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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2022
Accounting Policies [Abstract]  
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Basis of Presentation
Our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Castle Biosciences, Inc. and our wholly owned subsidiaries and have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (‘‘U.S. GAAP’’). All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.
Unaudited Interim Financial Information
The accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheet as of September 30, 2022; the condensed consolidated statements of operations, the condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive loss, the condensed consolidated statements of stockholders’ equity for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021; and the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021 are unaudited. The unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared on the same basis as the audited annual financial statements and, in the opinion of management, reflect all adjustments, which include only normal recurring adjustments, necessary for the fair statement of our consolidated financial position as of September 30, 2022, the results of our consolidated operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021 and our consolidated cash flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021. The financial data and other information disclosed in these notes related to the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021 are also unaudited. The results for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 are not necessarily indicative of results to be expected for the year ending December 31, 2022, any other interim periods, or any future year or period. The balance sheet as of December 31, 2021 included herein was derived from the audited financial statements as of that date. Certain disclosures have been condensed or omitted from the unaudited interim consolidated financial statements. These unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with our audited consolidated financial statements included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 28, 2022.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities as of the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Significant items subject to such estimates include revenue recognition, the valuation of stock-based compensation, assessing future tax exposure and the realization of deferred tax assets, the useful lives and recoverability of long-lived assets, the valuation of acquired intangible assets, the valuation of contingent consideration and other contingent liabilities. We base these estimates on historical and anticipated results, trends, and various other assumptions that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, including assumptions as to future events. These estimates form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities and recorded revenues and expenses that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results could differ from those estimates and assumptions. We have considered the potential impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our estimates and assumptions. The extent to which the COVID-19 pandemic may impact our estimates in future periods is uncertain and subject to change.
Cash and Cash Equivalents including Concentrations of Credit Risk
Cash equivalents consist of short-term, highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less. Our cash equivalents consist of money market funds, which are not insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”), that are primarily invested in short-term U.S. government obligations. Cash deposits at financial institutions may exceed the amount of insurance provided by the FDIC. Management believes that we are not exposed to significant credit risk on our cash deposits due to the financial position of the institutions in which deposits are held. We have not experienced any losses on our cash or cash equivalents.
Marketable Investment Securities
All debt securities are recognized in accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board (‘‘FASB’’) Accounting Standards Codification (‘‘ASC’’) Topic 320, Investments-Debt Securities (‘‘ASC 320’’). Management determines the appropriate classification of securities at the time of purchase and re-evaluates such determination at each balance sheet date. All debt securities are classified as available-for-sale and are recorded at fair value in accordance with ASC 320. We recognize the unrealized gains and losses related to changes in fair value as a separate component of accumulated other comprehensive loss within total stockholders’ equity, net of related deferred income tax effects on our condensed consolidated balance sheets. Premiums or discounts from par value are amortized to interest income over the life of the underlying investment. Realized gains and losses on available-for-sale securities are calculated at the individual security level and included in interest income in the condensed consolidated statements of operations. Impairments on available-for-sale debt securities, if any, are recorded in condensed consolidated statements of operations. See Notes 5 and 11 for further details.
Revenue Recognition
In accordance with ASC Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC 606”), we follow a five-step process to recognize revenues: (1) identify the contract with the customer, (2) identify the performance obligations, (3) determine the transaction price, (4) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations and (5) recognize revenues when the performance obligations are satisfied. We have determined that we have a contract with the patient when the treating clinician orders the test. Our contracts generally contain a single performance obligation, which is the delivery of the test report, and we satisfy our performance obligation at a point in time upon the delivery of the test report to the treating physician, at which point we can bill for the report. The amount of revenue recognized reflects the amount of consideration to which we expect to be entitled, or the transaction price, and considers the effects of variable consideration. See Note 3 for further details.
Accounts Receivable and Allowance for Credit Losses
We classify accounts receivable balances that are expected to be paid more than one year from the consolidated balance sheet date as noncurrent assets. The estimated timing of payment utilized as a basis for classification as noncurrent is determined by analyses of historical payor-specific payment experience, adjusted for known factors that are expected to change the timing of future payments.
