31, 2009, 2010 and 2011 was nil for each year.

As of December 31, 2011, there was RMB17,622 (US$2,800) unrecognized share-based compensation cost related to share options. That deferred cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average vesting period of 2.05 years. To the extent the actual forfeiture rate is different from original estimate, actual share-based compensation costs related to these awards may be different from the expectation.

(Amounts in thousands of Renminbi (“RMB”) and United States Dollar (“US$”),

The share-based compensation expense of the share-based awards granted to employees for the years ended December 31, 2009, 2010 and 2011 is as follows:

Imputed interest, calculated using incremental borrowing rates ranging from 6.57% to 7.48%, amounting to approximately RMB55, nil and nil for the years ended December 31, 2009, 2010 and 2011, respectively, were recorded with an offsetting credit to additional paid-in capital.

(Amounts in thousands of Renminbi (“RMB”) and United States Dollar (“US$”),

Full time employees of the Group in the PRC participate in a government mandated defined contribution plan, pursuant to which certain pension benefits, medical care, employee housing fund and other welfare benefits are provided to employees. Chinese labor regulations require that the PRC subsidiaries of the Group make contributions to the government for these benefits based on certain percentages of the employees’ salaries. The Group has no legal obligation for the benefits beyond the contributions made. The total amounts for such employee benefits, which were expensed as incurred, were approximately RMB2,506, RMB3,510 and RMB4,977 (US$791) for the years ended December 31, 2009, 2010 and 2011, respectively.

Obligations for contributions to defined contribution retirement plans for full-time employees in Singapore are recognized as expense in the statements of operations as incurred. The total amounts for such employee benefits, who is also a Director of the Company, were approximately RMB85, RMB78 and RMB97 (US$15) for the years ended December 31, 2009, 2010 and 2011, respectively.

Future minimum payments under non-cancelable operating leases with initial terms in excess of one year consist of the following at December 31, 2011:

Payments under operating leases are expensed on a straight-line basis over the periods of their respective leases. The terms of the leases do not contain material rent escalation clauses or contingent rents. For the years ended December 31, 2009, 2010 and 2011, total rental expenses for all operating leases amounted to approximately RMB5,448, RMB5,630 and RMB6,232(US$990), respectively.

The Group has commitments to purchase certain medical equipment of approximately RMB37,779 (US$6,003) at December 31, 2011, which are scheduled to be paid within one year.

As of December 31, 2011, the Group has recognized approximately RMB28,929 (US$4,596) as an accrual for unrecognized tax positions (note 22). The final outcome of the tax uncertainty is dependent upon various matters including tax examinations, interpretation of tax laws or expiration of status of limitation. However, due to the uncertainties associated with the status of examinations, including the protocols of finalizing audits by the relevant tax authorities, there is a high degree of uncertainty regarding the future cash outflows associated with these tax uncertainties. As December 31, 2011, the Group classified the RMB28,929 (US$4,596) accrual as a current liability.

In accordance with ASC 280, Segment Reporting, the Group chief operating decision maker has been identified as the chief executive officer, who reviews consolidated results when making decisions about allocating resources and assessing performance of the Group; hence, the Group has only one reportable segment. The Group operates and manages its business as a single segment that includes primarily lease rental, management services and equipment sales.

(Amounts in thousands of Renminbi (“RMB”) and United States Dollar (“US$”),

Lease and management services accounted for 89%, 90% and 85% of the Group’s net revenue for the years ended December 31, 2009, 2010 and 2011, respectively. Any significant reduction in sales from this service could have a substantial negative impact on the Group’s results of operations.

Hospital A represented the largest customer of the Group which individually accounted for approximately RMB29,551, RMB48,286 and RMB64,414 (US$10,234), or more than 10% of the Group’s consolidated revenues, for the years ended December 31, 2009, 2010 and 2011, respectively.

As the Group primarily generates its revenues from customers in the PRC, no geographical segments are presented. All of the Group’s long-lived assets are located in the PRC.

Basic and diluted income (loss) per share for each of the periods presented is calculated as follows:

In 2008, the Company issued Series A and Series B Preferred Shares. Each Preferred Share shall be convertible, at the option of the holder thereof, at any time after the closing of the subscription, into a number of fully paid and non-assessable ordinary Shares at a ratio 1:100 and is subject to adjustment pursuant to anti-dilution provisions. One hundred per cent of each class of the Preferred Shares which are outstanding immediately prior to the closing of the qualified initial public offering shall, on and with effect from the closing of the qualified initial public offering, be automatically converted into ordinary shares.

In 2009, the effects of the Preferred Shares were anti-dilutive when computed on an “if converted” basis. In addition, the share options were not included in the calculation of diluted income (loss) per share under the treasury stock method for the years ended December 31, 2009, 2010 and 2011, because their exercise prices were greater than the average fair value of the ordinary shares and, therefore, the effect would be anti-dilutive.

(Amounts in thousands of Renminbi (“RMB”) and United States Dollar (“US$”),

The Group has entered into the following agreements with Chang’an Hospital Co., Ltd. (“Chang’an”), a general hospital located in Xi’an in Shaanxi province in the PRC, which is also a significant customer of the Group, and certain of its related parties, including the controlling parent of Chang’an, Chang’an Information, a China-based conglomerate engaged in information technology, real estate and the medical industries; a subsidiary of Chang’an, Xi’an Century Friendship Medical Technology R&D Co., Ltd. (“Xi’an”), and another subsidiary controlled by Chang’an Information, Beijing Century Friendship Science & Technology Development Co., Ltd., (“Beijing Century”).

The Group entered into a five year Medical Equipment Entrusted Management Agreement on March 1, 2007 with Xi’an and Chang’an to provide management services with respect to radiotherapy and diagnostic equipment owned by Xi’an located in the oncology center of Chang’an. Commencing January 1, 2010, Concord has the option to purchase the radiotherapy and diagnostic equipment owned by Xi’an at fair value if the Chang’an oncology center’s annualized revenues achieves a certain targeted level. Total management services revenue recognized under this contract was RMB10,921, nil and nil for the years ended December 31, 2009 , 2010 and 2011, respectively. Accounts receivable related to this contract as at December 31, 2010 and 2011 was nil and nil, respectively.

On August 25, 2009, the Group exercised its option under the Medical Equipment Entrusted Management Agreement and the Group entered into an Equipment Purchase Agreement with Xi’an and Chang’an to acquire the radiotherapy and diagnostic equipment for a total cash consideration of RMB72,716. Concurrently, the Group also converted the stand-alone management services arrangement into a Lease and Management Service Agreement which has a term of 15 years and provides the Group with a percentage of net profit generated by Chang’an’s oncology center. Commencing September 2009, the Group records all revenue associated with this arrangement as lease and management services revenue. The depreciation expense of the associated equipment is recorded as lease and management services cost of revenues. Total lease and management service revenue recognized under this lease and management service agreement was RMB8,388, RMB21,462 and RMB13,674 (US$2,173) for the years ended December 31, 2009, 2010 and 2011, respectively. Accounts receivable related to this contract as at December 31, 2010 and 2011 was RMB14,635 and RMB28,571 (US$4,540), respectively.

