UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

Form 10-Q

(Mark One)

☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the Quarterly Period Ended June 30, 2020

or

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from              to

Commission file number 001-36471

MobileIron, Inc.

(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware	26-0866846
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
490 East Middlefield Road Mountain View, California	94043
(Address of principal executive offices)	(Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code:

(650) 919-8100

Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, par value $.0001 per share	MOBL	NASDAQ

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    Yes ⌧      No    ◻

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).    Yes   ⌧     No   ◻

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.:

Large accelerated filer   ◻	Accelerated filer   ⌧
Nonaccelerated filer   ◻	Smaller reporting company   ☐
Emerging growth company   ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).    Yes   ☐     No   ⌧

The number of outstanding shares of the registrant’s common stock was 116,883,504 as of July 24, 2020.

INDEX TO QUARTERLY REPORT ON FORM 10-Q

For the Quarter Ended June 30, 2020

	Page
PART I FINANCIAL INFORMATION	6
Item 1. Financial Statements:	6
Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019	6
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019	7
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019	8
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019	9
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements	10
Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	31
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosure About Market Risk	31
Item 4. Controls and Procedures	50
PART II OTHER INFORMATION	50
Item 1. Legal Proceedings	50
Item 1A. Risk Factors	51
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	78
Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities	80
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures	80
Item 5. Other Information	81
Item 6. Exhibits	81
Signatures	83

“MobileIron,” the MobileIron logos and other trademark or service marks of MobileIron, Inc. appearing in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q are the property of MobileIron, Inc. Trade names, trademarks and service marks of other companies appearing in this report are the property of their respective holders.

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WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION

Investors and others should note that we announce material financial information to our investors using our investor relations website address, press releases, reports and other information that we file from time to time with the Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC, and public conference calls and webcasts. We also use the following social media channels as a means of disclosing information about the company, our services and other matters and for complying with our disclosure obligations under Regulation FD:

MobileIron Company Blog (https://www.mobileiron.com/en/smartwork-blog)

MobileIron Facebook Page (https://www.facebook.com/mobileiron)

MobileIron Twitter Account (https://twitter.com/mobileiron); @mobileiron

MobileIron LinkedIn Page (https://www.linkedin.com/company/mobileiron)

The information we post through these social media channels may be deemed material. Accordingly, investors should monitor these accounts and the blog, in addition to following our press releases, SEC filings and public conference calls and webcasts. This list may be updated from time to time. The information we post through these channels is not a part of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. These channels may be updated from time to time on MobileIron’s investor relations website.

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SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. In some cases you can identify these statements by forward-looking words such as “believe,” “may,” “will,” “might,” “estimate,” “continue,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “could,” “should,” “would,” “potentially,” “predict,” “plan,” “outlook,” “target,” “expect,” “future” or similar expressions, or the negative or plural of these words or expressions. These forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements concerning the following:

— the potential impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our business, results of operations, liquidity, and operations, including the effect of governmental lockdowns, restrictions and new regulations on our operations and processes;

— beliefs and objectives for future operations, results and growth;

— our business plan and our ability to effectively manage our expenses;

— our ability to timely and effectively scale and adapt our existing technology;

— our ability to innovate new products and bring them to market in a timely manner;

— our ability to expand internationally;

— our ability to attract new customers and further penetrate our existing customer base;

— our expectations concerning renewal rates for subscriptions and services by existing customers;

— our expectations concerning the mix of our sales of subscriptions and perpetual licenses;

— cost of revenue, including changes in costs associated with hardware, royalties, customer support and data center operations;

— operating expenses, including changes in research and development, sales and marketing, and general and administrative expenses;

— our expectations concerning relationships with third parties, including channel partners;

— economic and industry trends or trend analysis; and

— the sufficiency of our existing cash and investments to meet our cash needs for at least the next 12 months.

In addition, statements such as "we believe" and similar statements reflect our beliefs and opinions on the relevant subject.  These statements are based upon information available to us as of the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, and while we believe such information forms a reasonable basis for such statements, such information may be limited or incomplete, and our statements should not be read to indicate that we have conducted an exhaustive inquiry into, or review of, all potentially available relevant information.  These statements are inherently uncertain and investors are cautioned not to unduly rely upon these statements.

These forward-looking statements are based on current expectations and assumptions that are subject to risks and uncertainties, which could cause our actual results to differ materially from those reflected in the forward-looking statements. These risks are not exhaustive. These statements are within the meaning of the “safe harbor” provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These statements appear throughout this Quarterly Report on Form

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10-Q and are statements regarding our intent, belief, or current expectations, primarily with respect to our business and related industry developments. You should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements, which apply only as of the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Our actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements for many reasons, including the risks faced by us and described in Part II, Item 1A, entitled “Risk Factors,” and in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in Part I, Item 2 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. We undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statements for any reason to conform these statements to actual results or to changes in our expectations.

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PART I—FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Financial Statements

MOBILEIRON, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(In thousands, except share and per share data)

(Unaudited)

	June 30,		December 31,
	2020		2019
ASSETS
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	87,691	$	94,415
Accounts receivable, net of allowance for doubtful accounts of $472 and $412 at June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively		50,002		58,815
Deferred commissions - current		8,593		9,825
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		14,600		11,965
TOTAL CURRENT ASSETS		160,886		175,020
Property and equipment—net		3,891		4,804
Operating lease right-of-use asset		11,456		13,683
Deferred commissions - noncurrent		8,143		8,077
Intangible assets		3,000		—
Goodwill		8,407		5,475
Other assets		4,483		5,371
TOTAL ASSETS	$	200,266	$	212,430
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	$	2,164	$	1,310
Accrued expenses		24,709		24,792
Lease liabilities - current		4,848		5,664
Unearned revenue - current		83,862		85,153
Customer arrangements with termination rights		12,057		16,130
TOTAL CURRENT LIABILITIES		127,640		133,049
Long-term liabilities:
Lease liabilities - noncurrent		7,665		10,088
Unearned revenue - noncurrent		29,351		33,058
Other long-term liabilities		122		237
TOTAL LIABILITIES		164,778		176,432
Commitments and contingencies (Note 12)
Stockholders’ equity:
Common stock, $0.0001 par value, 300,000,000 shares authorized, 120,013,884 shares issued and 116,843,504 shares outstanding and 115,685,153 shares issued and 112,725,391 shares outstanding at June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively		12		11
Additional paid-in capital		525,383		504,041
Treasury stock		(15,825)		(15,141)
Accumulated deficit		(474,082)		(452,913)
TOTAL STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY		35,488		35,998
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY	$	200,266	$	212,430

See accompanying notes.

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MOBILEIRON, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

(In thousands, except per share data)

(Unaudited)

	Three Months Ended				Six Months Ended
	June 30,				June 30,
	2020		2019		2020		2019
Revenue
Cloud services	$	19,549	$	16,311	$	38,183	$	31,572
License		17,078		12,227		26,088		23,598
Software support and services		22,298		22,327		44,352		43,777
Total revenue		58,925		50,865		108,623		98,947
Cost of revenue
Cloud services		6,824		5,146		12,881		9,856
License		587		433		1,046		987
Software support and services		4,993		4,844		9,349		9,867
Restructuring expense		—		224		—		300
Total cost of revenue		12,404		10,647		23,276		21,010
Gross profit		46,521		40,218		85,347		77,937
Operating expenses:
Research and development		20,863		19,988		39,856		41,817
Sales and marketing		24,845		26,035		48,978		50,522
General and administrative		8,887		7,626		16,120		15,545
Restructuring expense		—		2,219		579		2,758
Total operating expenses		54,595		55,868		105,533		110,642
Operating loss		(8,074)		(15,650)		(20,186)		(32,705)
Other income (expense) - net		28		540		(80)		952
Loss before income taxes		(8,046)		(15,110)		(20,266)		(31,753)
Income tax expense		462		479		903		936
Net loss	$	(8,508)	$	(15,589)	$	(21,169)	$	(32,689)
Net loss per share, basic and diluted	$	(0.07)	$	(0.14)	$	(0.18)	$	(0.30)
Weighted-average shares used to compute net loss per share, basic and diluted		115,982		109,245		114,970		108,292

See accompanying notes.

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MOBILEIRON, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

(In thousands, except share data)

(Unaudited)

				Additional						Total
	Common Stock			Paid-in				Accumulated		Stockholders’
	Shares	Amount		Capital			Treasury Stock	Deficit		Equity
BALANCE—March 31, 2020	115,369,759	$	12	$	517,575	$	(15,825)	$	(465,574)	$	36,188
Issuance of common stock for stock option exercises	112,503		—		382		—		—		382
Shares withheld for net settlement of equity awards	(77,294)		—		(360)		—		—		(360)
Vesting of restricted stock units	1,438,536		—		—		—		—		—
Stock-based compensation	—		—		7,786		—		—		7,786
Net loss	—		—		—		—		(8,508)		(8,508)
BALANCE—June 30, 2020	116,843,504	$	12	$	525,383	$	(15,825)	$	(474,082)	$	35,488
BALANCE—December 31, 2019	112,725,391	$	11	$	504,041	$	(15,141)	$	(452,913)	$	35,998
Issuance of common stock for stock option exercises	142,300		—		499		—		—		499
Issuance of common stock pursuant to the Employee Stock Purchase Plan	562,233		—		2,151		—		—		2,151
Issuance of common stock pursuant to the Employee Stock-Settled Bonus Plans	1,730,682		1		7,633		—		—		7,634
Shares withheld for net settlement of equity awards	(815,527)		—		(3,542)		—		—		(3,542)
Repurchase of common stock	(210,618)		—		—		(684)		—		(684)
Vesting of restricted stock units	2,709,043		—		—		—		—		—
Stock-based compensation	—		—		14,601		—		—		14,601
Net loss	—		—		—		—		(21,169)		(21,169)
BALANCE—June 30, 2020	116,843,504	$	12	$	525,383	$	(15,825)	$	(474,082)	$	35,488

				Additional						Total
	Common Stock			Paid-in				Accumulated		Stockholders’
	Shares	Amount		Capital			Treasury Stock	Deficit		Equity
BALANCE—March 31, 2019	108,670,420	$	11	$	477,389	$	(7,432)	$	(421,167)	$	48,801
Issuance of common stock for stock option exercises	306,936		—		921		—		—		921
Shares withheld for net settlement of equity awards	(67,848)		—		(375)		—		—		(375)
Repurchase of common stock	(542,220)		—		—		(2,990)		—		(2,990)
Vesting of restricted stock units	1,402,733		—		—		—		—		—
Stock-based compensation	—		—		6,658		—		—		6,658
Net loss	—		—		—		—		(15,589)		(15,589)
BALANCE—June 30, 2019	109,770,021	$	11	$	484,593	$	(10,422)	$	(436,756)	$	37,426
BALANCE—December 31, 2018	106,206,545	$	11	$	462,004	$	(3,831)	$	(404,067)	$	54,117
Issuance of common stock for stock option exercises	557,404		—		1,720		—		—		1,720
Issuance of common stock pursuant to the Employee Stock Purchase Plan	518,112		—		2,047		—		—		2,047
Issuance of common stock pursuant to the Employee Stock-Settled Bonus Plans	2,170,855		—		10,485		—		—		10,485
Shares withheld for net settlement of equity awards	(962,042)		—		(4,784)		—		—		(4,784)
Repurchase of common stock	(1,281,186)		—		—		(6,591)		—		(6,591)
Vesting of restricted stock units	2,560,333		—		—		—		—		—
Stock-based compensation	—		—		13,121		—		—		13,121
Net loss	—		—		—		—		(32,689)		(32,689)
BALANCE—June 30, 2019	109,770,021	$	11	$	484,593	$	(10,422)	$	(436,756)	$	37,426

See accompanying notes.

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MOBILEIRON, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(In thousands, except per share data)

(Unaudited)

	Six Months Ended
	June 30,
	2020		2019
CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES:
Net loss	$	(21,169)	$	(32,689)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash provided by operating activities:
Stock-based compensation expense		21,079		19,147
Depreciation		1,617		1,757
Amortization of intangible assets		124		—
Provision for doubtful accounts		94		—
Accretion of premium on investment securities		—		(13)
Impairment of right-of-use assets		—		1,328
Loss on disposal of fixed assets		—		170
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable		8,721		21,683
Deferred commissions		1,166		(397)
Other current and noncurrent assets		504		(2,217)
Accounts payable		785		772
Unearned revenue		(5,273)		562
Customer arrangements with termination rights		(4,073)		(2,389)
Accrued expenses and other long-term liabilities		(2,172)		(4,384)
Net cash provided by operating activities		1,403		3,330
CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES:
Purchase of property and equipment		(684)		(782)
Purchase of incapptic, net of cash acquired		(5,668)		—
Proceeds from maturities of investment securities		—		1,550
Purchase of investment securities		—		(2,236)
Net cash used in investing activities		(6,352)		(1,468)
CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES:
Proceeds from Employee Stock Purchase Plan		1,946		2,057
Taxes paid for net settlement of equity awards		(3,542)		(4,784)
Proceeds from exercise of stock options		505		1,720
Repurchase of common stock		(684)		(6,591)
Net cash used in financing activities		(1,775)		(7,598)
NET CHANGE IN CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS		(6,724)		(5,736)
CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS—Beginning of period		94,415		104,613
CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS—End of period	$	87,691	$	98,877
SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURES OF CASH FLOW INFORMATION
Cash paid for income taxes	$	910	$	679
Lease payments included in cash provided by operating activities	$	3,440	$	3,688
SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURES OF NONCASH FINANCING ACTIVITIES:
Value of shares issued under the Bonus Plans	$	4,765	$	6,374
Value of shares issued under the Employee Stock Purchase Plan	$	2,151	$	2,047
Unpaid property and equipment purchases	$	20	$	106

See accompanying notes.

9

MOBILEIRON, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Unaudited)

1. Description of Business and Significant Accounting Policies

Description of Business

MobileIron, Inc. and its wholly owned subsidiaries, collectively, the “Company”, “we”, “us” or “our”, provides a purpose-built mobile IT platform that enables enterprises to manage and secure mobile applications, content and devices while providing their employees with device choice, privacy and a native user experience. We were incorporated in Delaware in July 2007 and are headquartered in Mountain View, California, with additional sales and support presence in North America, Europe, the Middle East, Asia and Australia and employees in India primarily focused on research and development.

COVID-19 Pandemic

In the first quarter of 2020, the United States and other countries began shelter-in-place mandates and began to close many businesses as a result of the COVID-19 virus. The World Health Organization characterized COVID-19 as a pandemic and the President of the United States declared the COVID-19 outbreak a national emergency. Since then, the COVID-19 pandemic has rapidly spread across the globe and has already resulted in significant volatility, uncertainty and economic disruption. The future impact of the pandemic and any resulting economic impact are largely unknown and rapidly evolving. It is difficult at this time to predict the impact that COVID-19 will have on the Company’s business, financial position and operating results in future periods due to numerous uncertainties. The Company is closely monitoring the impact of the pandemic on all aspects of its business.

Basis of Presentation and Consolidation

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements as of June 30, 2020 and for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, or GAAP, for interim financial statements and pursuant to the rules and regulations of the SEC, and include the accounts of our wholly owned subsidiaries. Intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Certain information and footnote disclosures in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q normally included in annual financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP and pursuant to the rules and regulations of the SEC have been condensed or omitted pursuant to such rules and regulations. In the opinion of management, the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements reflect all normal recurring adjustments necessary for a fair presentation of our balance sheet as of June 30, 2020, our operating results for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, and our cash flows for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019. Our operating results for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2020. The condensed consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2019 has been derived from the audited consolidated financial statements as of that date, but does not include all the footnotes required by U.S. GAAP for complete financial statements.

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and related financial information should be read in conjunction with our audited financial statements and related notes for the year ended December 31, 2019, included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019 previously filed with the SEC.

Foreign Currency Translation

Our reporting currency is the U.S. dollar. The functional currency of all our international operations is the U.S. dollar. All monetary asset and liability accounts are translated into U.S. dollars at the period-end rate, nonmonetary

10

assets and liabilities are translated at historical exchange rates, and revenue and expenses are translated at the weighted-average exchange rates in effect during the period. Translation adjustments are recorded as foreign currency gains (losses) in the condensed consolidated statements of operations. We recognized a foreign currency loss of $20,000 and a gain of $18,000 in the three months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively, and we recognized a foreign currency loss of $425,000 and $193,000 in the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively, in other income (expense)—net in our condensed consolidated statements of operations.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. These estimates include, but are not limited to, revenue recognition, deferred commissions and commissions expense, stock-based compensation, intangible assets, goodwill, and accounting for income taxes. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Concentrations of Credit Risk

Financial instruments that potentially subject us to a concentration of credit risk consist of cash, money market funds and fixed income investments. Although we deposit our cash with multiple financial institutions, our deposits, at times, exceed federally insured limits. We invest in fixed income securities that are of high-credit quality. Substantially all of our money market funds, or $51.8 million, are held in two funds that are rated “AAA.”

We generally do not require collateral or other security in support of accounts receivable. Allowances are provided for individual accounts receivable when we become aware of a customer’s inability to meet its financial obligations, such as in the case of bankruptcy, deterioration of the customer’s operating results, or change in financial position. If circumstances related to customers change, estimates of the recoverability of receivables would be further adjusted. We also consider broader factors in evaluating the sufficiency of our allowances for doubtful accounts, including the length of time receivables are past due, significant one-time events, overall or industry-specific economic conditions, and historical experience. We had an allowance for doubtful accounts of $472,000 and $412,000 at June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively.

One reseller accounted for 10% of total revenue for both the three and six months ended June 30, 2019. No resellers or end-user customers accounted for 10% or more of our total revenue in the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 and no other reseller or end-user customer accounted for 10% or more of our total revenue in the three and six months ended June 30, 2019. One reseller accounted for 10% of net accounts receivable at June 30, 2020. No reseller or end-user customer accounted for 10% or more of net accounts receivable as of December 31, 2019.

Segments

We have one reportable segment, software and services to manage and secure mobile devices, applications and content.

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Revenue Recognition

Revenue Presentation

Cloud services include sales of cloud-based solutions that allow customers to use hosted software over a contract period without taking possession of our software and are typically provided on a subscription or usage basis.

License revenue includes sales of perpetual software licenses, software licenses sold as part of on-premise term subscriptions, and appliances.

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Software support and services revenue includes sales of software support sold as part of on-premise term subscriptions, software support for perpetual licenses, and professional services.

Revenue Recognition

Revenue is recognized upon transfer of control of promised products or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration we expect to receive in exchange for those products or services. We enter into contracts that can include various combinations of products and services, which are generally capable of being distinct and accounted for as separate performance obligations. Revenue is recognized net of allowances for returns and any taxes collected from customers, which are subsequently remitted to governmental authorities.

Nature of Products and Services

Cloud services, which allow customers to use hosted software over a contract period without taking possession of our software, are provided on a subscription or usage basis. Revenue related to cloud services provided on a subscription basis is recognized ratably over the contract period and revenue related to cloud services based on usage is generally recognized as the usage occurs.

Licenses for on-premise software provide the customer with a right to use the software as it exists when made available to the customer. Customers may purchase on-premise software licenses as perpetual licenses or as part of subscriptions. On-premise licenses are considered distinct performance obligations and revenue from the licenses is recognized upfront when the software is made available to the customer. In the case of our on-premise subscriptions, the license portion of revenue is recognized up-front, and the software support and services portion is recognized ratably.

Software support and services convey rights to the upgrades released over the contract period and provide support and tools to help customers deploy and use our products more efficiently. Revenue allocated to software support and services is generally recognized ratably over the contract period as customers simultaneously consume and receive benefits, given that the software support and services comprises a distinct performance obligation that is satisfied over time.

On-premise subscriptions and software support and services occasionally contain termination rights. We recognize revenue from those arrangements, including the distinct licenses contained therein, as the termination rights for the performance obligation expire. See also Unearned Revenue and Customer Arrangements with Termination Rights below.

Professional services include consulting, deployment and training services. Our professional services represent distinct performance obligations as our customers benefit from the services separately or together with other readily available resources. Professional services revenue is recognized as services are delivered.

Appliance revenue was less than 1% of total revenue for all periods presented and is included as a component of license revenue within the consolidated statements of operations.

Refer to Note 15 – Segment and Disaggregated Revenue Information for further information.

Significant Judgments

Our contracts with customers often include promises to transfer multiple products and services to a customer. Determining whether products and services are considered distinct performance obligations that should be accounted for separately versus together may require significant judgment. Judgment is required to determine whether a software license is considered distinct and accounted for separately, or not distinct and accounted for together with the software support and services and recognized over time.

Judgment is required to determine the standalone selling price (“SSP”) for each distinct performance obligation. We use a range of amounts to estimate the SSP for items that are not sold separately, including on-premises licenses sold with software support and services. In instances where SSP is not directly observable, such as when we do not sell the product or service separately, we determine the SSP using information that may include other observable inputs. We

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typically have more than one SSP for individual products and services due to the stratification of those products and services by customer classes and circumstances. In these instances, we may use information such as the size and type of customer in determining the SSP.

Contract Balances  

Timing of revenue recognition may differ from the timing of invoicing customers. We record a receivable when revenue is recognized prior to invoicing, or unearned revenue when revenue will be recognized after invoicing. For multi-year agreements, we either invoice our customer in full at the inception of the contract or annually at the beginning of each annual period. We record an unbilled receivable related to revenue recognized for multi-year on-premise licenses invoiced annually when we have an unconditional right to invoice and receive payment in the future for those licenses or when we have the right to invoice future monthly periods under committed monthly recurring charge (“MRC”) agreements. The majority of our MRC agreements are for a month to month term (“non-committed”) or usage-based.

Payment terms and conditions vary by contract type, although terms generally include a requirement to pay within 30 to 60 days. In instances where the timing of revenue recognition differs from the timing of invoicing, we have determined our contracts generally do not include a significant financing component. The primary purpose of our invoicing terms is to provide customers with simplified and predictable ways of purchasing our products and services, not to receive financing from our customers or to provide customers with financing. This includes invoicing at the beginning of a subscription term with revenue recognized ratably over the contract period or multi-year on-premise licenses that are invoiced annually with a portion of the revenue recognized upfront.

As of June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the balance of accounts receivable, net of the allowance for doubtful accounts, included $2.3 million and $2.0 million, respectively, of unbilled receivables from upfront recognition of revenue for certain multi-period on-premises software subscriptions that include both distinct software licenses and software support and services.

As of June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, unbilled receivables included in other long-term assets on our condensed consolidated balance sheets were $808,000 and $795,000, respectively.

Unearned Revenue and Customer Arrangements with Termination Rights

We generally invoice our customers upfront for subscriptions and software support and services associated with perpetual licenses. Unearned revenue from those upfront billings is comprised of unearned revenue from cloud-based subscriptions, software support and services for on-premise subscriptions, software support and services associated with perpetual licenses and professional services to be performed in the future.

Because some of our arrangements with customers contain termination rights, the arrangements do not meet the definition of a contract under Accounting Standard Codification, or ASC, Topic 606, Revenue Recognition from Contracts with Customers, or ASC 606, and are not recorded as unearned revenue and instead are recorded as “customer arrangements with termination rights” on our condensed consolidated balance sheets.

Refer to Note 14 – Unearned Revenue for further information on unearned revenue, changes in unearned revenue during the period, and customer arrangements with termination rights.

Deferred Commissions

We recognize an asset for the incremental costs of obtaining a contract with a customer. We have determined that certain sales incentive programs meet the requirements to be capitalized and we include those costs in current and non-current deferred commissions on our consolidated balance sheets.

Deferred commissions are amortized over the period commensurate with revenue recognition.

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Changes in deferred commissions were as follows (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended				Six Months Ended
	June 30,				June 30,
	2020		2019		2020		2019
Balance, beginning of the period	$	16,965	$	17,365	$	17,902	$	17,331
Deferral of commissions earned		4,784		4,535		8,448		8,591
Recognition of commission expense		(4,978)		(4,048)		(9,574)		(7,977)
Impairment of deferred commissions		(35)		(125)		(40)		(218)
Balance, end of the period	$	16,736	$	17,727	$	16,736	$	17,727

Cash Equivalents

We consider all highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less to be cash equivalents. As of June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, cash and cash equivalents consist of cash deposited with banks and money market funds.

Comprehensive Loss

Comprehensive loss includes all changes in equity (net assets) during a period from non-owner sources. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, there were no differences between net loss and comprehensive loss. Therefore, the consolidated statements of comprehensive loss have been omitted.

Net Loss per Share of Common Stock

Basic net loss per common share is calculated by dividing the net loss by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the period after repurchases but without consideration for potentially dilutive securities. Diluted net loss per share is computed by dividing the net loss by the weighted-average number of common shares and potentially dilutive securities outstanding for the period determined using the treasury-stock and if-converted methods. For purposes of the diluted net loss per share calculation, unvested restricted stock and stock options are considered to be potentially dilutive securities. Because we have reported a net loss for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, the number of shares used to calculate diluted net loss per common share is the same as the number of shares used to calculate basic net loss per common share for those periods presented because the potentially dilutive shares would have been anti-dilutive if included in the calculation.

Software Development Costs Incurred in Connection with Software to be Sold or Marketed

The costs to develop new software products and enhancements to existing software products are expensed as incurred until technological feasibility has been established. We consider technological feasibility to have occurred when all planning, designing, coding and testing have been completed according to design specifications. Once technological feasibility is established, any additional costs would be capitalized. We believe our current process for developing software is essentially completed concurrent with the establishment of technological feasibility, and accordingly, no costs have been capitalized.

