2. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Basis of Accounting — The consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”).

Principles of Consolidation — The financial statements include the accounts of the Company, its wholly-owned subsidiaries and those entities in which we have a variable interest and are the primary beneficiary. Intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated.

The Mortgage Partnership of America, L.L.C. (“MPA”), a wholly-owned subsidiary of Altisource, serves as the manager of Best Partners Mortgage Cooperative, Inc. (“BPMC”) doing business as Lenders One Mortgage Cooperative (“Lenders One”). MPA provides services to Lenders One under a management agreement that ends on December 31, 2025. MPA acts on behalf of Lenders One and its members principally to provide its members with education and training along with revenue enhancing, cost reducing and market share expanding opportunities. For providing these services, MPA receives payments from Lenders One, and in some instances the vendors, based upon the benefits achieved for the members. The management agreement provides MPA with broad powers such as recruiting members for Lenders One, collection of fees and other obligations from members of Lenders One, processing of all rebates owed to Lenders One, day-to-day operation of Lenders One and negotiation of contracts with vendors including signing contracts on behalf of Lenders One.

The management agreement between MPA and Lenders One, pursuant to which MPA is the management company of Lenders One, represents a variable interest in a variable interest entity. MPA is the primary beneficiary of Lenders One as it has the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact Lenders One’s economic performance and the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits from Lenders One. As a result, Lenders One is presented in the accompanying consolidated financial statements on a consolidated basis with the interests of the members reflected as non-controlling interests. At December 31, 2013, Lenders One had total assets of $4.6 million and liabilities of $3.5 million. At December 31, 2012, Lenders One had total assets of $2.3 million and liabilities of $1.0 million.

Use of Estimates — The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, revenue and expenses, and related disclosures of contingent liabilities in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Estimates are used for, but not limited to, determining share-based compensation, income taxes, collectability of receivables, valuation of acquired intangibles and goodwill, depreciable lives of fixed assets and contingencies. Actual results could differ materially from those estimates.

Cash and Cash Equivalents — We classify all highly liquid instruments with an original maturity of three months or less at the time of purchase as cash equivalents.

Accounts Receivable, Net — Accounts receivable are net of an allowance for doubtful accounts that represents an amount that we estimate to be uncollectible. We have estimated the allowance for doubtful accounts based on our historical write-offs, our analysis of past due accounts based on the contractual terms of the receivables and our assessment of the economic status of our customers, if known. The carrying value of accounts receivable, net, approximates fair value.

Premises and Equipment, Net — We report premises and equipment, net at cost or estimated fair value at acquisition and depreciate these assets over their estimated useful lives using the straight-line method as follows:

	Furniture and fixtures		5 years
	Office equipment		5 years
	Computer hardware		5 years
	Computer software		3-7 years
	Leasehold improvements		Shorter of useful life, 10 years or the term of the lease

Maintenance and repair costs are expensed as incurred. We capitalize expenditures for significant improvements and new equipment and depreciate the assets over the shorter of the capitalized asset’s life or the life of the lease.

We review premises and equipment for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset or asset group may not be recoverable. We measure recoverability of assets to be held and used by comparison of the carrying amount of an asset or asset group to estimated undiscounted future cash flows expected to be generated by the asset or asset group. If the carrying amount of an asset or asset group exceeds its estimated future cash flows, we recognize an impairment charge for the amount that the carrying value of the assets exceeds the fair value of the asset or asset group.

Computer software includes the fair value of software acquired in business combinations and purchased software. Purchased software is recorded at cost and amortized using the straight-line method over its estimated useful life. Software acquired in business combinations is recorded at its fair value and amortized using the straight-line method over its estimated useful life, ranging from two to three years.

Business Combinations — We account for acquisitions using the purchase method of accounting in accordance with the Financial Accounting Standards Board’s Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 805, Business Combinations. The purchase price of an acquisition is allocated to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed using the fair values as of the acquisition date.

