10-K

Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes  No 

Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes  No 

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes  No 

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to submit such files). Yes  No 

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer”, “smaller reporting company”, and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the Registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. 

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes  No 

The aggregate market value of the Common Stock held by non-affiliates of the Registrant, based on the closing price of such shares as quoted on the NASDAQ Stock Market on June 30, 2023 was $76,669,841. For purposes of this computation, all officers, directors, and 10% beneficial owners of the Registrant are deemed to be affiliates. Such determination should not be deemed to be an admission that such officers, directors, or 10% beneficial owners are, in fact, affiliates of the Registrant.

The number of shares of Registrant’s Common Stock outstanding as of March 1, 2024, was 20,171,400.

The statements contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K that are not purely historical are forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, (the “Securities Act”), and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, (the “Exchange Act”). All statements other than statements of historical facts contained or incorporated herein by reference in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including statements regarding our future operating results, future financial position, business strategy, objectives, goals, plans, prospects, and markets, and plans and objectives for future operations, are forward-looking statements. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by terms such as “anticipates,” “believes,” “estimates,” “expects,” “intends,” “ targets,” “contemplates,” “projects,” “predicts,” “may,” “might,” “plan,” “will,” “would,” “should,” “could,” “can,” “potential,” “continue,” “objective,” or the negative of those terms, or similar expressions intended to identify forward-looking statements. However, not all forward-looking statements contain these identifying words. All forward-looking statements included herein are based on information available to us as of the date hereof and speak only as of such date. Except as required by law, we undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances after the date of such statements. The forward-looking statements contained in or incorporated by reference into this Annual Report on Form 10-K reflect our views as of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K about future events and are subject to risks, uncertainties, assumptions, and changes in circumstances that may cause our actual results, performance, or achievements to differ significantly from those expressed or implied in any forward-looking statement. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in the forward-looking statements are reasonable, we cannot guarantee future events, results, performance, or achievements. A number of factors could cause actual results to differ materially from those indicated by the forward-looking statements and other risks detailed from time to time in our reports to the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”).

Specific forward-looking statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K include, but are not limited to, our belief that our recycling services are comprehensive, innovative, and cost effective; our belief that a disciplined approach to customer acquisition is enabling us to renew and grow business that contributes to profitable growth; our belief that we are not exposed to significant currency or credit risks arising from our cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable, accrued liabilities, deferred revenue, and notes payable; our belief that by developing and aggregating strategic solutions, we are unique in our ability to offer comprehensive national solutions in the highly fractionalized waste, disposal, and recycling service business; our plan to expand to serve growing industries that we do not currently service, but that generate waste streams and recyclables that can benefit from our ability to manage a large variety of waste streams and recyclables, respond quickly to service requests, and provide what we consider industry-leading collection, processing, and data reporting; our plan to expand the types of waste streams and recyclables covered by our services; our plan to capitalize on the significant market, technology, and process opportunities available in the environmental and recycling services industry; our plan to identify, investigate, develop, and deliver new technologies and processes that we believe have the potential to contribute additional economic and financial value; our intention to continue to enhance the comprehensive, one-stop recycling services that we provide for the waste streams and recyclables produced by our business customers; our intention to emphasize the monetary advantages of recycling by demonstrating to businesses their ability to capture the commodity value of their waste streams and recyclables, reduce their disposal costs, enhance their management of environmental risks, enhance their legal and regulatory compliance, and achieve their sustainability goals; our intention to continue to expand the customer base for our services by focusing on the expertise we have gained and the value proposition that we offer to our business customers in terms of lower overall removal costs, recyclable commodity value, flexible programs, broad service offerings, and a national footprint that we believe provides us with competitive advantages in expanding our customer base; our intention to leverage the demands by governmental authorities and by the public to expand efforts to recycle materials because of concerns about sustainability, greenhouse gases, global warming, pollution, and other environmental concerns; our expectation that the recycling industry will continue to increase as landfill space decreases and businesses and consumers seek alternatives to delivering their recyclables and disposables to landfills; our expectation that the Environmental Protection Agency (“EPA”) and state and local governments will continue the present trend of restricting the amount of potentially recyclable material bound for landfills; our belief that governmental restrictions, along with the economic value of recyclables, may create additional opportunities as proper disposal of materials becomes more specialized; our goal to be a leading environmental services company; the key elements of our strategy to achieve our goal; our plans to continue to broaden the range of industries we serve and the nature and extent of the services we provide, which enables us to constantly target new customers and provide additional services to existing customers; our belief that there is a need among those interested in the environment for a convenient, efficient, and centralized gathering place to obtain and share news and information; our plan to increase our sales and marketing efforts; our strategic goal to continue to diversify our customer base; our intention to conduct our operations in compliance with applicable laws and regulations and to assist our customers in their compliance with applicable environmental laws and regulations; our plan to continue to pursue an “asset light” strategy that utilizes third-party vendors or subcontractors for the collection, sorting, and processing of recyclable and waste materials for businesses; our belief that this strategy results in a scalable business model; our expectations regarding capital expenditures; our plan to increase our recycling and waste services business; our expectations regarding our capital requirements and the uses of such capital; our plan to continue to expand our work force to continue to enhance our business and operating results; our belief that there is significant competition for qualified personnel with the skills and knowledge that we require; our expectation that we will enter into strategic alliances; our plan to review strategic opportunities to buy other businesses that would complement our current service offerings, expand the scope of our service offerings, expand the breadth of our markets and sales channels, enhance our technical capabilities, or otherwise offer growth opportunities; our acquisition strategy; our intent to further acquire other businesses; our belief that we are well positioned to identify and evaluate acquisition candidates and assess their growth prospects; our belief that we are regarded as

an attractive acquirer; our intention to issue additional securities pursuant to our equity incentive plan and our employee stock purchase plan may issue equity or convertible securities in the future; our plan to retain any future earnings to finance our operations and growth plans; and our belief that our existing cash and cash equivalents, available borrowing under our credit facility, placements of our securities, and cash expected to be generated from operations will be sufficient to fund our operations for the next 12 months.

All forward-looking statements included herein are based on information available to us as of the date hereof and speak only as of such date. Except as required by law, we undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances after the date of such statements. The forward-looking statements contained in or incorporated by reference into this Annual Report on Form 10-K reflect our views as of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K about future events and are subject to risks, uncertainties, assumptions, and changes in circumstances that may cause our actual results, performance, or achievements to differ significantly from those expressed or implied in any forward-looking statement.

Although we believe that the expectations reflected in the forward-looking statements are reasonable, we cannot guarantee future events, results, performance, or achievements. A number of factors could cause actual results to differ materially from those indicated by the forward-looking statements, including the demand for our services; the state of the U.S. economy in general and the recycling and waste collection and disposal industry in particular; general economic conditions and the potential effect of inflationary pressures on our costs of doing business; the potential for increased regulation of waste, landfills, recyclable materials, and other environmental concerns; speculation concerning waste and recyclable materials and their impact on the environment; the commodity value of our customers’ waste streams; our growth opportunities; our anticipated growth; our ability to increase demand for our services in various markets; the position of our services in the recycling and waste collection and disposal industry; our strategies; our ability to introduce new service offerings; the success of new service offerings; our ability to expand into other markets and industries; our ability to integrate acquired businesses in a successful manner; the general growth of our recycling services business; and other risks detailed from time to time in our reports to the SEC, including this Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023.

Quest Resource Holding Corporation (“Quest”, “the Company”, “our company,” “we,” “us” and “our”) is a national provider of waste and recycling services to customers from across multiple industry sectors that are typically larger, multi-location businesses. We create customer-specific programs and perform the related services for the collection, processing, recycling, disposal, and tracking of waste streams and recyclables to maximize resource utilization. Our programs and services enable our customers to address their business, sustainability and Environmental, Social and Governance (“ESG”) goals and responsibilities.

We believe our services are comprehensive, innovative, and cost effective. Our services are designed to enable our business customers to capture the commodity value of their waste streams and recyclables, better manage their disposal and total operating costs, enhance their management of environmental risks, enhance their legal and regulatory compliance, and achieve their business and environmental goals while maximizing the efficiency of their assets. Our services currently focus on the waste streams and recyclables from big box retailers, including grocers and other specialty retailers; transportation, logistics, and fleet operators; manufacturing and industrial facilities; automotive after-market operations such as automotive maintenance, quick lube, dealerships, and collision repair; multi-family and commercial properties; restaurant chains and food operations; malls and shopping centers; and construction and demolition projects. We currently concentrate on programs for recycling cardboard, pallets, wood waste, metal, glass, motor oil and automotive lubricants, oil filters, scrap tires, oily water, goods destruction, food waste, meat renderings, cooking oil and grease trap waste, plastics, mixed paper, construction debris, as well as a large variety of regulated and non-regulated solid, liquid, and gas wastes. In addition, we offer products such as antifreeze and windshield washer fluid, dumpster and compacting equipment, and other minor ancillary services.

Quest also provides information and data that tracks and reports the detailed transactional and environmental results of our services and provides actionable data to improve business operations. The data we generate enables our customers to address their environmental goals and responsibilities and to report to internal and external parties such as employees, investors, business partners, and governmental agencies.

The waste and recycling market in North America was approximately $200 billion in 2019 according to Allied Market Research and is greatly driven by the solid waste collection and disposal business. The size of the recycling industry has increased in recent years and is expected to continue to increase as environmental concerns increase, landfill space decreases, businesses and consumers seek alternatives to delivering their recyclables and disposables to landfills, and businesses are subject to increased expectations to exhibit and report on their environmental actions and impact. ESG reporting requirements have driven demand for comprehensive and reliable data. Although society and industry have increased the awareness of environmental issues, such as recycling, reuse, and proper disposal, waste production also continues to increase. Because of environmental concerns, local government regulations, and cost factors, it has become increasingly difficult to obtain the necessary permits to build any new landfills. There is recognition by U.S. public agencies, businesses, and consumers that many items deposited in landfills have commodity value or usability as material for new products. Improvements in recycling and reuse technologies and efficient secondary markets for recycled commodities have made recycling a cost-attractive alternative.

Regulatory measures and more stringent control of material bound for disposal make the management of solid waste a difficult problem. The EPA, and state and local governments are generally expected to continue the present trend of restricting the amount of potentially recyclable material bound for landfills. Governmental authorities have passed, or are reported to be contemplating, measures that require industrial and commercial companies to recycle all or a portion of their disposable materials and restrict the percentage of recyclable materials in any commercial load of disposable material. We believe that these measures, along with the economic value of recyclable materials, may create additional opportunities as proper disposal of materials becomes more specialized. Some large industrial and commercial companies have in-house personnel that handle their solid waste management and recycling responsibilities, but many have found that in-house handling of these responsibilities may not be an effective solution without adequate knowledge, experience, resources, and staff support. We offer these companies and other establishments a solution to this increasing burden.

Our goal is to be a leading environmental services company. Key elements of our strategy to achieve our goal include the following:

We provide businesses across multiple industry sectors with a single source service solution for the reuse, recycling, and disposal of a wide variety of waste streams and recyclables generated by their operations. In addition, we help customers to safely transport, treat, and dispose of a full spectrum of non-recyclable regulated and non-regulated waste.

We provide a single point of contact for managing the wide variety of disposables and recyclables produced. Our services can help our customers better manage their operational expenses, maximize the value of their recyclable commodities, comply with federal, state and local regulations, and help them foster environmental stability and sustainability.

We can provide disposal and recycling services for virtually all forms of solids and liquids, with our current services being primarily related to cardboard, paper, metals, used motor oil, oil filters, scrap tires, plastics, grease, cooking oil, food waste, expired food

products, glass, industrial cleaning (separator cleaning and tank cleaning), construction debris, universal waste (batteries, mercury, lights), regulated waste, and electronic devices.

Many waste materials (such as scrap metal, cardboard, plastics, used cooking oil, and automotive fluids) have commodity value that can be recovered and converted into new products and resources. Recovering valuable materials is a key factor in lower-waste and zero-waste initiatives and presents a profitable opportunity for businesses. The recovery of valuable materials is a strong motivator to educate businesses and consumers about proper disposal.

We provide our services on a national basis as well as in certain international regions. We currently service tens of thousands of locations for various customers throughout the United States (including Puerto Rico) and Canada. Our customers generally have multiple locations. We continue to broaden the range of industries we serve and the nature and extent of the services we provide, which enables us to constantly target new customers and provide additional services to existing customers.

Our recycling services often reduce our customers’ disposal costs by reducing the level of disposable material delivered to landfills and capturing the commodity value of their waste streams and recyclables. We are independent of any specific materials hauler or recycling facility operator, which allows us to seek the best services and optimize the cost of services.

We provide certain industries and businesses with specialized services, such as the following:

Government regulations for waste and recycling are extensive and complex, making reporting and documentation central components of our value to customers. The wide variety of recycling and waste services, volumes, diversion data, and related documents are organized in a cloud-based, centralized data collection providing operational insight, environmental tracking, and flexible reporting. ESG and sustainability initiatives are further driving the need for accurate and complete data of waste materials and the associated operations. We will continue to leverage new technologies and processes to advance our data and reporting capabilities to meet the evolving needs of our customers.

We market our services throughout the United States primarily through a direct sales force and selected strategic partnerships. Our sales and marketing efforts focus on emphasizing the benefits of our nationwide, one-stop, comprehensive service offerings and the

ability to improve overall operational economics, maximize the value of their recyclable commodities, and foster the benefits of environmental sustainability. We plan to continue to increase our sales and marketing efforts.

We have targeted various industries for marketing our sustainability services. Some of the industries that we target are as follows:

We generally enter into multi-year contracts with our customers that are designed to provide us with recurring monthly revenue. These contracts structure our revenue primarily in three ways: fixed fee, contracted pricing, or revenue from the sale of commodities.

Our business depends to a significant extent on revenue from our largest customers. Any material reduction in the business we do with those customers could have an adverse effect on our company. Two customers accounted for 29% of our revenue for the year ended December 31, 2023, and two customers accounted for 24% of our revenue for the year ended December 31, 2022.

We believe that we are unique in our ability to offer comprehensive national solutions in the highly fractionalized waste, disposal, and recycling service business. Through customer service driven culture, national presence, logistics management, compliance, and commodity brokerage, our solution delivers the critical knowhow and experience necessary to implement and execute multi-point reuse, recycling, disposal, and waste management services.

The recycling and waste disposal industry as a whole is dominated by large multi-billion dollar companies, such as Waste Management and Republic Services. To date, these large companies have concentrated on their traditional business of collecting waste for disposal in their landfills rather than recycling, which reduces the need for landfills. The strategies of these large companies could change at any time, and we could begin to experience substantially increased competition from them. These companies have substantially greater market recognition, substantially larger customer bases, and substantially greater financial, technical, marketing, distribution, and other resources than we possess and that afford them competitive advantages over us. As a result, they may be able to devote greater

resources to the promotion and sale of services similar to those we offer, to provide comparable services at lower prices, and to introduce new solutions and respond to customer requirements more quickly than we can.

Our services address a broad and comprehensive scope of materials such as cardboard, pallets, plastics, metals, solid waste, motor oil, scrap tires, grease, meat, organics, regulated and hazardous waste, and construction debris. Most of our competitors specialize in only one or a few of these service areas. In delivering our services, we have subcontracted at times to our competitors, thereby utilizing them as our subcontractors.

While we have many competitors for certain aspects of our business, we are unaware of any provider that provides the wide breadth of our waste, recycling, and data services, deliverable across all locations in the United States and Canada, with flexibility to adapt and modify programs and to comprehensively deliver sustainable solutions.

We use our best efforts to be in compliance with federal, state, and local environmental laws, including the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act of 1980, as amended, the Hazardous Materials Transportation Act, as amended, the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, as amended, the Clean Air Act, as amended, and the Clean Water Act. Such compliance has not historically constituted a material expense to us.

The collection and disposal of solid waste and rendering of related environmental services as well as recycling operations and issues are subject to federal, state, and local requirements, which regulate health, safety, the environment, zoning, and land-use. Federal, state, and local regulations vary, but generally govern hauling, disposal, and recycling activities and the location and use of facilities and also impose restrictions to prohibit or minimize air and water pollution. In addition, governmental authorities have the power to enforce compliance with these regulations and to obtain injunctions or impose fines in the case of violations, including criminal penalties. The EPA and various other federal, state, and local environmental, health, and safety agencies and authorities, including the Occupational Safety and Health Administration of the Department of Labor, administer those regulations.

We strive to conduct our operations in compliance with applicable laws and regulations and to assist our customers in their compliance with applicable environmental laws and regulations. While such amounts expended in environmental compliance in the past or that we anticipate spending in the future have not had and are not expected to have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or operations, the possibility remains that technological, regulatory, or enforcement developments, the results of environmental studies, or other factors could materially alter this expectation.

Each state in which we operate has its own laws and regulations governing solid waste disposal, water and air pollution and, in most cases, releases and cleanup of hazardous substances and liability for such matters. Several governmental authorities have enacted laws that will require counties to adopt comprehensive plans to reduce the volume of solid waste landfills through waste planning, composting, recycling, or other programs. Legislative and regulatory measures to mandate or encourage waste reduction at the source and materials recycling also are under consideration by Congress and the EPA.

Finally, various states have enacted, or are considering enacting, laws that restrict the disposal within the state of solid or hazardous wastes generated outside the state. While courts have declared unconstitutional laws that overtly discriminate against out of state waste, courts have upheld some laws that are less overtly discriminatory. Challenges to other such laws are pending.

We currently pursue an “asset light” strategy that utilizes third-party subcontractors for the collection, sorting, and processing of recyclable and waste materials for businesses. While we own a limited amount of compacting and other service equipment, we do not own significant recycling or waste management assets, such as trucks, processing facilities or landfills, or have a significant number of employees devoted to in-the-field recycling operations. Instead, our asset light strategy allows us to leverage the entire market of available facilities, equipment and processes to meet our customers’ needs. We maintain strong relationships with a multitude of subcontractors, leveraging as many as 1,900 or more at any given time to service our customer base. This strategy results in a scalable business model that enables us to concentrate on our core competencies of developing service solutions that are attractive to customers and the sale of recyclable materials at the highest prices, enables us to render our services on a national basis without the need for multiple facilities or numerous vehicles, allows us to negotiate with multiple providers for the best cost of service, and reduces our capital expenditures and working capital requirements.

As of December 31, 2023, we employed a total of 198 persons, of whom 195 were full time employees. Three were executive employees, 108 were administrative and customer services employees, 74 were accounting and finance employees and 13 were sales and marketing employees. We consider our relationship with our employees to be good. None of our employees are represented by a union in collective bargaining with us.