On August 1, 2008, the Company signed an Entrusted Management Contract with Xi’an and Chang’an to provide general administrative management services to Chang’an. The service period is from August 1, 2008 to December 31, 2009. Under this arrangement, the Group earns a certain percentage of total monthly revenues of Chang’an. On January 1, 2010, the Company renewed Entrusted Management Contract with Chang’an to extend the service period to December 31, 2010. In accordance with the contract, the Group paid a performance guarantee deposit of RMB15,000 to a related party of Xi’an, which is refundable 5 days after the cancellation or expiration of the contract. In June 2011, the Entrusted Management Contract was further extended to the closing date of the acquisition of Chang’an. Total revenue recognized during the years ended December 31, 2009, 2010 and 2011 under this contract was RMB11,807, RMB18,190 and RMB28,234 (US$4,486), respectively. Accounts receivable related to this contract as at December 31, 2010 and 2011 was RMB16,997 and RMB45,232 (US$7,186), respectively.

(Amounts in thousands of Renminbi (“RMB”) and United States Dollar (“US$”),

On December 18, 2007, the Group entered into a framework agreement with Chang’an Information to build a Beijing Proton Treatment Center (“Proton Center”). The Proton Center will initially be established by Chang’an Information with a total registered capital of RMB100,000. The parties agreed that after certain capital injections from the Group, the Company will hold a 51.2% interest in the Proton Center, while Jian Chang Group Limited, a related party of Chang’an, will hold 28.8% and China-Japan Friendship Hospital, a state-owned hospital, will hold 20.0%. Once the Proton Center commences operations, the Group shall own a 51.2% controlling interest in the Proton Center and will consolidate the operating results and financial position within the Group. Additional contractual arrangements will be entered into by the Group once all relevant permits and approvals are obtained. In order for this framework agreement to become effective, the Group is required to pay a deposit of RMB10,000 (US$1,589); this deposit was not paid as of December 31, 2011.

To assist with this project, the Group has made deposits to Beijing Century in the amounts of RMB26,600 and RMB29,600 (US$4,703) as of December 31, 2010 and December 31, 2011, respectively, towards certain setup costs of the Proton Center repayable by December 31, 2011. All of the deposits are guaranteed by Chang’an Information or Mr. Shijie Cai (the ultimate controlling shareholder of Chang’an Information).

On July 1, 2008, the Group entered into a framework agreement with Xi’an to build a cancer center in northwest China. As at December 31, 2009 the Group paid a deposit of RMB15,007 to a related party of Xi’an in accordance with the framework agreement. In July 2010, the transaction was consummated with the Company paying RMB103,181 for a controlling interest of 52% in CCICC, while Xi’an holds a non-controlling interest of 48% (see note 4). The deposit was fully refunded in 2010. As it was anticipated that there could be delays for CCICC to obtain the necessary licenses, the contracting parties, in accordance with a supplemental agreement signed in July 2010, agreed that CCICC would be entitled to the profit from operations of the cancer department of Chang’an during the trial period from July 1, 2010 to the earlier of the date when the licenses were issued or December 31, 2010. Chang’an was also subject to penalty if the revenue and profit targets were not met. In May 2011, the supplemental agreement was further extended to the earlier of the date when the necessary licenses were obtained or when the parties mutually agreed to terminate it. Accordingly, CCICC recognized RMB8,254 and RMB23,742 (US$3,772) as other revenue in the consolidated statements of operations for the years ended December 31, 2010, and 2011, respectively. Account receivable related to the contract as at December 31, 2010 and 2011 was RMB8,254 and RMB23,111 (US$3,672), respectively.

The Group has also paid deposits to Xi’an to be used towards setup and construction costs of the CCICC amounting to RMB3,000 (US$477) as of December 31, 2010 and 2011.

(Amounts in thousands of Renminbi (“RMB”) and United States Dollar (“US$”),

On January 30, 2010, the Company entered into an Equipment Purchase Agreement with Xi’an to acquire certain general hospital facilities owned by Chang’an for a total consideration of RMB25,000. Concurrently, a direct financing lease agreement was entered into between the Company and Chang’an pursuant to which the purchased general hospital facilities would be subject to the direct financing lease for a term of five years commencing from February 2010. Chang’an was required to pay a non-refundable administrative fee of RMB1,250 under the finance lease agreement. The cash consideration after netting off the administrative fee was paid in February 2010. For the year ended December 31, 2011, the revenue recognized from the finance lease was RMB2,542 (US$404).

In January 2011, The Company entered into a framework agreement to acquire 52% equity interest in Chang’an from certain shareholders of the hospital. In March 2012, the Company entered into a purchase agreement to acquire such equity interest (note 31).

The Group had the following deposits with Chang’an and its affiliated companies as at December 31, 2010 and 2011:

(Amounts in thousands of Renminbi (“RMB”) and United States Dollar (“US$”),

The Group applies ASC Topic 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures (“ASC 820”), which defines fair value, establishes a framework for measuring fair value and expands disclosures about fair value measurements.

ASC 820 establishes a three-tier fair value hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used in measuring fair value as follows:

Level 1 — Observable inputs that reflect quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets.

Level 2 — Include other inputs that are directly or indirectly observable in the marketplace.

Level 3 — Unobservable inputs which are supported by little or no market activity.

ASC 820 describes three main approaches to measuring the fair value of assets and liabilities: (1) market approach; (2) income approach and (3) cost approach. The market approach uses prices and other relevant information generated from market transactions involving identical or comparable assets or liabilities. The income approach uses valuation techniques to convert future amounts to a single present value amount. The measurement is based on the value indicated by current market expectations about those future amounts. The cost approach is based on the amount that would currently be required to replace an asset.

In accordance with ASC 805, the Group remeasures the contingent consideration in connection with acquisition (note 4) at fair value. The contingent business combination consideration is classified within Level 3 because it is valued using the income approach based on benchmarking lending interest rate at 6.66%.

The following table presents a reconciliation of contingent consideration measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) for the years ended December 31, 2010 and 2011:

(Amounts in thousands of Renminbi (“RMB”) and United States Dollar (“US$”),

The following table summarizes the nonrecurring fair value measurements for each class of assets as of and for the year ended December 31, 2011.

In accordance with ASC 350, goodwill with a carrying amount of RMB300,163 (US$47,691) was written down to its implied fair value of RMB nil, resulting in an impairment charge of RMB300,163 (US$47,691), which was included in the caption of “Asset impairment” in the consolidated statements of operations. The Group used market price of the Company’s ADS, adjusted for an assumed control premium, in determining the fair value of the reporting unit.

In March 2012, the Company entered into a purchase agreement to control 52% equity interest in Chang’an for a total capital injection of approximately RMB248 million (U$39.4 million). The closing of such purchase is subject to satisfactory due diligence by the Company and relevant government approval.

(Amounts in thousands of Renminbi (“RMB”) and United States Dollar (“US$”),

For the presentation of the parent company only condensed financial information, the Company records its investment in subsidiaries under the equity method of accounting as prescribed in ASC 323, Investments—Equity Method and Joint Ventures. Such investment is presented on the balance sheet as “Investment in Subsidiaries” and the subsidiaries profit or loss as “Equity in profit or loss of subsidiaries” on the statement of operations. The parent company only financial statements should be read in conjunction with the Company’s consolidated financial statements.


