UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended June 30, 2024

OR

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

Commission file number 001-34436

__________________________________________________

Starwood Property Trust, Inc.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Maryland	27-0247747
(State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
591 West Putnam Avenue
Greenwich, Connecticut	06830
(Address of Principal Executive Offices)	(Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code:

(203) 422-7700

___________________________________________________________________________

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common stock, $0.01 par value per share	STWD	New York Stock Exchange

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer”, “accelerated filer”, “smaller reporting company”, and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer	☒	Accelerated filer	☐
Non-accelerated filer	☐	Smaller reporting company	☐
		Emerging growth company	☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

The number of shares of the issuer’s common stock, $0.01 par value, outstanding as of August 2, 2024 was 316,698,298.

1

Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains certain forward-looking statements, including without limitation, statements concerning our operations, economic performance and financial condition. These forward-looking statements are made pursuant to the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements are developed by combining currently available information with our beliefs and assumptions and are generally identified by the words “believe,” “expect,” “anticipate” and other similar expressions. Forward-looking statements do not guarantee future performance, which may be materially different from that expressed in, or implied by, any such statements. Readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements, which speak only as of their respective dates.

These forward-looking statements are based largely on our current beliefs, assumptions and expectations of our future performance taking into account all information currently available to us. These beliefs, assumptions and expectations can change as a result of many possible events or factors, not all of which are known to us or within our control, and which could materially affect actual results, performance or achievements. Factors that may cause actual results to vary from our forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to:

•factors described in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023 and this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, including those set forth under the captions “Risk Factors”, “Business” and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations”;

•defaults by borrowers in paying debt service on outstanding indebtedness;

•impairment in the value of real estate property securing our loans or in which we invest;

•availability of mortgage origination and acquisition opportunities acceptable to us;

•potential mismatches in the timing of asset repayments and the maturity of the associated financing agreements;

•our ability to achieve the benefits that we anticipate from the prior acquisition of the project finance origination, underwriting and capital markets business of GE Capital Global Holdings, LLC;

•national and local economic and business conditions, including as a result of the impact of public health emergencies;

•the occurrence of certain geo-political events (such as wars, terrorist attacks and tensions between states) that affect the normal and peaceful course of international relations;

•general and local commercial and residential real estate property conditions;

•changes in federal government policies;

•changes in federal, state and local governmental laws and regulations;

•increased competition from entities engaged in mortgage lending and securities investing activities;

•changes in interest rates; and

•the availability of, and costs associated with, sources of liquidity.

In light of these risks and uncertainties, there can be no assurances that the results referred to in the forward-looking statements contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q will in fact occur. Except to the extent required by applicable law or regulation, we undertake no obligation to, and expressly disclaim any such obligation to, update or revise any forward-looking statements to reflect changed assumptions, the occurrence of anticipated or unanticipated events, changes to future results over time or otherwise.

2

TABLE OF CONTENTS

		Page
Part I	Financial Information
Item 1.	Financial Statements	4
	Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets	4
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations	5
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income	6
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Equity	7
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows	9
	Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements	11
	Note 1 Business and Organization	11
	Note 2 Summary of Significant Accounting Policies	12
	Note 3 Acquisitions and Divestitures	19
	Note 4 Loans	20
	Note 5 Investment Securities	26
	Note 6 Properties	29
	Note 7 Investments of Consolidated Affordable Housing Fund	30
	Note 8 Investments in Unconsolidated Entities	31
	Note 9 Goodwill and Intangibles	32
	Note 10 Secured Borrowings	34
	Note 11 Unsecured Senior Notes	39
	Note 12 Loan Securitization/Sale Activities	41
	Note 13 Derivatives and Hedging Activity	42
	Note 14 Offsetting Assets and Liabilities	43
	Note 15 Variable Interest Entities	44
	Note 16 Related-Party Transactions	45
	Note 17 Stockholders’ Equity and Non-Controlling Interests	48
	Note 18 Earnings per Share	50
	Note 19 Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income	51
	Note 20 Fair Value	52
	Note 21 Income Taxes	60
	Note 22 Commitments and Contingencies	61
	Note 23 Segment Data	62
	Note 24 Subsequent Events	68
Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	69
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk	103
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	105
Part II	Other Information
Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	106
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	106
Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	106
Item 3.	Defaults Upon Senior Securities	106
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	106
Item 5.	Other Information	106
Item 6.	Exhibits	107

3

PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Financial Statements

Starwood Property Trust, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets

(Unaudited, amounts in thousands, except share data)

	As of June 30,		As of December 31,
	2024		2023
Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	259,267	$	194,660
Restricted cash	176,435		117,312
Loans held-for-investment, net of credit loss allowances of $354,065 and $309,039	16,294,609		17,574,249
Loans held-for-sale, at fair value	2,820,026		2,645,637
Investment securities, net of credit loss allowances of $20,218 and $13,143 ($133,677 and $129,308 held at fair value)	665,714		735,562
Properties, net	1,206,671		1,046,384
Properties held-for-sale	—		290,937
Investments of consolidated affordable housing fund, at fair value	2,004,983		2,012,833
Investments in unconsolidated entities	97,424		90,376
Goodwill	259,846		259,846
Intangible assets ($20,507 and $19,384 held at fair value)	62,264		64,967
Derivative assets	70,530		63,437
Accrued interest receivable	197,114		200,867
Other assets	309,127		420,773
Variable interest entity (“VIE”) assets, at fair value	39,665,392		43,786,356
Total Assets	$	64,089,402	$	69,504,196
Liabilities and Equity
Liabilities:
Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities	$	344,582	$	293,442
Related-party payable	27,849		44,816
Dividends payable	153,422		152,888
Derivative liabilities	76,131		102,467
Secured financing agreements, net	12,102,859		13,867,996
Collateralized loan obligations and single asset securitization, net	3,523,721		3,491,292
Unsecured senior notes, net	2,754,370		2,158,888
Debt related to properties held for sale	—		193,691
VIE liabilities, at fair value	38,132,695		42,175,734
Total Liabilities	57,115,629		62,481,214
Commitments and contingencies (Note 22)
Temporary Equity: Redeemable non-controlling interests	414,095		414,348
Permanent Equity:
Starwood Property Trust, Inc. Stockholders’ Equity:
Preferred stock, $0.01 per share, 100,000,000 shares authorized, no shares issued and outstanding	—		—
Common stock, $0.01 per share, 500,000,000 shares authorized, 324,133,801 issued and 316,685,110 outstanding as of June 30, 2024 and 320,814,765 issued and 313,366,074 outstanding as of December 31, 2023	3,241		3,208
Additional paid-in capital	5,906,653		5,864,670
Treasury stock (7,448,691 shares)	(138,022)		(138,022)
Retained earnings	432,682		505,881
Accumulated other comprehensive income	13,920		15,352
Total Starwood Property Trust, Inc. Stockholders’ Equity	6,218,474		6,251,089
Non-controlling interests in consolidated subsidiaries	341,204		357,545
Total Permanent Equity	6,559,678		6,608,634
Total Liabilities and Equity	$	64,089,402	$	69,504,196

________________________________________________________

Note: In addition to the VIE assets and liabilities which are separately presented, our condensed consolidated balance sheets as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 include assets of $4.4 billion and $4.3 billion, respectively, and liabilities of $3.5 billion related to consolidated collateralized loan obligations (“CLOs”) and a single asset securitization (“SASB”), which are considered to be VIEs. The CLOs’ and SASB’s assets can only be used to settle obligations of the CLOs and SASB, and the CLOs’ and SASB’s liabilities do not have recourse to Starwood Property Trust, Inc. Refer to Note 15 for additional discussion of VIEs.

See notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

4

Starwood Property Trust, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations

(Unaudited, amounts in thousands, except per share data)

	For the Three Months Ended June 30,				For the Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
Revenues:
Interest income from loans	$	427,432	$	455,849	$	890,924	$	886,757
Interest income from investment securities	17,000		18,919		35,206		37,556
Servicing fees	16,033		6,342		25,722		13,598
Rental income	25,459		32,307		54,306		64,596
Other revenues	3,902		2,252		6,756		3,576
Total revenues	489,826		515,669		1,012,914		1,006,083
Costs and expenses:
Management fees	30,517		30,978		76,531		70,518
Interest expense	344,389		363,332		700,345		698,633
General and administrative	51,082		43,156		101,745		85,264
Costs of rental operations	12,070		11,467		22,414		23,133
Depreciation and amortization	10,124		12,323		19,942		24,739
Credit loss provision, net	42,709		121,925		78,548		165,119
Other expense	285		271		959		1,388
Total costs and expenses	491,176		583,452		1,000,484		1,068,794
Other income (loss):
Change in net assets related to consolidated VIEs	17,180		54,123		27,266		95,261
Change in fair value of servicing rights	895		162		1,123		466
Change in fair value of investment securities, net	367		(12)		1,282		70
Change in fair value of mortgage loans, net	64,421		(53,342)		35,408		(44,441)
Income from affordable housing fund investments	6,446		223,823		15,894		236,788
Earnings from unconsolidated entities	1,670		9,962		9,345		12,687
Gain on sale of investments and other assets, net	—		4,680		91,962		4,870
Gain on derivative financial instruments, net	986		56,376		102,925		23,548
Foreign currency gain (loss), net	6,885		23,334		(34,985)		38,353
Loss on extinguishment of debt	(1,105)		(1,123)		(2,559)		(1,184)
Other loss, net	(2,792)		(26,624)		(5,422)		(29,165)
Total other income	94,953		291,359		242,239		337,253
Income before income taxes	93,603		223,576		254,669		274,542
Income tax (provision) benefit	(15,878)		(1,197)		(17,084)		7,598
Net income	77,725		222,379		237,585		282,140
Net loss (income) attributable to non-controlling interests	165		(53,536)		(5,363)		(61,323)
Net income attributable to Starwood Property Trust, Inc.	$	77,890	$	168,843	$	232,222	$	220,817
Earnings per share data attributable to Starwood Property Trust, Inc.:
Basic	$	0.24	$	0.54	$	0.73	$	0.70
Diluted	$	0.24	$	0.54	$	0.73	$	0.70

See notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

5

Starwood Property Trust, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income

(Unaudited, amounts in thousands)

	For the Three Months Ended June 30,				For the Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
Net income	$	77,725	$	222,379	$	237,585	$	282,140
Other comprehensive income (loss) (net change by component):
Available-for-sale securities	(141)		(2,496)		(1,432)		(3,600)
Other comprehensive loss	(141)		(2,496)		(1,432)		(3,600)
Comprehensive income	77,584		219,883		236,153		278,540
Less: Comprehensive loss (income) attributable to non-controlling interests	165		(53,536)		(5,363)		(61,323)
Comprehensive income attributable to Starwood Property Trust, Inc.	$	77,749	$	166,347	$	230,790	$	217,217

See notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

6

Starwood Property Trust, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Equity

For the Three Months Ended June 30, 2024 and 2023

(Unaudited, amounts in thousands, except share data)

	Temporary Equity		Common stock			Additional Paid-in Capital		Treasury Stock			Retained Earnings		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income		Total Starwood Property Trust, Inc. Stockholders’ Equity		Non- Controlling Interests		Total Permanent Equity
			Shares	Par Value				Shares	Amount
Balance, March 31, 2024	$	415,485	323,405,456	$	3,234	$	5,885,852	7,448,691	$	(138,022)	$	507,622	$	14,061	$	6,272,747	$	351,949	$	6,624,696
Proceeds from DRIP Plan	—		16,571	—		318		—	—		—		—		318		—		318
Proceeds from employee stock purchase plan	—		17,061	—		278		—	—		—		—		278		—		278
Share-based compensation	—		223,534	2		10,666		—	—		—		—		10,668		—		10,668
Manager fees paid in stock	—		471,179	5		9,539		—	—		—		—		9,544		—		9,544
Net income	972		—	—		—		—	—		77,890		—		77,890		(1,137)		76,753
Dividends declared, $0.48 per share	—		—	—		—		—	—		(152,830)		—		(152,830)		—		(152,830)
Other comprehensive loss, net	—		—	—		—		—	—		—		(141)		(141)		—		(141)
Distributions to non-controlling interests	(2,362)		—	—		—		—	—		—		—		—		(9,608)		(9,608)
Balance, June 30, 2024	$	414,095	324,133,801	$	3,241	$	5,906,653	7,448,691	$	(138,022)	$	432,682	$	13,920	$	6,218,474	$	341,204	$	6,559,678
Balance, March 31, 2023	$	364,418	319,669,537	$	3,197	$	5,826,509	7,448,691	$	(138,022)	$	670,690	$	19,851	$	6,382,225	$	370,248	$	6,752,473
Proceeds from DRIP Plan	—		15,795	—		275		—	—		—		—		275		—		275
Proceeds from employee stock purchase plan	—		23,998	—		353		—	—		—		—		353		—		353
Share-based compensation	—		130,652	1		9,497		—	—		—		—		9,498		—		9,498
Manager fees paid in stock	—		377,207	4		6,179		—	—		—		—		6,183		—		6,183
Net income	45,661		—	—		—		—	—		168,843		—		168,843		7,875		176,718
Dividends declared, $0.48 per share	—		—	—		—		—	—		(150,387)		—		(150,387)		—		(150,387)
Other comprehensive loss, net	—		—	—		—		—	—		—		(2,496)		(2,496)		—		(2,496)
Distributions to non-controlling interests	(2,045)		—	—		—		—	—		—		—		—		(7,674)		(7,674)
Balance, June 30, 2023	$	408,034	320,217,189	$	3,202	$	5,842,813	7,448,691	$	(138,022)	$	689,146	$	17,355	$	6,414,494	$	370,449	$	6,784,943

See notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

7

Starwood Property Trust, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Equity (Continued)

For the Six Months Ended June 30, 2024 and 2023

(Unaudited, amounts in thousands, except share data)

	Temporary Equity		Common stock			Additional Paid-in Capital		Treasury Stock			Retained Earnings		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income		Total Starwood Property Trust, Inc. Stockholders’ Equity		Non- Controlling Interests		Total Permanent Equity
			Shares	Par Value				Shares	Amount
Balance, December 31, 2023	$	414,348	320,814,765	$	3,208	$	5,864,670	7,448,691	$	(138,022)	$	505,881	$	15,352	$	6,251,089	$	357,545	$	6,608,634
Proceeds from DRIP Plan	—		29,605	—		584		—	—		—		—		584		—		584
Proceeds from employee stock purchase plan	—		83,376	1		1,411		—	—		—		—		1,412		—		1,412
Share-based compensation	—		2,238,706	22		20,692		—	—		—		—		20,714		—		20,714
Manager fees paid in stock	—		967,349	10		19,296		—	—		—		—		19,306		—		19,306
Net income	2,537		—	—		—		—	—		232,222		—		232,222		2,826		235,048
Dividends declared, $0.96 per share	—		—	—		—		—	—		(305,421)		—		(305,421)		—		(305,421)
Other comprehensive loss, net	—		—	—		—		—	—		—		(1,432)		(1,432)		—		(1,432)
Distributions to non-controlling interests	(2,790)		—	—		—		—	—		—		—		—		(19,167)		(19,167)
Balance, June 30, 2024	$	414,095	324,133,801	$	3,241	$	5,906,653	7,448,691	$	(138,022)	$	432,682	$	13,920	$	6,218,474	$	341,204	$	6,559,678
Balance, December 31, 2022	$	362,790	318,123,861	$	3,181	$	5,807,087	7,448,691	$	(138,022)	$	769,237	$	20,955	$	6,462,438	$	373,479	$	6,835,917
Proceeds from DRIP Plan	—		31,452	—		574		—	—		—		—		574		—		574
Proceeds from employee stock purchase plan	—		89,024	1		1,322		—	—		—		—		1,323		—		1,323
Share-based compensation	—		1,222,441	12		20,422		—	—		—		—		20,434		—		20,434
Manager fees paid in stock	—		750,411	8		13,408		—	—		—		—		13,416		—		13,416
Net income	47,948		—	—		—		—	—		220,817		—		220,817		13,375		234,192
Dividends declared, $0.96 per share	—		—	—		—		—	—		(300,908)		—		(300,908)		—		(300,908)
Other comprehensive loss, net	—		—	—		—		—	—		—		(3,600)		(3,600)		—		(3,600)
Distributions to non-controlling interests	(2,704)		—	—		—		—	—		—		—		—		(16,405)		(16,405)
Balance, June 30, 2023	$	408,034	320,217,189	$	3,202	$	5,842,813	7,448,691	$	(138,022)	$	689,146	$	17,355	$	6,414,494	$	370,449	$	6,784,943

See notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

8

Starwood Property Trust, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(Unaudited, amounts in thousands)

	For the Six Months Ended June 30
	2024		2023
Cash Flows from Operating Activities:
Net income	$	237,585	$	282,140
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Amortization of deferred financing costs, premiums and discounts on secured borrowings	25,313		26,026
Amortization of discounts and deferred financing costs on unsecured senior notes	5,048		4,306
Accretion of net discount on investment securities	(2,762)		(4,273)
Accretion of net deferred loan fees and discounts	(32,742)		(32,212)
Share-based compensation	20,714		20,434
Manager fees paid in stock	19,306		13,416
Change in fair value of investment securities	(1,282)		(70)
Change in fair value of consolidated VIEs	43,584		(22,696)
Change in fair value of servicing rights	(1,123)		(466)
Change in fair value of loans	(35,408)		44,441
Change in fair value of affordable housing fund investments	7,850		(215,983)
Change in fair value of derivatives	(56,400)		13,335
Foreign currency loss (gain), net	34,985		(38,353)
Gain on sale of investments and other assets	(91,962)		(4,870)
Impairment charges on properties and related intangibles	—		23,856
Credit loss provision, net	78,548		165,119
Depreciation and amortization	22,385		27,295
Earnings from unconsolidated entities	(9,345)		(12,687)
Distributions of earnings from unconsolidated entities	2,300		7,299
Loss on extinguishment of debt	2,559		1,184
Origination and purchase of loans held-for-sale, net of principal collections	(497,098)		(162,212)
Proceeds from sale of loans held-for-sale	358,409		171,318
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Related-party payable	(16,967)		(13,861)
Accrued and capitalized interest receivable, less purchased interest	(43,540)		(77,999)
Other assets	22,791		(17,963)
Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities	16,459		(36,168)
Net cash provided by operating activities	109,207		160,356
Cash Flows from Investing Activities:
Origination, purchase and funding of loans held-for-investment	(910,014)		(1,039,139)
Proceeds from principal collections on loans	2,030,875		1,477,281
Proceeds from loans sold	47,149		52,912
Purchase and funding of investment securities	(18,708)		(1,452)
Proceeds from sales and redemptions of investment securities	1,314		295
Proceeds from principal collections on investment securities	77,301		51,348
Proceeds from sales of real estate, net of debt assumed by purchaser	198,988		19,037
Purchases and additions to properties and other assets	(14,184)		(14,314)
Distribution of capital from unconsolidated entities	—		2,607
Cash resulting from foreclosures and initial consolidation of entities	1,054		123
Payments for purchase or termination of derivatives	(5,507)		(9,397)
Proceeds from termination of derivatives	27,907		12,781
Net cash provided by investing activities	1,436,175		552,082

See notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

9

Starwood Property Trust, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Continued)

(Unaudited, amounts in thousands)

	For the Six Months Ended June 30
	2024		2023
Cash Flows from Financing Activities:
Proceeds from borrowings	$	2,897,949	$	2,342,276
Principal repayments on and repurchases of borrowings	(3,999,367)		(2,700,729)
Payment of deferred financing costs	(26,834)		(5,093)
Proceeds from common stock issuances	1,996		1,897
Payment of dividends	(304,887)		(300,001)
Distributions to non-controlling interests	(21,957)		(19,109)
Issuance of debt of consolidated VIEs	5,779		—
Repayment of debt of consolidated VIEs	(215)		(216)
Distributions of cash from consolidated VIEs	28,193		40,447
Net cash used in financing activities	(1,419,343)		(640,528)
Net increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	126,039		71,910
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, beginning of period	311,972		382,133
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash	(2,309)		169
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, end of period	$	435,702	$	454,212
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information:
Cash paid for interest	$	668,388	$	662,047
Income taxes (refunded) paid, net	(46)		1,873
Supplemental disclosure of non-cash investing and financing activities:
Dividends declared, but not yet paid	$	152,829	$	152,892
Deconsolidation of VIEs (VIE asset/liability reductions)	711,975		—
Net assets acquired through foreclosure, control or conversion to equity interest:
Assets acquired, less cash	178,821		40,897
Liabilities assumed	2,859		74
Debt assumed by purchaser in sale of real estate	(194,900)		—
Reclassification of loans held-for-investment to loans held-for-sale	48,695		41,392
Loan principal collections temporarily held at master servicer	12,987		158,125

See notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

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Starwood Property Trust, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

As of June 30, 2024

(Unaudited)

1. Business and Organization

Starwood Property Trust, Inc. (“STWD” and, together with its subsidiaries, “we” or the “Company”) is a Maryland corporation that commenced operations in August 2009, upon the completion of our initial public offering. We are focused primarily on originating, acquiring, financing and managing mortgage loans and other real estate investments in the United States (“U.S.”), Europe and Australia. As market conditions change over time, we may adjust our strategy to take advantage of changes in interest rates and credit spreads as well as economic and credit conditions.

We have four reportable business segments as of June 30, 2024 and we refer to the investments within these segments as our target assets:

•Real estate commercial and residential lending (the “Commercial and Residential Lending Segment”)—engages primarily in originating, acquiring, financing and managing commercial first mortgages, non-agency residential mortgages (“residential loans”), subordinated mortgages, mezzanine loans, preferred equity, commercial mortgage-backed securities (“CMBS”), residential mortgage-backed securities (“RMBS”) and other real estate and real estate-related debt investments in the U.S., Europe and Australia (including distressed or non-performing loans). Our residential loans are secured by a first mortgage lien on residential property and primarily consist of non-agency residential loans that are not guaranteed by any U.S. Government agency or federally chartered corporation.

•Infrastructure lending (the “Infrastructure Lending Segment”)—engages primarily in originating, acquiring, financing and managing infrastructure debt investments.

•Real estate property (the “Property Segment”)—engages primarily in acquiring and managing equity interests in stabilized and to be stabilized commercial real estate properties, including multifamily properties, that are held for investment.

•Real estate investing and servicing (the “Investing and Servicing Segment”)—includes (i) a servicing business in the U.S. that manages and works out problem assets, (ii) an investment business that selectively acquires and manages unrated, investment grade and non-investment grade rated CMBS, including subordinated interests of securitization and resecuritization transactions, (iii) a mortgage loan business which originates conduit loans for the primary purpose of selling these loans into securitization transactions and (iv) an investment business that selectively acquires commercial real estate assets, including properties acquired from CMBS trusts.

Our segments exclude the consolidation of securitization variable interest entities (“VIEs”).

We are organized and conduct our operations to qualify as a real estate investment trust (“REIT”) under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”). As such, we will generally not be subject to U.S. federal corporate income tax on that portion of our net income that is distributed to stockholders if we distribute at least 90% of our taxable income to our stockholders by prescribed dates and comply with various other requirements.

We are organized as a holding company and conduct our business primarily through our various wholly-owned subsidiaries. We are externally managed and advised by SPT Management, LLC (our “Manager”) pursuant to the terms of a management agreement. Our Manager is controlled by Barry Sternlicht, our Chairman and Chief Executive Officer. Our Manager is an affiliate of Starwood Capital Group Global, L.P., a privately-held private equity firm founded by Mr. Sternlicht.

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2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Balance Sheet Presentation of Securitization Variable Interest Entities

We operate investment businesses that acquire unrated, investment grade and non-investment grade rated CMBS and RMBS. These securities represent interests in securitization structures (commonly referred to as special purpose entities, or “SPEs”). These SPEs are structured as pass through entities that receive principal and interest on the underlying collateral and distribute those payments to the certificate holders. Under accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”), SPEs typically qualify as VIEs. These are entities that, by design, either (1) lack sufficient equity to permit the entity to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support from other parties, or (2) have equity investors that do not have the ability to make significant decisions relating to the entity’s operations through voting rights, or do not have the obligation to absorb the expected losses, or do not have the right to receive the residual returns of the entity.

Because we often serve as the special servicer or servicing administrator of the trusts in which we invest, or we have the ability to remove and replace the special servicer without cause, consolidation of these structures is required pursuant to GAAP as outlined in detail below. This results in a consolidated balance sheet which presents the gross assets and liabilities of the VIEs. The assets and other instruments held by these VIEs are restricted and can only be used to fulfill the obligations of the entity. Additionally, the obligations of the VIEs do not have any recourse to the general credit of any other consolidated entities, nor to us as the consolidator of these VIEs.

The VIE liabilities initially represent investment securities on our balance sheet (pre-consolidation). Upon consolidation of these VIEs, our associated investment securities are eliminated, as is the interest income related to those securities. Similarly, the fees we earn in our roles as special servicer of the bonds issued by the consolidated VIEs or as collateral administrator of the consolidated VIEs are also eliminated. Finally, a portion of the identified servicing intangible associated with the eliminated fee streams is eliminated in consolidation.

Refer to the segment data in Note 23 for a presentation of our business segments without consolidation of these VIEs.

Basis of Accounting and Principles of Consolidation

The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements include our accounts and those of our consolidated subsidiaries and VIEs. Intercompany amounts have been eliminated in consolidation. In the opinion of management, all adjustments (which include only normal recurring adjustments) necessary to present fairly the financial position, results of operations, and cash flows have been included.

These unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023 (our “Form 10-K”), as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). The results of operations for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 are not necessarily indicative of the operating results for the full year.

Refer to our Form 10-K for a description of our recurring accounting policies. We have included disclosure in this Note 2 regarding principles of consolidation and other accounting policies that (i) are required to be disclosed quarterly, (ii) we view as critical, (iii) became significant since December 31, 2023 due to a corporate action or increase in the significance of the underlying business activity or (iv) changed upon adoption of an Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”).

Variable Interest Entities

In addition to the securitization VIEs, we have financed pools of our loans through collateralized loan obligations (“CLOs”) and a single asset securitization (“SASB”), which are considered VIEs. We also hold interests in certain other entities which are considered VIEs as the limited partners of those entities with equity at risk do not collectively possess (i) the right to remove the general partner or dissolve the partnership without cause or (ii) the right to participate in significant decisions made by the partnership.

We evaluate all of our interests in VIEs for consolidation. When our interests are determined to be variable interests, we assess whether we are deemed to be the primary beneficiary of the VIE. The primary beneficiary of a VIE is required to consolidate the VIE. Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 810, Consolidation, defines the primary beneficiary as the party that has both (i) the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impact its economic performance, and (ii) the obligation to absorb losses and the right to receive benefits from the VIE which could be potentially significant. We

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consider our variable interests as well as any variable interests of our related parties in making this determination. Where both of these factors are present, we are deemed to be the primary beneficiary and we consolidate the VIE. Where either one of these factors is not present, we are not the primary beneficiary and do not consolidate the VIE.

To assess whether we have the power to direct the activities of a VIE that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance, we consider all facts and circumstances, including our role in establishing the VIE and our ongoing rights and responsibilities. This assessment includes: (i) identifying the activities that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance; and (ii) identifying which party, if any, has power over those activities. In general, the parties that make the most significant decisions affecting the VIE or have the right to unilaterally remove those decision makers are deemed to have the power to direct the activities of a VIE. The right to remove the decision maker in a VIE must be exercisable without cause for the decision maker to not be deemed the party that has the power to direct the activities of a VIE.

To assess whether we have the obligation to absorb losses of the VIE or the right to receive benefits from the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE, we consider all of our economic interests, including debt and equity investments, servicing fees and other arrangements deemed to be variable interests in the VIE. This assessment requires that we apply judgment in determining whether these interests, in the aggregate, are considered potentially significant to the VIE. Factors considered in assessing significance include: the design of the VIE, including its capitalization structure; subordination of interests; payment priority; relative share of interests held across various classes within the VIE’s capital structure; and the reasons why the interests are held by us.

Our purchased investment securities include unrated and non-investment grade rated securities issued by securitization trusts. In certain cases, we may contract to provide special servicing activities for these trusts, or, as holder of the controlling class, we may have the right to name and remove the special servicer for these trusts. In our role as special servicer, we provide services on defaulted loans within the trusts, such as foreclosure or work-out procedures, as permitted by the underlying contractual agreements. In exchange for these services, we receive a fee. These rights give us the ability to direct activities that could significantly impact the trust’s economic performance. However, in those instances where an unrelated third party has the right to unilaterally remove us as special servicer without cause, we do not have the power to direct activities that most significantly impact the trust’s economic performance. We evaluated all of our positions in such investments for consolidation.

For securitization VIEs in which we are determined to be the primary beneficiary, all of the underlying assets, liabilities and equity of the structures are recorded on our books, and the initial investment, along with any associated unrealized holding gains and losses, are eliminated in consolidation. Similarly, the interest income earned from these structures, as well as the fees paid by these trusts to us in our capacity as special servicer, are eliminated in consolidation. Further, a portion of the identified servicing intangible asset associated with the servicing fee streams, and the corresponding amortization or change in fair value of the servicing intangible asset, are also eliminated in consolidation.

We perform ongoing reassessments of: (i) whether any entities previously evaluated under the majority voting interest framework have become VIEs, based on certain events, and therefore subject to the VIE consolidation framework, and (ii) whether changes in the facts and circumstances regarding our involvement with a VIE causes our consolidation conclusion regarding the VIE to change.

We elect the fair value option for initial and subsequent recognition of the assets and liabilities of our consolidated securitization VIEs. Interest income and interest expense associated with these VIEs are no longer relevant on a standalone basis because these amounts are already reflected in the fair value changes. We have elected to present these items in a single line on our condensed consolidated statements of operations. The residual difference shown on our condensed consolidated statements of operations in the line item “Change in net assets related to consolidated VIEs” represents our beneficial interest in the VIEs.

We separately present the assets and liabilities of our consolidated securitization VIEs as individual line items on our condensed consolidated balance sheets. The liabilities of our consolidated securitization VIEs consist solely of obligations to the bondholders of the related trusts, and are thus presented as a single line item entitled “VIE liabilities.” The assets of our consolidated securitization VIEs consist principally of loans, but at times, also include foreclosed loans which have been temporarily converted into real estate owned (“REO”). These assets in the aggregate are likewise presented as a single line item entitled “VIE assets.”

Loans comprise the vast majority of our securitization VIE assets and are carried at fair value due to the election of the fair value option. When an asset becomes REO, it is due to non-performance of the loan. Because the loan is already at fair value, the carrying value of an REO asset is also initially at fair value. Furthermore, when we consolidate a trust, any existing

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REO would be consolidated at fair value. Once an asset becomes REO, its disposition time is relatively short. As a result, the carrying value of an REO generally approximates fair value under GAAP.

In addition to sharing a similar measurement method as the loans in a trust, the securitization VIE assets as a whole can only be used to settle the obligations of the consolidated VIE. The assets of our securitization VIEs are not individually accessible by the bondholders, which creates inherent limitations from a valuation perspective. Also creating limitations from a valuation perspective is our role as special servicer, which provides us very limited visibility, if any, into the performing loans of a trust.

REO assets generally represent a very small percentage of the overall asset pool of a trust. In new issue trusts there are no REO assets. We estimate that REO assets constitute approximately 2% of our consolidated securitization VIE assets, with the remaining 98% representing loans. However, it is important to note that the fair value of our securitization VIE assets is determined by reference to our securitization VIE liabilities as permitted under ASU 2014-13, Consolidation (Topic 810): Measuring the Financial Assets and the Financial Liabilities of a Consolidated Collateralized Financing Entity. In other words, our VIE liabilities are more reliably measurable than the VIE assets, resulting in our current measurement methodology which utilizes this value to determine the fair value of our securitization VIE assets as a whole. As a result, these percentages are not necessarily indicative of the relative fair values of each of these asset categories if the assets were to be valued individually.

Due to our accounting policy election under ASU 2014-13, separately presenting two different asset categories would result in an arbitrary assignment of value to each, with one asset category representing a residual amount, as opposed to its fair value. However, as a pool, the fair value of the assets in total is equal to the fair value of the liabilities.

For these reasons, the assets of our securitization VIEs are presented in the aggregate.

Fair Value Option

The guidance in ASC 825, Financial Instruments, provides a fair value option election that allows entities to make an irrevocable election of fair value as the initial and subsequent measurement attribute for certain eligible financial assets and liabilities. Unrealized gains and losses on items for which the fair value option has been elected are reported in earnings. The decision to elect the fair value option is determined on an instrument by instrument basis and must be applied to an entire instrument and is irrevocable once elected. Assets and liabilities measured at fair value pursuant to this guidance are required to be reported separately in our consolidated balance sheets from those instruments using another accounting method.

We have elected the fair value option for certain eligible financial assets and liabilities of our consolidated securitization VIEs, residential loans held-for-investment, loans held-for-sale originated or acquired for future securitization and purchased CMBS issued by VIEs we could consolidate in the future. The fair value elections for VIE and securitization related items were made in order to mitigate accounting mismatches between the carrying value of the instruments and the related assets and liabilities that we consolidate at fair value. The fair value elections for residential loans held-for-investment were made in order to maintain consistency across all our residential loans. The fair value elections for mortgage loans held-for-sale were made due to the expected short-term holding period of these instruments.

Fair Value Measurements

We measure our mortgage-backed securities, investments of consolidated affordable housing fund, derivative assets and liabilities, domestic servicing rights intangible asset and any assets or liabilities where we have elected the fair value option at fair value. When actively quoted observable prices are not available, we either use implied pricing from similar assets and liabilities or valuation models based on net present values of estimated future cash flows, adjusted as appropriate for liquidity, credit, market and/or other risk factors.

As discussed above, we measure the assets and liabilities of consolidated securitization VIEs at fair value pursuant to our election of the fair value option. The securitization VIEs in which we invest are “static”; that is, no reinvestment is permitted, and there is no active management of the underlying assets. In determining the fair value of the assets and liabilities of the securitization VIEs, we maximize the use of observable inputs over unobservable inputs. Refer to Note 20 for further discussion regarding our fair value measurements.

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Loans Held-for-Investment

Loans that are held for investment (“HFI”) are carried at cost, net of unamortized acquisition premiums or discounts, loan fees and origination costs, as applicable, and net of credit loss allowances as discussed below, unless we have elected to apply the fair value option at purchase.

Loans Held-For-Sale

Our loans that we intend to sell or liquidate in the short-term are classified as held-for-sale and are carried at the lower of amortized cost or fair value, unless we have elected to apply the fair value option at origination or purchase. We periodically enter into derivative financial instruments to hedge unpredictable changes in fair value of loans held-for-sale, including changes resulting from both interest rates and credit quality. Because these derivatives are not designated, changes in their fair value are recorded in earnings. In order to best reflect the results of the hedged loan portfolio in earnings, we have elected the fair value option for these loans. As a result, changes in the fair value of the loans are also recorded in earnings.

Investment Securities

We designate our debt investment securities as held-to-maturity (“HTM”), available-for-sale (“AFS”), or trading depending on our investment strategy and ability to hold such securities to maturity. HTM debt securities where we have not elected to apply the fair value option are stated at cost plus any premiums or discounts, which are amortized or accreted through the condensed consolidated statements of operations using the effective interest method. Debt securities we (i) do not hold for the purpose of selling in the near-term, or (ii) may dispose of prior to maturity, are classified as AFS and are carried at fair value in the accompanying financial statements. Unrealized gains or losses on AFS debt securities where we have not elected the fair value option are reported as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (“AOCI”) in stockholders’ equity. Our HTM and AFS debt securities are also subject to credit loss allowances as discussed below.

Our only equity investment security is carried at fair value, with unrealized holding gains and losses recorded in earnings.

Credit Losses

Loans and Debt Securities Measured at Amortized Cost

ASC 326, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses, became effective for the Company on January 1, 2020. ASC 326 mandates the use of a current expected credit loss model (“CECL”) for estimating future credit losses of certain financial instruments measured at amortized cost, instead of the “incurred loss” credit model previously required under GAAP. The CECL model requires the consideration of possible credit losses over the life of an instrument as opposed to only estimating credit losses upon the occurrence of a discrete loss event under the previous “incurred loss” methodology. The CECL model applies to our HFI loans and our HTM debt securities which are carried at amortized cost, including future funding commitments and accrued interest receivable related to those loans and securities. However, as permitted by ASC 326, we have elected not to measure an allowance for credit losses on accrued interest receivable (which is classified separately on our condensed consolidated balance sheets), but rather write off in a timely manner by reversing interest income and/or cease accruing interest that would likely be uncollectible.

As we do not have a history of realized credit losses on our HFI loans and HTM securities, we have subscribed to third party database services to provide us with historical industry losses for both commercial real estate and infrastructure loans. Using these losses as a benchmark, we determine expected credit losses for our loans and securities on a collective basis within our commercial real estate and infrastructure portfolios. See Note 4 for further discussion of our methodologies.

We also evaluate each loan and security measured at amortized cost for credit deterioration at least quarterly. Credit deterioration occurs when it is deemed probable that we will not be able to collect all amounts due according to the contractual terms of the loan or security. If a loan or security is considered to be credit deteriorated, we depart from the industry loss rate approach described above and determine the credit loss allowance as any excess of the amortized cost basis of the loan or security over (i) the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the contractual effective interest rate or (ii) the fair value of the collateral, if repayment is expected solely from the collateral.

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Available-for-Sale Debt Securities

Separate provisions of ASC 326 apply to our AFS debt securities, which are carried at fair value with unrealized gains and losses reported as a component of AOCI. We are required to establish an initial credit loss allowance for those securities that are purchased with credit deterioration (“PCD”) by grossing up the amortized cost basis of each security and providing an offsetting credit loss allowance for the difference between expected cash flows and contractual cash flows, both on a present value basis.