Internal Use Software

We capitalize costs incurred during the application development stage related to our internally used software. Such costs are primarily incurred by third-party vendors and consultants. Costs related to preliminary project activities and post-implementation activities are expensed as incurred. Amounts capitalized in all periods presented were not significant.

All software development costs incurred in connection with our cloud offering, or SaaS, are also sold or marketed to partners or end customers, therefore we start capitalizing costs when technological feasibility is achieved.

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No costs were capitalized in any periods presented as we believe that our current process for developing software is essentially completed concurrent with the establishment of technological feasibility.

Property and Equipment

Property and equipment are stated at cost. Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful life of the property and equipment, determined to be three years for computers and equipment and software, five years for furniture and fixtures, and the lesser of the remaining lease term or estimated useful life for leasehold improvements. Expenditures for repairs and software support are charged to expense as incurred. Upon disposition, the cost and related accumulated depreciation are removed from the accounts and the resulting gain or loss is reflected as operating expenses in the consolidated statements of operations.

Leases

We determine if an arrangement is a lease conveying the right to control identified property, plant, or equipment and whether the lease is operating or financing at the lease’s inception. We have determined that all of our leases are operating leases. Right-of-use (“ROU”) assets represent our right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent our obligation to make lease payments under the lease arrangements. Operating lease ROU assets and liabilities are recognized at the lease commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. As our leases do not provide an implicit interest rate, we use our incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at the lease commencement date to determine the present value of lease payments. The operating lease ROU asset also includes any advance lease payments made and excludes lease incentives. Our lease terms may include options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that we will exercise that option. Lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. We have adopted the practical expedient as permitted by the new leasing standard to not recognize lease assets and lease liabilities for leases with a term of 12 months or less. Our leases generally separate lease components from nonlease components. However, where lease and nonlease components are combined in our lease arrangements, we have adopted the practical expedient to not separate the lease from the nonlease components. Refer to Note 13 - Leases for further information about our leases.

Goodwill and Intangible Assets

We record the excess of the acquisition purchase price over the fair value of the tangible and identifiable intangible assets acquired as goodwill. We perform an impairment test of our goodwill in the third quarter of our fiscal year, or more frequently if indicators of potential impairment arise. We have a single reporting unit and consequently evaluate goodwill for impairment based on an evaluation of the fair value of the Company as a whole. We record purchased intangible assets at their respective estimated fair values at the date of acquisition. Purchased intangible assets are being amortized using the straight-line method over their estimated useful lives, which range from three to five years. We evaluate the remaining useful lives of intangible assets on a periodic basis to determine whether events or circumstances warrant a revision to the remaining estimated amortization period. Refer to Note 5 – Goodwill and Intangible Assets for further information about our goodwill and intangible assets.

Long-Lived Assets with Finite Lives

Long-lived assets are reviewed for possible impairment whenever events or circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of these assets may not be recoverable. We evaluate the recoverability of each of our long-lived assets, including property and equipment and purchased intangible assets, by comparison of its carrying amount to the future discounted cash flows we expect the asset to generate. If we consider the asset to be impaired, we measure the amount of any impairment as the difference between the carrying amount and the fair value of the impaired asset.

Stock-Based Compensation

We use the estimated grant-date fair value method of accounting in accordance with ASC Topic 718 Compensation—Stock Compensation. Fair value is determined using the Black-Scholes Model using various inputs, including our estimates of expected volatility, term and future dividends. We estimated the forfeiture rate based on our historical experience for annual grant years where the majority of the vesting terms have been satisfied.

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We recognize compensation costs for awards with service and performance vesting conditions and for our Employee Stock Purchase Plan, or ESPP, on an accelerated method over the requisite service period of the award. For stock options or restricted stock unit grants with no performance condition, we recognize compensation costs on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period of the award, which is generally the vesting term of four years.

Research and Development

Because we estimate that our software is essentially completed concurrent with the establishment of technological feasibility, we have charged all research and development to expense as incurred.

Advertising

Advertising costs are expensed and included in sales and marketing expense when incurred. Advertising expense for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 was not significant.

Income Taxes

We account for income taxes in accordance with ASC Topic 740, Income Taxes, under which deferred tax liabilities and assets are recognized for the expected future tax consequences of temporary differences between financial statement carrying amounts and the tax basis of assets and liabilities and net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. Valuation allowances are established when necessary to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount expected to be realized.

We use a recognition threshold and measurement attribute for the financial statement recognition and measurement of a tax position taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. A tax position is recognized when it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained upon examination, including resolution of any related appeals or litigation processes. A tax position that meets the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold is measured at the largest amount of benefit that is greater than 50% likely of being realized upon ultimate settlement with a taxing authority. The standard also provides guidance on derecognition of tax benefits, classification on the balance sheet, interest and penalties, accounting in interim periods, disclosure and transition.

On March 27, 2020, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (CARES Act) was enacted in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The CARES Act, among other things, permits net operating loss (“NOL”) carryovers and carrybacks to offset 100% of taxable income for taxable years beginning before 2021. In addition, the CARES Act allows NOLs incurred in 2018, 2019, and 2020 to be carried back to each of the five preceding taxable years to generate a refund of previously paid income taxes. We are currently evaluating the impact of the CARES Act, but at present do not expect that the NOL carryback provision of the CARES Act would result in a cash benefit to us.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

From time to time, new accounting pronouncements are issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board, or FASB, or other standard setting bodies and adopted by us as of the specified effective date. Unless otherwise discussed, the impact of recently issued standards that are not yet effective will not have a material impact on our financial position or results of operations upon adoption.

Recently Adopted Accounting Guidance

In June 2016, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2016-13, “Financial Instruments – Credit Losses – Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments,” which introduces a model based on expected losses to estimate credit losses for most financial assets and certain other instruments. In addition, for available-for-sale debt securities with unrealized losses, the losses are recognized as allowances rather than reductions in the amortized cost of the securities. The standard was effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2019. Entities apply the standard’s provisions by recording a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings. We adopted

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ASU 2016-13 effective January 1, 2020. The adoption of this ASU did not have a material impact on our consolidated balance sheet, results of operations, cash flows and disclosures for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020.

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-15 “Intangibles—Goodwill and Other—Internal-Use Software.” The amendments in this ASU align the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred in a hosting arrangement that is a service contract with the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred to develop or obtain internal-use software and require the entity (customer) to expense the capitalized implementation costs of a hosting arrangement that is a service contract over the term of the hosting arrangement. The standard was effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, and interim periods within those fiscal years. We adopted ASU 2018-15 effective January 1, 2020. The adoption of this ASU did not have a material impact on our consolidated balance sheet, results of operations, or cash flows for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020.

Accounting Guidance Not Yet Adopted

Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment

In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-04, “Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment.” This ASU simplifies the subsequent measurement of goodwill by eliminating Step 2 from the goodwill impairment test. The annual, or interim, goodwill impairment test is performed by comparing the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount. An impairment charge should be recognized for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value; however, the loss recognized should not exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. In addition, income tax effects from any tax-deductible goodwill on the carrying amount of the reporting unit should be considered when measuring the goodwill impairment loss, if applicable. This ASU should be applied on a prospective basis. The ASU is effective for annual and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2021. Early adoption is permitted. We do not expect the adoption of this ASU to have a material impact on our consolidated balance sheet, results of operations, or cash flows.

Simplifying Accounting for Income Taxes

In December 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-12, “Income Taxes (Topic 740): Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes.” This standard simplifies the accounting for income taxes by eliminating certain exceptions to the guidance in Topic 740 related to the approach for intra-period tax allocation, the methodology for calculating income taxes in an interim period and the recognition of deferred tax liabilities for outside basis differences. The new guidance also simplifies aspects of the accounting for franchise taxes and enacted changes in tax laws or rates and clarifies the accounting for transactions that result in a step-up in the tax basis of goodwill and allocating consolidated income taxes to separate financial statements of entities not subject to income tax. ASU 2019-12 is effective for annual and interim periods in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020. We are currently evaluating the impact of this ASU on our consolidated balance sheet, results of operations, and cash flows.

2.Significant Balance Sheet Components

Accounts Receivable, Net —Accounts receivable, net at June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 consisted of the following (in thousands):

	June 30, 2020		December 31, 2019
Accounts receivable - billed	$	48,176	$	57,184
Accounts receivable - unbilled		2,298		2,043
Allowance for doubtful accounts		(472)		(412)
Accounts receivable, net	$	50,002	$	58,815

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Property and Equipment —Property and equipment at June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 consisted of the following (in thousands):

	June 30, 2020		December 31, 2019
Computers and appliances	$	13,589	$	13,300
Purchased software		4,235		4,235
Furniture and fixtures		1,745		1,745
Leasehold improvements		3,818		3,403
Total property and equipment		23,387		22,683
Accumulated depreciation and amortization		(19,496)		(17,879)
Total property and equipment—net	$	3,891	$	4,804

Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets and Other Assets

Prepaid expenses and other current assets at June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 included $7.4 million and $6.3 million of prepaid royalties, respectively. Other assets at June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 included $2.0 million and $3.0 million of prepaid royalties, respectively. The prepaid royalties were primarily associated with MobileIron Threat Defense.

Accrued Expenses —Accrued expenses at June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 consisted of the following (in thousands):

	June 30, 2020		December 31, 2019
Accrued commissions	$	4,303	$	4,810
Accrued stock-settled bonus		5,719		6,875
Employee Stock Purchase Plan liability		1,982		2,187
Other accrued payroll-related expenses		3,399		2,839
Accrued royalties		3,256		2,386
Other accrued liabilities		6,050		5,695
Total accrued expenses	$	24,709	$	24,792

3. Fair Value Measurement

With the exception of held-to-maturity fixed income investments, we report financial assets and liabilities and nonfinancial assets and liabilities that are recognized or disclosed at fair value in the consolidated financial statements on a recurring basis in accordance with ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements. ASC 820 defines fair value as the price that would be received from selling an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. When determining the fair value measurements for assets and liabilities, which are required to be recorded at fair value, we consider the principal or most advantageous market in which we would transact and the market-based risk measurements or assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability, such as inherent risk, transfer restrictions and credit risk.

ASC 820 also establishes a fair value hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value into three levels. A financial instrument’s categorization within the fair value hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is available and significant to the fair value measurement. ASC 820 establishes and prioritizes three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair value:

— Level 1—Inputs are unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

— Level 2—Inputs are quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets or inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the assets or liabilities, either directly or indirectly through market corroboration, for substantially the full term of the financial instruments.

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— Level 3—Inputs are unobservable inputs based on our own assumptions used to measure assets and liabilities at fair value. The inputs require significant management judgment or estimation.

Our financial assets that are carried at fair value include cash and money market funds. We had no financial liabilities, or nonfinancial assets and liabilities that were required to be measured at fair value on a recurring basis, or that were measured at fair value as of June 30, 2020 or December 31, 2019.

Our financial instruments measured at fair value as of June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 were as follows:

	As of June 30, 2020
(in thousands)	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Money market funds	$	51,814	$	—	$	—	$	51,814
Total	$	51,814	$	—	$	—	$	51,814

	As of December 31, 2019
(in thousands)	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Money market funds	$	82,411	$	—	$	—	$	82,411
Total	$	82,411	$	—	$	—	$	82,411

4. Acquisitions

On April 24, 2020, we acquired all of the issued and outstanding capital stock of incapptic Connect GmbH (“incapptic”), a privately held company based in Germany that provides automated mobile application distribution software, for $5.9 million in cash. Our unified endpoint management platform integrates with the incapptic software to help customers develop, deploy and secure in-house business applications. Of the $5.9 million paid, $1.1 million was paid to an escrow account and will be distributed to former incapptic shareholders within 24 months, less any amounts used to satisfy any claims for indemnification that we may make for certain breaches of representations, warranties and covenants.

Transaction costs associated with the acquisition were $242,000 and $347,000 in the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, respectively, and are included in general and administrative expenses.

We accounted for the incapptic acquisition as a business combination. We allocated the purchase price to the tangible and identifiable intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their estimated fair values as of the date of acquisition. We engaged an independent third-party valuation firm to assist us in the determination of the value of the purchased intangible assets. The methodologies used to value the intangible assets were relief from royalty for tradename, multi-period excess earnings for contractual customer relationships and the cost approach for developed technology. The excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the net tangible and identifiable intangible assets acquired was recorded as goodwill, which will not be amortized and is not deductible for tax purposes. The goodwill generated from the business combination was primarily related to the value placed on expected synergies and the value of the acquired workforce. Although we believe the purchase price allocation is substantially complete, the finalization of certain liabilities, or tax-related issues, among other things, could result in a future adjustment to the purchase price allocation. The preliminary purchase price allocation is as follows (in thousands):

Intangible assets:
Tradename	$	163
Contractual customer relationship		1,415
Developed technology		1,546
Goodwill		2,932
Cash		279
Unearned revenue		(275)
Other assets and liabilities, net		(113)
Net assets acquired	$	5,947

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The tradename, contractual customer relationship and developed technology intangible assets are being amortized on a straight-line basis over estimated useful lives of 3, 5 and 4 years, respectively.

Incapptic has been included in our condensed consolidated results of operations since the date of acquisition. Pro forma results of operations for the acquisition have not been presented because the acquisition was not material to our condensed consolidated statement of operations.

5. Goodwill and Intangible Assets

The following table reflects intangible assets subject to amortization as of June 30, 2020:

	June 30, 2020
	Gross Carrying		Accumulated				Net Book
	Amount		Amortization		Impairment		Value
Tradename	$	163	$	(10)		—	$	153
Contractual customer relationship		1,415		(48)		—		1,367
Developed technology		1,546		(66)		—		1,480
Total	$	3,124	$	(124)	$	—	$	3,000

The net book value of intangible assets subject to amortization was zero at December 31, 2019.

We recorded amortization of intangible assets of $124,000 in the three and six months ended June 30, 2020. There was no amortization of intangible assets for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019.

The weighted average remaining life of our intangible assets on June 30, 2020 was 4.4 years.

As of June 30, 2020, estimated remaining intangible asset amortization expense is as follows (in thousands):

Year
2020	$	362
2021		724
2022		724
2023		687
2024		412
Thereafter		91
Total	$	3,000

At June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the carrying value of goodwill was as follows (in thousands):

Balance, December 31, 2019	$	5,475
Additions		2,932
Balance, June 30, 2020	$	8,407

6. Restructuring Expense

We implemented business restructurings in the three months ended March 31, 2020 and the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 to reduce our cost structure through workforce reductions. The three and six months ended June 30, 2019 also included charges for the exit of an office building.

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The following table summarizes the activity in accrued restructuring expense, included in accrued expenses, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 (in thousands):

		Severance and Other Restructuring Costs
		Three Months Ended		Six Months Ended
	June 30, 2020
Accrued restructuring, beginning of the period	$	642	$	282
Provision for restructuring expense		—		579
Cash payments		(223)		(442)
Accrued restructuring, end of the period	$	419	$	419

We expect to pay the remaining accrued restructuring balance by March 31, 2021.

7. Line of Credit

We have a $20.0 million revolving line of credit with a financial institution that can be used to borrow for working capital and general business requirements and issue letters of credit. Amounts borrowed accrue interest at a floating per annum rate equal to (a) the greater of the prime rate or 3.25% plus 0.25% or (b) LIBOR plus 3 percent. A default interest rate shall apply during an event of default at a rate per annum equal to 5% above the otherwise applicable interest rate. The line of credit is collateralized by substantially all of our assets, except intellectual property, and requires us to comply with working capital covenants, including limitations on indebtedness and restrictions on dividend distributions, among others, but does allow for the repurchase of a limited amount of our common stock. We are required to maintain an adjusted quick ratio (defined as the ratio of eligible cash and cash equivalents plus accounts receivable to current liabilities minus deferred revenue and customer arrangements with termination rights) of at least 1.25.

In May 2015, we issued a letter of credit for $1.5 million as a security deposit for a new lease for office space in a building in Mountain View, California, and in November 2017 we issued a bank guarantee to a customer of approximately $3.0 million that can be drawn if we become insolvent or bankrupt. The issuances of the letter of credit and bank guarantee reduced the borrowing capacity under our line of credit to approximately $15.5 million.

In June 2020, we amended our revolving line of credit and extended its maturity date to June 2023.

There were no other outstanding amounts under the line of credit at June 30, 2020 or December 31, 2019 and we were in compliance with all financial and non-financial covenants.

8. Preferred Stock

We were authorized to issue up to 10,000,000 shares of convertible preferred stock as of June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019. No shares of convertible preferred stock were issued and outstanding as of June 30, 2020 or December 31, 2019.

9. Common Stock

We were authorized to issue 300,000,000 shares of common stock with a par value of $0.0001 per share as of June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019. Each share of common stock is entitled to one vote. The holders of common stock are also entitled to receive dividends out of funds legally available therefore, when and if declared by the board of directors, subject to the approval and priority rights of holders of all classes of preferred stock outstanding.

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As of June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, our shares of common stock reserved for issuance were as follows:

	June 30,	December 31,
	2020	2019
Options outstanding	2,672,864	2,898,977
Unvested restricted stock units outstanding	14,372,988	12,639,066
Unvested performance stock units outstanding	1,005,000	—
Shares available for grant under the 2014 Equity Incentive Plan and 2015 Inducement Plan	658,843	1,301,881
Shares available for purchase under the Employee Stock Purchase Plan	943,545	378,525
Total	19,653,240	17,218,449

Repurchase Program

In October 2018, our Board of Directors approved a common stock repurchase program (“Repurchase Program”) whereby the Company is authorized to purchase up to a maximum of $25 million of its common stock, subject to compliance with applicable law and the limitations in the Company’s credit facilities on stock repurchases.

The authorization allows repurchases from time to time in the open market or in privately negotiated transactions. The amount and timing of repurchases made under the Repurchase Program will depend on a variety of factors, including available liquidity, cash flow and market conditions. Shares can be purchased through the Repurchase Program through October 2020, unless extended or shortened by our Board of Directors. The Repurchase Program does not obligate us to acquire any particular amount of common stock and the program may be modified or suspended at any time at our discretion. The repurchases would be funded from available working capital and are subject to compliance with the terms and limitations of the Company’s credit facilities.

In the three months ended June 30, 2020, we did not repurchase any shares of common stock under the Repurchase Program. In the six months ended June 30, 2020, we repurchased 210,618 shares of common stock at an average price of $3.25 per share for a total cost of $684,000 under the Repurchase Program. This excludes shares repurchased to settle employee tax withholding related to the vesting of our stock-settled bonus and RSUs. The maximum remaining dollar value of shares that may be purchased under the Repurchase Program was $9.2 million at June 30, 2020.

10. Share Based Awards

2008 Stock Plan

Our 2008 Stock Plan, or 2008 Plan, which expired on June 12, 2014, provided for the grant of incentive and nonstatutory stock options to employees, nonemployee directors and consultants of the Company. Options granted under the 2008 Plan generally become exercisable within three to four years following the date of grant and expire 10 years from the date of grant.

Our 2008 Plan was terminated following the date our 2014 Equity Incentive Plan, or our 2014 Plan, became effective. Any outstanding stock awards under our 2008 Plan will continue to be governed by the terms of our 2008 Plan and applicable award agreements.

2014 Equity Incentive Plan

Our 2014 Plan provides for the grant of incentive stock options, or ISOs, within the meaning of Section 422 of the Internal Revenue Code, or the Code, to our employees and our parent and subsidiary corporations’ employees, and for the grant of nonstatutory stock options, or NSOs, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock awards, restricted stock unit awards, performance-based stock awards, and other forms of equity compensation to our employees, directors and

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consultants. Additionally, our 2014 Plan provides for the grant of performance cash awards to our employees, directors and consultants.

The initial number of shares of our common stock available to be issued under our 2014 Plan was 8,142,857, which number of shares will be increased by any shares subject to stock options or other stock awards granted under the 2008 Stock Plan that would have otherwise returned to our 2008 Stock Plan (such as upon the expiration or termination of a stock award prior to vesting), not to exceed 16,312,202.

The number of shares of our common stock reserved for issuance under our 2014 Plan automatically increase on January 1 of each year, beginning on January 1, 2015 and continuing through and including January 1, 2024, by 5% of the total number of shares of our capital stock outstanding on December 31 of the preceding calendar year, or a lesser number of shares determined by our board of directors. On January 1, 2020, we increased the number of shares of common stock reserved for issuance under our 2014 Plan by 5,636,269 shares, which was 5% of the total number of shares of common stock outstanding at December 31, 2019.

Amended and Restated 2015 Inducement Plan 

On December 20, 2015, our board of directors adopted our 2015 Inducement Plan, or the Inducement Plan, to reserve 1,600,000 shares of our common stock to be used exclusively for grants of awards to individuals that were not previously employees or directors of the Company. The terms and conditions of the Inducement Plan are substantially similar to our stockholder-approved 2014 Plan. On January 5, 2016, our board of directors approved the amendment and restatement of the Inducement Plan to increase the share reserve under the Inducement Plan to 1,970,000 shares of our common stock. As of June 30, 2020, there were 646,876 stock options and restricted stock units outstanding under the Inducement Plan.

2014 Employee Stock Purchase Plan

The purpose of our 2014 Employee Stock Purchase Plan, or ESPP, is to secure the services of new employees, to retain the services of existing employees and to provide incentives for such individuals to exert maximum efforts toward our success and that of our customers, other partners, and shareholders. Our ESPP is intended to qualify as an “employee stock purchase plan” within the meaning of Section 423 of the Code. Our ESPP permits eligible employees to purchase our common stock through payroll deductions, which may not exceed 15% of the employee’s base compensation. Stock may be purchased under the plan at a price equal to 85% of the fair market value of our common stock on either the first day of the offering or the last day of the applicable purchase period, whichever is lower.

As of June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, approximately 943,545 and 378,525 shares of common stock were available for future issuance under our ESPP, respectively. The number of shares of our common stock reserved for issuance under our ESPP increase automatically each year, beginning on January 1, 2015 and continuing through and including January 1, 2024, by the lesser of (i) 1% of the total number of shares of our common stock outstanding on December 31 of the preceding calendar year; (ii) 2,142,857 shares of common stock; or (iii) such lesser number as determined by our board of directors. Shares subject to purchase rights granted under our ESPP that terminate without having been exercised in full will not reduce the number of shares available for issuance under our ESPP. On January 1, 2020, we increased the number of shares available for issuance under the ESPP by 1,127,253 shares, which was 1% of the total number of shares of our common stock outstanding as of December 31, 2019.

Restricted Stock Units and Performance Stock Units

We grant restricted stock units (“RSUs”) and, beginning in our first quarter of 2020, performance stock units (“PSUs”) under our 2014 Plan. For stock-based compensation expense, we measure the value of the RSUs and PSUs based on the fair value of our common stock on the date of grant. Our RSU grants are subject to service conditions and we expense the fair value of those shares on a straight-line basis over their vesting periods. Our PSU grants are subject to performance and service conditions and we expense the fair value of those shares on an accelerated-graded basis over the employee’s requisite service period. The PSU expense may be adjusted each quarter based on our forecast of the Company’s performance relative to the annual recurring revenue metrics that determine the number of PSUs that will

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vest. To the extent that updated estimates of PSU expense differ from original estimates, the cumulative effect on current and prior periods of those changes is recorded in the period in which those estimates are revised.

Our RSU activity for the six months ended June 30, 2020 was as follows:

	Restricted Stock Units
		Weighted-
		Average
	Number of	Grant Date
	Shares	Fair Value
Unvested, December 31, 2019	12,639,066	$	5.20
Granted	6,998,715		4.46
Vested	(4,439,725)		4.72
Forfeitures	(825,068)		5.00
Unvested, June 30, 2020	14,372,988	$	5.00

Our PSU activity for the six months ended June 30, 2020 was as follows:

	Performance Stock Units
		Weighted-
		Average
	Number of	Grant Date
	Shares	Fair Value
Unvested, December 31, 2019	—	$	n/a
Granted	1,005,000		3.27
Vested	—		n/a
Forfeitures	—		n/a
Unvested, June 30, 2020	1,005,000	$	3.27

Bonus Plans

The 2018 Non-Executive and Executive Bonus Plans provided for the issuance of shares of unrestricted common stock to employees based on the achievement of certain 2018 Company metrics. We issued 1,338,220 shares of unrestricted common stock in the first quarter of 2019, after withholding 832,635 shares to cover employee payroll taxes which we paid in cash totaling $4.1 million.

In March 2019, the Compensation Committee of our board of directors approved the 2019 Non-Executive Bonus Plan and the 2019 Executive Bonus Plan, or collectively, the 2019 Bonus Plans. The 2019 Bonus Plans provided for the issuance of shares of unrestricted common stock to employees based on the achievement of certain 2019 Company metrics. We issued 1,061,165 shares of unrestricted common stock in the first quarter of 2020, after withholding 669,517 shares to cover employee payroll taxes which we paid in cash totaling $2.9 million.

In April 2020, the Compensation Committee of our board of directors approved the 2020 Non-Executive Bonus Plan and the 2020 Executive Bonus Plan, or collectively, the 2020 Bonus Plans. The 2020 Bonus Plans provide for the issuance of shares of unrestricted common stock to employees based on the achievement of certain 2020 Company metrics as determined by the Compensation Committee.

Shares issued under the aforementioned Bonus Plans are issued from our 2014 Plan and reduce the 2014 Plan shares available for issuance.

We record stock-based compensation expense related to the Bonus Plans over the service period of eligible employees based on forecasted performance relative to the Company target metrics. To the extent that updated estimates of bonus expense differ from original estimates, the cumulative effect on current and prior periods of those changes is recorded in the period those estimates are revised.