Investment in Equity Affiliates — We utilize the equity method to account for investments in equity securities where we have the ability to exercise significant influence over operating and financial policies of the investee. We include a proportionate share of losses of equity method investees in equity losses of affiliates, net which is included in other income (expense), net in the consolidated statements of operations. We review investments in equity affiliates for an other than temporary impairment whenever events or circumstances indicate that the carrying value is greater than the value of the investment and the loss is other than a temporary decline.

Goodwill — Goodwill represents the excess cost of an acquired business over the fair value of the identifiable tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed in a business combination. We evaluate goodwill for impairment annually or more frequently when an event occurs or circumstances change that indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. We first assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying value as a basis for determining whether we need to perform the quantitative two-step goodwill impairment test. Only if we determine, based on our qualitative assessment, that it is more likely than not that a reporting unit’s fair value is less than its carrying value will we calculate the fair value of the reporting unit. We test goodwill for impairment by first comparing the book value of net assets to the fair value of the reporting units. If the fair value is determined to be less than the book value, a second step is performed to compute the amount of impairment as the difference between the estimated fair value of goodwill and the carrying value. We estimate the fair value of the reporting units using discounted cash flows. Forecasts of future cash flows are based on our estimate of future sales and operating expenses, based primarily on estimated pricing, sales volumes, market segment share, cost trends and general economic conditions.

We conduct our annual impairment assessment as of November 30 each year. No impairments of goodwill were recorded for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011.

Intangible Assets, Net — Identifiable intangible assets acquired in business combinations are recorded based on their fair values at the date of acquisition. We determine the useful lives of our identifiable intangible assets after considering the specific facts and circumstances related to each intangible asset. Factors we consider when determining useful lives include the contractual term of any arrangements, the history of the asset, our long-term strategy for use of the asset and other economic factors. We amortize intangible assets that we deem to have definite lives on a straight-line basis over their useful lives, generally ranging from 5 to 20 years.

We perform tests for impairment if conditions exist that indicate the carrying value may not be recoverable. When facts and circumstances indicate that the carrying value of intangible assets determined to have definite lives may not be recoverable, management assesses the recoverability of the carrying value by preparing estimates of cash flows of discrete intangible assets consistent with models utilized for internal planning purposes. If the sum of the undiscounted expected future cash flows is less than the carrying value, we would recognize an impairment to the extent the carrying amount exceeds fair value. Based on the fourth quarter 2013, 2012 and 2011 cash flow analyses prepared by management for certain of the intangible assets, no impairments of intangible assets were recorded for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011.

Debt Issuance Costs — Debt issuance costs are capitalized and amortized to interest expense through maturity of the related debt using the effective interest method.

Long-Term Debt — Long-term debt is reported net of applicable discount. The debt discount is amortized to interest expense through maturity of the related debt using the effective interest method.

Fair Value Measurements — Our financial assets and liabilities primarily include cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, long-term debt and acquisition-related contingent consideration. Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash are carried at amounts that approximate their fair value due to the short-term nature of these instruments. The fair value was determined by level 1 of the three level hierarchy established by ASC Topic 820, Fair Value Measurement, using quoted prices in active markets for identical assets. The carrying amount of long-term debt approximates fair value due to the variable interest rate. The fair value was determined by level 2 of the three level hierarchy in ASC Topic 820 using inputs other than quoted prices that are observable, either directly or indirectly. The carrying amount of acquisition-related contingent consideration, related to the acquisition of Equator, LLC (“Equator”) on November 15, 2013 (see Note 5), approximates fair value due to the recent closing of the transaction and purchase price allocation calculations. The fair value was determined by level 3 of the three level hierarchy in ASC Topic 820 using unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities.

The Company may be required to pay up to $80 million in potential additional consideration under the terms of the Equator Purchase and Sale Agreement based on Equator Adjusted EBITA (as defined in the Purchase and Sale Agreement) in the three consecutive 12-month periods following closing. Acquisition-related contingent consideration was initially measured and recorded at fair value as an element of consideration paid in connection with an acquisition, with any subsequent adjustments recognized in operating expenses in the consolidated statements of operations. The Company determines the fair value of acquisition-related contingent consideration, and any subsequent changes in fair value, using a discounted probability-weighted approach. This approach takes into consideration level 3 unobservable inputs including probability assessments of expected future cash flows over the period in which the obligation is expected to be settled and applies a discount factor that captures the uncertainties associated with the obligation. Changes in these unobservable inputs could significantly impact the fair value of the liabilities recorded in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets and operating expenses in the consolidated statements of operations. As of December 31, 2013, the Company estimates the value of the Equator acquisition-related contingent consideration required payments to be $46.0 million.