Subsequently, cumulative adverse changes in expected cash flows on our AFS debt securities are recognized currently as an increase to the allowance for credit losses. However, the allowance is limited to the amount by which the AFS debt security’s amortized cost exceeds its fair value. Favorable changes in expected cash flows are first recognized as a decrease to the allowance for credit losses (recognized currently in earnings). Such changes would be recognized as a prospective yield adjustment only when the allowance for credit losses is reduced to zero. A change in expected cash flows that is attributable solely to a change in a variable interest reference rate does not result in a credit loss and is accounted for as a prospective yield adjustment.

Investments of Consolidated Affordable Housing Fund

On November 5, 2021, we established Woodstar Portfolio Holdings, LLC (the “Woodstar Fund”), an investment fund which holds our Woodstar multifamily affordable housing portfolios consisting of 59 properties with 15,057 units located in Central and South Florida. As managing member of the Woodstar Fund, we manage interests purchased by third party investors seeking capital appreciation and an ongoing return, for which we earn (i) a management fee based on each investor’s share of total Woodstar Fund equity; and (ii) an incentive distribution if the Woodstar Fund’s returns exceed an established threshold. In connection with the establishment of the Woodstar Fund, we entered into subscription and other related agreements with certain third party institutional investors to sell, through a feeder fund structure, an aggregate 20.6% interest in the Woodstar Fund for an initial aggregate subscription price of $216.0 million, which was adjusted to $214.2 million post-closing. The Woodstar Fund has an initial term of eight years.

Effective with the third party interest sale, the Woodstar Fund has the characteristics of an investment company under ASC 946, Financial Services – Investment Companies. Accordingly, the Woodstar Fund is required to carry the investments in its properties at fair value, with a cumulative effect adjustment between the fair value and previous carrying value of its investments recognized in stockholders’ equity as of November 5, 2021, the date of the Woodstar Fund’s change in status to an investment company. Because we are the primary beneficiary of the Woodstar Fund, which is a VIE (as discussed in Note 15), we consolidate the accounts of the Woodstar Fund into our consolidated financial statements, retaining the fair value basis of accounting for its investments. Realized and unrealized changes in the fair value of the Woodstar Fund’s property investments, and distributions thereon, are recognized in the “Income from affordable housing fund investments” caption within the other income (loss) section of our condensed consolidated statements of operations. See Note 7 for further details regarding the Woodstar Fund’s investments and related income and Note 17 with respect to its contingently redeemable non-controlling interests which are classified as “Temporary Equity” in our condensed consolidated balance sheets.

Revenue Recognition

Interest Income

Interest income on performing loans and financial instruments is accrued based on the outstanding principal amount and contractual terms of the instrument. For loans where we do not elect the fair value option, origination fees and direct loan origination costs are also recognized in interest income over the loan term as a yield adjustment using the effective interest method. When we elect the fair value option, origination fees and direct loan costs are recorded directly in income and are not deferred. Discounts or premiums associated with the purchase of non-performing loans and investment securities are amortized or accreted into interest income as a yield adjustment on the effective interest method, based on expected cash flows through the expected maturity date of the investment. On at least a quarterly basis, we review and, if appropriate, make adjustments to our cash flow projections.

We cease accruing interest on non-performing loans at the earlier of (i) the loan becoming significantly past due or (ii) management concluding that a full recovery of all interest and principal is doubtful. Interest income on non-accrual loans in which management expects a full recovery of the loan’s outstanding principal balance is only recognized when received in cash. If full recovery of principal is doubtful or if collection of interest is less than probable, the cost recovery method is applied whereby any cash received is applied to the outstanding principal balance of the loan. A non-accrual loan is returned to accrual

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status at such time as the loan becomes contractually current and management believes all future principal and interest will be received according to the contractual loan terms.

For loans acquired with deteriorated credit quality, interest income is only recognized to the extent that our estimate of undiscounted expected principal and interest exceeds our investment in the loan. Such excess, if any, is recognized as interest income on a level-yield basis over the life of the loan.

Upon the sale of loans or securities which are not accounted for pursuant to the fair value option, the excess (or deficiency) of net proceeds over the net carrying value of such loans or securities is recognized as a realized gain (loss).

Servicing Fees

We typically seek to be the special servicer on CMBS transactions in which we invest. When we are appointed to serve in this capacity, we earn special servicing fees from the related activities performed, which consist primarily of overseeing the workout of under-performing and non-performing loans underlying the CMBS transactions. These fees are recognized in income in the period in which the services are performed and the revenue recognition criteria have been met.

Rental Income

Rental income is recognized when earned from tenants. For leases that provide rent concessions or fixed escalations over the lease term, rental income is recognized on a straight-line basis over the noncancelable term of the lease. In net lease arrangements, costs reimbursable from tenants are recognized in rental income in the period in which the related expenses are incurred as we are generally the primary obligor with respect to purchasing goods and services for property operations. In instances where the tenant is responsible for property maintenance and repairs and contracts and settles such costs directly with third party service providers, we do not reflect those expenses in our consolidated statement of operations as the tenant is the primary obligor.

Foreign Currency Translation

Our assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are translated into U.S. dollars using foreign currency exchange rates at the end of the reporting period. Income and expenses are translated at the average exchange rates for each reporting period. The effects of translating the assets, liabilities and income of our foreign investments held by entities with a U.S. dollar functional currency are included in foreign currency gain (loss) in the consolidated statements of operations. Realized foreign currency gains and losses and changes in the value of foreign currency denominated monetary assets and liabilities are included in the determination of net income and are reported as foreign currency gain (loss) in our condensed consolidated statements of operations.

Income Taxes

The Company has elected to be taxed as a REIT under the Code. The Company is subject to federal income taxation at corporate rates on its REIT taxable income, however, the Company is allowed a deduction for the amount of dividends paid to its stockholders in arriving at its REIT taxable income. As a result, distributed net income of the Company is subjected to taxation at the stockholder level only. The Company intends to continue operating in a manner that will permit it to maintain its qualification as a REIT for tax purposes.

Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amount of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes. The Company evaluates the realizability of its deferred tax assets and recognizes a valuation allowance if, based on the available evidence, both positive and negative, it is more likely than not that some portion or all of its deferred tax assets will not be realized. When evaluating the realizability of its deferred tax assets, the Company considers, among other matters, estimates of expected future taxable income, nature of current and cumulative losses, existing and projected book/tax differences, tax planning strategies available, and the general and industry specific economic outlook. This realizability analysis is inherently subjective, as it requires the Company to forecast its business and general economic environment in future periods.

We recognize tax positions in the financial statements only when it is more likely than not that, based on the technical merits of the tax position, the position will be sustained upon examination by the relevant taxing authority. A tax position is measured at the largest amount of benefit that will more likely than not be realized upon settlement. If, as a result of new events or information, a recognized tax position no longer is considered more likely than not to be sustained upon examination, a liability is established for the unrecognized benefit with a corresponding charge to income tax expense in our consolidated

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statement of operations. We report interest and penalties, if any, related to income tax matters as a component of income tax expense.

Earnings Per Share

We present both basic and diluted earnings per share (“EPS”) amounts in our financial statements. Basic EPS excludes dilution and is computed by dividing income available to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding for the period. Diluted EPS reflects the maximum potential dilution that could occur from (i) our share-based compensation, consisting of unvested restricted stock awards (“RSAs”) and restricted stock units (“RSUs”) and any outstanding discounted share purchase options under the Employee Stock Purchase Program (“ESPP”), (ii) shares contingently issuable to our Manager, (iii) the conversion options associated with our senior convertible notes (the “Convertible Notes”) (see Notes 11 and 18) and (iv) non-controlling interests that are redeemable with our common stock (see Note 17). Potential dilutive shares are excluded from the calculation if they have an anti-dilutive effect in the period.

Nearly all of the Company’s unvested RSUs and RSAs contain rights to receive non-forfeitable dividends and thus are participating securities. In addition, the non-controlling interests that are redeemable with our common stock are considered participating securities because they earn a preferred return indexed to the dividend rate on our common stock (see Note 17). Due to the existence of these participating securities, the two-class method of computing EPS is required, unless another method is determined to be more dilutive. Under the two-class method, undistributed earnings are reallocated between shares of common stock and participating securities. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, the two-class method resulted in the most dilutive EPS calculation.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, as well as the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. The most significant and subjective estimate that we make is the projection of cash flows we expect to receive on our investments, which has a significant impact on the amount of income that we record and/or disclose. In addition, the fair value of assets and liabilities that are estimated using a discounted cash flows method is significantly impacted by the rates at which we estimate market participants would discount the expected cash flows. Amounts ultimately realized from our investments may vary significantly from the fair values presented.

We believe the estimates and assumptions underlying our consolidated financial statements are reasonable and supportable based on the information available as of June 30, 2024. Actual results may ultimately differ from those estimates.

Reclassifications

Acquisition and investment pursuit costs were combined within other expense in the prior period condensed consolidated statements of operations to conform with the current period presentation.

Recent Accounting Developments

    On November 27, 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280) - Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures, which improves reportable segment disclosure requirements primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses. This ASU is effective for our fiscal year ending December 31, 2024 and interim quarters beginning in 2025, with early adoption permitted. It must be retrospectively applied to all prior periods presented. We do not expect this ASU will have a material impact on the Company’s reportable segment disclosures, as it already reports significant items within revenues, costs and expenses and other income (loss) categories by segment.

On December 14, 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740) - Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, which improves income tax disclosures by primarily requiring (1) consistent categories and greater disaggregation of information in the rate reconciliation and (2) income taxes paid disaggregated by jurisdiction. This ASU is effective for our fiscal year ending December 31, 2025, with early adoption permitted. It is to be applied on a prospective basis, with retrospective application permitted. We do not expect this ASU will have a material impact on the Company’s income tax disclosures.

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On March 6, 2024, the SEC adopted final rules requiring the disclosure of certain climate-related information in registration statements and annual reports filed with the SEC. The SEC has voluntarily stayed the effectiveness of the new rules pending completion of a judicial review of legal challenges to the rules. In the event the stay is lifted, the new rules would, among other things, require disclosure within the notes to the financial statements of certain specified climate-related financial statement effects of severe weather events and other natural conditions and related information. If the stay is lifted and the effective dates unchanged, such financial statement disclosure requirement will be effective for our fiscal year ending December 31, 2025. We do not expect this requirement will have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statement disclosures, as it has not historically experienced significant effects from severe weather events and other natural conditions.

3. Acquisitions and Divestitures

Property Segment Master Lease Portfolio

On February 29, 2024, we sold the 16 retail properties which comprised our Property Segment’s Master Lease Portfolio for a gross sale price of $387.1 million. In connection with the sale, the purchaser assumed the related mortgage debt of $194.9 million, which resulted in net proceeds of $188.0 million after selling costs. We recognized a gain of $92.0 million, which is included within gain on sale of investments and other assets in our condensed consolidated statements of operations for the six months ended June 30, 2024, and a $1.2 million loss on extinguishment of debt.

Investing and Servicing Segment Property Portfolio (“REIS Equity Portfolio”)

During the six months ended June 30, 2024, there were no sales of property within the REIS Equity Portfolio. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, we sold an operating property for $16.3 million within the REIS Equity Portfolio. In connection with this sale, we recognized a total gain of $4.8 million within gain on sale of investments and other assets in our condensed consolidated statements of operations.

Commercial and Residential Lending Segment

During the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, we sold three units in a residential conversion project in New York for $12.1 million within the Commercial and Residential Lending Segment. In connection with these sales, there was no gain or loss recognized in our condensed consolidated statements of operations. During the six months ended June 30, 2023, there were no material sales of property within the Commercial and Residential Lending Segment.

During the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, we had no significant acquisitions of properties or businesses other than properties acquired through loan foreclosure as discussed in Note 4.

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4. Loans

Our loans held-for-investment are accounted for at amortized cost and our loans held-for-sale are accounted for at the lower of cost or fair value, unless we have elected the fair value option for either. The following tables summarize our investments in mortgages and loans as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 (dollars in thousands):

June 30, 2024	Carrying Value		Face Amount		Weighted Average Coupon (1)		Weighted Average Life (“WAL”) (years)(2)
Loans held-for-investment:
Commercial loans:
First mortgages (3)	$	13,854,718	$	13,888,062	9.0	%	2.6
Subordinated mortgages (4)	40,045		39,982		14.6	%	1.7
Mezzanine loans (3)	302,544		304,020		13.9	%	2.3
Other	70,309		70,521		9.6	%	1.3
Total commercial loans	14,267,616		14,302,585
Infrastructure first priority loans	2,381,058		2,423,860		9.4	%	3.6
Total loans held-for-investment	16,648,674		16,726,445
Loans held-for-sale:
Residential, fair value option	2,503,967		2,801,168		4.5	%	N/A	(5)
Commercial, fair value option	316,059		317,185		6.2	%	5.3
Total loans held-for-sale	2,820,026		3,118,353
Total gross loans	19,468,700		$	19,844,798
Credit loss allowances:
Commercial loans held-for-investment	(344,603)
Infrastructure loans held-for-investment	(9,462)
Total allowances	(354,065)
Total net loans	$	19,114,635
December 31, 2023
Loans held-for-investment:
Commercial loans:
First mortgages (3)	$	14,956,646	$	15,005,827	9.0	%	2.8
Subordinated mortgages (4)	76,560		76,882		14.8	%	2.2
Mezzanine loans (3)	273,146		274,899		13.7	%	2.7
Other	71,012		71,843		9.6	%	1.8
Total commercial loans	15,377,364		15,429,451
Infrastructure first priority loans	2,505,924		2,550,244		9.5	%	3.9
Total loans held-for-investment	17,883,288		17,979,695
Loans held-for-sale:
Residential, fair value option	2,604,594		2,909,126		4.5	%	N/A	(5)
Commercial, fair value option	41,043		45,400		5.5	%	5.2
Total loans held-for-sale	2,645,637		2,954,526
Total gross loans	20,528,925		$	20,934,221
Credit loss allowances:
Commercial loans held-for-investment	(298,775)
Infrastructure loans held-for-investment	(10,264)
Total allowances	(309,039)
Total net loans	$	20,219,886

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______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

(1)Calculated using applicable index rates as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 for variable rate loans and excludes loans for which interest income is not recognized.

(2)Represents the WAL of each respective group of loans, excluding loans for which interest income is not recognized, as of the respective balance sheet date. For commercial loans held-for-investment, the WAL is calculated assuming all extension options are exercised by the borrower, although our loans may be repaid prior to such date. For infrastructure loans, the WAL is calculated using the amounts and timing of future principal payments, as projected at origination or acquisition of each loan.

(3)First mortgages include first mortgage loans and any contiguous mezzanine loan components because as a whole, the expected credit quality of these loans is more similar to that of a first mortgage loan. The application of this methodology resulted in mezzanine loans with carrying values of $1.0 billion being classified as first mortgages as of both June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

(4)Subordinated mortgages include B-Notes and junior participation in first mortgages where we do not own the senior A-Note or senior participation. If we own both the A-Note and B-Note, we categorize the loan as a first mortgage loan.

(5)Residential loans have a weighted average remaining contractual life of 27.3 years and 27.8 years as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

As of June 30, 2024, our variable rate loans held-for-investment, excluding loans for which interest income is not recognized, were as follows (dollars in thousands):

June 30, 2024	Carrying Value		Weighted-average Spread Above Index
Commercial loans	$	13,496,859	3.9	%
Infrastructure loans	2,381,058		3.9	%
Total variable rate loans held-for-investment	$	15,877,917	3.9	%

Credit Loss Allowances

As discussed in Note 2, we do not have a history of realized credit losses on our HFI loans and HTM securities, so we have subscribed to third party database services to provide us with industry losses for both commercial real estate and infrastructure loans. Using these losses as a benchmark, we determine expected credit losses for our loans and securities on a collective basis within our commercial real estate and infrastructure portfolios.

For our commercial loans, we utilize a loan loss model that is widely used among banks and commercial mortgage REITs and is marketed by a leading CMBS data analytics provider. It employs logistic regression to forecast expected losses at the loan level based on a commercial real estate loan securitization database that contains activity dating back to 1998. We provide specific loan-level inputs which include loan-to-stabilized-value (“LTV”) and debt service coverage ratio (DSCR) metrics, as well as principal balances, property type, location, coupon, origination year, term, subordination, expected repayment dates and future fundings. We also select from a group of independent five-year macroeconomic forecasts included in the model that are updated regularly based on current economic trends. We categorize the results by LTV range, which we consider the most significant indicator of credit quality for our commercial loans, as set forth in the credit quality indicator table below. A lower LTV ratio typically indicates a lower credit loss risk.

The macroeconomic forecasts do not differentiate among property types or asset classes. Instead, these forecasts reference general macroeconomic conditions (i.e. Gross Domestic Product, employment and interest rates) which apply broadly across all assets. For instance, although the office sector has been adversely affected by the increase in remote working arrangements and the retail sector has been adversely affected by electronic commerce, the broad macroeconomic forecasts do not account for such differentiation. Accordingly, we have selected more adverse macroeconomic recovery forecasts related to office and retail properties than for other property types in determining our credit loss allowance.

For our infrastructure loans, we utilize a database of historical infrastructure loan performance that is shared among a consortium of banks and other lenders and compiled by a major bond credit rating agency. The database is representative of industry-wide project finance activity dating back to 1983. We derive historical loss rates from the database filtered by industry, sub-industry, term and construction status for each of our infrastructure loans. Those historical loss rates reflect global

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economic cycles over a long period of time as well as average recovery rates. We categorize the results principally between the power and oil and gas industries, which we consider the most significant indicator of credit quality for our infrastructure loans, as set forth in the credit quality indicator table below.

As discussed in Note 2, we use a discounted cash flow or collateral value approach, rather than the industry loan loss approach described above, to determine credit loss allowances for any credit deteriorated loans.

We regularly evaluate the extent and impact of any credit deterioration associated with the performance and/or value of the underlying collateral, as well as the financial and operating capability of the borrower. Specifically, the collateral’s operating results and any cash reserves are analyzed and used to assess (i) whether cash flow from operations is sufficient to cover the debt service requirements currently and into the future, (ii) the ability of the borrower to refinance the loan and/or (iii) the collateral’s liquidation value. We also evaluate the financial wherewithal of any loan guarantors as well as the borrower’s competency in managing and operating the collateral. In addition, we consider the overall economic environment, real estate or industry sector, and geographic sub-market in which the borrower operates. Such analyses are completed and reviewed by asset management and finance personnel who utilize various data sources, including (i) periodic financial data such as property operating statements, occupancy, tenant profile, rental rates, operating expenses, the borrower’s exit plan, and capitalization and discount rates, (ii) site inspections and (iii) current credit spreads and discussions with market participants.

The significant credit quality indicators for our loans measured at amortized cost, which excludes loans held-for-sale, were as follows as of June 30, 2024 (dollars in thousands):

	Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year												Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Total		Total Amortized Cost Basis		Credit Loss Allowance
As of June 30, 2024	2024		2023		2022		2021		2020		Prior
Commercial loans:
Credit quality indicator:
LTV < 60%	$	14,071	$	121,158	$	2,084,410	$	2,800,185	$	188,195	$	745,350	$	—	$	5,953,369	$	15,795
LTV 60% - 70%	53,980		720,905		1,912,743		3,138,733		86,963		315,144		—		6,228,468		111,281
LTV > 70%	—		62,405		103,129		504,938		224,036		1,116,037		—		2,010,545		212,602
Credit deteriorated	—		—		—		—		—		4,925		—		4,925		4,925
Defeased and other	—		14,074		42,030		—		—		14,205		—		70,309		—
Total commercial	$	68,051	$	918,542	$	4,142,312	$	6,443,856	$	499,194	$	2,195,661	$	—	$	14,267,616	$	344,603
Infrastructure loans:
Credit quality indicator:
Power	$	48,940	$	375,243	$	—	$	104,434	$	—	$	703,104	$	14,104	$	1,245,825	$	3,191
Oil and gas	140,496		388,612		141,149		183,399		35,722		245,855		—		1,135,233		6,271
Total infrastructure	$	189,436	$	763,855	$	141,149	$	287,833	$	35,722	$	948,959	$	14,104	$	2,381,058	$	9,462
Loans held-for-sale															2,820,026		—
Total gross loans															$	19,468,700	$	354,065

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Non-Credit Deteriorated Loans

As of June 30, 2024, we had the following loans with a combined amortized cost basis of $609.5 million that were 90 days or greater past due at June 30, 2024: (i) a $262.1 million first mortgage and mezzanine loan on an office condominium in Brooklyn, New York; (ii) a $125.1 million senior mortgage loan on an office building in Arlington, Virginia; (iii) a $55.1 million first mortgage loan on a multifamily property comprised of 264 units in Fort Worth, Texas; (iv) a $45.0 million first mortgage loan on a multifamily property in Arizona; (v) a $37.8 million leasehold mortgage loan on a luxury resort in California destroyed by wildfire; and (vi) $84.4 million of residential loans. All of these loans were on nonaccrual as of June 30, 2024 except for (i) which was brought current by way of a loan restructuring subsequent to June 30, 2024.

We also had the following loans on nonaccrual that were not 90 days or greater past due as of June 30, 2024: (i) a $186.0 million senior loan on a retail and entertainment project in New Jersey; and (ii) a $7.0 million junior mezzanine loan (commitment of $18.2 million) issued during the six months ended June 30, 2024 in connection with a loan modification on two connected office buildings in Washington, D.C. (see related discussion below). These loans were not considered credit deteriorated as we presently expect to recover all amounts due.

Credit Deteriorated Loans

As of June 30, 2024, we had a $4.9 million commercial subordinated loan secured by a department store in Chicago which was deemed credit deteriorated and was fully reserved in prior years. The loan was on nonaccrual under the cost recovery method as of June 30, 2024.

Foreclosures

During the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, we foreclosed on the following loans:

In May 2024, we foreclosed on a senior mortgage loan on a vacant office building in Washington, D.C. The net carrying value of our loan related to this property totaled $114.2 million, net of a specific credit loss allowance of $9.8 million provided during the three months ended June 30, 2024. In connection with the foreclosure, we recorded properties of $114.7 million and net liabilities of $0.5 million, in accordance with the asset acquisition provisions of ASC 805. The property was transferred to our Property Segment with the expectation that we will convert it to multifamily use (see Note 6).

In May 2024, we foreclosed on a first mortgage and mezzanine loan on a multifamily property in Nashville, Tennessee. The net carrying value of our loan related to this property (including previously accrued interest) totaled $52.7 million. In connection with the foreclosure, we recorded properties of $51.3 million and net working capital of $1.4 million, in accordance with the asset acquisition provisions of ASC 805.

In June 2024, we foreclosed on a loan on a hospitality asset in New York City that our Investing and Servicing segment acquired as nonperforming in October 2021. The net carrying value of our loan related to this property (including previously accrued interest) totaled $10.1 million. In connection with the foreclosure, we recorded properties of $10.1 million in accordance with the asset acquisition provisions of ASC 805.

Loan Modifications

We may amend or modify a loan based on its specific facts and circumstances. During the six months ended June 30, 2024, we made modifications to six commercial loans described below, which are disclosable under ASU 2022-02, Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures, as they involved an other-than-insignificant payment delay and/or an interest rate reduction for a borrower experiencing financial difficulty. The six loans had a combined amortized cost basis of $916.6 million, representing 6% of our commercial loans as of June 30, 2024. These types of modifications generally provide a borrower additional time to refinance or sell the collateral property in order to repay the principal balance of the loan and/or provide some interest payment relief to a borrower experiencing operating cash shortfalls. The modified terms and subsequent performance of the modified loans were included in the determination of our general CECL reserve.

Three months ended June 30, 2024:

For a $53.9 million first mortgage loan on an office building in Southfield, Michigan (with an unfunded commitment of $5.1 million as of June 30, 2024), we granted a 1.00% reduction in the interest rate to SOFR + 2.45% (which reduction is partly recaptured in a new exit fee) and a 29-month term extension.

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For a $60.0 million first mortgage loan on a multifamily property in Las Vegas, Nevada (with an unfunded commitment of $1.5 million as of June 30, 2024), we granted reductions in the interest rate by 1.00% for the first 12 months and 0.50% for the following 12 months (which reductions are recaptured in a new exit fee).

For a $150.2 million first mortgage loan on the development and recapitalization of luxury rental cabins (with an unfunded commitment of $50.2 million as of June 30, 2024), we extended the initial maturity of the loan by eight months to December 2024, with a one-year extension option subject to certain conditions, and deferred all remaining interest payments until December 2024 (see Note 16 for further details).

Three months ended March 31, 2024:

For a $323.5 million first mortgage and mezzanine loan on two connected office buildings in Washington, D.C., we granted a 24-month term extension and a 2.85% reduction in the interest rate to SOFR (floor of 5.00%) plus 1.00%. In addition, we provided an $18.2 million junior mezzanine loan (of which $7.0 million was funded as of June 30, 2024), principally to fund new leasing costs prior to the loan’s extended maturity. As part of this modification, we will receive a percentage of net sales proceeds in excess of the loan amount if the underlying collateral is sold, or a percentage of the equity if the collateral is refinanced.

For a $252.0 million senior mortgage loan on an office building in Houston, Texas, we granted a 28-month term extension plus two additional one-year extension options, and provided a $30.0 million preferred equity commitment (of which $22.9 million was unfunded as of June 30, 2024), principally to fund new leasing costs prior to the loan’s extended maturity.

For a $77.0 million first mortgage loan on a multifamily property in Birmingham, Alabama, the interest rate was reduced 0.55% for 24 months (which reduction is recaptured in a new exit fee), with the borrower contributing $3.4 million of additional equity.

Each of the above modified loans has paid all contractual interest due as of June 30, 2024.

Performance of Previously Modified Loans:

Loans with modifications disclosed in the previous twelve months are performing in accordance with their modified terms except for a $45.0 million first mortgage loan on a multifamily property in Arizona which did not pay $1.5 million of the reduced interest due during the six months ended June 30, 2024. The loan has been on nonaccrual since April 2024.

Credit Loss Allowance Activity

The following tables present the activity in our credit loss allowance for funded loans and unfunded commitments (amounts in thousands):

	Funded Commitments Credit Loss Allowance
	Loans Held-for-Investment				Total Funded Loans
Six Months Ended June 30, 2024	Commercial		Infrastructure
Credit loss allowance at December 31, 2023	$	298,775	$	10,264	$	309,039
Credit loss provision (reversal), net	55,639		(802)		54,837
Charge-offs (1)	(9,811)		—		(9,811)
Credit loss allowance at June 30, 2024	$	344,603	$	9,462	$	354,065

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

(1)Represents the charge-off of a $9.8 million specific credit loss allowance that was established during the three months ended June 30, 2024 related to a senior mortgage loan on a vacant office building in Washington, D.C. The loan was originated in 2021 and foreclosed on in May 2024.

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	Unfunded Commitments Credit Loss Allowance (1)
	Loans Held-for-Investment				HTM Preferred
Six Months Ended June 30, 2024	Commercial		Infrastructure		Interests (2)		CMBS (2)		Total
Credit loss allowance at December 31, 2023	$	8,742	$	564	$	1,548	$	74	$	10,928
Credit loss provision (reversal), net	4,507		(159)		10,747		(5)		15,090
Credit loss allowance at June 30, 2024	$	13,249	$	405	$	12,295	$	69	$	26,018
Memo: Unfunded commitments as of June 30, 2024 (3)	$	984,940	$	48,401	$	28,390	$	30,908	$	1,092,639

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

(1)Included in accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities in our consolidated balance sheets.

(2)See Note 5 for further details.

(3)Represents amounts expected to be funded (see Note 22).

Loan Portfolio Activity

The activity in our loan portfolio was as follows (amounts in thousands):

	Held-for-Investment Loans
Six Months Ended June 30, 2024	Commercial		Infrastructure		Held-for-Sale Loans		Total Loans
Balance at December 31, 2023	$	15,078,589	$	2,495,660	$	2,645,637	$	20,219,886
Acquisitions/originations/additional funding	521,706		388,308		605,050		1,515,064
Capitalized interest (1)	42,966		—		—		42,966
Basis of loans sold (2)	—		—		(405,558)		(405,558)
Loan maturities/principal repayments	(1,444,579)		(474,969)		(107,660)		(2,027,208)
Discount accretion/premium amortization	21,884		10,858		—		32,742
Changes in fair value	—		—		35,408		35,408
Foreign currency translation loss, net	(67,035)		(368)		—		(67,403)
Credit loss (provision) reversal, net	(55,639)		802		(1,546)		(56,383)
Loan foreclosures	(174,879)		—		—		(174,879)		(3)
Transfer to/from other asset classifications or between segments	—		(48,695)		48,695		—
Balance at June 30, 2024	$	13,923,013	$	2,371,596	$	2,820,026	$	19,114,635

	Held-for-Investment Loans
Six Months Ended June 30, 2023	Commercial		Infrastructure		Held-for-Sale Loans		Total Loans
Balance at December 31, 2022	$	16,048,507	$	2,352,932	$	2,784,594	$	21,186,033
Acquisitions/originations/additional funding	780,232		258,907		249,450		1,288,589
Capitalized interest (1)	57,680		259		7		57,946
Basis of loans sold (2)	(53,000)		—		(171,318)		(224,318)
Loan maturities/principal repayments	(1,216,797)		(418,180)		(84,651)		(1,719,628)
Discount accretion/premium amortization	25,833		6,379		—		32,212
Changes in fair value	—		—		(44,441)		(44,441)
Foreign currency translation gain, net	104,113		797		—		104,910
Credit loss provision, net	(142,932)		(9,121)		—		(152,053)
Loan foreclosure	(41,071)		—		(645)		(41,716)		(4)
Transfer to/from other asset classifications or between segments	(41,392)		—		41,392		—
Balance at June 30, 2023	$	15,521,173	$	2,191,973	$	2,774,388	$	20,487,534

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

(1)Represents accrued interest income on loans whose terms do not require current payment of interest.

(2)See Note 12 for additional disclosure on these transactions.

(3)Represents (i) the $114.2 million carrying value of a senior mortgage loan on an office building in Washington, D.C. foreclosed in May 2024, (ii) the $51.5 million carrying value of a first mortgage and mezzanine loan on a multifamily property in Nashville, Tennessee foreclosed in May 2024 and (iii) the $9.2 million carrying value of a loan on a hospitality asset in New York City foreclosed in June 2024.

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(4)Represents the $41.1 million carrying value of a mortgage loan on the retail portion of a hotel located in Chicago foreclosed in May 2023 and a $0.6 million residential mortgage loan foreclosed.

5. Investment Securities

Investment securities were comprised of the following as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 (amounts in thousands):

	Carrying Value as of
	June 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
RMBS, available-for-sale	$	98,438	$	102,368
RMBS, fair value option (1)	427,044		449,909
CMBS, fair value option (1), (2)	1,104,981		1,147,550
HTM debt securities, amortized cost net of credit loss allowance of $20,218 and $13,143	532,037		606,254
Equity security, fair value	7,339		8,340
Subtotal—Investment securities	2,169,839		2,314,421
VIE eliminations (1)	(1,504,125)		(1,578,859)
Total investment securities	$	665,714	$	735,562

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

(1)Certain fair value option CMBS and RMBS are eliminated in consolidation against VIE liabilities pursuant to ASC 810.

(2)Includes $160.2 million and $177.3 million of non-controlling interests in the consolidated entities which hold certain of these CMBS as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

Purchases, sales and redemptions, and principal collections for all investment securities were as follows (amounts in thousands):

	RMBS, available-for-sale		RMBS, fair value option		CMBS, fair value option		HTM Securities		Equity Security		Securitization VIEs (1)		Total
Three Months Ended June 30, 2024
Purchases/fundings	$	—	$	—	$	7,908	$	1,580	$	—	$	—	$	9,488
Sales and redemptions	—		—		2,613		—		—		(2,613)		—
Principal collections	2,894		11,883		1,329		55,217		—		(13,171)		58,152
Three Months Ended June 30, 2023
Purchases/fundings	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	861	$	—	$	—	$	861
Sales and redemptions	—		—		—				295		—		295
Principal collections	2,548		14,577		10,980		7,583		—		(25,118)		10,570

	RMBS, available-for-sale		RMBS, fair value option		CMBS, fair value option		HTM Securities		Equity Security		Securitization VIEs (1)		Total
Six Months Ended June 30, 2024
Purchases/fundings	$	—	$	—	$	7,908	$	10,800	$	—	$	—	$	18,708
Sales and redemptions	—		—		5,779		—		1,314		(5,779)		1,314
Principal collections	4,819		23,766		4,529		72,380		—		(28,193)		77,301
Six Months Ended June 30, 2023
Purchases/fundings	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	1,452	$	—	$	—	$	1,452
Sales and redemptions	—		—		—		—		295		—		295
Principal collections	4,983		28,797		12,234		45,781		—		(40,447)		51,348

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

(1)Represents RMBS and CMBS, fair value option amounts eliminated due to our consolidation of securitization VIEs. These amounts are reflected as issuance or repayment of debt of, or distributions from, consolidated VIEs in our consolidated statements of cash flows.

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RMBS, Available-for-Sale

The Company classified all of its RMBS not eliminated in consolidation as available-for-sale as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023. These RMBS are reported at fair value in the balance sheet with changes in fair value recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income (“AOCI”).

The tables below summarize various attributes of our investments in available-for-sale RMBS as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 (amounts in thousands):

							Unrealized Gains or (Losses) Recognized in AOCI
	Amortized Cost		Credit Loss Allowance		Net Basis		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Net Fair Value Adjustment		Fair Value
June 30, 2024
RMBS	$	84,518	$	—	$	84,518	$	16,793	$	(2,873)	$	13,920	$	98,438
December 31, 2023
RMBS	$	87,016	$	—	$	87,016	$	18,092	$	(2,740)	$	15,352	$	102,368

	Weighted Average Coupon (1)		WAL  (Years) (2)
June 30, 2024
RMBS	5.8	%	7.9

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

(1)Calculated using the June 30, 2024 SOFR rate of 5.334% for floating rate securities.

(2)Represents the remaining WAL of each respective group of securities as of the balance sheet date. The WAL of each individual security is calculated using projected amounts and projected timing of future principal payments.

As of June 30, 2024, approximately $87.7 million, or 89%, of RMBS were variable rate. We purchased all of the RMBS at a discount, a portion of which is accreted into income over the expected remaining life of the security. The majority of the income from this strategy is earned from the accretion of this accretable discount.

We have engaged a third party manager who specializes in RMBS to execute the trading of RMBS, the cost of which was $0.2 million for both the three months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, and $0.4 million for both the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, recorded as management fees in the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of operations.

The following table presents the gross unrealized losses and estimated fair value of any available-for-sale securities that were in an unrealized loss position as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, and for which an allowance for credit losses has not been recorded (amounts in thousands):

	Estimated Fair Value				Unrealized Losses
	Securities with a loss less than 12 months		Securities with a loss greater than 12 months		Securities with a loss less than 12 months		Securities with a loss greater than 12 months
As of June 30, 2024
RMBS	$	2,637	$	15,564	$	(178)	$	(2,695)
As of December 31, 2023
RMBS	$	10,687	$	6,361	$	(1,322)	$	(1,418)

As of both June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, there were 14 securities with unrealized losses reflected in the table above. After evaluating the securities, we concluded that the unrealized losses reflected above were noncredit-related and would be recovered from the securities’ estimated future cash flows. We considered a number of factors in reaching this conclusion, including that we did not intend to sell the securities, it was not considered more likely than not that we would be forced to sell the securities prior to recovering our amortized cost, and there were no material credit events that would have caused us to otherwise conclude that we would not recover our cost. Credit losses, if any, are calculated by comparing (i) the estimated future cash flows of each security discounted at the yield determined as of the initial acquisition date or, if since revised, as of the last date previously revised, to (ii) our net amortized cost basis. Significant judgment is used in projecting cash flows for our non-agency RMBS. As a result, actual income and/or credit losses could be materially different from what is currently projected and/or reported.

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CMBS and RMBS, Fair Value Option

As discussed in the “Fair Value Option” section of Note 2 herein, we elect the fair value option for certain CMBS and RMBS in an effort to eliminate accounting mismatches resulting from the current or potential consolidation of securitization VIEs. As of June 30, 2024, the fair value and unpaid principal balance of CMBS where we have elected the fair value option, excluding the notional value of interest-only securities and before consolidation of securitization VIEs, were $1.1 billion and $2.7 billion, respectively. As of June 30, 2024, the fair value and unpaid principal balance of RMBS where we have elected the fair value option, excluding the notional value of interest-only securities and before consolidation of securitization VIEs, were $427.0 million and $326.3 million, respectively. The $1.5 billion total fair value balance of CMBS and RMBS represents our economic interests in these assets. However, as a result of our consolidation of securitization VIEs, the vast majority of this fair value (all except $27.9 million at June 30, 2024) is eliminated against VIE liabilities before arriving at our GAAP balance for fair value option investment securities.

As of June 30, 2024, none of our CMBS or RMBS were variable rate.