We own or have filed applications for numerous federally registered trademarks and logos, including the following:

We were incorporated in Nevada in July 2002 under the name BlueStar Financial Group, Inc. Prior to 2010, we were a “shell company” under the rules of the SEC. On March 30, 2010, we (i) closed a transaction to acquire Youchange, Inc., an Arizona corporation, or “Youchange”, as a wholly owned subsidiary, (ii) ceased being a shell company, and (iii) experienced a change in control in which the former stockholders of Youchange acquired control of our company. In May 2010, we changed our name to YouChange Holdings Corp.

On October 17, 2012, immediately prior to closing a merger transaction with Earth911, Inc., or “Earth911”, we filed Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation to (i) change our name to Infinity Resources Holdings Corp., (ii) increase our shares of common stock, par value $.001 per share (the “Common Stock”), authorized for issuance, (iii) authorize shares of preferred stock to be designated in series or classes as our board of directors may determine, (iv) effect a reverse split of our Common Stock, and (v) divide our board of directors into classes, as nearly equal in number as possible. On October 17, 2012, we closed the merger transaction, or the “Earth911 Merger”, to acquire Earth911 as a wholly-owned subsidiary and experienced a change in control in which the former stockholders of Earth911 acquired control of our company.

On July 16, 2013, we acquired all of the issued and outstanding membership interests of Quest Resource Management Group, LLC, or “QRMG”, held by Quest Resource Group LLC, or “QRG”, comprising 50% of the membership interests of QRMG, or the “QRMG Interests.” Our wholly owned subsidiary, Earth911, held the remaining 50% of the membership interests of QRMG for several years. Concurrently with our acquisition of the QRMG Interests, we assigned the QRMG Interests to Earth911 so that Earth911 now holds 100% of the issued and outstanding membership interests of QRMG. On October 28, 2013, we changed our name to Quest Resource Holding Corporation, increased our shares of Common Stock authorized for issuance, and changed our trading symbol to “QRHC.”

On February 20, 2018, we entered into an Asset Purchase Agreement with Earth Media Partners, LLC to sell certain assets of our wholly owned subsidiary, Earth 911, related to the Earth911.com website business in exchange for an aggregate earn-out amount of approximately $350,000 and a 19% interest in Earth Media Partners, LLC. Earth911 was subsequently renamed Quest Sustainability Services, Inc.

On October 19, 2020, we acquired substantially all of the assets used in the business of Green Remedies Waste and Recycling, Inc. (“Green Remedies”), a leading provider of independent environmental services, particularly in multi-family housing, located in Burlington, NC.

On December 7, 2021, we acquired all of the outstanding membership interests of RWS Facility Services, LLC (“RWS”), a full-service management company engaged in the brokering of recycling, waste and sustainability solutions, located in Chadds Ford, PA. We made other strategic acquisitions in 2021, including the acquisition of environmental services companies in Atlanta, GA, Louisville, KY and Greenville, SC.

On February 10, 2022, we acquired an independent environmental services company that primarily services customers in the northeast region of the United States for approximately $3.35 million. This acquisition was paid in cash and was financed with a draw down on the term loan pursuant to the existing Credit Agreement with Monroe Capital as described in Note 7 to the consolidated financial statements.

Our principal executive offices are located at 3481 Plano Parkway, Suite 100, The Colony, Texas 75056, and our telephone number is (972) 464-0004. Our website address is https://investors.qrhc.com. The information on our website is not incorporated by reference into this Annual Report on Form 10-K or in any other report or document we file with the SEC.

We file reports with the SEC, including Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, and any other filings required by the SEC. Through our website, we make available free of charge our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, and all amendments to those reports, as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such material with, or furnish it to, the SEC.

The public may read and copy any materials we file with, or furnish to, the SEC at the SEC’s Public Reference Room at 100 F Street, NE, Washington, DC 20549. The public may obtain information on the operation of the Public Reference Room by calling the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330. The SEC maintains an Internet site at www.sec.gov that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC.

An investment in our securities involves a high degree of risk. Certain factors may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations. You should carefully consider the risks and uncertainties described below, together with the other information contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including our consolidated financial statements and related notes. The risks and uncertainties described below are not the only ones we face. Additional risks and uncertainties that we are unaware of, or that we currently believe are not material, may also become important factors that adversely affect our business. If any of the following risks actually occurs, our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, and future prospects could be seriously harmed. This could cause the trading price of our Common Stock to decline and result in the loss of all or part of your investment.

We have incurred historical net losses and could have net losses in the future as we take steps to expand our business, which may negatively impact our ability to achieve our business objectives and our profit margins.

As a result of historical operating losses, we had an accumulated deficit of $110,048,252 as of December 31, 2023. The development of our business will require us to continue to make significant expenditures and incur substantial expenses. These significant expenditures and expenses are needed to expand our customer base and recycling services, enhance our technologies, implement internal systems and infrastructure and hire additional personnel. As a result, we may incur losses as we expand our business and there is no assurance that we will maintain profitability in the near future or at all. If we incur substantial losses and are unable to secure additional financing, we could be forced to discontinue or curtail our business operations; sell assets at unfavorable prices; refinance existing debt obligations on terms unfavorable to us; or merge, consolidate, or combine with a company with greater financial resources in a transaction that may be unfavorable to us.

Our business depends to a certain extent upon our largest customers, and any material reduction in our business with those customers or changes to their contractual terms could have an adverse effect on our company.

We depend on a small number of customers and the loss of one or more major customers could have a material adverse effect on our business. For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 , two of our customers accounted for 29% and 24% of our revenues, respectively. Given these percentages, the success of our business depends to a certain extent on our relationship with our largest customers and our failure to maintain our business with these customers could have an adverse effect on our business and revenue. Furthermore, our contractual arrangements with our major customers generally are on a multi-year basis and pertain to the management of only certain forms of materials. These contractual arrangements typically have a term of two to three years and they do not typically provide us with firm, long-term volume commitments. As a result, our customers are able to cancel, reduce, or delay our services to them at any time which could cause our revenue to decline. The terms of these contractual arrangements with our major customers or with a significant number of our other customers are also subject to change and such changes could have an adverse effect on our company.

To expand our recycling and waste services business, we must attract additional customers and expand the services we offer.

We plan to reduce our dependence on our largest customers but such reduction will require us to attract additional customers and expand the recycling and waste management services we offer. Our ability to expand successfully will depend upon a number of factors, including the following:

We may not be able to enhance our existing recycling, reuse, and proper disposal solutions and develop new solutions in a timely manner.

Our future operating results will depend to a significant extent on our ability to continue to provide efficient and innovative recycling, reuse, and disposal services that compare favorably with alternative services on the basis of cost, performance, and customer preferences. Our success in maintaining our existing customers and attracting new customers depends on various factors, including the following:

Our inability to enhance our existing services and develop new services on a timely basis could harm our operating results and impede our growth.

We rely on independent third-party subcontractors to provide recycling services to our customers, and any interruptions of these arrangements could increase our costs, disrupt our services, and result in our inability to service our recycling customers, which would adversely affect our business.

We outsource the collection, processing, recycling, and disposal of waste streams and recyclables to independent third-party subcontractors. We rely on our subcontractors to maintain high levels of service. The loss of our relationships with our subcontractors, or their failure to conduct their services for us as anticipated in terms of cost, quality, and timeliness could adversely affect our ability to service our customers in accordance with certain service, quality, and performance requirements. If this were to occur, the resulting decline in profitability could harm our business. Securing new high-quality and cost-effective subcontractors frequently is time-consuming and may not be successful, which could result in reduced revenue and various unforeseen operational problems.

Our subcontractors may maintain their own operations or serve other customers, a number of which may provide them with more business than we do. As a result, our subcontractors could determine to prioritize their capacity for their own operations or for other customers or reduce or eliminate services for us on short notice. If we have any such problems, we may be unable to service our customers in a cost-effective, high-quality, or timely manner, particularly in certain geographical areas, which may adversely affect our business and operating results. Our subcontractors also may seek to compete with us for customers they serve on our behalf or potential customers that we desire to serve.

We may face potential environmental liabilities that may not be covered by our insurance, and changes in insurance costs and availability may also impact our financial results.

We may incur liabilities for damage to the environment as a result of the operations of our third-party subcontractors. While we do not conduct physical haulage, recycling, or disposal operations, we retain third-party service providers to carry on those activities. These operations may expose us to liability for environmental damages, in some cases even if we did not directly cause the environmental damage. Further, under our agreements with our customers, we are often required to indemnify our customers from any liabilities or claims arising out of our actions or those of our subcontractors and from any release, threatened release, handling, or storage of hazardous and other materials from our customers’ premises as a result of or connected with the performance of services by us or our

subcontractors to our customers. If we were to incur substantial liability for environmental damage, our or our subcontractors’ insurance coverage may be inadequate to cover such liability. Also, because of the variable condition of the insurance market, we may experience future increases in self-insurance levels, retention levels, and premiums. This could have a material adverse impact on our financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows.

Fluctuations in prices for recycled commodities that we sell to third parties may adversely affect our revenue and to a lesser extent our operating income and cash flows.

We process a variety of recyclable materials for sale to third parties that can be subject to price fluctuations, including cardboard, metal, motor oil and oil filters, paper, plastics, and pallets, and we may directly or indirectly receive proceeds from the sale of such recyclable materials. Our results of operations may be affected by changing prices or market requirements for recyclable materials. The resale and purchase prices of, and market demand for, recyclable materials can be volatile because of changes in economic conditions and numerous other factors beyond our control. These fluctuations may affect the cost of and demand for our services and our future revenue, operating income, and cash flows. For example, a decline in oil prices would have an adverse effect on our revenue.

Cyberattacks and security vulnerabilities could lead to increased costs, liability claims, unauthorized access to customer data, or harm to our reputation.

We operate in an environment characterized by evolving cybersecurity threats including data theft, phishing attacks, and ransomware. We believe risks associated with these threats are reasonably likely to impact our business operations. Our business relies heavily on information technology systems, applications, and networks. Any disruption, compromise, or failure could result in operational downtime, customer loss, financial loss, and reputational damage.

We engage third-party vendors and service providers whose security practices may impact our cybersecurity posture. The failure of these parties to maintain adequate security measures could compromise our data, information systems, and customers.

A significant disruption in our computer systems or problems with our computer and communication systems may harm our business.

We rely extensively on our computer systems to manage a variety of business processes. For example, an element of our strategy is to generate and provide content, data, and reporting on our website portals to and from third parties. Accordingly, the satisfactory performance, reliability, and availability of our systems, transaction-processing systems, and communications infrastructure are critical to our reputation and our ability to attract and retain customers and adequate customer service levels. However, we may experience periodic systems interruptions. Any substantial increase in the volume of traffic on our infrastructure may require us to expand and upgrade our technology, transaction-processing systems, and other features. We can provide no assurance that we will be able to project accurately the rate or timing of increases, if any, in the use of our infrastructure or timely expand and upgrade our systems and infrastructure to accommodate such increases. Our systems are also subject to damage or interruption from various sources, including power outages, computer and telecommunications failures, computer viruses, vandalism, severe weather conditions, catastrophic events, and human error. Our disaster recovery planning cannot account for all eventualities. If our systems are damaged, fail to function properly, or otherwise become unavailable, we may incur substantial costs to repair or replace them, and we may experience loss of critical data and interruptions or delays in our ability to perform critical functions, which could adversely affect our business and operating results.

We rely on third-party technology, server, and hardware providers for our operations and for maintaining our data, and a failure of service by these providers could adversely affect our business and reputation.

We rely upon third-party data center providers to host our main servers. In the event that these providers experience any interruption in operations or cease operations for any reason or if we are unable to agree on satisfactory terms for continued hosting relationships, we would be forced to enter into relationships with other service providers or assume hosting responsibilities ourselves. If we are forced to switch hosting facilities, we may not be successful in finding alternative service providers on acceptable terms or in hosting the computer servers ourselves. We may also be limited in our remedies against these providers in the event of a failure of service. We also rely on third-party providers for components of our technology platform, such as hardware and software providers and domain name registrars. A failure or limitation of service or available capacity by any of these third-party providers could adversely affect our business.

We may be subject to intellectual property claims that create uncertainty about ownership of technology essential to our business and divert our managerial and other resources.

There has been a substantial amount of litigation regarding intellectual property rights. We can provide no assurance that third parties will not claim infringement by us with respect to our current or future services, trademarks, or other proprietary rights. Our success depends, in part, on our ability to protect our intellectual property and to operate without infringing the intellectual property rights of others in the process. There can be no assurance that any of our intellectual property will be adequately safeguarded or that it will not be challenged by third parties. We may be subject to intellectual property infringement claims that would be costly to defend, could limit our ability to use certain critical technologies, and may divert our technical and management personnel from their normal responsibilities. We may not prevail in any of these suits. An adverse determination of any litigation or defense proceedings could

cause us to pay substantial damages, including treble damages, if we willfully infringe and also could increase the risk of our patent applications not being issued.

Furthermore, because of the substantial amount of discovery required in connection with intellectual property litigation, there is a risk that some of our confidential information could be compromised. In addition, during the intellectual property litigation, there could be public announcements of the results of hearings, motions, or other interim proceedings or developments in the litigation. If these results are perceived to be negative, it could have an adverse effect on our business.

The waste and recycling industries are subject to extensive government regulation, and existing or future regulations may adversely affect our current or future operations, increase our costs of operations, or require us to make additional capital expenditures.

Stringent government regulations at the federal, state, and local level may have substantial impact on our business, our third-party service providers, and our customers. A large number of complex laws, rules, orders, and interpretations govern environmental protection, health, safety, land use, zoning, transportation, and related matters. Among other things, these regulations may restrict the business of our third-party service providers’ and our customers’ operations and adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows by imposing conditions, such as the following:

Regulations affecting the siting, design, and closure of landfills could require our third-party service providers or customers to undertake investigatory or remedial activities, curtail operations, or close landfills temporarily or permanently. Future changes in these regulations may require our third-party service providers or our customers to modify, supplement, or replace equipment or facilities. The costs of complying with these regulations could be substantial, and may reduce the ability or willingness of our customers to use our services. This may adversely affect our results of operations.

Environmental advocacy groups and regulatory agencies have focused on the potential role that greenhouse gases have on climate change. The adoption of laws and regulations to implement controls of greenhouse gases, including the imposition of fees or taxes, could adversely affect the operations of enterprises with which we do business. Additionally, certain states may adopt air pollution control regulations that are more stringent than existing and proposed federal regulations. Changing environmental regulations could require us or enterprises with which we do business to take any number of actions, including the purchase of emission allowances or installation of additional pollution control technology. These actions could make some operations less profitable and reduce the ability or willingness of our customers to use our services. In addition, the potential impacts of climate change on our operations are highly uncertain. Although the financial impact of these potential changes is not reasonably estimable at this time, our operations in certain locations and those of our customers and suppliers could potentially be adversely affected, which could adversely affect our sales, profitability and cash flows.

Price increases may not be adequate to offset the impact of increased costs and may cause us to lose volume.

From time to time, our competitors may reduce the price of their services in an effort to expand their market share. General economic and market-specific conditions, as well as the concentration of our business with major companies, may also limit our ability to raise prices. As a result of these factors, we may be unable to offset increases in costs, improve our operating margins, and obtain returns through price increases.

We face intense competition from larger, more established companies, and we may not be able to compete effectively, which could reduce demand for our recycling services.

The waste materials industry as a whole is dominated by large national players, such as Waste Management and Republic Services. To date, these large companies have concentrated on their traditional business of collecting waste for disposal in their landfills rather than recycling. The strategies of these large companies could change at any time, and we could begin to experience substantially increased competition from them. These companies have substantially greater market recognition, substantially larger customer bases, and substantially greater financial, technical, marketing, distribution, and other resources than we possess and that afford them competitive advantages over us. As a result, they are able to devote greater resources to the promotion and sale of services similar to those that we provide, to provide comparable services at lower prices, and to introduce new solutions and respond to customer requirements more quickly than we can.

Our ability to compete successfully in the recycling services market depends on a number of factors, both within and outside our control. These factors include the following:

Our customers impose substantial requirements relating to the recycling and waste management services that we provide.

Our arrangements with our customers generally contain provisions including (a) relatively short contract terms with extensions at the discretion of the customer, (b) requirements that we assume full responsibility for all operational aspects of the services, (c) requirements that we comply with all applicable laws, regulations, and other governmental requirements, (d) requirements that we hold subcontractors to the same standards to which we are subject, (e) prohibitions on price increases without customer consent, (f) designation of service locations, service frequency, and equipment, (g) specifications on procedures for rendering services, (h) notification to customer of any spills, releases, or discharges of materials, (i) requirements that we supply a self-performance audit, (j) requirements that we render monthly or quarterly reports to the customer, (k) requirements that we render monthly invoicing in approved time frames and formats, and (l) requirements that we maintain specified records. If we are unable to meet the requirements in a significant number of these contracts, such contracts could be cancelled, and the cancellation of such contracts could have a material adverse effect on our financial results and operations.

Our current indebtedness requires us to comply with certain restrictive loan covenants which may limit our ability to operate our business.

Under the terms of our PNC Loan Agreement and our Credit Agreement (each as defined in Note 7 to the consolidated financial statements), we are subject to certain financial covenants, including a minimum fixed charge coverage ratio and a senior net leverage ratio. In addition, the PNC Loan Agreement and the Credit Agreement each contains negative covenants limiting, among other things, additional indebtedness, transactions with affiliates, additional liens, sales of assets, dividends, investments and advances, prepayments of debt, mergers and acquisitions, and other matter customarily restricted in such agreements. The PNC Loan Agreement and the Credit Agreement each also contains customary events of default, including payment defaults, breaches of representations and warranties, covenant defaults, events of bankruptcy and insolvency, change of control, and failure of any guaranty or security document supporting the PNC Loan Agreement or the Credit Agreement, as applicable, to be in full force and effect. Upon the occurrence of an event of default, the outstanding obligations under the PNC Loan Agreement and/or the Credit Agreement, as applicable, may be accelerated and become immediately due and payable. We can provide no assurance that, if we are unable to comply with these covenants in the future, we will be able to obtain the necessary waivers or amend our PNC Loan Agreement and/or our Credit Agreement to prevent a default.

A breach of any of these covenants or requirements could result in a default under our PNC Loan Agreement and/or our Credit Agreement. If we default under our PNC Loan Agreement and/or our Credit Agreement and we are unable to cure the default or obtain a waiver, we will not be able to access the credit available under our PNC Loan Agreement and/or our Credit Agreement, as applicable, and there can be no assurance that we would be able to obtain alternative financing. In addition, our level of indebtedness may limit our financial flexibility and could affect our operations. Even if new financing is available, it may not be on terms that are acceptable to us. No assurance can be given that our future operating results will be sufficient to achieve compliance with the covenants and requirements of our PNC Loan Agreement and our Credit Agreement.