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In the six months ended June 30, 2020, we recorded $757,000 of stock-based compensation expense under the 2019 Bonus Plans. In both the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, we recorded $5.7 million of stock-based compensation expense under the 2020 Bonus Plans. Because the 2020 Bonus Plans were not approved until the second quarter of 2020, we recognized cumulative expense for the service period from January 1, 2020 to June 30, 2020 in the second quarter of 2020. In the six months ended June 30, 2019, we recorded $1.1 million of stock-based compensation expense under the 2018 Bonus Plans. In the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, we recorded $2.2 million and $4.9 million, respectively, of stock-based compensation expense under the 2019 Bonus Plans.

Stock Options

Stock option activity under the 2008 Plan, 2014 Plan and 2015 Inducement Plan for the six months ended June 30, 2020 was as follows:

		Options Outstanding
						Weighted-
	Number of					Average	Aggregate
	Shares		Weighted-			Remaining	Intrinsic
	Available	Number of	Average		Contractual		Value
	for Issuance	Shares	Exercise Price			Term (Years)	(In thousands)
Balance—December 31, 2019	1,301,881	2,898,977	$	5.17		4.89	$	1,556
Authorized	5,636,269	—
Stock options granted	—	—
Issuance of shares under Bonus Plans	(1,730,682)	—
Shares withheld from net settlement of restricted stock units	815,527
Restricted stock units granted	(5,268,033)	—
Performance stock units granted(1)	(1,005,000)	—
Exercised	—	(142,300)		3.51
Stock options canceled	83,813	(83,813)		5.53
Restricted stock units forfeited	825,068	—
Balance—June 30, 2020	658,843	2,672,864	$	5.25		4.12	$	1,424
Vested and exercisable—June 30, 2020		2,352,550	$	5.34		3.80	$	1,308
Vested and expected to vest(2)—June 30, 2020		2,625,187	$	5.26		4.08	$	1,408

(1) Performance stock units granted are reflected in the table as a decrease in the number of shares available for issuance at target achievement for tracking and reporting purposes but do not technically reduce shares available for issuance until earned.

(2) Options expected to vest reflect an estimated forfeiture rate.

Our stock-based compensation expense was recorded in the following cost and expense categories (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended				Six Months Ended
	June 30,				June 30,
	2020		2019		2020		2019
Cost of revenue	$	1,898	$	1,266	$	2,796	$	2,807
Research and development		5,284		3,625		8,343		7,736
Sales and marketing		3,389		2,064		5,462		4,338
General and administrative		2,935		1,902		4,478		4,266
Total	$	13,506	$	8,857	$	21,079	$	19,147

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We used the Black-Scholes Model to estimate the fair value of our stock options granted to employees with the following assumptions:

	Six Months Ended
	June 30,
	2020	2019
Expected dividend yield	n/a	—
Risk-free interest rate	n/a	2.5%
Expected volatility	n/a	50%
Expected life (in years)	n/a	6.1

No stock options were granted in the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 or the three months ended June 30, 2019.

We used the Black-Scholes Model to estimate the fair value of our Employee Stock Purchase Plan awards with the following assumptions:

	Six Months Ended
	June 30,
	2020	2019
Expected dividend yield	—	—
Risk-free interest rate	1.5%	2.5%
Expected volatility	45%	42%
Expected life (in years)	1.3	1.3

No ESPP offering periods began in the three months ended June 30, 2020 or 2019.

As required by Topic 718 Compensation—Stock Compensation, we estimate expected forfeitures and recognize compensation costs only for those equity awards expected to vest.

As of June 30, 2020, unrecognized stock-based compensation expense and its remaining weighted-average recognition period was as follows:

	Unrecognized		Remaining
	Stock-based		Weighted-Average
	Compensation		Recognition
	Expense		Period
	(in millions)		(in years)
Stock options	$	0.6	2.1
Restricted stock units		53.8	2.8
Performance stock units		2.9	1.9
ESPP		2.4	1.6
Total	$	59.7

11. Employee Benefit Plan

We maintain a defined contribution 401(k) plan. The plan covers all full-time U.S. employees over the age of 21. Each employee can contribute up to $19,500 annually (with a $6,500 catch up contribution limit for employees aged 50 or older). Beginning January 2020, we provide matching contributions at 100% of every dollar an employee contributes, up to 3% of eligible compensation with a $2,000 annual maximum match.

12. Commitments and Contingencies

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Litigation

We continually evaluate uncertainties associated with litigation and record a charge equal to at least the minimum estimated liability for a loss contingency when both of the following conditions are met: (i) information available prior to issuance of the financial statements indicates that it is probable that a liability has been incurred at the date of the financial statements and (ii) the loss or range of loss can be reasonably estimated. If we determine that a loss is possible and a range of the loss can be reasonably estimated, we disclose the range of the possible loss in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements. We evaluate, on a quarterly basis, developments in our legal matters that could affect the amount of liability that has been previously accrued, if any, and the matters and related ranges of possible losses disclosed, and make adjustments and changes to our disclosures as appropriate. Significant judgment is required to determine both likelihood of there being and the estimated amount of a loss related to such matters. Until the final resolution of such matters, there may be an exposure to loss, and such amounts could be material. For legal proceedings for which there is a reasonable possibility of loss (meaning those losses for which the likelihood is more than remote but less than probable), we have determined we do not have material exposure on an aggregate basis at this time.

Patent Claim

We received a letter in August 2019 from BlackBerry Corp. asserting that our products and software infringe BlackBerry’s patents, and that we should license its portfolio. We retained counsel and evaluated BlackBerry’s letter, as well as potential counterclaims against BlackBerry. BlackBerry sent a second letter in March 2020 asserting that our products and software infringe additional BlackBerry patents, although BlackBerry did not specify its infringement theories or make a demand for damages in the March 2020 letter. The parties have attempted to negotiate, and we accrued an immaterial amount related to the matter in 2019. However, through the date of the filing of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, these discussions have not been resolved.

To protect our rights, we filed a lawsuit against BlackBerry in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California on April 27, 2020. The case is MobileIron, Inc. v. BlackBerry Corp. and BlackBerry Ltd. The lawsuit asserts that BlackBerry’s products infringe MobileIron patents, that MobileIron’s products and software do not infringe BlackBerry’s patents, and that BlackBerry has engaged in certain unlawful activities related to its licensing program for its patent portfolio. We intend to vigorously assert our claims and defend against any claims or lawsuits that BlackBerry may assert against us. The amount of damages that could be awarded in the lawsuit is unknown at this time.

Indemnification

Under the indemnification provisions of our standard sales related contracts, we agree to defend and/or settle claims brought by third parties against our customers and channel partners alleging that our software or the customer’s use thereof infringes the third-party’s intellectual property right, such as a patent right. These indemnification obligations are typically not subject to limitation; however if we believe such a claim is reasonably likely to occur and if it is commercially impractical for us to either procure the right for the customer to continue to use our software or modify our software so that it’s not infringing, we can terminate the customer agreement and refund the customer a portion of the license fees paid (prorated over the three year period from initial delivery for software licensed on a perpetual basis). We also on occasion indemnify our customers for other types of third-party claims. In addition, we indemnify our officers, directors, and certain key employees while they are serving in such capacities in good faith. Through June 30, 2020, we have not received any material written claim for indemnification.

13.Leases

We have operating leases for office facilities and data centers. Our leases have remaining lease terms of less than one year to approximately seven years, some of which include options to extend the leases for up to five years, and some of which include options to terminate the leases within one year.

On our balance sheet, we have current and noncurrent lease commitment liabilities of approximately $4.8 million and $7.7, million, respectively, and corresponding right-of-use assets of approximately $11.5 million at June 30, 2020 for our operating leases.

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The operating lease cost for the three months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 was $1.2 million and $1.7 million, respectively. The operating lease cost for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 was $2.5 million and $3.4 million, respectively. The future maturities of lease liabilities as of June 30, 2020 are as follows (in thousands):

Year
2020 (remaining)	$	2,778
2021		4,914
2022		3,487
2023		1,488
2024		326
Thereafter		555
Total lease payments		13,548
Less: imputed interest		(1,035)
Total lease liability	$	12,513

All of our leases are classified as operating leases. In the three months ended June 30, 2020, the weighted average discount rate used to determine the lease liabilities was 5.3% and the weighted average remaining lease term was 37 months.

14.Unearned Revenue

Changes in unearned revenue were as follows for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019:

	Three Months Ended				Six Months Ended
	June 30,				June 30,
(in thousands)	2020		2019		2020		2019
Balance, beginning of period	$	114,038	$	102,879	$	118,211	$	105,837
Billings, excluding billings for customer arrangements with termination rights		53,047		49,477		93,838		89,800
Additions to unearned revenue upon expiration of termination rights		4,599		5,062		9,244		10,062
Recognition of revenue, net of change in unbilled accounts receivable*		(58,746)		(51,019)		(108,355)		(99,300)
Acquired unearned revenue		275		—		275		—
Balance, end of period	$	113,213	$	106,399	$	113,213	$	106,399
* Reconciliation to Revenue Reported per Condensed Consolidated Statement of Operations:	Three Months Ended				Six Months Ended
	June 30,				June 30,
(in thousands)	2020		2019		2020		2019
Revenue billed as of the end of period	$	58,746	$	51,019	$	108,355	$	99,300
Increase (decrease) in total unbilled accounts receivable		179		(154)		268		(353)
Revenue Reported in Condensed Consolidated Statement of Operations	$	58,925	$	50,865	$	108,623	$	98,947

Revenue allocated to remaining performance obligations includes unearned revenue plus contractually committed amounts that will be invoiced and recognized as revenue in future periods, but excludes amounts invoiced and not recognized as revenue under customer arrangements that contain termination rights. Remaining performance obligations were $126.0 million as of June 30, 2020, of which we expect to recognize approximately 74% as revenue over the next 12 months and the remainder thereafter.

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As of June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the balance of customer arrangements that contain termination rights was $12.1 million and $16.1 million, respectively.

15. Segment and Disaggregated Revenue Information

We conduct business globally. Our chief operating decision maker (Chief Executive Officer) reviews financial information presented on a consolidated basis accompanied by information about revenue by geographic region for purposes of allocating resources and evaluating financial performance. We have one business activity, software and services to manage and secure mobile devices, applications and content, and there are no segment managers who are held accountable for operations, operating results and plans for levels, components or types of products or services below the consolidated unit level. Accordingly, we are considered to be in a single reportable segment and operating unit structure.

Approximately $1.6 million and $2.0 million as of June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, or 41% and 42%, respectively, of our net Property and Equipment was attributable to our operations located in India. Substantially all other long-lived assets were attributable to operations in the United States.

Revenue by geographic region based on the billing address was as follows:

	Three Months Ended				Six Months Ended
	June 30,				June 30,
(in thousands)	2020		2019		2020		2019
Revenue
United States	$	24,165	$	21,861	$	45,298	$	41,473
International		34,760		29,004		63,325		57,474
Total	$	58,925	$	50,865	$	108,623	$	98,947

We recognized revenue of $9.9 million, or 17% of total revenue, and $8.4 million, or 17% of total revenue, from customers with a billing address in Germany for the three months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively. We recognized revenue of $17.2 million, or 16% of total revenue, and $16.1 million, or 16% of total revenue, from customers with a billing address in Germany for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively. No other country, except for the United States and Germany, exceeded 10% of total revenue in the three or six months ended June 30, 2020 or 2019.

Revenue from recurring and non-recurring contractual arrangements was as follows:

	Three Months Ended				Six Months Ended
	June 30,				June 30,
(in thousands)	2020		2019		2020		2019
Cloud subscriptions - ratable	$	19,549	$	16,311	$	38,183	$	31,572
On-premise subscriptions - point-in-time		5,723		7,478		9,101		11,430
On-premise subscriptions - ratable		5,043		4,512		9,965		8,970
Software support on perpetual licenses - ratable		16,187		16,196		32,173		32,306
Recurring revenue		46,502		44,497		89,422		84,278
Perpetual license - point-in-time		11,355		4,749		16,988		12,168
Professional services - point-in-time		1,068		1,619		2,213		2,501
Non-recurring revenue		12,423		6,368		19,201		14,669
Total revenue	$	58,925	$	50,865	$	108,623	$	98,947

Recurring revenue in the table above is defined as revenue that requires a contract renewal for the service or license to continue beyond the initial or current contract term and additional revenue will be recognized if that renewal occurs. Non-recurring revenue is defined as sales of perpetual license or professional services that are one-time in nature and do not need to be renewed.

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16. Net Loss per Share

The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted net loss per share for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 (in thousands, except per share data):

	Three Months Ended				Six Months Ended
	June 30,				June 30,
	2020		2019		2020		2019
Numerator:
Net loss	$	(8,508)	$	(15,589)	$	(21,169)	$	(32,689)
Denominator:
Weighted–average shares used to compute basic and diluted net loss per share		115,982		109,245		114,970		108,292
Basic and diluted net loss per share	$	(0.07)	$	(0.14)	$	(0.18)	$	(0.30)

Basic net loss per share is computed by dividing the net loss by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding for the period. Because we have reported a net loss for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, the number of shares used to calculate diluted net loss per common share is the same as the number of shares used to calculate basic net loss per common share for those periods presented because the potentially dilutive shares would have been anti-dilutive if included in the calculation.

The following potentially dilutive securities have been excluded from the computation of diluted weighted-average shares outstanding because such securities have an antidilutive impact due to losses reported (in common stock equivalent shares):

	June 30,	June 30,
	2020	2019
Stock options outstanding, net of unvested exercised stock options	2,672,864	3,744,631
Unvested restricted stock units	14,372,988	14,904,876
Unvested performance stock units	1,005,000	—
ESPP shares	519,358	491,151
Stock-settled bonus shares	714,592	473,727
Total potentially dilutive securities	19,284,802	19,614,385

S

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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019 filed with the SEC. In addition to historical financial information, the following discussion contains forward-looking statements that reflect our plans, estimates and beliefs. Our actual results could differ materially from those contained in or implied by any forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to these differences include those discussed below and elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, particularly in “Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” and “Risk Factors.” The forward-looking statements included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q are made only as of the date hereof.

Overview

Mobile and cloud computing are the catalysts for modern work and the digital workplace. Mobile empowers employees to make better decisions and take faster actions because the information and tools they need to do their jobs are always available from anywhere. Cloud is transforming IT, Security and DevOps and has accelerated how the developer ecosystem builds and rolls out innovative services enabling unparalleled user experience.

However, this comes with new risks. The traditional, locked-down, perimeter-based approach to security no longer applies to mobile endpoints and cloud services that operate outside the corporate network. Data no longer resides behind the firewall on locked-down PCs and servers, and so it cannot be secured by legacy firewall-based solutions. Instead, data is spread across a wide variety of modern endpoints including Android, iOS, macOS, Chrome OS and Windows 10, as well as cloud services such as Box, Concur, Microsoft Office 365, Netsuite, Salesforce, Workday and custom cloud applications that are hosted on cloud infrastructure providers like AWS or on-premise.

This shift to mobile and cloud technologies introduces three main challenges that CIOs and CISOs need to address to realize their secure digital workplace:

1. Drive business innovation by allowing employees to securely use mobile, cloud, services and on-premises apps from any device, anywhere;

2. Enforce corporate security without impacting the user experience;

3. Redefine enterprise security strategies to address a perimeter-less environment.

To solve these challenges, many organizations are in the early stages of investigating a zero trust security framework for their enterprise. Zero trust assumes that bad actors are already in the network and secure access is determined by a “never trust, always verify” approach.

MobileIron is an established player in the zero trust market, and a leader in mobile-centric, zero trust solutions that go beyond traditional approaches to security by utilizing a more comprehensive set of attributes to grant secure access. MobileIron products and services validate the device, establish user context, check application authorization, verify the network, and detect and mitigate threats before granting secure access to a device or user. We believe traditional identity-based and gateway approaches to zero trust fall short because they provide only limited visibility into devices, applications, and threats.

We are redefining how customers build a secure foundation in a perimeter-less world. Our security platform is built on the foundation of unified endpoint management (UEM) with additional zero trust capabilities including zero sign-on (ZSO), multifactor authentication (MFA), and mobile threat defense (MTD). Together these products and services create a more seamless mobile experience by automating access control decisions across users, endpoints, operating systems, clouds, networks, threats, and vulnerabilities so that only trusted resources can access corporate data.

Our customers can deploy MobileIron solutions as either cloud services or on-premise software. They have historically been able to choose to purchase our on-premise software priced as a subscription or perpetual license. However, we announced the discontinuation of sales of on-premise software priced as a perpetual license effective

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beginning the third quarter of 2020. We target midsize and large enterprises around the world across a broad range of industries including financial services, government, healthcare, legal, manufacturing, professional services, retail, technology, and telecommunications.

We sell a significant portion of our products through our channel partners, including resellers, service providers and system integrators. Our sales force develops sales opportunities and works closely with our channel partners to sell our solutions. We have a high touch sales force focused on large organizations, inside sales teams focused on mid-sized enterprises and sales teams that work with service providers that focus on smaller businesses. We prioritize our internal sales and marketing efforts on large organizations because we believe that they represent the largest potential opportunity.

Our total revenue in the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 was $58.9 million and $108.6 million, compared to $50.9 million and $98.9 million in the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, representing an increase of 16% and 10%, respectively.

Revenue from cloud services, licenses and software support and services represented 33%, 29% and 38% of total revenue, respectively, in the three months ended June 30, 2020, and 32%, 24% and 44% of total revenue, respectively, in the three months ended June 30, 2019. Revenue from cloud services, licenses and software support and services represented 35%, 24% and 41% of total revenue, respectively, in the six months ended June 30, 2020, and 32%, 24% and 44% of total revenue, respectively, in the six months ended June 30, 2019. Revenue from recurring sources, which includes revenue from the license component of on-premise term subscriptions, cloud services, and software support on perpetual and on-premise term licenses, was 79% and 82% of total revenue in the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, respectively, compared to 87% and 85% of total revenue in the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, respectively. Cloud services and on-premise subscription revenue have increased as a percentage of our total revenue over the long-term. However, in the second quarter of 2020, we generated an unusually large amount of license revenue from sales of perpetual licenses that would have otherwise closed in future quarters after we announced the discontinuation of the perpetual license pricing model. We expect the trend of generating a higher percentage of revenue from cloud services and on-premise subscriptions to resume beginning the third quarter of 2020.

Our cloud services revenue in the three months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 was $19.5 million and $16.3 million, respectively, representing an increase of 20%. Our cloud services revenue in the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 was $38.2 million and $31.6 million, respectively, representing an increase of 21%. This growth reflects our customers’ preference to purchase cloud services and contributions from MobileIron Threat Detection and Access. When we sell our cloud solutions on a subscription basis, we typically offer 12 months or longer terms and bill in advance.

Our license revenue in the three months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 was $17.1 million and $12.2 million, respectively, representing an increase of 40%. Our license revenue in the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 was $26.1 million and $23.6 million, respectively, representing an increase of 11%. The increase in license revenue was primarily due to an increase in revenue from perpetual licenses, partially offset by a decrease in license fees recognized from on-premise subscriptions. Over time, demand for our perpetual licenses has decreased and we announced in the first quarter of 2020 that we would be discontinuing that pricing model at the end of our second quarter of 2020. As a result of that announcement, the three months ended June 30, 2020 benefitted from perpetual license sales that would have otherwise closed in future quarters. Beginning the second half of 2020, we anticipate that license revenue will decrease more dramatically relative to comparable prior year periods for a period of time as license revenue will be generated primarily from sales of on-premise subscriptions which do not generate as much up-front license revenue as perpetual licenses.

Our software support and services revenue in both the three months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 was $22.3 million. Our software support and services revenue in the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 was $44.3 million and $43.8 million, respectively, representing an increase of 1%. Software support and services revenue includes support of perpetual license customers, the support component of on-premise subscriptions, and professional services. The growth rate of software support and services revenue is primarily dependent on growth in our installed base of customers that purchase perpetual licenses or on-premises subscriptions, renewals of on-premises subscriptions and software support on perpetual licenses, and purchases of professional services as part of our solutions.

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Our Annual Recurring Revenue (or “Total ARR”) at June 30, 2020 was $187.1 million compared to $172.0 million at June 30, 2019, representing a growth rate of 9%. Total ARR is defined as the annualized value of all recurring revenue contracts active at the end of a reporting period. See “Key Metrics and Non-GAAP Financial Information” for more information about ARR.

We believe that our market opportunity is large, and sales to customers outside of the United States will remain a significant opportunity for future growth. In the six months ended June 30, 2020 and the full years of 2019 and 2018, 58% our total revenue was generated from customers located outside of the United States, primarily those located in Europe. International market trends that may affect sales of our products and services include heightened concerns and legal requirements relating to data security and privacy, the importance of execution on our international channel partner strategy, the importance of recruiting and retaining sufficient international personnel, the effect of exchange rates, and political and financial market instability.

In April 2020, we acquired all of the issued and outstanding capital stock of incapptic, a privately-held German software company, for $5.9 million. Our unified endpoint management platform integrates with the incapptic software to help customers develop, deploy and secure in-house business applications, a natural extension of our product portfolio.

Since 2016, we have focused on driving more efficiency in our business. However, we have continued to incur net losses. We incurred net losses of $21.2 million, $48.8 million and $43.1 million in the six months ended June 30, 2020, and the full years 2019 and 2018, respectively. As a result of this, we do not expect to be profitable for the foreseeable future under our current operating plan. Future profitability is primarily dependent on revenue growth, which may be challenging for a number of reasons including continued mix shift towards cloud subscription licensing, increasing and entrenched competition, product features, changes in our pricing model, the amount of revenue we generate from sales of partner solutions that bear royalties, our ability to continue to develop and evolve our products, any failure to capitalize on market opportunities, and the ability of our sales organization to retain its key employees and leadership team. Future profitability is also dependent on our ability to drive efficiencies into the business and to manage our expenses, which continue to be impacted by stock-based compensation charges from RSU and PSU grants and stock-settled bonuses. We will also need to increase operating efficiency, which may be challenging given our operational complexity.

In the first quarter of 2020, the United States and other countries began shelter-in-place mandates and began to close many businesses as a result of the COVID-19 virus. The World Health Organization characterized COVID-19 as a pandemic and the President of the United States declared the COVID-19 outbreak a national emergency. Since then, the COVID-19 pandemic has rapidly spread across the globe and has already resulted in significant volatility, uncertainty and economic disruption. The future impact of the pandemic and any resulting economic impact are largely unknown and rapidly evolving.

While we are closely monitoring the situation, it is difficult at this time to predict the impact that COVID-19 will continue to have on our business, financial position and operating results in future periods due to numerous uncertainties. As a result of COVID-19, we have seen a reduction in expense due to travel and marketing event restrictions and the limited use of our office facilities. We expect spending in these areas to mostly continue to run below historical norms until national and local authorities have issued updated guidance and regulations, and our employees, customers and partners have confidence that the pandemic has been contained. We also saw some benefit to our ARR from work-from-home initiatives in the second quarter of 2020. However, our future financial position may be negatively impacted by the loss of current customers or prospects, delays in existing customer renewals or new customer purchases, limitation in our ability to expand or upsell within our existing customer base, pricing pressure, or by our customers’ inability to pay amounts owed to us. While it is too early to determine the amount of the future financial impact from COVID-19, shelter-in-place mandates across the world have disrupted certain of our ARR growth drivers as the priorities of the IT leaders of our customers and prospective customers have shifted. As a result of those and other priority changes, as well as the economic toll that COVID-19 will have on our customers, we expect a negative impact on our ARR and revenue, which may increase net losses, until the pandemic is contained and likely for an unknown period of time thereafter. Because of our IT infrastructure and the nature of our business, our employees have generally been able to work remotely and productively despite the shelter-in-place requirements, but future productivity and the effects of COVID-19 on our operations is unknown at this time.

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Critical Accounting Policies

Our consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes are prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Preparing consolidated financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue, and expenses. These estimates and assumptions are affected by management’s application of accounting policies. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Revenue Recognition

We derive revenue from software-related arrangements consisting of perpetual software licenses, post-contract customer support for such licenses, or PCS or software support, including when and if available updates, and professional services such as consulting and training services. We also offer our software as term-based licenses and cloud-based arrangements.

Our contracts with customers often include promises to transfer multiple products and services to a customer. Determining whether products and services are considered distinct performance obligations that should be accounted for separately versus together may require significant judgment.

Judgment is also required to determine the stand-alone selling price (“SSP") for each distinct performance obligation. We use a single amount to estimate SSP for items that are not sold separately, including on-premises licenses sold with software support. We use a range of amounts to estimate SSP when we sell our products and services separately and need to determine whether there is a discount that needs to be allocated based on the relative SSP of the various products and services.  

We typically have more than one SSP for individual products and services due to the stratification of those products and services by customers and circumstances. In these instances, we may use information such as the size of the customer in determining the SSP.  

Our products are sometimes sold with a right of refund which we have to consider when estimating the amount of revenue to recognize.

Commissions

Current accounting principles require us to defer commission costs and amortize them in a manner consistent with how we recognize revenue. Key judgments that impact our commission expense include estimating our customer life and the determination of the impairment of commission assets we deem to be unrecoverable.

Goodwill and Intangible Assets

We record the excess of the acquisition purchase price over the fair value of the tangible and identifiable intangible assets acquired as goodwill. We perform an impairment test of our goodwill in the third quarter of our fiscal year, or more frequently if indicators of potential impairment arise. We have a single reporting unit and consequently evaluate goodwill for impairment based on an evaluation of the fair value of the Company as a whole. We observed no impairment indicators in 2020. As part of this, we observed that the fair value of the Company as a whole is substantially in excess of its carrying value, including goodwill.