Title of Each Class				Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered
Ordinary shares, par value US$0.0001 per share*				New York Stock Exchange*


		Page

PART I			2

ITEM 1.	IDENTITY OF DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND ADVISERS		2

ITEM 2.	OFFER STATISTICS AND EXPECTED TIMETABLE		2

ITEM 3.	KEY INFORMATION		2

ITEM 4.	INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY		29

ITEM 4A.	UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS		52

ITEM 5.	OPERATING AND FINANCIAL REVIEW AND PROSPECTS		52

ITEM 6.	DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND EMPLOYEES		73

ITEM 7.	MAJOR SHAREHOLDERS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS		81

ITEM 8.	FINANCIAL INFORMATION		82

ITEM 9.	THE OFFER AND LISTING		83

ITEM 10.	ADDITIONAL INFORMATION		84

ITEM 11.	QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK		90

ITEM 12.	DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES OTHER THAN EQUITY SECURITIES		91

PART II			92

ITEM 13.	DEFAULTS, DIVIDEND ARREARAGES AND DELINQUENCIES		92

ITEM 14.	MATERIAL MODIFICATIONS TO THE RIGHTS OF SECURITY HOLDERS AND USE OF PROCEEDS		92

ITEM 15.	CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES		93

ITEM 16A.	AUDIT COMMITTEE FINANCIAL EXPERT		94

ITEM 16B.	CODE OF ETHICS		94

ITEM 16C.	PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES		94

ITEM 16D.	EXEMPTIONS FROM THE LISTING STANDARDS FOR AUDIT COMMITTEES		94

ITEM 16E.	PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES BY THE ISSUER AND AFFILIATED PURCHASERS		94

ITEM 16F.	CHANGE IN REGISTRANT’S CERTIFYING ACCOUNTANT		95

ITEM 16G.	CORPORATE GOVERNANCE		95

ITEM 16H.	MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE		96

PART III			96

ITEM 17.	FINANCIAL STATEMENTS		96

ITEM 18.	FINANCIAL STATEMENTS		96

ITEM 19.	EXHIBITS		96


	Predecessor			Concord Medical (Successor)
	Period from January 1, 2007 to October 30, 2007			Period from September 10, 2007 to December 31, 2007			Year Ended December, 31
	Period from January 1, 2007 to October 30, 2007			Period from September 10, 2007 to December 31, 2007			2008			2009			2010			2011
	RMB			RMB			RMB			RMB			RMB			RMB			US$
							(in thousands, except share, per share and per ADS data)
Selected Consolidated Statements of Operations Data
Revenues, net of business tax, value-added tax and related surcharges:
Lease and management services		63,082			13,001			155,061			260,162			349,248			380,457			60,449
Management services		4,340			982			12,677			28,739			22,805			33,584			5,336
Other, net		—			—			4,051			3,535			17,471			36,084			5,733

Total net revenues		67,422			13,983			171,789			292,436			389,524			450,125			71,518
Cost of revenues:
Lease and management service		(20,396	)		(1,908	)		(25,046	)		(60,937	)		(93,771	)		(131,710	)		(20,927	)
Amortization of acquired intangibles		—			(2,002	)		(20,497	)		(26,493	)		(26,488	)		(25,058	)		(3,981	)
Management service		(20	)		(4	)		(54	)		(131	)		(2,441	)		(2,648	)		(421	)

Total cost of revenues		(20,416	)		(3,914	)		(45,597	)		(87,561	)		(122,700	)		(159,416	)		(25,329	)
Gross profit		47,006			10,069			126,192			204,875			266,824			290,709			46,189
Operating expenses:
Selling expenses ⁽¹⁾		(1,601	)		(757	)		(5,497	)		(7,675	)		(17,150	)		(37,453	)		(5,951	)
General and administrative expenses ⁽²⁾ Asset impairment		(8,467	)		(57,171	)		(18,869	)		(29,821	)		(66,789 (3,219	) )		(80,628 (333,934	) )		(12,810 (53,057	) )

Operating income (loss)		36,938			(47,859	)		101,826			167,379			179,666			(161,306	)		(25,629	)
Interest expense		(954	)		(279	)		(7,455	)		(6,891	)		(7,448	)		(6,454	)		(1,025	)
Change in fair value of convertible notes		—			(341	)		(464	)		—			—			—			—
Foreign exchange loss		—			(4	)		(325	)		(213	)		(5,436	)		(10,975	)		(1,744	)
(Loss) gain from disposal of equipment		(1,555	)		(25	)		658			—			543			—			—
Interest income		15			—			430			948			7,865			13,357			2,122
Other income (expenses)		—			—			7,734			—			(399	)		346			55

Income (loss) before income taxes		34,444			(48,508	)		102,404			161,223			174,791			(165,032	)		(26,221	)
Income tax (expenses) benefit		(15,014	)		182			(23,335	)		(36,396	)		(43,873	)		(46,320	)		(7,360	)

Net income (loss)		19,430			(48,326	)		79,069			124,827			130,918			(211,352	)		(33,581	)

Accretion of Series A contingently redeemable convertible preferred shares		—			—			(270,343	)		(30,050	)		—			—			—
Accretion of Series B contingently redeemable convertible preferred shares		—			—			(304,763	)		(48,359	)		—			—			—
Net income contributable to non-controlling interests		—			—			—			—			1,518			3,651			580
Net income (loss) attributable to ordinary shareholders		19,430			(48,326	)		(496,037	)		46,418			129,400			(215,003	)		(34,161	)

Income (loss) per share — basic and diluted ⁽³⁾		0.39			(0.97	)		(8.63	)		0.62			0.89			(1.51	)		(0.24	)
Income (loss) per ADS — basic and diluted		1.17			(2.91	)		(25.89	)		1.86			2.66			(4.53	)		(0.72	)
Shares used in computation — basic and diluted⁽³⁾		50,000,000			50,000,000			57,481,400			74,648,779			146,040,594			142,251,454			—
ADSs used in computation — basic and diluted		16,666,667			16,666,667			19,160,467			24,882,926			48,680,198			47,417,151			—


	As of December 31,
	2007		2008		2009		2010		2011
	RMB		RMB		RMB		RMB		RMB		US$
					(in thousands)
Selected Consolidated Balance Sheet Data
Cash		39,792		353,991		1,037,239		535,783		219,078		34,808
Total current assets		66,135		492,978		1,252,512		904,416		733,657		116,566
Property, plant and equipment, net		54,703		349,121		573,042		907,336		1,068,703		169,800
Goodwill		259,282		300,163		300,163		300,163		—		—
Acquired intangible assets, net		129,998		181,838		155,345		146,113		129,018		20,499
Total assets		543,023		1,514,395		2,443,865		2,663,044		2,393,446		380,280
Long-term bank borrowings, current portion		—		39,840		57,487		60,906		77,479		12,310
Long-term bank borrowings, non-current portion		—		52,120		80,915		45,089		108,700		17,271
Series A contingently redeemable convertible preferred shares		—		254,358		—		—		—		—
Series B contingently redeemable convertible preferred shares		—		411,101		—		—		—		—
Total shareholders’ equity		394,878		565,020		2,153,748		2,301,835		2,038,096		323,820
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity		543,023		1,514,395		2,443,865		2,663,044		2,393,446		380,280