Our variable rate indebtedness subjects us to interest rate risk, which could cause our debt service obligations to increase significantly.

All of the borrowings under the Company’s senior secured credit facilities bear interest at variable rates. As a result, an increase in interest rates, whether due to an increase in market interest rates or an increase in our own cost of borrowing, would increase the cost of servicing our debt even though the amount borrowed remained the same resulting in our net income and cash flows, including cash available for servicing our indebtedness, to decrease correspondingly. The amount of interest we incurred on our Monroe Term Loan (see Note 7 to our consolidated financial statements) and PNC Loan (see Note 7 to our consolidated financial statements) increased considerably during the year ended December 31, 2023, primarily as a result of the current year increase in market interest rates as compared to the prior year. See further description in Note 7 to the consolidated financial statements.

The development and expansion of our business may require additional funds. In the future, we may seek additional equity or debt financing to provide funds for our business and operations. Such financing may not be available or may not be available on satisfactory terms. In addition, the terms of our PNC Loan Agreement and the Credit Agreement could limit our ability to obtain additional debt

financing. If financing is not available on satisfactory terms, we may be unable to expand our operations. While debt financing will enable us to expand our business more rapidly, debt financing increases expenses and we must repay the debt regardless of our operating results. However, equity financings could result in dilution to our existing stockholders.

Our inability to obtain adequate capital resources, whether in the form of equity or debt, to fund our business and growth strategies, may require us to delay, scale back, or eliminate some or all of our operations, which may adversely affect our financial results and operations.

Our operating results may experience significant fluctuations, which may make them difficult to predict.

In addition to the variability resulting from the short-term nature of our customers’ commitments, other factors contribute to periodic and seasonal quarterly fluctuations in our results of operations, which could be significant. These factors include the following:

Any acquisitions that we undertake could be difficult to integrate, disrupt our business, dilute stockholder value, and harm our operating results.

We plan to review strategic opportunities to buy other businesses that would complement our current service offerings, expand the scope of our service offerings, expand the breadth of our markets and sales channels, enhance our technical capabilities, or otherwise offer growth opportunities. If we make any future acquisitions, we could issue securities that would dilute the percentage ownership of our stockholders, incur substantial debt, or assume contingent liabilities.

Our experience in acquiring other businesses is limited. Potential acquisitions also involve numerous risks, including the following:

Our acquisition strategy entails reviewing and potentially reorganizing acquired business operations, corporate infrastructure, and systems, and financial controls. Unforeseen expenses, difficulties, and delays frequently encountered in connection with rapid expansion through acquisitions could inhibit our growth and negatively impact our profitability. We may be unable to identify suitable acquisition candidates or to complete the acquisitions of candidates that we identify. Increased competition for acquisition candidates

may increase purchase prices for acquisitions to levels beyond our financial capability or to levels that would not result in the returns required by our acquisition criteria. In addition, we may encounter difficulties in integrating the operations of acquired businesses with our own operations or managing acquired businesses profitably without substantial costs, delays, or other operational or financial problems.

Our strategy to increase our growth through acquisitions may be unsuccessful and could adversely affect our business and results.

As part of our growth strategy, we intend to further acquire other businesses; however, there is no assurance that we will be able to identify appropriate acquisition targets, successfully acquire identified targets or successfully integrate the business of acquired companies to realize the full benefits of the combined businesses.

Even if we successfully acquire a business entity, there is no assurance that our combined business will become profitable. The process of completing the integration of acquired businesses could cause an interruption of, or loss of momentum in, the activities of our company and the loss of key personnel. The diversion of management’s attention and any delays or difficulties encountered in connection with the pursuit of business acquisitions and the integration of acquired businesses, and the incurrence of significant, acquisition related costs in connection with proposed and completed acquisitions, could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

If the benefits of any completed or proposed acquisition of do not meet the expectations of investors, stockholders or financial analysts, the market price of our Common Stock may decline.

If the benefits of any completed acquisition or proposed acquisition do not meet the expectations of investors or securities analysts, the market price of our Common Stock prior to such acquisition may decline. The market values of our Common Stock at the time of an acquisition may vary significantly from their prices on the date the acquisition target was identified.

If we are unable to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting in the future, the accuracy and timeliness of our financial reporting may be adversely affected.

Our reporting obligations as a public company place a significant strain on our management and our operational and financial resources and systems for the foreseeable future. If we fail to maintain the adequacy of our internal control over financial reporting, we may not be able to produce reliable financial reports or help prevent fraud. Our failure to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting could prevent us from filing our periodic reports on a timely basis, which could result in the loss of investor confidence in the reliability of our consolidated financial statements, harm our business, and negatively impact the trading price of our Common Stock. Any material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting may also result in restatement or adjustment relating to clerical errors and such restatement or adjustment may raise claims invoking the federal and state securities laws, or other claims arising from the restatement or adjustment and material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting and the preparation of our financial statements. We can provide no assurance that such litigation or dispute will not arise in the future.

Though we believe that the rates of inflation in recent years have not had a significant impact on our operations, a continued increase in inflation, including inflationary pressure on labor and the goods and services we rely upon to deliver service to our customers, could result in increases to our operating costs, and we may be unable to pass these costs on to our customers. If inflation in these costs increases beyond our ability to control for them through measures such as implementing operating efficiencies, we may not be able to increase prices to sufficiently offset the effect of various cost increases without negatively impacting customer demand, thereby increasing our costs of doing business and reducing our margins. If such impacts are prolonged and substantial, they could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.

We depend on key personnel who would be difficult to replace, and our business will likely be harmed if we lose their services or cannot hire additional qualified personnel.

Our success depends to a significant extent upon the continued services of our current management team and key personnel. The loss of one or more of our key executives or employees could have a material adverse effect on our business. We do not maintain “key person” insurance policies on the lives of any of our executives or any of our other employees. We employ all of our executives and key employees on an at-will basis, and their employment can be terminated by us or them at any time, for any reason, and without notice, subject, in certain cases, to severance payment rights. In order to retain valuable employees, in addition to salary and cash incentives, we regard our ability as a public company to grant stock-based compensation as an important component of our ability to attract and retain key personnel. The value to employees of stock-based compensation over time will be significantly affected by movements in our stock price that are beyond our control and may at any time be insufficient to counteract offers from other companies.

Our success also depends on our ability to attract, retain, and motivate additional skilled management personnel. We plan to continue to expand our work force to continue to enhance our business and operating results. We believe that there is significant competition for qualified personnel with the skills and knowledge that we require. Many of the other companies with which we compete for qualified personnel have substantially greater financial and other resources than we do. They also may provide more diverse opportunities and better chances for career advancement. Some of these characteristics may be more appealing to high-quality candidates than those

which we have to offer. If we are not able to retain our current key personnel or attract the necessary qualified key personnel to accomplish our business objectives, we may experience constraints that will significantly impede the achievement of our business objectives and our ability to pursue our business strategy. New hires require significant training and, in most cases, take significant time before they achieve full productivity. New employees may not become as productive as we expect, and we may be unable to hire or retain sufficient numbers of qualified individuals. If our recruiting, training, and retention efforts are not successful or do not generate a corresponding increase in revenue, our business will be harmed.

The effects of global economic conditions may impact our business, operating results, or financial condition.

Global economic conditions and political events, domestic or international terrorist events and hostilities or complications due to natural, nuclear or other disasters and pandemics or other health crises may reduce demand for our services because of reduced global or national economic activity. It may also cause disruptions and extreme volatility in global financial markets, increase rates of default and bankruptcy, and impact levels of consumer and commercial spending.

The COVID-19 pandemic may affect our operations in the future. Management cannot predict the full impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our company’s sales or on economic conditions generally. The ultimate extent of the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on our company is highly uncertain and will depend on future developments, and such effects could exist for an extended period of time even after the pandemic.

Russia’s military intervention in Ukraine in late February 2022 and the Hamas assaults against Israeli citizens have created significant political and economic global uncertainty. Although the length and impact of the ongoing conflicts are highly unpredictable, they could lead to market disruptions, including significant volatility in commodity prices, credit and capital markets, as well as supply chain interruptions. We are continuing to monitor the Ukraine and Gaza military activities and related actions and assessing the potential impact on our business.

All of these factors may have far reaching impacts on our business, operations, and financial results and conditions, directly and indirectly, including without limitation impacts on the health of our company’s management and employees, marketing and sales operations, customer and consumer behaviors, and on the overall economy. The scope and nature of these impacts, most of which are beyond our company’s control, continue to evolve and the outcomes are uncertain.

Our stock price has been and will likely continue to be volatile, and the value of an investment in our Common Stock may decline.

The trading price of our Common Stock has been and is likely to continue to be volatile. In addition to the risk factors described in this section and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, factors that may cause the price of our Common Stock to fluctuate include the following:

Furthermore, the stock markets have experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have affected and continue to affect the market prices of equity securities of many companies. These fluctuations often have been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of those companies. These and other factors may cause the market price and demand for our Common Stock to fluctuate substantially, which may limit or prevent investors from readily selling their shares of common stock and may otherwise negatively affect the price or liquidity of our Common Stock. In addition, in the past, when the market price of a stock has been volatile, holders of that stock have sometimes instituted securities class action litigation against the company that issued the stock. If any of our stockholders were to bring a lawsuit against us, we could incur substantial costs defending the lawsuit or paying for settlements or damages. Such a lawsuit could also divert the time and attention of our management from our business.

Our directors, executive officers, and principal stockholders have substantial control over us and will be able to exert significant control over matters subject to stockholder approval.

Our directors, executive officers, and holders of more than 5% of our Common Stock, together with their affiliates, beneficially own or control a majority of our outstanding Common Stock. If these stockholders act together, including with respect to the election of specified directors as contemplated by a voting agreement among certain of them, they will be able to exercise significant influence over all matters requiring stockholder approval, including the election of directors and the approval of significant corporate transactions, such as a merger or other sale of our company or our assets. This concentration of ownership could limit your ability to influence corporate matters and may have the effect of delaying or preventing a third party from acquiring control over us.

The members of our board of directors and our executive officers have broad rights.

Our business is operated under the control of our board of directors and officers. Stockholders have no right to take part in the control of our affairs or the day-to-day management or operation of the business. Stockholders are permitted to vote only in a limited number of circumstances. While the members of the board of directors are accountable as fiduciaries and are obligated to exercise duties of due care, loyalty, and full disclosure in handling our affairs, the board of directors is entitled to certain limitations of liability and to indemnity by us. Such indemnity and limitation of liability may limit rights that our stockholders would otherwise have to seek redress against the board of directors. Our executive officers are entitled to similar indemnification and limitation of liability. Our stockholders who have questions concerning the duties of the board of directors to our stockholders should consult their own legal counsel.

Anti-takeover provisions could impair a takeover attempt of our company even if the transaction would be beneficial to our stockholders and could make it difficult for you to change our management.

Certain provisions of our articles of incorporation and bylaws and applicable provisions of Nevada law may have the effect of rendering more difficult, delaying, or preventing an acquisition of our company, even when this would be in the best interest of our stockholders.

Our articles of incorporation and bylaws include provisions that provide for the following:

In addition, we are subject to Section 78.438 of the Nevada General Corporation Law, which generally prohibits a Nevada corporation from engaging in any of a broad range of business combinations with an interested stockholder for a period of two years following the date on which the stockholder became an interested stockholder, unless such transactions are approved by our board of directors. This provision could have the effect of delaying or preventing a change of control of our company, whether or not it is desired by or beneficial to our stockholders. In addition, other provisions of Nevada law may also discourage, delay, or prevent someone from acquiring us or merging with us.

These provisions, alone or together, could delay or prevent hostile takeovers and changes in control or changes in our management. Any provision of our articles of incorporation or bylaws or Nevada law that has the effect of delaying or deterring a change in control

could limit the opportunity for our stockholders to receive a premium for their shares of our Common Stock and could also affect the price that some investors are willing to pay for our Common Stock.

Since we do not expect to pay any cash dividends for the foreseeable future, our stockholders may be forced to sell their stock in order to obtain a return on their investment.

We have never declared or paid any cash dividends on our capital stock, and we do not anticipate declaring or paying any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. In addition, the terms of our PNC Loan Agreement and the Credit Agreement restrict our ability to declare cash dividends. We plan to retain any future earnings to finance our operations and growth plans. Our credit agreement also prohibits us from paying dividends on our Common Stock. Accordingly, investors must rely on sales of shares of their Common Stock after price appreciation, which may never occur, as the only way to realize any return on their investment.

Our business could be negatively affected as a result of actions of activist stockholders, and such activism could impact the trading value of our securities.

Stockholders may, from time to time, engage in proxy solicitations or advance stockholder proposals, or otherwise attempt to effect changes and assert influence on our board of directors and management. Activist campaigns that contest or conflict with our strategic direction or seek changes in the composition of our board of directors could have an adverse effect on our operating results and financial condition. A proxy contest would require us to incur significant legal and advisory fees, proxy solicitation expenses and administrative and associated costs and require significant time and attention by our board of directors and management, diverting their attention from the pursuit of our business strategy. Any perceived uncertainties as to our future direction and control, our ability to execute on our strategy, or changes to the composition of our board of directors or senior management team arising from a proxy contest could lead to the perception of a change in the direction of our business or instability which may result in the loss of potential business opportunities, make it more difficult to pursue our strategic initiatives, or limit our ability to attract and retain qualified personnel and business partners, any of which could adversely affect our business and operating results. If individuals are ultimately elected to our board of directors with a specific agenda, it may adversely affect our ability to effectively implement our business strategy and create additional value for our stockholders. We may choose to initiate, or may become subject to, litigation as a result of the proxy contest or matters arising from the proxy contest, which would serve as a further distraction to our board of directors and management and would require us to incur significant additional costs. In addition, actions such as those described above could cause significant fluctuations in our stock price based upon temporary or speculative market perceptions or other factors that do not necessarily reflect the underlying fundamentals and prospects of our business.

Future sales of our Common Stock in the public market by our existing stockholders, or the perception that such sales might occur, could depress the market price of our Common Stock.

The market price of our Common Stock could decline as a result of sales of a large number of shares of our Common Stock in the market, and even the perception that these sales could occur may depress the market price. As of December 31, 2023, we had 20,161,400 shares of our Common Stock outstanding. Many of these shares may be sold in the public market, subject to prior registration or qualification for an exemption from registration, including, in the case of shares held by affiliates, compliance with the volume restrictions of Rule 144. Shares held by affiliates of our company, which generally include our directors, officers, and certain principal stockholders, are subject to the resale limitations of Rule 144 as described below. We also may register for resale shares that are deemed to be “restricted securities” or shares held by affiliates of our company.

In general, under Rule 144 as currently in effect, any person or persons whose shares are aggregated for purposes of Rule 144, who is deemed an affiliate of our company and beneficially owns restricted securities with respect to which at least six months has elapsed since the later of the date the shares were acquired from us, or from an affiliate of ours, is entitled to sell within any three-month period a number of shares that does not exceed the greater of 1% of the then outstanding shares of our Common Stock and the average weekly trading volume in Common Stock during the four calendar weeks preceding such sale. Sales by affiliates under Rule 144 also are subject to certain manner-of-sale provisions and notice requirements and to the availability of current public information about us. Rule 701, as currently in effect, permits our employees, officers, directors, and consultants who purchase shares pursuant to a written compensatory plan or contract to resell these shares in reliance upon Rule 144, but without compliance with specific restrictions.

Rule 701 provides that affiliates may sell their Rule 701 shares under Rule 144 without complying with the holding period requirement and that non-affiliates may sell their shares in reliance on Rule 144 without complying with the holding period, public information, volume limitation, or notice provisions of Rule 144. A person who is not an affiliate, who has not been an affiliate within three months prior to sale, and who beneficially owns restricted securities with respect to which at least one year has elapsed since the later of the date the shares were acquired from us, or from an affiliate of ours, is entitled to sell such shares under Rule 144 without regard to any of the volume limitations or other requirements described above. Sales of substantial amounts of our Common Stock in the public market could adversely affect the market price for our Common Stock.

As of December 31, 2023, we had 4,011,704 shares of Common Stock issuable upon the exercise of outstanding stock options, DSUs, RSUs, and warrants under our incentive compensation plan and other option and warrant agreements. Upon the exercise of stock options and warrants, such shares generally will be eligible for sale in the public market, except that affiliates will continue to be subject to volume limitations and other requirements of Rule 144. The issuance or sale of such shares could depress the market price of our Common Stock.

Future sales and issuances of our Common Stock or rights to purchase Common Stock by us, including pursuant to our equity incentive plan and employee stock purchase plan, could result in additional dilution of the percentage ownership of our stockholders and could cause our stock price to fall.

We intend to issue additional securities pursuant to our equity incentive plan and our employee stock purchase plan may issue equity or convertible securities in the future. To the extent we do so, our stockholders may experience substantial dilution. We may sell Common Stock, convertible securities, or other equity securities in one or more transactions at prices and in a manner we determine from time to time. If we sell Common Stock, convertible securities, or other equity securities in more than one transaction, investors may be materially diluted by subsequent sales and new investors could gain rights superior to our existing stockholders.

We support a risk-based cybersecurity program with control alignment to the National Institute of Standards and Technology Cybersecurity Framework (“NIST CSF”). The core functions of the program are designed to manage cyber-related risks and strengthen the overall cybersecurity posture of our organization.

Annual external cybersecurity and compliance assessments are conducted for the identification, prioritization, and remediation of cyber-related risks to the company’s information systems and data. Ongoing internal risk assessments are conducted to ensure protective and detective security controls perform as expected.

To mitigate identified cyber-related risks to our organization, we employ a multi-layered approach that has been integrated into our overall risk management systems and processes that includes:

Cybersecurity threats, including as a result of any previous cybersecurity incidents, have not materially affected and we believe are not reasonably likely to affect our company, including our business strategy, results of operations or financial condition. We and our third-party partners have frequently been the target of cybersecurity threats and expect them to continue. For an additional description of these cybersecurity risks and potential related impacts on us, see “Risk Factors - Cyberattacks and security vulnerabilities could lead to increased costs, liability claims, unauthorized access to customer data, or harm to our reputation” in Part I, Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Cybersecurity is an important part of our risk management processes and an area of focus for our Board of Directors and management team. We have established a cybersecurity governance framework that encompasses policies, procedures, and controls designed to support cybersecurity risk management practices. Our Senior Information Systems Manager is responsible for assessing and managing material risks from cybersecurity threats. This position reports directly to our Senior Vice President of Strategy and Information Technology. In addition, we have retained Virtual Chief Information Security Officer services to support our cybersecurity risk management and governance practices. Such individuals have substantial prior work experience in various roles involving cybersecurity risk management and information technology, including security, compliance, systems and programming, and bring a wealth of expertise in their roles. These individuals are informed about, and monitor the prevention, mitigation, detection and remediation of cybersecurity incidents through their management of, and participation in, the cybersecurity risk management and strategy process described above, and report to our Managed Security Services Provider and our Board of Directors on any appropriate items. Our Board of Directors oversees the cybersecurity program and receives program metrics as well as information related to identified cyber-related risks when meeting with the company’s management.