We record purchased intangible assets at their respective estimated fair values at the date of acquisition. Purchased intangible assets are being amortized using the straight-line method over their estimated useful lives, which range from three to five years. We evaluate the remaining useful lives of intangible assets on a periodic basis to determine whether events or circumstances warrant a revision to the remaining estimated amortization period.

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Stock-Based Compensation

Stock-based compensation costs related to restricted stock and stock options granted to employees are measured at the date of grant based on the estimated fair value of the award, net of estimated forfeitures. We estimate the grant date fair value, and the resulting stock-based compensation expense, using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. For stock awards, we recognize compensation costs on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period of the award, which is generally the vesting term of four years.

We estimate the fair value of the rights to acquire stock under our ESPP using the Black-Scholes option pricing formula. Our ESPP typically provides for consecutive 24 month offering periods, consisting of four tranches. We recognize compensation expense on an accelerated-graded basis over the employee’s requisite service period. We account for the fair value of restricted stock units, or RSUs, and, beginning 2020, performance stock units, or PSUs, using the closing market price of our common stock on the date of grant. RSUs granted to existing employees typically vest ratably on a quarterly basis over four years. RSUs granted to new employees typically vest one-fourth after one year and ratably on a quarterly basis over the following three years. Based on achievement relative to certain company metrics, one-fourth of PSUs vest in the first quarter of the year after grant and the remaining PSUs vest ratably on a quarterly basis over the following three years. We recognize compensation expense for RSUs on a straight-line basis over the employee’s requisite service period. We recognize compensation expense for PSUs on an accelerated-graded basis over the employee’s requisite service period and the expense may be adjusted each quarter based on our forecast of the Company’s performance relative to the metrics that determine the number of PSUs that will vest.

Stock-based compensation expense associated with our stock-settled bonus program is recognized on a straight-line basis over the required service period and the expense is evaluated each quarter based on our forecast of the Company’s performance relative to the metrics that determine the bonus pool.

Income Taxes

We account for income taxes in accordance with ASC Topic 740, Income Taxes, under which deferred tax liabilities and assets are recognized for the expected future tax consequences of temporary differences between financial statement carrying amounts and the tax basis of assets and liabilities and net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. Valuation allowances are established when necessary to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount expected to be realized.

We currently have a full valuation allowance against our U.S. net deferred tax assets, which was $117.7 million as of December 31, 2019. We continue to monitor the relative weight of positive and negative evidence of future profitability in relevant jurisdictions. The allowance will be released if evidence indicates that it becomes more likely than not that the tax asset may be utilized.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

For discussion on recent accounting pronouncements, see “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” under Note 1 “Description of Business and Significant Accounting Policies” included in Item 1, “Financial Statements” of Part I of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Key Metrics and Non-GAAP Financial Information

To supplement our financial results presented on a U.S. GAAP basis, we provide investors with certain non-GAAP financial measures, including non-GAAP gross profit, non-GAAP gross margin, non-GAAP operating income (loss), non-GAAP operating margin, non-GAAP net income (loss), non-GAAP net income (loss) per share and free cash flow. These non-GAAP financial measures exclude stock-based compensation, restructuring expense, and intangible asset amortization.

Stock-based compensation expenses

In our non-GAAP financial measures, we have excluded the effect of stock-based compensation expenses. Stock-based compensation expenses will recur in future periods in varying amounts.

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Restructuring expense

In our non-GAAP financial measures, we have excluded the effect of expenses associated with severance and other expenses related to reductions in our workforce and the exit of an office building. Restructuring expense may recur in the future; however, the timing and amounts are difficult to predict.

Intangible asset amortization

In our non-GAAP financial measures, we have excluded the effect of intangible asset amortization. Amortization of intangible assets can be significantly affected by the timing and size of acquisitions of companies or technology.

Non-GAAP gross profit, non-GAAP gross margin, non-GAAP operating income (loss), non-GAAP operating margin, non-GAAP net income (loss), and non-GAAP net income (loss) per share

We believe that the exclusion of stock-based compensation expense, restructuring expense, and intangible asset amortization from various gross profit, gross margin, operating loss, operating margin, net loss, and net loss per share provides useful measures for management and investors. Because stock-based compensation, restructuring expense, and intangible asset amortization have been and can continue to be inconsistent in amount from period to period, we believe the inclusion of these items makes it difficult to compare periods and understand the growth and performance of our business, on its own and in comparison to other companies. In addition, we evaluate our business performance and compensate management based in part on these non-GAAP measures. There are limitations in using non-GAAP financial measures because the non-GAAP financial measures are not prepared in accordance with GAAP, may be different from non-GAAP financial measures used by our competitors and exclude expenses that may have a material impact on our reported financial results. Further, stock-based compensation expense has been and will continue to be for the foreseeable future a significant recurring expense in our business and an important part of the compensation provided to our employees.

Free Cash Flow

Our non-GAAP financial measures also include free cash flow, which we define as cash provided by (used in) operating activities less the amount of property and equipment purchased. Management believes that information regarding free cash flow provides investors with an important perspective on the cash available to invest in our business and fund ongoing operations. However, our calculation of free cash flow may not be comparable to similar measures used by other companies.

We believe these non-GAAP financial measures are helpful in understanding our past financial performance and our future results. Our non-GAAP financial measures are not meant to be considered in isolation or as a substitute for comparable GAAP measures and should be read only in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP. Our management regularly uses our supplemental non-GAAP financial measures internally to understand, manage and evaluate our business, and make operating decisions. These non-GAAP measures are among the primary factors management uses in planning for and forecasting future periods. Compensation of our executives is based in part on the performance of our business relative to certain of these non-GAAP measures.

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Non-GAAP financial measures for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 were as follows (unaudited):

	Three Months Ended						Six Months Ended
	June 30,						June 30,
(in thousands, except percentages and per share data)	2020			2019			2020			2019
Non-GAAP gross profit	$	48,485		$	41,708		$	88,209		$	81,044
Non-GAAP gross margin		82.3	%		82.0	%		81.2	%		81.9	%
Non-GAAP operating income (loss)	$	5,556		$	(4,350)		$	1,596		$	(10,500)
Non-GAAP operating margin		9.4	%		(8.6)	%		1.5	%		(10.6)	%
Non-GAAP net income (loss)	$	5,122		$	(4,289)		$	613		$	(10,484)
Non-GAAP income (loss) per share	$	0.04		$	(0.04)		$	0.01		$	(0.10)
Free cash flow	$	(6,355)		$	(5,091)		$	719		$	2,548

Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Financial Measures

The following table reconciles the most directly comparable GAAP financial measure to each of the non-GAAP financial measures discussed above.

	Three Months Ended						Six Months Ended
	June 30,						June 30,
	2020			2019			2020			2019
(in thousands, except percentages and per share data)
Non-GAAP gross profit reconciliation:
Gross profit	$	46,521		$	40,218		$	85,347		$	77,937
Add: Stock-based compensation expense		1,898			1,266			2,796			2,807
Add: Amortization of intangible assets		66			—			66			—
Add: Restructuring expense		—			224			—			300
Non-GAAP gross profit	$	48,485		$	41,708		$	88,209		$	81,044
Non-GAAP gross margin reconciliation:
GAAP gross margin: GAAP gross profit over GAAP total revenue		78.9	%		79.1	%		78.6	%		78.8	%
GAAP to non-GAAP gross margin adjustments		3.4	%		2.9	%		2.6	%		3.1	%
Non-GAAP gross margin		82.3	%		82.0	%		81.2	%		81.9	%
Non-GAAP operating income (loss) reconciliation:
GAAP operating loss	$	(8,074)		$	(15,650)		$	(20,186)		$	(32,705)
Add: Stock-based compensation expense		13,506			8,857			21,079			19,147
Add: Amortization of intangible assets		124			—			124			—
Add: Restructuring expense		—			2,443			579			3,058
Non-GAAP operating income (loss) reconciliation:	$	5,556		$	(4,350)		$	1,596		$	(10,500)
Non-GAAP operating margin reconciliation:
GAAP operating margin: GAAP operating loss over GAAP total revenue		(13.7)	%		(30.8)	%		(18.6)	%		(33.1)	%
GAAP to non-GAAP operating margin adjustments		23.1	%		22.2	%		20.1	%		22.5	%
Non-GAAP operating margin		9.4	%		(8.6)	%		1.5	%		(10.6)	%
Non-GAAP net income (loss) reconciliation:
GAAP net loss	$	(8,508)		$	(15,589)		$	(21,169)		$	(32,689)
Add: Stock-based compensation expense		13,506			8,857			21,079			19,147
Add: Amortization of intangible assets		124			—			124			—
Add: Restructuring expense		—			2,443			579			3,058
Non-GAAP net income (loss) reconciliation:	$	5,122		$	(4,289)		$	613		$	(10,484)
Non-GAAP net income (loss) per share reconciliation:
GAAP net loss	$	(0.07)		$	(0.14)		$	(0.18)		$	(0.30)
Add: Stock-based compensation expense		0.11			0.08			0.18			0.17
Add: Amortization of intangible assets		—			—			—			—
Add: Restructuring expense		—			0.02			0.01			0.03
Non-GAAP net income (loss) per share	$	0.04		$	(0.04)		$	0.01		$	(0.10)
Free cash flow:
Net cash provided by operating activities	$	(5,764)		$	(4,486)		$	1,403		$	3,330
Purchase of property and equipment		(591)			(605)			(684)			(782)
Free cash flow	$	(6,355)		$	(5,091)		$	719		$	2,548

Annual Recurring Revenue

We utilize the operating metric, total annual recurring revenue (“Total ARR”), which is defined as the annualized value of all recurring revenue contracts active at the end of a reporting period. Total ARR includes the annualized value of subscriptions (“Subscription ARR”) and the annualized value of software support contracts related to perpetual licenses (“Perpetual license support ARR”) active at the end of a reporting period and does not include revenue reported as perpetual license or professional services in our consolidated statement of operations. We are monitoring

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these metrics because they align with how our customers are increasingly purchasing our solutions and how we are managing our business. These ARR measures should be viewed independently of revenue, unearned revenue, and customer arrangements with termination rights as ARR is an operating metric and is not intended to be combined with or replace those items. ARR is not an indicator of future revenue and can be impacted by contract start and end dates and renewal rates.

ARR metrics as of June 30, 2020 and 2019 were as follows (unaudited):

	June 30,
(in thousands, except percentages)	2020			2019
Total ARR	$	187,096		$	171,965
Year-over-year percentage increase		9	%		19	%
Subscription ARR	$	120,100		$	106,115
Year-over-year percentage increase		13	%		31	%
Perpetual license support ARR	$	66,996		$	65,850
Year-over-year percentage increase		2	%		3	%

Results of Operations

Revenue

Cloud Services

Cloud services include sales of cloud-based solutions that allow customers to use hosted software over a contract period without taking possession of our software and are typically provided on a subscription or usage basis. We recognize revenue from cloud-based subscriptions ratably over the term of the subscriptions or, if usage based, as the usage is billed.

License

License revenue consists primarily of revenue from on-premises perpetual licenses and the license portion of on-premise subscriptions. From time to time, we enter into multiple element arrangements with customers in which a customer purchases our software with an appliance. Appliance revenue is also included in license revenue and constituted less than 1% of total revenue for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019.

Software support and services

Software support and services revenue consists of revenue from agreements to provide software upgrades and updates, as well as technical support, to customers with perpetual software licenses, on-premise subscriptions, and professional services. Revenue from software support for both perpetual and on-premise subscriptions is recognized ratably over the support or subscription term. Revenue from professional services is recognized as work is performed.

Cost of Revenue

Cloud Services

Our cloud services cost of revenue consists of cloud service data center operations expense, the portion of our global Customer Success organization (See Software support and services below) associated with our cloud services business, and third-party royalties. Cloud service data center operations expenses primarily consist of personnel costs, stock-based compensation, third-party hosting facilities, telecommunication and information technology costs. We expect cloud services cost of revenue to increase if we continue to increase sales of MobileIron Threat Defense or other royalty-bearing cloud solutions and as we scale our data center operations team and infrastructure to support our growing cloud business.

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License

Our cost of license revenue consists of the cost of third-party software royalties and appliances.

Software support and services

Our software support and services cost of revenue consists of the portion of our global Customer Success organization expenses associated with our software support business and third-party royalties. Costs associated with our global Customer Success organization include our customer support, professional services, customer advocacy, and training teams. These costs consist of personnel costs, stock-based compensation, depreciation, facilities and information technology costs.

Gross Margin

Gross margin, or gross profit as a percentage of total revenue, is affected by various factors, including mix between large and small customers, mix of products sold, including our MobileIron Threat Defense which bears a royalty, mix between perpetual, on-premises and cloud subscription licenses, timing of revenue recognition and the extent to which we expand our global Customer Success organization and data center operations, including costs associated with third-party hosting facilities and stock-based compensation expense associated with grants of equity awards. We expect our gross margins to decline somewhat over the short term based on the factors described above.

Operating Expenses

Personnel costs are the most significant component of operating expenses and consist of salaries, benefits, bonuses, stock-based compensation and, in sales and marketing expense, sales commissions. While operating expenses, exclusive of stock-based compensation expense, may fluctuate as a percentage of total revenue from period to period, we expect them to decrease over the long term as a percentage of total revenue. Stock-based compensation expense may fluctuate depending on the size and timing of RSU and PSU grants and achievement under stock-settled bonus plans.

Research and Development Expenses

Research and development costs are expensed as incurred. Research and development expense consists primarily of personnel costs. Research and development expense also includes costs associated with contractors and consultants, equipment and software to support our development and quality assurance teams, facilities and information technology. While our research and development expense, exclusive of stock-based compensation expense, may fluctuate as a percentage of total revenue from period to period, we expect it to decrease as a percentage of total revenue over the long term.

Sales and Marketing Expenses

Sales and marketing expense consists primarily of personnel costs, including sales commissions. Sales and marketing expense also includes costs associated with third-party events, lead generation campaigns, promotional and other marketing activities, as well as travel, equipment and software depreciation, consulting, information technology and facilities. While our sales and marketing expense, exclusive of stock-based compensation expense, may fluctuate as a percentage of total revenue from period to period, we expect it to decrease as a percentage of total revenue over the long term.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expense consists of personnel costs, travel, information technology, facilities and professional services fees. General and administrative personnel include our executive, finance, human resources and legal organizations. Professional services fees consist primarily of legal, accounting and consulting costs. While our

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general and administrative expense, exclusive of stock-based compensation expense, may fluctuate as a percentage of total revenue from period to period, we expect it to decrease as a percentage of total revenue over the long term.

Restructuring Expense

Restructuring expense consists of severance and other expenses related to reductions in our workforce and the exit of an office building. Restructuring expense may recur in the future; however, the timing and amounts are difficult to predict.

Other Income (Expense)—Net

Other income (expense), net consists primarily of interest income earned on our cash and cash equivalents and fixed income securities and the effect of exchange rates on our foreign currency-denominated asset and liability balances and foreign currency transactions. All translation adjustments are recorded as foreign currency gains (losses) in the consolidated statements of operations.

Income Tax Expense

Income tax expense consists primarily of income taxes in foreign jurisdictions in which we conduct business. Due to our history of losses, we maintain a full valuation allowance for deferred tax assets including net operating loss carryforwards, research and development tax credits, capitalized research and development and other book versus tax differences.

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Consolidated Results of Operations

The following tables summarize our results of operations for the periods presented and as a percentage of our total revenue for those periods. The period-to-period comparison of results is not necessarily indicative of results for future periods.

	Three Months Ended				Six Months Ended
	June 30,				June 30,
	2020		2019		2020		2019
Revenue
Cloud services	$	19,549	$	16,311	$	38,183	$	31,572
License		17,078		12,227		26,088		23,598
Software support and services		22,298		22,327		44,352		43,777
Total revenue		58,925		50,865		108,623		98,947
Cost of revenue (1)
Cloud services		6,824		5,146		12,881		9,856
License		587		433		1,046		987
Software support and services		4,993		4,844		9,349		9,867
Restructuring expense		—		224		—		300
Total cost of revenue		12,404		10,647		23,276		21,010
Gross profit		46,521		40,218		85,347		77,937
Operating expenses:
Research and development (1)		20,863		19,988		39,856		41,817
Sales and marketing (1)		24,845		26,035		48,978		50,522
General and administrative (1)		8,887		7,626		16,120		15,545
Restructuring expense		—		2,219		579		2,758
Total operating expenses		54,595		55,868		105,533		110,642
Operating loss		(8,074)		(15,650)		(20,186)		(32,705)
Other income (expense) - net		28		540		(80)		952
Loss before income taxes		(8,046)		(15,110)		(20,266)		(31,753)
Income tax expense		462		479		903		936
Net loss	$	(8,508)	$	(15,589)	$	(21,169)	$	(32,689)

(1) Includes stock-based compensation expense as follows:

	Three Months Ended,				Six Months Ended
	June 30,				June 30,
	2020		2019		2020		2019
Cost of revenue	$	1,898	$	1,266	$	2,796	$	2,807
Research and development		5,284		3,625		8,343		7,736
Sales and marketing		3,389		2,064		5,462		4,338
General and administrative		2,935		1,902		4,478		4,266
Total	$	13,506	$	8,857	$	21,079	$	19,147

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Statement of operations presented as a percentage of revenue:

	Three Months Ended				Six Months Ended
	June 30,				June 30,
	2020		2019		2020		2019
Revenue
Cloud services	33	%	32	%	35	%	32	%
License	29		24		24		24
Software support and services	38		44		41		44
Total revenue	100		100		100		100
Cost of revenue
Cloud services	12		10		12		10
License	1		1		1		1
Software support and services	8		10		8		10
Restructuring expense	—		—		—		—
Total cost of revenue	21		21		21		21
Gross profit	79		79		79		79
Operating expenses:
Research and development	36		39		36		42
Sales and marketing	42		51		45		51
General and administrative	15		15		15		16
Restructuring expense	—		5		1		3
Total operating expense	93		110		97		112
Operating loss	(14)		(31)		(18)		(33)
Other income (expense) - net	—		1		—		1
Loss before income taxes	(14)		(30)		(18)		(32)
Income tax expense	—		1		1		1
Net loss	(14)	%	(31)	%	(19)	%	(33)	%

Comparison of the Three and Six Months Ended June 30, 2020 and 2019

	Three Months Ended
	June 30,				Change
(in thousands, except percentages)	2020		2019		Amount		%
Cloud services	$	19,549	$	16,311	$	3,238	20	%
License		17,078		12,227		4,851	40
Software support and services		22,298		22,327		(29)	—
Total revenue	$	58,925	$	50,865	$	8,060	16	%

	Six Months Ended
	June 30,				Change
(in thousands, except percentages)	2020		2019		Amount		%
Cloud services	$	38,183	$	31,572	$	6,611	21	%
License		26,088		23,598		2,490	11
Software support and services		44,352		43,777		575	1
Total revenue	$	108,623	$	98,947	$	9,676	10	%

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	Three Months Ended
	June 30,
	2020				2019				Change
			% of				% of
			Total				Total
(in thousands, except percentages)	Amount		Revenue		Amount		Revenue		Amount		%
Revenue
United States	$	24,165	41	%	$	21,861	43	%	$	2,304	11	%
International		34,760	59			29,004	57			5,756	20
Total revenue	$	58,925	100	%	$	50,865	100	%	$	8,060	16	%

	Six Months Ended
	June 30,
	2020				2019				Change
			% of				% of
			Total				Total
(in thousands, except percentages)	Amount		Revenue		Amount		Revenue		Amount		%
Revenue
United States	$	45,298	42	%	$	41,473	42	%	$	3,825	9	%
International		63,325	58			57,474	58			5,851	10
Total revenue	$	108,623	100	%	$	98,947	100	%	$	9,676	10	%

Revenue

Cloud services revenue increased $3.2 million, or 20%, and $6.6 million, or 21%, in the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, respectively, compared to the corresponding periods of 2019, which was attributable to sales of MobileIron Threat Defense, Access and customer preference for solutions sold under a cloud-based delivery model.

License revenue increased $4.9 million, or 40%, and $2.5 million, or 11%, in the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, respectively compared to the corresponding periods of 2019. Perpetual license sales, which increased $6.6 million, or 139%, and $4.8 million, or 40%, in the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, respectively, compared to the corresponding periods of the prior year benefitted from perpetual licenses sales that would have otherwise closed in future quarters but did not, due to our announcement that sales of on-premise software priced as perpetual licenses would be discontinued as of June 30, 2020. The increase in perpetual license revenue was partially offset by a lower contribution from on-premise subscriptions, as revenue from the license component of on-premise subscriptions decreased $1.8 million, or 23%, and $2.3 million, or 20%, respectively, in the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 compared to the corresponding periods of 2019. License revenue from on-premise subscriptions is impacted by the timing, size and contract length of on-premise subscription sales in a given period. Beginning the second half of 2020, we anticipate that license revenue will decrease relative to comparable prior year periods for a period of time as license revenue will be generated primarily from sales of on-premise subscriptions which do not generate as much up-front license revenue as perpetual licenses.

Software support and services revenue was flat in the three months ended June 30, 2020 and increased $575,000, or 1%, in the six months ended June 30, 2020 compared to the corresponding periods of 2019, as our installed base of customers that own perpetual licenses was relatively consistent during the periods. Professional services revenue was $1.1 million and $2.2 million in the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, respectively, compared to $1.6 million and $2.5 million in the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, respectively. Professional services revenue for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 included revenue of $683,000 from a single professional services engagement whereas in the corresponding periods of 2020 there was no comparable single professional services engagement revenue contribution. Support for perpetual licenses was essentially flat in the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, respectively, compared to the three and six months ended June 30, 2019. The support component of on-premise subscriptions increased $531,000, or 12%, and $995,000, or 11%, in the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, respectively, compared to the three and six months ended June 30, 2019.

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Revenue from U.S. sales increased 11% and 9% in the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, respectively, compared to the corresponding periods of 2019. Revenue from international sales increased 20% and 10% in the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, respectively, compared to the corresponding periods of 2019. The increase in perpetual license revenue in the three months ended June 30, 2020 compared to the corresponding period of the prior year as well the continued adoption of our products drove both the international revenue growth rates, where the perpetual license pricing model is more prevalent, and U.S. revenue growth rates.

No customer accounted for 10% or more of total revenue in the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 or 2019, except for our largest reseller, AT&T, which accounted for 10% of total revenue in the three and six months ended June 30, 2019.

Cost of Revenue and Gross Margin

	Three Months Ended
	June 30,
	2020				2019				Change
			% of				% of
			Total				Total
(in thousands, except percentages)	Amount		Revenue		Amount		Revenue		Amount		%
Cost of revenue:
Cloud services	$	6,824	12	%	$	5,146	10	%	$	1,678	33	%
License		587	1			433	1			154	36
Software support and services		4,993	8			4,844	10			149	3
Restructuring expense		—	—			224	—			(224)	(100)
Total cost of revenue	$	12,404	21	%	$	10,647	21	%	$	1,757	17	%
Gross profit	$	46,521			$	40,218			$	6,303
Gross margin			79	%			79	%

	Six Months Ended
	June 30,
	2020				2019				Change
			% of				% of
			Total				Total
(in thousands, except percentages)	Amount		Revenue		Amount		Revenue		Amount		%
Cost of revenue:
Cloud services	$	12,881	12	%	$	9,856	10	%	$	3,025	31	%
License		1,046	1			987	1			59	6
Software support and services		9,349	8			9,867	10			(518)	(5)
Restructuring expense		—	—			300	—			(300)	(100)
Total cost of revenue	$	23,276	21	%	$	21,010	21	%	$	2,266	11	%
Gross profit	$	85,347			$	77,937			$	7,410
Gross margin			79	%			79	%

Total cost of revenue increased $1.8 million, or 17%, and $2.3 million, or 11%, in the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, respectively, compared to the corresponding periods of 2019 due primarily to increases in cloud services cost of revenue.

Cloud services cost of revenue increased $1.7 million and $3.0 million in the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, respectively, compared to the corresponding periods of the prior year. Royalty expense in cloud services cost of revenue increased $951,000 and $2.2 million in the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, respectively, compared to the corresponding periods of the prior year due to greater sales of partner solutions that bear royalties, in particular MobileIron Threat Defense. Data center operations expense increased $584,000 and $791,000 in the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, respectively, compared to the corresponding periods of the prior year. Within data center operations, facilities and infrastructure expense increased $421,000 and $803,000 in the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, respectively, due primarily to third-party hosting costs. In the three months ended June 30, 2020, stock-based

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compensation expense in data center operations increased $154,000 due to higher expense associated with our stock-settled bonus program. The 2020 stock-settled bonus program was approved in the second quarter of 2020 and, consequently, we recognized a cumulative year-to-date expense catch-up in the three months ended June 30, 2020.

License cost of revenue was slightly higher in the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 than the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 due to a modest increase in royalty expense associated with sales of third-party software subscriptions and amortization of intangible assets from our incapptic acquisition partially offset, in the six month period, by a decrease in appliance sales.

Cost of software support and services increased $149,000 and decreased $518,000 in the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, respectively, compared to the corresponding periods of the prior year. Within cost of support and services, Customer Success expense decreased because of reductions in office space, and facility- and travel-related expense. Restrictions related to COVID-19 limited our employees’ ability to travel and use our offices. Those expense decreases were partially offset by increases in payroll-related expense due to hiring, raises and benefits. In the three month period, stock-based compensation expense increased $300,000 due to the 2020 stock-settled bonus program’s cumulative year-to-date expense catch-up.