	Predecessor			Concord Medical (Successor)			Concord Medical (Successor)
	Period from January 1, 2007 to October 30, 2007			Period from September 10, 2007 to December 31, 2007			Year Ended December 31,
	Period from January 1, 2007 to October 30, 2007			Period from September 10, 2007 to December 31, 2007			2008			2009			2010			2011
	RMB			RMB			RMB			RMB			RMB			RMB			US$
							(in thousands)
Selected Consolidated Statements of Cash Flow Data
Net cash generated from operating activities		44,593			6,103			46,774			135,883			190,972			137,102			21,785
Net cash used in investing activities ⁽¹⁾		(50,452	)		(30,441	)		(376,371	)		(272,269	)		(529,468	)		(494,867	)		(78,627	)
Net cash generated from (used in) financing activities		6,020			63,225			649,494			819,846			(154,933	)		41,785			6,640
Exchange rate effect on cash		—			138			(5,698	)		(212	)		(8,027	)		(725	)		(117	)
Net increase (decrease) in cash		161			39,025			314,199			683,248			(501,456	)		(316,705	)		(50,319	)


		Large accelerated filer ¨		Accelerated filer x		Non-accelerated filer ¨


	Exchange Rate⁽¹⁾
	Period End		Average⁽²⁾		Low		High
Period	(RMB per US$1.00)
2007		7.2946		7.5806		7.8127		7.2946
2008		6.8225		6.9193		7.2946		6.7800
2009		6.8259		6.8297		6.8470		6.8176
2010		6.6000		6.7603		6.8330		6.6000
2011		6.2939		6.4475		6.6364		6.2939
October		6.3547		6.3710		6.3825		6.3534
November		6.3765		6.3564		6.3839		6.3400
December		6.2939		6.3482		6.3733		6.2939
2012
January		6.3080		6.3119		6.3330		6.2940
February		6.2935		6.2997		6.3120		6.2935
March		6.2975		6.3125		6.3315		6.2975
April (through April 20)		6.3080		6.3052		6.3150		6.2975


	Urban Employees Basic Medical Insurance Program	Urban Residents Basic Medical Insurance Program	Rural Cooperative Medical Program

Launch Time	1998	2007	2003

Participants	Urban employees	Urban non-employees	Rural residents

Participation	Mandatory	Voluntary	Voluntary

Number of People covered in 2010	Approximately 237 million (36% of China’s urban population)	Approximately 195 million (29% of China’s urban population)	Approximately 815 million (96% of China’s rural population)

Total reimbursement amount	RMB280 billion in 2009	N/A	RMB66.2 billion in 2010

Funding	Employers and employees:	Households and the government:	Individuals and the government:

	• employer contributes approximately 6% of each employee’s total salary; and	• monthly premium are paid by each household; and	• individual pays no less than RMB20 per year and local government subsidizes no less than RMB40 per person annually; and

	• employee contributes approximately 2% of such employee’s total salary.	• government subsidizes no less than RMB80 per person annually and RMB40 per person annually for the mid/western regions of China, with greater subsidies provided to low-income families and disabled persons.	• government subsidizes RMB40 per person annually for the middle and western regions of the country and a smaller amount for the eastern region.

General Reimbursement Policy	Reimbursement comes from two sources — individual’s reimbursement account and the social medical expense pool:	There is no specific requirement or guidance from the central government. Reimbursement policy is separately determined by local governments.	The central government suggests that, beginning in the second half of 2009, the reimbursement cap for all regions should be no less than six times the average annual per capita net income of rural residents in the region.

	• All of the employee’s contribution and 30% of the employer’s contribution are allocated to the individual’s reimbursement account; the reimbursement cap from the individual account is the balance of that account; and


Location	Size (in square meters)	Expiration Date
Beijing	174	June 2012
Beijing	107	February 2013
Shanghai	24	May 2012
Shanghai	342	April 2013
Shenzhen	522	November 2012


Linear accelerators⁽²⁾			26
Head gamma knife systems			24
Body gamma knife systems			13
PET-CT scanners			14
MRI scanners			23
Others⁽³⁾			24

Total			124


	Year Ended December 31
	2009						2010						2011
	RMB			%			RMB			%			RMB			US$			%
	(in thousands, except for percentages)
Summary Consolidated Statements of Operation Data
Revenues, net of business tax, value-added tax and related surcharges:
Lease and management services		260,162			89.0			349,248			89.7			380,457			60,449			84.5
Management services		28,739			9.8			22,805			5.8			33,584			5,336			7.5
Other, net		3,535			1.2			17,471			4.5			36,084			5,733			8.0

Total net revenues		292,436			100.0			389,524			100			450,125			71,518			100
Cost of revenues:
Lease and management services		(60,937	)		(20.8	)		(93,771	)		(24.1	)		(131,710	)		(20,927	)		(29.3	)
Amortization of acquired intangibles		(26,493	)		(9.1	)		(26,488	)		(6.8	)		(25,058	)		(3,981	)		(5.6	)
Management services		(131	)		(0.0	)		(2,441	)		(0.6	)		(2,648	)		(421	)		(0.6	)

Total cost of revenues		(87,561	)		(29.9	)		(122,700	)		(31.5	)		(159,416	)		(25,329	)		(35.4	)

Gross profit		204,875			70.1			266,824			(68.5	)		290,709			46,189			64.6
Operating expenses:
Selling expenses⁽¹⁾		(7,675	)		(2.6	)		(17,150	)		(4.4	)		(37,453	)		(5,951	)		(8.3	)
General and administrative expenses⁽²⁾		(29,821	)		(10.2	)		(66,789	)		(17.1	)		(80,628	)		(12,810	)		(17.9	)
Asset impairment		—			—			(3,219	)		(0.8	)		(333,934	)		(53,057	)		(74.2	)

Operating income (loss)		167,379			57.2			179,666			46.1			(161,306	)		(25,629	)		—
Interest expense		(6,891	)		(2.4	)		(7,448	)		(1.9	)		(6,454	)		(1,025	)		(1.4	)
Foreign exchange loss		(213	)		(0.1	)		(5,436	)		(1.4	)		(10,975	)		(1,744	)		(2.4	)
Gain from disposal of equipment		—			—			543			0.1			—			—			—
Interest income		948			0.3			7,865			2.0			13,357			2,122			3.0
Other income (expense)		—			—			(399	)		(0.1	)		346			55			0.1

Income (loss) before income taxes		161,223			55.1			174,791			44.9			(165,032	)		(26,221	)		(36.7	)
Income tax expenses		(36,396	)		(12.4	)		(43,873	)		(11.3	)		(46,320	)		(7,360	)		(10.3	)