While we continuously invest in cybersecurity controls, we acknowledge the possibility of cybersecurity incidents despite our efforts. These incidents may include unauthorized access, data breaches, ransomware attacks, and service disruptions. We have contracted with a cyber insurance provider, Incident Response provider, and a Managed Security Services Provider to minimize the impact of such events and support prompt detection, containment, and recovery measures.

Our executive offices are located in The Colony, Texas, where we lease approximately 16,200 square feet under a lease that expires in December 2027. We also have administrative offices in Pennsylvania and South Carolina. We believe that our current facilities are adequate to meet our needs for the near future and that suitable additional or alternative space will be available on commercially reasonable terms to accommodate our foreseeable future operations.

We may be subject to legal proceedings in the ordinary course of business. As of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, we are not aware of any legal proceedings to which we are a party that we believe could have a material adverse effect on us.

ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES.

Our Common Stock has traded on the Nasdaq Capital Market, or Nasdaq, under the symbol “QRHC” since May 19, 2014.

As of March 1, 2024, there were 20,171,400 shares of Common Stock outstanding and approximately 90 holders of record of our Common Stock.

We have never declared or paid, and do not anticipate declaring or paying in the foreseeable future, any cash dividends on our capital stock. In addition, the terms of our PNC Loan Agreement and the Credit Agreement (each as defined in Note 7 to the consolidated financial statements), restrict our ability to declare cash dividends. Any future determination as to the declaration and payment of dividends, if any, will be at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend on then existing conditions, including our operating results, financial condition, contractual restrictions, capital requirements, business prospects, and other factors our board of directors may deem relevant.

For equity compensation plan information, refer to Item 12 in Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Except as previously disclosed in the Company’s filings with the SEC, there were no sales of unregistered securities for the year ended December 31, 2023.

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read together with our consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. This discussion contains forward-looking statements, based upon our current expectations and related to future events and our future financial performance, that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including those set forth under “Risk Factors,” “Forward-Looking Statements,” and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

We are a national provider of waste and recycling services to customers from across multiple industry sectors that are typically larger, multi-location businesses. We create customer-specific programs and perform the related services for the collection, processing, recycling, disposal, and tracking of waste streams and recyclables to maximize resource utilization. Our programs and services enable our customers to address their business, sustainability and ESG goals and responsibilities.

We believe our services are comprehensive, innovative, and cost effective. Our services are designed to enable our business customers to capture the commodity value of their waste streams and recyclables, better manage their disposal and total operating costs, enhance their management of environmental risks, enhance their legal and regulatory compliance, and achieve their business and environmental goals while maximizing the efficiency of their assets. Our services currently focus on the waste streams and recyclables from big box retailers, including grocers and other specialty retailers; transportation, logistics, and fleet operators; manufacturing and industrial facilities; automotive after-market operations such as automotive maintenance, quick lube, dealerships, and collision repair; multi-family and commercial properties; restaurant chains and food operations; malls and shopping centers; and construction and demolition projects. We currently concentrate on programs for recycling cardboard, pallets, metal, glass, motor oil and automotive lubricants, oil filters, scrap tires, oily water, goods destruction, food waste, meat renderings, cooking oil and grease trap waste, plastics, , mixed paper, construction debris, as well as a large variety of regulated and non-regulated solid, liquid, and gas wastes. In addition, we offer products such as antifreeze and windshield washer fluid, dumpster and compacting equipment, and other minor ancillary services.

We also provide information and data that tracks and reports the detailed transactional and environmental results of our services and provides actionable data to improve business operations. The data we generate enables our customers to address their environmental goals and responsibilities and to report to internal and external parties such as employees, investors, business partners, and governmental agencies.

Our consolidated financial statements include the operating activities of our company and our subsidiaries for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.

The following table summarizes our operating results for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022:

There has been heightened uncertainty in the macroeconomic environment, and concerns that the U.S. economy may fall into a recession, since the Federal Reserve began aggressively raising interest rates in March 2022 to address persistently high inflation. There are also significant geopolitical concerns, including the current conflict between Ukraine and Russia and the Israel-Hamas war, which have created extreme volatility in the global capital markets and are expected to have further global economic consequences, including disruptions of the global supply chain and energy markets. Any such volatility and disruptions may have adverse consequences on us or the third parties on whom we rely. If the equity and credit markets continue to deteriorate, including as a result of political unrest or war, it may make any necessary debt or equity financing more difficult to obtain in a timely manner or on favorable terms, more costly or more dilutive. Inflation can adversely affect us by increasing our costs, including salary costs. Any significant increases in inflation and related increases in interest rates could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

For the year ended December 31, 2023, revenue was $288.4 million, an increase of $4.4 million, or 1.5%, compared with revenue of $284.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2022.

The increase for the year was primarily due to an overall strong increase in demand for recyclable materials and services from both new and continuing customers resulting in approximately $15.5 million in additional revenues. These increases were partially offset by an approximately $10.6 million decrease in revenues from customers acquired in the RWS acquisition in 2021. Non-recyclable materials services revenues were mostly flat for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the prior year.

Cost of revenue increased to $238.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, from $235.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase was primarily due to the same reasons impacting the increase in revenue. In addition, we recorded $1.2 million in cost of revenue in 2023 related to unreconciled accounts payable from the 2021 RWS acquisition. See Note 5 to our consolidated financial statements for further discussion.

Gross profit increased $1.2 million to $50.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, from $48.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. Our gross profit margin was 17.4% for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared with 17.2% for the year ended December 31, 2022. The changes in gross profit and gross profit margin for the year ended December 31, 2023 were primarily due to the net effect of the impact of increased services from certain new and continuing customers, change in the mix of services and relative gross profit margins from new and acquired customer base, reduced operations at certain other customers, and changes in values for certain recyclable materials.

Revenue, gross profit, and gross profit margins are affected period to period by the volumes of waste and recyclable materials generated by our customers, the frequency and type of services provided, the price and mix of the services provided, price changes for recyclable materials, the cost and mix of subcontracted services provided in any one reporting period, and the timing of acquisitions and integrations. Volumes of waste and recyclable materials generated by our customers are impacted period to period based on

several factors including their production or sales levels, demand of their product or services in the market, supply chain reliability, and labor force stability, among other business factors.

For the year ended December 31, 2023, operating expenses decreased to $47.2 million from $47.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The slight decrease year over year primarily relates to a $1.4 million decrease in professional fees, partially offset by a $1.0 million increase in labor related costs.

Selling, general, and administrative expenses were $37.7 million and $37.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Operating expenses also included depreciation and amortization of $9.6 million and $9.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

For the year ended December 31, 2023, interest expense increased to $9.7 million from $7.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, primarily due to increases in base interest rates which is partially offset by reduced borrowings from $7 million in voluntary paydowns on the term loan in 2023. We are amortizing debt issuance costs of $3.3 million and OID of $1.8 million to interest expense over the life of the related debt arrangements as discussed in Note 7 to our consolidated financial statements.

We recorded a provision for income taxes of $386,932 and $172,604 for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The provision for income taxes for both periods is primarily attributable to state tax obligations based on current estimated state tax apportionments for states with no net operating loss carryforwards.

We recorded a full valuation allowance against all of our deferred tax assets (“DTAs”) as of both December 31, 2023 and 2022. We intend on maintaining a full valuation allowance on our DTAs until there is sufficient evidence to support the reversal of all or some portion of these allowances. However, given our current earnings and anticipated future earnings, we believe that there is a reasonable possibility that within the next 12 to 24 months, sufficient positive evidence may become available to allow us to reach a conclusion that a significant portion of the valuation allowance will no longer be needed. Release of the valuation allowance would result in the recognition of certain DTAs and a decrease to income tax expense for the period the release is recorded. However, the exact timing and amount of the valuation allowance release are subject to change based on the level of profitability that we are able to actually achieve.

Net loss for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $(7.3) million compared to net loss of $(6.0) million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The discussions above explain the primary changes related to the change in net results.

Our operating results, including revenue, operating expenses, and operating margins, vary from period to period depending on commodity prices of recycled materials, the volumes and mix of services provided, as well as customer mix during the reporting period, and the timing of acquisitions and integrations.

Net loss per basic and diluted share attributable to common stockholders was $(0.36) and ($0.31) for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The basic and diluted weighted average number of shares of Common Stock outstanding was approximately 20.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to basic and diluted weighted average number of shares of Common Stock outstanding of approximately 19.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2022.

For the year ended December 31, 2023, Adjusted EBITDA, a non-GAAP financial measure, decreased (1.4)% to $16.2 million from $16.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2022.

We use the non-GAAP measurement of earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, amortization, stock-related compensation charges, acquisition-related costs, and other adjustments, or “Adjusted EBITDA,” to evaluate our performance. Adjusted EBITDA is a non-GAAP measure that is also frequently used by analysts, investors and other interested parties to evaluate the market value of companies considered to be in similar industries. We suggest that Adjusted EBITDA be viewed in conjunction with our reported financial results or other financial information prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“GAAP”). For the year ended December 31, 2023, other adjustments included an earn-out adjustment, severance and project costs as well as certain administrative fees related to borrowings. For the year ended December 31, 2022, other adjustments included earn-out adjustments, certain recruiting, severance and project costs, and certain administrative fees related to borrowings.

The following table reflects the reconciliation of net loss to Adjusted EBITDA for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022:

Adjusted net income, a non-GAAP financial measure, for the year ended December 31, 2023, was $3.4 million compared with $5.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. We present adjusted net income and adjusted net income per diluted share, both non-GAAP financial measures, supplementally because they are widely used by investors as a valuation measure in the solid waste industry. Management uses adjusted net income and adjusted net income per diluted share as one of the principal measures to evaluate and monitor the ongoing financial performance of our operations. We provide adjusted net income to exclude the effects of items management believes impact the comparability of operating results between periods. Adjusted net income has limitations due to the fact that it excludes items that have an impact on our financial condition and results of operations. Adjusted net income and adjusted net income per diluted share are not a substitute for, and should be used in conjunction with, GAAP financial measures. Other companies may calculate these non-GAAP financial measures differently. Our adjusted net income and adjusted net income per diluted share for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, are calculated as follows:

As of December 31, 2023, we had working capital of $15.7 million, including $0.3 million of cash and cash equivalents, compared with working capital of $19.7 million, including cash and cash equivalents of $9.6 million, as of December 31, 2022. As part of our working capital management and in light of increasing interest rates, we made $7.0 million in prepayments toward our variable rate debt in 2023 utilizing excess cash.

We derive our primary sources of funds for conducting our business activities from operating revenues; borrowings under our credit facilities; and the placement of our equity securities to investors. We require working capital primarily to carry accounts receivable,

service debt, purchase capital assets, fund operating expenses, address unanticipated competitive threats or technical problems, withstand adverse economic conditions, fund potential acquisition transactions, and pursue goals and strategies.

We believe our existing cash and cash equivalents of $0.3 million, our borrowing capacity under our $25.0 million ABL Facility (as defined in Note 7 to our consolidated financial statements), and cash expected to be generated from operations will be sufficient to fund our operations for the next 12 months and thereafter for the foreseeable future.

As discussed in Note 7 to our consolidated financial statements, we entered into the PNC Loan Agreement which provides for an asset-based revolving credit facility of up to $25.0 million. Our known current- and long-term uses of cash include, among other possible demands, capital expenditures, lease payments and repayments to service debt and other long-term obligations. We have no agreements, commitments, or understandings with respect to any such placements of our securities and any such placements could be dilutive to our stockholders.

On October 19, 2020, we and certain of our subsidiaries entered into the Credit Agreement (as described in Note 7 to our consolidated financial statements). Among other things, the Credit Agreement, as amended, provides for a senior secured term loan facility in the principal amount of $53.5 million as of December 31, 2023. The maturity date of the term loan facility is October 19, 2025 (the “Maturity Date”). The senior secured term loan will amortize in aggregate annual amounts equal to 1.00% of the original principal amount of the senior secured term loan facility with the balance payable on the Maturity Date. Proceeds of the senior secured term loan are permitted to be used for Permitted Acquisitions (as defined in the Credit Agreement). The Monroe Credit Agreement also contains an accordion term loan facility in the maximum principal amount of $5.3 million. Loans under the accordion loan facility may be requested at any time until the Maturity Date. Each accordion term loan shall be on the same terms as those applicable to the senior secured term loan. Proceeds of accordion term loans are permitted to be used for Permitted Acquisitions.

Certain of the Company’s subsidiaries are the borrowers under the Credit Agreement. The Company is the guarantor under the Credit Agreement. As security for the obligations of the borrowers under the Credit Agreement, (i) the borrowers under the Credit Agreement have granted a first priority lien on substantially all of their tangible and intangible personal property, including a pledge of the capital stock and membership interests, as applicable, of certain of the Company’s direct and indirect subsidiaries, and (ii) the guarantors under the Credit Agreement have granted a first priority lien on the capital stock and membership interests, as applicable, of the Company’s direct and indirect subsidiaries.

The Credit Agreement contains certain financial covenants, including a minimum fixed charge coverage ratio and a senior net leverage ratio. In addition, the Credit Agreement contains negative covenants limiting, among other things, additional indebtedness, transactions with affiliates, additional liens, sales of assets, dividends, investments and advances, prepayments of debt, mergers and acquisitions, and other matter customarily restricted in such agreements. The Credit Agreement also contains customary events of default, including payment defaults, breaches of representations and warranties, covenant defaults, events of bankruptcy and insolvency, change of control, and failure of any guaranty or security document supporting the Credit Agreement to be in full force and effect. Upon the occurrence of an event of default, the outstanding obligations under the Credit Agreement may be accelerated and become immediately due and payable. The foregoing is a summary only and does not purport to be a complete description of all the terms, provisions, covenants and agreements contained in the Credit Agreement and is subject to and qualified in its entirety by reference to the full text of the Credit Agreement.

Net cash used in operating activities was $(1.4) million for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared with net cash used in operating activities of $(2.3) million for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Net cash used in operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2023, related primarily to the net effect of the following:

Net cash used in operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2022, related primarily to the net effect of the following:

Our business, including revenue, operating expenses, and operating margins, may vary depending on the blend of services we provide to our customers, the terms of customer contracts, commodity contracts, and our business volume levels. Fluctuations in net accounts receivable are generally attributable to a variety of factors including, but not limited to, the timing of cash receipts from customers, and the inception, increase, modification, or termination of customer relationships. Our operating activities may require additional cash in the future from our debt facilities and/or equity financings depending on the level of our operations.

Cash used in investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2023, was $(1.9) million. Cash used for the year ended December 31, 2022, was $(4.3) million primarily related to the $3.1 million net purchase of the assets of a Northeast-based independent environmental services company on February 10, 2022, which was partially offset by a $500,000 purchase price adjustment of a prior year acquisition. Other investing activities are primarily from purchases of property and equipment and intangible assets such as software development.

Net cash used in financing activities was $(6.0) million for the year ended December 31, 2023, primarily from $8.1 million repayment of notes payable, which was partially offset by net borrowings of $1.0 million on our ABL Facility and $1.1 million proceeds from stock option exercises and shares issued under our 2014 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (“2014 ESPP”). Net cash provided by financing activities was $7.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, primarily from borrowings of $3.5 million from the Credit Agreement with Monroe Capital used to finance the February 2022 acquisition of an independent environmental services company, net borrowings of $5.0 million on our ABL Facility, and $933,000 proceeds from stock option exercises and shares issued under our 2014 ESPP, partially offset by $1.4 million repayments of notes payable. See Note 7 to our consolidated financial statements for a discussion of the ABL Facility and other notes payable.

Although the overall economy has experienced some inflationary pressures, we do not believe that inflation had a material impact on us during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022. We believe that current inflationary increases in costs, such as fuel, labor, and certain capital items, can be addressed by our flexible pricing structures and cost recovery fees allowing us to recover certain of the cost of inflation from our customer base. Consistent with industry practice, many of our contracts allow us to pass through certain costs to our customers or adjust pricing. While we believe that we should be able to offset many cost increases that result from inflation in the ordinary course of business, we may be required to absorb at least part of these costs increases due to competitive pressures or delays in timing of rate increases. Although we have not been materially affected by inflation in the past, we can provide no assurance that we will not be affected in the future by higher rates of inflation and increases in interest rates.

Our discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based on our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with GAAP. The preparation of our consolidated financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue, expenses, and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates, including those related to areas that require a significant level of judgment or are otherwise subject to an inherent degree of uncertainty. These areas include carrying amounts of accounts receivable, goodwill and other intangible assets, deferred taxes and the fair value of assets and liabilities acquired in business acquisitions and stock-based compensation expense. We base our estimates on historical experience, our observance of trends in particular areas, and information or valuations and various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances and which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that may not be readily apparent from other sources. Actual amounts could differ significantly from amounts previously estimated.

We believe that of our significant accounting policies, the following may involve a higher degree of judgment and complexity.

Our accounts receivable consists primarily of amounts due from customers for the performance of services, and we record the amount net of an allowance for doubtful accounts. To record our accounts receivable at their net realizable value, we assess their collectability, which requires a considerable amount of judgment. We perform a detailed analysis of the aging of our receivables, the creditworthiness of our customers, our historical bad debts, and other adjustments. If economic, industry, or customer specific business

trends worsen, we increase the allowance for uncollectible accounts by recording additional expense in the period in which we become aware of the new conditions.

In accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 350, Intangibles – Goodwill and Other, we perform goodwill impairment testing at least annually during the third quarter, unless indicators of impairment exist in interim periods. Our test of goodwill impairment included assessing qualitative factors and the use of judgment in evaluating economic conditions, industry and market conditions, cost factors, and entity-specific events such as market capitalization as compared to book value. The impairment test for goodwill compares the estimated fair value of a reporting unit with goodwill to its carrying value. If the carrying amount of a reporting unit’s goodwill exceeds the fair value of its goodwill, we recognize an impairment loss equal to the excess, not to exceed the total amount of recorded goodwill.