In the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, we incurred $224,000 and $300,000, respectively, of restructuring expense due to a reduction in our workforce. Additional restructuring expense for both the three and six month periods was recorded in operating expenses. We had no similar restructuring events recorded in cost of revenue in 2020.

Operating Expenses

	Three Months Ended
	June 30,
	2020				2019				Change
			% of				% of
			Total				Total
(in thousands, except percentages)	Amount		Revenue		Amount		Revenue		Amount		%
Operating expenses:
Research and development	$	20,863	36	%	$	19,988	39	%	$	875	4	%
Sales and marketing		24,845	42			26,035	51			(1,190)	(5)
General and administrative		8,887	15			7,626	15			1,261	17
Restructuring expense		—	—			2,219	5			(2,219)	(100)
Total operating expenses	$	54,595	93	%	$	55,868	110	%	$	(1,273)	(2)	%

	Six Months Ended
	June 30,
	2020				2019				Change
			% of				% of
			Total				Total
(in thousands, except percentages)	Amount		Revenue		Amount		Revenue		Amount		%
Operating expenses:
Research and development	$	39,856	36	%	$	41,817	42	%	$	(1,961)	(5)	%
Sales and marketing		48,978	45			50,522	51			(1,544)	(3)
General and administrative		16,120	15			15,545	16			575	4
Restructuring expense		579	1			2,758	3			(2,179)	(79)
Total operating expenses	$	105,533	97	%	$	110,642	112	%	$	(5,109)	(5)	%

Research and development expense increased $875,000, or 4%, in the three months ended June 30, 2020 compared to the corresponding period of 2019. Stock-based compensation expense increased $1.7 million compared to the corresponding period of the prior year due to a cumulative year-to-date expense catch-up for the 2020 stock-settled bonus program in the three months ended June 30, 2020. Consulting and other professional services expense increased $397,000 due to the use of supplemental development resources and patent-related legal services. Facilities and

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infrastructure expense decreased $1.1 million primarily due to lower telecommunications resources required in our cloud platform development process, reductions in office space, and decreases in facility-related expense due to restrictions in the use of our facilities as governments introduced shelter-in-place measures to mitigate the spread of COVID-19. Travel-related expense decreased $205,000 as a result of travel restrictions related to the shelter-in-place measures.

Research and development expense decreased $2.0 million, or 5%, in the six months ended June 30, 2020 compared to the corresponding period of 2019. Facilities and infrastructure expense decreased $2.3 million primarily due to lower telecommunications costs, reductions in office space and decreases in facility-related expense because of restrictions in the use of our facilities. Travel-related expense decreased $310,000 as a result of travel restrictions. Payroll-related expense, excluding stock-based compensation expense, decreased $408,000 due primarily to headcount reductions. The decreases were partially offset by a $607,000 increase in stock-based compensation expense due to higher expense associated with the stock-settled bonus, ESPP and PSU programs, and a $464,000 increase in consulting and other professional services expense due primarily to the use of outside resources to supplement development efforts.

Sales and marketing expense decreased $1.2 million, or 5%, in the three months ended June 30, 2020 compared to the corresponding period of 2019. Travel-related expense decreased $2.1 million as a result of travel restrictions. Marketing program expense decreased $1.7 million due primarily to the cancellation or postponement of our MobileLive annual user conferences. Facilities and infrastructure expense decreased $437,000 due to the cancellation of our annual sales recognition event and a reduction in office-related expense due to restrictions in the use of our facilities. Partially offsetting the decreases, stock-based compensation expense increased $1.3 million because of a cumulative expense catch-up associated with our 2020 stock-settled bonus program and other payroll-related expense increased $1.5 million due primarily to commission expense, merit increases, and other benefits.

Sales and marketing expense decreased $1.5 million, or 3%, in the six months ended June 30, 2020 compared to the corresponding period of 2019. Travel-related expense decreased $2.2 million as a result of travel restrictions. Marketing program expense decreased $2.2 million due primarily to the cancellation or postponement of our MobileLive annual user conferences. Facilities and infrastructure expense decreased $875,000 due to the cancellation of our annual sales recognition event, lower spending on our annual sales kickoff event, and a reduction in office-related expense because of restrictions in the use of our office facilities. Partially offsetting the decreases, stock-based compensation expense increased $1.1 million because of higher expense associated with RSUs and our stock-settled bonus program, and other payroll-related expense increased $2.4 million due primarily to commission expense, merit increases, and other benefits.

General and administrative expense increased $1.3 million, or 17%, in the three months ended June 30, 2020 compared to the corresponding period of 2019. Stock-based compensation expense increased $1.0 million because of a cumulative expense catch-up associated with our 2020 stock-settled bonus program and expense associated with our PSU program, which was introduced near the end of our first quarter of 2020. Consulting and other professional service expense increased $380,000 due primarily to legal fees associated with our acquisition of incapptic.

General and administrative expense increased $575,000, or 4%, in the six months ended June 30, 2020 compared to the corresponding period of 2019. Consulting and other professional service expense increased $477,000 due primarily to legal fees associated with our acquisition of incapptic. Stock-based compensation expense increased $212,000 due primarily to expense associated with our PSU program. Travel- and facility-related expense accounted for a combined $253,000 decrease, largely due to office facility reductions and travel- and facility-related restrictions.

We incurred zero and $579,000 of restructuring expense in the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 compared to $2.2 million and $2.8 million of restructuring expense in operating expenses in corresponding periods of the prior year due to expenses associated with reductions in our workforce and, in the 2019 periods, the exit of an office building. Additional restructuring expense in the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 was recorded in cost of revenue.

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Other Income (Expense)—Net

	Three Months Ended
	June 30,				Change
(in thousands, except percentages)	2020		2019		Amount		%
Other income (expense)—net	$	28	$	540	$	(512)	(95)	%

	Six Months Ended
	June 30,				Change
(in thousands, except percentages)	2020		2019		Amount		%
Other income (expense)—net	$	(80)	$	952	$	(1,032)	(108)	%

Other income (expense)—net was primarily comprised of interest income and gains or losses from foreign currency transactions and the translation of foreign-denominated balances to the U.S. dollar. We recorded $40,000 and $521,000 of interest income for the three months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively, and a $20,000 foreign currency loss and $18,000 foreign currency gain for the three months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively. We recorded $319,000 and $1.1 million of interest income for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively, and a $425,000 and $193,000 foreign currency loss for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively. A lower interest rate environment and our investment of excess cash in money market funds rather than corporate debt and commercial paper reduced our interest income. Changes in the value of the U.S. dollar versus foreign currencies has generally resulted in losses on our foreign-denominated assets, most notably cash and accounts receivable balances.

Income Tax Expense

	Three Months Ended
	June 30,				Change
(in thousands, except percentages)	2020		2019		Amount		%
Income tax expense	$	462	$	479	$	(17)	(4)	%

	Six Months Ended
	June 30,				Change
(in thousands, except percentages)	2020		2019		Amount		%
Income tax expense	$	903	$	936	$	(33)	(4)	%

Income tax expense was $462,000 and $479,000 in the three months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively, and $903,000 and $936,000 in the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Income tax expense is largely recorded for foreign income taxes on profits realized by our foreign subsidiaries as we have expanded internationally over time. We have a full valuation allowance on our deferred tax assets.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

	As of		As of
	June 30,		December 31,
(in thousands)	2020		2019
Cash and cash equivalents	$	87,691	$	94,415

	Six Months Ended
	June 30,				Change
(in thousands, except percentages)	2020		2019		Amount		%
Net cash provided by operating activities	$	1,403	$	3,330	$	(1,927)	(58)	%
Net cash used in investing activities		(6,352)		(1,468)		(4,884)	333
Net cash used in financing activities	$	(1,775)	$	(7,598)	$	5,823	(77)	%

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At June 30, 2020, we had cash and cash equivalents of $87.7 million. Approximately 90% of our cash and cash equivalents are held in the United States.

In addition, we have a $20.0 million revolving line of credit with a financial institution that expires in June 2023 which, after issuing a $1.5 million letter of credit and a $3.0 million bank guarantee, has borrowing capacity of approximately $15.5 million as of June 30, 2020. We are required to maintain an adjusted quick ratio (defined as the ratio of eligible cash and cash equivalents plus accounts receivable to current liabilities minus deferred revenue and customer arrangements with termination rights) of at least 1.25. At June 30, 2020, we had no borrowings outstanding under this revolving loan facility and we were in compliance with our loan covenants.

We believe that our existing cash and cash equivalents will be sufficient to meet our anticipated cash needs for at least the next 12 months. Our future capital requirements will depend on many factors including our growth rate, the timing and extent of spending to support development efforts, the expansion of sales and marketing activities, the introduction of new and enhanced products and services offerings, the continuing market acceptance of our products, any future acquisitions and similar transactions, and the economic impact of COVID-19 on our customers and prospects. Any delays in new customer purchases of our solutions and existing customer renewals, loss of customers, limited ability to expand or upsell within our existing customer base, and pricing pressure related to the business impact of the COVID-19 pandemic could reduce our cash collections. At the same time, we saw some reductions in expenditures for travel, marketing event and some facility-related expense in our second quarter ended June 30, 2020 and expect that trend to generally continue for the remainder of 2020 due to COVID-19. In addition, our discontinuation of sales of perpetual licenses starting in July 2020 will have a negative effect on cash from operations for a period of time, beginning in our fourth quarter of 2020 as subscriptions, which we expect will replace these perpetual licenses, generate lower upfront billing amounts than perpetual licenses. In the event that additional financing is required from outside sources, we may not be able to raise it on terms acceptable to us or at all. If we are unable to raise additional capital when desired, our business, operating results and financial condition would be adversely affected. In October 2018, our Board of Directors approved the repurchase of up to an aggregate of $25.0 million of our common stock, subject to compliance with applicable laws, over a two-year period (the “Repurchase Program”). The maximum remaining dollar value of shares that may be purchased under the Repurchase Program was $9.2 million at June 30, 2020. The amount and timing of any repurchases made under the Repurchase Program will depend on a variety of factors, including available liquidity, cash flow and market conditions.

Cash Provided by Operating Activities

Our primary source of cash from operating activities has been from cash collections from our customers. We expect cash inflows from operating activities to be affected by increases in sales and timing of collections. Our primary use of cash from operating activities has been for personnel costs.

In the six months ended June 30, 2020, we generated $1.4 million of cash from operating activities compared to generating $3.3 million in the corresponding period of the prior year. We incurred a net loss of $21.2 million in the six months ended June 30, 2020 compared to a net loss of $32.7 million in the corresponding period of 2019. In the six months ended June 30, 2020 compared to the corresponding period of 2019, our net loss decreased due to a $9.7 million increase in revenue and a $2.8 million decrease in cost of sales and operating expenses, partially offset by a decrease in other income of $1.0 million. The net loss included non-cash charges of $22.9 million, primarily due to stock-based compensation expense, compared to $22.4 million in the six months ended June 30, 2019. Changes in operating assets and liabilities, as sources of cash, consisted primarily of an $8.7 million decrease in accounts receivable as our fourth fiscal quarter is a seasonally high billing quarter compared to our first and second fiscal quarters and the majority of cash from receivables is collected in the quarter following the billing quarter, and a $1.2 million decreased in deferred commissions. Changes in operating assets and liabilities that used cash consisted primarily of a decrease in unearned revenue of $5.3 million, a decrease in the liability for customer arrangements with termination rights of $4.1 million, and a decrease in accrued expenses and other long-term liabilities of $2.2 million.

In the six months ended June 30, 2019, we generated $3.3 million of cash from operating activities. We incurred a net loss of $32.7 million in the six months ended June 30, 2019. The net loss included non-cash charges of $22.4 million, primarily due to stock-based compensation expense. Changes in operating assets and liabilities, as sources of

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cash, consisted primarily of a $21.7 million decrease in accounts receivable as our fourth fiscal quarter is a seasonally high billing quarter compared to our other quarters and the majority of the cash from receivables is collected in the quarter following the billing quarter. Changes in operating assets and liabilities that used cash consisted primarily of a decrease in accrued expenses and other long-term liabilities of $4.4 million, an increase in other current and noncurrent assets of $2.2 million, and a decrease in the liability for customer arrangements with termination rights of $2.4 million.

Cash Used in Investing Activities

Our investing activities have primarily consisted of purchases of property and equipment and purchases of investment securities, offset by maturities of the investment securities. In the six months ended June 30, 2020, our investing activities also included the purchase of a business.

Cash used in investing activities was $6.4 million for the six months ended June 30, 2020 as compared to $1.5 million used in the corresponding period of 2019. In the six months ended June 30, 2020, we purchased incapptic Connect GmbH for $5.7 million, net of cash acquired. Approximately $1.1 million of the incapptic purchase price was paid to an escrow account and will be distributed to former incapptic shareholders within 24 months, less any amounts used to satisfy any claims for indemnification that we may make for certain breaches of representations, warranties and covenants. In the six months ended June 30, 2020, all of our excess cash was invested in money market funds and consequently we had no purchases of or proceeds from investment securities, compared to the six months ended June 30, 2019 where we received $1.6 million from maturities of investment securities and invested $2.2 million in new investment securities. Cash paid for the purchase of property and equipment was $684,000 and $782,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

Cash Used in Financing Activities

Our financing activities have historically consisted of proceeds from the issuance of common stock, the exercise of stock options, and our ESPP. Our financing activities also include cash used to pay employee payroll taxes as part of the net settlement of our equity awards. Beginning in the fourth quarter of 2018, our financing activities include cash outflows associated with the repurchase of shares of our common stock under a repurchase program approved by our Board of Directors in October 2018.

In the six months ended June 30, 2020, our financing activities used $1.8 million of cash. We received $505,000 from the exercise of stock options and $1.9 million from ESPP contributions. We used $3.5 million to pay employee payroll taxes as part of the net settlement of our stock-settled bonuses and RSUs and $684,000 for the repurchase of common stock.

In the six months ended June 30, 2019, we used $7.6 million of cash for financing activities. We received $1.7 million from the exercise of stock options and $2.1 million from ESPP contributions. We used $4.8 million to pay employee payroll taxes as part of the net settlement of our stock-settled bonuses and RSUs and $6.6 million for the repurchase of common stock.

Off-Balance-Sheet Arrangements

As of June 30, 2020, we did not have off-balance sheet arrangements that have or are reasonably likely to have a current or future effect on our financial condition, changes in financial condition, revenue or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources that are material to stockholders.

Segment Information

We have one primary business activity and operate in one reportable segment, software and services to manage and secure mobile devices, applications and content.

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Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

Management believes that there have been no material changes to our quantitative and qualitative disclosures about market risks compared to those disclosed in Part II, Item 7A, "Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk" in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019 previously filed with the SEC.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures

Limitations on Effectiveness of Controls

In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives. In addition, the design of disclosure controls and procedures must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints and that management is required to apply its judgment in evaluating the benefits of possible controls and procedures relative to their costs.

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of June 30, 2020. The term “disclosure controls and procedures,” as defined in Rule 13a-15 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, means controls and other procedures of a company that are designed to provide a reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to the company’s management, including its principal executive and principal financial officers, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Based on this evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that, as of June 30, 2020, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective to provide reasonable assurance that information we are required to disclose in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported, within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There were no changes in our internal controls over financial reporting identified in connection with the evaluation required by Rule 13a-15(d) and 15d-15(d) of the Exchange Act that occurred during the three months ended June 30, 2020 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal controls over financial reporting.

PART II - OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings

From time to time, we are a party to litigation and subject to claims in the ordinary course of business. Although the results of litigation and claims cannot be predicted with certainty, we currently believe that the final outcome of these ordinary course matters will not have a material adverse effect on our business, financial conditions or results of operations. Regardless of outcome, litigation can have an adverse impact on us because of defense and settlement costs, diversion of management resources and other factors. See Note 12 in Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further information on the lawsuit, MobileIron, Inc. vs. BlackBerry Corp. and BlackBerry Ltd., for patent infringement and other claims that was filed on April 27, 2020.

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Item 1A. Risk Factors

You should carefully consider the following risk factors, in addition to the other information contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, including the section of this report titled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and our financial statements and related notes. If any of the events described in the following risk factors and the risk described elsewhere in this report occur, our business, operating results and financial condition could be seriously harmed and the trading price of our common stock could decline. This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q also contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties.  Our actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in the forward-looking statements as a result of factors that are described below and elsewhere in this report.

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Risks Related to Our Business and Industry

The COVID-19 pandemic could adversely affect our business, operating results and future revenue.

We are closely monitoring the impact of the 2019 novel coronavirus, or COVID-19, on all aspects of our business. In March 2020, the World Health Organization characterized COVID-19 as a pandemic and the President of the United States declared the COVID-19 outbreak a national emergency. Since then, the COVID-19 pandemic has rapidly spread across the globe and has already resulted in significant volatility, uncertainty and economic disruption. While the COVID-19 pandemic has not had a material adverse financial impact on our operations to date, the future impacts of the pandemic and any resulting economic impact are largely unknown. It is possible that the COVID-19 pandemic, the measures taken by the governments of countries affected and the resulting economic impact may materially and adversely affect our business, operating results and future revenue.

The COVID-19 pandemic may prevent us from conducting business activities at full capacity for an extended period of time, including due to spread of the disease or due to shutdowns that are requested or mandated by governmental authorities. For example, we have taken precautionary measures intended to help minimize the risk of the virus to our employees which may disrupt our operations, including closing our offices and requiring all employees to work remotely until we determine to reopen our offices, canceling marketing events, and suspending all non-essential travel worldwide for our employees. An extended period of remote work arrangements could strain our business continuity plans, introduce operational risk, including, but not limited to, cybersecurity risks, prevent us from expanding or upselling our customer base, and impair our ability to effectively manage our business.

In addition, any economic downturn or recession resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic will likely impact demand for our products and services and adversely affect our operations. We expect there to be volatility in customer demand and buying habits as the pandemic continues and the resulting economic impacts are felt, including the possibilities that our end customers delay, decrease or cancel their planned purchases, or are unable to pay amounts owed to us. Any economic downturn could also adversely impact the overall financial condition of our business partners, including our channel partners, which we depend on in order to operate our business and to provide our products and services.

Further, our management team is focused on addressing the impacts of COVID-19 on our business, which has required and will continue to require, a large investment of their time and resources and may distract our management team or disrupt our 2020 operating plans. For example, in light of COVID-19, our management team is actively evaluating many of the investments and initiatives we had planned for 2020, which could potentially impact our 2020 results.

The extent to which COVID-19 ultimately impacts our results of operations, cash flow and financial position will depend on future developments, which are uncertain and cannot be predicted, including, but not limited to, the duration and spread of the outbreak, its severity, the actions taken by governments and authorities to contain the virus or treat its impact, and when and to what extent normal economic and operating conditions can resume. These uncertainties have resulted in volatility in securities and financial markets, which may prevent us from accessing the equity or debt capital markets on attractive terms or at all for a period of time, which could have an adverse effect on our liquidity position. Even after the COVID-19 pandemic has subsided, we may continue to experience materially adverse impacts to our business as a result of its global economic impact, including as a result of any recession that may occur. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic may also exacerbate other risks discussed in this “Risk Factors” section and elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. For these reasons, the current level of uncertainty over the economic and operational impacts of COVID-19 means the impact on our results of operations, cash flows and financial position cannot be reasonably estimated at this time.

We operate in an industry that is rapidly evolving, and we may be unsuccessful in response to these changes.

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Our ability to forecast our future operating results is limited and subject to a number of uncertainties, including our ability to plan for and model future growth. We have encountered and expect to continue to encounter risks and uncertainties frequently experienced by growing companies in rapidly changing markets. If our assumptions regarding these uncertainties are incorrect or change in reaction to changes in our markets, or if we do not manage or address these risks successfully, our results of operations could differ materially from our expectations, and our business could suffer. Any success that we may experience in the future will depend, in large part, on our ability to, among other things:

— retain and expand our customer base on a cost-effective basis;

— increase revenues from existing customers as they add users or devices;

— increase revenues from existing customers as they purchase additional solutions;

— successfully compete in our markets;

— continue to add features and functionality to our solutions to meet customer demand;

— gain market traction with our MobileIron Cloud platform and our more recently introduced products and services such as MobileIron Access and MobileIron Threat Defense;

— continue to invest in research and development and bring new products to market;

— scale our engineering and internal business operations in an efficient and cost-effective manner;

— scale our global Customer Success organization to make our customers successful in their mobile IT deployments;

— continue to expand our solutions across mobile and modern operating systems and device platforms;

— hire, integrate and retain professional and technical talent;

— make our service provider partners successful in their deployments of our solutions and technology;

— successfully expand our business domestically and internationally; and

— successfully protect our intellectual property and defend against intellectual property infringement claims.

We have had net losses each year since our inception and may not achieve or maintain profitability in the future.

We have incurred net losses each year since our inception, including net losses of $48.8 million, $43.1 million in 2019 and 2018, respectively, and $21.2 million for the six months ended June 30, 2020. As of June 30, 2020, our accumulated deficit was $474.1 million. Our revenue growth rate has slowed and we may not be able to sustain or increase our growth rate or achieve or sustain profitability in the future. The revenue growth rate has slowed, and may additionally slow or revenue may decline, for a number of reasons, including, but not limited to our customers’ and/or prospective customers’ failure to widely deploy mobile apps within their businesses, increasing and entrenched competition, changes in pricing model, customers’ failure to renew or expand their deployments of our software, product and billing model mix shift, a decrease in size or growth of the mobile IT market, or any failure to capitalize on market opportunities. We plan to continue to invest for future growth, in part by making additional investments in research and development, and as a result, we do not expect to be profitable for the foreseeable future. In addition, we will need to increase operating efficiency, which may be challenging given our operational complexity, the expenses outlined above, expenses associated with being a public company, and increasing sales of subscriptions that bear royalties. As a result of these increased expenditures, we will have to generate and sustain increased revenues to achieve future profitability. We may incur significant losses in the future for a number of reasons, including without limitation the other risks and uncertainties described in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and in the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year

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ended December 31, 2019 that was previously filed with the SEC. Additionally, we may encounter unforeseen operating expenses, difficulties, complications, delays and other unknown factors that may result in losses in future periods. If these losses exceed our expectations or our revenue growth expectations are not met in future periods, our financial performance will be harmed.

Our operating results may fluctuate significantly, which makes our future results difficult to predict and could cause our operating results to fall below expectations or our guidance.

Our quarterly operating results have fluctuated in the past and may fluctuate significantly in the future. The timing and size of sales of our solutions makes our revenue highly variable and difficult to predict and can result in significant fluctuations in our revenue from period to period. Historically, a substantial portion of our bookings and revenue has been generated from sales of software solutions sold as perpetual licenses or on-premise subscriptions that generate up-front revenue, which tend to close near the end of a given quarter. Further, our customers’ and prospective customers’ buying patterns and sales cycles can vary significantly from quarter to quarter and are not subject to an established pattern over the course of a quarter. Accordingly, at the beginning of a quarter, we have limited visibility into the level of sales that will be made in that quarter. Further, we plan to discontinue the sale of on-premise software priced as a perpetual license beginning the third quarter of 2020, which will result in a short-term decline in license revenue and may make total revenue difficult to predict for a period of time. If expected revenue at the end of any quarter is reduced or delayed for any reason, we may not be able to reduce our costs sufficiently to compensate for an unexpected shortfall in revenue, and even a small shortfall in revenue could disproportionately and adversely affect our operating margin, operating results or other key metrics for a given quarter.

Our operating results may fluctuate due to a variety of factors, many of which are outside of our control, and any of which may cause our stock price to fluctuate. In addition to other risks listed in this “Risk Factors” section, factors that may affect our operating results include, but are not limited to:

— the inherent complexity, length and associated unpredictability of our sales cycles for our solutions;

— the extent to which our customers and prospective customers delay or defer purchase decisions in a quarter, particularly in the last few weeks of the quarter, which is when we typically complete a large portion of our sales for a quarter;

— our ability to develop and release in a timely manner new solutions, features and functionality that meet customer requirements;

— changes in pricing due to competitive pricing pressure or other factors;

— reductions and reprioritizations in customers’ IT budgets and delays in the purchasing cycles of our customers and prospective customers;

— variation in sales channels or in mix of solutions sold, including the mix of solutions sold on a perpetual license basis versus a subscription or monthly recurring contract, or MRC, basis¹; considering the anticipated discontinuance of the sale of on-premise software priced as a perpetual license beginning in the third quarter of 2020;

— the timing of recognizing revenue in any given quarter as a result of revenue recognition accounting rules, including the extent to which revenue from sales transactions in a given period may not be recognized until a future period or, conversely, the satisfaction of revenue recognition rules in a given period resulting in the recognition of revenue from transactions initiated in prior periods;

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— changes in our mix of revenue as a result of our different deployment options and licensing models and the ensuing revenue recognition effects;

— the effect of litigation;

— changes in foreign currency exchange rates;

— general economic conditions in our domestic and international markets; and

— other factors such as political unrest, acts of terrorism or war, natural disasters, and public health crises, such as the COVID-19 pandemic.

¹In the MRC model, revenue is based on active devices or users of the service provider’s customer based on billings reported to us by the service provider on a monthly basis over time and billed by us one month in arrears. Under the usage-based MRC model, we receive no revenue for MRC at the time the deal is booked, but instead the MRC is billed and revenue is recognized each month based on active usage. Unlike one-year and other term subscriptions, MRC is not reflected in unearned revenue unless the customer commits for a longer period of time.

