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Share-Based Compensation and Employee Ownership Plans
 3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2020
Share-based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]  
Share-Based Compensation and Employee Ownership Plans Share-Based and Deferred Compensation and Employee Ownership PlansThe Company issues share-based compensation under the 2010 Equity and Incentive Plan (the "2010 Equity Plan"). The 2010 Equity Plan permits the grant of options, restricted shares, restricted stock units, and other equity-based awards to the Company's employees and directors. Stock options granted generally vest over two-to-five-year periods and expire seven years from the date of grant. Restricted shares and restricted share units issued, both of which are eligible to accrue dividend equivalents, may be immediately vested or may generally vest over a two-to five-year period. Awards are subject to the risk of forfeiture. As of March 31, 2020, there were 0.1 million shares available for future issuance under the 2010 Equity Plan.
Under the 2010 Equity Plan, the Company awarded $50.1 million of deferred cash awards to its employees during the three months ended March 31, 2020. These awards vest over a four-year period and accrue interest at 0.70% per year. As of March 31, 2020, the Company had unrecognized compensation expense related to the 2010 Equity Plan deferred cash awards of $100.7 million.
The Company measures compensation cost for share-based awards according to the equity method. In accordance with the expense recognition provisions of those standards, the Company amortizes unearned compensation associated with share-based awards on a straight-line basis over the vesting period of the option or award, net of estimated forfeitures. In relation to awards under the 2010 Equity Plan, the Company recognized compensation expense of $8.3 million and $7.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The income tax effect recognized for the 2010 Equity Plan was a benefit of $1.8 million and $2.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
Restricted Stock Units Granted to Employees
Restricted shares and restricted stock units are referred to collectively as restricted stock. The following table summarizes the Company's restricted share and restricted stock unit activity for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019:
Three Months Ended March 31, 2020Three Months Ended March 31, 2019
Nonvested Restricted Class A Common Shares and Class A Common Restricted Stock UnitsWeighted-Average
Grant Date
Fair Value		Nonvested Restricted Class A Common Shares and Class A Common Restricted Stock UnitsWeighted-Average
Grant Date
Fair Value
Beginning balance outstanding 5,364,486  $16.67  5,962,295  $15.73  
Granted2,140,932  17.39  1,781,949  16.97  
Vested(640,084) 14.63  (768,468) 16.69  
Canceled(87,348) 14.80  (233,333) 14.12  
Forfeited(30,562) 15.86  (144,346) 13.84  
Ending balance outstanding 6,747,424  $17.12  6,598,097  $16.05  

Included in the restricted share and restricted stock unit activity are performance-linked restricted stock units of 1,033,333 which were awarded in March 2016 and April 2019. Of the awards granted, 145,986 have vested and 320,681 have been canceled, as they did not meet the performance criteria, through March 31, 2020. The remaining awards, included in the outstanding balance as of March 31, 2020, vest between December 2020 and December 2021 and will be earned only to the extent that the Company attains specified market conditions relating to its volume-weighted average share price and total shareholder return in relation to certain benchmark indices and performance goals relating to aggregate net income and average return on shareholder equity. The actual number of RSUs ultimately earned could vary from zero, if performance goals are not met, to as much as 200% of the targeted award. Each RSU is equal to the one share of the Company's Class A common stock. Compensation expense is recognized to the extent that it is probable that the Company will attain the performance goals.
The fair value of restricted stock (excluding certain performance-linked units which are valued using the Monte Carlo valuation model) is determined based on the number of shares granted and the quoted price of the Company's common stock on the date of grant.
As of March 31, 2020, there was $86.1 million of unrecognized compensation expense related to the Company's grant of nonvested restricted shares and restricted stock units to employees. Unrecognized compensation expense related to nonvested restricted shares and restricted stock units granted to employees is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.73 years.
Restricted Shares and Restricted Stock Units Granted to Non-Employee Board Members
There were no restricted stock units awarded or delivered to non-employee board members during the three months ended March 31, 2020. As of March 31, 2020 there were 216,912 restricted stock units outstanding. There were no restricted stock units awarded during the three months ended March 31, 2019. As of December 31, 2019 there were 216,912 restricted stock units outstanding.