In addition to the required goodwill impairment analysis, we also review the recoverability of our net intangible assets with finite lives when an indicator of impairment exists. Based on our analysis of estimated undiscounted future cash flows expected to result from the use of these net intangibles with finite lives, we determine if we will recover their carrying values as of the test date. If not recoverable, we record an impairment charge. We performed our most recent goodwill impairment analysis in the third quarter of 2023 with no impairment recorded.

We estimate the fair value of stock options using the Black-Scholes-Merton valuation model. Significant assumptions used in the calculation were determined as follows:

We use the asset and liability method to account for income taxes. We use significant judgment in determining the provision for income taxes, deferred tax assets and liabilities, and any valuation allowance recorded against net deferred tax assets. We then assess the likelihood that deferred tax assets will be recovered from future taxable income, and to the extent that recovery is not likely or there is insufficient operating history, we establish a valuation allowance. To the extent we establish or increase a valuation allowance in a period, we include an adjustment within the tax provision of our consolidated statements of operations. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, we had established a full valuation allowance for all deferred tax assets.

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, we did not recognize any assets or liabilities relative to uncertain tax positions, nor do we anticipate any significant unrecognized tax benefits will be recorded during the next 12 months. We recognize any interest or penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits in income tax expense. Since there are no unrecognized tax benefits as a result of tax positions taken, there are no accrued penalties or interest.

We account for acquisitions in accordance with ASC Topic 805, Business Combinations. In purchase accounting, identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed are recognized at their estimated fair values at the acquisition date, and any remaining purchase price is recorded as goodwill. In determining the fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed, we make significant estimates and assumptions, particularly with respect to long-lived tangible and intangible assets. Critical estimates used in valuing tangible and intangible assets include, but are not limited to, future expected cash flows, discount rates, market prices and asset lives.

Our consolidated financial statements include the results of operations from the date of the acquisition.

We expense all acquisition-related costs as incurred in selling, general and administrative expenses in the consolidated statements of operations.

Our financial instruments consist of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable, accrued liabilities, deferred revenue, and notes payable. We do not believe that we are exposed to significant currency or credit risks arising from these financial instruments. Our variable rate indebtedness subjects us to interest rate risk as all of the borrowings under the senior secured credit facilities bear interest at variable rates. The fair values of these financial instruments approximate their carrying values using Level 3 inputs, based on their short maturities or, for long-term portions of notes payable, based on borrowing rates currently available to us for loans with similar terms and maturities.

We have no off-balance sheet debt or similar obligations. We have no transactions or obligations with related parties that are not disclosed, consolidated into, or reflected in our reported results of operations or financial position. We do not guarantee any third-party debt.

Reference is made to our consolidated financial statements, the notes thereto, and the report thereon, commencing on page F-1 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, which consolidated financial statements, notes, and report are incorporated herein by reference.

ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE

Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures, as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act, as of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Based on such evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that, as of such date, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective.

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of our financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with GAAP.

Due to its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate due to changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, we evaluated the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting using the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013). Based on such evaluation, our management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2023.

Audit Report on Internal Controls Over Financial Reporting of the Registered Public Accounting Firm

Semple, Marchal & Cooper, LLP, the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm, has audited the consolidated financial

statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and, as part of their audit, has issued their report, included herein, on the

effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023.

There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting identified by management’s evaluation pursuant to Rules 13a-15(d) or 15d-15(d) of the Exchange Act during the most recent fiscal quarter that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, does not expect that our disclosure controls and procedures or our internal controls over financial reporting will prevent all error and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues, misstatements, errors, and instances of fraud, if any, within our company have been or will be prevented or detected. These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision-making can be faulty and that breakdowns can occur because of simple error or mistake. Controls also can be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people, or by management override of the controls. The design of any system of controls is based in part on certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions. Projections of any evaluation of controls effectiveness to future periods are subject to risks. Over time, internal controls may become inadequate as a result of changes in conditions, or through the deterioration of the degree of compliance with policies or procedures.

The following table sets forth certain information regarding our directors as of March 12, 2024:

Daniel M. Friedberg has served as Chairman of the Board of our company since April 2019. Mr. Friedberg has served as the Chief Executive Officer of Hampstead Park Capital Management LLC, a private equity investment firm, since its founding in May 2016 and as a Managing Member of 325 Capital, LLC since its founding in 2016. Mr. Friedberg also serves as Chief Executive Officer of Roundtrip EV Solutions, Inc., a private company in the electric vehicle industry, since May 2021. Previously, Mr. Friedberg was Chief Executive Officer and Managing Partner of Sagard Capital Partners L.P., a private equity investment firm, from its founding in January 2005 until May 2016. In addition, from January 2005 to May 2016, he was also a Vice President of Power Corporation of Canada, a diversified international management holding company. Mr. Friedberg was with global strategy management consultants Bain & Company, as a consultant from 1987 to 1991 and then again as a Partner from 1997 to 2005. Mr. Friedberg started with Bain & Company in the London office in 1987, was a founder of the Toronto office in 1991, and a founder of the New York office in 2000, leading the Canadian and New York private equity businesses. From 1991 to 1997, Mr. Friedberg worked as Vice President of Strategy and Development for a U.S.-based global conglomerate and as an investment professional in a Connecticut-based boutique private equity firm. Mr. Friedberg serves as a member of the Board of Directors of Transact Technologies, Inc. (NASDAQ: TACT), a global leader in software-driven technology and printing solutions for high-growth markets, since March 2022, and as a member of the Board of Directors of Roth CH Acquisition IV Co. (NASDAQ: ROCG), a publicly-traded special purpose acquisition company, since August 2021. Mr. Friedberg has served as a member on the Board of Directors of each of Roth CH Acquisition III Co. (NASDAQ: ROCR), a publicly-traded special purpose acquisition company, from March 2020 to March 2021 until its merger with QualTek Services Inc. (NASDAQ: QTEK); Roth CH Acquisition II Co. (NASDAQ: ROCC), a publicly-traded special purpose acquisition company, from December 2020 until its merger with Reservoir Holdings, Inc. in July 2021; Roth CH Acquisition I Co. (NASDAQ: ROCH), a publicly-traded special purpose acquisition company, from February 2020 until its merger with PureCycle Technologies, Inc. (NASDAQ: PCT) in March 2021; Performance Sports Group Ltd. (formerly NYSE: PSG), a leading developer and manufacturer of ice hockey, roller hockey, lacrosse, baseball and softball sports equipment, as well as related apparel and soccer apparel, from March 2016 to July 2016; InnerWorkings, Inc. (formerly NASDAQ: INWK), a leading global marketing execution firm serving Fortune 1000 brands across a wide range of industries, from March 2014 to August 2016; GP Strategies Corp. (formerly NYSE: GPX), a provider of sales and technical training, E-learning, management consulting and engineering services, from 2009 to August 2016; and X-Rite, Inc. (formerly NASDAQ: XRIT), a former developer, manufacturer, marketer and supporter of innovative color solutions through measurement systems, software, color standards and services, from 2008 to 2012 and as Chairman of the Board of two private companies: Integramed America Inc. and Vein Centers of America Inc. Mr. Friedberg also serves on the private board of directors of USA Field Hockey and is an advisor to Connecticut Innovations Greentech Fund. We believe that Mr. Friedberg’s experience as the Chief Executive Officer of two investment firms, his experience as an executive with a leading global management consulting firm, his extensive experience in investing in private and public companies, and his service on multiple boards of directors provide him with knowledge and experience with respect to organizational, financial, operational, M&A, and strategic planning matters and provide the requisite qualifications, skills, perspectives, and experiences that make him well qualified to serve on our Board of Directors.

S. Ray Hatch has served as President, Chief Executive Officer, and a director of our company since February 2016. Mr. Hatch served as President of Merchants Market Group, LLC, an international foodservice distribution company, from February 2014 to January 2016. From June 2008 to January 2014, Mr. Hatch served in various roles with Oakleaf Waste Management, a provider of waste outsourcing that was acquired by Waste Management, including as Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer of Greenleaf Equipment from May 2010 to January 2014 and Senior Vice President Regional Sales from June 2008 to May 2010. From July 2003 to October 2007, Mr. Hatch served in various positions with Food Services of America, a wholesale food distributor, including as Senior Vice President of Sales and Marketing and Chief Marketing Officer from August 2005 to October 2007 and Executive Vice President – Western Washington Group from July 2003 to August 2005. Mr. Hatch served as Division President of U.S. Foodservice (formerly,

Alliant Foodservice), a food service distributor, from January 1999 to July 2003. We believe Mr. Hatch’s position as President and Chief Executive Officer of our company, his intimate experience with all aspects of the operations, opportunities, and challenges of our company, and his prior service in the environmental services industry provide the requisite qualifications, skills, perspectives, and experience that make him well qualified to serve on our Board of Directors.

Glenn A. Culpepper has served as a director of our company since July 2021. Mr. Culpepper has served as a director, investor, and consultant to companies in the environmental services, construction materials, and mining industries during the past five years. From February 2015 to June 2016, Mr. Culpepper was a Senior Vice President with Newmont Mining Corp, the world’s largest gold mining company. Mr. Culpepper was the Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of Republic Services, Inc., the second largest solid waste services company in the United States, from January 2013 to August 2014. He was the Chief Financial Officer of Summit Materials, Inc., a leading business in the aggregates and construction materials sector, from July 2010 to December 2012. Prior to that, Mr. Culpepper spent 21 years at CRH plc, a large publicly-traded multinational construction materials company based in Dublin, Ireland, including two years as its principal financial officer and member of its board of directors, and 13 years as the Chief Financial Officer of its North American operation, Oldcastle Materials, Inc. Prior to CRH, he held roles of increasing responsibility in audit, tax, and mergers and acquisitions at Price Waterhouse. We believe Mr. Culpepper’s experience as a senior executive and Chief Financial Officer of several companies and his executive and board experience at other companies provide the requisite qualifications, skills, perspectives, and experiences that make him well qualified to serve on our Board of Directors.

Audrey P. Dunning has served as a director of our company since June 2023. Ms. Dunning is currently the founder and Chief Executive Officer of AMP Growth Advisors, a firm that specializes in strategic planning, business development, executive coaching and advises on digital transformation and technology risk management, since 2019. Ms. Dunning currently serves on the Board of Directors for TransAct Technologies (NASDAQ: TACT), a global leader in software-driven technology and printing solutions for high-growth markets, since March 2022. Ms. Dunning also served on the Board of Directors for TriState Capital Holdings (NASDAQ: TSC) from January 2020 through its acquisition by Raymond James Financial (NYSE: RJF) in June 2022 and remains an advisory board member to TSC. Ms. Dunning has previously served as a director of the Pittsburgh Branch of the Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland from January 2015 through December 2020, and the board of Dollar Bank, FSB from January 2016 to December 2019. Ms. Dunning also served as the Chief Executive Officer of Summa Technologies, a digital solutions consultancy company that combined its human-centered design, strategy, and agile software development capabilities to power businesses and deliver engaging customer experiences from 2007 until its acquisition by CGI, Inc. (NYSE:GIB) in 2017. We believe that Ms. Dunning’s experience as a former and current Chief Executive Officer, combined with her broad experience across information technology and digital transformation initiatives provide the requisite qualifications, skills, perspectives, and experiences that make her well qualified to serve on our Board of Directors.

Ronald L. Miller, Jr. has served as a director of our company since October 2012. Mr. Miller served as a director of one of our predecessors from July 2010 to October 2012. Mr. Miller has served as Chief Investment Officer of the Jackson Family Office since February 2023. The Jackson Family Office is a Scottsdale, AZ-based family office with real estate, fixed-income, and private equity investments. He previously served on a full-time basis as President of Windsor Westfield Management, LLC, a financial consulting and strategic planning firm, from October 2021 to January 2023. From June 2021 to September 2021, Mr. Miller served as Interim Chief Executive Officer of That’s Eatertainment Corp., a media and leisure organization, and as Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer, and Secretary of that company from December 2015 until May 2021. He was a principal of its predecessor, Modern Round LLC, from February 2014 until December 2015. Mr. Miller served as a Managing Director of CKS Securities LLC, an investment banking firm, from February 2010 to December 2011. He served as Vice Chairman of Miller Capital Markets, LLC, a Scottsdale, Arizona, headquartered boutique investment banking firm, from May 2009 to August 2009. Mr. Miller served as Chief Executive Officer of Alare Capital Partners, LLC, a Scottsdale-based investment banking and strategic advisory firm, from September 2007 to May 2009. From 2001 to 2005, Mr. Miller served as a Managing Director of The Seidler Companies Incorporated, an investment banking firm and member of the NYSE. Mr. Miller served from 1998 to 2001 as a Senior Vice President and was instrumental in the opening of the Phoenix, Arizona office of Wells Fargo Van Kasper. From 1994 to 1998, Mr. Miller served as Senior Vice President of Imperial Capital, and from 1993 to 1994, was associated with the Corporate Finance Department of Ernst & Young. Mr. Miller began his career in the M&A department of PaineWebber, Inc. That’s Eatertainment Corp. filed a voluntary petition for bankruptcy under Chapter 7 of the U.S. Bankruptcy Code on September 8, 2021. We believe Mr. Miller’s prior leadership roles and his investment banking experience provide the requisite qualifications, skills, perspectives, and experience that make him well qualified to serve on our Board of Directors.

Stephen A. Nolan has served as a director of our company since April 2019. Mr. Nolan has served as President and Chief Operating Officer of SGS North America, the world’s largest testing, inspection and certification company, since August 2019. From June 2013 to April 2018, Mr. Nolan served as Chief Financial Officer and, subsequently, Chief Executive Officer and a member of the Board of Directors of Hudson Global, Inc. (NASDAQ: HSON), a global provider of professional recruitment, talent management, and recruitment process outsourcing services. From September 2004 to December 2012, Mr. Nolan served as Chief Financial Officer of Adecco North America, a staffing and human capital solutions company. From November 2001 to September 2004, Mr. Nolan served as Chief Financial Officer for DHL Global Forwarding NA, a freight forwarding business. From April 2000 to November 2001, Mr. Nolan served as Corporate Controller for Newpower, a residential energy marketing start-up. From December 1985 to March 2000, Mr. Nolan served in Finance roles at Reckitt Benckiser, a global consumer products company. From October 1981 to December 1985,

Mr. Nolan served as Audit Senior for PwC. We believe Mr. Nolan’s experience as the Chief Financial Officer and Chief Operating Officer of a number of companies and his executive and board experience at other companies provide the requisite qualifications, skills, perspectives, and experiences that make him well qualified to serve on our Board of Directors.

Sarah R. Tomolonius has served as a director of our company since September 2016. Ms. Tomolonius is a Partner, Head of Investor Relations at M13, a consumer tech-focused full-service venture capital engine, where she has served since March 2020. Ms. Tomolonius co-founded the Sustainability Investment Leadership Council in January 2015. Ms. Tomolonius has served on the advisory board of Private Equity International’s Investor Relations, Marketing and Communications forum since August 2023. Ms. Tomolonius served as Vice President, Marketing and Investor Relations for Arlon Group, a food and agriculture investment firm, from December 2012 to June 2018, and served as Senior Professional, Management Reporting & Analytics from December 2010 to December 2012. From October 2008 to December 2010, Ms. Tomolonius served as Associate, Investor Relations for Citi Private Equity, a private equity group that was acquired by StepStone Group in October 2010. From October 2005 to September 2007, Ms. Tomolonius served as Research Analyst, Corporate & Public Affairs Group of Edelman, a global public relations firm. Ms. Tomolonius served as Program Assistant, Water & Coastal Program of Natural Resources Defense Council, a non-profit international environmental advocacy group, from October 2002 to September 2005. Ms. Tomolonius also served as Chair of the Sustainability Committee for the New York Alternative Investment Roundtable. We believe that Ms. Tomolonius’ experience in the environmental and financial industries and her focus on sustainability provide the requisite qualifications, skills, perspectives, and experiences that make her well qualified to serve on our Board of Directors.

There are no family relationships among any of our directors and executive officers.

The following table sets forth certain information regarding our executive officers as of March 12, 2024:

S. Ray Hatch’s biography is set forth under the heading “Directors” above.

Brett W. Johnston has served as Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of our company since November 2022. Mr. Johnston served as both Senior Vice President and Vice President of Finance and Business Development for the Construction Products Group at Arcosa, Inc., a publicly traded infrastructure products company, from November 2018 to October 2022. From 2003 until November 2018 when Arcosa spun off from Trinity Industries, a publicly traded multi-industry company, Mr. Johnston served in various roles for the Construction Materials division across operations, finance, strategic planning, business development, and sales and marketing including Vice President of Finance and Business Development, Vice President of Operations, and Vice President of Business Development.

David P. Sweitzer has served as Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer of our company since October 2016. Mr. Sweitzer served as Chief Sales Officer, Executive Vice President, and Senior Vice President of Sales of SMS Assist, L.L.C., a multisite property management technology company, from March 2013 to September 2016. Mr. Sweitzer served in various roles with Oakleaf Waste Management, a provider of waste outsourcing that was acquired by Waste Management, including Director of Business Development from July 2011 to March 2013, Client Solutions Vice President from February 2009 to July 2011, and Vice President of Industrial Programs and Account Management from July 2003 to January 2010. From April 1992 to June 2003, Mr. Sweitzer served as Market Manager/Specialist of Integrated Process Technologies, L.L.C., a facility maintenance service company.

Our Board of Directors is divided into three classes, with one class standing for election each year for a three-year term. At each annual meeting of stockholders, directors of a particular class are elected for three-year terms to succeed the directors of that class whose terms are expiring. Mr. Culpepper and Ms. Tomolonius are Class I directors whose terms will expire in 2025. Ms. Dunning and Mr. Nolan are Class II directors whose terms will expire in 2026. Messrs. Friedberg, Hatch, and Miller are Class III directors whose terms will expire at the 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders.

Committee Charters, Corporate Governance Guidelines, and Codes of Conduct and Ethics

Our Board of Directors has adopted charters for the Audit, Compensation, and Nominations and Corporate Governance Committees describing the authority and responsibilities delegated to each committee by our Board of Directors. Our Board of Directors has also adopted Corporate Governance Guidelines and a Code of Conduct that applies to all of our directors, officers, and employees, including our principal executive officer and principal financial and accounting officer, and a Code of Ethics for the CEO and Senior Financial Officers. We post on our website, at https://investors.qrhc.com, the charters of our Audit, Compensation, and Nominations and Corporate Governance Committees; our Corporate Governance Guidelines, Code of Conduct, and Code of Ethics for the CEO and

Senior Financial Officers, and any amendments or waivers thereto; and any other corporate governance materials specified by SEC regulations. These documents are also available in print, free of charge, to any stockholder requesting a copy in writing from our Secretary at the address of our executive offices.