We accrue an allowance for credit losses against our accounts receivable based on management’s current estimate of amounts that will not be collected. Management’s estimates are typically based on historical loss information adjusted for current conditions. We generally do not perform evaluations of customers’ financial condition and generally do not require collateral. Historically, our credit losses have not been significant. The allowance for credit losses was zero as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021. Adjustments for implicit price concessions attributable to variable consideration, as discussed above, are incorporated into the measurement of the accounts receivable balances and are not part of the allowance for credit losses.
Goodwill
Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the net tangible and intangible assets acquired in a business combination. In accordance with ASC Topic 350, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other, our goodwill is not amortized but is tested for impairment on an annual basis or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that it may be impaired. We perform annual impairment reviews of our goodwill balance during the fourth quarter of each year. We may perform a qualitative assessment to determine if it is necessary to perform a quantitative impairment test. If we determine that a quantitative impairment test is necessary, we apply the guidance in Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2017-04, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment, by comparing the fair value of the reporting unit to its carrying value, including the goodwill. If the carrying value exceeds the fair value, we recognize an impairment loss for the amount by which the carrying value exceeds fair value, up to the total amount of goodwill allocated to the reporting unit. We did not incur any goodwill impairment losses in any of the periods presented.
Acquisitions
We assess acquisitions under ASC Topic 805, Business Combinations (“ASC 805”) to determine whether a transaction represents the acquisition of assets or a business combination. Under this guidance, we apply a two-step model. The first step involves a screening test where we evaluate whether substantially all of the fair value of the gross assets acquired is concentrated in a single asset or a group of similar assets. If the screening test is met, we account for the set as an asset acquisition. If the screening test is not met, we apply the second step of the model to determine if the set meets the definition of a business based on the guidance in ASC 805. If so, the transaction is treated as a business combination. Otherwise, it is treated as an asset acquisition. Asset acquisitions are accounted for by allocating the cost of the acquisition, including transaction costs, to the individual assets acquired and liabilities assumed on a relative fair value basis without recognition of goodwill. Business combinations are accounted for using the acquisition method. Under the acquisition method, goodwill is measured as a residual amount equal to the fair value of the consideration transferred less the net recognized fair value of the identifiable assets acquired and the liabilities assumed, as of the acquisition date, and transaction costs are expensed as incurred.
Contingent Consideration
Under the terms of business combinations or asset acquisitions, we may be required to pay additional consideration if specified future events occur or if certain conditions are met.
In a business combination, in accordance with ASC 805, contingent consideration is recorded at fair value as of the acquisition date and classified as liabilities or equity based on applicable U.S. GAAP. For contingent consideration classified as liabilities, we remeasure the contingent consideration at fair value each period with changes in fair value recorded in the statements of operations each period.
For contingent consideration in transactions that are not business combinations, we apply applicable U.S. GAAP. With respect to the additional consideration that may be payable in connection with the acquisitions of Cernostics, Inc. (“Cernostics”), an asset acquisition we completed on December 3, 2021, we account for the contingent consideration as a liability in accordance with ASC Topic 480, Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity (“ASC 480”), under the guidance for obligations that must or may be settled by issuance of a variable number of shares. In accordance with ASC 480, we record the contingent consideration initially and subsequently at fair value with changes in fair value recorded in the statements of operations each period.
Contingent consideration is classified as current or noncurrent in our condensed consolidated balance sheets based on the contractual timing of future settlement. For additional information on contingent consideration, see Notes 6 and 11.
Accrued Compensation
We accrue for liabilities under discretionary employee and executive bonus plans. These estimated compensation liabilities are based on progress against corporate objectives approved by our board of directors, compensation levels of eligible individuals, and target bonus percentage levels. Our board of directors reviews and evaluates the performance against these objectives and ultimately determines the actual achievement levels attained. We also accrue for liabilities under employee sales incentive bonus plans with accruals based on performance achieved to date compared to established targets. As of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, we accrued $13,667,000 and $12,071,000, respectively, for liabilities associated with these bonus plans. These amounts are classified as current or noncurrent accrued liabilities in the condensed consolidated balance sheets based on the expected timing of payment.
Comprehensive Loss
Comprehensive loss is defined as a change in equity during a period from transactions and other events and circumstances from non-owner sources. Comprehensive loss is made up of net loss plus other comprehensive loss, if any.