Net income (loss)		124,827			42.7			130,918			33.6			(211,352	)		(33,581	)		—


	Total		Less than 1 year		1-3 years		More than 3 years
Short-term debt obligations-principal		15,000		15,000		—		—
Short-term debt obligations-interest		168		168		—		—
Long-term debt obligations-principal		186,179		77,479		108,700		—
Long-term debt obligations-interest		15,349		8,634		6,715		—
Capital lease obligations		5,871		3,582		2,289		—
Operating lease obligations		3,576		3,162		414		—
Purchase obligations		37,779		37,779		—		—

Total		263,922		145,804		118,118		—


Name	Age	Position/ Title
Jianyu Yang	40	Chairman, chief executive officer
Zheng Cheng	47	Director, president and chief operating officer
Adam Jigang Sun	44	Chief financial officer
Steve Sun	50	Director, Chairman of the Investment Committee
Jing Zhang	47	Chief administrative officer
Yaw Kong Yap	47	Senior vice president
Jie Xin	37	Director
Feng Xiao	39	Director
Frank Ren	47	Director
Elaine Zong	40	Independent director
Denny Lee	43	Independent director
Weibo Yin	80	Independent director


Name	Ordinary Shares Underlying Outstanding Options or Restricted Shares	Exercise Price Underlying Outstanding Options (US$/Share)	Grant Date	Expiration Date
Mr. Jianyu Yang	288,700	3.7	November 27, 2009	November 26, 2017
Mr. Zheng Cheng	288,700	3.7	November 27, 2009	November 26, 2017
Mr. Steve Sun	264,400	3.7	November 27, 2009	November 26, 2017
Mr. Jing Zhang	250,000	3.7	November 27, 2009	November 26, 2017
Mr. Yaw Kong Yap	230,000	3.7	November 27, 2009	November 26, 2017
Mr. Denny Lee	130,300	3.7	November 27, 2009	November 26, 2017
Mr. Adam Jigang Sun	355,884	2.2	September 30, 2011	September 30, 2019
Other individuals as group	3,049,300	3.7	November 27, 2009	November 26, 2017


	As of December 31, 2011
	Employees		% of Total
Management		26		5.5
Administration		26		5.5
Financial control		72		15.3
Operation		15		3.2
Marketing		6		1.3
Business development		8		1.7
Centers		319		67.6

Total		472		100.0


	Ordinary Shares Beneficially Owned⁽¹⁾⁽²⁾
	Number		%
Directors and Executive Officers:
Jianyu Yang⁽³⁾		4,980,961		3.5
Zheng Cheng⁽⁴⁾		9,005,875		6.4
Steve Sun⁽⁵⁾		4,968,811		3.5
Jing Zhang⁽⁶⁾		2,771,129		2.0
Yaw Kong Yap⁽⁷⁾		656,800		0.5
Jie Xin⁽⁸⁾		7,281,196		5.2
Feng Xiao⁽⁹⁾		26,172,700		18.5
Elaine Zong		—		—
All directors and executive officers as a group		57,028,372		40.3
Principal Shareholders:
Carlyle Entities⁽¹⁰⁾		26,172,700		18.5
Notable Enterprise Limited⁽¹¹⁾		19,716,524		14.0
Starr Investments Cayman II, Inc.⁽¹²⁾		10,418,000		7.4
CZY Investments Limited⁽¹³⁾		8,861,525		6.3
CICC Sun Company Limited⁽¹⁴⁾		7,177,200		5.1


	Market Price Per ADS
	High		Low
Yearly:
2009 (from December 11)		8.82		8.51
2010		10.42		5.50
2011		7.58		2.96
Quarterly:
2010
First quarter		10.42		6.81
Second quarter		7.43		5.50
Third quarter		7.41		5.50
Fourth quarter		7.79		6.70
2011
First quarter		7.58		5.06
Second quarter		5.86		3.91
Third quarter		4.27		3.16
Fourth quarter		3.80		2.96
Monthly:
2011
October		3.63		3.02
November		3.73		3.33
December		3.49		3.04
2012
January		3.75		3.28
February		4.05		3.65
March		4.12		3.45
April (through April 24)		3.90		3.76


Period	Total number of ADSs purchased		Average price paid per ADS⁽¹⁾		Total number of ADSs purchased as part of publicly announced program		Approximate dollar value of ADSs that may yet be purchased under program
			US$				US$
							(in thousands)
October 2011		83,547		3.36		83,547		19,717
November 2011		104,841		3.61		188,388		19,335
December 2011		128,257		3.34		316,645		18,903
January 2012		225,372		3.61		542,017		18,083
February 2012		133,869		3.88		675,886		17,561
March 2012		213,792		3.87		889,678		16,727


Exhibit Number		Description of Document

1.1		Third Amended and Restated Memorandum and Articles of Association (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.3 from our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-163155) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 27, 2009)

2.1		Form of American Depository Receipt (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 from our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-163155) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on December 7, 2009)

2.2		Specimen Certificate for Ordinary Shares (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 from our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-163155) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 17, 2009)


Exhibit Number		Description of Document

2.3		Form of Deposit Agreement among Concord Medical, the Depositary and Owners and Beneficial Owners of the American Depository Shares issued thereunder (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 from our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-163155) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on December 7, 2009)

2.4		Series A Preferred Shares Subscription Agreement, dated as of February 5, 2008, as amended on April 2, 2008 and on October 20, 2008, among CICC Sun Company Limited, Carlyle Asia Growth Partners III, L.P., CAGP III Co-Investment, L.P., Liu Haifeng, Steve Sun, Yang Jianyu, Bona Liu, Our Medical Services, Ltd., Ascendium Group Limited, Shenzhen Aohua Medical Services Co., Ltd. and Concord Medical Services Holdings Limited (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.4 from our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-163155) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 17, 2009)

2.5		Amendment No. 1 to Series A Preferred Shares Subscription Agreement, dated as of April 2, 2008, among CICC Sun Company Limited, Carlyle Asia Growth Partners III, L.P., CAGP III Co-Investment, L.P., Liu Haifeng, Steve Sun, Yang Jianyu, Bona Liu, Our Medical Services, Ltd., Ascendium Group Limited, Shenzhen Aohua Medical Services Co., Ltd. and Concord Medical Services Holdings Limited (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.5 from our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-163155) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 17, 2009)

2.6		Amendment No. 2 to Series A Preferred Shares Subscription Agreement, dated as of October 20, 2008, among CICC Sun Company Limited, Carlyle Asia Growth Partners III, L.P., CAGP III Co-Investment, L.P., Liu Haifeng, Steve Sun, Yang Jianyu, Bona Liu, Our Medical Services, Ltd., Ascendium Group Limited, Shenzhen Aohua Medical Services Co., Ltd. and Concord Medical Services Holdings Limited (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.6 from our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-163155) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 17, 2009)

2.7		Series B Preferred Shares Subscription Agreement, dated as of October 10, 2008, as amended on October 20, 2008, among CICC Sun Company Limited, Carlyle Asia Growth Partners III, L.P., CAGP III Co-Investment, L.P., Starr Investments Cayman II, Inc., Concord Medical Services Holdings Limited and other persons named therein (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.7 from our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-163155) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 17, 2009)