The cumulative effects of these factors could result in large fluctuations and unpredictability in our quarterly operating results. As a result, comparing our operating results on a period-to-period basis may not be meaningful. You should not rely on our past results as an indication of our future performance.

If our customers do not place significant follow-on orders to deploy our solutions widely throughout their companies, or if they do not renew with us or if they do not purchase additional solutions, our future revenue and operating results will be harmed.

In order to increase our revenues we must continually grow our customer base and increase the depth and breadth of the deployments of our solutions with our existing customers. While customers may initially purchase a relatively modest number of licenses, it is important to our revenue growth that they later expand the use of our software on substantially more devices or for more users throughout their business. We also need to upsell—to sell additional solutions—to the same customers. Our strategy also depends on our existing customers renewing their software support or subscription agreements with us. Because of the number of participants, consolidation in the mobile IT market and competing priorities within customers’ IT budgets, customers may delay making initial purchase orders or expanding orders as they take into account the evolving mobile IT landscape. Also, if we do not successfully develop and market new solutions, features and functionality that meet our customers’ needs, they may not place upsell orders or expand orders. The rate at which our customers purchase additional solutions depends on a number of factors, including the relative prioritization of the IT budget allocated to mobile projects versus other IT projects, perceived need for additional solutions, features or functionality, the reliability of our solutions and other competitive factors, such as pricing and competitors’ offerings. If our efforts to sell additional licenses to our customers and to upsell additional solutions to our customers are not successful, our business may suffer. In addition, we have entered into enterprise license arrangements with certain large customers under which they pay an amount up front and in turn can deploy an unlimited number of devices in a certain period, thereby lowering potential future additional orders from those customers.

Further, existing customers that purchase our solutions have no contractual obligation to purchase additional solutions after the initial subscription or contract period, and it is difficult to accurately predict our customer expansion or renewal rates. Our customers’ expansion and renewal rates may decline or fluctuate as a result of a number of factors, including the level of their satisfaction with our solutions or our customer support, customer budgets, the pricing and breadth of our solutions compared with the solutions offered by our competitors, and the impact of our competitors’ selling UEM or mobile security as a component of a broader suite, any of which may cause our revenue to grow more slowly than expected, if at all. Competition from larger companies has in the past and may in the future lengthen the renewal process and require us to recompete for renewal business.

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For smaller or simpler deployments, the switching costs and time are relatively minor compared to traditional enterprise software deployments and a customer may decide not to renew with us and switch to a competitor’s offerings. Accordingly, we must invest significant time and resources in providing ongoing value to our customers. If these efforts fail, or if our customers do not renew for other reasons, or if they renew on terms less favorable to us, our revenue may decline and our business will suffer.

We are in a highly competitive market, and competitive pressures from existing and new companies may harm our business, revenues, growth rates and market share. In addition, there has been consolidation in our market, and a number of our current or potential competitors have longer operating histories, greater brand recognition, larger customer bases and significantly greater resources than we do.

Our market is intensely competitive, and we expect competition to increase in the future from established competitors, consolidations and new market entrants. Our major competitors include BlackBerry, Citrix, IBM, Lookout, Microsoft, Symantec and VMware. A number of our historical competitors have been purchased by large corporations. For example, AirWatch was acquired by VMware, Good Technology was acquired by BlackBerry, and Skycure was acquired by Symantec, which has been acquired by Broadcom. These large corporations have longer operating histories, greater name recognition, larger and better established customer bases, more channel partners, and significantly greater financial, technical, sales, marketing and other resources than we have. Because these competitors possess greater resources, they may be able to adapt more quickly to new technologies and changes in customer requirements, devote greater resources to the promotion and sale of their solutions, purchase companies or new technologies, initiate or withstand substantial price competition, and/or develop and expand their products and features more quickly than we can. In addition, certain of our competitors may be able to leverage their relationships with customers based on an installed base of solutions or to incorporate functionality into existing solutions to gain business in a manner that discourages customers from including us in competitive bidding processes, evaluating and/or purchasing our solutions. They have done this in the past, and may in the future do this, by selling at zero or negative margins, through solution bundling or through enterprise license deals. Some potential customers, especially Forbes Global 2000 Leading Companies, have already made investments in, or may make investments in, substantial personnel and financial resources and established deep relationships with these much larger enterprise IT vendors, which may make them reluctant to evaluate our solutions or work with us regardless of solution performance or features. Potential customers may prefer to purchase a broad suite of solutions from a single provider, or may prefer to purchase mobile IT solutions from an existing supplier rather than a new supplier, regardless of performance or features.

We expect competition to intensify in the future as new and existing competitors introduce new solutions into our market. In addition, some of our competitors have entered into partnerships or other strategic relationships or purchased companies to offer a more comprehensive solution than they individually had offered. We expect this trend to continue as companies attempt to strengthen or maintain their market positions in an evolving industry. This competition has resulted in the past and could in the future result in increased pressure on pricing and renewals, increased sales and marketing expenses, or harm to our market share, any of which could harm our business. Competitors’ offerings may in the future have better performance or features, lower prices and/or broader acceptance than our solutions. Competitors’ products could also include new technologies, which could render our existing solutions obsolete or less attractive to customers, or be bundled with legacy enterprise security and management products as a “one-stop-shop” offering, which certain customers with large installed bases of those legacy products may prefer. If we fail to keep up with technological changes or to convince our customers and potential customers of the value of our solutions, our business, operating results and financial condition could be materially and adversely affected.

We compete in rapidly evolving markets and must develop new solutions and enhancements to our existing solutions. If we fail to predict and respond rapidly to emerging technological trends and our customers’ changing needs, we may not be able to remain competitive. In addition, we may not generate positive returns on our research and development investments, which may harm our operating results.

Our markets are characterized by rapidly changing technology, changing customer needs, evolving operating system standards and frequent introductions of new offerings. To succeed, we must effectively anticipate, and adapt in a timely manner to, customer and multiple operating system requirements and continue to develop or acquire new solutions and features that meet market demands and technology trends. Likewise, if our competitors introduce new offerings that compete with ours or incorporate features that are not available in our solutions, we may be required to

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reposition our solutions or introduce new solutions in response to such competitive pressure. We may not have access to or have adequate notice of new operating system developments, and we may experience unanticipated delays in developing new solutions and cloud services or fail to meet customer expectations for such solutions. If we fail to timely develop and introduce new solutions or enhancements that respond adequately to new challenges in the mobile IT market, our business could be adversely affected, especially if our competitors are able to more timely introduce solutions with such increased functionality.

We have invested significant time and financial resources in the development of our platforms and infrastructure and believe that we must continue to dedicate substantial resources to our research and development efforts to maintain our competitive position.  Developing our products is expensive, and the investment in product development may not generate additional revenue in the near-term or at all. The research and development of new technologically advanced products is also a complex and uncertain process requiring high levels of innovation and investment, as well as the accurate forecasts of technology, market trends and consumer needs. Our failure to successfully develop new and improved products, services and technologies may reduce our future growth and profitability and may adversely affect our business, results and financial condition.

We have invested in MobileIron Access and MobileIron Threat Defense but have not yet gained significant market traction in these product lines. Should our MobileIron Access or MobileIron Threat Defense fail to achieve significant market traction, we would lose the value of our investment and our business and operating results may be harmed.

We recently acquired the incapptic product line with the acquisition of incapptic in April 2020. We do not know at this time whether incapptic will achieve significant market traction.

Further, we may be required to commit significant resources to developing new solutions before knowing whether our investments will result in solutions that the market will accept. We are in the process of phasing out our older cloud-based product in favor of MobileIron Cloud, our newer and more scalable cloud-only platform. The failure to successfully market MobileIron Cloud as a replacement and improvement to our older cloud-based product or the failure of our current on-premise customers and prospective customers to adopt MobileIron Cloud for any reason could result in a decline in our revenue.

These risks are greater in the mobile IT market because our software is deployed on endpoints (e.g., phones, tablets or laptops) that run on different operating systems, and these multiple operating systems change frequently in response to consumer demand. As a result, we may need to release new software updates at a much greater pace than a traditional enterprise software company that supports only traditional PCs. We may experience technical design, engineering, marketing and other difficulties that could delay or prevent the development, introduction or marketing of new solutions and enhancements on both of our technology platforms. As a result, we may not be successful in modifying our current solutions or introducing new ones in a timely or appropriately responsive manner, or at all. If we fail to address these changes successfully, our business and operating results could be materially harmed.

Finally, all of our additional solutions require customers to use our MobileIron platform, whether deployed on-premise or through our cloud service. As such, virtually all of our revenue depends on the continued adoption and use of the MobileIron platform. If customers and prospective customers decided to stop using or purchasing the MobileIron platform, our product strategy and business would be harmed.

An increasing portion of our sales has been generated from subscription licenses, which involves certain risks.

An increasing portion of our sales has been generated from subscription licenses, and we plan to discontinue the sale of on-premise software priced as a perpetual license beginning in the third quarter of 2020. This shift towards subscription licensing, and differing revenue recognition patterns between the different types of subscriptions that we offer under the new revenue accounting guidelines, present a number of risks to us. We recognize a substantial portion of our subscription revenues over the term of the subscription agreement as compared to sales of perpetual licenses, which are recognized up-front at the time of delivery. Under the new revenue accounting guidelines, a portion of subscriptions to on-premises software is recognized up-front, while the remainder of the subscription is recognized over the subscription term. That revenue recognition pattern is different from subscriptions to cloud offerings, for which all

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revenue is recognized ratably over the term of the subscription. Customers in a subscription arrangement may elect not to renew their contractual arrangement with us upon expiration, or they may attempt to renegotiate pricing or other contract provisions on terms that are less favorable to us. MRC revenue, which is currently included in subscription revenue in our statements of operations, is recognized monthly on the basis of active users or devices and thus will fluctuate from month to month. Service providers that operate on an MRC billing model typically report to us in arrears on a monthly basis the number of actual users or devices deployed, and then we generate invoices based on those reports. Therefore, invoicing and collection logistics often result in a longer collection cycle. In addition, service providers may bundle our solution with their offerings and price aggressively, which could result in a decrease in MRC billings. These factors could negatively affect our cash flow to the extent subscription revenue includes MRC revenue.

Changes in features and functionality by operating system providers and mobile device manufacturers could cause us to make short-term changes in engineering focus or product development or otherwise impair our product development efforts or strategy, increase our costs, and harm our business.

Our platform depends on interoperability with operating systems, such as those provided by Apple, Google and Microsoft, as well as device manufacturers. Because mobile and other modern operating systems are released more frequently than legacy PC operating systems, and we typically have limited advance notice of changes in features and functionality of operating systems and mobile devices, we may be forced to divert resources from our preexisting product roadmap in order to accommodate these changes. As a result of this limited advance notice, we also have a short time to implement and test changes to our product to accommodate these new features, which increases the risk of product defects. In addition, if we fail to enable IT departments to support operating system upgrades upon release, our business and reputation could suffer. This could disrupt our product roadmap and cause us to delay introduction of planned solutions, features and functionality, which could harm our business.

Operating system providers have included, and may continue to include, features and functionality in their operating systems that are comparable to certain of our solutions, features and/or functionality, thereby making our platform less valuable. The inclusion of, or the announcement of an intent to include, functionality perceived to be similar to that offered by our mobile IT solutions in mobile or other modern operating systems may have an adverse effect on our ability to market and sell our solutions. Even if the functionality offered by mobile operating system providers is more limited than our solutions, a significant number of potential customers may elect to accept such limited functionality in lieu of purchasing our solutions. Furthermore, some of the features and functionality in our solutions require interoperability with operating system APIs, and if operating system providers decide to restrict our access to their APIs, that functionality would be lost and our business could be impaired. Finally, we have entered into contractual arrangements with operating systems providers and/or mobile device manufactures, under which we are obligated to certain development priorities, which can further limit our engineering flexibility.

We have experienced substantial turnover, and the loss of key personnel or an inability to attract, retain and motivate qualified personnel may impair our ability to expand our business.

Our success is substantially dependent upon the continued service and performance of our senior management team and key technical, marketing, sales and operations personnel. Over the last five years, we have experienced substantial turnover in our sales, engineering, marketing, product management and executive teams, and this could continue in the future. The replacement of any members of our senior management team or other key personnel likely would involve significant time and costs and may harm our business, operating results and financial condition. Our future success also depends, in part, on our ability to continue to attract, integrate and retain highly skilled personnel, in particular engineers and sales personnel. Competition for highly skilled personnel is frequently intense, especially in the San Francisco Bay Area, where we have a substantial presence and need for highly skilled personnel, including, in particular, engineers. We must offer competitive compensation and opportunities for professional growth in order to attract and retain these highly skilled employees. Failure to successfully attract, integrate or retain qualified personnel to fulfill our current or future needs may negatively impact our growth.

A failure of our product strategy could harm our business.

Our product and business strategy is highly dependent on current and future customers continuing to adopt our solutions, features, and functionality, including expanding to newer products, such as MobileIron Access and MobileIron

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Threat Defense, and with existing on-premise customers migrating to MobileIron Cloud. Slow adoption by enterprises of mobile business applications may slow the adoption of our platform, because customers who are not deploying business apps other than email may not see value in our more advanced application security and management capabilities. If customers shift from client-side apps to web apps as the preferred interface for end-users, it would reduce the value of our security solution because less confidential data would reside on the endpoint. Operating system providers and larger software companies could harm our strategy by creating competitive solutions and/or bundling those solutions in a broader portfolio of products. For example, Microsoft bundled certain UEM capabilities into Microsoft 365 in an attempt to dissuade customers from using solutions like MobileIron. If our product strategy is not successful for these or other reasons, the value of our investment would be lost and our results of operations would be harmed.

If we are not able to scale our business and manage our expenses, our operating results may suffer.

We have expanded, decreased and/or relocated specific functions over time in order to scale efficiently, including restructurings in 2016, 2017, 2019 and the first half of 2020, to improve our cost structure and help scale our business. Our need to scale our business has placed, and will continue to place, a significant strain on our administrative and operational business processes, infrastructure, facilities and other resources. Our ability to manage our operations will require significant expenditures and allocation of valuable management resources to improve internal business processes and systems, including investments in automation. Further international expansion may also be required for our continued business growth, and managing any international expansion will require additional resources and controls. If our operations infrastructure and business processes fail to keep pace with our business and customer requirements, customers may experience disruptions in service or support or we may not scale the business efficiently, which could adversely affect our reputation and adversely affect our revenues. There is no guarantee that we will be able to continue to develop and expand our infrastructure and business processes at the pace necessary to scale the business, and our failure to do so may have an adverse effect on our business. If we fail to efficiently expand our engineering, operations, customer support, professional services, cloud infrastructure, IT and financial organizations and systems, or if we fail to implement or maintain effective internal business processes, controls and procedures, our costs and expenses may increase more than we planned or we may fail to execute on our product roadmap or our business plan, any of which would likely seriously harm our business, operating results and financial condition.

A security breach of our cloud service infrastructure or a disruption of our cloud service availability for any reason could result in liabilities, lost business and reputational harm.

In connection with providing our cloud service to customers, we obtain access to certain data, such as employees’ names, registration credentials, mobile device ID, geolocation of last device check-in, business email addresses, mobile phone numbers, business contact information and the list of applications installed on the mobile devices. Any security breach of the systems used to provide the cloud service, whether through third-party action or employee error or malfeasance, could result in damage, loss, misuse or theft of such data. A breach could also give rise to litigation or require us to incur financial and operational expenses in connection with fulfillment of certain indemnity obligations to our cloud service customers, settling or defending claims made against us, or complying with specific laws or regulations such as breach notification requirements.  Techniques used to sabotage or obtain unauthorized access to information processing systems change frequently and are generally not recognized until launched against a target. As a result, we may be unable to anticipate these techniques or to implement adequate preventative or mitigation measures in a timely manner. Because our software is designed to enable IT administrators to secure and manage customers’ data transmitted to or stored on employees’ mobile devices, the publicity associated with an actual or perceived breach of our cloud service infrastructure would likely result in reputational damage, as well as loss of potential sales and existing customers. In addition, unexpected increases in demand at one customer may affect the overall service in unanticipated ways and may cause a disruption in service for other customers of this platform. We have experienced, and may in the future experience, disruptions, outages and other performance problems with our cloud service. These problems may be caused by a variety of factors, including, but not limited to, infrastructure changes, human or software errors, viruses, malicious code, denial of service or other security attacks, fraud, spikes in customer usage and interruption or loss of critical third party hosting, power or Internet connectivity services. If we sustain disruptions of our cloud services for any reason, our reputation, business and results of operations would be seriously harmed.

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Defects in our solutions could harm our business, including as a result of customer dissatisfaction, data breaches or other disruption, and subject us to substantial liability.

Because the mobile IT market involves multiple operating platforms, we provide frequent incremental releases of solution updates and functional enhancements. Such new versions frequently contain undetected errors when first introduced or released. We have found defects in new releases of our solutions, and new errors in our existing solutions may be detected in the future. Defects in our solutions may also result in vulnerability to security attacks, which could result in claims by customers and users for losses that they sustain.

Because our customers use our solutions for important aspects of their business, any errors, defects, disruptions in service or other performance problems with our solutions could hurt our reputation and may damage our customers’ businesses. In certain instances, our customers have stopped using or failed to expand use of, our solutions as a result of defects, and this may happen in the future.  In addition, customers may delay or withhold payment to us, elect not to renew and make warranty claims or other claims against us. In addition, we rely on positive customer experiences in order to sell additional products to other customers or sell to new customers. Defects or disruptions in our solutions could result in reputational harm and loss of future sales. In addition, regardless of the party at fault, errors of these kinds divert the attention of our engineering personnel from our development efforts, damage our reputation and the reputation of our solutions, cause significant customer relations problems can result in product liability claims, and negatively impact our stock price.

Security breaches and other disruptions of our information systems could significantly impair our operations, compromise our ability to conduct our business and deliver our products and services, and result in significant data losses, theft of our intellectual property, significant liability, damage to our reputation, and loss of current and future business.

We rely on our IT systems for almost all of our business operations, including internal operations, product development, sales and marketing, and communications with customers and other business partners. The secure processing, maintenance and transmission of both our own sensitive information and our customers’ data is critical to our operations and business strategy. Despite our security measures, our information technology systems and infrastructure may be vulnerable to attacks by hackers or breached due to employee error, compromised networks of our third party service providers, malfeasance or other disruptions. While we have incurred no material cyber-attacks or security breaches to date, any cyber security attack could result in the damage, loss, theft or misappropriation of our proprietary information or our customers’ data and/or cause interruptions of our internal business operations or the delivery of our solutions to customers. Because the techniques used by unauthorized persons to access or sabotage networks change frequently and may not be recognized until launched against a target, we may be unable to anticipate these techniques or readily detect or take remedial action against an attack. Further, if unauthorized access or sabotage remains undetected for an extended period of time, the effects of such breach could be exacerbated. We also depend on our employees to handle confidential data appropriately and deploy our information resources in a secure fashion that does not expose our network systems to security breaches and the loss of data. Any breach as a result of cyber criminals or employee malfeasance or error could compromise our networks and the information stored there could be accessed, publicly disclosed, lost or stolen. Our insurance may not be sufficient to cover all of our losses from any future breaches of our systems. We have also outsourced a number of our business functions to third parties, and we rely on distributors, resellers, system vendors, and system integrators to sell our products and services. Thus our business operations also depend, in part, on their cybersecurity measures. Any material cyber-related incident, including unauthorized access, disclosure or other loss of information, could result in legal claims or proceedings, investigations by law enforcement or regulatory bodies, liability under laws that protect the confidentiality of personal information, regulatory penalties, could disrupt our operations and the solutions we provide to customers, could compromise our ability to protect our intellectual property rights, could damage our reputation, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and operating results, and could negatively impact our stock price.

We depend and rely upon technologies from third parties to operate our products, and interruptions or performance problems with these technologies may adversely affect our business and results of operations.

We rely on applications from third parties in order to operate critical functions of our products. If these services become unavailable due to extended outages, interruptions, errors or defects or because they are no longer available on

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commercially reasonable terms, our expenses could increase, our ability to manage finances could be interrupted and supporting our customers could be impaired until equivalent services, if available, are identified, obtained and implemented, all of which could adversely affect our business.

Real or perceived errors, failures or bugs in our software could adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition, and growth prospects.

Our software is complex, and therefore, undetected errors, failures or bugs may occur in the future. Our software is used in IT environments with different operating systems, system management software, applications, devices, databases, servers, storage, middleware, custom and third-party applications and equipment and networking configurations, which may cause errors or failures in the IT environment into which our software is deployed. This diversity increases the likelihood of errors or failures in those IT environments. Despite testing by us, real or perceived errors, failures or bugs may not be found until our customers use our software. Real or perceived errors, failures or bugs in our products could result in negative publicity, loss of or delay in market acceptance of our software and harm our brand, weakening of our competitive position, claims by customers for losses sustained by them or failure to meet the stated service level commitments in our customer agreements. In such an event, we may be required, or may choose, for customer relations or other reasons, to expend significant additional resources in order to help correct the problem. Any errors, failures or bugs in our software could impair our ability to attract new customers, retain existing customers or expand their use of our software, which would adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Disruptions of the third-party data centers that host our cloud service could result in delays or outages of our cloud service and harm our business.

We currently host our cloud services from third-party data center facilities operated by providers such as AWS, which are located around the world. Any damage to, or failure of, our cloud services that are hosted by these third parties, whether as a result of our actions, actions by the third-party data centers, actions by other third parties, or acts of God, could result in interruptions in our cloud services and/or the loss of data. While the third-party data centers host the server infrastructure, we manage the cloud services through our site reliability engineering team and need to support version control, changes in cloud software parameters and the evolution of our solutions, all in a multi-OS environment. As we continue to add data centers and capacity in our existing data centers, we may move or transfer our data and our customers’ data. Despite precautions taken during this process, any unsuccessful data transfers may impair the delivery of our services. In some cases, we have entered into contractual service level commitments to maintain uptime of at least 99.9% for our cloud services platform and if we or our third-party data center facilities fail to meet these service level commitments, we may have to issue credits to these customers. Impairment of, or interruptions in, our cloud services may reduce our subscription revenues, subject us to claims and litigation, cause our customers to terminate their subscriptions and adversely affect our subscription renewal rates and our ability to attract new customers. Our business will also be harmed if our customers and potential customers believe our services are unreliable.

We do not control, or in some cases have limited control over, the operation of the data center facilities we use, and they are vulnerable to damage or interruption from earthquakes, floods, fires, power loss, telecommunications failures and similar events. They may also be subject to break-ins, sabotage, intentional acts of vandalism and similar misconduct, and to adverse events caused by operator error. We may not be able to rapidly switch to new data centers or move customers from one data center to another in the event of any adverse event. Despite precautions taken at these facilities, the occurrence of a natural disaster, public health crisis, an act of terrorism or other act of malfeasance, a decision to close the facilities without adequate notice, or other unanticipated problems at these facilities could result in lengthy interruptions in our services and the loss of customer data and business.

The prices of our solutions may decrease or we may change our licensing and subscription programs, renewal programs or bundling arrangements, which may reduce our revenue and adversely impact our financial results.

The prices for our solutions may decline for a variety of reasons, including competitive pricing pressures, discounts, enterprise-wide licensing arrangements, bundling of solutions, features and functionality by us or our competitors, potential changes in our pricing, anticipation of the introduction of new solutions, or promotional programs for customers or channel partners. Competition and consolidation continue to increase in the markets in which we

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participate, and we expect competition to further increase in the future, leading to increased pricing pressures. Larger competitors with more diverse product lines may reduce the price of solutions or services that compete with ours or may bundle their solutions with other solutions and services. Furthermore, we anticipate that the sales prices and gross profits for our solutions will decrease over product life cycles. If we are unable to increase sales to offset any decline in our prices, our business and results of operations would be harmed.

We continually re-evaluate our licensing and subscription programs and renewal programs, including specific license and subscription models and terms and conditions. We have in the past implemented, and could in the future implement, new licensing and subscription programs, renewal programs or bundling arrangements, including promotional programs or specified enhancements to our current and future solutions, enterprise licensing arrangements, discounted pricing and/or conversion of service providers or customers from one billing model to another. Such billing model, renewal programs or licensing and subscription arrangement changes may result in delayed revenue recognition.

Our ability to sell our solutions is highly dependent on the quality of our support, which is made complex by the requirements of mobile IT. Our failure to deliver high quality support would have a material adverse effect on our sales and results of operations.

Once our solutions are deployed, our customers depend on our support organization or that of our channel partners to resolve any issues relating to our solutions. Our failure to provide effective support has in the past, and could in the future, adversely affect our ability to sell our solutions or increase the number of licenses sold to existing customers. Our customer support is especially critical because the mobile IT market requires relatively frequent software releases. Mobile IT requires a complex set of features, functionality and controls, which makes support critical and difficult. In addition, we target companies on the Forbes Global 2000 Leading Companies list, many of whom have complex networks and require higher levels of support than smaller customers. As customers deploy more licenses and purchase a broader array of our solutions, the complexity and difficulty of our support obligations increase. If we fail to meet the requirements of the larger customers, it may be more difficult to increase our deployments either within our existing Forbes Global 2000 Leading Companies list or other customers or with new Forbes Global 2000 Leading Companies list customers. We face additional challenges in supporting our non-U.S. customers, including the employment and retention of qualified support personnel and the need to rely on channel partners to provide support.

We rely substantially on channel partners for the sale and distribution of our solutions and, in some instances, for the support of our solutions. A loss of certain channel partners, a decrease in revenues from certain of these channel partners or any failure in our channel strategy could adversely affect our business.