HTM Debt Securities, Amortized Cost

The table below summarizes our investments in HTM debt securities as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 (amounts in thousands):

	Amortized Cost Basis		Credit Loss Allowance		Net Carrying Amount		Gross Unrealized Holding Gains		Gross Unrealized Holding Losses		Fair Value
June 30, 2024
CMBS	$	505,801	$	(173)	$	505,628	$	1,101	$	(23,574)	$	483,155
Preferred interests	18,497		(9,974)		8,523		—		(1,328)		7,195
Infrastructure bonds	27,957		(10,071)		17,886		22		(13)		17,895
Total	$	552,255	$	(20,218)	$	532,037	$	1,123	$	(24,915)	$	508,245
December 31, 2023
CMBS	$	580,704	$	(164)	$	580,540	$	43	$	(24,835)	$	555,748
Preferred interests	9,570		(2,898)		6,672		—		(318)		6,354
Infrastructure bonds	29,123		(10,081)		19,042		32		(16)		19,058
Total	$	619,397	$	(13,143)	$	606,254	$	75	$	(25,169)	$	581,160

The following table presents the activity in our credit loss allowance for HTM debt securities (amounts in thousands):

	CMBS		Preferred Interests		Infrastructure Bonds		Total HTM Credit Loss Allowance
Six Months Ended June 30, 2024
Credit loss allowance at December 31, 2023	$	164	$	2,898	$	10,081	$	13,143
Credit loss provision (reversal), net	9		7,076		(10)		7,075
Credit loss allowance at June 30, 2024	$	173	$	9,974	$	10,071	$	20,218

As of June 30, 2024, we had a $10.0 million specific credit loss allowance on a $19.2 million infrastructure bond that is collateralized by a first priority lien on a coal-fired power plant in Mississippi. It was deemed credit deteriorated when we acquired the Infrastructure Lending Segment in 2018 and was placed on nonaccrual under the cost recovery method in 2023 due to a forbearance and restructuring plan agreed between the lenders and borrower that was necessitated by operating shortfalls at the plant.

We had the following commercial lending debt securities on nonaccrual that were not 90 days or greater past due as of June 30, 2024: (i) an $11.4 million preferred interest in an office park in Irvine, California and (ii) a $7.1 million preferred interest in an office building in Houston, Texas. Both of these investments were made in connection with loan modifications granted to a borrower experiencing financial difficulty, but are not considered credit deteriorated as we presently expect to recover all amounts due.

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The table below summarizes the maturities of our HTM debt securities by type as of June 30, 2024 (amounts in thousands):

	CMBS		Preferred Interests		Infrastructure Bonds		Total
Less than one year	$	25,452	$	4,987	$	—	$	30,439
One to three years	480,176		—		236		480,412
Three to five years	—		3,536		8,536		12,072
Thereafter	—		—		9,114		9,114
Total	$	505,628	$	8,523	$	17,886	$	532,037

Equity Security, Fair Value

During 2012, we acquired 9,140,000 ordinary shares from a related-party in Starwood European Real Estate Finance Limited (“SEREF”), a debt fund that is externally managed by an affiliate of our Manager and is listed on the London Stock Exchange. During the six months ended June 30, 2024, 1,005,348 shares were redeemed by SEREF, for proceeds of $1.3 million, leaving 6,242,339 shares held as of June 30, 2024. The fair value of the investment remeasured in USD was $7.3 million and $8.3 million as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. As of June 30, 2024, our shares represent an approximate 2.3% interest in SEREF.

6. Properties

Our properties are held within the following portfolios:

Property Segment - Medical Office Portfolio

The Medical Office Portfolio is comprised of 34 medical office buildings acquired during the year ended December 31, 2016. These properties, which collectively comprise 1.9 million square feet, are geographically dispersed throughout the U.S. and primarily affiliated with major hospitals or located on or adjacent to major hospital campuses. The Medical Office Portfolio includes total gross properties and lease intangibles of $781.0 million and debt of $478.5 million as of June 30, 2024.

Property Segment - D.C. Multifamily Conversion

As discussed in Note 4, a vacant office building in Washington, D.C. was acquired in a loan foreclosure in May 2024 and transferred to our Property Segment with the expectation that we will convert it to multifamily use. That property has a carrying value of $114.7 million, of which $88.6 million represents construction in progress and $26.1 million represents land and land improvements, and no associated debt as of June 30, 2024.

Investing and Servicing Segment Property Portfolio

The REIS Equity Portfolio is comprised of 7 commercial real estate properties which were acquired from CMBS trusts over time. The REIS Equity Portfolio includes total gross properties and lease intangibles of $120.1 million and debt of $68.2 million as of June 30, 2024.

Commercial and Residential Lending Segment Property Portfolio

The Commercial and Residential Lending Segment Portfolio represents properties acquired through loan foreclosure or exercise of control over a mezzanine loan borrower’s pledged equity interests. This portfolio includes total gross properties and lease intangibles of $504.4 million and debt of $87.8 million as of June 30, 2024.

Woodstar Portfolios

Refer to Note 7 for a discussion of our Woodstar I and Woodstar II Portfolios which are not included in the table below.

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The table below summarizes our properties held-for-investment as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 (dollars in thousands):

	Depreciable Life	June 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Property Segment
Land and land improvements	0 - 12 years	$	95,214	$	68,923
Buildings and building improvements	0 - 40 years	631,670		629,511
Construction in progress	N/A	88,644		—
Furniture & fixtures	3 - 5 years	997		608
Investing and Servicing Segment
Land and land improvements	0 - 15 years	24,880		20,229
Buildings and building improvements	3 - 40 years	71,330		65,433
Furniture & fixtures	2 - 5 years	2,950		2,899
Commercial and Residential Lending Segment
Land and land improvements	N/A	83,781		79,361
Buildings and building improvements	0 - 50 years	186,418		139,538
Construction in progress	N/A	214,803		218,205
Furniture & fixtures	5 years	2,003		2,003
Properties, cost		1,402,690		1,226,710
Less: accumulated depreciation		(196,019)		(180,326)
Properties, net		$	1,206,671	$	1,046,384

On February 29, 2024, we sold the 16 retail properties which comprised our Property Segment's Master Lease Portfolio for a gross sale price of $387.1 million. In connection with the sale, the purchaser assumed the related mortgage debt of $194.9 million, which resulted in net proceeds of $188.0 million after selling costs. We recognized a gain of $92.0 million, which is included within gain on sale of investments and other assets in our condensed consolidated statements of operations for the six months ended June 30, 2024, and a $1.2 million loss on extinguishment of debt.

During the six months ended June 30, 2024, there were no sales of property within the REIS Equity Portfolio. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, we sold an operating property for $16.3 million within the REIS Equity Portfolio. In connection with this sale, we recognized a total gain of $4.8 million within gain on sale of investments and other assets in our condensed consolidated statements of operations.

During the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, we sold three units in a residential conversion project in New York for $12.1 million within the Commercial and Residential Lending Segment. In connection with these sales, there was no gain or loss recognized in our condensed consolidated statements of operations. During the six months ended June 30, 2023, there were no material sales of property within the Commercial and Residential Lending Segment.

7. Investments of Consolidated Affordable Housing Fund

As discussed in Note 2, we established the Woodstar Fund effective November 5, 2021, an investment fund which holds our Woodstar multifamily affordable housing portfolios. The Woodstar Portfolios consist of the following:

Woodstar I Portfolio

The Woodstar I Portfolio is comprised of 32 affordable housing communities with 8,948 units concentrated primarily in the Tampa, Orlando and West Palm Beach metropolitan areas. During the year ended December 31, 2015, we acquired 18 of the 32 affordable housing communities of the Woodstar I Portfolio, with the final 14 communities acquired during the year ended December 31, 2016. The Woodstar I Portfolio includes properties at fair value of $1.8 billion and debt at fair value of $734.1 million as of June 30, 2024.

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Woodstar II Portfolio

The Woodstar II Portfolio is comprised of 27 affordable housing communities with 6,109 units concentrated primarily in Central and South Florida. We acquired eight of the 27 affordable housing communities in December 2017, with the final 19 communities acquired during the year ended December 31, 2018. The Woodstar II Portfolio includes properties at fair value of $1.4 billion and debt at fair value of $483.3 million as of June 30, 2024.

Income from the Woodstar Fund’s investments reflects the following components for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
Distributions from affordable housing fund investments	$	10,400	$	9,000	$	23,744	$	20,805
Unrealized change in fair value of investments (1)	(3,954)		214,823		(7,850)		215,983
Income from affordable housing fund investments	$	6,446	$	223,823	$	15,894	$	236,788

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

(1)The fair value of the Woodstar Fund’s investments are dependent upon the real estate and capital markets, which are cyclical in nature. Property and investment values are affected by, among other things, capitalization rates, the availability of capital, occupancy, rental rates and interest and inflation rates.

8. Investments in Unconsolidated Entities

The table below summarizes our investments in unconsolidated entities as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 (dollars in thousands):

	Participation / Ownership % (1)	Carrying value as of
		June 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Equity method investments:
Equity interests in two natural gas power plants	10% - 12%	$	52,500	$	52,230
Investor entity which owns equity in an online real estate company	50%	5,592		5,575
Various	20% - 50%	17,594		16,854
		75,686		74,659
Other equity investments:
Equity interest in a servicing and advisory business	2%	12,955		12,955
Equity interest in a data center business in Ireland (2)	0.72%	7,334		1,313
Investment funds which own equity in a loan servicer and other real estate assets	4% - 6%	842		842
Various	3% - 15%	607		607
		21,738		15,717
		$	97,424	$	90,376

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

(1)None of these investments are publicly traded and therefore quoted market prices are not available.

(2)This equity interest was acquired in connection with the origination of a loan in 2021. The loan was repaid during the three months ended March 31, 2024. In connection with the repayment, an observable price change occurred when a 50% voting interest in this entity was acquired by related parties, including an investment fund and certain other entities affiliated with our Manager. As a result of the acquisition and resulting observable price change, during the three months ended March 31, 2024, we recorded a $6.0 million increase in the carrying value of our investment to reflect its fair value implied by the acquisition.

There were no differences between the carrying value of our equity method investments and the underlying equity in the net assets of the investees as of June 30, 2024.

During the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, we did not become aware of (i) any observable price changes in our other equity investments accounted for under the fair value practicability election, except as discussed above, or (ii) any indicators of impairment.

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9. Goodwill and Intangibles

Goodwill

Goodwill is tested for impairment annually in the fourth quarter, or more frequently if an event occurs or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of a reporting unit below its carrying amount.

Infrastructure Lending Segment

The Infrastructure Lending Segment’s goodwill of $119.4 million at both June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 represents the excess of consideration transferred over the fair value of net assets acquired on September 19, 2018 and October 15, 2018. The goodwill recognized is attributable to value embedded in the acquired Infrastructure Lending Segment’s lending platform.

LNR Property LLC (“LNR”)

The Investing and Servicing Segment’s goodwill of $140.4 million at both June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 represents the excess of consideration transferred over the fair value of net assets of LNR acquired on April 19, 2013. The goodwill recognized is attributable to value embedded in LNR’s existing platform, which includes a network of commercial real estate asset managers, work-out specialists, underwriters and administrative support professionals as well as proprietary historical performance data on commercial real estate assets.

Intangible Assets

Servicing Rights Intangibles

In connection with the LNR acquisition, we identified domestic servicing rights that existed at the purchase date, based upon the expected future cash flows of the associated servicing contracts. As of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the balance of the domestic servicing intangible was net of $34.2 million and $37.9 million, respectively, which was eliminated in consolidation pursuant to ASC 810 against VIE assets in connection with our consolidation of securitization VIEs. Before VIE consolidation, as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the domestic servicing intangible had a balance of $54.8 million and $57.2 million, respectively, which represents our economic interest in this asset.

Lease Intangibles

In connection with our acquisitions of commercial real estate, we recognized in-place lease intangible assets and favorable lease intangible assets associated with certain non-cancelable operating leases of the acquired properties.

The following table summarizes our intangible assets, which are comprised of servicing rights intangibles and lease intangibles, as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 (amounts in thousands):

	As of June 30, 2024						As of December 31, 2023
	Gross Carrying Value		Accumulated Amortization		Net Carrying Value		Gross Carrying Value		Accumulated Amortization		Net Carrying Value
Domestic servicing rights, at fair value	$	20,507	$	—	$	20,507	$	19,384	$	—	$	19,384
In-place lease intangible assets	96,158		(70,346)		25,812		96,158		(67,420)		28,738
Favorable lease intangible assets	27,928		(11,983)		15,945		27,928		(11,083)		16,845
Total net intangible assets	$	144,593	$	(82,329)	$	62,264	$	143,470	$	(78,503)	$	64,967

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The following table summarizes the activity within intangible assets for the six months ended June 30, 2024 (amounts in thousands):

	Domestic Servicing Rights		In-place Lease Intangible Assets		Favorable Lease Intangible Assets		Total
Balance as of January 1, 2024	$	19,384	$	28,738	$	16,845	$	64,967
Amortization	—		(2,926)		(900)		(3,826)
Changes in fair value due to changes in inputs and assumptions	1,123		—		—		1,123
Balance as of June 30, 2024	$	20,507	$	25,812	$	15,945	$	62,264

The following table sets forth the estimated aggregate amortization of our in-place lease intangible assets and favorable lease intangible assets for the next five years and thereafter (amounts in thousands):

2024 (remainder of)	$	3,369
2025	6,099
2026	4,573
2027	4,089
2028	3,943
Thereafter	19,684
Total	$	41,757

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10. Secured Borrowings

Secured Financing Agreements

The following table is a summary of our secured financing agreements in place as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 (dollars in thousands):

													Outstanding Balance at
	Current Maturity		Extended Maturity (a)		Weighted Average Coupon		Pledged Asset Carrying Value			Maximum Facility Size			June 30, 2024			December 31, 2023
Repurchase Agreements:
Commercial Loans	Aug 2024 to Dec 2028	(b)	Oct 2025 to Dec 2030	(b)	Index + 2.07%	(c)	$	9,585,153		$	12,178,399	(d)	$	5,920,686		$	7,170,389
Residential Loans	Jun 2025 to Apr 2026		Jun 2025 to Apr 2026		SOFR + 1.85%		2,501,732			3,450,000			2,223,218			2,287,655
Infrastructure Loans	Sep 2024		Sep 2026		SOFR + 2.07%		407,871			650,000			344,069			453,217
Conduit Loans	Dec 2024 to Jun 2026		Dec 2025 to Jun 2027		SOFR + 2.16%		246,173			375,000			178,078			26,930
CMBS/RMBS	Mar 2025 to Apr 2032	(e)	Jun 2025 to Oct 2032	(e)	(f)		1,272,469			947,800			663,144		(g)	714,168
Total Repurchase Agreements							14,013,398			17,601,199			9,329,195			10,652,359
Other Secured Financing:
Borrowing Base Facility	Nov 2024		Oct 2026		SOFR + 2.11%		93,148			750,000		(h)	4,100			27,639
Commercial Financing Facilities	Jul 2024 to Aug 2028		Jul 2025 to Dec 2030		Index + 2.29%		606,230			571,873		(i)	392,044			387,822
Infrastructure Financing Facilities	Jul 2025 to Oct 2025		Oct 2027 to Jul 2032		Index + 2.11%		634,107			1,050,000			465,734			631,187
Property Mortgages - Fixed rate	Oct 2025 to Jun 2026		N/A		4.52%		32,085			29,698			29,698			29,898
Property Mortgages - Variable rate	Feb 2025 to May 2026		N/A		SOFR + 2.56%		671,292			597,941			595,826			853,145
Term Loans and Revolver	(j)		N/A		(j)		N/A		(j)	1,509,784			1,359,784			1,366,778
Total Other Secured Financing							2,036,862			4,509,296			2,847,186			3,296,469
							$	16,050,260		$	22,110,495		12,176,381			13,948,828
Unamortized net discount													(22,084)			(24,975)
Unamortized deferred financing costs													(51,438)			(55,857)
													$	12,102,859		$	13,867,996

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

(a)Subject to certain conditions as defined in the respective facility agreement.

(b)For certain facilities, borrowings collateralized by loans existing at maturity may remain outstanding until such loan collateral matures, subject to certain specified conditions.

(c)Certain facilities with an outstanding balance of $2.5 billion as of June 30, 2024 are indexed to EURIBOR, BBSY, SARON and SONIA. The remainder are indexed to SOFR.

(d)Certain facilities with an aggregate initial maximum facility size of $11.8 billion may be increased to $12.2 billion, subject to certain conditions. The $12.2 billion amount includes such upsizes.

(e)Certain facilities with an outstanding balance of $328.7 million as of June 30, 2024 carry a rolling 12-month term which may reset quarterly with the lender’s consent. These facilities carry no maximum facility size.

(f)A facility with an outstanding balance of $278.3 million as of June 30, 2024 has a weighted average fixed annual interest rate of 3.56%. All other facilities are variable rate with a weighted average rate of SOFR + 2.16%.

(g)Includes: (i) $278.3 million outstanding on a repurchase facility that is not subject to margin calls; and (ii) $31.1 million outstanding on one of our repurchase facilities that represents the 49% pro rata share owed by a non-controlling partner in a consolidated joint venture (see Note 15).

(h)The maximum facility size as of June 30, 2024 of $450.0 million may be increased to $750.0 million, subject to certain conditions.

(i)Certain facilities with an aggregate initial maximum facility size of $471.9 million may be increased to $571.9 million, subject to certain conditions. The $571.9 million amount includes such upsizes.

(j)Consists of: (i) a $768.8 million term loan facility that matures in July 2026, of which $381.0 million has an annual interest rate of SOFR + 2.60% and $387.8 million has an annual interest rate of SOFR + 3.35%, subject to a 0.75% SOFR floor, (ii) a $150.0 million revolving credit facility that matures in April 2026 with an annual interest rate of SOFR + 2.60% and (iii) a $591.0 million term loan facility that matures in November 2027, with an annual interest rate of SOFR + 2.75%, subject to a 0.50% SOFR floor. These facilities are secured by the equity interests in certain of our subsidiaries which totaled $5.8 billion as of June 30, 2024.

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The above table no longer reflects property mortgages of the Woodstar Portfolios which, as discussed in Notes 2 and 7, are now reflected within “Investments of consolidated affordable housing fund” on our condensed consolidated balance sheets.

In the normal course of business, the Company is in discussions with its lenders to extend, amend or replace any financing facilities which contain near term expirations.

In May 2024, we refinanced $600.0 million of outstanding debt on our Medical Office Portfolio due November 2024 with $450.5 million of senior securitized mortgage debt and a $39.5 million mezzanine loan. The new debt carries an initial term of two years, followed by three successive one-year extension options and a weighted average coupon of SOFR + 2.52%.

In June 2024, we repriced our $591.0 million term loan facility, reducing the spread by 50 bps from SOFR + 3.25% to SOFR + 2.75%.

Our secured financing agreements contain certain financial tests and covenants. As of June 30, 2024, we were in compliance with all such covenants.

We seek to mitigate risks associated with our repurchase agreements by managing risk related to the credit quality of our assets, interest rates, liquidity, prepayment speeds and market value. The margin call provisions under the majority of our repurchase facilities, consisting of 65% of these agreements, do not permit valuation adjustments based on capital market events and are limited to collateral-specific credit marks generally determined on a commercially reasonable basis. To monitor credit risk associated with the performance and value of our loans and investments, our asset management team regularly reviews our investment portfolios and is in regular contact with our borrowers, monitoring performance of the collateral and enforcing our rights as necessary. For the 35% of repurchase agreements which do permit valuation adjustments based on capital market events, approximately 6% of these pertain to our loans held-for-sale, for which we manage credit risk through the purchase of credit index instruments. We further seek to manage risks associated with our repurchase agreements by matching the maturities and interest rate characteristics of our loans with the related repurchase agreement.

For the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, approximately $9.5 million and $19.1 million, respectively, of amortization of deferred financing costs from secured financing agreements was included in interest expense on our condensed consolidated statements of operations. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, approximately $10.6 million and $20.8 million, respectively, of amortization of deferred financing costs from secured financing agreements was included in interest expense on our condensed consolidated statements of operations.

As of June 30, 2024, Morgan Stanley Bank, N.A., Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. held collateral sold under certain of our repurchase agreements with carrying values that exceeded the respective repurchase obligations by $935.6 million, $846.2 million and $674.5 million, respectively. The weighted average extended maturity of those repurchase agreements is 3.1 years, 6.3 years and 3.5 years, respectively.

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Collateralized Loan Obligations and Single Asset Securitization

Commercial and Residential Lending Segment

In February 2022, we refinanced a pool of our commercial loans held-for-investment through a CLO, STWD 2022-FL3. On the closing date, the CLO issued $1.0 billion of notes and preferred shares, of which $842.5 million of notes were purchased by third party investors. We retained $82.5 million of notes along with preferred shares with a liquidation preference of $75.0 million. The CLO contains a reinvestment feature that, subject to certain eligibility criteria, allows us to contribute new loans or participation interests in loans to the CLO for a period of two years. During the six months ended June 30, 2024, we utilized the reinvestment feature, contributing $10.8 million of additional interests into the CLO.

In July 2021, we contributed into a single asset securitization, STWD 2021-HTS, a previously originated $230.0 million first mortgage and mezzanine loan on a portfolio of 41 extended stay hotels with $210.1 million of third party financing.

In May 2021, we refinanced a pool of our commercial loans held-for-investment through a CLO, STWD 2021-FL2. On the closing date, the CLO issued $1.3 billion of notes and preferred shares, of which $1.1 billion of notes were purchased by third party investors. We retained $70.1 million of notes, along with preferred shares with a liquidation preference of $127.5 million. The CLO contains a reinvestment feature that, subject to certain eligibility criteria, allows us to contribute new loans or participation interests in loans to the CLO in exchange for cash. The reinvestment period expired during 2023 and during the six months ended June 30, 2024, we repaid CLO debt in the amount of $81.9 million.

In August 2019, we refinanced a pool of our commercial loans held-for-investment through a CLO, STWD 2019-FL1. On the closing date, the CLO issued $1.1 billion of notes and preferred shares, of which $936.4 million of notes were purchased by third party investors. We retained $86.6 million of notes, along with preferred shares with a liquidation preference of $77.0 million. The CLO contains a reinvestment feature that, subject to certain eligibility criteria, allowed us to contribute new loans or participation interests in loans to the CLO in exchange for cash. The reinvestment period expired during 2022 and during the six months ended June 30, 2024, we repaid CLO debt in the amount of $187.7 million.

Infrastructure Lending Segment

In May 2024, we refinanced a pool of our infrastructure loans held-for-investment through a CLO, STWD 2024-SIF3. On the closing date, the CLO issued $400.0 million of notes, of which $330.0 million of notes were purchased by third party investors and $70.0 million of subordinated notes were retained by us. The CLO contains a reinvestment feature that, subject to certain eligibility criteria, allows us to contribute new loans or participation interests in loans to the CLO for a period of three years. The CLO also contains a ramp-up feature that, for a certain period of time after closing date, allows us to utilize unused proceeds of the CLO to acquire additional collateral to complete the CLO portfolio. During the three months ended June 30, 2024, the ramp-up feature was utilized, with the CLO acquiring $56.9 million of additional assets.

In January 2022, we refinanced a pool of our infrastructure loans held-for-investment through a CLO, STWD 2021-SIF2. On the closing date, the CLO issued $500.0 million of notes and preferred shares, of which $410.0 million of notes were purchased by third party investors. We retained preferred shares with a liquidation preference of $90.0 million. The CLO contains a reinvestment feature that, subject to certain eligibility criteria, allows us to contribute new loans or participation interests in loans to the CLO for a period of three years. During the six months ended June 30, 2024, we utilized the reinvestment feature, contributing $69.6 million of additional interests into the CLO.

In April 2021, we refinanced a pool of our infrastructure loans held-for-investment through a CLO, STWD 2021-SIF1. On the closing date, the CLO issued $500.0 million of notes and preferred shares, of which $410.0 million of notes were purchased by third party investors. We retained preferred shares with a liquidation preference of $90.0 million. The CLO contains a reinvestment feature that, subject to certain eligibility criteria, allows us to contribute new loans or participation interests in loans to the CLO for a period of three years. During the six months ended June 30, 2024, we utilized the reinvestment feature, contributing $103.6 million of additional interests into the CLO.

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The following table is a summary of our CLOs and our SASB as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 (amounts in thousands):

June 30, 2024	Count	Face Amount		Carrying Value		Weighted Average Spread		Maturity
STWD 2022-FL3
Collateral assets	44	$	999,911	$	1,005,926	SOFR + 3.48%	(a)	August 2026	(b)
Financing	1	840,620		838,333		SOFR + 1.89%	(c)	November 2038	(d)
STWD 2021-HTS
Collateral assets	1	198,531		199,646		SOFR + 4.02%	(a)	April 2026	(b)
Financing	1	178,622		178,622		SOFR + 2.59%	(c)	April 2034	(d)
STWD 2021-FL2
Collateral assets	31	1,198,468		1,205,690		SOFR + 3.76%	(a)	May 2026	(b)
Financing	1	980,315		979,411		SOFR + 1.89%	(c)	April 2038	(d)
STWD 2019-FL1
Collateral assets	10	546,466		549,190		SOFR + 3.55%	(a)	June 2026	(b)
Financing	1	382,841		382,841		SOFR + 1.83%	(c)	July 2038	(d)
STWD 2024-SIF3
Collateral assets	28	359,199		386,246		SOFR + 3.99%	(a)	August 2028	(b)
Financing	1	330,000		326,991		SOFR + 2.41%	(c)	April 2036	(d)
STWD 2021-SIF2
Collateral assets	28	481,714		514,419		SOFR + 3.75%	(a)	April 2028	(b)
Financing	1	410,000		408,619		SOFR + 2.11%	(c)	January 2033	(d)
STWD 2021-SIF1
Collateral assets	30	449,702		514,928		SOFR + 3.92%	(a)	October 2027	(b)
Financing	1	410,000		408,904		SOFR + 2.42%	(c)	April 2032	(d)
Total
Collateral assets		$	4,233,991	$	4,376,045
Financing		$	3,532,398	$	3,523,721

December 31, 2023	Count	Face Amount		Carrying Value		Weighted Average Spread		Maturity
STWD 2022-FL3
Collateral assets	48	$	997,569	$	1,007,532	SOFR + 3.53%	(a)	May 2026	(b)
Financing	1	840,620		837,881		SOFR + 1.89%	(c)	November 2038	(d)
STWD 2021-HTS
Collateral assets	1	223,193		224,509		SOFR + 3.87%	(a)	April 2026	(b)
Financing	1	203,284		203,058		SOFR + 2.82%	(c)	April 2034	(d)
STWD 2021-FL2
Collateral assets	34	1,272,585		1,288,165		SOFR + 3.95%	(a)	January 2026	(b)
Financing	1	1,065,713		1,063,454		SOFR + 1.85%	(c)	April 2038	(d)
STWD 2019-FL1
Collateral assets	14	734,099		739,684		SOFR + 3.51%	(a)	May 2025	(b)
Financing	1	570,546		570,546		SOFR + 1.62%	(c)	July 2038	(d)
STWD 2021-SIF2
Collateral assets	30	499,401		514,286		SOFR + 3.87%	(a)	December 2027	(b)
Financing	1	410,000		408,166		SOFR + 2.11%	(c)	January 2033	(d)
STWD 2021-SIF1
Collateral assets	32	499,767		514,594		SOFR + 3.97%	(a)	August 2027	(b)
Financing	1	410,000		408,187		SOFR + 2.42%	(c)	April 2032	(d)
Total
Collateral assets		$	4,226,614	$	4,288,770
Financing		$	3,500,163	$	3,491,292

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

(a)Represents the weighted-average coupon earned on variable rate loans during the respective year-to-date period and excludes loans for which interest income is not recognized. Of the loans financed by the STWD 2021-FL2 CLO as of June 30, 2024, 7% earned fixed-rate weighted average interest of 7.39%. Of the investments financed by the STWD 2021-SIF1 CLO as of June 30, 2024, 2% earned fixed-rate weighted average interest of 5.69%.

(b)Represents the weighted-average maturity, assuming the extended contractual maturity of the collateral assets.

(c)Represents the weighted-average cost of financing, inclusive of deferred issuance costs.

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(d)Repayments of the CLOs and SASB are tied to timing of the related collateral asset repayments. The term of the CLOs and SASB financing obligations represents the legal final maturity date.

We incurred $41.0 million of issuance costs in connection with the CLOs and SASB, which are amortized on an effective yield basis over the estimated life of the CLOs and SASB. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, approximately $1.9 million and $3.9 million, respectively, of amortization of deferred financing costs was included in interest expense on our condensed consolidated statements of operations. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, approximately $2.0 million and $4.7 million, respectively, of amortization of deferred financing costs was included in interest expense on our condensed consolidated statements of operations. As of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, our unamortized issuance costs were $8.7 million and $9.5 million, respectively.

The CLOs and SASB are considered VIEs, for which we are deemed the primary beneficiary. We therefore consolidate the CLOs and SASB. Refer to Note 15 for further discussion.

Maturities

Our credit facilities generally require principal to be paid down prior to the facilities’ respective maturities if and when we receive principal payments on, or sell, the investment collateral that we have pledged. The following table sets forth our principal repayments schedule for secured financings based on the earlier of (i) the extended contractual maturity of each credit facility or (ii) the extended contractual maturity of each of the investments that have been pledged as collateral under the respective credit facility (amounts in thousands):

	Repurchase Agreements		Other Secured Financing		CLOs and SASB (a)		Total
2024 (remainder of)	$	187,995	$	20,026	$	127,124	$	335,145
2025	1,661,962		286,637		935,960		2,884,559
2026	3,267,040		897,713		1,755,828		5,920,581
2027	3,208,920		955,584		258,909		4,423,413
2028	795,833		144,077		292,855		1,232,765
Thereafter	207,445		543,149		161,722		912,316
Total	$	9,329,195	$	2,847,186	$	3,532,398	$	15,708,779

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

(a)For the CLOs, the above does not assume utilization of their reinvestment features. The SASB does not have a reinvestment feature.

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11. Unsecured Senior Notes

The following table is a summary of our unsecured senior notes outstanding as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 (dollars in thousands):

	Coupon Rate			Effective Rate (1)		Maturity Date	Remaining Period of Amortization	Carrying Value at
								June 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
2027 Convertible Notes	6.75	%		7.38	%	7/15/2027	3.0 years	380,750		380,750
2024 Senior Notes	3.75	%		3.94	%	12/31/2024	0.5 years	400,000		400,000
2025 Senior Notes	4.75	%	(2)	5.04	%	3/15/2025	0.7 years	500,000		500,000
2026 Senior Notes	3.63	%		3.77	%	7/15/2026	2.0 years	400,000		400,000
2027 Senior Notes	4.38	%	(3)	4.49	%	1/15/2027	2.5 years	500,000		500,000
2029 Senior Notes	7.25	%	(4)	7.37	%	4/1/2029	4.8 years	600,000		—
Total principal amount								2,780,750		2,180,750
Unamortized discount—Convertible Notes								(7,505)		(8,570)
Unamortized discount—Senior Notes								(6,737)		(5,445)
Unamortized deferred financing costs								(12,138)		(7,847)
Total carrying amount								$	2,754,370	$	2,158,888

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

(1)Effective rate includes the effects of underwriter purchase discount.

(2)The coupon on the 2025 Senior Notes is 4.75%. At closing, we swapped $470.0 million of the notes to a floating rate of LIBOR + 2.53%, which was converted to SOFR + 2.53% effective July 2023.

(3)The coupon on the 2027 Senior Notes is 4.375%. At closing, we swapped the notes to a floating rate of SOFR + 2.95%.

(4)The coupon on the 2029 Senior Notes is 7.25%. At closing, we swapped the notes to a floating rate of SOFR + 3.25%.

Our unsecured senior notes contain certain financial tests and covenants. As of June 30, 2024, we were in compliance with all such covenants.

Senior Notes Due 2029

On March 27, 2024, we issued $600.0 million of 7.25% Senior Notes due 2029 (the “2029 Senior Notes”). The 2029 Senior Notes mature on April 1, 2029. Prior to October 1, 2028, we may redeem some or all of the 2029 Notes at a price equal to 100% of the principal amount thereof, plus the applicable “make-whole” premium as of the applicable date of redemption. On and after October 1, 2028, we may redeem some or all of the 2029 Notes at a price equal to 100% of the principal amount thereof. In addition, prior to April 1, 2027, we may redeem up to 40% of the 2029 Notes at the applicable redemption price using the proceeds of certain equity offerings.

Convertible Notes

In July 2023, we issued $380.8 million of 6.75% Convertible Senior Notes due 2027 (the “2027 Convertible Notes”) for net proceeds of $371.2 million. The notes mature on July 15, 2027.

We recognized interest expense from our Convertible Notes of $7.0 million and $14.0 million, respectively, during the three and six months ended June 30, 2024. We recognized interest expense of $2.9 million during the six months ended June 30, 2023 from prior convertible notes repaid during 2023.

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The following table details the conversion attributes of our Convertible Notes outstanding as of June 30, 2024 (amounts in thousands, except rates):

	June 30, 2024
	Conversion	Conversion
	Rate (1)	Price (2)
2027 Convertible Notes	48.1783	$	20.76

(1)    The conversion rate represents the number of shares of common stock issuable per $1,000 principal amount of 2027

Convertible Notes converted, as adjusted in accordance with the indenture governing the 2027 Convertible Notes

(including the applicable supplemental indenture).

(2)    As of June 30, 2024, the market price of the Company's common stock was $18.94.

The if-converted value of the 2027 Convertible Notes was less than their principal amount by $33.3 million at June 30, 2024 as the closing market price of the Company’s common stock of $18.94 was less than the implicit conversion price of $20.76 per share. The if-converted value of the principal amount of the 2027 Convertible Notes was $347.4 million as of June 30, 2024. As of June 30, 2024, the net carrying amount and fair value of the 2027 Convertible Notes was $372.6 million and $384.9 million, respectively.

Upon conversion of the 2027 Convertible Notes, settlement may be made in common stock, cash, or a combination of both, at the option of the Company.

Conditions for Conversion

Prior to January 15, 2027, the 2027 Convertible Notes will be convertible only upon satisfaction of one or more of the following conditions: (1) the closing market price of the Company’s common stock is at least 110% of the conversion price of the 2027 Convertible Notes for at least 20 out of 30 trading days prior to the end of the preceding fiscal quarter, (2) the trading price of the 2027 Convertible Notes is less than 98% of the product of (i) the conversion rate and (ii) the closing price of the Company’s common stock during any five consecutive trading day period, (3) the Company issues certain equity instruments at less than the 10-day average closing market price of its common stock or the per-share value of certain distributions exceeds the market price of the Company’s common stock by more than 10% or (4) certain other specified corporate events (significant consolidation, sale, merger, share exchange, fundamental change, etc.) occur.

On or after January 15, 2027, holders of the 2027 Convertible Notes may convert each of their notes at the applicable conversion rate at any time prior to the close of business on the second scheduled trading day immediately preceding the maturity date.

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12. Loan Securitization/Sale Activities

As described below, we regularly sell loans and notes under various strategies. We evaluate such sales as to whether they meet the criteria for treatment as a sale—legal isolation, ability of transferee to pledge or exchange the transferred assets without constraint and transfer of control.

Loan Securitizations

Within the Investing and Servicing Segment, we originate commercial mortgage loans with the intent to sell these mortgage loans to VIEs for the purposes of securitization. These VIEs then issue CMBS that are collateralized in part by these assets, as well as other assets transferred to the VIE by third parties. Within the Commercial and Residential Lending Segment, we acquire residential loans with the intent to sell these mortgage loans to VIEs for the purpose of securitization. These VIEs then issue RMBS that are collateralized by these assets.

In certain instances, we retain an interest in the CMBS or RMBS VIE and serve as special servicer or servicing administrator for the VIE. In these circumstances, we generally consolidate the VIE into which the loans were sold. The securitizations are subject to optional redemption after a certain period of time or when the pool balance falls below a specified threshold.

The following summarizes the face amount and proceeds of commercial loans securitized for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 (amounts in thousands):

	Commercial Loans
	Face Amount		Proceeds
For the Three Months Ended June 30,
2024	$	137,770	$	139,812
2023	160,691		157,879
For the Six Months Ended June 30,
2024	$	349,470	$	358,409
2023	172,887		171,318

There were no residential loans securitized during the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023.

The securitization of these commercial and residential loans does not result in a discrete gain or loss since they are carried under the fair value option.

Our securitizations have each been structured as bankruptcy-remote entities whose assets are not intended to be available to the creditors of any other party.

Commercial and Residential Loan Sales

Within the Commercial and Residential Lending Segment, we originate or acquire commercial mortgage loans, subsequently selling all or a portion thereof. Typically, our motivation for entering into these transactions is to effectively create leverage on the subordinated position that we will retain and hold for investment. We also may sell certain of our previously-acquired residential loans to third parties outside a securitization.

There were no sales of commercial or residential loans within the Commercial and Residential Lending Segment during the three and six months ended June 30, 2024. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, we sold a $53.0 million mezzanine loan at par less costs to sell.

During the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, there were no gains or losses recognized by the Commercial and Residential Lending Segment on sales of commercial loans.

Infrastructure Loan Sales

During the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, the Infrastructure Lending Segment sold a loan with a face amount of $49.5 million for proceeds of $47.1 million. The loan had been reclassified as held-for-sale during the three months ended March 31, 2024, at which time a $1.5 million fair value adjustment was provided within credit loss provision based on the contractual sale price. There were no sales of loans by the Infrastructure Lending Segment during the three and six months ended June 30, 2023.

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13. Derivatives and Hedging Activity

Risk Management Objective of Using Derivatives

We are exposed to certain risks arising from both our business operations and economic conditions. Refer to Note 14 to the consolidated financial statements included in our Form 10-K for further discussion of our risk management objectives and policies.

Designated Hedges

The Company does not generally elect to apply the hedge accounting designation to its hedging instruments. As of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company did not have any designated hedges.