2.8		Amendment to Series B Preferred Shares Subscription Agreement, dated as of October 20, 2008, among CICC Sun Company Limited, Carlyle Asia Growth Partners III, L.P., CAGP III Co-Investment, L.P., Starr Investments Cayman II, Inc., Concord Medical Services Holdings Limited and other persons named therein (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.8 from our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-163155) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 17, 2009)

2.9		Amended and Restated Shareholders Agreement, dated as of October 20, 2008 among Concord Medical Services Holdings Limited, Carlyle Asia Growth Partners III, L.P., CAGP III Co-Investment, CICC Sun Company Limited, Perfect Key Holdings Limited, Starr Investments Cayman II, Inc. and certain other persons named therein (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.9 from our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-163155) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 17, 2009)

2.10		Share Charge, dated as of November 10, 2008, by CZY Investments Limited in favor of CICC Sun Company Limited, Carlyle Asia Growth Partners III, L.P., CAGP III Co-Investment, L.P. and Starr Investments Cayman II, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.10 from our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-163155) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 17, 2009)

2.11		Share Charge, dated as of November 10, 2008, by Daketala International Investment Holdings Ltd. in favor of CICC Sun Company Limited, Carlyle Asia Growth Partners III, L.P., CAGP III Co-Investment, L.P. and Starr Investments Cayman II, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.11 from our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-163155) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 17, 2009)


Exhibit Number		Description of Document

2.12		Share Charge, dated as of November 10, 2008, by Dragon Image Investment Ltd. in favor of CICC Sun Company Limited, Carlyle Asia Growth Partners III, L.P., CAGP III Co-Investment, L.P. and Starr Investments Cayman II, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.12 from our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-163155) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 17, 2009)

2.13		Share Charge, dated as of November 10, 2008, by Notable Enterprise Limited in favor of CICC Sun Company Limited, Carlyle Asia Growth Partners III, L.P., CAGP III Co-Investment, L.P. and Starr Investments Cayman II, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.13 from our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-163155) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 17, 2009)

2.14		Share Charge, dated as of November 10, 2008, by Thousand Ocean Group Limited in favor of CICC Sun Company Limited, Carlyle Asia Growth Partners III, L.P., CAGP III Co-Investment, L.P. and Starr Investments Cayman II, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.14 from our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-163155) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 17, 2009)

2.15		Share Charge, dated as of November 10, 2008, by Top Mount Group Limited in favor of CICC Sun Company Limited, Carlyle Asia Growth Partners III, L.P., CAGP III Co-Investment, L.P. and Starr Investments Cayman II, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.15 from our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-163155) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 17, 2009)

2.16		Deed of Amendment, dated as of September 14, 2009, among CICC Sun Company Limited, Carlyle Asia Growth Partners III, L.P., CAGP III Co-Investment, L.P., Starr Investments Cayman II, Inc. and Notable Enterprise Limited (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.16 from our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-163155) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 17, 2009)

2.17		Deed of Partial Release, dated as of September 14, 2009, by CICC Sun Company Limited, Carlyle Asia Growth Partners III, L.P., CAGP III Co-Investment, L.P. and Starr Investments Cayman II, Inc. in favor of CZY Investment Limited (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.17 from our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-163155) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 17, 2009)

2.18		Amendment to Amended and Restated Shareholders Agreement, dated as of November 17, 2009, among Concord Medical Services Holdings Limited, Carlyle Asia Growth Partners III, L.P., CAGP III Co-Investment, CICC Sun Company Limited, Perfect Key Holdings Limited, Starr Investments Cayman II, Inc. and certain other persons named therein (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.18 from our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-163155) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 20, 2009)

2.19		Amendment No. 2 to Amended and Restated Shareholders Agreement, dated as of December 7, 2009, among Concord Medical Services Holdings Limited, Carlyle Asia Growth Partners III, L.P., CAGP III Co-Investment, CICC Sun Company Limited, Perfect Key Holdings Limited, Starr Investments Cayman II, Inc. and certain other persons named therein (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.18 from our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-163155) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on December 7, 2009)

4.1		2008 Share Incentive Plan adopted as of October 16, 2008 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 from our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-163155) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 17, 2009)

4.2		Form of Indemnification Agreement with the Registrant’s directors and officers (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 from our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-163155) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 20, 2009)

4.3		Form of Medical Equipment Lease Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 from our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-163155) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 17, 2009)


Exhibit Number		Description of Document

4.4		Form of Equipment Management Services Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 from our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-163155) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 17, 2009)

4.5		Form of Service-only Management Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 from our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-163155) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 17, 2009)

4.6		Summary of the Oral Agreement entered into between China Medstar Pte. Ltd. and Beijing Medstar Hi-Tech Investment Co., Ltd. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 from our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-163155) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 17, 2009)

4.7		Summary of the Oral Agreement entered into between China Medstar Pte. Ltd. and Cheng Zheng (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.7 from our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-163155) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 17, 2009)

4.8		Summary of the Oral Agreement entered into between China Medstar Pte. Ltd. and Yaw Kong Yap (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.8 from our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-163155) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 17, 2009)

4.9		Translation of Medical Equipment Lease Agreement, dated as of August 25, 2009, by and between Medstar (Shanghai) Leasing Co., Ltd. and Chang’an Hospital Co., Ltd. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.9 from our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-163155) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 23, 2009)

4.10		Translation of Service-Only Management Agreement, dated as of August 1, 2008, among CMS Hospital Management Co., Ltd., Xi’an Wanjiechangxin Medical Services Company Limited and Chang’an Hospital Co., Ltd. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.10 from our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-163155) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 23, 2009)

4.11		Translation of Agreement Concerning the Establishment of the Aohai Radiotherapy Treatment and Diagnosis Research Center, dated as of September 19, 1995, by and between the Chinese People’s Liberation Army Navy General Hospital and Beijing Our Medical Equipment Development Company, which transferred its interest in the agreement to Shenzhen Aohua Medical Services Co., Ltd. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.11 from our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-163155) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 23, 2009)

4.12		Translation of Supplemental Agreement Concerning the Development of the Aohai Radiotherapy Treatment and Diagnosis Research Center, dated as of March 18, 1999, by and between Shenzhen Aohua Medical Services Co., Ltd. and the Chinese People’s Liberation Army Navy General Hospital. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.12 from our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-163155) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 23, 2009)

4.13		Translation of Supplemental Agreement Concerning the Development of the Aohai Radiotherapy Treatment and Diagnosis Research Center, dated as of September 27, 2003, by and between Shenzhen Aohua Medical Services Co., Ltd. and the Chinese People’s Liberation Army Navy General Hospital. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.13 from our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-163155) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 23, 2009)

4.14		Translation of Medical Equipment Lease Agreement, dated as of September 29, 2006, by and between Shanghai Medstar Investment Management Co., Ltd., the predecessor of Medstar (Shanghai) Leasing Co., Ltd., and the Chinese People’s Liberation Army Navy General Hospital. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.14 from our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-163155) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 17, 2009)