A substantial portion of our sales are through channel partners – either telecommunications carriers, which we call service providers, or other resellers – and thus we depend on our channel partners and on our channel partner strategy for the vast majority of our revenue. Our international resellers often enter into agreements directly with our mutual customers to host our software and provide other value-added services, such as IT administration.

Our service provider partners often provide support to our customers and enter into similar agreements directly with our mutual customers to host our software and/or provide other value-added services. Our agreements and operating relationships with our service provider partners are complex and require a significant commitment of internal time and resources. In addition, our service provider partners are large corporations with multiple strategic businesses and relationships, and thus our business may not be significant to them in the overall context of their much larger enterprise. These partnerships may require us to adhere to outside policies, which may be administratively challenging and could result in a decrease in our ability to complete sales. Even if the service provider partner considers us to be an important strategic relationship, internal processes at these large partners are sometimes difficult and time-consuming to navigate. Thus, any loss of a major channel partner or failure of our channel strategy could adversely affect our business. AT&T, as a reseller, is our largest service provider partner and was responsible for 9% of our total revenue in 2019.

Our agreements with AT&T and our other channel partners are non-exclusive and most of our channel partners have entered, and may continue to enter, into strategic relationships with our competitors. Our channel partners may terminate their respective relationships with us with limited or no notice and with limited or no penalty, pursue other partnerships or relationships, or attempt to develop or acquire solutions or services that compete with our solutions. If our channel partners do not effectively market and sell our solutions, if they choose to place greater emphasis on

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solutions of their own or those offered by our competitors, or if they fail to provide adequate support or otherwise meet the needs of our customers, our ability to grow our business and sell our solutions may be adversely affected. The loss of our channel partners, in particular AT&T, the failure to recruit additional channel partners, or any reduction or delay in sales of our solutions by our channel partners could materially and adversely affect our results of operations. In addition, we have sold and will sell directly to end-user customers, which may adversely affect our relationship with our channel partners.

Our sales cycles for large enterprises are often long, unpredictable and expensive. As a result, our sales and revenue are difficult to predict and may vary substantially from period to period, which may cause our operating results to fluctuate significantly.

Our sales efforts involve educating our customers about the use and benefits of our solutions, including the technical capabilities of our solutions and the business value of our solutions. Many of our large customers have very complex IT systems, mobile environments and data privacy and security requirements. Accordingly, many of these customers undertake a significant evaluation process, which frequently involves not only our solutions, but also those of our competitors, and has resulted in lengthy sales cycles. We spend substantial time, money and effort on our sales activities without any assurance that our efforts will produce any sales. In addition, purchases of our solutions are frequently subject to budget constraints, multiple purchase approvals, lengthy contract negotiations and unplanned administrative, processing and other delays. Moreover, the evolving nature of the mobile IT market may lead prospective customers to postpone their purchasing decisions pending adoption of technology by others or pending potential consolidation in the market, and may require evaluation of our product my multiple functions within their company. As a result of our lengthy sales cycle, it is difficult to predict whether and when a sale will be completed, and our operating results may vary significantly from quarter to quarter. Even if sales are completed, the revenues we receive from these customers may not be sufficient to offset our upfront investments.

We seek to sell our solutions to large enterprises. Sales to and support of these types of enterprises involve risks that could harm our business, financial position and results of operations.

Our growth strategy is dependent, in part, upon increasing sales of our solutions to large enterprises. Sales to large customers involve risks that may not be present (or that are present to a lesser extent) with sales to smaller entities. These risks include:

— more complicated network requirements, which result in more difficult and time-consuming implementation processes;

— more intense and time-consuming customer support practices;

— increased purchasing power and leverage held by large customers in negotiating contractual arrangements with us;

— more customer-favorable contractual terms, including penalties;

— longer sales cycles and the associated risk that substantial time and resources may be spent on a potential customer that ultimately elects not to purchase our solution or purchases fewer licenses than we had anticipated;

— closer relationships with, and dependence upon, large technology companies that offer competitive solutions;

— an RFP process that may favor incumbent or larger technology companies;

— increased reputational risk as a result of data breaches or other problems involving high profile customers; and

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— more pressure for discounts.

If we are unable to increase sales of our solutions to large enterprises while mitigating the risks associated with serving such customers, our business, financial position and results of operations may suffer.

Our failure to comply with privacy and data protection laws could have a material adverse effect on our business.

Personal privacy and data protection have become significant issues in the United States, Europe and elsewhere where we offer our solutions. We collect contact and other personal or identifying information from our customers, and our customers increasingly use our cloud services to store and process personal information and other regulated data. We also maintain personal data of our employees in connection with our HR and benefits administration and share that information with third party payroll and benefits providers.

Many federal, state and foreign government bodies and agencies have adopted or are considering adopting laws and regulations regarding the collection, use, disclosure and retention of personal information, with which we must comply. The variety, complexity and changing nature of the privacy law landscape worldwide is challenging. If our solutions fail to adequately separate personal information and to maintain the security of enterprise applications and data, the market perception of the effectiveness of our solutions could be harmed, employee adoption of mobile initiatives could be slowed, we could lose potential sales and existing customers, and we could incur significant liabilities.

If any of our customers or prospective customers decide not to purchase our software as a result of this regulatory uncertainty, our revenues could decline and our business could suffer. Any inability to adequately address privacy concerns, whether valid or not, or to comply with applicable privacy or data protection laws, regulations and privacy standards, could result in additional cost and liability to us, damage our reputation, inhibit sales of our solutions and harm our business. Furthermore, the attention garnered by the National Security Agency’s bulk intelligence collection programs may result in further concerns surrounding privacy and technology products, which could harm our business.

The European Union data protection law, the General Data Protection Regulation (“GDPR”), which became enforceable in May 2018, is wide-ranging in scope. To adapt to these new requirements, we have invested and will continue to invest resources necessary to enhance our policies and controls across our business units, products and services relating to how we collect and use personal data relating to customers, distributors, resellers, personnel and suppliers. Additionally, we expect that the international transfer of personal data will present ongoing compliance challenges and complicate our business transactions as we negotiate and implement suitable arrangements with international customers and international and domestic suppliers. Failure to comply may lead to fines of up to €20 million or up to 4% of the annual global revenues of the infringer, whichever is greater. EU data protection laws and their interpretations continue to develop, and may be inconsistent from jurisdiction to jurisdiction, which may further impact our information processing activities. Further, laws such as the EU’s proposed e-Privacy Regulation are increasingly aimed at the use of personal information for marketing purposes, and the tracking of individuals’ online activities. In addition, certain countries outside the EU are considering or have passed legislation that requires local storage and processing of data, which could increase the cost and complexity of delivering our products and services. Our current arrangements for the transfer of personal data will need to continue to adapt to future judicial decisions and regulatory activity as laws on privacy and the protection of personal data continue to evolve in the countries in which we and our customers do business. If we do not adapt to such changes in the laws or regulations, our business and reputation could be harmed.

The implementation of GDPR has led other jurisdictions to enact, amend, or propose legislation to amend their existing data privacy and cybersecurity laws to resemble the requirements of GDPR. For example, the California Consumer Privacy Act of 2018 (“CCPA”) came into effect on January 1, 2020 and began being enforced on July 1, 2020. The CCPA has been characterized as the first “GDPR-like” privacy statute to be enacted in the United States because it mirrors a number of the key provisions in the GDPR. California Attorney General (“AG”) Xavier Becerra submitted final proposed regulations on June 1, 2020 to guide covered businesses’ implementation of the CCPA. The regulations address several CCPA provisions that explicitly call for the AG’s input, as well as others that have been the subject of confusion, criticism, or discussion. Because of this, we will need to engage in additional, ongoing compliance

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efforts, including data mapping to identify the personal information we are collecting and the purposes for which such information is collected and enhanced consumer rights with respect to their data. If we are unable to meet these standards, our business could be harmed.

The failure of third parties to comply with privacy and data security laws could harm our business.

The regulatory framework for privacy and data security issues worldwide is currently evolving and is likely to remain uncertain for the foreseeable future, in particular as it relates to cloud computing vendors. Our existing contractual provisions may not protect us from claims for data loss or regulatory noncompliance made against cloud computing providers with whom we contract. Any failure by us or our channel partners or cloud computing vendors to comply with posted privacy policies, other privacy-related or data protection laws and regulations, or the privacy and security commitments contained in contracts could result in legal or regulatory proceedings and/or fines, our business and reputation could be harmed. Our implementation of, and ongoing compliance with, the GDPR, the CCPA and other legislation that has been or may be enacted in the future, may be costly and distracting to management.

Employee adoption of mobile initiatives depends on the credible and clear separation of enterprise applications and data from personal applications and data on the device, as well as the employee’s data privacy. For our customers, it is also essential to maintain the security of enterprise data properly while retaining the native experience users expect. While we contractually obligate our customers to make the required disclosures, gain the required consents from their employees and otherwise comply with applicable law regarding the processing of personally identifiable information that the employer may access, we do not control whether they in fact do so. Any claim by a customer’s employee that his or her employer had not complied with applicable privacy and data security laws in connection with the deployment and use of our software on the employee’s mobile device could harm our reputation and business and subject us to liability, whether or not warranted.

We may acquire other businesses which could require significant management attention, disrupt our business, dilute stockholder value and adversely affect our operating results.

As part of our business strategy, we may make investments in complementary companies, solutions or technologies. We may not be able to find suitable acquisition candidates, and we may not be able to complete such acquisitions on favorable terms, if at all. If we do complete acquisitions, such as the acquisition of incapptic Connect GmbH that we announced on April 29, 2020, we may not ultimately strengthen our competitive position or achieve our goals. In addition, if we are unsuccessful at integrating such acquisitions, fail to properly identify issues or liabilities in the business and assets we may acquire or are unsuccessful in developing the acquired technologies, the revenue and operating results of the combined company could be adversely affected. We have in the past and could in the future record impairment losses in connection with acquisitions. Further, the integration of an acquired company typically requires significant time and resources, and we may not be able to manage the process successfully and such activities could be distracting to management. We may not successfully evaluate or utilize the acquired technology or personnel or accurately forecast the financial impact of an acquisition transaction, including accounting charges. We may have to pay cash, incur debt or issue equity securities to pay for any such acquisition, each of which could adversely affect our financial condition or the value of our common stock. The sale of equity to finance any such acquisition could result in dilution to our stockholders. The incurrence of indebtedness would result in increased fixed obligations and could also include covenants or other restrictions that would impede our ability to manage our operations.

We have indemnity obligations under our contracts with our customers and channel partners, which could have a material adverse effect on our business.

In our agreements with customers and channel partners, in the indemnification provisions we typically agree to defend and settle claims by third parties of intellectual property infringement and sometimes other third party claims. If any such indemnification obligations are triggered, we could face substantial liabilities or be forced to make changes to our solutions or terminate our customer agreements and refund monies. In addition, provisions regarding limitation of liability in our agreements with customers or channel partners may not be enforceable in some circumstances or jurisdictions or may not protect us from claims and related liabilities and costs. We maintain insurance to protect against certain types of claims associated with the use of our solutions, but our insurance may not adequately cover any such claims. In addition, even claims that ultimately are unsuccessful could result in expenditures of and divert management’s

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time and other resources. Furthermore, any legal claims from customers and channel partners could result in reputational harm and the delay or loss of market acceptance of our solutions.

A portion of our revenues are generated by sales to heavily regulated organizations and governmental entities, which are subject to a number of challenges and risks.

Some of our customers are either in highly regulated industries or are governmental entities and may be required to comply with more stringent regulations in connection with the implementation and use of our solutions. Selling to these entities can be highly competitive, expensive and time consuming, often requiring significant upfront time and expense without any assurance that we will successfully complete a sale or that the organization will deploy our solution at scale. Highly regulated and governmental entities often require contract terms that differ from our standard arrangements and impose compliance requirements that are complicated, require preferential pricing or “most favored nation” terms and conditions, or are otherwise time-consuming and expensive to satisfy. If we are unable to gain any required federal clearance or certificate in a timely manner, or at all, we would likely be prohibited from selling to particular federal customers. In addition, government demand and payment for our solutions and services may be impacted by public sector budgetary cycles and funding authorizations, particularly in light of U.S. budgetary challenges, with funding reductions or delays adversely affecting public sector demand for our solutions. The additional costs associated with providing our solutions to governmental entities and highly regulated customers could harm our margins. Moreover, changes in the underlying regulatory conditions that affect these types of customers could harm our ability to efficiently provide our solutions to them and to grow or maintain our customer base.

If our solutions do not interoperate with our customers’ IT infrastructures, sales of our solutions could be negatively affected.

Our solutions need to interoperate with our customers’ existing IT infrastructures, which have varied and complex specifications. As a result, we must attempt to ensure that our solutions interoperate effectively with these different, complex and varied back-end environments. To meet these requirements, we have and must continue to undertake development and testing efforts that require significant capital and employee resources. We may not accomplish these development efforts quickly or cost-effectively, or at all. If our solutions do not interoperate effectively, orders for our solutions could be delayed or cancelled, which would harm our revenues, gross margins and reputation, potentially resulting in the loss of existing and potential customers. The failure of our solutions to interoperate effectively within the enterprise environment may divert the attention of our engineering personnel from our development efforts and cause significant customer relations problems. In addition, if our customers are unable to implement our solutions successfully, they may not renew or expand their deployments of our solutions, customer perceptions of our solutions may be impaired and our reputation and brand may suffer.

Although technical problems experienced by users may not be caused by our solutions, our business and reputation may be harmed if users perceive our solutions as the cause of a device failure.

The ability of our solutions to operate effectively can be negatively impacted by many different elements unrelated to our solutions. For example, a user’s experience may suffer from an incorrect setting in his or her mobile device, an issue relating to his or her employer’s corporate network or an issue relating to the underlying mobile operating system, none of which we control. Even though technical problems experienced by users may not be caused by our solutions, users often perceive the underlying cause to be a result of poor performance of our solution. This perception, even if incorrect, could harm our business and reputation.

Our customers may exceed their licensed device or user count, and it is sometimes difficult to collect payments as a result of channel logistics, which could harm our business, financial position and results of operations.

Our customers license our solutions on either a per-device or per-user basis. Because the vast majority of the sales of our solutions are through channel partners, and in some cases multiple tiers of channel partners, the logistics of collecting payments for excess usage can sometimes be time-consuming. We may also encounter difficulty collecting accounts receivable and could be exposed to risks associated with uncollectible accounts receivable. Economic conditions may impact some of our customers’ ability to pay their accounts payable. If we are unable to collect from our

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customers for their excess usage or otherwise or if we have to write down our accounts receivable, our revenues and operating results would suffer.

If the market for our solutions shrinks or does not continue to develop as we expect, our growth prospects may be harmed.

The success of our business depends on the continued growth and proliferation of mobile and other modern IT infrastructure as an increasingly important computing platform for businesses. Our business plan assumes that the demand for mobile and other modern IT solutions and the deployment of business apps on mobile devices will increase. However, the mobile IT market has slowed and may not develop as quickly as we expect, or at all, and businesses may not continue to elect to utilize mobile IT solutions as an advanced business platform. This market for our solutions may not develop for a variety of reasons, including that larger, more established companies will enter the market or that mobile operating system companies will offer substantially similar functionality or that companies may not deploy business apps at scale and thus may be satisfied with less advanced technologies. Accordingly, demand for our solutions may not continue to develop as we anticipate, or at all, and the growth of our business and results of operations may be adversely affected. In addition, because we derive substantially all of our revenue from the adoption and use of our platform, a decline or slowing growth in the mobile IT market would harm the results of our business operations more seriously than if we derived significant revenue from a variety of other products and services.

Our estimates of market opportunity and forecasts of market growth may prove to be inaccurate, and even if the markets in which we compete achieve the forecasted growth, we cannot assure you our business will grow at similar rates, if at all.

Growth forecasts are subject to significant uncertainty and are based on assumptions and estimates, which may not prove to be accurate. Forecasts relating to our market opportunity and the expected growth in the mobile IT market and other markets may prove to be inaccurate. Even if these markets experience the forecasted growth, we may not grow our business at similar rates, or at all. Our growth will be affected by many factors, including our success in implementing our business strategy, which is subject to many risks and uncertainties.

Seasonality may cause fluctuations in our revenue.

We believe there are significant seasonal factors that may cause us to record higher revenue in some quarters compared with others. We believe this variability is largely due to our customers’ budgetary and spending patterns, as many customers spend the unused portions of their discretionary budgets prior to the end of their fiscal years. For example, we have historically recorded our highest level of total revenue in our fourth quarter, which we believe corresponds to the fourth quarter of a majority of our customers. In addition, the type of budget (operating versus capital) available to a customer has affected its decision to purchase a perpetual license or a subscription license but we expect the type of budget available to be a less significant factor going forward as we plan to discontinue our sales of perpetual licenses beginning the third quarter of 2020. As our rate of growth has slowed, seasonal or cyclical variations in our operations may become more pronounced, and our business, results of operations and financial position may be adversely affected.

Economic or political uncertainties or downturns could materially adversely affect our business.

Economic downturns or uncertainty could adversely affect our business operations or financial results. Negative conditions in the general economy and political sphere both in the United States and abroad, including conditions resulting from changing tariff and trade policies, financial and credit market fluctuations, public health crises and terrorist attacks on the United States, Europe, Asia Pacific or elsewhere, could cause a decrease in corporate spending on enterprise software in general and negatively affect the rate of growth of our business. Economic downturns or economic and/or political uncertainty make it difficult for our customers and us to forecast and plan future business activities accurately, and they could cause our customers to reevaluate their decision to purchase our products, which could delay and lengthen our sales cycles, or to deprioritize the portion of their IT budget focused on mobility. We cannot predict the timing, strength or duration of any economic slowdown, economic or political instability or recovery, generally or within any particular industry or geography. If the economic conditions of the general economy or industries in which we operate worsen from present levels, our business operations and financial results could be adversely affected.

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The UK’s exit from the EU may have a negative effect on global economic conditions, financial markets and our business.

The United Kingdom’s (UK) formal exit from the European Union (EU) on January 31, 2020, commonly referred to as “Brexit,” has created significant uncertainty concerning the future relationship between the UK and the EU and the impact on global markets. It is unclear what financial, trade, regulatory and legal implications the withdrawal of the UK from the EU will have and how such withdrawal will affect us. Economic and political uncertainty stemming from Brexit may cause our enterprise customers to freeze or decrease their spending on our products. Brexit may also adversely affect and delay our ability to market and sell our products in the UK or may increase our costs of doing business in the UK due to risks such as regulatory uncertainty. In particular, for UK personal data we process, we remain subject to the requirements of the GDPR during the post-Brexit transition period under the EU Withdrawal Agreement. Subsequently, we will be subject to UK data protection legislation. The UK is expected to transpose the protections of the GDPR into UK law after the Brexit transition period, which will end on December 31, 2020. Furthermore, withdrawal of the UK from the EU may also adversely affect European and global economic and market conditions, which may cause our customers outside of the UK to closely monitor their costs and reduce their spending budgets. Any of these effects of Brexit, among others, could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our business is subject to the risks of earthquakes, fire, floods and other natural catastrophic events, and to interruption by manmade problems such as network security breaches, computer viruses or terrorism.

Our corporate headquarters are located in the San Francisco Bay Area, a region known for seismic activity. A significant natural disaster, such as an earthquake, fire or flood, occurring near our headquarters could have a material adverse impact on our business, operating results and financial condition. Despite the implementation of network security measures, our networks also may be vulnerable to computer viruses, break-ins and similar disruptions from unauthorized tampering. In addition, natural disasters, public health crises, acts of terrorism or war could cause disruptions in our or our customers’ businesses or the economy as a whole. We also rely on information technology systems to communicate among our workforce and with third parties. Any disruption to our communications or systems, whether caused by a natural disaster or by manmade problems, such as power disruptions, could adversely affect our business.

If we are unable to maintain effective internal controls over financial reporting in the future, investors may lose confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports and the market price of our common stock may be negatively affected.

As a public company, we are required to maintain internal controls over financial reporting and to report any material weaknesses in such internal controls. Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (the Sarbanes-Oxley Act) requires that we furnish a report by management on, among other things, the effectiveness of our internal controls over financial reporting. Management’s assessment needs to include disclosure of any material weaknesses identified in our internal controls over financial reporting. Our independent registered public accounting firm is required to attest to the effectiveness of our internal controls over financial reporting. Maintenance of internal controls over financial reporting can be time-consuming and costly. If we have a material weakness in our internal controls over financial reporting, we may not detect errors on a timely basis and our financial statements may be materially misstated. If we identify material weaknesses in our internal controls over financial reporting, if we are unable to comply with the requirements of Section 404 in a timely manner, if we are unable to assert that our internal controls over financial reporting are effective, or if our independent registered public accounting firm is unable to express an opinion as to the effectiveness of our internal controls over financial reporting, investors may lose confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports, and the market price of our common stock could be negatively affected. In addition, we could become subject to investigations by the stock exchange on which our securities are listed, the SEC or other regulatory authorities, which could require additional financial and management resources.

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If our estimates relating to our critical accounting policies are based on assumptions or judgments that change or prove to be incorrect, our operating results could fall below expectations of financial analysts and investors, resulting in a decline in our stock price.

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates, assumptions and judgments that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets, liabilities, equity, revenue and expenses that are not readily apparent from other sources. Our operating results may be adversely affected if our assumptions change or if actual circumstances differ from those in our assumptions, which could cause our operating results to fall below the expectations of financial analysts and investors, resulting in a decline in our stock price. Significant assumptions and estimates used in preparing our consolidated financial statements include those related to revenue recognition, stock-based compensation and income taxes. Moreover, the revenue recognition guidance, Topic 606 – Revenue from Contracts with Customers, requires significant judgments that we must apply when accounting for revenue.

Impairment of goodwill and other intangible assets would result in a decrease in earnings.

We have in the past and may in the future acquire intangible assets. Current accounting rules require that goodwill and other intangible assets with indefinite useful lives no longer be amortized, but instead be tested for impairment at least annually. These rules also require that intangible assets with definite useful lives be amortized over their respective estimated useful lives to their estimated residual values, and reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Events and circumstances considered in determining whether the carrying value of amortizable intangible assets and goodwill may not be recoverable include, but are not limited to, significant changes in performance relative to expected operating results, significant changes in the use of the assets, significant negative industry or economic trends, or a significant decline in our stock price and/or market capitalization for a sustained period of time. To the extent such evaluation indicates that the useful lives of intangible assets are different than originally estimated, the amortization period is reduced or extended and the quarterly amortization expense is increased or decreased. Any impairment charges or changes to estimated amortization periods could have a material adverse effect on our financial results.

Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property

We have been sued by third parties for alleged infringement of their proprietary rights and may be sued in the future.

There is considerable patent and other intellectual property development activity in our industry. Our success depends in part on not infringing the intellectual property rights of others. From time to time, our competitors or other third parties have claimed, and we expect they will continue in the future to claim, that we are infringing their intellectual property rights, and we may be found to be infringing such rights.

We may be unaware of the intellectual property rights of others that may cover some or all of our solutions. Any claims or litigation could cause us to incur significant expenses and, if successfully asserted against us, could require that we pay substantial damages or ongoing royalty payments, prevent us from offering our solutions, or require that we comply with other unfavorable terms. If any of our customers are sued, we would in general be required to defend and/or settle the litigation on their behalf. In addition, if we are unable to obtain licenses or modify our solutions to make them non-infringing, we might have to refund a portion of perpetual license fees paid to us and terminate those agreements, which could further exhaust our resources. In addition, we may pay substantial settlement amounts or royalties on future solution sales to resolve claims or litigation, whether or not legitimately or successfully asserted against us. Even if we were to prevail in the actual or potential claims or litigation against us, any claim or litigation regarding our intellectual property could be costly and time-consuming and divert the attention of our management and key personnel from our business operations. Such disputes, with or without merit, could also cause potential customers to refrain from purchasing our solutions or otherwise cause us reputational harm.

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We have been sued by non-practicing entities, or NPEs, for patent infringement in the past and may be sued by NPEs in the future. While we have settled such litigation in the past, these lawsuits, with or without merit, require management attention and can be expensive.

We received a letter in August 2019 from BlackBerry Corp. asserting that our products and software infringe BlackBerry’s patents, and that we should license its portfolio. We retained counsel and evaluated BlackBerry’s letter, as well as potential counterclaims against BlackBerry. BlackBerry sent a second letter in March 2020 asserting that our products and software infringe additional BlackBerry patents, although BlackBerry did not specify its infringement theories or make a demand for damages in the March 2020 letter. The parties have attempted to negotiate, and we have accrued an immaterial amount related to the matter. However, through the date of the filing of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, these discussions have not been resolved. To protect our rights, we filed a lawsuit against BlackBerry in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California on April 27, 2020. The case is MobileIron, Inc. v. BlackBerry Corp. and BlackBerry Ltd. The lawsuit asserts that BlackBerry’s products infringe MobileIron patents, that MobileIron’s products and software do not infringe BlackBerry’s patents, and that BlackBerry has engaged in certain unlawful activities related to its licensing program for its patent portfolio. We intend to vigorously assert our claims and defend against any claims or lawsuits that BlackBerry may assert against us. The amount of damages that could be awarded in the lawsuit is unknown at this time.

If we are unable to protect our intellectual property rights, our competitive position could be harmed or we could be required to incur significant expenses to enforce our rights.