We regularly schedule executive sessions in which independent directors meet without the presence or participation of management. The Chairman of our Board of Directors serves as the presiding director of such executive sessions.

Our bylaws authorize our Board of Directors to appoint from among its members one or more committees consisting of one or more directors. Our Board of Directors has established standing Audit, Compensation, and Nominations and Corporate Governance Committees, each consisting entirely of independent directors as “independence” is defined by the listing standards of Nasdaq and by the SEC. The Board of Directors also established a standing Strategic Planning Committee in July 2019.

The purpose of the Audit Committee includes overseeing the accounting and financial reporting processes of our company and audits of the financial statements of our company and providing assistance to our Board of Directors with respect to its oversight of the integrity of our company’s financial statements, our company’s compliance with legal and regulatory requirements, the independent registered public accountant’s qualifications and independence, and the performance of our company’s independent registered public accountant. The primary responsibilities of the Audit Committee are set forth in its charter and include various matters with respect to the oversight of our company’s accounting and financial reporting process and audits of the financial statements of our company on behalf of our Board of Directors. The Audit Committee also selects the independent registered public accountant to conduct the annual audit of the financial statements of our company; reviews the proposed scope of such audit; reviews accounting and financial controls of our company with the independent registered public accountant and our financial accounting staff; and reviews and approves any transactions between us and our directors, officers, and their affiliates.

The Audit Committee currently consists of Messrs. Miller and Nolan and Mses. Dunning and Tomolonius. Our Board of Directors has determined that each of Messrs. Miller and Nolan and Mses. Dunning and Tomolonius, whose backgrounds are detailed above, qualifies as an “audit committee financial expert” in accordance with applicable rules and regulations of the SEC. Mr. Miller chairs the Audit Committee.

The purpose of the Compensation Committee includes determining, or, when appropriate, recommending to our Board of Directors for determination, the compensation of the Chief Executive Officer and other executive officers of our company and discharging the responsibilities of our Board of Directors relating to compensation programs of our company in light of the goals and objectives of our compensation program for that year. As part of its responsibilities, the Compensation Committee evaluates the performance of our Chief Executive Officer and, together with our Chief Executive Officer, assesses the performance of our other executive officers. The Compensation Committee is entitled to delegate its responsibilities to a subcommittee of the Compensation Committee, which complies with the applicable rules and regulations of the Nasdaq Stock Market, the SEC, and other regulatory bodies. From time to time the Compensation Committee retains the services of independent compensation consultants to review a wide variety of factors relevant to executive compensation, trends in executive compensation, and the identification of relevant peer companies. The Compensation Committee makes all determinations regarding the engagement, fees, and services of its compensation consultants, and its compensation consultants report directly to the Compensation Committee.

The Compensation Committee currently consists of Messrs. Culpepper, Miller, and Nolan. Mr. Nolan chairs the Compensation Committee.

The Strategic Planning Committee provides assistance to our Board of Directors in assessing whether our management has the resources necessary to implement our company’s strategy; assessing external developments and factors, including changes in the economy, competition and technology, on our company’s strategy and execution of its strategy; and advising on strategic development activities, including those not in the ordinary course of business, under consideration from time to time by our company.

The Strategic Planning Committee currently consists of Messrs. Friedberg, Culpepper, and Hatch. Mr. Friedberg chairs the Strategic Planning Committee.

The purpose of the Nominations and Corporate Governance Committee includes the selection or recommendation to our Board of Directors of nominees to stand for election as directors at each election of directors, the oversight of the selection and composition of committees of our Board of Directors, the oversight of the evaluations of our Board of Directors and management, and the development and recommendation to our Board of Directors of a set of corporate governance principles applicable to our company.

The Nominations and Corporate Governance Committee currently consists of Mr. Friedberg and Mses. Dunning and Tomolonius. Mr. Friedberg chairs the Nominations and Corporate Governance Committee.

The Nominations and Corporate Governance Committee will consider persons recommended by stockholders for inclusion as nominees for election to our Board of Directors if the information required by our bylaws is submitted in writing in a timely manner addressed and delivered to our Secretary at the address of our executive offices. The Nominations and Corporate Governance Committee identifies and evaluates nominees for our Board of Directors, including nominees recommended by stockholders, based on numerous factors it considers appropriate, some of which may include strength of character, mature judgment, career specialization, relevant technical skills, diversity, and the extent to which the nominee would fill a present need on our Board of Directors.

We have assessed the compensation policies and practices with respect to our employees, including our executive officers, and have concluded that they do not create risks that are reasonably likely to have a material adverse effect on our company.

Risk is inherent in every business. As is the case in virtually all businesses, we face a number of risks, including operational, economic, financial, legal, regulatory, and competitive risks. Our management is responsible for the day-to-day management of the risks we face. Our Board of Directors, as a whole and through its committees, has responsibility for the oversight of risk management.

In its oversight role, our Board of Directors’ involvement in our business strategy and strategic plans plays a key role in its oversight of risk management, its assessment of management’s risk appetite, and its determination of the appropriate level of enterprise risk. Our Board of Directors receives updates at least quarterly from senior management and periodically from outside advisors regarding the various risks we face, including operational, economic, financial, legal, regulatory, and competitive risks. Our Board of Directors also reviews the various risks we identify in our filings with the SEC as well as risks relating to various specific developments, such as acquisitions, debt and equity placements, and new service offerings.

Our board committees assist our Board of Directors in fulfilling its oversight role in certain areas of risk. Pursuant to its charter, the Audit Committee oversees the financial and reporting processes of our company and the audit of the financial statements of our company and provides assistance to our Board of Directors with respect to the oversight and integrity of the financial statements of our company, our company’s compliance with legal and regulatory requirements, the independent registered public accountant’s qualification and independence, and the performance of our independent registered public accountant. The Compensation Committee considers the risk of our compensation policies and practices and endeavors to assure that it is not reasonably likely that our compensation plans and policies would have a material adverse effect on our company. Our Nominations and Corporate Governance Committee oversees governance related risk, such as board independence, conflicts of interests, and management and succession planning.

We seek diversity in experience, viewpoint, education, skill, and other individual qualities and attributes to be represented on our Board of Directors. We believe directors should have various qualifications, including individual character and integrity; business experience; leadership ability; strategic planning skills, ability, and experience; requisite knowledge of our industry and finance, accounting, and legal matters; communications and interpersonal skills; and the ability and willingness to devote time to our company. We also believe the skill sets, backgrounds, and qualifications of our directors, taken as a whole, should provide a significant mix of diversity in personal and professional experience, background, viewpoints, perspectives, knowledge, and abilities. Nominees are not to be discriminated against on the basis of race, religion, national origin, sex, sexual orientation, disability, or any other basis proscribed by law. The assessment of prospective directors is made in the context of the perceived needs of our Board of Directors from time to time.

All of our directors have held high-level positions in business or professional service firms and have experience in dealing with complex issues. We believe that all of our directors are individuals of high character and integrity, are able to work well with others, and have committed to devote sufficient time to the business and affairs of our company. In addition to these attributes, the description of each director’s background set forth above indicates the specific qualifications, skills, perspectives, and experience necessary to conclude that each individual should continue to serve as a director of our company.

We believe that effective board leadership structure can depend on the experience, skills, and personal interaction between persons in leadership roles as well as the needs of our company at any point in time. Our Corporate Governance Guidelines support flexibility in the structure of our Board of Directors by not requiring the separation of the roles of Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board.

We currently maintain separate roles between the Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board in recognition of the differences between the two responsibilities. Our Chief Executive Officer is responsible for setting our strategic direction and day-to-day

leadership and performance of our company. The Chairman of the Board provides input to the Chief Executive Officer, sets the agenda for board meetings, and presides over meetings of the full Board of Directors as well as executive sessions of the Board of Directors.

We adopted a clawback policy in May 2019 (“2019 Clawback Policy”). In the event we are required to prepare an accounting restatement of our financial results as a result of a material noncompliance by us with any financial reporting requirement under the federal securities laws, we will have the right to use reasonable efforts to recover from any current or former executive officers who received incentive compensation (whether cash or equity) from us during the three-year period preceding the date on which we were required to prepare the accounting restatement, any excess incentive compensation awarded as a result of the misstatement. In addition, we will also have the right to recover incentive compensation (whether cash or equity), if a participant, without our consent, while employed by or providing services to our company or any related entity or after termination of such employment or services, violates a non-competition, non-solicitation, or non-disclosure covenant or agreement or otherwise engages in activity that is in conflict with our Corporate Governance Guidelines, Code of Conduct, Code of Ethics for the CEO and Senior Financial Officers, or any other corporate governance materials specified by the SEC or exchange on which our Common Stock is listed. This policy is administered by the Compensation Committee of our Board of Directors. The policy is effective for financial statements for periods beginning on or after January 1, 2019.

In addition to our 2019 Clawback Policy, we also adopted on November 17, 2023, the Company’s 2023 Dodd-Frank Clawback Policy.

We adopted a director and officer derivative trading and hedging policy in May 2019. Directors and executive officers of our company (including any family members residing in the household of a director or executive officer) may not engage in derivative trading or hedging involving our company’s securities or pledging or margining any Common Stock of our company.

We adopted stock ownership guidelines for our non-employee directors and for our Chief Executive Officer, our Chief Financial Officer, and our Chief Operating Officer. Our non-employee directors and Chief Executive Officer are required to have stock ownership of our Common Stock with an acquisition price equal to at least $100,000 and our Chief Financial Officer and our Chief Operating Officer are each required to have stock ownership of our Common Stock with an acquisition price equal to at least $75,000.

Each individual has five years from the later of the date of adoption of these guidelines (April 3, 2019) or the date of appointment of the individual as a director or a designated executive officer to achieve the required ownership levels. We believe that these guidelines promote the alignment of the long-term interests of our designated executive officers and members of our Board of Directors with our stockholders.

Stock ownership generally includes shares directly owned by the individual (including any shares over which the individual has sole ownership, voting, or investment power); shares owned by the individual’s minor children and spouse and by other related individuals and entities over whose shares the individual has custody, voting control, or power of disposition; shares underlying restricted stock units, or “RSUs”, and deferred stock units, or “DSUs”, that have vested or will be vested within 60 days; shares held in trust for the benefit of the individual or the individual’s immediate family members; and shares owned through savings plans, such as our 401(k) Plan and our deferred compensation plan or acquired through our employee stock purchase plan.

The acquisition price for purposes of the stock ownership guidelines is the actual purchase price paid for shares of our Common Stock through open market purchases, private placements, the exercise of stock options, and similar purchases; the amount of cash compensation for executive base salaries or bonuses or director cash compensation exchanged for RSUs or DSUs; and the grant date price of shares underlying vested RSUs or DSUs issued other than in lieu of or in exchange for executive base salaries or bonus or director cash compensation.

The failure to satisfy the required ownership level may result in the ineligibility of the individual to receive stock-based compensation in the case of a designated executive officer or director or the inability to be a nominee for election to the Board of Directors in the case of a director.

Our Board of Directors held a total of six meetings during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023. During the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023, the Audit Committee held ten meetings; the Compensation Committee held eight meetings; the Nominations and Corporate Governance Committee held four meetings; and the Strategic Planning Committee held three meetings. No director attended fewer than 75% of the aggregate of (i) the total number of meetings of our Board of Directors and (ii) the total number of meetings held by all committees of our Board of Directors on which he or she was a member.

We encourage each of our directors to attend each annual meeting of stockholders. To that end, and to the extent reasonably practicable, we regularly schedule a meeting of our Board of Directors on the same day as our annual meeting of stockholders. All of our directors attended our 2023 Annual Meeting of Stockholders.

Stockholders and other interested parties may communicate with our Board of Directors or specific members of our Board of Directors, including our independent directors and the members of our various board committees, by submitting a letter addressed to the Board of Directors of Quest Resource Holding Corporation c/o any specified individual director or directors at the address of our executive offices. Any such letters are sent to the indicated directors.

The following table sets forth, for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, information with respect to compensation for services in all capacities to us and our subsidiaries earned by our principal executive officer, and our two most highly compensated executive officers other than our principal executive officer who were serving as an executive officer on December 31, 2023. We refer to these executive officers as our “named executive officers.”

The following table sets forth information with respect to outstanding equity awards held by our named executive officers as of December 31, 2023.

We entered into a severance and change in control agreement with Mr. Hatch, our President and Chief Executive Officer, on January 7, 2016, which was subsequently amended and restated on June 29, 2021. If we terminate Mr. Hatch’s employment for any reason other than for good cause (as defined in the agreement) or if Mr. Hatch voluntarily terminates his employment with us for good reason (as defined in the agreement), the agreement provides that (a) we will pay Mr. Hatch his salary for a period of 18 months following the effective date of such termination, (b) we will pay Mr. Hatch, at the same time as cash incentive bonuses are paid to other executives, a portion of the cash incentive bonus deemed by our Compensation Committee in the exercise of its sole discretion, to be earned by Mr. Hatch pro rata for the period commencing on the first day of our fiscal year for which the cash incentive bonus is calculated and ending on the effective date of such termination, (c) all unvested stock options held by Mr. Hatch in his capacity as an employee on the effective date of termination shall vest as of the effective date of the termination, (d) all unvested RSUs granted after the date of the agreement held by Mr. Hatch in his capacity as an employee on the date of the termination shall vest as of the effective date of the termination and the shares of Mr. Hatch’s Common Stock related to such RSUs shall be delivered to Mr. Hatch as soon as administratively practicable after the effective date of the termination but in no event later than March 15 of the year following the effective date of the termination and (e) we shall either (i) provide coverage under our medical plan to the extent provided for Mr. Hatch on the effective date of termination, such benefits to be received over a period of 18 months after the effective date of the termination or (ii) provide reimbursement for the COBRA premium for such coverage through the earlier of such 18-month period after the effective date of the termination or the COBRA eligibility period.

The agreement further provides that, in the event of a change in control of our company (as defined in the agreement), Mr. Hatch has the option to terminate his employment with us, unless (i) the provisions of the agreement remain in full force and effect as to Mr. Hatch and (ii) he suffers no reduction in his status, authority, or base salary following the change in control, provided that Mr. Hatch will be considered to suffer a reduction in his status, authority, or base salary, only if, after the change in control, (A) he is not the President and Chief Executive Officer of the company that succeeds to our business, (B) such company’s Common Stock is not listed on a national stock exchange (such as the New York Stock Exchange, the Nasdaq Stock Market, or the NYSE MKT), (C) such company in any material respect reduces Mr. Hatch’s status, authority, or base salary, or (D) as a result of the change in control, Mr. Hatch is required to relocate his principal place of business more than 50 miles from The Colony, Texas (or surrounding areas). If Mr. Hatch terminates his employment with us following a change in control or if we terminate his employment without good cause, in each case during the period commencing three months before and one year following the change in control, (A) we will pay Mr. Hatch’s base salary for a period of 18 months following the effective date of such termination, (B) we will pay Mr. Hatch an amount equal to the average of his cash bonus paid for each of the two fiscal years immediately preceding his termination, (C) all unvested stock options held by Mr. Hatch in his capacity as an employee on the effective date of termination shall vest as of the effective date of the termination, and (D) all unvested RSUs, granted after the date hereof held by Mr. Hatch in his capacity as an employee on the effective date of termination shall vest as of the effective date of the termination.

The agreement also contains a provision that prohibits Mr. Hatch from competing with our company for a period of 18 months following the termination of his employment with our company for any reason. The agreement further contains a provision that prohibits Mr. Hatch from soliciting or hiring any of our employees for a period of 24 months following the termination of his employment with our company for any reason.

On May 12, 2023, we entered into a Severance and Change in Control Agreement with Brett W. Johnston, our Senior Vice President of Finance and Chief Financial Officer, effective as of the same date. If we terminate Mr. Johnston’s employment for any reason other than for good cause (as defined in the agreement) or if Mr. Johnston voluntarily terminates his employment with us for good reason (as defined in the agreement), the agreement provides that (a) we will pay Mr. Johnston his salary for a period of 12 months following the effective date of such termination and (b) we will pay Mr. Johnston, at the same time as cash incentive bonuses are paid to other executives, a portion of the cash incentive bonus deemed by our Compensation Committee in the exercise of its sole discretion, to be earned by Mr. Johnston pro rata for the period commencing on the first day of our fiscal year for which the cash incentive bonus is calculated and ending on the effective date of such termination.

The agreement further provides that, in the event of a change in control of our company (as defined in the agreement), Mr. Johnston has the option to terminate his employment with us, unless (i) the provisions of the agreement remain in full force and effect as to Mr. Johnston and (ii) he suffers no reduction in his status, authority, or base salary following the change in control, provided that Mr. Johnston will be considered to suffer a reduction in his status, authority, or base salary, only if, after the change in control, (A) he is not the Senior Vice President of Finance and Chief Financial Officer of the company that succeeds to our business, (B) such company’s common stock is not listed on a national stock exchange (such as the New York Stock Exchange, the Nasdaq Stock Market, or the NYSE MKT), (C) such company in any material respect reduces Mr. Johnston’s status, authority, or base salary, or (D) as a result of the change in control, Mr. Johnston is required to relocate his principal place of business more than 50 miles from The Colony, Texas (or surrounding areas). If Mr. Johnston terminates his employment with us following a change in control or if we terminate his employment without good cause, in each case during the period commencing three months before and one year following the change in control, (A) we will pay Mr. Johnston’s base salary for a period of 12 months following the effective date of such termination, (B) we will pay Mr. Johnston an amount equal to the average of his cash bonus paid for each of the two fiscal years immediately preceding his termination; provided that in the event Mr. Johnston has not been employed by us for at least two fiscal years at the time of such termination, then the cash bonus shall be in an amount equal to Mr. Johnston’s target bonus for the fiscal year in which such termination occurred, (C) all unvested stock options held by Mr. Johnston in his capacity as an employee on the effective date of termination shall vest as of the effective date of the termination, and (D) all unvested restricted stock units granted after the date hereof held by Mr. Johnston in his capacity as an employee on the effective date of termination shall vest as of the effective date of the termination.

The agreement also contains a provision that prohibits Mr. Johnston from competing with our company for a period of 12 months following the termination of his employment with our company for any reason. The agreement further contains a provision that prohibits Mr. Johnston from soliciting or hiring any of our employees for a period of 24 months following the termination of his employment with our company for any reason.