Functional Currency — The currency of the primary economic environment in which our operations are conducted is the United States dollar. Therefore, the United States dollar has been determined to be our functional and reporting currency. Non-United States dollar transactions and balances have been measured in United States dollars in accordance with ASC Topic 830, Foreign Currency Matters. All transaction gains and losses from the measurement of monetary balance sheet items denominated in non-United States dollar currencies are reflected in the statement of operations as income or expenses, as appropriate.

Defined Contribution 401(k) Plan — Some of our employees currently participate in a defined contribution 401(k) plan under which we may make matching contributions equal to a discretionary percentage determined by us. We recorded expense of $0.4 million, $0.2 million and $0.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011, respectively, related to our discretionary amounts contributed.

Share-Based Compensation — Share-based compensation is accounted for under the provisions of ASC Topic 718, Compensation — Stock Compensation. Under ASC Topic 718, the cost of employee services received in exchange for an award of equity instruments is generally measured based on the grant-date fair value of the award. Share-based awards that do not require future service are expensed immediately. Share-based employee awards that require future service are recognized over the relevant service period. Further, as required under ASC Topic 718, we estimate forfeitures for share-based awards that are not expected to vest.

Earnings Per Share — We compute earnings per share (“EPS”) in accordance with ASC Topic 260, Earnings Per Share. Basic net income per share is computed by dividing net income attributable to Altisource by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding for the period. Diluted net income per share reflects the assumed conversion of all dilutive securities.

Revenue Recognition — We recognize revenue from the services we provide in accordance with ASC Topic 605, Revenue Recognition. ASC Topic 605 sets forth guidance as to when revenue is realized or realizable and earned, which is generally when all of the following criteria are met: (1) persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists; (2) delivery has occurred or services have been performed; (3) the seller’s price to the buyer is fixed or determinable; and (4) collectability is reasonably assured. Generally, the contract terms for these services are relatively short in duration, and we recognize revenue as the services are performed either on a per unit or a fixed price basis. Specific policies for each of our reportable segments are as follows:

Mortgage Services: We recognize revenue for the majority of the services we provide in this segment on completion of the service to our customers. For default processing services and certain property preservation services, we recognize revenue over the period during which we perform the related services, with full recognition on completion of the related foreclosure filing or on closing of the related real estate transaction. We record revenue associated with real estate sales on a net basis as we perform services as an agent without assuming the risks and rewards of ownership of the asset and the commission earned on the sale is a fixed percentage. Reimbursable expenses of $102.0 million, $95.6 million and $80.1 million incurred for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011, respectively, are included in revenue with an equal offsetting expense included in cost of revenue primarily related to our property preservation and default processing services. These amounts are recognized on a gross basis, principally because we have complete control over selection of vendors and the vendor relationship is with us, rather than with our customers.

Financial Services: We generally earn our fees for asset recovery management services as a percentage of the amount we collect on delinquent consumer receivables and charged-off mortgages on behalf of our clients and recognize revenue upon collection from the debtors. We also earn fees for packaging and selling charged-off mortgages and recognize revenue after the sale of the notes and once the risks and rewards of the mortgage notes are transferred to the purchasers. In addition, we provide customer relationship management services for which we earn and recognize revenue on a per-call, per-person or per-minute basis as the related services are performed.