Our ability to compete effectively is dependent in part upon our ability to protect our proprietary technology. We protect our proprietary information and technology through licensing agreements, third-party nondisclosure agreements and other contractual provisions, as well as through patent, trademark, copyright and trade secret laws in the United States and similar laws in other countries. There can be no assurance that these protections will be available in all cases or will be adequate to prevent our competitors from copying, reverse engineering or otherwise obtaining and using our technology, proprietary rights or solutions. The laws of some foreign countries, including countries in which our solutions are sold, may not be as protective of intellectual property rights as those in the United States, and mechanisms for enforcement of intellectual property rights may be inadequate. In addition, third parties may seek to challenge, invalidate or circumvent our patents, trademarks, copyrights and trade secrets, or applications for any of the foregoing. There can be no assurance that our competitors will not independently develop technologies that are substantially equivalent or superior to our technology or design around our proprietary rights. In each case, our ability to compete could be significantly impaired.

To prevent substantial unauthorized use of our intellectual property rights, it may be necessary to prosecute actions for infringement and/or misappropriation of our proprietary rights against third parties. Any such action could result in significant costs and diversion of our resources and management’s attention, and there can be no assurance that we will be successful in such action.

Furthermore, many of our current and potential competitors have the ability to dedicate substantially greater resources to enforce their intellectual property rights than we do. Accordingly, despite our efforts, we may not be able to prevent third parties from infringing upon or misappropriating our intellectual property.

We rely on third party software and intellectual property licenses and if we are unable to obtain or renew software or licenses on commercially reasonable terms, it could harm our business.

Our solutions are designed to include software and other intellectual property licensed from third parties. While it may be necessary in the future to seek or renew licenses relating to various aspects of our solutions, we have the expectation, based on experience and standard industry practice, that such licenses generally can be obtained on commercially reasonable terms. However, there can be no assurance that the necessary licenses would be available on commercially reasonable terms, if at all. Our inability to obtain certain licenses or other rights or to obtain such licenses or rights on favorable terms could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, and financial conditions. Moreover, inclusion in our products or software or other intellectual property licenses from third parties on a nonexclusive basis could limit our ability to protect our proprietary rights in our products.

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Our use of open source software could impose limitations on our ability to commercialize our solutions.

Our solutions contain software modules licensed for use from third-party authors under open source licenses, including the GNU Public License, the GNU Lesser Public License, the Apache License and others. Use and distribution of open source software may entail greater risks than use of third-party commercial software, as open source licensors generally do not provide warranties or other contractual protections regarding infringement claims or the quality of the code. Some open source licenses contain requirements that we make available source code for modifications or derivative works we create based upon the type of open source software we use. If we combine our proprietary solutions with open source software in a certain manner, we could, under certain of the open source licenses, be required to release the source code of our proprietary solutions to the public or offer our solutions to users at no cost. This could allow our competitors to create similar solutions with lower development effort and time and ultimately could result in a loss of sales for us.

The terms of many open source licenses have not been interpreted by U.S. courts, and there is a risk that such licenses could be construed in a manner that could impose unanticipated conditions or restrictions on our ability to commercialize our solutions. In such event, we could be required to seek licenses from third parties in order to continue offering our solutions, to re-engineer our solutions or to discontinue the sale of our solutions in the event re-engineering cannot be accomplished on a timely basis, any of which could materially and adversely affect our business and operating results.

Risks Related to Our International Operations

Our international operations expose us to additional business risks, and failure to manage these risks may adversely affect our international revenue.

We derive a significant portion of our revenues from customers outside the United States. For the six months ended June 30, 2020 and for the years ended 2019 and 2018, 58% of our revenue was attributable to our international customers, primarily those located in Europe. As of December 31, 2019, approximately 46% of our employees were located abroad.

We expect that our international activities will be dynamic over the foreseeable future as we continue to pursue opportunities in international markets, which will require significant management attention and financial resources. Therefore, we are subject to risks associated with having worldwide operations.

We have a limited history of marketing, selling and supporting our solutions internationally. As a result, we must hire and train experienced personnel to staff and manage our foreign operations. To the extent that we experience difficulties in recruiting, training, managing and retaining an international staff, and specifically staff related to sales and engineering, we may experience difficulties in foreign markets. In addition, business practices in the international markets that we serve may differ from those in the United States and may require us to include non-standard terms in customer contracts, such as extended warranty terms. To the extent that we may enter into customer contracts in the future that include non-standard terms related to payment, warranties or performance obligations, our operating results may be adversely affected. International operations are subject to other inherent risks, and our future results could be adversely affected by a number of factors, including:

— difficulties in executing an international channel partners strategy;

— burdens of complying with a wide variety of foreign laws, including heightened concerns and legal requirements relating to data security and privacy;

— economic or political instability and security concerns in countries outside the United States in which we operate or have customers;

— unfavorable contractual terms or difficulties in negotiating contracts with foreign customers or channel partners as a result of varying and complex laws and contractual norms;

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— difficulties in providing support and training to channel partners and customers in foreign countries and languages;

— heightened risks of unfair or corrupt business practices in certain geographies and of improper or fraudulent sales arrangements that may impact financial results or result in fines and penalties;

— difficulties and costs of attracting and retaining employees and managing foreign operations;

— import restrictions and the need to comply with export laws;

— difficulties in protecting intellectual property;

— difficulties in enforcing contracts and longer accounts receivable payment cycles;

— the effect of foreign exchange fluctuations on the competitiveness of our prices;

— potentially adverse tax consequences;

— the increased cost of terminating employees in some countries;

— variability of foreign economic, political and labor conditions; and

— the impact of natural disasters and public health epidemics on our employees, channel partners and the global economy, such as the COVID-19 pandemic.

As we continue to expand our business globally, our success will depend, in large part, on our ability to anticipate and manage effectively these and other risks associated with our international operations. Our failure to manage any of these risks successfully could harm our international operations and reduce our international sales, adversely affecting our business, operating results and financial condition.

We rely on channel partners to sell our solutions in international markets, the loss of which could materially reduce our revenue.

We sell our solutions in international markets almost entirely through channel partners. We believe that establishing and maintaining successful relationships with these channel partners is, and will continue to be, critical to our financial success. Recruiting and retaining qualified channel partners and training them to be knowledgeable about our solutions requires significant time and resources. In some countries, we rely on a sole or very few channel partners and thus the loss of the channel partner could have a significant impact on our sales and support in those countries. To develop and expand our distribution channel, we must continue to scale and improve our processes and procedures that support our channel, including investment in systems and training. In particular, foreign-based service provider partners are large and complex businesses, and we may have difficulty negotiating and building successful business relationships with them.

In addition, existing and future channel partners will only partner with us if we are able to provide them with competitive offerings on terms that are commercially reasonable to them. If we fail to maintain the quality of our solutions or to update and enhance them or to offer them at competitive discounts, existing and future channel partners may elect to partner with one or more of our competitors. In addition, the terms of our arrangements with our channel partners must be commercially reasonable for both parties. If we are unable to reach agreements that are beneficial to both parties, then our channel partner relationships will not succeed. In addition, international channel partners often rely on business models that favor our on-premise product over our cloud product because in the former, the channel partner

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may host and manage the software for, and provide additional administrative, support, training and other services to, the mutual customer for additional fees. This situation could impede sales of our cloud product in certain international markets.

If we fail to maintain relationships with our channel partners, fail to develop new relationships with other channel partners in new markets, fail to manage, train or incentivize existing channel partners effectively, or fail to provide channel partners with competitive solutions on terms acceptable to them, or if these partners are not successful in their sales efforts, our revenue may decrease and our operating results could suffer.

We have no long-term contracts or minimum purchase commitments with any of our channel partners, and our contracts with channel partners do not prohibit them from offering solutions that compete with ours, including solutions they currently offer or may develop in the future and incorporate into their own systems. Some of our competitors may have stronger relationships with our channel partners than we do, and we have limited control, if any, as to whether those partners sell our solutions, rather than our competitors’ solutions, or whether they devote resources to market and support our competitors’ solutions, rather than our solutions. Our failure to establish and maintain successful relationships with channel partners could materially adversely affect our business, operating results and financial condition.

Failure to comply with the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and similar laws associated with our activities outside the United States could subject us to penalties and other adverse consequences.

A significant portion of our revenues is and will continue to be from jurisdictions outside of the United States. As a result, we are subject to the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, or FCPA, which generally prohibits U.S. companies and their intermediaries from making payments to foreign officials for the purpose of obtaining or keeping business or otherwise obtaining favorable treatment, and requires companies to maintain adequate record-keeping and internal accounting practices to accurately reflect the transactions of the company. The FCPA applies to companies, individual directors, officers, employees and agents. Under the FCPA, we may be held liable for actions taken by strategic or local partners or representatives. In addition, the government may seek to hold us liable for successor liability FCPA violations committed by companies that we acquire.

In many foreign countries, particularly in countries with developing economies, including many countries in which we operate, it may be a local custom that businesses operating in such countries engage in business practices that are prohibited by the FCPA or other similar laws and regulations. Although we have contractual provisions in our agreements with channel partners that require them to comply with the FCPA and similar laws, we have not engaged in formal FCPA training of our channel partners. Our channel partners could take actions in violation of our policies, for which we may be ultimately held responsible. Our development of infrastructure designed to identify FCPA matters and monitor compliance is at an early stage. If we or our intermediaries fail to comply with the requirements of the FCPA or other anti-corruption laws, governmental authorities in the U.S. or elsewhere could seek to impose civil and/or criminal penalties, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial conditions and cash flows.

We are subject to export controls, and our customers and channel partners are subject to import controls.

Certain of our solutions are subject to U.S. export controls and may be exported to certain countries outside the U.S. only by first obtaining an export license from the U.S. government, or by utilizing an existing export license exception, or after clearing U.S. government agency review. Obtaining the necessary export license or accomplishing a U.S. government review for a particular export may be time-consuming and may result in the delay or loss of sales opportunities. Furthermore, U.S. export control laws and economic sanctions prohibit the shipment of certain solutions to U.S. embargoed or sanctioned countries, governments and persons. If we were to fail to comply with U.S. export law requirements, U.S. customs regulations, U.S. economic sanctions or other applicable U.S. laws, we could be subject to substantial civil and criminal penalties, including fines, incarceration for responsible employees and managers and the possible loss of export or import privileges. U.S. export controls, sanctions and regulations apply to our channel partners as well as to us. Any failure by our channel partners to comply with such laws, regulations or sanctions could have negative consequences, including reputational harm, government investigations and penalties.

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In addition, various countries regulate the import of certain encryption and other technology by requiring an import permit, authorization, pre-classification, import certification and/or an import license. Some countries have enacted laws that could limit our customers’ ability to implement our solutions in those countries.

Changes in our solutions or changes in export and import regulations may create delays in the introduction of our solutions into international markets, prevent our customers with international operations from deploying our solutions globally or, in some cases, prevent the export or import of our solutions to certain countries, governments or persons altogether. In addition, any change in export or import regulations, economic sanctions or related legislation, shift in the enforcement or scope of existing regulations, or change in the countries, governments, persons or technologies targeted by such regulations, could result in decreased use of our solutions by, or in our decreased ability to export or sell our solutions to, existing or potential customers with international operations. Any decreased use of our solutions or limitation on our ability to export or sell our solutions would likely adversely affect our business, financial condition and operating results.

Risks Related to Ownership of Our Common Stock

Our ability to use our net operating losses to offset future taxable income may be subject to certain limitations.

In general, under Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or the Code, a corporation that undergoes an “ownership change” is subject to limitations on its ability to utilize its pre-change net operating losses, or NOLs, to offset future taxable income. Our existing NOLs may be subject to limitations arising from previous ownership changes. Future changes in our stock ownership, some of which are outside of our control, could result in an ownership change. Furthermore, our ability to utilize NOLs of companies that we may acquire in the future may be subject to limitations. There is also a risk that due to regulatory changes, such as suspensions on the use of NOLs, or other unforeseen reasons, our existing NOLs could expire or otherwise be unavailable to offset future income tax liabilities. For these reasons, we may not be able to utilize a material portion of the NOLs reflected on our balance sheet, even if we attain profitability.

The price of our common stock has been and may continue to be weak, and you could lose all or part of your investment.

The trading price of our common stock has declined since our initial public offering, and the shares are thinly traded. The trading price of our common stock depends on a number of factors, including those described in this “Risk Factors” section, many of which are beyond our control and may not be related to our operating performance.

Since shares of our common stock were sold at our initial public offering, our stock price has ranged from as low as $2.56 to as high as $12.96 through June 30, 2020. These fluctuations could cause you to lose all or part of your investment in our common stock, because you might be unable to sell your shares at or above the price you paid. Factors that could cause fluctuations in the trading price of our common stock include the following:

— failure to meet quarterly guidance with regard to revenue, ARR, cash flow or other key metrics;

— price and volume fluctuations in the overall stock market from time to time;

— volatility in the market prices and trading volumes of high technology stocks;

— changes in operating performance and stock market valuations of other technology companies generally, or those in our industry in particular;

— sales of shares of our common stock by us or our stockholders;

— failure of financial analysts to maintain coverage of us, changes in financial estimates by any analysts who follow our company, or our failure to meet these estimates or the expectations of investors;

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— announcements by us or our competitors of new products or new or terminated significant contracts, commercial relationships or capital commitments;

— the public’s reaction to our press releases, other public announcements and filings with the SEC;

— rumors and market speculation involving us or other companies in our industry;

— actual or anticipated changes in our results of operations or fluctuations in our operating results;

— actual or anticipated developments in our business or our competitors’ businesses or the competitive landscape generally;

— litigation involving us, our industry or both, or investigations by regulators into our operations or those of our competitors;

— developments or disputes concerning our intellectual property or other proprietary rights;

— announced or completed acquisitions of businesses or technologies by us or our competitors;

— new laws or regulations or new interpretations of existing laws or regulations applicable to our business;

— changes in accounting standards, policies, guidelines, interpretations or principles;

— any major change in our management;

— general economic conditions and slow or negative growth of our markets; and

— other events or factors, including those resulting from war, incidents of terrorism, public health crises (such as the COVID-19 pandemic) or responses to these events.

In addition, broad market and industry factors may seriously affect the market price of our common stock, regardless of our actual operating performance. In addition, in the past, following periods of volatility in the overall market and the market prices of particular companies’ securities, securities class action litigation has often been instituted against these companies. Litigation of this type has been instituted against us, and could result in substantial costs and a diversion of our management’s attention and resources.

If financial or industry analysts do not publish research or reports about our business, or if they issue an adverse or misleading opinion regarding our stock, our stock price and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for our common stock will be influenced by the research and reports that industry or financial analysts publish about us or our business. We do not control these analysts or the content and opinions included in their reports. If any of the analysts who cover us issue an adverse or misleading opinion regarding our stock price, our stock price would likely decline. Financial analysts have in the past ceased coverage of our stock or published adverse reports, and this may recur in the future. Any cessation of coverage or adverse reports would likely cause our stock price or trading volume to decline.

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Insiders continue to have substantial control over our company, which could limit your ability to influence the outcome of key transactions, including a change of control.

Our directors, executive officers and each of our stockholders who own greater than 5% of our outstanding common stock and their affiliates, in the aggregate, own approximately 40% of the outstanding shares of our common stock as of June 30, 2020. As a result, these stockholders, if acting together, will be able to influence or control matters requiring approval by our stockholders, including the election of directors and the approval of mergers, acquisitions or other extraordinary transactions. They may also have interests that differ from yours and may vote in a way with which you disagree and which may be adverse to your interests. This concentration of ownership may have the effect of delaying, preventing or deterring a change of control of our company, could deter certain public investors from purchasing our common stock and might ultimately affect the market price of our common stock.

We have in the past failed, and may in the future fail, to meet our publicly announced guidance or other expectations about our business and future operating results, which has in the past caused, and would in the future cause, our stock price to decline.

We have provided and may continue to provide guidance about our business and future operating results as part of our press releases, conference calls or otherwise. In developing this guidance, our management must make certain assumptions and judgments about our future performance. Our business results may vary significantly from such guidance due to a number of factors, many of which are outside of our control, and which could adversely affect our operations and operating results. Furthermore, if our publicly announced guidance of future operating results fails to meet expectations of securities analysts, investors or other interested parties, the price of our common stock would decline.

Our future capital needs are uncertain, and we may need to raise additional funds in the future. If we require additional funds in the future, those funds may not be available on acceptable terms, or at all.

We may need to raise substantial additional capital in the future to:

— fund our operations;

— continue our research and development;

— develop and commercialize new solutions; or

— acquire companies, in-licensed solutions or intellectual property.

Our future funding requirements will depend on many factors, including:

— market acceptance of our solutions;

— the cost of our research and development activities;

— the cost of defending and resolving litigation or other legal disputes;

— the cost and timing of establishing additional sales, marketing and distribution capabilities;

— the cost and timing of establishing additional technical support capabilities;

— the effect of competing technological and market developments; and

— the market for different types of funding and overall economic conditions.

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We may require additional funds in the future, and we may not be able to obtain those funds on acceptable terms, or at all. If we raise additional funds by issuing equity securities, our stockholders may experience dilution. Debt financing, if available, may involve covenants restricting our operations or our ability to incur additional debt. Any debt or additional equity financing that we raise may contain terms that are not favorable to us or our stockholders.

If we do not have, or are not able to obtain, sufficient funds, we may have to delay development or commercialization of our solutions. If we are unable to raise adequate funds, we may have to liquidate some or all of our assets, or delay, reduce the scope of or eliminate some or all of our development programs. We also may have to reduce marketing, customer support or other resources devoted to our solutions or cease operations. Any of these actions could harm our operating results.

Sales of substantial amounts of our common stock in the public markets, or the perception that these sales might occur, could reduce the price that our common stock might otherwise attain and may dilute your voting power and your ownership interest in us.

Sales of a substantial number of shares of our common stock in the public market, or the perception that these sales could occur, could adversely affect the market price of our common stock and may make it more difficult for you to sell your common stock at a time and price that you deem appropriate. At June 30, 2020, we have 116,843,504 shares of common stock outstanding, excluding any potential exercises of our outstanding stock options and vesting of restricted stock units (“RSUs”).

In the future, we may issue additional shares of common stock, or securities with convertible features into our common stock, from time to time in connection with our employee equity plans, financings, acquisitions and investments or otherwise.

On June 14, 2017, our shareholders approved in a proxy vote the amendment of our 2014 Employee Stock Purchase Plan, or ESPP, to provide for a one-time increase of 1,200,000 shares of common stock available for issuance under the ESPP. In February of 2018, we issued 1,220,822 shares of common stock under our 2017 Executive and Non-Executive Bonus Plans. In February of 2019, we issued 1,338,220 shares of common stock under our 2018 Executive and Non-Executive Bonus Plans. In February 2020, we issued 1,061,165 shares of common stock under our 2019 Non-Executive Bonus Plan. The issuance of shares of common stock under RSUs, PSUs, future bonus programs, or our ESPP could result in substantial dilution to our existing stockholders and cause the trading price of our common stock to decline.

Certain provisions in our charter documents and Delaware law could limit attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our board of directors or current management and limit the market price of our common stock.

Provisions in our certificate of incorporation and bylaws may have the effect of delaying or preventing a change of control or changes in our management. These provisions include the following:

— our board of directors has the right to elect directors to fill a vacancy created by the expansion of the board of directors or the resignation, death or removal of a director, which prevents stockholders from being able to fill vacancies on our board of directors;

— our stockholders may not act by written consent or call special stockholders’ meetings; as a result, a holder, or holders, controlling a majority of our capital stock would not be able to take certain actions other than at annual stockholders’ meetings or special stockholders’ meetings called by the board of directors, the chairman of the board, the chief executive officer or the president;

— our certificate of incorporation prohibits cumulative voting in the election of directors, which limits the ability of minority stockholders to elect director candidates;

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— stockholders must provide advance notice and additional disclosures in order to nominate individuals for election to the board of directors or to propose matters that can be acted upon at a stockholders’ meeting, which may discourage or deter a potential acquirer from conducting a solicitation of proxies to elect the acquirer’s own slate of directors or otherwise attempting to obtain control of our company; and

— our board of directors may issue, without stockholder approval, shares of undesignated preferred stock; the ability to issue undesignated preferred stock makes it possible for our board of directors to issue preferred stock with voting or other rights or preferences that could impede the success of any attempt to acquire us.

As a Delaware corporation, we are also subject to certain Delaware anti-takeover provisions. Under Delaware law, a corporation may not engage in a business combination with any holder of 15% or more of its capital stock unless the holder has held the stock for three years or, among other things, the board of directors has approved the transaction. Our board of directors could rely on Delaware law to prevent or delay an acquisition of our company.

Our executive officers are entitled to accelerated vesting of their stock options pursuant to the terms of their employment arrangements under certain conditions following a change of control of the Company. In addition to the arrangements currently in place with some of our executive officers, we may enter into similar arrangements in the future with other officers. Such arrangements could delay or discourage a potential acquisition of the Company.

Our financial results may be adversely affected by changes in accounting principles applicable to us.

U.S. GAAP are subject to interpretation by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”), the SEC, and other various bodies formed to promulgate and interpret appropriate accounting principles. For example, in the first quarter of our fiscal year 2018, we adopted accounting standards update No. 2014-09 (Topic 606), Revenue from Contracts with Customers, which most significantly changed the timing of revenue recognition for on-premise subscriptions. There could be additional changes to accounting principles in the future. Any difficulties in adequately accounting new accounting standards could cause us to fail to meet our financial reporting obligations, which could result in regulatory discipline and harm investors’ confidence in us.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

Repurchase Program

In October 2018, the Company’s Board of Directors approved a common stock repurchase program (“Repurchase Program”) whereby the Company is authorized to purchase up to a maximum of $25 million of its common stock, subject to compliance with applicable laws and the limitations in the Company’s credit facilities on stock repurchases.

The authorization allows repurchases from time to time in the open market or in privately negotiated transactions. The amount and timing of repurchases made under the Repurchase Program will depend on a variety of factors, including available liquidity, cash flow and market conditions. Shares can be purchased through the Repurchase Program through October 2020, unless extended or shortened by the Company’s Board of Directors. The Repurchase Program does not obligate the Company to acquire any particular amount of common stock and the program may be modified or suspended at any time at the Company’s discretion. The repurchases would be funded from available working capital and are subject to compliance with the terms and limitations of the Company’s credit facilities.

All shares repurchased in the current period under the Repurchase Program are made in the open market. We did not repurchase any shares of common stock under the Repurchase Program in the three months ended June 30, 2020.

Net Settlement of Equity Awards

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The majority of restricted stock units are subject to vesting. The underlying shares of common stock are issued when the restricted stock units vest. The majority of participants choose to participate in a broker-assisted automatic sales program to satisfy their applicable tax withholding requirements. We do not treat the shares sold pursuant to this automatic sales program as common stock repurchases.

In the second quarter of 2020, we withheld shares through net settlements (where the award holder receives the net of the shares vested, after surrendering a portion of the shares back to the Company for tax withholding) for restricted stock units that vested for some of our executive officers.

The following table provides a summary of shares surrendered back to the Company for tax withholding on restricted stock units that vested under our equity incentive programs in the three months ended June 30, 2020:

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Period	Total Number of Shares Repurchased	Average Price Paid per Share		Total Number of Shares Purchased As Part of a Publicly Announced Program	Maximum Dollar Value of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Repurchase Program
April 1, 2020 through April 30, 2020	—		—	—	$	9,175,044
May 1, 2020 through May 31, 2020 (1)	77,294	$	4.66	—	$	9,175,044
June 1, 2020 through June 30, 2020	—	$	—	—	$	9,175,044
Total shares repurchased	77,294	$	4.66	—	$	9,175,044

(1) Represents shares repurchased through net settlements of restricted stock units that vested under our equity incentive programs.

Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities

Not applicable.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

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Item 5. Other Information

Not applicable.

Item 6. Exhibits

The exhibits listed on the accompanying Exhibit Index are filed or incorporated by reference (as stated therein) as part of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

EXHIBIT INDEX

		Incorporated by Reference
Exhibit Number	Description	Exhibit Number	Filing	Filing    Date	File No.	Filed   Herewith
3.1	Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of MobileIron, Inc.	3.1	8-K	June 17, 2014	001-36471
3.2	Amended and Restated Bylaws of MobileIron, Inc.	3.4	S-1/A	May 29, 2014	333-195089
4.1	Reference is made to Exhibits 3.1 and 3.2 above
4.2	Amended and Restated Investors’ Rights Agreement, dated August 29, 2013	4.2	S-1	April 7, 2014	333-195089
10.1(1)	Employment Agreement for Brian Foster					X
10.2	Cooperation Agreement by and among the Company and Altai Management, L.P., Altai Capital Management, LLC, and Mr. Rishi Bajaj, dated April 14, 2020	10.1	8-K	April 15, 2020	001-36471
31.1	Certification of Principal Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002					X
31.2	Certification of Principal Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002					X
32.1(2)	Certification of Chief Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002					X

EX—101.INS	XBRL Instance Document – the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.
EX—101.SCH	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema
EX—101.CAL	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase
EX—101.DEF	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase

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EX—101.LAB	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase
EX—101.PRE	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase
EX—104	XBRL for cover page of the Company’s Quarterly Report on 10-Q, included in Exhibit 101 Inline XBRL Document Set

(1) Management contract or compensation plan or arrangement.

(2) The certifications attached as Exhibit 32.1 accompany this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, and shall not be deemed “filed” by the Registrant for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

MOBILEIRON, INC.
By:	/s/ Simon Biddiscombe
	Simon Biddiscombe
	President and Chief Executive Officer
	(Principal Executive Officer)
By:	/s/ Scott D. Hill
	Scott D. Hill
	Chief Financial Officer
	(Principal Financial Officer and Accounting Officer)

Dated: July 31, 2020

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