On February 15, 2017, we entered into an executive agreement with David P. Sweitzer, our Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer, effective as of the same date. If we terminate Mr. Sweitzer’s employment for any reason other than for good cause (as defined in the agreement) or if Mr. Sweitzer voluntarily terminates his employment with us for good reason (as defined in the agreement), the agreement provides that (a) we will pay Mr. Sweitzer his salary for a period of 12 months following the effective date of such termination and (b) we will pay Mr. Sweitzer, at the same time as cash incentive bonuses are paid to other executives, a portion of the cash incentive bonus deemed by our Compensation Committee in the exercise of its sole discretion, to be earned by Mr. Sweitzer pro rata for the period commencing on the first day of our fiscal year for which the cash incentive bonus is calculated and ending on the effective date of such termination.

The agreement further provides that, in the event of a change in control of our company (as defined in the agreement), Mr. Sweitzer has the option to terminate his employment with us, unless (i) the provisions of the agreement remain in full force and effect as to Mr. Sweitzer and (ii) he suffers no reduction in his status, authority, or base salary following the change in control, provided that Mr. Sweitzer will be considered to suffer a reduction in his status, authority, or base salary, only if, after the change in control, (A) he is not the Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer of the company that succeeds to our business, (B) such company’s common stock is not listed on a national stock exchange (such as the New York Stock Exchange, the Nasdaq Stock Market, or the NYSE MKT), (C) such company in any material respect reduces Mr. Sweitzer’s status, authority, or base salary, or (D) as a result of the change in control, Mr. Sweitzer is required to relocate his principal place of business more than 50 miles from The Colony, Texas (or surrounding areas). If Mr. Sweitzer terminates his employment with us following a change in control or if we terminate his employment without good cause, in each case during the period commencing three months before and one year following the change in control, (A) we will pay Mr. Sweitzer’s base salary for a period of 12 months following the effective date of such termination, (B) we will pay Mr. Sweitzer an amount equal to the average of his cash bonus paid for each of the two fiscal years immediately preceding his termination, (C) all unvested stock options held by Mr. Sweitzer in his capacity as an employee on the effective date of termination shall vest as of the effective date of the termination, and (D) all unvested RSUs granted after the date hereof held by Mr. Sweitzer in his capacity as an employee on the effective date of termination shall vest as of the effective date of the termination.

The agreement also contains a provision that prohibits Mr. Sweitzer from competing with our company for a period of 12 months following the termination of his employment with our company for any reason. The agreement further contains a provision that prohibits Mr. Sweitzer from soliciting or hiring any of our employees for a period of 24 months following the termination of his employment with our company for any reason.

The employment of all of our other officers is “at will” and may be terminated by us or the officer at any time, for any reason or no reason.

During fiscal 2023, we paid each non-employee director a monthly retainer, which is currently equivalent to $40,000 annually. Currently, the non-employee Chairman of the Board receives an additional $293,040 per year; the non-employee Chair of the Audit Committee receives an additional $15,000 per year; the non-employee Chair of the Compensation Committee receives an additional $10,000 per year; the non-employee Chair of the Nominations and Corporate Governance Committee receives an additional $7,500 per year; the non-employee Chair of the Strategic Planning Committee receives an additional $10,000 per year; the non-Chair members of the Audit Committee each receive an additional $7,500 per year; the non-chair members of the Compensation Committee each receive an additional $5,000 per year; the non-Chair members of the Nominations and Corporate Governance Committee each receive an additional $3,750 per year; and the non-Chair members of the Strategic Planning Committee each receive an additional $5,000 per year. We also reimburse each non-employee director for travel and related expenses incurred in connection with attendance at Board of Director and committee meetings. Employees who also serve as directors receive no additional compensation for their services as a director.

Effective September 1, 2019, non-employee directors can elect to receive all or a portion of their annual retainers in the form of DSUs. The DSUs are recognized at their fair value on the date of grant. Director fees deferred into stock units are calculated and expensed each month by taking fees earned during the month and dividing by the closing price of our common stock on the last trading day of the month, rounded down to the nearest whole share. Each DSU represents the right to receive one share of our common stock following the completion of a director’s service.

We also compensate our non-employee directors in the form of stock-based compensation. In May 2020, Mr. Friedberg received a 10 year option to purchase 223,295 shares of our common stock at an exercise price of $1.48 per share, with 1/12th to vest and become exercisable on the last day of each month, commencing on the last day of the month in which the options were granted. In May 2020, each non-employee member (excluding Messrs. Friedberg and Nolan) of our Board of Directors at that time received 10 year options to purchase 37,915 shares of our common stock at an exercise price of $1.48 per share, with 1/12th to vest and become exercisable on the last day of each month, commencing on the last day of the month in which the options were granted. This grant reflects the annual stock-based compensation for those directors through May 2021. In May 2021, each non-employee member of our Board of Directors at that time received a fully vested DSU award to receive 15,000 shares of our common stock valued at $4.23 per share or $63,450. In July 2021, Mr. Culpepper became a non-employee member of our Board of Directors and at that time received a fully vested DSU

award to receive 15,000 shares of our common stock valued at $6.93 per share or $103,950. These grants reflect the annual stock-based compensation for those directors through May 2022. In August 2023, each non-employee member of our Board of Directors at that time received a Restricted Stock Unit (“RSU”) award to receive 10,176 shares of our common stock valued at $7.37 per share or $74,997. The RSUs will vest and become exercisable on the first anniversary of the date on which they were granted. These grants reflect the annual stock-based compensation for those directors through August 2024.

The following table sets forth the compensation earned or paid by us to each non-employee director for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023. Mr. Hatch did not receive any compensation for his service on our Board of Directors.

(1) The amounts in this column reflect the aggregate grant date fair value of stock awards granted to our non-employee directors during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023, calculated in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 718, Stock Compensation in the form of DSUs, RSUs or other stock awards.

The following table lists all outstanding equity awards held by our non-employee directors as of December 31, 2023:

(1) Stock awards of 10,176 units per non-employee director, in the form of RSUs, will vest and become exercisable on the first anniversary of the date on which they were granted, August 16, 2024.

ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS

The following table sets forth certain information regarding the beneficial ownership of shares as of March 12, 2024 by (1) each director, nominee for director, and named executive officer of our company, (2) all directors and executive officers of our company as a group, and (3) each person known by us to own more than 5% of our Common Stock.

The following table sets forth information as of December 31, 2023 with respect to our Common Stock that may be issued under our incentive compensation plans and under other option grants.

ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE

Unless delegated to the Compensation Committee by our Board of Directors, the Audit Committee charter requires the Audit Committee to review and approve all related party transactions and to review and make recommendations to the full Board of Directors, or approve, any contracts or other transactions with current or former executive officers of our company, including consulting arrangements, employment agreements, change-in-control agreements, termination arrangements, and loans to employees made or guaranteed by our company. We have a policy that we will not enter into any such transaction unless the transaction is determined by our disinterested directors to be fair to us or is approved by our disinterested directors or by our stockholders. Any determination by our disinterested directors is based on a review of the particular transaction, applicable laws and regulations, and policies of our company (including those set forth above under “Corporate Governance” or published on our website). As appropriate, the disinterested directors of the applicable committees of the Board of Directors shall consult with our legal counsel.

Our company has entered into indemnification agreements with each of our directors and executive officers. These agreements require us to indemnify such individuals, to the fullest extent permitted by Nevada law, for certain liabilities to which they may become subject as a result of their affiliation with our company.

Our Board of Directors has determined, after considering all of the relevant facts and circumstances, that Messrs. Culpepper, Friedberg, Miller and Nolan and Mses. Dunning and Tomolonius are independent directors, as “independence” is defined by the listing standards of the Nasdaq Stock Market, or Nasdaq, and by the SEC, because they have no relationship with us that would interfere with their exercise of independent judgment in carrying out their responsibilities as a director. Mr. Hatch is an employee director.

The aggregate fees billed to our company by Semple, Marchal and Cooper, LLP for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 are as follows:

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

KNOW ALL PERSONS BY THESE PRESENTS, that each person whose signature appears below hereby constitutes and appoints S. Ray Hatch and Brett W. Johnston, and each of them, as his or her true and lawful attorneys-in-fact and agents, with full power of substitution and resubstitution, for him or her and in his or her name, place, and stead, in any and all capacities, to sign any and all amendments to this Annual Report on Form 10-K, and to file the same, with all exhibits thereto, and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, granting unto said attorneys-in-fact and agents, and each of them, full power and authority to do and perform each and every act and thing required and necessary to be done in connection therewith, as fully to all intents and purposes as he or she might or could do in person, hereby ratifying and confirming all that said attorneys-in-fact and agents or any of them, or his or her or their substitute or substitutes, may lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue hereof.

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Quest Resource Holding Corporation (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the related consolidated statements of operations, changes in stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for the years then ended, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the years then ended, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”) and our report dated March 12, 2024 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud.

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of the critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.

We have audited Quest Resource Holding Corporation’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (the “COSO criteria”). In our opinion, Quest Resource Holding Corporation (the “Company”) maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on the COSO criteria.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the related consolidated statements of operations, changes in stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for the years then ended, and the related notes and our report dated March 12, 2024 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Item 9A, Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit of internal control over financial reporting in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of

unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Principles of Presentation and Consolidation

The consolidated financial statements included herein have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) and pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the operating activity of QRHC and its subsidiaries for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.

As Quest, LDI, Youchange, QVC, QV One, and QSS each operate as environmental-based service companies, we did not deem segment reporting necessary.

Accounting Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could materially differ from those estimates.

We use estimates when accounting for the carrying amounts of accounts receivable, goodwill and other intangible assets, deferred taxes, and the fair value of assets and liabilities acquired in business acquisitions and stock-based compensation expense, all of which are discussed in their respective notes to the consolidated financial statements.

Revenue Recognition

We recognize revenue as services are performed or products are delivered. For example, we recognize revenue as waste and recyclable material are collected or when products are delivered. We recognize revenue net of any contracted pricing discounts or rebate arrangements.

We generally recognize revenue for the gross amount of consideration received as we are generally the primary obligor (or principal) in our contracts with customers as we hold complete responsibility to the customer for contract fulfillment. In situations in which we are not primarily obligated, we do not have credit risk, or we determine amounts earned using fixed percentage payment schedules, we record the revenue net of certain cost amounts. We record amounts collected from customers for sales tax on a net basis.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

We consider all highly liquid instruments with a maturity of three months or less when purchased to be cash equivalents.

Accounts Receivable

Our receivables, which are recorded when billed or when services are performed, are claims against third parties that will generally be settled in cash. The carrying value of our receivables, net of the allowance for doubtful accounts, represents the estimated net realizable value. We estimate our allowance for doubtful accounts based on consideration of a number of factors, including the length of time trade accounts are past due, our previous loss history, the creditworthiness of individual customers, economic conditions affecting specific customer industries, and economic conditions in general. We write off past-due receivable balances after all

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QUEST RESOURCE HOLDING CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements – Continued

reasonable collection efforts have been exhausted. We credit payments subsequently received on such receivables to bad debt expense in the period we receive the payment.

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, we had established an allowance of $1,581,595 and $2,176,010, respectively, for potentially uncollectible accounts receivable. We record delinquent finance charges on outstanding accounts receivable only if they are collected.

The changes in our allowance for doubtful accounts for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, were as follows:


	Years ended December 31,
	2023			2022
Beginning balance	$	2,176,010		$	840,522
Bad debt expense		1,746,877			1,737,169
Uncollectible accounts written off, net		(2,341,292	)		(401,681	)
Ending balance	$	1,581,595		$	2,176,010

Fair Value Measurements

Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") Topic 820, Fair Value Measurements, defines fair value as the price that would be received in the sale of an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Topic 820 also specifies a fair value hierarchy that requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. The standard describes three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair value as follows:

Level 1: Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities;

Level 2: Observable inputs other than Level 1 prices, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities; and

Level 3: Valuation is generated from model-based techniques that use significant assumptions not observable in the market. These unobservable assumptions reflect our own estimate of assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability.

Property and Equipment

We record property and equipment at cost. We provide for depreciation on the straight-line method, over the estimated useful lives of the assets. We amortize leasehold improvements over the shorter of the estimated useful life or the remaining term of the related leases. We charge expenditures for repairs and maintenance to operations as incurred; we capitalize renewals and betterments when they extend the useful life of the asset. We record gains and losses on the disposition of property and equipment in the period incurred. We report assets held for sale, if any, at the lower of the carrying amount or fair value less costs to sell.

The useful lives of property and equipment for purposes of computing depreciation are as follows:


Computer equipment		3 to 5 years
Office furniture and fixtures		5 to 7 years
Machinery and equipment		5 to 7 years
Leasehold improvements		5 to 7 years

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

We analyze long-lived assets, including property and equipment and definite-lived intangible assets, which are held and used in our operations, for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amounts may not be recoverable. We review the amortization method and estimated period of useful life at least at each balance sheet date. We record the effects of any revision to operations when the change arises. We recognize impairment when the estimated undiscounted cash flow generated by those assets is less than the carrying amounts of such assets. The amount of impairment is the excess of the carrying amount over the fair value of such assets. We did not recognize any impairment charges for long-lived assets during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.

Goodwill

We record as goodwill the excess of the consideration transferred over the fair value of the net identifiable assets acquired. We do not amortize goodwill; however, annually, or whenever there is an indication that goodwill may be impaired, we evaluate qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. Our test of goodwill impairment includes assessing qualitative factors and the use of judgment in evaluating economic conditions, industry and

F-11

QUEST RESOURCE HOLDING CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements – Continued

market conditions, cost factors, and entity-specific events, such as market capitalization as compared to our book value. We performed our most recent goodwill impairment analysis in the third quarter of 2023 with no impairment recorded.

Net Income (Loss) per Share

We compute basic net income (loss) per share using the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding plus the number of common stock equivalents for Deferred Stock Units (“DSUs”), during the period. We compute diluted net income (loss) per share using the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period, adjusted for the dilutive effect of common stock equivalents. Dilutive potential common shares consist of the incremental common shares issuable upon the exercise of outstanding stock options and warrants. Dilutive potential securities are excluded from the computation of earnings per share if their effect is antidilutive. The dilutive effect of outstanding stock options and warrants is reflected in diluted earnings per share by application of the treasury stock method.

Concentrations

Financial instruments that potentially subject us to credit risk consist principally of cash, cash equivalents, and trade accounts receivable. We deposit our cash with commercial banks. Cash deposits at commercial banks are at risk to the extent that the balances exceed the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation insured level per institution. The bank cash balances on deposit may periodically exceed federally insured limits, however, we have never experienced any losses related to these balances.

We sell our services and products primarily to customers without requiring collateral; however, we routinely assess the financial condition of our customers and maintain allowances for anticipated losses. From year to year, the customers that exceed 10% of our annual revenue, if any, may change. The following table discloses the number of customers that accounted for more than 10% of our annual revenue and their related receivable balances for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022:


	Customers Exceeding 10% of Revenue
Year	Number of Customers		Revenue Combined Percent			Accounts Receivable Combined Percent
2023		2		29	%		18	%
2022		2		24	%		18	%

We believe we have no significant credit risk in excess of recorded reserves.

Leases

We determine if an arrangement is a lease at inception. Operating leases are included in operating lease right-of-use (“ROU”) assets and current and long-term operating lease liabilities on our consolidated balance sheets. We currently do not have any material finance lease arrangements.

Operating lease ROU assets and lease liabilities are recognized based on the present value of the future minimum lease payments over the lease term at commencement date. As most of our leases do not provide an implicit rate, we use our incremental borrowing rate in effect at the commencement date of the lease in determining the present value of future payments.

When we have the option to extend the lease term, terminate the lease before the contractual expiration date, or purchase the leased asset, and if it is reasonably certain that we will exercise the option, we consider these options in determining the classification and measurement of the lease. Leases with an initial term of 12 months or less are not recorded on the balance sheet.

Income Taxes

We recognize deferred tax assets and liabilities for the future tax consequences of temporary differences between the book and tax basis of assets and liabilities that will result in taxable or deductible amounts in the future, based on enacted tax laws and rates applicable to the periods in which the differences are expected to affect taxable income. We establish valuation allowances to reduce a deferred tax asset to the amount expected to be realized. We assess our ability to realize deferred tax assets based on current earnings performance and on projections of future taxable income in the relevant tax jurisdictions. These projections do not include taxable income from the reversal of deferred tax liabilities and do not reflect a general growth assumption but do consider known or pending events, such as the passage of legislation. We review our estimates of future taxable income annually.

If we are required to pay interest on the underpayment of income taxes, we recognize interest expense in the first period the interest becomes due according to the provisions of the relevant tax law.

If we are subject to payment of penalties, we recognize an expense for the amount of the statutory penalty in the period when the position is taken on the income tax return. If we did not recognize the penalty in the period when the position was initially taken, we recognize the expense in the period when we change our judgment about meeting minimum statutory thresholds related to the initial position taken.

F-12

QUEST RESOURCE HOLDING CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements – Continued

Advertising

We charge our advertising costs to expense when incurred. During the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, advertising expense totaled $40,160 and $39,029, respectively.

Stock-Based Compensation

We measure all share-based payments, including grants of options to purchase common stock and the issuance of DSUs and RSUs to employees, third parties and board members, using a fair value-based method, in accordance with ASC Topic 718, Stock Compensation. All share-based awards have been classified as equity instruments and we recognize the vesting of the awards ratably over their respective terms. See Note 13 for a description of our share-based compensation plan and information related to awards granted under the plan.

We estimate the fair value of stock options using the Black-Scholes-Merton valuation model. Significant assumptions used in the calculation are as follows:

•

We have historically determined the expected term under the simplified method using an average of the contractual term and vesting period of the award. Beginning in 2023 we determine the expected life based on a weighted average of historical grants taking into account the vesting period of awards, time until exercise and expiration dates;

•

We measure the expected volatility using the historical changes in the market price of our common stock;

•

We use the implied yield on zero-coupon U.S. Treasury bonds with a remaining maturity equal to the expected term of the awards to approximate the risk-free interest rate; and

•

We recognize the effects of forfeitures in compensation cost when they occur.

Deferred Stock Units

Non-employee directors can elect to receive all or a portion of their annual retainers in the form of DSUs. The DSUs are recognized at their fair value on the date of grant. Director fees deferred into stock units are calculated and expensed each month by taking fees earned during the month and dividing by the closing price of our common stock on the last trading day of the month, rounded down to the nearest whole share. Each DSU represents the right to receive one share of our common stock following the completion of a director’s service. In addition, certain executive compensation expense is also granted in the form of DSUs.

Restricted Stock Units

Beginning in 2023, non-employee directors received their annual board compensation in the form of restricted stock units (“RSU”s). The RSUs are recognized at their fair value on the date of grant. Each RSU represents the right to receive one share of our common stock once fully vested.