Non-designated Hedges and Derivatives

We have entered into the following types of non-designated hedges and derivatives:

•Foreign exchange (“Fx”) forwards whereby we agree to buy or sell a specified amount of foreign currency for a specified amount of USD at a future date, economically fixing the USD amounts of foreign denominated cash flows we expect to receive or pay related to certain foreign denominated loan investments;

•Interest rate contracts which hedge a portion of our exposure to changes in interest rates;

•Credit instruments which hedge a portion of our exposure to the credit risk of our commercial loans held-for-sale; and

•Interest rate swap guarantees whereby we guarantee the interest rate swap obligations of certain Infrastructure Lending borrowers. Our interest rate swap guarantees were assumed in connection with the acquisition of the Infrastructure Lending Segment.

The following table summarizes our non-designated derivatives as of June 30, 2024 (notional amounts in thousands):

Type of Derivative	Number of Contracts	Aggregate Notional Amount	Notional Currency	Maturity
Fx contracts – Buy Euros (“EUR”)	23	376,696	EUR	July 2024 - April 2026
Fx contracts – Buy Pounds Sterling (“GBP”)	16	146,201	GBP	July 2024 - January 2027
Fx contracts – Buy Australian dollar (“AUD”)	10	820,150	AUD	July 2024 - October 2026
Fx contracts – Sell EUR	148	829,596	EUR	July 2024 - February 2027
Fx contracts – Sell GBP	206	636,266	GBP	July 2024 - April 2027
Fx contracts – Sell AUD	160	1,615,739	AUD	July 2024 - July 2027
Fx contracts – Sell Swiss Franc (“CHF”)	55	19,764	CHF	August 2024 - November 2025
Interest rate swaps – Paying fixed rates	48	3,818,836	USD	September 2024 - October 2033
Interest rate swaps – Receiving fixed rates	4	1,592,500	USD	March 2025 - February 2030
Interest rate futures	1	4,700	USD	August 2034
Interest rate caps	6	1,114,160	USD	November 2024 - May 2026
Credit instruments	3	49,000	USD	September 2058 - August 2061
Interest rate swap guarantees	1	95,885	USD	June 2025
Total	681

The above table excludes certain interest rate derivatives which serve as an economic hedge related to our residential loan portfolio. During the three months ended June 30, 2024, we entered into a series of derivative transactions related to this loan portfolio in an effort to extend hedge duration. The current high interest rate environment has caused these loans to experience lower prepayment speeds than was originally anticipated at the time of their origination. In order to minimize volatility in future earnings and cash flows while minimizing the current cash outflow, we: (i) entered into a series of reverse swap trades to offset approximately 100% of the dollar duration of our existing interest rate swaps through the end of 2024 and approximately 80% between 2025 through their termination in the second quarter of 2027; and (ii) entered into a forward starting swap from June 2027 for four years which pays fixed and receives floating in order to replace the swaps reversed. Given the volume of these hedges and their sequential nature, the notional value of these new swaps is not representative of the notional value of our portfolio, and they were thus excluded from the table above. The notional value of of the swaps described in (i) above that were effective as of June 30, 2024 totaled $3.0 billion. Because the reverse swaps and the forward starting swap are not specifically designated to assets or liabilities, changes in their respective fair values are recorded currently in earnings.

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The table below presents the fair value of our derivative financial instruments as well as their classification on the condensed consolidated balance sheets as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 (amounts in thousands):

	Fair Value of Derivatives in an Asset Position (1) as of				Fair Value of Derivatives in a Liability Position (2) as of
	June 30, 2024		December 31, 2023		June 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Interest rate contracts	$	12,217	$	8,899	$	46,663	$	48,401
Foreign exchange contracts	57,746		53,979		29,358		54,066
Credit instruments	567		559		110		—
Total derivatives	$	70,530	$	63,437	$	76,131	$	102,467

___________________________________________________

(1)Classified as derivative assets in our condensed consolidated balance sheets.

(2)Classified as derivative liabilities in our condensed consolidated balance sheets.

The table below presents the effect of our derivative financial instruments on the condensed consolidated statements of operations for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 (amounts in thousands):

Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments	Location of Gain (Loss)  Recognized in Income	Amount of Gain (Loss) Recognized in Income for the Three Months Ended June 30,				Amount of Gain (Loss) Recognized in Income for the Six Months Ended June 30,
		2024		2023		2024		2023
Interest rate contracts	Gain on derivative financial instruments, net	$	1,656	$	76,483	$	55,955	$	53,533
Foreign exchange contracts	Gain on derivative financial instruments, net	(767)		(19,794)		47,355		(30,138)
Credit instruments	Gain on derivative financial instruments, net	97		(313)		(385)		153
		$	986	$	56,376	$	102,925	$	23,548

14. Offsetting Assets and Liabilities

The following tables present the potential effects of netting arrangements on our financial position for financial assets and liabilities within the scope of ASC 210-20, Balance Sheet—Offsetting, which for us are derivative assets and liabilities as well as repurchase agreement liabilities (amounts in thousands):

			(ii)   Gross Amounts Offset in the Statement of Financial Position		(iii) = (i) - (ii) Net Amounts Presented in the Statement of Financial Position		(iv) Gross Amounts Not Offset in the Statement of Financial Position
	(i) Gross Amounts Recognized						Financial Instruments		Cash Collateral Received / Pledged		(v) = (iii) - (iv) Net Amount
As of June 30, 2024
Derivative assets	$	70,530	$	—	$	70,530	$	36,524	$	—	$	34,006
Derivative liabilities	$	76,131	$	—	$	76,131	$	36,524	$	39,607	$	—
Repurchase agreements	9,329,195		—		9,329,195		9,329,195		—		—
	$	9,405,326	$	—	$	9,405,326	$	9,365,719	$	39,607	$	—
As of December 31, 2023
Derivative assets	$	63,437	$	—	$	63,437	$	41,341	$	—	$	22,096
Derivative liabilities	$	102,467	$	—	$	102,467	$	41,340	$	61,127	$	—
Repurchase agreements	10,652,359		—		10,652,359		10,652,359		—		—
	$	10,754,826	$	—	$	10,754,826	$	10,693,699	$	61,127	$	—

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15. Variable Interest Entities

Investment Securities

As discussed in Note 2, we evaluate all of our investments and other interests in entities for consolidation, including our investments in CMBS, RMBS and our retained interests in securitization transactions we initiated, all of which are generally considered to be variable interests in VIEs.

Securitization VIEs consolidated in accordance with ASC 810 are structured as pass through entities that receive principal and interest on the underlying collateral and distribute those payments to the certificate holders. The assets and other instruments held by these securitization entities are restricted and can only be used to fulfill the obligations of the entity. Additionally, the obligations of the securitization entities do not have any recourse to the general credit of any other consolidated entities, nor to us as the primary beneficiary. The VIE liabilities initially represent investment securities on our balance sheet (pre-consolidation). Upon consolidation of these VIEs, our associated investment securities are eliminated, as is the interest income related to those securities. Similarly, the fees we earn in our roles as special servicer of the bonds issued by the consolidated VIEs or as collateral administrator of the consolidated VIEs are also eliminated. Finally, a portion of the identified servicing intangible associated with the eliminated fee streams is eliminated in consolidation.

VIEs in which we are the Primary Beneficiary

The inclusion of the assets and liabilities of securitization VIEs in which we are deemed the primary beneficiary has no economic effect on us. Our exposure to the obligations of securitization VIEs is generally limited to our investment in these entities. We are not obligated to provide, nor have we provided, any financial support for any of these consolidated structures.

As discussed in Note 10, we have refinanced various pools of our commercial and infrastructure loans held-for-investment through six CLOs and one SASB, which are considered to be VIEs. We are the primary beneficiary of, and therefore consolidate, the CLOs and SASB in our financial statements as we have both (i) the power to direct the activities in our role as collateral manager, collateral advisor, or controlling class representative that most significantly impact the CLOs’ and SASB’s economic performance, and (ii) the obligation to absorb losses and the right to receive benefits from the CLOs and SASB that could be potentially significant through the subordinate interests we own.

The following table details the assets and liabilities of our consolidated CLOs and SASB as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 (amounts in thousands):

	June 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	118,506	$	33,175
Loans held-for-investment	4,216,308		4,210,097
Investment securities	8,784		9,946
Accrued interest receivable	24,386		26,355
Other assets	8,061		9,197
Total Assets	$	4,376,045	$	4,288,770
Liabilities
Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities	$	24,096	$	21,174
Collateralized loan obligations and single asset securitization, net	3,523,721		3,491,292
Total Liabilities	$	3,547,817	$	3,512,466

Assets held by the CLOs and SASB are restricted and can be used only to settle obligations of the CLOs and SASB, including the subordinate interests owned by us. The liabilities of the CLOs and SASB are non-recourse to us and can only be satisfied from the assets of the CLOs and SASB.

We also hold controlling interests in other non-securitization entities that are considered VIEs. The Woodstar Fund, Woodstar Feeder Fund, L.P. and one of the Woodstar Fund’s indirect investees, SPT Dolphin Intermediate LLC (“SPT Dolphin”), the entity which holds the Woodstar II Portfolio, are each VIEs because the third party interest holders do not carry kick-out rights or substantive participating rights. We were deemed to be the primary beneficiary of those VIEs because we possess both the power to direct the activities of the VIEs that most significantly impact their economic performance and a significant economic interest in each entity. The Woodstar Fund had total assets of $2.0 billion, including its indirect

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investment in SPT Dolphin, and no significant liabilities as of June 30, 2024. As of June 30, 2024, Woodstar Feeder Fund, L.P. and its consolidated subsidiary which is also considered a VIE, Woodstar Feeder REIT, LLC, had a $0.6 billion investment in the Woodstar Fund, had no significant liabilities and had temporary equity of $0.4 billion consisting of the contingently redeemable non-controlling interests of the third party investors (see Note 17).

We also hold a 51% controlling interest in a joint venture (the “CMBS JV”) within our Investing and Servicing Segment, which is considered a VIE because the third party interest holder does not carry kick-out rights or substantive participating rights. We are deemed the primary beneficiary of the CMBS JV. This VIE had total assets of $279.0 million and liabilities of $64.6 million as of June 30, 2024. Refer to Note 17 for further discussion.

In addition to the above non-securitization entities, we have smaller VIEs with total assets of $57.2 million and liabilities of $10.1 million as of June 30, 2024.

VIEs in which we are not the Primary Beneficiary

In certain instances, we hold a variable interest in a VIE in the form of CMBS, but either (i) we are not appointed, or do not serve as, special servicer or servicing administrator or (ii) an unrelated third party has the rights to unilaterally remove us as special servicer without cause. In these instances, we do not have the power to direct activities that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance. In other cases, the variable interest we hold does not obligate us to absorb losses or provide us with the right to receive benefits from the VIE which could potentially be significant. For these structures, we are not deemed to be the primary beneficiary of the VIE, and we do not consolidate these VIEs.

As noted above, we are not obligated to provide, nor have we provided, any financial support for any of our securitization VIEs, whether or not we are deemed to be the primary beneficiary. As such, the risk associated with our involvement in these VIEs is limited to the carrying value of our investment in the entity. As of June 30, 2024, our maximum risk of loss related to securitization VIEs in which we were not the primary beneficiary was $27.9 million on a fair value basis.

As of June 30, 2024, the securitization VIEs which we do not consolidate had debt obligations to beneficial interest holders with unpaid principal balances, excluding the notional value of interest-only securities, of $5.1 billion. The corresponding assets are comprised primarily of commercial mortgage loans with unpaid principal balances corresponding to the amounts of the outstanding debt obligations.

We also hold passive non-controlling interests in certain unconsolidated entities that are considered VIEs. We are not the primary beneficiaries of these VIEs as we do not possess the power to direct the activities of the VIEs that most significantly impact their economic performance and therefore report our interests, which totaled $0.8 million as of June 30, 2024, within investments in unconsolidated entities on our condensed consolidated balance sheet. Our maximum risk of loss is limited to our carrying value of the investments.

16. Related-Party Transactions

Management Agreement

We are party to a management agreement (the “Management Agreement”) with our Manager. Under the Management Agreement, our Manager, subject to the oversight of our board of directors, is required to manage our day to day activities, for which our Manager receives a base management fee and is eligible for an incentive fee and stock awards. Our Manager’s personnel perform certain due diligence, legal, management and other services that outside professionals or consultants would otherwise perform. As such, in accordance with the terms of our Management Agreement, our Manager is paid or reimbursed for the documented costs of performing such tasks, provided that such costs and reimbursements are in amounts no greater than those which would be payable to outside professionals or consultants engaged to perform such services pursuant to agreements negotiated on an arm’s-length basis. Refer to Note 17 to the consolidated financial statements included in our Form 10-K for further discussion of this agreement.

Base Management Fee. For the three months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, approximately $22.0 million and $21.8 million, respectively, was incurred for base management fees. For the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, approximately $43.9 million and $43.6 million, respectively, was incurred for base management fees. As of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, there were $22.0 million and $21.9 million of unpaid base management fees included in related-party payable in our condensed consolidated balance sheets.

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Incentive Fee. For the three months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, approximately $3.5 million and $3.8 million, respectively, was incurred for incentive fees. For the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, approximately $22.6 million and $16.2 million, respectively, was incurred for incentive fees. As of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, there were $3.5 million and $19.5 million, respectively, of unpaid incentive fees included in related-party payable in our condensed consolidated balance sheets.

Expense Reimbursement. For the three months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, approximately $1.6 million and $1.8 million, respectively, was incurred for executive compensation and other reimbursable expenses and recognized within general and administrative expenses in our condensed consolidated statements of operations. For the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, approximately $2.1 million and $3.6 million, respectively, was incurred for executive compensation and other reimbursable expenses. As of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, there were $2.3 million and $3.4 million, respectively, of unpaid reimbursable executive compensation and other expenses included in related-party payable in our condensed consolidated balance sheets.

Equity Awards. In certain instances, we issue RSAs to certain employees of affiliates of our Manager who perform services for us. There were no RSAs granted during the three months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023. Expenses related to the vesting of awards to employees of affiliates of our Manager were $2.3 million and $2.2 million during the three months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and are reflected in general and administrative expenses in our condensed consolidated statements of operations. During the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, we granted 924,092 and 226,955 RSAs, respectively, at grant date fair values of $18.8 million and $4.3 million, respectively. Expenses related to the vesting of awards to employees of affiliates of our Manager were $3.7 million and $4.3 million during the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. These shares generally vest over a three-year period. Compensation expense related to the ESPP (refer to Note 17) for employees of affiliates of our Manager were not material during the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, and are reflected in general and administrative expenses in our condensed consolidated statements of operations.

Manager Equity Plan

In April 2022, the Company’s shareholders approved the Starwood Property Trust, Inc. 2022 Manager Equity Plan (the “2022 Manager Equity Plan”) which replaces the Starwood Property Trust, Inc. 2017 Manager Equity Plan (the “2017 Manager Equity Plan”). In March 2024, we granted 1,300,000 RSUs to our Manager under the 2022 Manager Equity Plan. In November 2022, we granted 1,500,000 RSUs to our Manager under the 2022 Manager Equity Plan. In November 2020, we granted 1,800,000 RSUs to our Manager under the 2017 Manager Equity Plan. In connection with these grants and prior similar grants, we recognized share-based compensation expense of $4.8 million and $5.1 million within management fees in our condensed consolidated statements of operations for the three months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. For the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, we recognized share-based compensation expense of $9.6 million and $10.3 million, respectively, related to these awards. Refer to Note 17 for further discussion.

Loans and Securities

The following three related-party loan transactions were each approved by our board of directors, with those affiliated with the related transaction recusing themselves.

In connection with the May 2024 refinancing of our Medical Office Portfolio discussed in Note 10, we obtained $450.5 million of securitization debt (“MED 2024-MOB”) and a $39.5 million mezzanine loan (the “Mezz Loan”). The Mezz Loan and the $23.0 million horizontal risk retention certificates of MED 2024-MOB (“HRR”) were funded by affiliates of investment funds which are managed by the real estate investment firm for which one of our independent directors is co-founder and co-chief executive officer. One of such affiliates also serves as controlling class representative of MED 2024-MOB. Both the Mezz Loan and the HRR bear interest at SOFR + 5.50% and have an initial term of two years, followed by three successive one-year extension options. The final structure and cost of debt for this refinancing was selected after a formal marketing process led by a third party.

In April 2024, we acquired from Starwood Real Estate Income Trust, Inc. (“SREIT”), an affiliate of our Manager, a £176.0 million ($219.8 million) first mortgage loan participation on a portfolio of vacation cottages, caravan homes and resorts across the United Kingdom at its fair value, determined as par less a 1.0% discount. The loan bears interest at SONIA + 5.40% and matures in February 2026 with two one-year extension options. Prior to acquisition, we had an existing participation in this loan, of which the outstanding balance was £352.0 million, bringing our total participation in the loan to £528.0 million ($667.5 million as of June 30, 2024).

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In March 2022, we originated a new loan on the development and recapitalization of luxury rental cabins with a total commitment of $200.0 million, of which $149.0 million was outstanding as of June 30, 2024. The loan bears interest at SOFR + 6.50% plus fees and originally had a term of 24 months with three one-year extension options. Our CEO and another member of our board of directors own minority equity interests in the borrower. In July 2023, we agreed to a 10-month 300 bps partial interest payment deferral, which in January 2024 was extended to December 2024. In June 2024, we deferred all remaining interest payments due under the loan until December 2024. We also amended the maturity of the loan by formally extending the initial maturity to December 2024 and providing for a one-year extension option subject to certain conditions. As of June 30, 2024, the deferred interest balance amounted to $6.8 million.

In December 2012, the Company acquired 9,140,000 ordinary shares in SEREF, a debt fund that is externally managed by an affiliate of our Manager and is listed on the London Stock Exchange, for approximately $14.7 million, which equated to approximately 4% ownership of SEREF. During the six months ended June 30, 2024, 1,005,348 shares were redeemed by SEREF, for proceeds of $1.3 million, leaving 6,242,339 shares held as of June 30, 2024. As of June 30, 2024, our shares represent an approximate 2.3% interest in SEREF. Refer to Note 5 for additional details.

We hold a 0.72% equity interest in a data center business in Ireland that had a carrying value of $7.3 million as of June 30, 2024. An investment fund and certain other entities affiliated with our Manager exercise a combined 50% voting interest in this entity. Refer to Note 8 for additional details.

Lease Arrangements

In March 2020, we entered into an office lease agreement with an entity which is controlled by our Chairman and CEO through majority equity ownership of the entity. The leased premises serve as our new Miami Beach office following the expiration of our former lease in Miami Beach. The lease, as amended in September 2022, is for 64,424 square feet of office space, commenced July 1, 2022 and has an initial term of 15 years from the monthly lease payment commencement date of November 1, 2022. The lease payments are based on an annual base rate of $52.00 per square foot that increases by 3% each November, plus our pro rata share of building operating expenses. Prior to the execution of this lease, we engaged an independent third party leasing firm and external counsel to advise the independent directors of our board of directors on market terms for the lease. The terms of the lease and subsequent amendment were approved by our independent directors. In April 2020, we provided a $1.9 million cash security deposit to the landlord.

During the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, we made payments to the landlord under the terms of the lease of $1.6 million and $3.3 million, respectively, for rent, parking and our pro rata share of building operating expenses. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, we made payments of $1.4 million and $2.9 million, respectively, for rent, parking and our pro rata share of building operating expenses. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, we recognized $1.8 million and $3.5 million, respectively, of expenses with respect to this lease within general and administrative expenses in our condensed consolidated statements of operations. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, we recognized $1.6 million and $3.3 million, respectively, of expenses with respect to this lease in our condensed consolidated statements of operations.

Other Related-Party Arrangements

Highmark Residential (“Highmark”), an affiliate of our Manager, provides property management services for properties within our Woodstar I and Woodstar II Portfolios. Fees paid to Highmark are calculated as a percentage of gross receipts and are at market terms. During the three months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, property management fees to Highmark of $1.6 million and $1.4 million, respectively, were recognized within our Woodstar Portfolios. During the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, property management fees to Highmark were $3.2 million and $2.9 million, respectively.

Refer to Note 17 to the consolidated financial statements included in our Form 10-K for further discussion of related-party agreements.

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17. Stockholders’ Equity and Non-Controlling Interests

During the six months ended June 30, 2024, our board of directors declared the following dividends:

Declaration Date	Record Date	Payment Date	Amount		Frequency
6/13/24	6/28/24	7/15/24	$	0.48	Quarterly
3/15/24	3/29/24	4/15/24	0.48		Quarterly

ATM Agreement

In May 2022, we entered into a Starwood Property Trust, Inc. Common Stock Sales Agreement (the “ATM Agreement”) with a syndicate of financial institutions to sell shares of the Company’s common stock of up to $500.0 million from time to time, through an “at the market” equity offering program. Sales of shares under the ATM Agreement are made by means of ordinary brokers’ transactions on the New York Stock Exchange or otherwise at market prices prevailing at the time of sale or at negotiated prices. There were no shares issued under the ATM Agreement during the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023.

Dividend Reinvestment and Direct Stock Purchase Plan

During the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, shares issued under the Starwood Property Trust, Inc. Dividend Reinvestment and Direct Stock Purchase Plan (the “DRIP Plan”) were not material.

Employee Stock Purchase Plan

In April 2022, the Company’s shareholders approved the ESPP which allows eligible employees to purchase common stock of the Company at a discounted purchase price. The discounted purchase price of a share of the Company’s common stock is 85% of the fair market value (closing market price) at the lower of the beginning or the end of the quarterly offering period. Participants may purchase shares not exceeding an aggregate fair market value of $25,000 in any calendar year. The maximum aggregate number of shares subject to issuance in accordance with the ESPP is 2,000,000 shares.

During the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, 17,061 and 83,376 shares, respectively, of common stock were purchased by participants at weighted average discounted purchase prices of $16.36 and $16.94 per share, respectively. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, 23,998 and 89,024 shares, respectively, of common stock were purchased by participants at weighted average discounted purchase prices of $14.70 and $14.85 per share, respectively. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, the Company recognized $0.1 million and $0.3 million, respectively, of compensation expense related to its ESPP based on the estimated fair value of the discounted purchase options granted to the participants as of the beginning of the quarterly offering periods determined using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, the Company recognized $0.1 million and $0.3 million, respectively, of compensation expense related to its ESPP.

As of June 30, 2024, there were 1.7 million shares of common stock available for future issuance through the ESPP.

Equity Incentive Plans

In April 2022, the Company’s shareholders approved the 2022 Manager Equity Plan and the Starwood Property Trust, Inc. 2022 Equity Plan (the “2022 Equity Plan”), which allow for the issuance of up to 18,700,000 stock options, stock appreciation rights, RSAs, RSUs or other equity-based awards or any combination thereof to the Manager, directors, employees, consultants or any other party providing services to the Company. The 2022 Manager Equity Plan succeeds and replaces the 2017 Manager Equity Plan and the 2022 Equity Plan succeeds and replaces the Starwood Property Trust, Inc. 2017 Equity Plan (the “2017 Equity Plan”).

The table below summarizes our share awards granted or vested under the 2017 and 2022 Manager Equity Plans during the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 (dollar amounts in thousands):

Grant Date	Type	Amount Granted	Grant Date Fair Value		Vesting Period
March 2024	RSU	1,300,000	$	26,104	3 years
November 2022	RSU	1,500,000	$	31,605	3 years
November 2020	RSU	1,800,000	$	30,078	3 years

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Schedule of Non-Vested Shares and Share Equivalents (1)

	Equity Plan	Manager Equity Plan	Total	Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value (per share)
Balance as of January 1, 2024	2,571,728	875,000	3,446,728	$	21.08
Granted	1,785,570	1,300,000	3,085,570	20.23
Vested	(1,623,734)	(466,666)	(2,090,400)	21.14
Forfeited	(13,530)	—	(13,530)	21.42
Balance as of June 30, 2024	2,720,034	1,708,334	4,428,368	20.46

(1)    Equity-based award activity for awards granted under the 2017 and 2022 Equity Plans is reflected within the Equity Plan column, and for awards granted under the 2017 and 2022 Manager Equity Plans, within the Manager Equity Plan column.

As of June 30, 2024, there were 13.4 million shares of common stock available for future grants under the 2022 Manager Equity Plan and the 2022 Equity Plan.

Non-Controlling Interests in Consolidated Subsidiaries

As discussed in Note 2, on November 5, 2021 we sold a 20.6% non-controlling interest in the Woodstar Fund to third party investors for net cash proceeds of $214.2 million. Under the Woodstar Fund operating agreement, such interests are contingently redeemable by us, at the option of the interest holder, for cash at liquidation fair value if any assets remain upon termination of the Woodstar Fund. The Woodstar Fund operating agreement specifies an eight-year term with two one-year extension options, the first at our option and the second subject to consent of an advisory committee representing the non-controlling interest holders. Accordingly, these contingently redeemable non-controlling interests have been classified as “Temporary Equity” in our condensed consolidated balance sheets and represent the fair value of the Woodstar Fund’s net assets allocable to those interests. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, net income attributable to these non-controlling interests was $1.0 million and $2.5 million, respectively. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, net income attributable to these non-controlling interests was $45.7 million and $47.9 million, respectively.

In connection with our Woodstar II Portfolio acquisitions, we issued 10.2 million Class A Units in our subsidiary, SPT Dolphin, and rights to receive an additional 1.9 million Class A Units if certain contingent events occur. As of June 30, 2024, all of the 1.9 million contingent Class A Units were issued. The Class A Units are redeemable for consideration equal to the current share price of the Company’s common stock on a one-for-one basis, with the consideration paid in either cash or the Company’s common stock, at the determination of the Company. There were 9.7 million Class A Units outstanding as of June 30, 2024. The outstanding Class A Units are reflected as non-controlling interests in consolidated subsidiaries on our condensed consolidated balance sheets, the balance of which was $207.1 million as of both June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

To the extent SPT Dolphin has sufficient cash available, the Class A Units earn a preferred return indexed to the dividend rate of the Company’s common stock. Any distributions made pursuant to this waterfall are recognized within net income attributable to non-controlling interests in our condensed consolidated statements of operations. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, we recognized net income attributable to non-controlling interests of $4.7 million and $9.3 million, respectively, associated with these Class A Units. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, we recognized net income attributable to non-controlling interests of $4.7 million and $9.4 million, respectively.

As discussed in Note 15, we hold a 51% controlling interest in the CMBS JV within our Investing and Servicing Segment. Because the CMBS JV is deemed a VIE for which we are the primary beneficiary, the 49% interest of our joint venture partner is reflected as a non-controlling interest in consolidated subsidiaries on our condensed consolidated balance sheets, and any net income attributable to this 49% joint venture interest is reflected within net income attributable to non-controlling interests in our condensed consolidated statements of operations. The non-controlling interests in the CMBS JV were $114.1 million and $129.2 million as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, net loss attributable to these non-controlling interests was $6.7 million and $7.6 million, respectively. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, net income attributable to these non-controlling interests was $2.2 million and $2.9 million, respectively.

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18. Earnings per Share

The following table provides a reconciliation of net income and the number of shares of common stock used in the computation of basic EPS and diluted EPS (amounts in thousands, except per share amounts):

	For the Three Months Ended June 30,				For the Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
Basic Earnings
Income attributable to STWD common stockholders	$	77,890	$	168,843	$	232,222	$	220,817
Less: Income attributable to participating shares not already deducted as non-controlling interests	(1,860)		(2,411)		(3,837)		(3,452)
Basic earnings	$	76,030	$	166,432	$	228,385	$	217,365
Diluted Earnings
Income attributable to STWD common stockholders	$	77,890	$	168,843	$	232,222	$	220,817
Less: Income attributable to participating shares not already deducted as non-controlling interests	(1,860)		(2,411)		(3,837)		(3,452)
Add: Interest expense on Convertible Notes	*		*		*		*
Add: Undistributed earnings to participating shares	—		770		—		—
Less: Undistributed earnings reallocated to participating shares	—		(769)		—		—
Diluted earnings	$	76,030	$	166,433	$	228,385	$	217,365
Number of Shares:
Basic — Average shares outstanding	313,493		309,721		312,660		309,067
Effect of dilutive securities — Convertible Notes	*		*		*		*
Effect of dilutive securities — Contingently issuable shares	91		99		91		99
Effect of dilutive securities — Unvested non-participating shares	30		235		248		247
Diluted — Average shares outstanding	313,614		310,055		312,999		309,413
Earnings Per Share Attributable to STWD Common Stockholders:
Basic	$	0.24	$	0.54	$	0.73	$	0.70
Diluted	$	0.24	$	0.54	$	0.73	$	0.70

___________________________________________________

*    Our current and prior convertible notes repaid in April 2023 were not dilutive for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023.

As of June 30, 2024 and 2023, participating shares of 13.6 million and 13.2 million, respectively, were excluded from the computation of diluted shares as their effect was already considered under the more dilutive two-class method used above. Such participating shares at June 30, 2024 and 2023 included 9.7 million and 9.8 million potential shares, respectively, of our common stock issuable upon redemption of the Class A Units in SPT Dolphin, as discussed in Note 17.

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19. Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income

The changes in AOCI by component are as follows (amounts in thousands):

	Cumulative Unrealized Gain (Loss) on Available-for- Sale Securities
Three Months Ended June 30, 2024
Balance at April 1, 2024	$	14,061
OCI before reclassifications	(141)
Amounts reclassified from AOCI	—
Net period OCI	(141)
Balance at June 30, 2024	$	13,920
Three Months Ended June 30, 2023
Balance at April 1, 2023	$	19,851
OCI before reclassifications	(2,496)
Amounts reclassified from AOCI	—
Net period OCI	(2,496)
Balance at June 30, 2023	$	17,355
Six Months Ended June 30, 2024
Balance at January 1, 2024	$	15,352
OCI before reclassifications	(1,432)
Amounts reclassified from AOCI	—
Net period OCI	(1,432)
Balance at June 30, 2024	$	13,920
Six Months Ended June 30, 2023
Balance at January 1, 2023	$	20,955
OCI before reclassifications	(3,600)
Amounts reclassified from AOCI	—
Net period OCI	(3,600)
Balance at June 30, 2023	$	17,355

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20. Fair Value

GAAP establishes a hierarchy of valuation techniques based on the observability of inputs utilized in measuring financial assets and liabilities at fair value. GAAP establishes market-based or observable inputs as the preferred source of values, followed by valuation models using management assumptions in the absence of market inputs. The three levels of the hierarchy are described below:

Level I—Inputs are unadjusted, quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities at the measurement date.

Level II—Inputs (other than quoted prices included in Level I) are either directly or indirectly observable for the asset or liability through correlation with market data at the measurement date and for the duration of the instrument’s anticipated life.

Level III—Inputs reflect management’s best estimate of what market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability at the measurement date. Consideration is given to the risk inherent in the valuation technique and the risk inherent in the inputs to the model.

Valuation Process

We have valuation control processes in place to validate the fair value of the Company’s financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value including those derived from pricing models. These control processes are designed to assure that the values used for financial reporting are based on observable inputs wherever possible. In the event that observable inputs are not available, the control processes are designed to assure that the valuation approach utilized is appropriate and consistently applied and the assumptions are reasonable.

Pricing Verification—We use recently executed transactions, other observable market data such as exchange data, broker/dealer quotes, third party pricing vendors and aggregation services for validating the fair values generated using valuation models. Pricing data provided by approved external sources is evaluated using a number of approaches; for example, by corroborating the external sources’ prices to executed trades, analyzing the methodology and assumptions used by the external source to generate a price and/or by evaluating how active the third party pricing source (or originating sources used by the third party pricing source) is in the market.

Unobservable Inputs—Where inputs are not observable, we review the appropriateness of the proposed valuation methodology to ensure it is consistent with how a market participant would arrive at the unobservable input. The valuation methodologies utilized in the absence of observable inputs may include extrapolation techniques and the use of comparable observable inputs.

Any changes to the valuation methodology will be reviewed by our management to ensure the changes are appropriate. The methods used may produce a fair value calculation that is not indicative of net realizable value or reflective of future fair values. Furthermore, while we anticipate that our valuation methods are appropriate and consistent with other market participants, the use of different methodologies, or assumptions, to determine the fair value could result in a different estimate of fair value at the reporting date.

Fair Value on a Recurring Basis

We determine the fair value of our financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as follows:

Loans held-for-sale, commercial

We measure the fair value of our commercial mortgage loans held-for-sale using a discounted cash flow analysis unless observable market data (i.e., securitized pricing) is available. A discounted cash flow analysis requires management to make estimates regarding future interest rates and credit spreads. The most significant of these inputs relates to credit spreads and is unobservable. Thus, we have determined that the fair values of mortgage loans valued using a discounted cash flow analysis should be classified in Level III of the fair value hierarchy, while mortgage loans valued using securitized pricing should be classified in Level II of the fair value hierarchy. Mortgage loans classified in Level III are transferred to Level II if securitized pricing becomes available.

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Loans held-for-sale, residential

We measure the fair value of our residential loans held-for-sale based on the net present value of expected future cash flows using a combination of observable and unobservable inputs. Observable market participant assumptions include pricing related to trades of residential loans with similar characteristics. Unobservable inputs include the expectation of future cash flows, which involves judgments about the underlying collateral, the creditworthiness of the borrower, estimated prepayment speeds, estimated future credit losses, forward interest rates, investor yield requirements and certain other factors. At each measurement date, we consider both the observable and unobservable valuation inputs in the determination of fair value. However, given the significance of the unobservable inputs, these loans have been classified within Level III.

RMBS

RMBS are valued utilizing observable and unobservable market inputs. The observable market inputs include recent transactions, broker quotes and vendor prices (“market data”). However, given the implied price dispersion amongst the market data, the fair value determination for RMBS has also utilized significant unobservable inputs in discounted cash flow models including prepayments, default and severity estimates based on the recent performance of the collateral, the underlying collateral characteristics, industry trends, as well as expectations of macroeconomic events (e.g., housing price curves, interest rate curves, etc.). At each measurement date, we consider both the observable and unobservable valuation inputs in the determination of fair value. However, given the significance of the unobservable inputs these securities have been classified within Level III.

CMBS

CMBS are valued utilizing both observable and unobservable market inputs. These factors include projected future cash flows, ratings, subordination levels, vintage, remaining lives, credit issues, recent trades of similar securities and the spreads used in the prior valuation. We obtain current market spread information where available and use this information in evaluating and validating the market price of all CMBS. Depending upon the significance of the fair value inputs used in determining these fair values, these securities are classified in either Level II or Level III of the fair value hierarchy. CMBS may shift between Level II and Level III of the fair value hierarchy if the significant fair value inputs used to price the CMBS become or cease to be observable.

Equity security

The equity security is publicly registered and traded in the U.S. and its market price is listed on the London Stock Exchange. The security has been classified within Level I.

Woodstar Fund Investments

The fair value of investments held by the Woodstar Fund is determined based on observable and unobservable market inputs. The initial fair value of the Woodstar Fund’s investments at its November 5, 2021 establishment date was determined by reference to the purchase price paid by third party investors, which was consistent with both a recent external appraisal as well as our extensive marketing efforts to sell interests in the Woodstar Fund, plus working capital. The fair value of the Woodstar Fund’s investments as of December 31, 2023 was determined by reference to an external appraisal as of that date.

For the properties, the third party appraisals applied the income capitalization approach with corroborative support from the sales comparison approach. The cost approach was not employed, as it is typically not emphasized by potential investors in the multifamily affordable housing sector. The income capitalization approach estimates an income stream for a property over a 10-year period and discounts this income plus a reversion (presumed sale) into a present value at a risk adjusted discount rate. Terminal capitalization rates and discount rates utilized in this approach are derived from market transactions as well as other financial and industry data.

For secured financing, we discounted the contractual cash flows at the interest rate at which such arrangements would bear if executed in the current market. The fair value of investment level working capital is assumed to approximate carrying value due to its primarily short-term monetary nature. The fair value of interest rate derivatives is determined using the methodology described in the Derivatives discussion below.

Internal valuations at interim quarter ends, including June 30, 2024, are prepared by management. The valuation of properties is based on a direct income capitalization approach, whereby a direct capitalization market rate is applied to annualized in-place net operating income at the portfolio level. The direct capitalization rate is initially calibrated to the

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implied rate from the latest appraisal and adjusted for subsequent changes in current market capitalization rates for sales of comparable multifamily properties. The valuations of secured financing agreements, working capital and interest rate derivatives are consistent with the methodologies described in the paragraph above.

Given the significance of the unobservable inputs used in the respective valuations, the Woodstar Fund’s investments have been classified within Level III of the fair value hierarchy.

Domestic servicing rights

The fair value of this intangible is determined using discounted cash flow modeling techniques which require management to make estimates regarding future net servicing cash flows, including forecasted loan defeasance, control migration, delinquency and anticipated maturity defaults which are calculated assuming a debt yield at which default occurs. Since the most significant of these inputs are unobservable, we have determined that the fair values of this intangible in its entirety should be classified in Level III of the fair value hierarchy.

Derivatives

The valuation of derivative contracts are determined using widely accepted valuation techniques including discounted cash flow analysis on the expected cash flows of each derivative. This analysis reflects the contractual terms of the derivatives, including the period to maturity, and uses observable market based inputs, including interest rate curves, spot and market forward points and implied volatilities. The fair values of interest rate swaps are determined using the market standard methodology of netting the discounted future fixed cash payments and the discounted expected variable cash receipts. The variable cash receipts are based on an expectation of future interest rates (forward curves) derived from observable market interest rate curves.

We incorporate credit valuation adjustments to appropriately reflect both our own non-performance risk and the respective counterparty’s non-performance risk in the fair value measurements. In adjusting the fair value of our derivative contracts for the effect of non-performance risk, we have considered the impact of netting and any applicable credit enhancements, such as collateral postings, thresholds, mutual puts, and guarantees.