Exhibit Number		Description of Document

4.15		Translation of Supplemental Agreement Concerning the Development of the Aohai Radiotherapy Treatment and Diagnosis Research Center, dated as of July 8, 2009, by and between Shenzhen Aohua Medical Services Co., Ltd. and the Chinese People’s Liberation Army Navy General Hospital. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.15 from our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-163155) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 23, 2009)

4.16		Translation of Supplemental Agreement to the Service-only Management Agreement, dated as of August 1, 2008, among Xi’an Wanjiechangxin Medical Services Company Limited, Chang’an Hospital Co., Ltd. and CMS Hospital Management Co., Ltd. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.16 from our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-163155) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 17, 2009)

4.17		Translation of Agreement Regarding the Transfer of Equity in Aohai Radiotherapy Treatment and Diagnosis Research Center, dated as of May 5, 1997, among Beijing Our Medical Equipment Development Company, Shenzhen Aohua Medical Services Co., Ltd. and the Chinese People’s Liberation Army Navy General Hospital. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.17 from our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-163155) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 17, 2009)

4.18		Translation of Supplemental Agreement to the Supplemental Agreement Concerning the Development of the Aohai Radiotherapy Treatment and Diagnosis Research Center, dated as of September 15, 2004, by and between Shenzhen Aohua Medical Services Co., Ltd. and the Chinese People’s Liberation Army Navy General Hospital. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.18 from our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-163155) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 17, 2009)

4.19		Translation of Supplemental Agreement to the Cooperation Contract Concerning the Aohai Radiotherapy Treatment and Diagnosis Research Center, dated as of August 16, 2003, by and between Shenzhen Aohua Medical Services Co., Ltd. and the Chinese People’s Liberation Army Navy General Hospital. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.19 from our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-163155) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 17, 2009)

4.20		Amendment to 2008 Share Incentive Plan adopted as of November 17, 2009 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.19 from our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-163155) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 20, 2009)

4.21		Translation of Strategic Cooperative Agreement, dated as of November 17, 2009, between China Construction Bank Corporation, Shenzhen Branch and China Medical Services Holdings Limited (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.19 from our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-163155) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on December 7, 2009)

8.1*		List of Subsidiaries

11.1		Code of Business Conduct and Ethics (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.1 from our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-163155) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 20, 2009)

12.1*		CEO Certification Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002

12.2*		CFO Certification Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002

13.1*		CEO Certification Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002

13.2*		CFO Certification Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002


	Page

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm		F-4
Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2010 and 2011		F-6
Consolidated Statements of Operations for the Years Ended December 31, 2009, 2010 and 2011		F-7
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Years Ended December 31, 2009, 2010 and 2011		F-9
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity for the Years Ended December 31, 2009, 2010 and 2011		F-11
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements		F-64


			As at December 31
	Note		2010		2011		2011
			RMB		RMB		US$
ASSETS
Current assets:
Cash				535,783		219,078		34,808
Restricted cash, current portion		5		102,873		2,512		399
Held-to-maturity securities		6		—		100,466		15,962
Time deposits with original maturities exceeding three months		7		—		50,372		8,003
Notes receivable				900		—		—
Accounts receivable (net of allowance of RMB1,431 and RMB16,057 (US$2,551) as of December 31, 2010 and 2011, respectively)		8		169,389		244,189		38,798
Prepayments and other current assets		9		74,469		61,630		9,792
Net investment in direct financing leases, current portion		14		19,498		49,821		7,916
Deferred tax assets, current portion		22		1,504		5,589		888

Total current assets				904,416		733,657		116,566

Non-current assets:
Property, plant and equipment, net		10		907,336		1,068,703		169,800
Goodwill		12		300,163		—		—
Acquired intangible assets, net		12		146,113		129,018		20,499
Deposits for non-current assets (net of reserve of RMB2,513 and RMB23,192 (US$3,685) as of December 31, 2010 and 2011, respectively)		13		222,019		207,287		32,935
Net investment in direct financing leases, non-current portion		14		66,356		97,262		15,453
Deferred tax assets, non-current portion		22		21,869		20,866		3,315
Equity method investments				—		540		86
Other non-current assets		15		51,867		86,731		13,780
Restricted cash, non-current portion		5		14,792		22,012		3,497
Prepaid land lease payments		11		28,113		27,370		4,349

Total non-current assets				1,758,628		1,659,789		263,714

Total assets				2,663,044		2,393,446		380,280

LIABILITIES AND EQUITY
Current liabilities:
Short-term bank borrowings		16		83,000		15,000		2,383
Long-term bank borrowings, current portion		16		60,906		77,479		12,310
Accounts payable				10,332		2,170		345
Accrual for purchase of property, plant and equipment				10,404		13,294		2,112
Obligations under capital leases, current portion		18		3,582		3,582		569
Accrued expenses and other liabilities		17		49,935		59,097		9,390
Income tax payable		22		25,401		20,936		3,326
Deferred revenue, current portion				11,520		13,115		2,084
Contingent business acquisition consideration		4		14,072		11,999		1,906

Total current liabilities				269,152		216,672		34,425


			For the Years Ended December 31
	Note		2009			2010			2011			2011
			RMB			RMB			RMB			US$
Revenues, net of business tax, value-added tax and related surcharges :
Lease and management services				260,162			349,248			380,457			60,449
Management services				28,739			22,805			33,584			5,336
Other, net				3,535			17,471			36,084			5,733

Total net revenues				292,436			389,524			450,125			71,518
Cost of revenues:
Lease and management services				(60,937	)		(93,771	)		(131,710	)		(20,927	)
Amortization of acquired intangibles				(26,493	)		(26,488	)		(25,058	)		(3,981	)
Management services				(131	)		(2,441	)		(2,648	)		(421	)

Total cost of revenues				(87,561	)		(122,700	)		(159,416	)		(25,329	)
Gross profit				204,875			266,824			290,709			46,189
Operating expenses:
Selling expenses				(7,675	)		(17,150	)		(37,453	)		(5,951	)
General and administrative expenses				(29,821	)		(66,789	)		(80,628	)		(12,810	)
Asset impairment		12		—			(3,219	)		(333,934	)		(53,057	)

Total operating expenses				(37,496	)		(87,158	)		(452,015	)		(71,818	)

Operating income (loss)				167,379			179,666			(161,306	)		(25,629	)
Interest expense (including related party amounts of RMB55, nil and nil for the years ended December 31, 2009, 2010 and 2011, respectively)		24		(6,891	)		(7,448	)		(6,454	)		(1,025	)
Foreign exchange losses, net				(213	)		(5,436	)		(10,975	)		(1,744	)
Gain from disposal of property, plant and equipment				—			543			—			—
Interest income				948			7,865			13,357			2,122
Other (expense) income				—			(399	)		346			55

Income (loss) before income taxes				161,223			174,791			(165,032	)		(26,221	)
Income tax expenses		22		(36,396	)		(43,873	)		(46,320	)		(7,360	)

Net income (loss)				124,827			130,918			(211,352	)		(33,581	)

Accretion of Series A contingently redeemable convertible preferred shares		19		(30,050	)		—			—			—
Accretion of Series B contingently redeemable convertible preferred shares		19		(48,359	)		—			—			—
Net income attributable to non-controlling interests				—			1,518			3,651			580
Net income (loss) attributable to ordinary shareholders				46,418			129,400			(215,003	)		(34,161	)

