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Pensions And Other Postretirement Benefits (Tables)
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2023
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]  
Changes in Benefit Obligations, Plan Assets and Funded Status
Year Ended December 31, 2023Year Ended December 31, 2022
Pension BenefitsGlobal OPEB PlansPension BenefitsGlobal OPEB Plans
U.S. Non-U.S. U.S. Non-U.S.
Change in benefit obligations
Beginning benefit obligation$44,817 $12,582 $4,543 $60,208 $18,314 $6,124 
Service cost103 161 9 161 146 16 
Interest cost2,273 551 236 1,292 293 148 
Amendments795 17 — — — — 
Actuarial (gains) losses1,185 453 204 (12,010)(3,797)(1,289)
Benefits paid(4,186)(1,001)(371)(4,239)(955)(410)
Foreign currency translation adjustments— 453 32 — (1,361)(69)
Curtailments, settlements and other(506)(76)48 (595)(58)23 
Ending benefit obligation44,481 13,140 4,701 44,817 12,582 4,543 
Change in plan assets
Beginning fair value of plan assets44,901 9,530 — 59,921 13,521 — 
Actual return on plan assets1,829 640 — (10,258)(2,257)— 
Employer contributions357 395 348 71 332 387 
Benefits paid(4,186)(1,001)(371)(4,239)(955)(410)
Foreign currency translation adjustments— 354 — — (1,024)— 
Settlements and other(614)(99)23 (594)(87)23 
Ending fair value of plan assets42,287 9,819 — 44,901 9,530 — 
Ending funded status$(2,194)$(3,321)$(4,701)$84 $(3,052)$(4,543)
Amounts recorded in the consolidated balance sheets
Non-current assets$— $1,557 $— $1,557 $1,552 $— 
Current liabilities(62)(330)(356)(62)(316)(350)
Non-current liabilities(2,132)

(4,548)(4,345)(1,411)(4,288)(4,193)
Net amount recorded$(2,194)$(3,321)$(4,701)$84 $(3,052)$(4,543)
Amounts recorded in Accumulated other comprehensive loss
Net actuarial loss$(3,372)$(2,560)$(332)$(1,186)$(2,157)$(86)
Net prior service (cost) credit(793)(74)8 5 (56)10 
Total recorded in Accumulated other comprehensive loss$(4,165)$(2,634)$(324)$(1,181)$(2,213)$(76)
Schedule of amounts recorded in the consolidated balance sheets
Year Ended December 31, 2023Year Ended December 31, 2022
Pension BenefitsGlobal OPEB PlansPension BenefitsGlobal OPEB Plans
U.S. Non-U.S. U.S. Non-U.S.
Change in benefit obligations
Beginning benefit obligation$44,817 $12,582 $4,543 $60,208 $18,314 $6,124 
Service cost103 161 9 161 146 16 
Interest cost2,273 551 236 1,292 293 148 
Amendments795 17 — — — — 
Actuarial (gains) losses1,185 453 204 (12,010)(3,797)(1,289)
Benefits paid(4,186)(1,001)(371)(4,239)(955)(410)
Foreign currency translation adjustments— 453 32 — (1,361)(69)
Curtailments, settlements and other(506)(76)48 (595)(58)23 
Ending benefit obligation44,481 13,140 4,701 44,817 12,582 4,543 
Change in plan assets
Beginning fair value of plan assets44,901 9,530 — 59,921 13,521 — 
Actual return on plan assets1,829 640 — (10,258)(2,257)— 
Employer contributions357 395 348 71 332 387 
Benefits paid(4,186)(1,001)(371)(4,239)(955)(410)
Foreign currency translation adjustments— 354 — — (1,024)— 
Settlements and other(614)(99)23 (594)(87)23 
Ending fair value of plan assets42,287 9,819 — 44,901 9,530 — 
Ending funded status$(2,194)$(3,321)$(4,701)$84 $(3,052)$(4,543)
Amounts recorded in the consolidated balance sheets
Non-current assets$— $1,557 $— $1,557 $1,552 $— 
Current liabilities(62)(330)(356)(62)(316)(350)
Non-current liabilities(2,132)