The valuation of over the counter derivatives are determined using discounted cash flows based on Overnight Index Swap (“OIS”) rates. Fully collateralized trades are discounted using OIS with no additional economic adjustments to arrive at fair value. Uncollateralized or partially collateralized trades are also discounted at OIS, but include appropriate economic adjustments for funding costs (i.e., a LIBOR or SOFR OIS basis adjustment to approximate uncollateralized cost of funds) and credit risk. For credit instruments, fair value is determined based on changes in the relevant indices from the date of initiation of the instrument to the reporting date, as these changes determine the amount of any future cash settlement between us and the counterparty. These indices are considered Level II inputs as they are directly observable.

Although we have determined that the majority of the inputs used to value our derivatives fall within Level II of the fair value hierarchy, the credit valuation adjustments associated with our derivatives utilize Level III inputs, such as estimates of current credit spreads to evaluate the likelihood of default by us and our counterparties. However, as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, we have assessed the significance of the impact of the credit valuation adjustments on the overall valuation of our derivative positions and have determined that the credit valuation adjustments are not significant to the overall valuation of our derivatives. As a result, we have determined that our derivative valuations in their entirety are classified in Level II of the fair value hierarchy.

Liabilities of consolidated VIEs

Our consolidated VIE liabilities generally represent bonds that are not owned by us. The majority of these are either traded in the marketplace or can be analogized to similar securities that are traded in the marketplace. For these liabilities, pricing is considered to be Level II, where the valuation is based upon quoted prices for similar instruments traded in active markets. We generally utilize third party pricing service providers for valuing these liabilities. In order to determine whether to utilize the valuations provided by third parties, we conduct an ongoing evaluation of their valuation methodologies and processes, as well as a review of the individual valuations themselves. In evaluating third party pricing for reasonableness, we consider a variety of factors, including market transaction information for the particular bond, market transaction information for bonds within the same trust, market transaction information for similar bonds, the bond’s ratings and the bond’s subordination levels.

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For the minority portion of our consolidated VIE liabilities which consist of unrated or non-investment grade bonds that are not owned by us, pricing may be either Level II or Level III. If independent third party pricing similar to that noted above is available, we consider the valuation to be Level II. If such third party pricing is not available, the valuation is generated from model-based techniques that use significant unobservable assumptions, and we consider the valuation to be Level III. For VIE liabilities classified as Level III, valuation is determined based on discounted expected future cash flows which take into consideration expected duration and yields based on market transaction information, ratings, subordination levels, vintage and current market spread. VIE liabilities may shift between Level II and Level III of the fair value hierarchy if the significant fair value inputs used to price the VIE liabilities become or cease to be observable.

Assets of consolidated VIEs

The securitization VIEs in which we invest are “static”; that is, no reinvestment is permitted, and there is no active management of the underlying assets. In determining the fair value of the assets of the VIE, we maximize the use of observable inputs over unobservable inputs. The individual assets of a VIE are inherently incapable of precise measurement given their illiquid nature and the limitations on available information related to these assets. Because our methodology for valuing these assets does not value the individual assets of a VIE, but rather uses the value of the VIE liabilities as an indicator of the fair value of VIE assets as a whole, we have determined that our valuations of VIE assets in their entirety should be classified in Level III of the fair value hierarchy.

Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis

We determine the fair value of our financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis as follows:

Investments in unconsolidated entities, other equity investments

Our other equity investments set forth in Note 8 do not have readily determinable fair values. Therefore, we have elected the fair value practicability exception under ASC 321, Equity Securities, whereby we measure those investments within its scope at cost, less any impairment, plus or minus observable price changes from identical or similar investments of the same issuer. As such price changes represent observable market data, the fair value of the specific investments affected would be classified in Level II of the fair value hierarchy as of the date of the observable price change.

Fair Value Only Disclosed

We determine the fair value of our financial instruments and assets where fair value is disclosed as follows:

Loans held-for-investment

We estimate the fair values of our loans not carried at fair value on a recurring basis by discounting their expected cash flows at a rate we estimate would be demanded by the market participants that are most likely to buy our loans. The expected cash flows used are generally the same as those used to calculate our level yield income in the financial statements. Since these inputs are unobservable, we have determined that the fair value of these loans in their entirety would be classified in Level III of the fair value hierarchy.

HTM debt securities

We estimate the fair value of our mandatorily redeemable preferred equity interests in commercial real estate companies and infrastructure bonds using the same methodology described for our loans held-for-investment. We estimate the fair value of our HTM CMBS using the same methodology described for our CMBS carried at fair value on a recurring basis.

Secured financing agreements, CLOs and SASB

The fair value of the secured financing agreements, CLOs and SASB are determined by discounting the contractual cash flows at the interest rate we estimate such arrangements would bear if executed in the current market. We have determined that our valuation of these instruments should be classified in Level III of the fair value hierarchy.

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Unsecured senior notes

The fair value of our unsecured senior notes is determined based on the last available bid price for the respective notes in the current market. As these prices represent observable market data, we have determined that the fair value of these instruments would be classified in Level II of the fair value hierarchy.

Fair Value Disclosures

The following tables present our financial assets and liabilities carried at fair value on a recurring basis in the consolidated balance sheets by their level in the fair value hierarchy as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 (amounts in thousands):

	June 30, 2024
	Total		Level I		Level II		Level III
Financial Assets:
Loans under fair value option	$	2,820,026	$	—	$	231,369	$	2,588,657
RMBS	98,438		—		—		98,438
CMBS	27,900		—		7,908		19,992
Equity security	7,339		7,339		—		—
Woodstar Fund investments	2,004,983		—		—		2,004,983
Domestic servicing rights	20,507		—		—		20,507
Derivative assets	70,530		—		70,530		—
VIE assets	39,665,392		—		—		39,665,392
Total	$	44,715,115	$	7,339	$	309,807	$	44,397,969
Financial Liabilities:
Derivative liabilities	$	76,131	$	—	$	76,131	$	—
VIE liabilities	38,132,695		—		33,090,221		5,042,474
Total	$	38,208,826	$	—	$	33,166,352	$	5,042,474

	December 31, 2023
	Total		Level I		Level II		Level III
Financial Assets:
Loans under fair value option	$	2,645,637	$	—	$	—	$	2,645,637
RMBS	102,368		—		—		102,368
CMBS	18,600		—		—		18,600
Equity security	8,340		8,340		—		—
Woodstar Fund investments	2,012,833		—		—		2,012,833
Domestic servicing rights	19,384		—		—		19,384
Derivative assets	63,437		—		63,437		—
VIE assets	43,786,356		—		—		43,786,356
Total	$	48,656,955	$	8,340	$	63,437	$	48,585,178
Financial Liabilities:
Derivative liabilities	$	102,467	$	—	$	102,467	$	—
VIE liabilities	42,175,734		—		36,570,938		5,604,796
Total	$	42,278,201	$	—	$	36,673,405	$	5,604,796

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The changes in financial assets and liabilities classified as Level III are as follows for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 (amounts in thousands):

Three Months Ended June 30, 2024	Loans at Fair Value		RMBS		CMBS		Woodstar Fund Investments		Domestic Servicing Rights		VIE Assets		VIE Liabilities		Total
April 1, 2024 balance	$	2,642,219	$	100,319	$	19,486	$	2,008,937	$	19,612	$	41,633,853	$	(5,358,517)	$	41,065,909
Total realized and unrealized gains (losses):
Included in earnings:
Change in fair value / gain on sale	64,421		—		304		(3,954)		895		(1,878,563)		123,140		(1,693,757)
Net accretion	—		1,154		—		—		—		—		—		1,154
Included in OCI	—		(141)		—		—		—		—		—		(141)
Purchases / Originations	315,542		—		—		—		—		—		—		315,542
Sales	(139,812)		—		—		—		—		—		—		(139,812)
Issuances	—		—		—		—		—		—		(2,613)		(2,613)
Cash repayments / receipts	(62,344)		(2,894)		(40)		—		—		—		(1,289)		(66,567)
Transfers into Level III	—		—		—		—		—		—		(226,900)		(226,900)
Transfers out of Level III	(231,369)		—		—		—		—		—		403,739		172,370
Deconsolidation of VIEs	—		—		242		—		—		(89,898)		19,966		(69,690)
June 30, 2024 balance	$	2,588,657	$	98,438	$	19,992	$	2,004,983	$	20,507	$	39,665,392	$	(5,042,474)	$	39,355,495
Amount of unrealized gains (losses) attributable to assets still held at June 30, 2024:
Included in earnings	$	44,007	$	1,154	$	304	$	(3,954)	$	895	$	(1,878,563)	$	123,140	$	(1,713,017)
Included in OCI	$	—	$	(141)	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	(141)

Three Months Ended June 30, 2023	Loans at Fair Value		RMBS		CMBS		Woodstar Fund Investments		Domestic Servicing Rights		VIE Assets		VIE Liabilities		Total
April 1, 2023 balance	$	2,810,889	$	111,069	$	18,945	$	1,762,162	$	18,094	$	50,526,390	$	(4,833,540)	$	50,414,009
Total realized and unrealized gains (losses):
Included in earnings:
Change in fair value / gain on sale	(53,342)		—		95		214,823		162		(3,661,520)		151,552		(3,348,230)
Net accretion	—		1,191		—		—		—		—		—		1,191
Included in OCI	—		(2,496)		—		—		—		—		—		(2,496)
Purchases / Originations	180,250		—		—		—		—		—		—		180,250
Sales	(157,879)		—		—		—		—		—		—		(157,879)
Cash repayments / receipts	(46,284)		(2,548)		(437)		—		—		—		(10,541)		(59,810)
Transfers into Level III	7		—		—		—		—		—		(1,198,930)		(1,198,923)
Transfers out of Level III	(60,421)		—		—		—		—		—		—		(60,421)
June 30, 2023 balance	$	2,673,220	$	107,216	$	18,603	$	1,976,985	$	18,256	$	46,864,870	$	(5,891,459)	$	45,767,691
Amount of unrealized gains (losses) attributable to assets still held at June 30, 2023:
Included in earnings	$	(68,708)	$	1,191	$	95	$	214,823	$	162	$	(3,661,520)	$	151,552	$	(3,362,405)
Included in OCI	$	—	$	(2,496)	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	(2,496)

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Six Months Ended June 30, 2024	Loans at Fair Value		RMBS		CMBS		Woodstar Fund Investments		Domestic Servicing Rights		VIE Assets		VIE Liabilities		Total
January 1, 2024 balance	$	2,645,637	$	102,368	$	18,600	$	2,012,833	$	19,384	$	43,786,356	$	(5,604,796)	$	42,980,382
Total realized and unrealized gains (losses):
Included in earnings:
Change in fair value / gain on sale	35,408		—		911		(7,850)		1,123		(3,408,989)		235,253		(3,144,144)
Net accretion	—		2,321		—		—		—		—		—		2,321
Included in OCI	—		(1,432)		—		—		—		—		—		(1,432)
Purchases / Originations	605,050		—		—		—		—		—		—		605,050
Sales	(358,409)		—		—		—		—		—		—		(358,409)
Issuances	—		—		—		—		—		—		(5,779)		(5,779)
Cash repayments / receipts	(107,660)		(4,819)		(103)		—		—		—		(4,427)		(117,009)
Transfers into Level III	—		—		—		—		—		—		(692,310)		(692,310)
Transfers out of Level III	(231,369)		—		—		—		—		—		1,004,829		773,460
Deconsolidation of VIEs	—		—		584		—		—		(711,975)		24,756		(686,635)
June 30, 2024 balance	$	2,588,657	$	98,438	$	19,992	$	2,004,983	$	20,507	$	39,665,392	$	(5,042,474)	$	39,355,495
Amount of unrealized gains (losses) attributable to assets still held at June 30, 2024:
Included in earnings	$	1,985	$	2,321	$	1,253	$	(7,850)	$	1,123	$	(3,408,989)	$	235,253	$	(3,174,904)
Included in OCI	$	—	$	(1,432)	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	(1,432)

Six Months Ended June 30, 2023	Loans at Fair Value		RMBS		CMBS		Woodstar Fund Investments		Domestic Servicing Rights		VIE Assets		VIE Liabilities		Total
January 1, 2023 balance	$	2,784,594	$	113,386	$	19,108	$	1,761,002	$	17,790	$	52,453,041	$	(5,505,943)	$	51,642,978
Total realized and unrealized gains (losses):
Included in earnings:
Change in fair value / gain on sale	(44,441)		—		76		215,983		466		(5,588,171)		304,605		(5,111,482)
Net accretion	—		2,413		—		—		—		—		—		2,413
Included in OCI	—		(3,600)		—		—		—		—		—		(3,600)
Purchases / Originations	249,450		—		—		—		—		—		—		249,450
Sales	(171,318)		—		—		—		—		—		—		(171,318)
Cash repayments / receipts	(84,651)		(4,983)		(581)		—		—		—		(11,650)		(101,865)
Transfers into Level III	7		—		—		—		—		—		(1,198,930)		(1,198,923)
Transfers out of Level III	(60,421)		—		—		—		—		—		520,459		460,038
June 30, 2023 balance	$	2,673,220	$	107,216	$	18,603	$	1,976,985	$	18,256	$	46,864,870	$	(5,891,459)	$	45,767,691
Amount of unrealized gains (losses) attributable to assets still held at June 30, 2023:
Included in earnings	$	(61,197)	$	2,413	$	76	$	215,983	$	466	$	(5,588,171)	$	304,605	$	(5,125,825)
Included in OCI	$	—	$	(3,600)	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	(3,600)

Amounts were transferred from Level II to Level III due to a decrease in the observable relevant market activity and amounts were transferred from Level III to Level II due to an increase in the observable relevant market activity.

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The following table presents the fair values of our financial instruments not carried at fair value on the consolidated balance sheets (amounts in thousands):

	June 30, 2024				December 31, 2023
	Carrying Value		Fair Value		Carrying Value		Fair Value
Financial assets not carried at fair value:
Loans	$	16,294,609	$	16,352,988	$	17,574,249	$	17,483,058
HTM debt securities	532,037		508,245		606,254		581,160
Financial liabilities not carried at fair value:
Secured financing agreements, CLOs and SASB (a)	$	15,626,580	$	15,318,446	$	17,552,979	$	17,466,172
Unsecured senior notes	2,754,370		2,728,684		2,158,888		2,128,835

__________________________________________________

(a)As of December 31, 2023, includes debt related to properties held-for-sale.

The following is quantitative information about significant unobservable inputs in our Level III measurements for those assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis (dollars in thousands):

	Carrying Value at June 30, 2024		Valuation Technique	Unobservable Input	Range (Weighted Average) as of (1)
					June 30, 2024	December 31, 2023
Loans under fair value option	$	2,588,657	Discounted cash flow, market pricing	Coupon (d)	2.8% - 10.5% (4.6%)	2.8% - 9.9% (4.5%)
				Remaining contractual term (d)	3.8 - 38.0 years (26.6 years)	4.3 - 38.5 years (27.4 years)
				FICO score (a)	585 - 900 (749)	585 - 900 (749)
				LTV (b)	4% - 93% (65%)	5% - 140% (68%)
				Purchase price (d)	80.0% - 106.8% (101.3%)	80.0% - 108.6% (101.4%)
RMBS	98,438		Discounted cash flow	Constant prepayment rate (a)	2.1% - 8.7% (4.5%)	2.9% - 9.6% (5.2%)
				Constant default rate (b)	1.0% - 3.8% (1.7%)	1.0% - 4.2% (1.7%)
				Loss severity (b)	0% - 63% (13%) (f)	0% - 99% (17%) (f)
				Delinquency rate (c)	9% - 25% (14%)	8% - 25% (14%)
				Servicer advances (a)	22% - 78% (51%)	30% - 78% (51%)
				Annual coupon deterioration (b)	0% - 0.2% (0.0%)	0% - 1.3% (0.1%)
				Putback amount per projected total collateral loss (e)	0% - 8% (0.5%)	0% - 8% (0.5%)
CMBS	19,992		Discounted cash flow	Yield (b)	0% - 51.5% (9.4%)	0% - 540.1% (10.6%)
				Duration (c)	0 - 7.5 years (2.3 years)	0 - 6.7 years (2.4 years)
Woodstar Fund investments	2,004,983		Discounted cash flow	Discount rate - properties (b)	N/A	6.3% - 7.0% (6.7%)
				Discount rate - debt (a)	3.0% - 7.2% (5.5%)	3.0% - 6.9% (5.4%)
				Terminal capitalization rate (b)	N/A	4.8% - 5.5% (5.2%)
				Direct capitalization rate (b)	4.30% (4.30%)	4.25% (4.25%) (Implied)
Domestic servicing rights	20,507		Discounted cash flow	Debt yield (a)	8.50% (8.50%)	8.50% (8.50%)
				Discount rate (b)	15% (15%)	15% (15%)
VIE assets	39,665,392		Discounted cash flow	Yield (b)	0% - 831.8% (20.4%)	0% - 691.0% (15.9%)
				Duration (c)	0 - 9.5 years (2.1 years)	0 - 10.0 years (1.8 years)
VIE liabilities	5,042,474		Discounted cash flow	Yield (b)	0% - 831.8% (13.1%)	0% - 691.0% (11.4%)
				Duration (c)	0 - 9.5 years (1.7 years)	0 - 10.0 years (1.7 years)

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

(1)Unobservable inputs were weighted by the relative carrying value of the instruments as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

Information about Uncertainty of Fair Value Measurements

(a)Significant increase (decrease) in the unobservable input in isolation would result in a significantly higher (lower) fair value measurement.

(b)Significant increase (decrease) in the unobservable input in isolation would result in a significantly lower (higher) fair value measurement.

(c)Significant increase (decrease) in the unobservable input in isolation would result in either a significantly lower or higher (higher or lower) fair value measurement depending on the structural features of the security in question.

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(d)This unobservable input is not subject to variability as of the respective reporting dates.

(e)Any delay in the putback recovery date leads to a decrease in fair value for the majority of securities in our RMBS portfolio.

(f)5% of the portfolio falls within a range of 45% - 80% as of both June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

21. Income Taxes

Certain of our domestic subsidiaries have elected to be treated as taxable REIT subsidiaries (“TRSs”). TRSs permit us to participate in certain activities from which REITs are generally precluded, as long as these activities meet specific criteria, are conducted within the parameters of certain limitations established by the Code and are conducted in entities which elect to be treated as taxable subsidiaries under the Code. To the extent these criteria are met, we will continue to maintain our qualification as a REIT.

Our TRSs engage in various real estate-related operations, including special servicing of commercial real estate, originating and securitizing mortgage loans, and investing in entities which engage in real estate-related operations. As of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, approximately $3.2 billion and $3.1 billion, respectively, of assets were owned by TRS entities. Our TRSs are not consolidated for U.S. federal income tax purposes, but are instead taxed as corporations. For financial reporting purposes, a provision for current and deferred taxes is established for the portion of earnings recognized by us with respect to our interest in TRSs.

The following table is a reconciliation of our U.S. federal income tax provision determined using our statutory federal tax rate to our reported income tax provision (benefit) for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 (dollars in thousands):

	For the Three Months Ended June 30,								For the Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024				2023				2024				2023
Federal statutory tax rate	$	19,656	21.0	%	$	46,951	21.0	%	$	53,480	21.0	%	$	57,654	21.0	%
REIT and other non-taxable income	(7,107)		(7.6)	%	(46,049)		(20.5)	%	(40,022)		(15.7)	%	(63,776)		(23.3)	%
State income taxes	4,124		4.4	%	296		0.1	%	4,422		1.7	%	(2,012)		(0.7)	%
Federal benefit of state tax deduction	(866)		(0.9)	%	(63)		—	%	(929)		(0.4)	%	422		0.2	%
Other	71		0.1	%	62		(0.1)	%	133		0.1	%	114		—	%
Effective tax rate	$	15,878	17.0	%	$	1,197	0.5	%	$	17,084	6.7	%	$	(7,598)	(2.8)	%

For the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, we have utilized the discrete effective tax rate method, as allowed by ASC 740-270-30-18, “Income Taxes—Interim Reporting,” to calculate our interim income tax expense (benefit). The discrete method is applied when the application of the estimated annual effective tax rate is impractical because it is not possible to reliably estimate the annual effective tax rate. The discrete method treats the year to date period as if it was the annual period and determines the income tax expense or benefit on that basis. We believe that due to market dislocation and volatility, particularly with respect to the Company’s residential assets that are housed in TRSs, the use of the discrete method is more appropriate at this time than the annual effective tax rate method due to the high degree of uncertainty in estimating annual pretax earnings.

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22. Commitments and Contingencies

As of June 30, 2024, our Commercial and Residential Lending Segment had future commercial loan funding commitments totaling $1.3 billion, of which we expect to fund $1.0 billion. These future funding commitments primarily relate to construction projects, capital improvements, tenant improvements and leasing commissions. In connection with the prior sale of a $433.1 million first mortgage loan on an office and retail center in Los Angeles, for which we retained the mezzanine loan ($82.0 million amortized cost), we entered into various guarantees, including a funding guaranty, a carry guaranty and a guaranty related to tenant improvement and leasing commission deficiencies. These guarantees provide for the payment of approximately $70.0 million (plus a $9.8 million expired unfunded commitment) by us to the senior lender in the event that the first mortgage loan is foreclosed. We are currently in discussions with the senior lender and the borrower to modify the loan, but there can be no assurances that such discussions will be successful. The senior lender obtained an appraisal during the three months ended March 31, 2024 indicating full recovery in excess of the outstanding debt. No liability has been recorded at this time while we evaluate the path forward for this loan.

As of June 30, 2024, our Infrastructure Lending Segment had future infrastructure loan funding commitments totaling $163.6 million, including $115.2 million under revolvers and letters of credit (“LCs”) and $48.4 million under delayed draw term loans. As of June 30, 2024, $14.4 million of revolvers and LCs were outstanding. Additionally, as of June 30, 2024, our Infrastructure Lending Segment had outstanding loan purchase commitments of $215.0 million.

Generally, funding commitments are subject to certain conditions that must be met, such as customary construction draw certifications, minimum debt service coverage ratios or executions of new leases before advances are made to the borrower.

Management is not aware of any other contractual obligations, legal proceedings, or any other contingent obligations incurred in the normal course of business that would have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial statements.

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23. Segment Data

In its operation of the business, management, including our chief operating decision maker, who is our Chief Executive Officer, reviews certain financial information, including segmented internal profit and loss statements prepared on a basis prior to the impact of consolidating securitization VIEs under ASC 810. The segment information within this Note is reported on that basis.

The table below presents our results of operations for the three months ended June 30, 2024 by business segment (amounts in thousands):

	Commercial and Residential Lending Segment		Infrastructure Lending Segment		Property Segment		Investing and Servicing Segment		Corporate		Subtotal		Securitization VIEs		Total
Revenues:
Interest income from loans	$	358,749	$	64,218	$	—	$	4,465	$	—	$	427,432	$	—	$	427,432
Interest income from investment securities	29,373		130		—		24,637		—		54,140		(37,140)		17,000
Servicing fees	124		—		—		20,025		—		20,149		(4,116)		16,033
Rental income	3,987		—		15,736		5,736		—		25,459		—		25,459
Other revenues	1,323		888		235		750		706		3,902		—		3,902
Total revenues	393,556		65,236		15,971		55,613		706		531,082		(41,256)		489,826
Costs and expenses:
Management fees	192		—		—		—		30,325		30,517		—		30,517
Interest expense	216,511		37,875		11,652		8,475		70,084		344,597		(208)		344,389
General and administrative	17,745		4,230		1,202		23,691		4,214		51,082		—		51,082
Costs of rental operations	3,412		—		5,545		3,113		—		12,070		—		12,070
Depreciation and amortization	2,136		15		5,926		1,795		252		10,124		—		10,124
Credit loss provision (reversal), net	42,995		(286)		—		—		—		42,709		—		42,709
Other expense	26		—		35		224		—		285		—		285
Total costs and expenses	283,017		41,834		24,360		37,298		104,875		491,384		(208)		491,176
Other income (loss):
Change in net assets related to consolidated VIEs	—		—		—		—		—		—		17,180		17,180
Change in fair value of servicing rights	—		—		—		885		—		885		10		895
Change in fair value of investment securities, net	(274)		—		—		(23,710)		—		(23,984)		24,351		367
Change in fair value of mortgage loans, net	47,711		—		—		16,710		—		64,421		—		64,421
Income from affordable housing fund investments	—		—		6,446		—		—		6,446		—		6,446
Earnings (loss) from unconsolidated entities	1,671		(58)		—		550		—		2,163		(493)		1,670
Gain (loss) on derivative financial instruments, net	9,120		41		267		709		(9,151)		986		—		986
Foreign currency gain, net	6,858		17		10		—		—		6,885		—		6,885
Loss on extinguishment of debt	—		(60)		(1,045)		—		—		(1,105)		—		(1,105)
Other loss, net	(2,515)		—		(277)		—		—		(2,792)		—		(2,792)
Total other income (loss)	62,571		(60)		5,401		(4,856)		(9,151)		53,905		41,048		94,953
Income (loss) before income taxes	173,110		23,342		(2,988)		13,459		(113,320)		93,603		—		93,603
Income tax (provision) benefit	(10,787)		130		—		(5,221)		—		(15,878)		—		(15,878)
Net income (loss)	162,323		23,472		(2,988)		8,238		(113,320)		77,725		—		77,725
Net (income) loss attributable to non-controlling interests	(4)		—		(5,637)		5,806		—		165		—		165
Net income (loss) attributable to Starwood Property Trust, Inc.	$	162,319	$	23,472	$	(8,625)	$	14,044	$	(113,320)	$	77,890	$	—	$	77,890

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The table below presents our results of operations for the three months ended June 30, 2023 by business segment (amounts in thousands):

	Commercial and Residential Lending Segment		Infrastructure Lending Segment		Property Segment		Investing and Servicing Segment		Corporate		Subtotal		Securitization VIEs		Total
Revenues:
Interest income from loans	$	394,112	$	59,581	$	—	$	2,156	$	—	$	455,849	$	—	$	455,849
Interest income from investment securities	33,763		165		—		21,603		—		55,531		(36,612)		18,919
Servicing fees	135		—		—		9,410		—		9,545		(3,203)		6,342
Rental income	1,959		—		23,325		7,023		—		32,307		—		32,307
Other revenues	841		310		198		512		391		2,252		—		2,252
Total revenues	430,810		60,056		23,523		40,704		391		555,484		(39,815)		515,669
Costs and expenses:
Management fees	212		—		—		—		30,766		30,978		—		30,978
Interest expense	250,332		35,483		13,469		8,875		55,384		363,543		(211)		363,332
General and administrative	14,565		3,734		993		20,640		3,224		43,156		—		43,156
Costs of rental operations	2,579		—		5,446		3,442		—		11,467		—		11,467
Depreciation and amortization	1,719		27		8,023		2,554		—		12,323		—		12,323
Credit loss provision, net	118,162		3,763		—		—		—		121,925		—		121,925
Other expense	354		5		23		(111)		—		271		—		271
Total costs and expenses	387,923		43,012		27,954		35,400		89,374		583,663		(211)		583,452
Other income (loss):
Change in net assets related to consolidated VIEs	—		—		—		—		—		—		54,123		54,123
Change in fair value of servicing rights	—		—		—		(1,651)		—		(1,651)		1,813		162
Change in fair value of investment securities, net	26,444		—		—		(11,001)		—		15,443		(15,455)		(12)
Change in fair value of mortgage loans, net	(65,202)		—		—		11,860		—		(53,342)		—		(53,342)
Income from affordable housing fund investments	—		—		223,823		—		—		223,823		—		223,823
Earnings (loss) from unconsolidated entities	1,482		2,043		—		7,314		—		10,839		(877)		9,962
(Loss) gain on sale of investments and other assets, net	(88)		—		—		4,768		—		4,680		—		4,680
Gain (loss) on derivative financial instruments, net	67,314		197		5,108		3,820		(20,063)		56,376		—		56,376
Foreign currency gain (loss), net	23,261		82		(9)		—		—		23,334		—		23,334
Loss on extinguishment of debt	(1,004)		—		—		(119)		—		(1,123)		—		(1,123)
Other (loss) income, net	(26,625)		6		(5)		—		—		(26,624)		—		(26,624)
Total other income (loss)	25,582		2,328		228,917		14,991		(20,063)		251,755		39,604		291,359
Income (loss) before income taxes	68,469		19,372		224,486		20,295		(109,046)		223,576		—		223,576
Income tax (provision) benefit	(399)		292		—		(1,090)		—		(1,197)		—		(1,197)
Net income (loss)	68,070		19,664		224,486		19,205		(109,046)		222,379		—		222,379
Net income attributable to non-controlling interests	(4)		—		(50,359)		(3,173)		—		(53,536)		—		(53,536)
Net income (loss) attributable to Starwood Property Trust, Inc.	$	68,066	$	19,664	$	174,127	$	16,032	$	(109,046)	$	168,843	$	—	$	168,843

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The table below presents our results of operations for the six months ended June 30, 2024 by business segment (amounts in thousands):

	Commercial and Residential Lending Segment		Infrastructure Lending Segment		Property Segment		Investing and Servicing Segment		Corporate		Subtotal		Securitization VIEs		Total
Revenues:
Interest income from loans	$	753,221	$	130,616	$	—	$	7,087	$	—	$	890,924	$	—	$	890,924
Interest income from investment securities	60,778		268		—		45,781		—		106,827		(71,621)		35,206
Servicing fees	252		—		—		33,064		—		33,316		(7,594)		25,722
Rental income	7,552		—		36,511		10,243		—		54,306		—		54,306
Other revenues	2,306		1,280		362		1,498		1,310		6,756		—		6,756
Total revenues	824,109		132,164		36,873		97,673		1,310		1,092,129		(79,215)		1,012,914
Costs and expenses:
Management fees	384		—		—		—		76,147		76,531		—		76,531
Interest expense	452,660		76,848		24,950		16,792		129,513		700,763		(418)		700,345
General and administrative	34,573		10,185		2,465		47,158		7,364		101,745		—		101,745
Costs of rental operations	5,437		—		11,252		5,725		—		22,414		—		22,414
Depreciation and amortization	4,085		29		11,781		3,544		503		19,942		—		19,942
Credit loss provision, net	77,972		576		—		—		—		78,548		—		78,548
Other expense	756		—		35		168		—		959		—		959
Total costs and expenses	575,867		87,638		50,483		73,387		213,527		1,000,902		(418)		1,000,484
Other income (loss):
Change in net assets related to consolidated VIEs	—		—		—		—		—		—		27,266		27,266
Change in fair value of servicing rights	—		—		—		(2,496)		—		(2,496)		3,619		1,123
Change in fair value of investment securities, net	(7,265)		—		—		(40,168)		—		(47,433)		48,715		1,282
Change in fair value of mortgage loans, net	7,034		—		—		28,374		—		35,408		—		35,408
Income from affordable housing fund investments	—		—		15,894		—		—		15,894		—		15,894
Earnings (loss) from unconsolidated entities	9,016		269		—		863		—		10,148		(803)		9,345
(Loss) gain on sale of investments and other assets, net	(41)		—		92,003		—		—		91,962		—		91,962
Gain (loss) on derivative financial instruments, net	120,072		163		1,988		3,721		(23,019)		102,925		—		102,925
Foreign currency (loss) gain, net	(34,960)		(67)		42		—		—		(34,985)		—		(34,985)
Gain (loss) on extinguishment of debt	315		(620)		(2,254)		—		—		(2,559)		—		(2,559)
Other (loss) income, net	(5,191)		40		(277)		6		—		(5,422)		—		(5,422)
Total other income (loss)	88,980		(215)		107,396		(9,700)		(23,019)		163,442		78,797		242,239
Income (loss) before income taxes	337,222		44,311		93,786		14,586		(235,236)		254,669		—		254,669
Income tax (provision) benefit	(11,508)		258		—		(5,834)		—		(17,084)		—		(17,084)
Net income (loss)	325,714		44,569		93,786		8,752		(235,236)		237,585		—		237,585
Net (income) loss attributable to non-controlling interests	(7)		—		(11,862)		6,506		—		(5,363)		—		(5,363)
Net income (loss) attributable to Starwood Property Trust, Inc.	$	325,707	$	44,569	$	81,924	$	15,258	$	(235,236)	$	232,222	$	—	$	232,222

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The table below presents our results of operations for the six months ended June 30, 2023 by business segment (amounts in thousands):

	Commercial and Residential Lending Segment		Infrastructure Lending Segment		Property Segment		Investing and Servicing Segment		Corporate		Subtotal		Securitization VIEs		Total
Revenues:
Interest income from loans	$	769,713	$	114,341	$	—	$	2,703	$	—	$	886,757	$	—	$	886,757
Interest income from investment securities	66,284		1,503		—		44,388		—		112,175		(74,619)		37,556
Servicing fees	294		—		—		19,244		—		19,538		(5,940)		13,598
Rental income	3,940		—		47,020		13,636		—		64,596		—		64,596
Other revenues	1,185		526		301		895		669		3,576		—		3,576
Total revenues	841,416		116,370		47,321		80,866		669		1,086,642		(80,559)		1,006,083
Costs and expenses:
Management fees	430		—		—		—		70,088		70,518		—		70,518
Interest expense	476,725		68,301		26,068		16,304		111,656		699,054		(421)		698,633
General and administrative	26,458		7,698		1,945		40,687		8,476		85,264		—		85,264
Costs of rental operations	5,030		—		10,995		7,108		—		23,133		—		23,133
Depreciation and amortization	3,350		57		16,131		5,201		—		24,739		—		24,739
Credit loss provision, net	148,952		16,167		—		—		—		165,119		—		165,119
Other expense	1,393		13		23		(41)		—		1,388		—		1,388
Total costs and expenses	662,338		92,236		55,162		69,259		190,220		1,069,215		(421)		1,068,794
Other income (loss):
Change in net assets related to consolidated VIEs	—		—		—		—		—		—		95,261		95,261
Change in fair value of servicing rights	—		—		—		(1,701)		—		(1,701)		2,167		466
Change in fair value of investment securities, net	41,310		—		—		(25,460)		—		15,850		(15,780)		70
Change in fair value of mortgage loans, net	(56,940)		—		—		12,499		—		(44,441)		—		(44,441)
Income from affordable housing fund investments	—		—		236,788		—		—		236,788		—		236,788
Earnings (loss) from unconsolidated entities	2,421		3,783		—		7,993		—		14,197		(1,510)		12,687
(Loss) gain on sale of investments and other assets, net	(88)		—		—		4,958		—		4,870		—		4,870
Gain (loss) on derivative financial instruments, net	32,951		146		3,891		353		(13,793)		23,548		—		23,548
Foreign currency gain, net	38,191		157		5		—		—		38,353		—		38,353
Loss on extinguishment of debt	(1,065)		—		—		(119)		—		(1,184)		—		(1,184)
Other (loss) income, net	(29,166)		6		(5)		—		—		(29,165)		—		(29,165)
Total other income (loss)	27,614		4,092		240,679		(1,477)		(13,793)		257,115		80,138		337,253
Income (loss) before income taxes	206,692		28,226		232,838		10,130		(203,344)		274,542		—		274,542
Income tax benefit	6,158		338		—		1,102		—		7,598		—		7,598
Net income (loss)	212,850		28,564		232,838		11,232		(203,344)		282,140		—		282,140
Net income attributable to non-controlling interests	(7)		—		(57,337)		(3,979)		—		(61,323)		—		(61,323)
Net income (loss) attributable to Starwood Property Trust, Inc.	$	212,843	$	28,564	$	175,501	$	7,253	$	(203,344)	$	220,817	$	—	$	220,817

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The table below presents our consolidated balance sheet as of June 30, 2024 by business segment (amounts in thousands):