Income (loss) per share
Basic/Diluted		28		0.62			0.89			(1.51	)		(0.24	)

Weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding:
Basic/Diluted		28		74,648,779			146,040,594			142,251,454			142,251,454


	Number of ordinary shares		Ordinary shares		Additional paid-in capital		Accumulated other comprehensive loss			Accumulated deficit			Total equity
			RMB		RMB		RMB			RMB			RMB
Balance as of January 1, 2009		70,428,100		55		1,113,150		(3,822	)		(544,363	)		565,020
Comprehensive income
Net income for the year		—		—		—		—			124,827			124,827
Foreign currency translation adjustments		—		—		—		(165	)		—			(165	)

Total comprehensive income		—		—		—		—			—			124,662
Imputed interest on related parties’ loan		—		—		55		—			—			55
Accretion of Series A convertible contingently redeemable preferred shares		—		—		—		—			(30,050	)		(30,050	)
Accretion of Series B convertible contingently redeemable preferred shares		—		—		—		—			(48,359	)		(48,359	)
Dividends to shareholders		—		—		—		—			(16,338	)		(16,338	)
Initial public offering of ordinary shares		36,000,000		25		813,938		—			—			813,963
Conversion of Series A contingently redeemable convertible preferred shares to ordinary shares		17,694,200		12		286,421		—			—			286,433
Conversion of Series B contingently redeemable convertible preferred shares to ordinary shares		23,333,200		16		457,340		—			—			457,356
Share-based compensation		—		—		1,006		—			—			1,006

Balance as of December 31,2009		147,455,500		108		2,671,910		(3,987	)		(514,283	)		2,153,748


	Number of ordinary shares			Ordinary shares			Treasury stock			Additional paid-in capital			Accumulated other comprehensive loss			Accumulated deficit			Total			Non-controlling interest		Total equity
				RMB						RMB			RMB			RMB			RMB			RMB		RMB
Balance as of January 1, 2010		147,455,500			108			—			2,671,910			(3,987	)		(514,283	)		2,153,748			—		2,153,748
Comprehensive income
Net income for the year		—			—			—			—			—			129,400			129,400			1,518		130,918
Foreign currency translation adjustments		—			—			—			—			(10,848	)		—			(10,848	)		—		(10,848	)

Total comprehensive income		—			—			—			—			—			—			118,552			1,518		120,070
Share-based compensation		—			—			—			9,571			—			—			9,571			—		9,571
Share repurchase		(5,101,968	)		(3	)		—			(76,777	)		—			—			(76,780	)		—		(76,780	)
Purchase of CCICC (note 4)		—			—			—			—			—			—			—			95,226		95,226

Balance as of December 31, 2010		142,353,532			105			—			2,604,704			(14,835	)		(384,883	)		2,205,091			96,744		2,301,835

Comprehensive loss
Net loss for the year		—			—			—			—			—			(215,003	)		(215,003	)		3,651		(211,352	)
Foreign currency translation adjustments		—			—			—			—			(2,760	)		—			(2,760	)		—		(2,760	)

Total comprehensive loss		—			—			—			—			—			—			(217,763	)		3,651		(214,112	)
Share-based compensation		—			—			—			9,234			—			—			9,234			—		9,234
Share repurchase		—			—			(1	)		(6,910	)		—			—			(6,911	)		—		(6,911	)
Dividends		—			—			—			(55,151	)		—			—			(55,151	)		—		(55,151	)
Contributions by non-controlling interest of GZ Proton (note 1)		—			—			—			—			—			—			—			3,201		3,201

Balance as of December 31,2011		142,353,532			105			(1	)		2,551,877			(17,595	)		(599,886	)		1,934,500			103,596		2,038,096

Balance as of December 31, 2011 (US$)		—			17			—			405,452			(2,796	)		(95,313	)		307,360			16,460		323,820


Company	Date of establishment	Place of establishment	Percentage of ownership by the Company			Principal activities
Ascendium	September 10, 2007	British Virgin Islands (“BVI”)		100	%	Investment holding
OMS	August 22, 1996	BVI		100	%	Investment holding
Medstar Overseas Limited	September 22, 2011	BVI		100	%	Investment holding
Proton BVI	May 16, 2011	BVI		100	%	Investment holding
US Proton	June 29, 2011	U.S.A		100	%	Investment holding
China Medstar	August 8, 2003	Singapore		100	%	Investment holding
Cyber	May 26, 2006	Hong Kong		100	%	Investment holding
CMS Holdings	July 18, 2008	Hong Kong		100	%	Investment holding
King Cheers	May 18, 2001	Hong Kong		100	%	Investment holding
AMS	July 23, 1997	PRC		100	%	Leasing of medical equipment and provision of management services
AML	February 21, 2008	PRC		100	%	Leasing of medical equipment and provision of management services
MSC	March 21, 2003	PRC		100	%	Leasing of medical equipment and provision of management services
CHM	July 23, 2008	PRC		100	%	Provision of management services
XHF	July 26, 2007	PRC		100	%	Provision of management services
TKM	April 22, 2010	PRC		100	%	Leasing of medical equipment and provision of management services
CCICC	July 06, 2010	PRC		52	%	Medical care co-operation with hospital
XLD	August 25, 2010	PRC		100	%	Leasing of medical equipment
GZ Proton	June 29, 2011	PRC		90	%	Medical technology research and development, and provision of management and consultant services.


Category	Estimated useful life	Estimated residual value
Building	38 years		—
Medical equipment*	Shorter of customer contract or 6-20 years		—
Electronic and office equipment	5 years		5-10	%
Motor vehicles	5 years		5-10	%
Leasehold improvement	shorter of lease term or 5 years		—


	RMB
Current assets		3,465
Property, plant and equipment		6,600
Contract with hospitals		7,963
Deferred tax assets		1,984
Deferred tax liabilities		(2,012	)

Total purchase price allocated		18,000

Cash consideration		18,000


	As at December 31,
	2010			2011			2011
	RMB			RMB			US$
Accounts receivable		170,820			260,246			41,349
Allowance for doubtful accounts		(1,431	)		(16,057	)		(2,551	)

Accounts receivable, net		169,389			244,189			38,798


	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2009			2010			2011			2011
	RMB			RMB			RMB			US$
Movement in allowance for doubtful accounts:
Balance at beginning of the year		3,830			2,000			1,431			227
Provisions for the year		2,402			1,431			15,377			2,443
Written back during the year		—			(2,000	)		(751	)		(119	)
Write-offs during the year		(4,232	)		—			—			—

Balance at end of the year		2,000			1,431			16,057			2,551


	As at December, 31
	2010			2011			2011
	RMB			RMB			US$
Prepaid land lease payments		28,423			28,423			4,516
Less: accumulated amortization		(310	)		(1,053	)		(167	)

Net carrying value		28,113			27,370			4,349


	Amortization
	RMB		US$
2012		743		118
2013		743		118
2014		743		118
2015		743		118
2016		743		118

		3,715		590