(4,548)(4,345)(1,411)(4,288)(4,193)
Net amount recorded$(2,194)$(3,321)$(4,701)$84 $(3,052)$(4,543)
Amounts recorded in Accumulated other comprehensive loss
Net actuarial loss$(3,372)$(2,560)$(332)$(1,186)$(2,157)$(86)
Net prior service (cost) credit(793)(74)8 5 (56)10 
Total recorded in Accumulated other comprehensive loss$(4,165)$(2,634)$(324)$(1,181)$(2,213)$(76)
Schedule of Projected Benefit Obligations in Excess of Fair Value of Plan Assets
The following table summarizes the total accumulated benefit obligations (ABO), the ABO and fair value of plan assets for defined benefit pension plans with ABO in excess of plan assets, and the projected benefit obligation (PBO) and fair value of plan assets for defined benefit pension plans with PBO in excess of plan assets:
December 31, 2023December 31, 2022
U.S. Non-U.S. U.S. Non-U.S.
ABO$44,464 $13,050 $44,798 $12,505 
Plans with ABO in excess of plan assets
ABO$44,464 $4,863 $5,668 $4,739 
Fair value of plan assets$42,287 $74 $4,214 $211 
Plans with PBO in excess of plan assets
PBO$44,481 $4,953 $5,687 $4,815 
Fair value of plan assets$42,287 $74 $4,214 $211 
Schedule of Accumulated Benefit Obligations in Excess of Fair Value of Plan Assets
The following table summarizes the total accumulated benefit obligations (ABO), the ABO and fair value of plan assets for defined benefit pension plans with ABO in excess of plan assets, and the projected benefit obligation (PBO) and fair value of plan assets for defined benefit pension plans with PBO in excess of plan assets:
December 31, 2023December 31, 2022
U.S. Non-U.S. U.S. Non-U.S.
ABO$44,464 $13,050 $44,798 $12,505 
Plans with ABO in excess of plan assets
ABO$44,464 $4,863 $5,668 $4,739 
Fair value of plan assets$42,287 $74 $4,214 $211 
Plans with PBO in excess of plan assets
PBO$44,481 $4,953 $5,687 $4,815 
Fair value of plan assets$42,287 $74 $4,214 $211 
Schedule of Net Periodic Pension and OPEB expense
The following table summarizes the components of net periodic pension and OPEB expense along with the assumptions used to determine benefit obligations:

Year Ended December 31, 2023Year Ended December 31, 2022Year Ended December 31, 2021
Pension BenefitsGlobal OPEB PlansPension BenefitsGlobal OPEB PlansPension BenefitsGlobal OPEB Plans
U.S. Non-U.S. U.S. Non-U.S. U.S. Non-U.S.
Components of expense
Service cost$173$173$9$233$157$16$260$121$18
Interest cost2,2735512361,2922931481,074236123
Expected return on plan assets(2,922)(573)—(3,000)(534)—(3,178)(610)—
Amortization of net actuarial (gains) losses—32(23)18133672621297
Curtailments, settlements and other126332(17)10(5)157(6)
Net periodic pension and OPEB (income) expense$(350)$216$224$(1,474)$59$226$(1,803)$(34)$232
Weighted-average assumptions used to determine benefit obligations(a)
Discount rate5.12 %4.41 %5.13 %5.47 %4.85 %5.51 %2.78 %2.13 %2.97 %
Weighted-average assumptions used to determine net expense(a)
Discount rate5.37 %5.33 %5.48 %2.34 %2.98 %2.84 %1.86 %2.38 %2.24 %
Expected rate of return on plan assets6.30 %5.65 %N/A5.38 %4.39 %N/A5.63 %4.67 %N/A
__________
(a)    The rate of compensation increase and the cash balance interest crediting rates do not have a significant effect on our U.S. pension and OPEB plans.
Schedule of Assumptions Used
The following table summarizes the components of net periodic pension and OPEB expense along with the assumptions used to determine benefit obligations:

Year Ended December 31, 2023Year Ended December 31, 2022Year Ended December 31, 2021
Pension BenefitsGlobal OPEB PlansPension BenefitsGlobal OPEB PlansPension BenefitsGlobal OPEB Plans
U.S. Non-U.S. U.S. Non-U.S. U.S. Non-U.S.
Components of expense
Service cost$173$173$9$233$157$16$260$121$18
Interest cost2,2735512361,2922931481,074236123
Expected return on plan assets(2,922)(573)—(3,000)(534)—(3,178)(610)—
Amortization of net actuarial (gains) losses—32(23)18133672621297
Curtailments, settlements and other126332(17)10(5)157(6)
Net periodic pension and OPEB (income) expense$(350)$216$224$(1,474)$59$226$(1,803)$(34)$232
Weighted-average assumptions used to determine benefit obligations(a)
Discount rate5.12 %4.41 %5.13 %5.47 %4.85 %5.51 %2.78 %2.13 %2.97 %
Weighted-average assumptions used to determine net expense(a)
Discount rate5.37 %5.33 %5.48 %2.34 %2.98 %2.84 %1.86 %2.38 %2.24 %
Expected rate of return on plan assets6.30 %5.65 %N/A5.38 %4.39 %N/A5.63 %4.67 %N/A
__________
(a)    The rate of compensation increase and the cash balance interest crediting rates do not have a significant effect on our U.S. pension and OPEB plans.
Schedule of Expected Net Benefit Payments The following table summarizes net benefit payments expected to be paid in the future, which include assumptions related to estimated future employee service:
Pension BenefitsGlobal OPEB Plans
U.S. PlansNon-U.S. Plans
2024$4,405 $1,071 $365 
2025$4,213 $955 $361 
2026$4,110 $929 $357 
2027$3,995 $909 $353 
2028$3,846 $892 $350 
2029–2033
$16,966 $4,225 $1,699 
Pension Plan  
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]  
Schedule of contributions to defined benefit pension plans The following table summarizes contributions made to the defined benefit pension plans:
Years Ended December 31,
202320222021
U.S. hourly and salaried$357 $71 $67 
Non-U.S.395 332 371 
Total$753 $403 $438 
Schedules of Fair Value of Plan Assets by Asset Class and Target Allocations The following table summarizes the target allocations by asset category for U.S. and non-U.S. defined benefit pension plans:
December 31, 2023December 31, 2022
U.S.Non-U.S.U.S.Non-U.S.
Equity11 %10 %8 %10 %
Debt60 %75 %69 %75 %
Other(a)29 %15 %23 %15 %
Total100 %100 %100 %100 %
__________
(a)    Primarily includes private equity, real estate and absolute return strategies, which mainly consist of hedge funds.
Assets and Fair Value Measurements The following tables summarize the fair value of U.S. and non-U.S. defined benefit pension plan assets by asset class:
December 31, 2023December 31, 2022
Level 1Level 2Level 3TotalLevel 1Level 2Level 3Total
U.S. Pension Plan Assets
Common and preferred stocks$850 $— $— $850 $1,222 $— $3 $1,225 
Government and agency debt securities(a)— 9,822 — 9,822 — 9,606 — 9,606 
Corporate and other debt securities— 20,957 3 20,960 — 21,816 — 21,816 
Other investments, net(b)545 (269)328 604 125 60 254 439 
Net plan assets subject to leveling$1,395 $30,510 $331 32,236 $1,347 $31,482 $257 33,086 
Plan assets measured at net asset value
Investment funds5,322 5,124 
Private equity and debt investments2,864 3,936 
Real estate investments2,976 3,491 
Total plan assets measured at net asset value11,162 12,551 
Other plan assets (liabilities), net(c)(1,111)(736)
Net plan assets$42,287 $44,901 

December 31, 2023December 31, 2022
Level 1Level 2Level 3TotalLevel 1Level 2Level 3Total
Non-U.S. Pension Plan Assets
Common and preferred stocks$160 $— $— $160 $143 $— $— $143 
Government and agency debt securities(a)— 2,310 — 2,310 — 2,185 — 2,185 
Corporate and other debt securities— 2,738 7 2,745 — 2,570 1 2,571 
Other investments, net(b)(d)(4)(55)43 (16)24 (70)84 38 
Net plan assets subject to leveling$156 $4,993 $50 5,199 $167 $4,685 $85 4,937 
Plan assets measured at net asset value
Investment funds3,265 3,124 
Private equity and debt investments431 483 
Real estate investments781 878 
Total plan assets measured at net asset value4,477 4,485 
Other plan assets (liabilities), net(c)143 108 
Net plan assets$9,819 $9,530 
__________
(a)Includes U.S. and sovereign government and agency issues.
(b)Includes net derivative assets (liabilities).
(c)Cash held by the plans, net of amounts receivable/payable for unsettled security transactions and payables for investment manager fees, custody fees and other expenses.
(d)Level 2 Other investments, net includes Canadian repurchase agreements of approximately $137 million and $150 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022.