	Commercial and Residential Lending Segment		Infrastructure Lending Segment		Property Segment		Investing and Servicing Segment		Corporate		Subtotal		Securitization VIEs		Total
Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	8,935	$	134,806	$	28,757	$	8,919	$	77,850	$	259,267	$	—	$	259,267
Restricted cash	51,957		51,855		1,049		4,634		66,940		176,435		—		176,435
Loans held-for-investment, net	13,923,013		2,371,596		—		—		—		16,294,609		—		16,294,609
Loans held-for-sale	2,503,967		—		—		316,059		—		2,820,026		—		2,820,026
Investment securities	1,046,972		17,886		—		1,104,981		—		2,169,839		(1,504,125)		665,714
Properties, net	476,004		—		662,726		67,941		—		1,206,671		—		1,206,671
Investments of consolidated affordable housing fund	—		—		2,004,983		—		—		2,004,983		—		2,004,983
Investments in unconsolidated entities	25,917		52,960		—		33,360		—		112,237		(14,813)		97,424
Goodwill	—		119,409		—		140,437		—		259,846		—		259,846
Intangible assets	12,043		—		23,589		60,878		—		96,510		(34,246)		62,264
Derivative assets	65,522		—		2,677		2,331		—		70,530		—		70,530
Accrued interest receivable	174,982		14,834		286		1,644		5,368		197,114		—		197,114
Other assets	156,597		16,571		51,189		16,160		68,610		309,127		—		309,127
VIE assets, at fair value	—		—		—		—		—		—		39,665,392		39,665,392
Total Assets	$	18,445,909	$	2,779,917	$	2,775,256	$	1,757,344	$	218,768	$	25,977,194	$	38,112,208	$	64,089,402
Liabilities and Equity
Liabilities:
Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities	$	160,221	$	39,912	$	10,643	$	35,395	$	98,411	$	344,582	$	—	$	344,582
Related-party payable	—		—		—		—		27,849		27,849		—		27,849
Dividends payable	—		—		—		—		153,422		153,422		—		153,422
Derivative liabilities	29,358		—		—		—		46,773		76,131		—		76,131
Secured financing agreements, net	8,861,573		809,128		478,548		640,878		1,333,278		12,123,405		(20,546)		12,102,859
Collateralized loan obligations and single asset securitization, net	2,379,206		1,144,515		—		—		—		3,523,721		—		3,523,721
Unsecured senior notes, net	—		—		—		—		2,754,370		2,754,370		—		2,754,370
VIE liabilities, at fair value	—		—		—		—		—		—		38,132,695		38,132,695
Total Liabilities	11,430,358		1,993,555		489,191		676,273		4,414,103		19,003,480		38,112,149		57,115,629
Temporary Equity: Redeemable non-controlling interests	—		—		414,095		—		—		414,095		—		414,095
Permanent Equity:
Starwood Property Trust, Inc. Stockholders’ Equity:
Common stock	—		—		—		—		3,241		3,241		—		3,241
Additional paid-in capital	1,160,903		569,115		(391,738)		(624,371)		5,192,744		5,906,653		—		5,906,653
Treasury stock	—		—		—		—		(138,022)		(138,022)		—		(138,022)
Retained earnings (accumulated deficit)	5,840,613		217,247		2,056,463		1,571,657		(9,253,298)		432,682		—		432,682
Accumulated other comprehensive income	13,920		—		—		—		—		13,920		—		13,920
Total Starwood Property Trust, Inc. Stockholders’ Equity	7,015,436		786,362		1,664,725		947,286		(4,195,335)		6,218,474		—		6,218,474
Non-controlling interests in consolidated subsidiaries	115		—		207,245		133,785		—		341,145		59		341,204
Total Permanent Equity	7,015,551		786,362		1,871,970		1,081,071		(4,195,335)		6,559,619		59		6,559,678
Total Liabilities and Equity	$	18,445,909	$	2,779,917	$	2,775,256	$	1,757,344	$	218,768	$	25,977,194	$	38,112,208	$	64,089,402

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The table below presents our consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2023 by business segment (amounts in thousands):

	Commercial and Residential Lending Segment		Infrastructure Lending Segment		Property Segment		Investing and Servicing Segment		Corporate		Subtotal		Securitization VIEs		Total
Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	8,823	$	56,300	$	19,957	$	22,011	$	87,569	$	194,660	$	—	$	194,660
Restricted cash	23,902		28,693		1,016		5,175		58,526		117,312		—		117,312
Loans held-for-investment, net	15,069,389		2,495,660		—		9,200		—		17,574,249		—		17,574,249
Loans held-for-sale	2,604,594		—		—		41,043		—		2,645,637		—		2,645,637
Investment securities	1,147,829		19,042		—		1,147,550		—		2,314,421		(1,578,859)		735,562
Properties, net	431,155		—		555,455		59,774		—		1,046,384		—		1,046,384
Properties held-for-sale	—		—		290,937		—		—		290,937		—		290,937
Investments of consolidated affordable housing fund	—		—		2,012,833		—		—		2,012,833		—		2,012,833
Investments in unconsolidated entities	19,151		52,691		—		33,134		—		104,976		(14,600)		90,376
Goodwill	—		119,409		—		140,437		—		259,846		—		259,846
Intangible assets	13,415		—		25,432		63,985		—		102,832		(37,865)		64,967
Derivative assets	55,559		84		5,638		2,156		—		63,437		—		63,437
Accrued interest receivable	180,441		12,485		1,502		1,369		5,070		200,867		—		200,867
Other assets	301,436		3,486		50,459		15,828		49,564		420,773		—		420,773
VIE assets, at fair value	—		—		—		—		—		—		43,786,356		43,786,356
Total Assets	$	19,855,694	$	2,787,850	$	2,963,229	$	1,541,662	$	200,729	$	27,349,164	$	42,155,032	$	69,504,196
Liabilities and Equity
Liabilities:
Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities	$	106,236	$	45,232	$	12,225	$	44,452	$	85,297	$	293,442	$	—	$	293,442
Related-party payable	—		—		—		—		44,816		44,816		—		44,816
Dividends payable	—		—		—		—		152,888		152,888		—		152,888
Derivative liabilities	54,066		—		—		—		48,401		102,467		—		102,467
Secured financing agreements, net	10,368,668		1,088,965		598,350		495,857		1,336,913		13,888,753		(20,757)		13,867,996
Collateralized loan obligations and single asset securitization, net	2,674,938		816,354		—		—		—		3,491,292		—		3,491,292
Unsecured senior notes, net	—		—		—		—		2,158,888		2,158,888		—		2,158,888
Debt related to properties held-for-sale	—		—		193,691		—		—		193,691		—		193,691
VIE liabilities, at fair value	—		—		—		—		—		—		42,175,734		42,175,734
Total Liabilities	13,203,908		1,950,551		804,266		540,309		3,827,203		20,326,237		42,154,977		62,481,214
Temporary Equity: Redeemable non-controlling interests	—		—		414,348		—		—		414,348		—		414,348
Permanent Equity:
Starwood Property Trust, Inc. Stockholders’ Equity:
Common stock	—		—		—		—		3,208		3,208		—		3,208
Additional paid-in capital	1,121,413		664,621		(437,169)		(705,176)		5,220,981		5,864,670		—		5,864,670
Treasury stock	—		—		—		—		(138,022)		(138,022)		—		(138,022)
Retained earnings (accumulated deficit)	5,514,906		172,678		1,974,539		1,556,399		(8,712,641)		505,881		—		505,881
Accumulated other comprehensive income	15,352		—		—		—		—		15,352		—		15,352
Total Starwood Property Trust, Inc. Stockholders’ Equity	6,651,671		837,299		1,537,370		851,223		(3,626,474)		6,251,089		—		6,251,089
Non-controlling interests in consolidated subsidiaries	115		—		207,245		150,130		—		357,490		55		357,545
Total Permanent Equity	6,651,786		837,299		1,744,615		1,001,353		(3,626,474)		6,608,579		55		6,608,634
Total Liabilities and Equity	$	19,855,694	$	2,787,850	$	2,963,229	$	1,541,662	$	200,729	$	27,349,164	$	42,155,032	$	69,504,196

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24. Subsequent Events

Our significant events subsequent to June 30, 2024 were as follows:

Dividends Declared

In July 2024, our board of directors declared a dividend of $0.48 per share of common stock for each of the quarters ending September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2024. The third quarter dividend is payable on October 15, 2024 to stockholders of record as of September 30, 2024 and the fourth quarter dividend is payable on January 15, 2025 to stockholders of record as of December 31, 2024.

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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

This “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” should be read in conjunction with the information included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023 (our “Form 10-K”). This discussion contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Actual results could differ significantly from the results discussed in the forward-looking statements. See “Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” at the beginning of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Overview

Starwood Property Trust, Inc. (“STWD” and, together with its subsidiaries, “we” or the “Company”) is a Maryland corporation that commenced operations in August 2009, upon the completion of our initial public offering. We are focused primarily on originating, acquiring, financing and managing mortgage loans and other real estate investments in the United States (“U.S.”), Europe and Australia. As market conditions change over time, we may adjust our strategy to take advantage of changes in interest rates and credit spreads as well as economic and credit conditions.

We have four reportable business segments as of June 30, 2024 and we refer to the investments within these segments as our target assets:

•Real estate commercial and residential lending (the “Commercial and Residential Lending Segment”)—engages primarily in originating, acquiring, financing and managing commercial first mortgages, non-agency residential mortgages (“residential loans”), subordinated mortgages, mezzanine loans, preferred equity, commercial mortgage-backed securities (“CMBS”), residential mortgage-backed securities (“RMBS”) and other real estate and real estate-related debt investments in the U.S., Europe and Australia (including distressed or non-performing loans). Our residential loans are secured by a first mortgage lien on residential property and primarily consist of non-agency residential loans that are not guaranteed by any U.S. Government agency or federally chartered corporation.

•Infrastructure lending (the “Infrastructure Lending Segment”)—engages primarily in originating, acquiring, financing and managing infrastructure debt investments.

•Real estate property (the “Property Segment”)—engages primarily in acquiring and managing equity interests in stabilized and to be stabilized commercial real estate properties, including multifamily properties, that are held for investment.

•Real estate investing and servicing (the “Investing and Servicing Segment”)—includes (i) a servicing business in the U.S. that manages and works out problem assets, (ii) an investment business that selectively acquires and manages unrated, investment grade and non-investment grade rated CMBS, including subordinated interests of securitization and resecuritization transactions, (iii) a mortgage loan business which originates conduit loans for the primary purpose of selling these loans into securitization transactions and (iv) an investment business that selectively acquires commercial real estate assets, including properties acquired from CMBS trusts.

Our segments exclude the consolidation of securitization variable interest entities (“VIEs”).

Refer to Note 1 of our condensed consolidated financial statements included herein (the “Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements”) for further discussion of our business and organization.

Economic Environment

During 2023, inflation began to moderate as a result of the monetary policy tightening actions taken by the Federal Reserve, including repeatedly raising interest rates. While it is possible that the Federal Reserve may begin to lower interest rates later in 2024, interest rates may remain at or near recent highs or may increase, which creates further uncertainty for the economy and for our borrowers. Although our business model is such that rising interest rates will, all else equal, correlate to increases in our net income, elevated interest rates over time may adversely affect our existing borrowers and lead to nonperformance as higher costs may dampen consumer spending and slow income growth, which may negatively impact the collateral underlying certain of our loans. Additionally, higher interest rates could adversely affect the value of commercial real estate we own and that collateralizes our loans. It remains difficult to predict the full impact of recent events and any future changes in interest rates or inflation.

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In addition, following the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, the U.S. office sector has been adversely affected by the increase in remote working arrangements and, over the past several years, the retail sector has been adversely affected by electronic commerce. These negative factors have been considered in the determination of our current expected credit loss (“CECL”) allowance as discussed in Note 4 to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

Developments During the Second Quarter of 2024

Commercial and Residential Lending Segment

•Originated or acquired $353.0 million of commercial loans during the quarter, including the following:

◦£176.0 million ($219.8 million) first mortgage loan participation on a portfolio of vacation cottages, caravan homes and resorts across the United Kingdom, which the Company fully funded. Prior to acquisition, we had an existing participation in this loan, of which the outstanding balance was £352.0 million.

◦$83.7 million first mortgage and mezzanine loan to refinance the existing debt of three multifamily properties and two new modular multifamily developments located in Georgia, Tennessee and Florida, of which the Company funded $50.6 million

◦$46.5 million first mortgage and mezzanine loan to finance the construction of four industrial properties located in California, of which the Company funded $13.5 million.

•Funded $112.5 million of previously originated commercial loan commitments and investment securities.

•Received gross proceeds of $606.4 million ($230.8 million, net of debt repayments) from maturities and principal repayments on our commercial loans and investment securities.

•Sold three units in a residential conversion project in New York for $12.1 million.

Infrastructure Lending Segment

•In May 2024, we refinanced a pool of our infrastructure loans held-for-investment through a CLO, STWD 2024-SIF3. The CLO has a contractual maturity of April 2036 and a weighted average cost of financing of SOFR + 2.41%, inclusive of the amortization of deferred issuance costs. On the closing date, the CLO issued $400.0 million of notes, of which $330.0 million of notes was purchased by third party investors and $70.0 million of subordinated notes were retained by us.

•Acquired $236.6 million of infrastructure loans and funded $34.0 million of pre-existing infrastructure loan commitments.

•Received proceeds of $266.4 million from principal repayments on our infrastructure loans and bonds and $47.1 million from the sale of an infrastructure loan.

Property

•In May 2024, we refinanced $600.0 million of outstanding debt on our Medical Office Portfolio due November 2024 with $450.5 million of senior securitized mortgage debt and a $39.5 million mezzanine loan. The new debt carries an initial term of two years, followed by three successive one-year extension options and a weighted average coupon of SOFR + 2.52%.

Investing and Servicing

•Originated or acquired commercial conduit loans of $327.8 million.

•Received proceeds of $139.8 million from sales of previously originated or acquired commercial conduit loans, and priced $224.8 million of previously originated or acquired commercial conduit loans in two securitizations that settled subsequent to June 30, 2024.

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•Acquired CMBS for a purchase price of $7.9 million, and sold CMBS for total gross proceeds of $2.6 million, of which $1.3 million related to non-controlling interests.

•Obtained six new special servicing assignments for CMBS trusts with a total unpaid principal balance of $5.1 billion, while $3.1 billion matured and $0.1 billion transferred, bringing our total named special servicing portfolio to $98.0 billion as of June 30, 2024.

Corporate

•In June 2024, we repriced our $591.0 million term loan facility, reducing the spread by 50 bps from SOFR + 3.25% to SOFR + 2.75%.

Developments During the First Quarter of 2024

Commercial and Residential Lending Segment

•Funded $128.1 million of previously originated commercial loan commitments and investment securities.

•Received gross proceeds of $909.4 million ($457.4 million, net of debt repayments) from maturities and principal repayments on our commercial loans and investment securities.

Infrastructure Lending Segment

•Acquired $120.2 million of infrastructure loans and funded $42.5 million of pre-existing infrastructure loan commitments.

•Received proceeds of $209.8 million from principal repayments on our infrastructure loans and bonds.

Property

•Sold the 16 retail properties which comprised our Property Segment's Master Lease Portfolio for net proceeds of $188.0 million, recognizing a net gain of $90.8 million.

Investing and Servicing

•Originated commercial conduit loans of $293.3 million.

•Received proceeds of $218.6 million from sales of previously originated commercial conduit loans.

•Obtained one new special servicing assignment for a CMBS trust with a total unpaid principal balance of $1.1 billion, while $3.7 billion matured, bringing our total named special servicing portfolio to $96.1 billion as of March 31, 2024.

Corporate

•Issued $600.0 million of 7.25% Senior Notes due 2029 (the “2029 Senior Notes”) and swapped the notes to a floating rate of SOFR + 3.25%.

Subsequent Events

Refer to Note 24 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for disclosure regarding significant transactions that occurred subsequent to June 30, 2024.

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Results of Operations

The discussion below is based on accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) and therefore reflects the elimination of certain key financial statement line items related to the consolidation of securitization variable interest entities (“VIEs”), particularly within revenues and other income, as discussed in Note 2 to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements. For a discussion of our results of operations excluding the impact of Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 810 as it relates to the consolidation of securitization VIEs, refer to the section captioned “Non-GAAP Financial Measures.”

The following table compares our summarized results of operations for the three months ended June 30, 2024 and March 31, 2024 and for the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 by business segment (amounts in thousands):

	For the Three Months Ended						For the Six Months Ended
Revenues:	June 30, 2024		March 31, 2024		$ Change		June 30, 2024		June 30, 2023		$ Change
Commercial and Residential Lending Segment	$	393,556	$	430,553	$	(36,997)	$	824,109	$	841,416	$	(17,307)
Infrastructure Lending Segment	65,236		66,928		(1,692)		132,164		116,370		15,794
Property Segment	15,971		20,902		(4,931)		36,873		47,321		(10,448)
Investing and Servicing Segment	55,613		42,060		13,553		97,673		80,866		16,807
Corporate	706		604		102		1,310		669		641
Securitization VIE eliminations	(41,256)		(37,959)		(3,297)		(79,215)		(80,559)		1,344
	489,826		523,088		(33,262)		1,012,914		1,006,083		6,831
Costs and expenses:
Commercial and Residential Lending Segment	283,017		292,850		(9,833)		575,867		662,338		(86,471)
Infrastructure Lending Segment	41,834		45,804		(3,970)		87,638		92,236		(4,598)
Property Segment	24,360		26,123		(1,763)		50,483		55,162		(4,679)
Investing and Servicing Segment	37,298		36,089		1,209		73,387		69,259		4,128
Corporate	104,875		108,652		(3,777)		213,527		190,220		23,307
Securitization VIE eliminations	(208)		(210)		2		(418)		(421)		3
	491,176		509,308		(18,132)		1,000,484		1,068,794		(68,310)
Other income (loss):
Commercial and Residential Lending Segment	62,571		26,409		36,162		88,980		27,614		61,366
Infrastructure Lending Segment	(60)		(155)		95		(215)		4,092		(4,307)
Property Segment	5,401		101,995		(96,594)		107,396		240,679		(133,283)
Investing and Servicing Segment	(4,856)		(4,844)		(12)		(9,700)		(1,477)		(8,223)
Corporate	(9,151)		(13,868)		4,717		(23,019)		(13,793)		(9,226)
Securitization VIE eliminations	41,048		37,749		3,299		78,797		80,138		(1,341)
	94,953		147,286		(52,333)		242,239		337,253		(95,014)
Income (loss) before income taxes:
Commercial and Residential Lending Segment	173,110		164,112		8,998		337,222		206,692		130,530
Infrastructure Lending Segment	23,342		20,969		2,373		44,311		28,226		16,085
Property Segment	(2,988)		96,774		(99,762)		93,786		232,838		(139,052)
Investing and Servicing Segment	13,459		1,127		12,332		14,586		10,130		4,456
Corporate	(113,320)		(121,916)		8,596		(235,236)		(203,344)		(31,892)
	93,603		161,066		(67,463)		254,669		274,542		(19,873)
Income tax (provision) benefit	(15,878)		(1,206)		(14,672)		(17,084)		7,598		(24,682)
Net loss (income) attributable to non-controlling interests	165		(5,528)		5,693		(5,363)		(61,323)		55,960
Net income attributable to Starwood Property Trust, Inc.	$	77,890	$	154,332	$	(76,442)	$	232,222	$	220,817	$	11,405

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Three Months Ended June 30, 2024 Compared to the Three Months Ended March 31, 2024

Commercial and Residential Lending Segment

Revenues

For the three months ended June 30, 2024, revenues of our Commercial and Residential Lending Segment decreased $37.0 million to $393.6 million, compared to $430.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024. This decrease was primarily due to decreases in interest income from loans of $35.7 million and investment securities of $2.0 million The decrease in interest income from loans reflects (i) a $35.2 million decrease from commercial loans, reflecting lower prepayment related income and lower average balances, and (ii) a $0.5 million decrease from residential loans reflecting lower average balances. The decrease in interest income from investment securities was primarily due to lower average balances of both commercial and residential investments due to repayments.

Costs and Expenses

For the three months ended June 30, 2024, costs and expenses of our Commercial and Residential Lending Segment decreased $9.8 million to $283.0 million, compared to $292.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024. This decrease was primarily due to a $19.6 million decrease in interest expense associated with the various secured financing facilities used to fund a portion of this segment’s investment portfolio, partially offset by an increase of $8.0 million in the credit loss provision. The decrease in interest expense was primarily due to lower average borrowings outstanding due to paydowns from net loan repayments and excess cash balances. The increase in the credit loss provision was primarily due to worsened macroeconomic conditions, particularly for office loans, in the second quarter of 2024.

Net Interest Income (amounts in thousands)

	For the Three Months Ended
	June 30, 2024		March 31, 2024		Change
Interest income from loans	$	358,749	$	394,472	$	(35,723)
Interest income from investment securities	29,373		31,405		(2,032)
Interest expense	(216,511)		(236,149)		19,638
Net interest income	$	171,611	$	189,728	$	(18,117)

For the three months ended June 30, 2024, net interest income of our Commercial and Residential Lending Segment decreased $18.1 million to $171.6 million, compared to $189.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024. This decrease reflects the decrease in interest income, partially offset by the decrease in interest expense on our secured financing facilities, both as discussed in the sections above.

During the three months ended June 30, 2024 and March 31, 2024, the weighted average unlevered yields on the Commercial and Residential Lending Segment’s loans and investment securities, excluding retained RMBS and loans for which interest income is not recognized, were as follows:

	For the Three Months Ended
	June 30, 2024		March 31, 2024
Commercial	9.4	%	9.6	%
Residential	5.1	%	5.1	%
Overall	8.8	%	8.9	%

For the three months ended June 30, 2024, the weighted average unlevered yield on our commercial loans decreased primarily due to lower prepayment related income. The weighted average unlevered yield on our residential loans was relatively unchanged.

During both the three months ended June 30, 2024 and March 31, 2024, the Commercial and Residential Lending Segment’s weighted average secured borrowing rate, inclusive of the amortization of deferred financing fees was 7.6%. Interest rate hedges had the effect of reducing these weighted average borrowing costs to 6.7% during both the three months ended June 30, 2024 and March 31, 2024, respectively.

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Other Income

For the three months ended June 30, 2024, other income of our Commercial and Residential Lending Segment increased $36.2 million to $62.6 million compared to $26.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024. This increase was primarily due to (i) an $88.4 million favorable change in fair value of residential loans and (ii) a $48.7 million favorable change in foreign currency gain (loss), partially offset by (iii) a $101.8 million decreased gain on derivatives. The decreased gain on derivatives in the second quarter of 2024 reflects a $52.9 million decreased gain on interest rate swaps principally related to residential loans, which partially offsets the favorable change in fair value of those loans, and a $48.9 million unfavorable change in gain (loss) on foreign currency hedges. The interest rate swaps are used primarily to hedge our interest rate risk on residential loans held-for-sale and to fix our interest rate payments on certain variable rate borrowings which fund fixed rate investments. The foreign currency hedges are used to fix the U.S. dollar amounts of cash flows (both interest and principal payments) we expect to receive from our foreign currency denominated loans and investments. The favorable change in foreign currency gain (loss) and the unfavorable change in gain (loss) on foreign currency hedges reflect the weakening of the U.S. dollar against the pound sterling (“GBP”) and Australian dollar (“AUD”), partially offset by a strengthening against the Euro (“EUR”), in the second quarter of 2024, compared to a strengthening of the U.S. dollar against each of those currencies in the first quarter of 2024.

Infrastructure Lending Segment

Revenues

For the three months ended June 30, 2024, revenues of our Infrastructure Lending Segment decreased $1.7 million to $65.2 million, compared to $66.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024. This was primarily due to a decrease in interest income from loans of $2.2 million reflecting lower average loan balances and interest rates, the effects of which were partially offset by higher prepayment related income.

Costs and Expenses

For the three months ended June 30, 2024, costs and expenses of our Infrastructure Lending Segment decreased $4.0 million to $41.8 million, compared to $45.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024. The decrease was primarily due to decreases of $1.7 million in general and administrative expenses, $1.2 million in credit loss provision and $1.1 million in interest expense associated with the various secured financing facilities used to fund this segment’s investment portfolio. The decrease in interest expense was primarily due to lower average borrowings outstanding.

Net Interest Income (amounts in thousands)

	For the Three Months Ended
	June 30, 2024		March 31, 2024		Change
Interest income from loans	$	64,218	$	66,398	$	(2,180)
Interest income from investment securities	130		138		(8)
Interest expense	(37,875)		(38,973)		1,098
Net interest income	$	26,473	$	27,563	$	(1,090)

For the three months ended June 30, 2024, net interest income of our Infrastructure Lending Segment decreased $1.1 million to $26.5 million, compared to $27.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024. The decrease reflects the decrease in interest income, partially offset by the decrease in interest expense on the secured financing facilities, both as discussed in the sections above.

During the three months ended June 30, 2024 and March 31, 2024, the weighted average unlevered yield on the Infrastructure Lending Segment’s loans and investment securities, excluding those for which interest income is not recognized, was 10.3% and 10.4%, respectively.

During the three months ended June 30, 2024 and March 31, 2024, the Infrastructure Lending Segment’s weighted average secured borrowing rate, inclusive of the amortization of deferred financing fees, was 8.0% in each period.

Other Loss

For the three months ended June 30, 2024, other loss of our Infrastructure Lending Segment decreased $0.1 million to $0.1 million, compared to $0.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024.

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Property Segment

Change in Results by Portfolio (amounts in thousands)

	$ Change from prior period
	Revenues		Costs and  expenses		Gain (loss) on derivative financial instruments		Other income (loss)		Income (loss) before  income taxes
Master Lease Portfolio	$	(4,822)	$	(1,391)	$	—	$	(90,795)	$	(94,226)
Medical Office Portfolio	(198)		(246)		(1,454)		(1,046)		(2,452)
Woodstar Fund	96		—		—		(3,003)		(2,907)
Other/Corporate	(7)		(126)		—		(296)		(177)
Total	$	(4,931)	$	(1,763)	$	(1,454)	$	(95,140)	$	(99,762)

See Notes 6 and 7 to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for a description of the above-referenced Property Segment portfolios and fund.

Revenues

For the three months ended June 30, 2024, revenues of our Property Segment decreased $4.9 million to $16.0 million for the three months ended June 30, 2024, compared to $20.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024. The decrease is primarily due to the sale of the Master Lease Portfolio on February 29, 2024 (see Note 3 to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements).

Costs and Expenses

For the three months ended June 30, 2024, costs and expenses of our Property Segment decreased $1.7 million to $24.4 million, compared to $26.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024, primarily due to the sale of the Master Lease Portfolio on February 29, 2024.

Other Income

For the three months ended June 30, 2024, other income of our Property Segment decreased $96.6 million to $5.4 million compared to $102.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024. The decrease is primarily due to (i) the nonrecurrence of a $90.8 million net gain on sale of the Master Lease Portfolio in the first quarter of 2024, (ii) a $3.0 million decrease in income attributable to investments of the Woodstar Fund and (iii) a $1.5 million decreased gain on derivatives which primarily hedge our interest rate risk on borrowings secured by our Medical Office Portfolio.

Investing and Servicing Segment

Revenues

For the three months ended June 30, 2024, revenues of our Investing and Servicing Segment increased $13.5 million to $55.6 million, compared to $42.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024. The increase in revenues is primarily due to a $7.0 million increase in servicing fees and a $5.3 million increase in interest income from CMBS investments and conduit loans. The increase in servicing fees is primarily due to higher loan modification and assumption fees. The increase in interest income is primarily due to higher interest recoveries on CMBS investments and higher average conduit loan balances due to increased origination and securitization activity.

Costs and Expenses

For the three months ended June 30, 2024, costs and expenses of our Investing and Servicing Segment increased $1.2 million to $37.3 million, compared to $36.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024.

Other Loss

Other loss of our Investing and Servicing Segment was relatively unchanged at $4.8 million for the three months ended June 30, 2024 and March 31, 2024.

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Corporate and Other Items

Corporate Costs and Expenses

For the three months ended June 30, 2024 and March 31, 2024, corporate expenses decreased $3.8 million to $104.9 million, compared to $108.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024. This decrease is primarily due to a $15.5 million decrease in management fees, primarily reflecting lower incentive fees, partially offset by a $10.7 million increase in interest expense, primarily reflecting higher average unsecured senior note balances.

Corporate Other Loss

For the three months ended June 30, 2024, corporate other loss decreased $4.7 million to $9.2 million, compared to $13.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024. This was due to a decreased loss on our fixed-to-floating interest rate swaps which hedge a portion of our unsecured senior notes.

Securitization VIE Eliminations

Securitization VIE eliminations primarily reclassify interest income and servicing fee revenues to other income (loss) for the CMBS and RMBS VIEs that we consolidate as primary beneficiary. Such eliminations have no overall effect on net income (loss) attributable to Starwood Property Trust. The reclassified revenues, along with applicable changes in fair value of investment securities and servicing rights, comprise the other income (loss) caption “Change in net assets related to consolidated VIEs,” which represents our beneficial interest in those consolidated VIEs. The magnitude of the securitization VIE eliminations is merely a function of the number of CMBS and RMBS trusts consolidated in any given period, and as such, is not a meaningful indicator of operating results. The eliminations primarily relate to CMBS trusts for which the Investing and Servicing Segment is deemed the primary beneficiary and, to a much lesser extent, some CMBS and RMBS trusts for which the Commercial and Residential Lending Segment is deemed the primary beneficiary.

Income Tax Provision

Our consolidated income taxes principally relate to the taxable nature of our loan servicing and loan securitization businesses which are housed in taxable REIT subsidiaries (“TRSs”). For the three months ended June 30, 2024, our income tax provision increased $14.7 million to $15.9 million compared to $1.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 due to higher taxable income of our TRSs in the second quarter of 2024 compared to the first quarter of 2024.

Net Loss (Income) Attributable to Non-controlling Interests

During the three months ended June 30, 2024, net income attributable to non-controlling interests decreased $5.7 million to a loss attributable to non-controlling interests of $0.2 million, compared to income attributable to non-controlling interests of $5.5 million during the three months ended March 31, 2024. The decrease was primarily due to non-controlling interests in increased losses of a consolidated CMBS joint venture in the second quarter of 2024.

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Six Months Ended June 30, 2024 Compared to the Six Months Ended June 30, 2023

Commercial and Residential Lending Segment

Revenues

For the six months ended June 30, 2024, revenues of our Commercial and Residential Lending Segment decreased $17.3 million to $824.1 million, compared to $841.4 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023. This decrease was primarily due to decreases in interest income from loans of $16.5 million and investment securities of $5.5 million, partially offset by a $3.6 million increase in rental income from foreclosed properties. The decrease in interest income from loans reflects (i) an $11.4 million decrease from commercial loans, reflecting lower average balances, partially offset by the effects of higher average index rates and prepayment related income, and (ii) a $5.1 million decrease from residential loans principally due to lower average balances. The decrease in interest income from investment securities was primarily due to lower average commercial investment balances due to repayments.

Costs and Expenses

For the six months ended June 30, 2024, costs and expenses of our Commercial and Residential Lending Segment decreased $86.4 million to $575.9 million, compared to $662.3 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023. This decrease was primarily due to decreases of $71.0 million in credit loss provision and $24.1 million in interest expense associated with the various secured financing facilities used to fund a portion of this segment’s investment portfolio, partially offset by an $8.1 million increase in general and administrative expenses, primarily for compensation and professional fees. The decrease in credit loss provision was primarily due to a lesser deterioration in modeled macroeconomic forecasts in the first half of 2024 compared to the first half of 2023, despite us selecting the most unfavorable modeled macroeconomic forecast for office and retail loans in the first half of 2024. The decrease in interest expense was primarily due to lower average borrowings outstanding due to paydowns from net loan repayments and excess cash balances, partially offset by the effect of higher average index rates.

Net Interest Income (amounts in thousands)

	For the Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024		2023		Change
Interest income from loans	$	753,221	$	769,713	$	(16,492)
Interest income from investment securities	60,778		66,284		(5,506)
Interest expense	(452,660)		(476,725)		24,065
Net interest income	$	361,339	$	359,272	$	2,067

For the six months ended June 30, 2024, net interest income of our Commercial and Residential Lending Segment increased $2.0 million to $361.3 million, compared to $359.3 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023. This increase reflects the decrease in interest expense on our secured financing facilities, partially offset by the decrease in interest income both as discussed in the sections above.

During the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, the weighted average unlevered yields on the Commercial and Residential Lending Segment’s loans and investment securities, excluding retained RMBS and loans for which interest income is not recognized, were as follows:

	For the Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024		2023
Commercial	9.6	%	9.2	%
Residential	5.1	%	5.0	%
Overall	8.9	%	8.6	%

The weighted average unlevered yield on our commercial loans increased primarily due to higher average index rates and prepayment related income. The unlevered yield on our residential loans increased slightly.

During the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, the Commercial and Residential Lending Segment’s weighted average secured borrowing rates, inclusive of the amortization of deferred financing fees, were 7.6% and 7.2%, respectively. The increase in borrowing rates primarily reflects higher average index rates. Interest rate hedges had the effect of adjusting these weighted average borrowing costs to 6.7% and 6.4% during the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

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Other Income

For the six months ended June 30, 2024, other income of our Commercial and Residential Lending Segment increased $61.4 million to $89.0 million, compared to $27.6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023. This increase primarily reflects (i) an $87.1 million increased gain on derivatives, (ii) a $64.0 million favorable change in fair value of residential loans, (iii) the non-recurrence of a $23.8 million impairment loss on a foreclosed vacant building in the first half of 2023 and (iv) a $6.6 million increase in earnings from unconsolidated entities primarily due to an observable price change in an equity investment, partially offset by (v) a $73.2 million unfavorable change in foreign currency gain (loss) and (vi) a $48.6 million unfavorable change in fair value of primarily RMBS investment securities. The increased gain on derivatives during the six months ended June 30, 2024 reflects (i) a $77.5 million favorable change in gain (loss) on foreign currency hedges and (ii) a $9.6 million increased gain on interest rate swaps principally related to residential loans. The interest rate swaps are used primarily to hedge our interest rate risk on residential loans held-for-sale and to fix our interest rate payments on certain variable rate borrowings which fund fixed rate investments. The foreign currency hedges are used to fix the U.S. dollar amounts of cash flows (both interest and principal payments) we expect to receive from our foreign currency denominated loans and investments. The unfavorable change in foreign currency gain (loss) and the favorable change in gain (loss) on foreign currency hedges reflect the strengthening of the U.S. dollar against the GBP, EUR and AUD during the first half of 2024, compared to a weakening of the U.S. dollar against the GBP and EUR, partially offset by a strengthening against the AUD, in the first half of 2023.

Infrastructure Lending Segment

Revenues

For the six months ended June 30, 2024, revenues of our Infrastructure Lending Segment increased $15.8 million to $132.2 million, compared to $116.4 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023. This increase was primarily due to (i) an increase in interest income from loans of $16.3 million, principally due to higher average index rates, average loan balances, and prepayment related income, partially offset by (ii) a $1.2 million decrease in interest income from investment securities, primarily due to lower average balances resulting from repayments.

Costs and Expenses

For the six months ended June 30, 2024, costs and expenses of our Infrastructure Lending Segment decreased $4.6 million to $87.6 million, compared to $92.2 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023. The decrease was primarily due to (i) a $15.6 million decrease in credit loss provision, partially offset by (ii) an $8.5 million increase in interest expense associated with the various secured financing facilities used to fund this segment’s investment portfolio and (iii) a $2.5 million increase in general and administrative expenses, primarily for compensation and professional fees. The decrease in the credit loss provision was primarily due to the nonrecurrence of specific allowances for a credit-deteriorated loan and investment security provided during the first half of 2023. The increase in interest expense was primarily due to higher average index rates and borrowings outstanding.

Net Interest Income (amounts in thousands)

	For the Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024		2023		Change
Interest income from loans	$	130,616	$	114,341	$	16,275
Interest income from investment securities	268		1,503		(1,235)
Interest expense	(76,848)		(68,301)		(8,547)
Net interest income	$	54,036	$	47,543	$	6,493

For the six months ended June 30, 2024, net interest income of our Infrastructure Lending Segment increased $6.5 million to $54.0 million, compared to $47.5 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023. The increase reflects the net increase in interest income, partially offset by the increase in interest expense on the secured financing facilities, both as discussed in the sections above.

During the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, the weighted average unlevered yields on the Infrastructure Lending Segment’s loans and investment securities, excluding those for which interest income is not recognized, were 10.5% and 9.7%, respectively, primarily reflecting higher average index rates in the first half of 2024.

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During the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, the Infrastructure Lending Segment’s weighted average secured borrowing rates, inclusive of the amortization of deferred financing fees, were 8.0% and 7.3%, respectively.

Other (Loss) Income

For the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, other income of our Infrastructure Lending Segment decreased $4.3 million to a loss of $0.2 million, compared to income of $4.1 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023. The decrease primarily reflects a $3.5 million decrease in earnings from unconsolidated entities and a $0.6 million loss on extinguishment of debt in the first half of 2024.

Property Segment

Change in Results by Portfolio (amounts in thousands)

	$ Change from prior period
	Revenues		Costs and  expenses		Gain (loss) on derivative  financial instruments		Other income (loss)		Income (loss) before  income taxes
Master Lease Portfolio	$	(9,886)	$	(7,307)	$	—	$	90,795	$	88,216
Medical Office Portfolio	(610)		2,078		(1,903)		(1,046)		(5,637)
Woodstar Fund	56		39		—		(220,894)		(220,877)
Other/Corporate	(8)		511		—		(235)		(754)
Total	$	(10,448)	$	(4,679)	$	(1,903)	$	(131,380)	$	(139,052)

Revenues

For the six months ended June 30, 2024, revenues of our Property Segment decreased $10.4 million to $36.9 million, compared to $47.3 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023, primarily due to the sale of our Master Lease Portfolio on February 29, 2024.

Costs and Expenses

For the six months ended June 30, 2024, costs and expenses of our Property Segment decreased $4.7 million to $50.5 million, compared to $55.2 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023. The decrease is primarily due to the sale of our Master Lease Portfolio on February 29, 2024, partially offset by an increase of $1.9 million in interest expense of the Medical Office Portfolio, reflecting higher index rates on variable rate borrowings.

Other Income

For the six months ended June 30, 2024, other income of our Property Segment decreased $133.3 million to $107.4 million, compared to $240.7 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023. The decrease is primarily due to (i) a $220.9 million decrease in income attributable to investments of the Woodstar Fund due to lower unrealized increases in fair value and (ii) a $1.9 million decreased gain on derivatives which primarily hedge our interest rate risk on borrowings secured by our Medical Office Portfolio, partially offset by (iii) a $90.8 million net gain on sale of the Master Lease Portfolio in the first quarter of 2024.

Investing and Servicing Segment

Revenues

For the six months ended June 30, 2024, revenues of our Investing and Servicing Segment increased $16.8 million to $97.7 million, compared to $80.9 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023. The increase in revenues is primarily due to (i) a $13.8 million increase in servicing fees principally related to loan modifications and assumptions and (ii) a $5.8 million increase in interest income primarily due to higher average conduit loan balances due to increased origination and securitization activity and higher interest recoveries on CMBS investments, partially offset by (iii) a $3.4 million decrease in rental revenues due to fewer operating properties held.