Technology Services: For our REALSuite platform, we charge based on the number of our clients’ loans processed on the system or on a per-transaction basis. We record transactional revenue when the service is provided and other revenue monthly based on the number of loans processed, employees serviced or services provided. Furthermore, we provide information technology (“IT”) infrastructure services to Ocwen Financial Corporation (“Ocwen”) and its subsidiaries, Home Loan Servicing Solutions, Ltd. (“HLSS”), Altisource Residential Corporation (“Residential”) and Altisource Asset Management Corporation (“AAMC”) and charge for these services primarily based on the number of employees that are using the applicable systems and the number and type of licensed products used by Ocwen and its subsidiaries, HLSS, Residential and AAMC. We record revenue associated with implementation services upon completion and maintenance ratably over the related service period.

For Equator’s software applications, we recognize revenue from arrangements with multiple deliverables in accordance with ASC Subtopic 605-25, Revenue Recognition: Multiple-Element Arrangements (“ASC 605-25”), and Securities and Exchange Commission Staff Accounting Bulletin Topic 13, Revenue Recognition (“SAB Topic 13”). ASC 605-25 and SAB Topic 13 require each deliverable within a multiple-deliverable revenue arrangement to be accounted for as a separate unit if both of the following criteria are met: (1) the delivered item or items have value to the customer on a standalone basis and (2) for an arrangement that includes a general right of return relative to the delivered item(s), delivery or performance of the undelivered item(s) is considered probable and substantially in the seller’s control. Deliverables not meeting the criteria for accounting treatment as a separate unit are combined with a deliverable that meets that criterion. Equator derives its revenue from platform services fees, professional services fees and other services. Equator does not begin to recognize revenue for platform services fees until these fees become billable, as the services fees are not fixed and determinable until such time. Platform services fees are recognized ratably over the shorter of the term of the contract with the customer or the minimum cancellation period. Professional services fees consist primarily of configuration services related to customizing the platform for individual customers and are generally billed as the hours are worked. Due to the essential and specialized nature of the configuration services, these services do not qualify as separate units of accounting separate from the platform services as the delivered services do not have value to the customer on a standalone basis. Therefore, the related fees are recorded as deferred revenue until the project configuration is complete and then recognized ratably over the longer of the term of the agreement or the estimated expected customer life. Other services consist primarily of training, including agent certification, and consulting services. These services are generally sold separately and are recognized as revenue as the services are performed and earned.

Income Taxes — We account for certain income and expense items differently for financial purposes and income tax purposes. We recognize deferred income tax assets and liabilities for these differences between the financial reporting basis and the tax basis of our assets and liabilities as well as expected benefits of utilizing net operating loss and credit carryforwards. The most significant temporary differences relate to accrued compensation, amortization and loss and credit carryforwards. We measure deferred income tax assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which we anticipate recovery or settlement of those temporary differences. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period when the change is enacted. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance when it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred assets will not be realized.

Tax laws are complex and subject to different interpretations by the taxpayer and respective governmental taxing authorities. Significant judgment is required in determining tax expense and in evaluating tax positions including evaluating uncertainties under ASC Topic 740, Income Taxes.

Adoption of New Accounting Pronouncement

Effective January 1, 2012, the Company adopted new guidance on goodwill impairment testing that simplifies how an entity tests goodwill for impairment. This new guidance allows an entity to first assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying value as a basis for determining whether it needs to perform the quantitative two-step goodwill impairment test. Only if an entity determines, based on qualitative assessment, that it is more likely than not that a reporting unit’s fair value is less than its carrying value will it be required to calculate the fair value of the reporting unit. The qualitative assessment is optional and the Company is permitted to bypass it for any reporting unit in any period and begin its impairment analysis with the quantitative calculation. In 2013, the Company determined that, based upon the qualitative assessment, the fair value of its reporting units’ goodwill was not less than the carrying values. The Company is permitted to perform the qualitative assessment in any subsequent period.

Future Adoption of New Accounting Pronouncement

In July 2013, the Financial Accounting Standards Board issued guidance on the disclosure requirements for unrecognized tax benefits, or a portion of an unrecognized tax benefit. This new guidance requires the Company to present an unrecognized tax benefit as a reduction to a deferred tax asset for a net operating loss carryforward, a similar tax loss, or a tax credit carryforward, with some exceptions. This new guidance is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those years, beginning after December 15, 2013. We do not anticipate a material impact on our consolidated financial statements as a result of this guidance.