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Costs and Expenses

For the six months ended June 30, 2024, costs and expenses of our Investing and Servicing Segment increased $4.1 million to $73.4 million, compared to $69.3 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023. The increase in costs and expenses primarily reflects a $6.5 million increase in general and administrative expense, principally reflecting increased incentive compensation due to higher loan securitization volume, partially offset by a $3.0 million decrease in depreciation and other costs of rental operations due to fewer operating properties held.

Other Loss

For the six months ended June 30, 2024, other loss of our Investing and Servicing Segment increased $8.2 million to $9.7 million, compared to $1.5 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023. The increase in other loss was primarily due to (i) a $14.7 million greater decrease in fair value of CMBS investments, (ii) a $7.1 million decrease in earnings from unconsolidated entities and (iii) the nonrecurrence of a $4.8 million gain on sale of an operating property in the first half of 2023, partially offset by (iv) a $15.9 million greater increase in fair value of conduit loans and (v) a $3.4 million increased gain on derivatives which primarily hedge our interest rate risk on conduit loans and CMBS investments.

Corporate and Other Items

Corporate Costs and Expenses

For the six months ended June 30, 2024, corporate expenses increased $23.3 million to $213.5 million, compared to $190.2 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023. This increase was primarily due to (i) a $17.9 million increase in interest expense reflecting higher average unsecured borrowings outstanding and higher index rates on our secured term loans and (ii) a $6.1 million increase in management fees, primarily reflecting higher incentive fees.

Corporate Other Loss

For the six months ended June 30, 2024, corporate other loss increased $9.2 million to $23.0 million, compared to $13.8 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023. This was due to an increased loss on fixed-to-floating interest rate swaps which hedge a portion of our unsecured senior notes.

Securitization VIE Eliminations

Refer to the preceding comparison of the three months ended June 30, 2024 to the three months ended December 31, 2023 for a discussion of the effect of securitization VIE eliminations.

Income Tax (Provision) Benefit

Our consolidated income taxes principally relate to the taxable nature of our loan servicing and loan securitization businesses which are housed in TRSs. For the six months ended June 30, 2024, our income taxes increased $24.7 million to a provision of $17.1 million, compared to a benefit of $7.6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023 due to taxable income of our TRSs in the first half of 2024 compared to tax losses in the first half of 2023 primarily attributable to unrealized fair value changes in our residential loans and related interest rate derivatives.

Net Income Attributable to Non-controlling Interests

For the six months ended June 30, 2024, net income attributable to non-controlling interests decreased $55.9 million to $5.4 million, compared to $61.3 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023. The decrease was primarily due to non-controlling interests in (i) lower income of the Woodstar Fund, reflecting lower unrealized increases in fair value, and (ii) losses of a consolidated CMBS joint venture in the first half of 2024 compared to income in the first half of 2023.

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Non-GAAP Financial Measures

Distributable Earnings is a non-GAAP financial measure. We calculate Distributable Earnings as GAAP net income (loss) excluding the following: (i) non-cash equity compensation expense; (ii) the incentive fee due under our management agreement; (iii) acquisition and investment pursuit costs associated with successful acquisitions; (iv) depreciation and amortization of real estate and associated intangibles; (v) unrealized gains (losses), net of realized gains (losses), as described further below; (vi) other non-cash items; and (vii) to the extent deducted from net income (loss), distributions payable with respect to equity securities of subsidiaries issued in exchange for properties or interests therein (i.e. the Woodstar II Class A units), with each of the above adjusted for any related non-controlling interest. Distributable Earnings may be adjusted to exclude one-time events pursuant to changes in GAAP and certain other non-cash adjustments as determined by our Manager and approved by a majority of our independent directors.

As noted in (v) above, we exclude unrealized gains and losses from our calculation of Distributable Earnings and include realized gains and losses. The nature of these adjustments is described more fully in the footnotes to our reconciliation tables. In order to present each of these items within our Distributable Earnings reconciliation tables in a manner which can be agreed more easily to our GAAP financial statements, we reverse the entirety of those items within our GAAP financial statements which contain unrealized and realized components (i.e. those assets and liabilities carried at fair value, including loans or securities for which the fair value option has been elected, investment company assets and liabilities, derivatives, foreign currency conversions, and accumulated depreciation related to sold properties). The realized portion of these items is then separately included in the reconciliation table, along with a description as to how the amount was determined.

The CECL reserve and any property impairment losses have been excluded from Distributable Earnings consistent with other unrealized losses pursuant to our existing policy for reporting Distributable Earnings. We expect to only recognize such potential credit or property impairment losses in Distributable Earnings if and when such amounts are deemed nonrecoverable upon a realization event. This is generally at the time a loan is repaid, or in the case of a foreclosure or other property, when the underlying asset is sold. Non-recoverability may also be determined if, in our determination, it is nearly certain the carrying amounts will not be collected or realized upon sale. The realized loss amount reflected in Distributable Earnings will equal the difference between the cash received, or expected to be received, and the Distributable Earnings basis of the asset, and is reflective of our economic experience as it relates to the ultimate realization of the asset. The timing of any such loss realization in our Distributable Earnings may differ materially from the timing of the corresponding CECL reserves, charge-offs or impairments in our consolidated financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP.

We believe that Distributable Earnings provides meaningful information to consider in addition to our net income (loss) and cash flow from operating activities determined in accordance with GAAP. We believe Distributable Earnings is a useful financial metric for existing and potential future holders of our common stock as historically, over time, Distributable Earnings has been a strong indicator of our dividends per share. As a REIT, we generally must distribute annually at least 90% of our REIT taxable income, subject to certain adjustments, and therefore we believe our dividends are one of the principal reasons stockholders may invest in our common stock. Further, Distributable Earnings helps us to evaluate our performance excluding the effects of certain transactions and GAAP adjustments that we believe are not necessarily indicative of our current loan portfolio and operations, and is a performance metric we consider when declaring our dividends. We also use Distributable Earnings (previously defined as “Core Earnings”) to compute the incentive fee due under our management agreement.

Distributable Earnings does not represent net income (loss) or cash generated from operating activities and should not be considered as an alternative to GAAP net income (loss), or an indication of our GAAP cash flows from operations, a measure of our liquidity, taxable income, or an indication of funds available for our cash needs. In addition, our methodology for calculating Distributable Earnings may differ from the methodologies employed by other companies to calculate the same or similar supplemental performance measures, and accordingly, our reported Distributable Earnings may not be comparable to the Distributable Earnings reported by other companies.

As discussed in Note 2 to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements, consolidation of securitization variable interest entities (“VIEs”) results in the elimination of certain key financial statement line items, particularly within revenues and other income, including unrealized changes in fair value of loans and investment securities. These line items are essential to understanding the true financial performance of our business segments and the Company as a whole. For this reason, as referenced in Note 2 to our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements, we present business segment data in Note 23 without consolidation of these VIEs. This is how we manage our business and is the basis for all data reviewed with our board of directors, investors and analysts. This presentation also allows for a more transparent reconciliation of the unrealized gain (loss) adjustments below to the segment data presented in Note 23.

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The weighted average diluted share count applied to Distributable Earnings for purposes of determining Distributable Earnings per share (“EPS”) is computed using the GAAP diluted share count, adjusted for the following:

(i)Unvested stock awards – Currently, unvested stock awards are excluded from the denominator of GAAP EPS. The related compensation expense is also excluded from Distributable Earnings. In order to effectuate dilution from these awards in the Distributable Earnings computation, we adjust the GAAP diluted share count to include these shares.

(ii)Convertible Notes – Conversion of our Convertible Notes is an event that is contingent upon numerous factors, none of which are in our control, and is an event that may or may not occur. Consistent with the treatment of other unrealized adjustments to Distributable Earnings, we adjust the GAAP diluted share count to exclude the potential shares issuable upon conversion until a conversion occurs.

(iii)Subsidiary equity – The intent of a February 2018 amendment to our management agreement (the “Amendment”) is to treat subsidiary equity in the same manner as if parent equity had been issued. The Class A Units issued in connection with the acquisition of assets in our Woodstar II Portfolio are currently excluded from our GAAP diluted share count, with the subsidiary equity represented as non-controlling interests in consolidated subsidiaries on our GAAP balance sheet. Consistent with the Amendment, we adjust GAAP diluted share count to include these subsidiary units.    

The following table presents our diluted weighted average shares used in our GAAP EPS calculation reconciled to our diluted weighted average shares used in our Distributable EPS calculation (amounts in thousands):

	For the Three Months Ended		For the Six Months Ended
	June 30, 2024	March 31, 2024	June 30, 2024	June 30, 2023
Diluted weighted average shares - GAAP EPS	313,614	330,840	312,999	309,413
Add: Unvested stock awards	4,627	3,333	3,848	4,044
Add: Woodstar II Class A Units	9,707	9,707	9,707	9,773
Less: Convertible Notes dilution	—	(18,344)	—	—
Diluted weighted average shares - Distributable EPS	327,948	325,536	326,554	323,230

As noted above, the definition of Distributable Earnings allows management to make adjustments, subject to the approval of a majority of our independent directors. This is done in situations where such adjustments are considered appropriate in order for Distributable Earnings to be calculated in a manner consistent with its definition and objective. No adjustments to the definition of Distributable Earnings became effective during the six months ended June 30, 2024.

The following table summarizes our quarterly Distributable Earnings per weighted average diluted share for the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023:

	Distributable Earnings For the Three-Month Periods Ended
	March 31,		June 30,
2024	$	0.59	$	0.48
2023	0.49		0.49

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The following table presents our summarized results of operations and reconciliation to Distributable Earnings for the three months ended June 30, 2024, by business segment (amounts in thousands, except per share data). Refer to the footnotes following the Distributable Earnings reconciliation table for the six months ended June 30, 2023.

	Commercial and Residential Lending Segment		Infrastructure Lending Segment		Property Segment		Investing and Servicing Segment		Corporate		Total
Revenues	$	393,556	$	65,236	$	15,971	$	55,613	$	706	$	531,082
Costs and expenses	(283,017)		(41,834)		(24,360)		(37,298)		(104,875)		(491,384)
Other income (loss)	62,571		(60)		5,401		(4,856)		(9,151)		53,905
Income (loss) before income taxes	173,110		23,342		(2,988)		13,459		(113,320)		93,603
Income tax (provision) benefit	(10,787)		130		—		(5,221)		—		(15,878)
(Income) loss attributable to non-controlling interests	(4)		—		(5,637)		5,806		—		165
Net income (loss) attributable to Starwood Property Trust, Inc.	162,319		23,472		(8,625)		14,044		(113,320)		77,890
Add / (Deduct):
Non-controlling interests attributable to Woodstar II Class A Units	—		—		4,660		—		—		4,660
Non-controlling interests attributable to unrealized gains/losses	—		—		(2,285)		(9,470)		—		(11,755)
Non-cash equity compensation expense	2,538		508		99		1,576		5,947		10,668
Management incentive fee	—		—		—		—		3,510		3,510
Depreciation and amortization	2,285		5		6,012		1,888		—		10,190
Interest income adjustment for securities	5,367		—		—		7,256		—		12,623
Consolidated income tax provision (benefit) associated with fair value adjustments	10,787		(130)		—		5,221		—		15,878
Other non-cash items	4		—		278		(390)		(9)		(117)
Reversal of GAAP unrealized and realized (gains) / losses on: (1)
Loans	(47,711)		—		—		(16,710)		—		(64,421)
Credit loss provision (reversal), net	42,995		(286)		—		—		—		42,709
Securities	274		—		—		23,710		—		23,984
Woodstar Fund investments	—		—		(6,446)		—		—		(6,446)
Derivatives	(9,120)		(41)		(267)		(709)		9,151		(986)
Foreign currency	(6,858)		(17)		(10)		—		—		(6,885)
(Earnings) loss from unconsolidated entities	(1,671)		58		—		(550)		—		(2,163)
Recognition of Distributable realized gains / (losses) on:
Loans (2)	(1,003)		—		—		15,778		—		14,775
Securities (4)	(298)		—		—		(5,913)		—		(6,211)
Woodstar Fund investments (5)	—		—		17,593		—		—		17,593
Derivatives (6)	30,351		89		3,006		1,020		(11,176)		23,290
Foreign currency (7)	(3,074)		3		10		—		—		(3,061)
Earnings (loss) from unconsolidated entities (8)	1,670		(13)		—		370		—		2,027
Distributable Earnings (Loss)	$	188,855	$	23,648	$	14,025	$	37,121	$	(105,897)	$	157,752
Distributable Earnings (Loss) per Weighted Average Diluted Share	$	0.58	$	0.07	$	0.04	$	0.11	$	(0.32)	$	0.48

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The following table presents our summarized results of operations and reconciliation to Distributable Earnings for the three months ended March 31, 2024, by business segment (amounts in thousands, except per share data). Refer to the footnotes following the Distributable Earnings reconciliation table for the six months ended June 30, 2023.

	Commercial and Residential Lending Segment		Infrastructure Lending Segment		Property Segment		Investing and Servicing Segment		Corporate		Total
Revenues	$	430,553	$	66,928	$	20,902	$	42,060	$	604	$	561,047
Costs and expenses	(292,850)		(45,804)		(26,123)		(36,089)		(108,652)		(509,518)
Other income (loss)	26,409		(155)		101,995		(4,844)		(13,868)		109,537
Income (loss) before income taxes	164,112		20,969		96,774		1,127		(121,916)		161,066
Income tax (provision) benefit	(721)		128		—		(613)		—		(1,206)
(Income) loss attributable to non-controlling interests	(3)		—		(6,225)		700		—		(5,528)
Net income (loss) attributable to Starwood Property Trust, Inc.	163,388		21,097		90,549		1,214		(121,916)		154,332
Add / (Deduct):
Non-controlling interests attributable to Woodstar II Class A Units	—		—		4,659		—		—		4,659
Non-controlling interests attributable to unrealized gains/losses	—		—		(1,678)		(2,053)		—		(3,731)
Non-cash equity compensation expense	2,200		456		86		1,597		5,707		10,046
Management incentive fee	—		—		—		—		19,083		19,083
Depreciation and amortization	2,099		5		5,939		1,843		—		9,886
Interest income adjustment for securities	5,581		—		—		10,005		—		15,586
Consolidated income tax provision (benefit) associated with fair value adjustments	721		(128)		—		613		—		1,206
Other non-cash items	3		—		274		38		9		324
Reversal of GAAP unrealized and realized (gains) / losses on: (1)
Loans	40,677		—		—		(11,664)		—		29,013
Credit loss provision, net	34,977		862		—		—		—		35,839
Securities	6,991		—		—		16,458		—		23,449
Woodstar Fund investments	—		—		(9,448)		—		—		(9,448)
Derivatives	(110,952)		(122)		(1,721)		(3,012)		13,868		(101,939)
Foreign currency	41,818		84		(32)		—		—		41,870
Earnings from unconsolidated entities	(7,345)		(327)		—		(313)		—		(7,985)
Sales of properties	—		—		(92,003)		—		—		(92,003)
Recognition of Distributable realized gains / (losses) on:
Loans (2)	(2,395)		—		—		11,642		—		9,247
Realized credit loss (3)	—		(1,546)		—		—		—		(1,546)
Securities (4)	(8,994)		—		—		(31,982)		—		(40,976)
Woodstar Fund investments (5)	—		—		17,610		—		—		17,610
Derivatives (6)	40,734		95		5,817		4,353		(9,149)		41,850
Foreign currency (7)	(5,601)		(15)		32		—		—		(5,584)
Earnings (loss) from unconsolidated entities (8)	1,324		(16)		—		313		—		1,621
Sales of properties (9)	—		—		39,150		—		—		39,150
Distributable Earnings (Loss)	$	205,226	$	20,445	$	59,234	$	(948)	$	(92,398)	$	191,559
Distributable Earnings (Loss) per Weighted Average Diluted Share	$	0.63	$	0.06	$	0.18	$	—	$	(0.28)	$	0.59

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Three Months Ended June 30, 2024 Compared to the Three Months Ended March 31, 2024

Commercial and Residential Lending Segment

The Commercial and Residential Lending Segment’s Distributable Earnings decreased by $16.3 million, from $205.2 million during the first quarter of 2024 to $188.9 million in the second quarter of 2024. After making adjustments for the calculation of Distributable Earnings, revenues were $399.1 million, costs and expenses were $235.3 million, other income was $25.1 million and there was no income tax provision or benefit.

Revenues, consisting principally of interest income on loans, decreased by $37.2 million in the second quarter of 2024, primarily due to a decreases in interest income from loans of $35.7 million and investment securities of $2.2 million. The decrease in interest income from loans reflects (i) a $35.2 million decrease from commercial loans, reflecting lower prepayment related income and lower average balances, and (ii) a $0.5 million decrease from residential loans reflecting lower average balances.

Costs and expenses decreased by $18.4 million in the second quarter of 2024, primarily due to (i) a $19.6 million decrease in interest expense associated with the various secured financing facilities used to fund a portion of this segment’s investment portfolio, primarily reflecting lower average borrowings outstanding due to paydowns from net loan repayments and excess cash balances.

Other income increased by $2.5 million in the second quarter of 2024, primarily due to a $10.1 million decrease in recognized credit losses on RMBS investments and residential loans, partially offset by a $7.9 million decrease in realized gains on derivatives which hedge our interest rate and foreign currency risks, net of a decrease in realized foreign currency losses.

Infrastructure Lending Segment

The Infrastructure Lending Segment’s Distributable Earnings increased by $3.2 million, from $20.4 million during the first quarter of 2024 to $23.6 million in the second quarter of 2024. After making adjustments for the calculation of Distributable Earnings, revenues were $65.2 million, costs and expenses were $41.6 million and other income was nominal.

Revenues, consisting principally of interest income on loans, decreased by $1.7 million in the second quarter of 2024, primarily due to an decrease in interest income from loans of $2.2 million reflecting lower average loan balances and interest rates, the effects of which were partially offset by higher prepayment related income.

Costs and expenses decreased by $4.4 million in the second quarter of 2024, primarily due to (i) a $1.8 million decrease in general and administrative expenses, (ii) the nonrecurrence of a $1.5 million credit loss recognized on an infrastructure loan classified as held-for-sale in the first quarter of 2024 and (iii) a $1.1 million decrease in interest expense primarily due to lower average borrowings outstanding.

Other income increased by $0.5 million from a loss to nominal income in the second quarter of 2024, primarily due to a decreased loss on extinguishment of debt.

Property Segment

Distributable Earnings by Portfolio (amounts in thousands)

	For the Three Months Ended
	June 30, 2024		March 31, 2024		Change
Master Lease Portfolio	$	(68)	$	40,788	$	(40,856)
Medical Office Portfolio	870		5,116		(4,246)
Woodstar Fund, net of non-controlling interests	14,387		14,332		55
Other/Corporate	(1,164)		(1,002)		(162)
Distributable Earnings	$	14,025	$	59,234	$	(45,209)

The Property Segment’s Distributable Earnings decreased by $45.2 million, from $59.2 million during the first quarter of 2024 to $14.0 million in the second quarter of 2024. After making adjustments for the calculation of Distributable Earnings, revenues were $16.4 million, costs and expenses were $20.1 million, other income was $21.0 million and the deduction of income attributable to non-controlling interests in the Woodstar Fund was $3.3 million.

85

Revenues decreased by $4.9 million in the second quarter of 2024, primarily due to the sale of our Master Lease Portfolio on February 29, 2024.

Costs and expenses decreased by $2.3 million in the second quarter of 2024, primarily due to the sale of our Master Lease Portfolio on February 29, 2024.

Other income decreased by $42.5 million in the second quarter of 2024 primarily due to the nonrecurrence of a $37.4 million net gain on sale of our Master Lease Portfolio in the first quarter of 2024 and a $3.3 million decrease in realized gains on derivatives which primarily hedge our interest rate risk on borrowings secured by our Medical Office Portfolio.

Income attributable to non-controlling interests in the Woodstar Fund increased by $0.1 million in the second quarter of 2024.

Investing and Servicing Segment

The Investing and Servicing Segment’s Distributable Earnings increased by $38.0 million, from a loss of $0.9 million during the first quarter of 2024 to earnings of $37.1 million in the second quarter of 2024. After making adjustments for the calculation of Distributable Earnings, revenues were $62.9 million, costs and expenses were $34.3 million, other income was $12.1 million, there was no income tax provision or benefit, and the deduction of income attributable to non-controlling interests was $3.6 million.

Revenues increased by $10.7 million in the second quarter of 2024, primarily due to a $7.0 million increase in servicing fees and a $2.6 million increase in interest income from conduit loans and CMBS investments. The treatment of CMBS interest income on a GAAP basis is complicated by our application of the ASC 810 consolidation rules. In an attempt to treat these securities similar to the trust’s other investment securities, we compute distributable interest income pursuant to an effective yield methodology. In doing so, we segregate the portfolio into various categories based on the components of the bonds’ cash flows and the volatility related to each of these components. We then accrete interest income on an effective yield basis using the components of cash flows that are reliably estimable. Other minor adjustments are made to reflect management’s expectations for other components of the projected cash flow stream.

Costs and expenses increased by $1.6 million in the second quarter of 2024.

Other income includes profit realized upon securitization of loans by our conduit business, gains on sales of CMBS and operating properties, gains and losses on derivatives that were either effectively terminated or novated, and earnings from unconsolidated entities. These items are typically offset by a decrease in the fair value of our domestic servicing rights intangible which reflects the expected amortization of this deteriorating asset, net of increases in fair value due to the attainment of new servicing contracts. Derivatives include instruments which hedge interest rate risk and credit risk on our conduit loans and CMBS investments. For GAAP purposes, the loans, CMBS and derivatives are accounted for at fair value, with all changes in fair value (realized or unrealized) recognized in earnings. The adjustments to Distributable Earnings outlined above are also applied to the GAAP earnings of our unconsolidated entities. Other income increased by $31.2 million from a loss to income in the second quarter of 2024, primarily due to a $25.0 million decrease in recognized credit losses on CMBS, a $4.3 million favorable change in fair value of servicing rights and a $4.1 million increase in realized gains on conduit loans, partially offset by a $3.3 million decrease in realized gain on derivatives which primarily hedge our interest rate risk on conduit loans and CMBS investments.

Income attributable to non-controlling interests increased $2.3 million in the second quarter of 2024, primarily due to non-controlling interests in increased distributable earnings of a consolidated CMBS joint venture.

Corporate

Corporate loss increased by $13.5 million, from $92.4 million during the first quarter of 2024 to $105.9 million in the second quarter of 2024, primarily due to (i) a $10.7 million increase in interest expense, primarily reflecting higher average unsecured senior note balances, and (ii) a $2.0 million increased realized loss on fixed-to-floating interest rate swaps which hedge a portion of our unsecured senior notes.

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The following table presents our summarized results of operations and reconciliation to Distributable Earnings for the six months ended June 30, 2024, by business segment (amounts in thousands, except per share data):

	Commercial and Residential Lending Segment		Infrastructure Lending Segment		Property Segment		Investing and Servicing Segment		Corporate		Total
Revenues	$	824,109	$	132,164	$	36,873	$	97,673	$	1,310	$	1,092,129
Costs and expenses	(575,867)		(87,638)		(50,483)		(73,387)		(213,527)		(1,000,902)
Other income (loss)	88,980		(215)		107,396		(9,700)		(23,019)		163,442
Income (loss) before income taxes	337,222		44,311		93,786		14,586		(235,236)		254,669
Income tax (provision) benefit	(11,508)		258		—		(5,834)		—		(17,084)
(Income) loss attributable to non-controlling interests	(7)		—		(11,862)		6,506		—		(5,363)
Net income (loss) attributable to Starwood Property Trust, Inc.	325,707		44,569		81,924		15,258		(235,236)		232,222
Add / (Deduct):
Non-controlling interests attributable to Woodstar II Class A Units	—		—		9,319		—		—		9,319
Non-controlling interests attributable to unrealized gains/losses	—		—		(3,963)		(11,523)		—		(15,486)
Non-cash equity compensation expense	4,738		964		185		3,173		11,654		20,714
Management incentive fee	—		—		—		—		22,593		22,593
Depreciation and amortization	4,384		10		11,951		3,731		—		20,076
Interest income adjustment for securities	10,948		—		—		17,261		—		28,209
Consolidated income tax provision (benefit) associated with fair value adjustments	11,508		(258)		—		5,834		—		17,084
Other non-cash items	7		—		552		(352)		—		207
Reversal of GAAP unrealized and realized (gains) / losses on: (1)
Loans	(7,034)		—		—		(28,374)		—		(35,408)
Credit loss provision, net	77,972		576		—		—		—		78,548
Securities	7,265		—		—		40,168		—		47,433
Woodstar Fund investments	—		—		(15,894)		—		—		(15,894)
Derivatives	(120,072)		(163)		(1,988)		(3,721)		23,019		(102,925)
Foreign currency	34,960		67		(42)		—		—		34,985
Earnings from unconsolidated entities	(9,016)		(269)		—		(863)		—		(10,148)
Sales of properties	—		—		(92,003)		—		—		(92,003)
Recognition of Distributable realized gains / (losses) on:
Loans (2)	(3,398)		—		—		27,420		—		24,022
Realized credit loss (3)	—		(1,546)		—		—		—		(1,546)
Securities (4)	(9,292)		—		—		(37,895)		—		(47,187)
Woodstar Fund investments (5)	—		—		35,203		—		—		35,203
Derivatives (6)	71,085		184		8,823		5,373		(20,325)		65,140
Foreign currency (7)	(8,675)		(12)		42		—		—		(8,645)
Earnings (loss) from unconsolidated entities (8)	2,994		(29)		—		683		—		3,648
Sales of properties (9)	—		—		39,150		—		—		39,150
Distributable Earnings (Loss)	$	394,081	$	44,093	$	73,259	$	36,173	$	(198,295)	$	349,311
Distributable Earnings (Loss) per Weighted Average Diluted Share	$	1.21	$	0.14	$	0.22	$	0.11	$	(0.61)	$	1.07

87

The following table presents our summarized results of operations and reconciliation to Distributable Earnings for the six months ended June 30, 2023, by business segment (amounts in thousands, except per share data):

	Commercial and Residential Lending Segment		Infrastructure Lending Segment		Property Segment		Investing and Servicing Segment		Corporate		Total
Revenues	$	841,416	$	116,370	$	47,321	$	80,866	$	669	$	1,086,642
Costs and expenses	(662,338)		(92,236)		(55,162)		(69,259)		(190,220)		(1,069,215)
Other income (loss)	27,614		4,092		240,679		(1,477)		(13,793)		257,115
Income (loss) before income taxes	206,692		28,226		232,838		10,130		(203,344)		274,542
Income tax benefit	6,158		338		—		1,102		—		7,598
Income attributable to non-controlling interests	(7)		—		(57,337)		(3,979)		—		(61,323)
Net income (loss) attributable to Starwood Property Trust, Inc.	212,843		28,564		175,501		7,253		(203,344)		220,817
Add / (Deduct):
Non-controlling interests attributable to Woodstar II Class A Units	—		—		9,382		—		—		9,382
Non-controlling interests attributable to unrealized gains/losses	—		—		42,800		(4,027)		—		38,773
Non-cash equity compensation expense	4,309		695		152		3,170		12,108		20,434
Management incentive fee	—		—		—		—		16,179		16,179
Depreciation and amortization	3,597		38		16,277		5,446		—		25,358
Interest income adjustment for securities	11,157		—		—		13,014		—		24,171
Extinguishment of debt, net	—		—		—		—		(246)		(246)
Consolidated income tax benefit associated with  fair value adjustments	(6,158)		(338)		—		(1,102)		—		(7,598)
Other non-cash items	(75)		—		583		(80)		—		428
Reversal of GAAP unrealized and realized (gains) / losses on: (1)
Loans	56,940		—		—		(12,499)		—		44,441
Credit loss provision, net	148,952		16,167		—		—		—		165,119
Securities	(41,310)		—		—		25,460		—		(15,850)
Woodstar Fund investments	—		—		(236,788)		—		—		(236,788)
Derivatives	(32,951)		(146)		(3,891)		(353)		13,793		(23,548)
Foreign currency	(38,191)		(157)		(5)		—		—		(38,353)
Earnings from unconsolidated entities	(2,421)		(3,783)		—		(7,993)		—		(14,197)
Sales of properties	—		—		—		(4,958)		—		(4,958)
Unrealized impairment of properties	23,833		—		—		—		—		23,833
Recognition of Distributable realized gains / (losses) on:
Loans (2)	(2,341)		—		—		12,285		—		9,944
Realized credit loss (3)	(14,662)		—		—		—		—		(14,662)
Securities (4)	10		—		—		(7,472)		—		(7,462)
Woodstar Fund investments(5)	—		—		28,662		—		—		28,662
Derivatives (6)	50,309		190		9,674		189		(14,525)		45,837
Foreign currency (7)	(2,624)		(16)		5		—		—		(2,635)
Earnings (loss) from unconsolidated entities (8)	2,421		(1,136)		—		6,278		—		7,563
Sales of properties (9)	—		—		—		123		—		123
Distributable Earnings (Loss)	$	373,638	$	40,078	$	42,352	$	34,734	$	(176,035)	$	314,767
Distributable Earnings (Loss) per Weighted Average Diluted Share	$	1.16	$	0.12	$	0.13	$	0.11	$	(0.54)	$	0.98

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

(1)The reconciling items in this section are exactly equivalent to the amounts recognized within GAAP net income (before the consolidation of VIEs), each of which can be agreed back to the respective lines within Note 23 to our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements. They reflect both unrealized and realized (gains) and losses. For added transparency and consistency of presentation, the entire amount recognized in GAAP income is reversed in this section, and the realized components of these amounts are reflected in the next section entitled “Recognition of Distributable realized gains / (losses).”

88

(2)Represents the realized portion of GAAP gains (losses) on residential and commercial conduit loans carried under the fair value option that were sold during the period or expected to be sold in the near term subject to a binding agreement. The amount is calculated as the difference between (i) the net proceeds received or expected to be received in connection with a securitization or sale of loans and (ii) such loans’ historical cost basis.

(3)Represents loan losses that are deemed nonrecoverable, which is generally upon a realization event, such as when a loan is repaid, or in the case of foreclosure, when the underlying asset is sold. Non-recoverability may also be determined if, in our determination, it is nearly certain that the carrying amounts will not be collected or realized upon sale. The loss amount is calculated as the difference between the cash received or expected to be received and the Distributable Earnings basis of the asset.

(4)Represents the realized portion of GAAP gains (losses) on CMBS and RMBS carried under the fair value option that are sold or impaired during the period. Upon sale, the difference between the cash proceeds received and the historical cost basis of the security is treated as a realized gain or loss for Distributable Earnings purposes. We consider a CMBS or an RMBS credit loss to be realized when such amounts are deemed nonrecoverable. Non-recoverability is generally at the time the underlying assets within the securitization are liquidated, but non-recoverability may also be determined if, in our determination, it is nearly certain that all amounts due will not be collected. The amount is calculated as the difference between the cash received and the historical cost basis of the security.

(5)Represents GAAP income from the Woodstar Fund investments excluding unrealized changes in the fair value of its underlying assets and liabilities. The amount is calculated as the difference between the Woodstar Fund’s GAAP net income and its unrealized gains (losses), which represents changes in working capital and actual cash distributions received.

(6)Represents the realized portion of GAAP gains or losses on the termination or settlement of derivatives that are accounted for at fair value. Derivatives are only treated as realized for Distributable Earnings when they are terminated or settled, and cash is exchanged. The amount of cash received or paid to terminate or settle the derivative is the amount treated as realized for Distributable Earnings purposes at the time of such termination or settlement.

(7)Represents the realized portion of foreign currency gains (losses) related to assets and liabilities denominated in a foreign currency. Realization occurs when the foreign currency is converted back to USD. The amount is calculated as the difference between the foreign exchange rate at the time the asset was placed on the balance sheet and the foreign exchange rate at the time cash is received and is offset by any gains or losses on the related foreign currency derivative at settlement.

(8)Represents GAAP earnings (loss) from unconsolidated entities excluding non-cash items and unrealized changes in fair value recorded on the books and records of the unconsolidated entities. The difference between GAAP and Distributable Earnings for these entities principally relates to depreciation and unrealized changes in the fair value of mortgage loans and securities.

(9)Represents the realized gain (loss) on sales of properties held at depreciated cost. Because depreciation is a non-cash expense that is excluded from Distributable Earnings, GAAP gains upon sale of a property are higher, and GAAP losses are lower, than the respective realized amounts reflected in Distributable Earnings. The amount is calculated as net sales proceeds less undepreciated cost, adjusted for any noncontrolling interest.

89

Six Months Ended June 30, 2024 Compared to the Six Months Ended June 30, 2023

Commercial and Residential Lending Segment

The Commercial and Residential Lending Segment’s Distributable Earnings increased by $20.5 million, from $373.6 million during the first half of 2023 to $394.1 million in the first half of 2024. After making adjustments for the calculation of Distributable Earnings, revenues were $835.4 million, costs and expenses were $489.1 million, other income was $47.8 million and there was no income tax provision or benefit.

Revenues, consisting principally of interest income on loans, decreased by $17.4 million in the first half of 2024, primarily due to decreases in interest income from loans of $16.5 million and investment securities of $5.7 million, partially offset by a $3.6 million increase in rental income from foreclosed properties. The decrease in interest income from loans reflects (i) an $11.4 million decrease from commercial loans, reflecting lower average balances, partially offset by the effects of higher average index rates and prepayment related income, and (ii) a $5.1 million decrease from residential loans principally due to lower average balances. The decrease in interest income from investment securities was primarily due to lower average commercial investment balances due to repayments.

Costs and expenses decreased by $31.4 million in the first half of 2024, primarily due to (i) a $24.1 million decrease in interest expense associated with the various secured financing facilities used to fund a portion of this segment’s investment portfolio, reflecting lower average borrowings outstanding due to paydowns from net loan repayments and excess cash balances, partially offset by the effect of higher average index rates, and (ii) the nonrecurrence of a $14.7 million realized credit loss on a commercial loan in the first half of 2023, partially offset by (iii) a $7.7 million increase in general and administrative expenses, primarily for compensation and professional fees.

Other income increased by $6.5 million in the first half of 2024, primarily due to a $14.7 million increase in realized gains on derivatives which hedge our interest rate and foreign currency hedges, net of an increase in realized foreign currency losses, partially offset by a $10.4 million increase in recognized credit losses on RMBS investments and residential loans.

Infrastructure Lending Segment

The Infrastructure Lending Segment’s Distributable Earnings increased by $4.0 million, from $40.1 million during the first half of 2023 to $44.1 million in the first half of 2024. After making adjustments for the calculation of Distributable Earnings, revenues were $132.1 million, costs and expenses were $87.6 million and other loss was $0.4 million.

Revenues, consisting principally of interest income on loans, increased by $15.8 million in the first half of 2024, primarily due to an increase in interest income from loans of $16.3 million, reflecting higher index rates, average loan balances and prepayment related income, partially offset by a $1.2 million decrease in interest income from investment securities, primarily due to lower average balances resulting from repayments.

Costs and expenses increased by $12.3 million in the first half of 2024, primarily due to an $8.5 million increase in interest expense, reflecting higher average index rates and borrowings outstanding, a $2.2 million increase in general and administrative expenses and a $1.5 million credit loss recognized on an infrastructure loan classified as held-for-sale in the first quarter of 2024.

Other loss decreased by $0.5 million in the first half of 2024.

Property Segment

Distributable Earnings by Portfolio (amounts in thousands)

	For the Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024		2023		Change
Master Lease Portfolio	$	40,720	$	10,022	$	30,698
Medical Office Portfolio	5,986		10,261		(4,275)
Woodstar Fund, net of non-controlling interests	28,718		23,531		5,187
Other/Corporate	(2,165)		(1,462)		(703)
Distributable Earnings	$	73,259	$	42,352	$	30,907

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The Property Segment’s Distributable Earnings increased by $30.9 million, from $42.4 million during the first half of 2023 to $73.3 million in the first half of 2024. After making adjustments for the calculation of Distributable Earnings, revenues were $37.7 million, costs and expenses were $42.4 million, other income was $84.5 million and the deduction of income attributable to non-controlling interests in the Woodstar Fund was $6.5 million.

Revenues decreased by $10.4 million in the first half of 2024, primarily due to the sale of our Master Lease Portfolio on February 29, 2024.

Costs and expenses increased by $2.1 million in the first half of 2024, primarily due to a $4.0 million increase in interest expense of our Medical Office Portfolio, reflecting higher index rates on variable rate borrowings, partially offset by the overall reduction in costs and expenses due to the sale of our Master Lease Portfolio on February 29, 2024.

Other income increased by $44.8 million in the first half of 2024 primarily due to (i) a $37.4 million net gain on sale of our Master Lease Portfolio, (ii) a $6.5 million increase in income from the Woodstar Fund and (iii) a $1.6 million increase in realized gains on derivatives which primarily hedge our interest rate risk on borrowings secured by our Medical Office Portfolio.

Income attributable to non-controlling interests in the Woodstar Fund increased $1.4 million in the second quarter of 2024.

Investing and Servicing Segment

The Investing and Servicing Segment’s Distributable Earnings increased by $1.5 million from $34.7 million during the first half of 2023 to $36.2 million in the first half of 2024. After making adjustments for the calculation of Distributable Earnings, revenues were $115.1 million, costs and expenses were $67.0 million, other loss was $6.9 million, there was no income tax provision or benefit, and the deduction of income attributable to non-controlling interests was $5.0 million.

Revenues increased by $20.9 million in the first half of 2024, primarily due to a $13.8 million increase in servicing fees principally related to loan modifications and assumptions, a $10.0 million increase in interest income from CMBS investments and conduit loans, partially offset by a $3.5 million decrease in rental income due to fewer operating properties held.

Costs and expenses increased by $6.0 million in the first half of 2024, primarily due to a $6.5 million increase in general and administrative expenses reflecting increased incentive compensation due to higher loan securitization volume.

Other income decreased by $16.4 million to a loss in the first half of 2024, primarily due to (i) a $29.3 million increase in recognized credit losses on CMBS and (ii) a $5.6 million decrease in earnings from unconsolidated entities, partially offset by (iii) a $15.1 million increase in realized gains on conduit loans and (iv) a $5.2 million increase in realized gains on derivatives which primarily hedge our interest rate risk on CMBS investments and conduit loans.

Income attributable to non-controlling interests decreased $3.0 million, primarily due to non-controlling interests in decreased distributable earnings of a consolidated CMBS joint venture.

Corporate

Corporate loss increased by $22.3 million, from $176.0 million during the first half of 2023 to $198.3 million in the first half of 2024, primarily due to (i) a $17.9 million increase in interest expense reflecting higher average unsecured borrowings outstanding and higher index rates on our secured term loans, and (ii) a $5.8 million increase in realized losses on fixed-to-floating interest rate swaps which hedge a portion of our unsecured senior notes, partially offset by (iii) a $1.3 million decrease in general and administrative expenses.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Liquidity is a measure of our ability to meet our cash requirements, including ongoing commitments to repay borrowings, fund and maintain our assets and operations, make new investments where appropriate, pay dividends to our stockholders, and other general business needs. We closely monitor our liquidity position and believe that we have sufficient current liquidity and access to additional liquidity to meet our financial obligations for at least the next 12 months. Our strategy for managing liquidity and capital resources has not changed since December 31, 2023. Refer to our Form 10-K for a description of these strategies.

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Sources of Liquidity

Our primary sources of liquidity are as follows:

Cash Flows for the Six Months Ended June 30, 2024 (amounts in thousands)

	GAAP		VIE Adjustments		Excluding Securitization VIEs
Net cash provided by operating activities	$	109,207	$	—	$	109,207
Cash Flows from Investing Activities:
Origination, purchase and funding of loans held-for-investment	(910,014)		—		(910,014)
Proceeds from principal collections and sale of loans	2,078,024		—		2,078,024
Purchase and funding of investment securities	(18,708)		—		(18,708)
Proceeds from sales, redemptions and collections of investment securities	78,615		33,972		112,587
Proceeds from sales of real estate	198,988		—		198,988
Purchases and additions to properties and other assets	(14,184)		—		(14,184)
Net cash flows from other investments and assets	23,454		(4)		23,450
Net cash provided by investing activities	1,436,175		33,968		1,470,143
Cash Flows from Financing Activities:
Proceeds from borrowings	2,897,949		—		2,897,949
Principal repayments on and repurchases of borrowings	(3,999,367)		(211)		(3,999,578)
Payment of deferred financing costs	(26,834)		—		(26,834)
Proceeds from common stock issuances	1,996		—		1,996
Payment of dividends	(304,887)		—		(304,887)
Distributions to non-controlling interests	(21,957)		—		(21,957)
Issuance of debt of consolidated VIEs	5,779		(5,779)		—
Repayment of debt of consolidated VIEs	(215)		215		—
Distributions of cash from consolidated VIEs	28,193		(28,193)		—
Net cash used in financing activities	(1,419,343)		(33,968)		(1,453,311)
Net increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	126,039		—		126,039
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, beginning of period	311,972		—		311,972
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash	(2,309)		—		(2,309)
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, end of period	$	435,702	$	—	$	435,702

The discussion below is on a non-GAAP basis, after removing adjustments principally resulting from the consolidation of the securitization VIEs under ASC 810. These adjustments principally relate to (i) the purchase of CMBS, RMBS, loans and real estate from consolidated VIEs, which are reflected as repayments of VIE debt on a GAAP basis and (ii) sales, principal collections and redemptions of CMBS and RMBS related to consolidated VIEs, which are reflected as VIE distributions on a GAAP basis. There is no net impact to overall cash resulting from these consolidations. Refer to Note 2 to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion.

Cash and cash equivalents increased by $126.0 million during the six months ended June 30, 2024, reflecting net cash provided by investing activities of $1.5 billion and net cash provided by operating activities of $109.2 million, partially offset by net cash used in financing activities of $1.5 billion.

Net cash provided by operating activities of $109.2 million during the six months ended June 30, 2024 related primarily to cash interest income of $814.3 million from our loans and $95.9 million from our investment securities, receipts from our interest rate derivatives of $46.5 million, servicing fees of $32.9 million, net rental income of $30.4 million, distributions from our affordable housing fund investments of $23.7 million, and a net change in operating assets and liabilities of $13.2 million. Offsetting these cash inflows was cash interest expense of $668.8 million, general and administrative expenses of $147.5 million and originations and purchases of loans held-for-sale, net of sales and principal collections of $138.7 million.

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Net cash provided by investing activities of $1.5 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2024 related primarily to proceeds received from principal collections and sale of loans held-for-investment of $2.1 billion and investment securities of $112.6 million, as well as net proceeds from the sale of real estate of $199.0 million. Offsetting these cash inflows was the origination, purchase and funding of loans held-for-investment of $910.0 million.

Net cash used in financing activities of $1.5 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2024 related primarily to payments on our debt and deferred financing costs, net of borrowings, of $1.1 billion and dividend distributions of $304.9 million.

Our Investment Portfolio

The following is a review of our investment portfolio by segment.

Commercial and Residential Lending Segment

The following table sets forth the amount of each category of investments we owned across various property types within our Commercial and Residential Lending Segment as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 (dollars in thousands):

	Face Amount		Carrying Value			Asset Specific Financing		Net Investment		Unlevered Return on Asset (6)
June 30, 2024
First mortgages (1)	$	13,888,062	$	13,854,718		$	8,676,334	$	5,178,384	9.4	%
Subordinated mortgages (2)	39,982		40,045			—		40,045		16.1	%
Mezzanine loans (1)	304,020		302,544			—		302,544		14.1	%
Other loans	70,521		70,309			—		70,309		12.7	%
Loans held-for-sale, fair value option, residential	2,801,168		2,503,967			2,222,123		281,844		4.5	%	(5)
RMBS, available-for-sale	187,213		98,438			18,197		80,241		10.3	%
RMBS, fair value option	326,274		427,044		(3)	146,523		280,521		20.0	%
HTM debt securities (4)	526,078		524,298			89,852		434,446		10.3	%
Credit loss allowance	N/A		(354,750)			—		(354,750)
Equity security	7,892		7,339			—		7,339
Investments in unconsolidated entities	N/A		25,917			—		25,917
Properties, net	N/A		476,004			87,750		388,254
	$	18,151,210	$	17,975,873		$	11,240,779	$	6,735,094
December 31, 2023
First mortgages (1)	$	14,996,627	$	14,947,446		$	10,223,439	$	4,724,007	9.4	%
Subordinated mortgages (2)	76,882		76,560			—		76,560		16.0	%
Mezzanine loans (1)	274,899		273,146			—		273,146		14.0	%
Other loans	71,843		71,012			—		71,012		12.5	%
Loans held-for-sale, fair value option, residential	2,909,126		2,604,594			2,286,070		318,524		4.5	%	(5)
RMBS, available-for-sale	191,916		102,368			18,638		83,730		10.1	%
RMBS, fair value option	326,274		449,909		(3)	147,428		302,481		19.6	%
HTM debt securities (4)	592,542		590,274			133,142		457,132		10.1	%
Credit loss allowance	N/A		(301,837)			—		(301,837)
Equity security	9,226		8,340			—		8,340
Investments in unconsolidated entities	N/A		19,151			—		19,151
Properties, net	N/A		431,155			234,889		196,266
	$	19,449,335	$	19,272,118		$	13,043,606	$	6,228,512

__________________________________________

(1)First mortgages include first mortgage loans and any contiguous mezzanine loan components because as a whole, the expected credit quality of these loans is more similar to that of a first mortgage loan. The application of this methodology resulted in mezzanine loans with carrying values of $1.0 billion being classified as first mortgages as of both June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

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(2)Subordinated mortgages include B-Notes and junior participation in first mortgages where we do not own the senior A-Note or senior participation. If we own both the A-Note and B-Note, we categorize the loan as a first mortgage loan.

(3)Eliminated in consolidation against VIE liabilities pursuant to ASC 810.

(4)CMBS held-to-maturity (“HTM”) and mandatorily redeemable preferred equity interests in commercial real estate entities.

(5)Represents the weighted average coupon of residential mortgage loans.

(6)Calculated using applicable index rates for variable rate investments as of the respective period end and excludes loans for which interest income is not recognized. In addition to cash coupon, unlevered return includes the amortization of deferred origination and extension fees, loan origination costs, and purchase discounts, as well as the accrual of exit fees.

As of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, our Commercial and Residential Lending Segment’s investment portfolio, excluding residential loans, RMBS, properties and other investments, had the following characteristics based on carrying values:

Collateral Property Type	June 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Multifamily	37.8	%	37.1	%
Office	21.7	%	22.4	%
Hotel	14.0	%	14.3	%
Mixed Use	9.2	%	7.2	%
Industrial	5.8	%	8.0	%
Residential	1.6	%	1.7	%
Retail	1.5	%	1.4	%
Other	8.4	%	7.9	%
	100.0	%	100.0	%

Geographic Location	June 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
U.S. Regions:
North East	18.2	%	16.4	%
South East	16.8	%	16.3	%
South West	16.2	%	15.2	%
Mid Atlantic	9.6	%	9.7	%
West	9.0	%	8.9	%
Midwest	2.1	%	2.4	%
International:
United Kingdom	11.5	%	12.9	%
Australia	8.9	%	8.2	%
Other Europe	5.6	%	8.1	%
Bahamas/Bermuda	2.1	%	1.9	%
	100.0	%	100.0	%

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Infrastructure Lending Segment

The following table sets forth the amount of each category of investments we owned within our Infrastructure Lending Segment as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 (dollars in thousands):

	Face Amount		Carrying Value		Asset Specific Financing		Net Investment		Unlevered Return on Asset (1)
June 30, 2024
First priority infrastructure loans and HTM securities	$	2,461,935	$	2,409,015	$	1,953,643	$	455,372	10.0	%
Credit loss allowance	N/A		(19,533)		—		(19,533)
Investments in unconsolidated entities	N/A		52,960		—		52,960
	$	2,461,935	$	2,442,442	$	1,953,643	$	488,799
December 31, 2023
First priority infrastructure loans and HTM securities	$	2,589,481	$	2,535,047	$	1,905,319	$	629,728	10.0	%
Credit loss allowance	N/A		(20,345)		—		(20,345)
Investments in unconsolidated entities	N/A		52,691		—		52,691
	$	2,589,481	$	2,567,393	$	1,905,319	$	662,074

__________________________________________

(1)Calculated using applicable index rates for variable rate investments as of the respective period end and excludes loans for which interest income is not recognized. In addition to cash coupon, unlevered return includes the amortization of deferred purchase discounts.

As of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, our Infrastructure Lending Segment’s investment portfolio had the following characteristics based on carrying values:

Collateral Type	June 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Power	53.9	%	55.1	%
Oil & gas - midstream	37.8	%	35.0	%
Oil & gas - downstream	7.3	%	7.0	%
Oil & gas - upstream	1.0	%	1.0	%
Other	—	%	1.9	%
	100.0	%	100.0	%

Geographic Location	June 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
U.S. Regions:
South West	31.3	%	27.6	%
North East	28.6	%	32.5	%
Midwest	19.0	%	19.4	%
South East	12.5	%	10.1	%
West	4.4	%	4.3	%
Mid-Atlantic	1.7	%	1.7	%
Other	—	%	2.0	%
International:
United Kingdom	2.1	%	2.0	%
Mexico	0.4	%	0.4	%
	100.0	%	100.0	%

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Property Segment

The following table sets forth the amount of each category of investments held within our Property Segment as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 (amounts in thousands):

	June 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Properties, net	$	662,726	$	555,455
Properties held-for-sale, net	—		290,937
Lease intangibles, net	22,821		24,560
Woodstar Fund	2,004,983		2,012,833
	$	2,690,530	$	2,883,785

The following table sets forth our net investment and other information regarding the Property Segment’s properties and lease intangibles as of June 30, 2024 (dollars in thousands):

	Carrying Value		Asset Specific Financing		Net Investment		Occupancy Rate	Weighted Average Remaining Lease Term
Office—Medical Office Portfolio	$	780,977	$	478,548	$	302,429	88.8%	5.5 years
D.C. Multifamily Conversion	114,700		—		114,700		N/A	N/A
Subtotal—undepreciated carrying value	895,677		478,548		417,129
Accumulated depreciation and amortization	(210,130)		—		(210,130)
Net carrying value	$	685,547	$	478,548	$	206,999

As of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, our Property Segment’s investment portfolio had the following geographic characteristics based on carrying values:

Geographic Location	June 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
South East	84.9	%	82.8	%
North East	4.4	%	4.2	%
South West	3.0	%	4.7	%
Mid-Atlantic	3.0	%	—	%
West	2.5	%	3.6	%
Midwest	2.2	%	4.7	%
	100.0	%	100.0	%

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Investing and Servicing Segment

The following table sets forth the amount of each category of investments we owned within our Investing and Servicing Segment as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 (amounts in thousands):

	Face Amount		Carrying Value			Asset Specific Financing			Net Investment
June 30, 2024
CMBS, fair value option	$	2,656,868	$	1,104,981	(1)	$	394,948	(2)	$	710,033
Intangible assets - servicing rights	N/A		54,753		(3)	—			54,753
Lease intangibles, net	N/A		5,568			—			5,568
Loans held-for-sale, fair value option, commercial	317,185		316,059			177,707			138,352
Investments in unconsolidated entities	N/A		33,360		(4)	—			33,360
Properties, net	N/A		67,941			68,223			(282)
	$	2,974,053	$	1,582,662		$	640,878		$	941,784
December 31, 2023
CMBS, fair value option	$	2,729,194	$	1,147,550	(1)	$	401,059	(2)	$	746,491
Intangible assets - servicing rights	N/A		57,249		(3)	—			57,249
Lease intangibles, net	N/A		6,155			—			6,155
Loans held-for-sale, fair value option, commercial	45,400		41,043			26,014			15,029
Loans held-for-investment	9,200		9,200			—			9,200
Investments in unconsolidated entities	N/A		33,134		(4)	—			33,134
Properties, net	N/A		59,774			68,784			(9,010)
	$	2,783,794	$	1,354,105		$	495,857		$	858,248

______________________________________________

(1)Includes $1.08 billion and $1.13 billion of CMBS eliminated in consolidation against VIE liabilities pursuant to ASC 810 as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. Also includes $160.2 million and $177.3 million of non-controlling interests in the consolidated entities which hold certain of these CMBS as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

(2)Includes $31.1 million and $33.0 million of non-controlling interests in the consolidated entities which hold certain debt balances as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

(3)Includes $34.2 million and $37.9 million of servicing rights intangibles eliminated in consolidation against VIE assets pursuant to ASC 810 as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

(4)Includes $14.8 million and $14.6 million of investments in unconsolidated entities eliminated in consolidation against VIE assets pursuant to ASC 810 as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

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Our REIS Equity Portfolio, as described in Note 6 to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements, had the following characteristics based on carrying values as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively:

Property Type	June 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Office	39.3	%	46.1	%
Mixed Use	31.4	%	20.0	%
Retail	26.0	%	29.7	%
Hotel	3.3	%	4.2	%
	100.0	%	100.0	%

Geographic Location	June 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
North East	39.8	%	30.8	%
West	30.9	%	35.3	%
Midwest	17.0	%	19.9	%
South West	12.3	%	14.0	%
	100.0	%	100.0	%

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New Credit Facilities and Amendments

Refer to Note 10 of our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for a detailed discussion of new credit facilities and amendments to existing credit facilities executed since December 31, 2023.

Secured Borrowings

The following table is a summary of our secured borrowings as of June 30, 2024 (dollars in thousands):

	Current Maturity		Extended Maturity (a)		Weighted Average Coupon		Pledged Asset Carrying Value			Maximum Facility Size			Outstanding Balance			Approved but Undrawn Capacity (b)		Unallocated Financing Amount (c)
Repurchase Agreements:
Commercial Loans	Aug 2024 to Dec 2028	(d)	Oct 2025 to Dec 2030	(d)	Index + 2.07%	(e)	$	9,585,153		$	12,178,399	(f)	$	5,920,686		$	781,802	$	5,475,911
Residential Loans	Jun 2025 to Apr 2026		Jun 2025 to Apr 2026		SOFR + 1.85%		2,501,732			3,450,000			2,223,218			17,213		1,209,569
Infrastructure Loans	Sep 2024		Sep 2026		SOFR + 2.07%		407,871			650,000			344,069			—		305,931
Conduit Loans	Dec 2024 to Jun 2026		Dec 2025 to Jun 2027		SOFR + 2.16%		246,173			375,000			178,078			—		196,922
CMBS/RMBS	Mar 2025 to Apr 2032	(g)	Jun 2025 to Oct 2032	(g)	(h)		1,272,469			947,800			663,144		(i)	46,616		238,040
Total Repurchase Agreements							14,013,398			17,601,199			9,329,195			845,631		7,426,373
Other Secured Financing:
Borrowing Base Facility	Nov 2024		Oct 2026		SOFR + 2.11%		93,148			750,000		(j)	4,100			51,294		694,606
Commercial Financing Facilities	Jul 2024 to Aug 2028		Jul 2025 to Dec 2030		Index + 2.29%		606,230			571,873		(k)	392,044			—		179,829
Infrastructure Financing Facilities	Jul 2025 to Oct 2025		Oct 2027 to Jul 2032		Index + 2.11%		634,107			1,050,000			465,734			55,872		528,394
Property Mortgages - Fixed rate	Oct 2025 to Jun 2026		N/A		4.52%		32,085			29,698			29,698			—		—
Property Mortgages - Variable rate	Feb 2025 to May 2026		N/A		SOFR + 2.56%		671,292			597,941			595,826			—		2,115
Term Loans and Revolver	(l)		N/A		(l)		N/A		(l)	1,509,784			1,359,784			150,000		—
STWD 2022-FL3 CLO	Nov 2038		N/A		SOFR + 1.64%		1,005,926			840,620			840,620			—		—
STWD 2021-HTS SASB	Apr 2034		N/A		SOFR + 2.59%		199,646			178,622			178,622			—		—
STWD 2021-FL2 CLO	Apr 2038		N/A		SOFR + 1.63%		1,205,690			980,315			980,315			—		—
STWD 2019-FL1 CLO	Jul 2038		N/A		SOFR + 1.83%		549,190			382,841			382,841			—		—
STWD 2024-SIF3 CLO	Apr 2036		N/A		SOFR + 2.18%		386,246			330,000			330,000			—		—
STWD 2021-SIF2 CLO	Jan 2033		N/A		SOFR + 1.89%		514,419			410,000			410,000			—		—
STWD 2021-SIF1 CLO	Apr 2032		N/A		SOFR + 2.07%		514,928			410,000			410,000			—		—
Total Other Secured Financing							6,412,907			8,041,694			6,379,584			257,166		1,404,944
							$	20,426,305		$	25,642,893		$	15,708,779		$	1,102,797	$	8,831,317
Unamortized net discount													(22,084)
Unamortized deferred financing costs													(60,115)
													$	15,626,580

___________________________________________

(a)Subject to certain conditions as defined in the respective facility agreement.

(b)Approved but undrawn capacity represents the total draw amount that has been approved by the lenders related to those assets that have been pledged as collateral, less the drawn amount.

(c)Unallocated financing amount represents the maximum facility size less the total draw capacity that has been approved by the lenders.

(d)For certain facilities, borrowings collateralized by loans existing at maturity may remain outstanding until such loan collateral matures, subject to certain specified conditions.

(e)Certain facilities with an outstanding balance of $2.5 billion as of June 30, 2024 are indexed to EURIBOR, BBSY, SARON and SONIA. The remainder are indexed to SOFR.

(f)Certain facilities with an aggregate initial maximum facility size of $11.8 billion may be increased to $12.2 billion, subject to certain conditions. The $12.2 billion amount includes such upsizes.

(g)Certain facilities with an outstanding balance of $328.7 million as of June 30, 2024 carry a rolling 12-month term which may reset quarterly with the lender’s consent. These facilities carry no maximum facility size.

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(h)A facility with an outstanding balance of $278.3 million as of June 30, 2024 has a weighted average fixed annual interest rate of 3.56%. All other facilities are variable rate with a weighted average rate of SOFR + 2.16%.

(i)Includes: (i) $278.3 million outstanding on a repurchase facility that is not subject to margin calls; and (ii) $31.1 million outstanding on one of our repurchase facilities that represents the 49% pro rata share owed by a non-controlling partner in a consolidated joint venture (see Note 15 to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements).

(j)The maximum facility size as of June 30, 2024 of $450.0 million may be increased to $750.0 million, subject to certain conditions.

(k)Certain facilities with an aggregate initial maximum facility size of $471.9 million may be increased to $571.9 million, subject to certain conditions. The $571.9 million amount includes such upsizes.

(l)Consists of: (i) a $768.8 million term loan facility that matures in July 2026, of which $381.0 million has an annual interest rate of SOFR + 2.60% and $387.8 million has an annual interest rate of SOFR + 3.35%, subject to a 0.75% SOFR floor, (ii) a $150.0 million revolving credit facility that matures in April 2026 with an annual interest rate of SOFR + 2.60%, and (iii) a $591.0 million term loan facility that matures in November 2027, with an annual interest rate of SOFR + 2.75%, subject to a 0.50% SOFR floor. These facilities are secured by the equity interests in certain of our subsidiaries which totaled $5.8 billion as of June 30, 2024.

The above table no longer reflects property mortgages of the Woodstar Portfolios which, as discussed in Notes 2 and 7 to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements, are now reflected within “Investments of consolidated affordable housing fund” on our condensed consolidated balance sheets.

Refer to Note 10 to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for further disclosure regarding the terms of our secured financing arrangements.

Variance between Average and Quarter-End Credit Facility Borrowings Outstanding

The following table compares the average amount outstanding under our secured financing agreements during each quarter and the amount outstanding as of the end of each quarter, together with an explanation of significant variances (amounts in thousands):

Quarter Ended	Quarter-End Balance	Weighted-Average Balance During Quarter	Variance
December 31, 2023	17,643,891	17,493,558	150,333
March 31, 2024	15,856,816	17,090,987	(1,234,171)	(a)
June 30, 2024	15,708,779	15,841,134	(132,355)

__________________________________________________

(a)Variance primarily related to secured debt pay downs from unsecured senior note issuance and the sale of the Master Lease Portfolio.

Borrowings under Unsecured Senior Notes

During the three months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, the weighted average effective borrowing rate on our unsecured senior notes was 5.6% and 4.2%, respectively. During the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, the weighted average effective borrowing rate on our unsecured senior notes was 5.4% and 4.5%, respectively. The effective borrowing rate includes the effects of underwriter purchase discount.

Refer to Note 11 to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for further disclosure regarding the terms of our unsecured senior notes.

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Scheduled Principal Repayments on Investments and Overhang on Financing Facilities

The following scheduled and/or projected principal repayments on our investments were based on amounts outstanding and extended contractual maturities of those investments as of June 30, 2024. The projected and/or required repayments of financing were based on the earlier of (i) the extended contractual maturity of each credit facility or (ii) the extended contractual maturity of each of the investments that have been pledged as collateral under the respective credit facility (amounts in thousands):

	Scheduled Principal Repayments on Loans and HTM Securities		Scheduled/Projected Principal Repayments on RMBS and CMBS		Projected/Required Repayments of Financing		Scheduled Principal Inflows Net of Financing Outflows
Third Quarter 2024	$	352,127	$	8,682	$	(190,963)	$	169,846
Fourth Quarter 2024	95,676		43,013		(544,181)		(405,492)		(1)
First Quarter 2025	409,609		71,272		(904,760)		(423,879)		(2)
Second Quarter 2025	185,311		48,764		(844,040)		(609,965)		(3)
Total	$	1,042,723	$	171,731	$	(2,483,944)	$	(1,269,490)

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

(1)Shortfall primarily relates to $400.0 million of our unsecured senior notes that mature in December 2024 that we intend to repay with funds generated in the normal course of business.

(2)Shortfall primarily relates to $500.0 million of our unsecured senior notes that mature in March 2025 that we intend to repay with funds generated in the normal course of business.

(3)Shortfall primarily relates to (i) $328.7 million of repayments under a securities facility which carries a rolling 12-month term that we have historically extended, and intend to continue to extend with lender’s consent and (ii) $298.3 million of repayments under a Residential Loans repurchase facility which carries a one-year term that we extend every three months with lender’s consent.

In the normal course of business, the Company is in discussions with its lenders to extend, amend or replace any financing facilities which contain near term expirations.

Issuances of Equity Securities

We may raise funds through capital market transactions by issuing capital stock. There can be no assurance, however, that we will be able to access the capital markets at any particular time or on any particular terms. We have authorized 100,000,000 shares of preferred stock and 500,000,000 shares of common stock. At June 30, 2024, we had 100,000,000 shares of preferred stock available for issuance and 183,314,890 shares of common stock available for issuance.

Other Potential Sources of Financing

In the future, we may also use other sources of financing to fund the acquisition of our target assets and maturities of our unsecured senior notes, including other secured as well as unsecured forms of borrowing and sale of senior loan interests and other assets.

Leverage Policies

Our strategies with regards to use of leverage have not changed significantly since December 31, 2023. Refer to our Form 10-K for a description of our strategies regarding use of leverage.

Cash Requirements

Dividends

U.S. federal income tax law generally requires that a REIT distribute annually at least 90% of its REIT taxable income, without regard to the deduction for dividends paid and excluding net capital gains, and that it pay tax at regular corporate rates to the extent that it annually distributes less than 100% of its net taxable income. We generally intend to distribute substantially all of our taxable income (which does not necessarily equal our GAAP net income) to our stockholders each year, if and to the extent authorized by our board of directors. Before we pay any dividend, whether for U.S. federal income tax purposes or

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otherwise, we must first meet both our operating and debt service requirements. If our cash available for distribution is less than our net taxable income, we could be required to sell assets or borrow funds to make cash distributions or we may make a portion of the required distribution in the form of a taxable stock distribution or distribution of debt securities. Refer to our Form 10-K for a detailed dividend history.

The Company’s board of directors declared the following dividends during the six months ended June 30, 2024:

Declaration Date	Record Date	Payment Date	Amount		Frequency
6/13/24	6/28/24	7/15/24	$	0.48	Quarterly
3/15/24	3/29/24	4/15/24	$	0.48	Quarterly

Contractual Obligations and Commitments

Our material contractual obligations and commitments as of June 30, 2024 are as follows (amounts in thousands):

	Total		Less than 1 year		1 to 3 years		3 to 5 years		More than 5 years
Secured financings (a)	$	12,176,381	$	832,633	$	5,888,402	$	3,992,075	$	1,463,271
CLOs and SASB (b)	3,532,398		500,145		2,478,752		551,086		2,415
Unsecured senior notes	2,780,750		900,000		900,000		980,750		—
Future loan commitments:
Commercial Lending (c)	1,044,238		718,994		325,191		53		—
Infrastructure Lending (d)	378,639		364,639		14,000		—		—

__________________________________________________

(a)Represents the contractual maturity of the respective credit facility, inclusive of available extension options.  If investments that have been pledged as collateral repay earlier than the contractual maturity of the debt, the related portion of the debt would likewise require earlier repayment. Refer to Note 10 to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for the expected maturities by year.

(b)Represents the fully extended maturity of the underlying collateral.

(c)Excludes $255.6 million of loan funding commitments in which management projects the Company will not be obligated to fund in the future due to repayments made by the borrower earlier than, or in excess of, expectations.

(d)Represents contractual commitments of $115.2 million under revolvers and letters of credit, $48.4 million under delayed draw term loans and $215.0 million of outstanding infrastructure loan purchase commitments.

The table above does not include interest payable, amounts due under our management agreement, amounts due under our derivative agreements or amounts due under guarantees as those contracts do not have fixed and determinable payments.

Our secured financings, CLOs and SASB consist primarily of matched-term funding for our loans and investment securities and long-term mortgages on our owned properties. Repayments of such facilities are generally made from proceeds from maturities, prepayments or sales of such investments and operating cash flows from owned properties. In the normal course of business, we are in discussions with our lenders to extend, amend or replace any financing facilities which contain near term expirations.

Our unsecured senior notes are expected to be repaid from a combination of available cash on hand, approved but undrawn capacity under our secured financing agreements, and/or equity issuances or other potential sources of financing, as discussed above, including issuances of new unsecured senior notes.

Our future loan commitments are expected to be primarily matched-term funded under secured financing agreements with any difference funded from available cash on hand or other potential sources of financing discussed above.

Critical Accounting Estimates

Refer to the section of our Form 10-K entitled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Critical Accounting Estimates” for a full discussion of our critical accounting estimates. Our critical accounting estimates have not materially changed since December 31, 2023.

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Recent Accounting Developments

Refer to Note 2 to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for a discussion of recent accounting developments and the expected impact to the Company.

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

We seek to manage our risks related to the credit quality of our assets, interest rates, liquidity, prepayment speeds and market value while, at the same time, seeking to provide an opportunity to stockholders to realize attractive risk-adjusted returns through ownership of our capital stock. While we do not seek to avoid risk completely, we believe the risk can be quantified from historical experience and seek to actively manage that risk, to earn sufficient compensation to justify taking those risks and to maintain capital levels consistent with the risks we undertake. Our strategies for managing risk and our exposure to such risks, as described in Item 7A of our Form 10-K, have not changed materially since December 31, 2023 except as described below.

Credit Risk

Our loans and investments are subject to credit risk. The performance and value of our loans and investments depend upon the owners’ ability to operate the properties that serve as our collateral so that they produce cash flows adequate to pay interest and principal due to us. To monitor this risk, our asset management team reviews our investment portfolios and is in regular contact with our borrowers, monitoring performance of the collateral and enforcing our rights as necessary.

We seek to further manage credit risk associated with our Investing and Servicing Segment loans held-for-sale through the purchase of credit instruments. The following table presents our credit instruments as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 (dollars in thousands):

	Face Value of Loans Held-for-Sale		Aggregate Notional Value of Credit Instruments		Number of Credit Instruments
June 30, 2024	$	317,185	$	49,000	3
December 31, 2023	$	45,400	$	49,000	3

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Interest Rate Risk

Interest rates are highly sensitive to many factors, including fiscal and monetary policies and domestic and international economic and political considerations, as well as other factors beyond our control. We are subject to interest rate risk in connection with our investments and the related financing obligations. In general, we seek to match the interest rate characteristics of our investments with the interest rate characteristics of any related financing obligations such as repurchase agreements, bank credit facilities, term loans, revolving facilities and securitizations. In instances where the interest rate characteristics of an investment and the related financing obligation are not matched, we mitigate such interest rate risk through the utilization of interest rate derivatives of the same duration. As discussed in Note 13 to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements, we entered into a series of derivative transactions during the three months ended June 30, 2024 related to our residential loan portfolio in an effort to extend hedge duration. These transactions involved a series of reverse swap trades which effectively locked a portion of positive cash flows from our original hedges for a period of time. We simultaneously entered into a forward starting swap which will not be effective until June 2027. While the fair value of the forward starting swap will impact earnings, it will not impact net investment income until its effective date.

The following table presents financial instruments where we have utilized interest rate derivatives to hedge interest rate risk and the related interest rate derivatives as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 (dollars in thousands); however, consistent with Note 13, the notional value and number of credit instruments excludes the recent reverse swap trades and forward starting swap:

	Face Value of Hedged Instruments		Aggregate Notional Value of Credit Instruments		Number of Credit Instruments
Instrument hedged as of June 30, 2024
Loans held-for-sale	$	2,893,548	$	3,660,400	43
RMBS, available-for-sale	187,213		40,000		1
CMBS, fair value option	63,523		81,300		3
HTM debt securities	8,558		8,558		1
Secured financing agreements	545,749		1,169,938		8
Unsecured senior notes	1,600,000		1,570,000		3
	$	5,298,591	$	6,530,196	59
Instrument hedged as of December 31, 2023
Loans held-for-sale	$	2,954,526	$	3,646,500	43
RMBS, available-for-sale	191,916		85,000		2
CMBS, fair value option	67,433		58,800		2
HTM debt securities	9,629		9,629		1
Secured financing agreements	716,786		1,358,775		8
Unsecured senior notes	1,000,000		970,000		2
	$	4,940,290	$	6,128,704	58

The table below summarizes the estimated annual change in net investment income for our variable rate investments and our variable rate debt assuming increases or decreases in SOFR or other applicable index rates and adjusted for the effects of our interest rate hedging activities (amounts in thousands). However, this table excludes our floating rate residential loan debt along with its related hedges. As discussed in Note 13 to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements and above, the reverse swap trades represent locked positive cash flows, and the forward starting swap will not impact net investment income until June 2027. Once the reverse swap trades expire and the forward starting swap becomes effective (i.e. when it affects net investment income), we will again include these in our interest rate sensitivity.

Income (Expense) Subject to Interest Rate Sensitivity	Variable rate investments and indebtedness (1)		1.00% Decrease		0.50% Decrease		0.25% Increase
Investment income from variable rate investments	$	16,517,580	$	(163,088)	$	(82,075)	$	41,294
Interest expense from variable rate debt, net of interest rate derivatives	(13,168,120)		139,831		69,916		(34,958)
Net investment income from variable rate instruments	$	3,349,460	$	(23,257)	$	(12,159)	$	6,336

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

(1)Includes the notional value of interest rate derivatives.

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Foreign Currency Risk

Our loans and investments that are denominated in a foreign currency are also subject to risks related to fluctuations in exchange rates. We generally mitigate this exposure by matching the currency of our foreign currency assets to the currency of the borrowings that finance those assets. As a result, we substantially reduce our exposure to changes in portfolio value related to changes in foreign exchange rates.

We intend to hedge our net currency exposures in a prudent manner. However, our currency hedging strategies may not eliminate all of our currency risk due to, among other things, uncertainties in the timing and/or amount of payments received on the related investments, and/or unequal, inaccurate, or unavailable hedges to perfectly offset changes in future exchange rates. Additionally, we may be required under certain circumstances to collateralize our currency hedges for the benefit of the hedge counterparty, which could adversely affect our liquidity.

Consistent with our strategy of hedging foreign currency exposure on certain investments, we typically enter into a series of forwards to fix the U.S. dollar amount of foreign currency denominated cash flows (interest income and principal payments) we expect to receive from our foreign currency denominated investments. Accordingly, the notional values and expiration dates of our foreign currency hedges approximate the amounts and timing of future payments we expect to receive on the related investments.

The following table represents our assets and liabilities that are denominated in Pounds Sterling (“GBP”), Euros (“EUR”), Australian dollars (“AUD”) and Swiss Francs (“CHF”), as well as our expected future net interest receipts (amounts in thousands):

	June 30, 2024
	GBP		EUR		AUD		CHF
Foreign currency assets	£	1,410,042	€	739,290	A$	1,991,849	Fr.	64,923
Foreign currency liabilities	(1,016,432)		(318,346)		(1,390,416)		(48,132)
Foreign currency contracts - notional, net	(490,065)		(452,900)		(795,589)		(19,764)
Subtotal (1)	£	(96,455)	€	(31,956)	A$	(194,156)	Fr.	(2,973)

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

(1)     Primarily relates to expected net interest cash flows on the respective assets and liabilities over their term.

Substantially all of our net asset exposure to the GBP, EUR, AUD and CHF has been hedged with foreign currency forward contracts as of June 30, 2024, as indicated in the table above. Refer to Note 13 of the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for further detail regarding our foreign currency derivatives and their contractual maturities.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures.

Disclosure Controls and Procedures. We maintain disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our reports filed pursuant to the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission’s rules and forms and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures.

As of the end of the period covered by this report, we conducted an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures. Based on that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of the end of the period covered by this report.

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. No change in internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act) occurred during the quarter ended June 30, 2024 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

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PART II—OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1.    Legal Proceedings.

Currently, no material legal proceedings are pending or, to our knowledge, threatened or contemplated against us, that could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position or results of operations.

Item 1A. Risk Factors.

There have been no material changes to the risk factors previously disclosed in our Form 10-K.

Item 2.    Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds.

There were no unregistered sales of securities or issuer purchases of equity securities during the three months ended June 30, 2024.

Item 3.    Defaults Upon Senior Securities.

None.

Item 4.    Mine Safety Disclosures.

Not applicable.

Item 5.    Other Information.

During the three months ended June 30, 2024, no director or officer of the Company adopted or terminated a “Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement” or “non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement,” as each term is defined in Item 408(a) of Regulation S-K.

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Item 6.    Exhibits.

(a)Index to Exhibits

INDEX TO EXHIBITS

Exhibit No.	Description
31.1	Certification pursuant to Section 302(a) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
31.2	Certification pursuant to Section 302(a) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
32.1	Certification pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
32.2	Certification pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
101.INS	XBRL Instance Document – the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.
101.SCH	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
104	Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document)

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

	STARWOOD PROPERTY TRUST, INC.
Date: August 6, 2024	By:	/s/ BARRY S. STERNLICHT
		Barry S. Sternlicht Chief Executive Officer Principal Executive Officer
Date: August 6, 2024	By:	/s/ RINA PANIRY
		Rina Paniry Chief Financial Officer, Treasurer, Chief Accounting Officer and Principal Financial Officer

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