Business Combinations

Our acquisitions are accounted for in accordance with ASC Topic 805, Business Combinations. In purchase accounting, identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed are recognized at their estimated fair values at the acquisition date, and any remaining purchase price is recorded as goodwill. In determining the fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed, we make significant estimates and assumptions, particularly with respect to long-lived tangible and intangible assets. Critical estimates used in valuing tangible and intangible assets include, but are not limited to, future expected cash flows, discount rates, market prices and asset lives. See Note 3 for more information related to our most recent acquisition.

Our consolidated financial statements include the results of operations from the date of such acquisition.

We expense all acquisition-related costs as incurred in selling, general and administrative expenses in the consolidated statements of operations.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Adopted

In June 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326), which provides guidance on measuring credit losses on financial instruments. The amended guidance replaces current incurred loss impairment methodology of recognizing credit losses when a loss is probable with a new forward-looking approach to estimate expected credit losses. We adopted the new standard on January 1, 2023. The adoption of the new standard did not have a material impact on our condensed consolidated financial statements as pre-existing processes for estimating expected credit losses for trade receivables generally aligned with the expected credit loss model.

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QUEST RESOURCE HOLDING CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements – Continued

Pending Adoption

In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures, which requires incremental disclosures related to reportable segments, including significant segment expense categories and amounts for each reportable segment. Entities with a single reportable segment are required to provide the new disclosures required under ASC 280. This authoritative guidance is required to be applied retrospectively and will be effective for our annual disclosures beginning in 2024 and interim periods starting 2025. This guidance is only related to disclosures and is not expected to have a significant impact on our consolidated financial statements.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, which requires entities to provide additional disclosure related to the transparency and decision usefulness of income tax disclosures, including additional disclosure around the rate reconciliation and income taxes paid. The authoritative guidance should be applied prospectively and will be effective for us starting in 2025. Retrospective application is permitted. This guidance is only related to disclosures and is not expected to have a significant impact on our consolidated financial statements.

There have been no other recent accounting pronouncements or changes in accounting pronouncements that have been issued but not yet adopted that are of significance, or potential significance, to us.

4. Property and Equipment, net, and Other Assets

At December 31, 2023 and 2022, Property and equipment, net, and other assets consisted of the following:


	As of December 31,
	2023			2022
Machinery and equipment	$	3,321,220		$	3,159,483
Office furniture and fixtures		573,686			568,040
Leasehold improvements		715,312			719,781
Computer equipment		451,329			676,197
Property and equipment, gross		5,061,547			5,123,501
Accumulated depreciation		(2,932,371	)		(2,499,797	)
Property and equipment, net		2,129,176			2,623,704
Right-of-use operating lease assets		1,862,455			2,385,870
Security deposits and other assets		634,459			901,653
Property and equipment, net, and other assets	$	4,626,090		$	5,911,227

We compute depreciation using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the property and equipment. Depreciation expense for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $805,821, including $377,872 of depreciation expense reflected within “Cost of revenue” in our consolidated statement of operations as it related to assets used directly in servicing customer contracts. Depreciation expense for the year ended December 31, 2022 was $744,858, including $316,405 of depreciation expense reflected within “Cost of revenue” in our consolidated statement of operations as it related to assets used directly in servicing customer contracts.

We recorded right-of-use operating lease assets related to our office leases in accordance with ASC 842. Refer to Note 8, Leases for additional information.

On February 20, 2018 (the “Closing Date”), we entered into an Asset Purchase Agreement with Earth Media Partners, LLC to sell certain assets of our wholly owned subsidiary, Earth911, Inc., in exchange for a 19% interest in Earth Media Partners, LLC, which was recorded as an investment in the amount of $246,585 as of the Closing Date, and a potential future earn-out amount of approximately $350,000. The net assets sold related to the Earth911.com website business and consisted primarily of the website and its content and customers, deferred revenues, and accounts receivable as of the Closing Date. Earth911, Inc. was subsequently renamed Quest Sustainability Services, Inc. The carrying amount of our investment in Earth Media Partners, LLC is included in “Security deposits and other assets” and we have an accrued receivable in the amount of $320,167 and $327,667 related to the earn-out as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

5. Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets

The components of goodwill and other intangible assets are as follows:


December 31, 2023	Estimated Useful Life	Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization		Net
Finite lived intangible assets:
Customer relationships	5 years	$	39,250,000	$	17,636,463	$	21,613,537
Software	7 years		4,230,291		1,819,287		2,411,004
Trademarks	7 years		2,026,163		657,331		1,368,832
Non-compete agreements	3 years		2,250,000		1,591,945		658,055
Total finite lived intangible assets		$	47,756,454	$	21,705,026	$	26,051,428


December 31, 2022	Estimated Useful Life	Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization		Net
Finite lived intangible assets:
Customer relationships	5 years	$	39,250,000	$	9,808,855	$	29,441,145
Software	7 years		2,609,374		1,541,500		1,067,874
Trademarks	7 years		2,009,403		370,137		1,639,266
Non-compete agreements	3 years		2,250,000		841,945		1,408,055
Total finite lived intangible assets		$	46,118,777	$	12,562,437	$	33,556,340


	Carrying Amount
Changes in goodwill:
Balance at December 31, 2021	$	80,621,503
Addition related to acquisitions		541,766
RWS purchase price allocation adjustment		3,594,937
Purchase price adjustment		(500,000	)
Balance at December 31, 2022	$	84,258,206
RWS pre-acquisition adjustments		1,570,032
Balance at December 31, 2023	$	85,828,238

We compute amortization using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the finite lived intangible assets. The amortization expense related to finite lived intangible assets was approximately $9.1 million and $9.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

We estimate future amortization expense as of December 31, 2023 to be approximately as follows:


Year Ending December 31,	Amount
2024	$	9,150,459
2025		8,302,642
2026		6,704,479
2027		665,909
2028		559,417
Thereafter		668,522
Total	$	26,051,428

We have no indefinite-lived intangible assets other than goodwill. $70.8 million of the goodwill is not deductible for tax purposes, while $15.0 million of goodwill added in the prior years is deductible over its tax-basis life. We performed our goodwill impairment analysis in the third quarter of 2023 and 2022 with no impairment recorded in either period.

In 2023, we recorded a correction to the goodwill from the RWS acquisition completed in 2021. This adjustment resulted in a net increase of $1.6 million and $2.7 million to goodwill and accounts payable, respectively. We assessed the materiality of this correction on our consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2021 and concluded that the effect of this correction was not material, quantitatively or qualitatively, to the consolidated financial statements taken as a whole, or for any of the subsequent reporting periods. Accordingly, we recorded a charge to cost of revenue of $1.2 million in the fourth quarter of 2023, which was equally attributable to 2021 and 2022.

F-15

QUEST RESOURCE HOLDING CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements – Continued

In 2022, our adjustments to goodwill included a $3.6 million adjustment related to the RWS acquisition, $0.5 million related to our acquisition of an independent environmental services company, and $(0.5) million related to a prior year purchase price adjustment. In addition, in 2022 we recorded $2.8 million of intangible assets as part of our acquisition of an independent environmental services company. See Note 3 for more information on the 2022 acquisition.

6. Current Liabilities

The components of Accounts payable and accrued liabilities are as follows:


	As of December 31,
	2023		2022
Accounts payable	$	38,600,461	$	28,744,858
Accrued taxes		484,854		331,936
Employee compensation		1,478,826		1,812,028
Operating lease liability - current portion		493,928		489,938
Miscellaneous		238,097		828,701
	$	41,296,166	$	32,207,461

Refer to Note 8 for additional disclosure related to the operating lease liability.

The components of Other current liabilities are as follows:


	As of December 31,
	2023		2022
Deferred revenue	$	1,509,690	$	2,731,350
Deferred consideration - earn-out		960,000		1,957,255
	$	2,469,690	$	4,688,605

We made a $1.2 million earnout payment in 2023 related to an acquisition.

7. Notes Payable

Our debt obligations are as follows:


		Years ended December 31,
	Interest Rate (1)	2023			2022
Monroe Term Loan (2)	11.96%	$	53,500,656		$	61,073,151
Green Remedies Promissory Note (3)	3.00%		1,101,120			1,637,970
PNC ABL Facility (4)	7.50%		13,245,489			12,238,034
Total notes payable			67,847,265			74,949,155
Less: Current portion of long-term debt			(1,158,800	)		(1,158,800	)
Less: Unamortized debt issuance costs			(1,345,339	)		(2,122,715	)
Less: Unamortized OID			(185,793	)		(288,643	)
Less: Unamortized OID warrant			(519,153	)		(806,106	)
Notes payable, net		$	64,638,180		$	70,572,891

(1) Interest rates as of December 31, 2023
(2) Bears interest based on SOFR plus Applicable Margin ranging from 5.5% to 7.5%
(3) Stated interest rate of 3.0%
(4) Bears interest based on Adjusted Term SOFR plus a margin ranging from 1.75% to 2.25%

The future minimum principal payments as of December 31, 2023 are as follows:


Year Ending December 31,	Amount
2024	$	1,158,850
2025		66,688,415
Total	$	67,847,265

F-16

QUEST RESOURCE HOLDING CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements – Continued

We capitalize financing costs we incur related to implementing our debt arrangements. We record these debt issuance costs associated with our revolving credit facility and our term loan as a reduction of long-term debt, net and amortize them over the contractual life of the related debt arrangements. The table below summarizes changes in debt issuance costs.


	December 31,
	2023			2022
Debt issuance costs
Beginning balance	$	2,122,715		$	2,637,483
Financing costs deferred		—			214,550
Less: Amortization expense		(777,376	)		(729,318	)
Debt issuance costs, net of accumulated amortization	$	1,345,339		$	2,122,715

Revolving Credit Facility

On August 5, 2020, QRHC and certain of its subsidiaries entered into a Loan, Security and Guaranty Agreement (the “PNC Loan Agreement”), which was subsequently amended on October 19, 2020, December 7, 2021, August 9, 2022 and December 2, 2022, with BBVA USA (which was subsequently succeeded in interest by PNC Bank, National Association (“PNC”)), as a lender, and as administrative agent, collateral agent, and issuing bank, which provides for a credit facility (the “ABL Facility”) comprising an asset-based revolving credit facility in the maximum principal amount of $25.0 million with a sublimit for issuance of letters of credit of up to 10% of the maximum principal amount of the revolving credit facility. The revolving credit facility bears interest, at the borrowers’ option, at either the Base Rate, plus a margin ranging from 0.75% to 1.25% (no borrowings as of December 31, 2023), or the Adjusted Term SOFR Rate for the interest period in effect plus a margin ranging from 1.75% to 2.25% (7.50% as of December 31, 2023). The maturity date of the revolving credit facility is April 19, 2025. The revolving credit facility contains an accordion feature, subject to PNC’s approval, permitting the revolving credit facility to be increased by up to $10 million.

Certain of QRHC’s subsidiaries are the borrowers under the PNC Loan Agreement. QRHC and one of its subsidiaries are guarantors under the PNC Loan Agreement. As security for the obligations of the borrowers under the PNC Loan Agreement, (i) the borrowers under the PNC Loan Agreement have granted a first priority lien on substantially all of their tangible and intangible personal property, including a pledge of the capital stock and membership interests, as applicable, of certain of QRHC’s direct and indirect subsidiaries, and (ii) the guarantors under the PNC Loan Agreement have granted a first priority lien on the capital stock and membership interests, as applicable, of certain of QRHC’s direct and indirect subsidiaries.

The PNC Loan Agreement contains certain financial covenants, including a minimum fixed charge coverage ratio. In addition, the PNC Loan Agreement contains negative covenants limiting, among other things, additional indebtedness, transactions with affiliates, additional liens, sales of assets, dividends, investments and advances, prepayments of debt, mergers and acquisitions, and other matter customarily restricted in such agreements. The PNC Loan Agreement also contains customary events of default, including payment defaults, breaches of representations and warranties, covenant defaults, events of bankruptcy and insolvency, change of control, and failure of any guaranty or security document supporting the PNC Loan Agreement to be in full force and effect. Upon the occurrence of an event of default, the outstanding obligations under the PNC Loan Agreement may be accelerated and become immediately due and payable.

As of December 31, 2023, the ABL Facility borrowing base availability was $25,000,000, of which $13,245,489 principal was outstanding.

Monroe Term Loan

On October 19, 2020, QRHC and certain of its subsidiaries entered into a Credit Agreement (the “Credit Agreement”), dated as of October 19, 2020, which was subsequently amended on September 3, 2021, December 1, 2021, December 7, 2021, August 9, 2022, and December 2, 2022, with Monroe Capital Management Advisors, LLC (“Monroe Capital”), as administrative agent for the lenders thereto. Among other things, the Credit Agreement provides for the following:

•

A senior secured term loan facility in the principal amount of $53.5 million as of December 31, 2023. The senior secured term loan accrues interest at the SOFR Rate for SOFR Loans plus the Applicable Margin; provided, that if the provision of SOFR Loans becomes unlawful or unavailable, then interest will be payable at a rate per annum equal to the Base Rate from time to time in effect plus the Applicable Margin for Base Rate Loans. The maturity date of the term loan facility is October 19, 2025 (the “Maturity Date”). The senior secured term loan will amortize in aggregate annual amounts equal to 1.00% of the original principal amount of the senior secured term loan facility with the balance payable on the Maturity Date. Proceeds of the senior secured term loan are permitted to be used for Permitted Acquisitions (as defined in the Credit Agreement)

•

An accordion term loan facility in the maximum principal amount of $5.3 million. Loans under the accordion loan facility may be requested at any time until the Maturity Date. Each accordion term loan shall be on the same terms as those applicable to the senior secured term loan. Proceeds of accordion term loans are permitted to be used for Permitted Acquisitions.

F-17

QUEST RESOURCE HOLDING CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements – Continued

Certain of QRHC’s subsidiaries are the borrowers under the Credit Agreement. QRHC is the guarantor under the Credit Agreement. As security for the obligations of the borrowers under the Credit Agreement, (i) the borrowers under the Credit Agreement have granted a first priority lien on substantially all of their tangible and intangible personal property, including a pledge of the capital stock and membership interests, as applicable, of certain of QRHC’s direct and indirect subsidiaries, and (ii) the guarantors under the Credit Agreement have granted a first priority lien on the capital stock and membership interests, as applicable, of QRHC’s direct and indirect subsidiaries.

The Credit Agreement contains certain financial covenants, including a minimum fixed charge coverage ratio and a senior net leverage ratio. In addition, the Credit Agreement contains negative covenants limiting, among other things, additional indebtedness, transactions with affiliates, additional liens, sales of assets, dividends, investments and advances, prepayments of debt, mergers and acquisitions, and other matters customarily restricted in such agreements. The Credit Agreement also contains customary events of default, including payment defaults, breaches of representations and warranties, covenant defaults, events of bankruptcy and insolvency, change of control, and failure of any guaranty or security document supporting the Credit Agreement to be in full force and effect. Upon the occurrence of an event of default, the outstanding obligations under the Credit Agreement may be accelerated and become immediately due and payable.

At the same time as the borrowing of the initial $11.5 million under the Credit Agreement in October 2020, in a separate agreement, we issued Monroe Capital a warrant to purchase 500,000 shares of QRHC’s common stock exercisable immediately. For the delayed draw term loan facility, we issued a separate warrant to purchase 350,000 shares upon drawing on this facility on October 19, 2021. Both warrants have an exercise price of $1.50 per share and an expiration date of March 19, 2028. We estimated the grant-date fair value of the warrants issued using the Black Scholes option pricing model and recorded a debt discount of approximately $766,000 in 2020 for the 500,000-share warrant and $536,000 in 2021 for the 350,000-share warrant which are being amortized over the term of the Credit Agreement. We also executed a letter agreement that provides that the warrant holder will receive minimum net proceeds of $1 million less any net proceeds received from the sale of the warrant shares, which is conditional on the full exercise and sale of all the warrant shares at the same time and upon a date two years after the closing date of such agreement.

Green Remedies Promissory Note

On October 19, 2020, we issued an unsecured subordinated promissory note to the seller of Green Remedies in the aggregate principal amount of $2,684,250, payable commencing on January 1, 2021 in quarterly installments through October 1, 2025 and subject to an interest rate of 3.0% per annum.

Interest Expense

The amount of interest expense related to borrowings for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 was $7,785,516 and $6,002,649, respectively. Debt issuance cost of $3,323,906 is being amortized to interest expense over the lives of the related debt arrangements. Interest expense related to amortization of debt issuance fees, debt discount costs and interest related to vendor supply chain financing programs was $1,943,582 and $1,278,092, respectively, for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.

Our leases are primarily related to office space and are classified as operating leases for which we recorded a right of use asset at the inception or amendment of each lease. Our primary leases include:

•

Primary headquarters in The Colony, Texas. On September 29, 2022, we executed an amendment to our corporate office lease, pursuant to which we reduced the amount of square space rented to approximately 16,200 square feet and extended the term from October 2022 to December 31, 2027. We recorded a right of use asset associated with this lease of approximately $1.6 million. This lease had a remaining term of 4.0 years at December 31, 2023. We used an effective interest rate of 4.56%, which was our incremental borrowing rate in effect at the date of the lease amendment as the lease does not provide a readily determinable implicit rate.

•

Chadds Ford, PA office. We recorded a right of use asset associated with this lease, which was modified in 2022, of approximately $716,000. The lease expires in October 2026. This lease had a remaining term of 2.8 years at December 31, 2023, and we used an effective interest rate of 7.5%, which was our incremental borrowing rate in effect at the acquisition date of RWS as the lease does not provide a readily determinable implicit rate. This lease may be terminated under certain conditions as defined in the lease agreement.

•

Greenville, SC office. We recorded a right of use asset associated with this lease of approximately $255,000. The lease expires in December 2024. This lease had a remaining term of 0.9 years at December 31, 2023, and we used an effective interest rate of 8.75%, which was our incremental borrowing rate in effect at the acquisition date of the lease as the lease does not provide a readily determinable implicit rate. This lease may be terminated under certain conditions as defined in the lease agreement.

•

Burlington, NC office. Our office lease in Burlington, NC was terminated effective December 31, 2023. The lessor was a related party that is owned by the seller of Green Remedies, which was acquired by us in 2020.

The future minimum lease payments required under our office leases as of December 31, 2023 are as follows:


Year Ending December 31,	Amount
2024	$	573,969
2025		495,161
2026		484,441
2027		387,909
Total lease payments		1,941,480
Less: Interest		(172,861	)
Present value of lease payments	$	1,768,619

Balance Sheet Classification

The table below presents the lease related assets and liabilities recorded on the balance sheet. Right-of-use assets and related liabilities related to finance leases as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 are de minimis.


	As of December 31,
	2023		2022
Operating Leases
Right-of-use operating lease assets:
Property and equipment, net and other assets	$	1,862,455	$	2,385,870

Lease liabilities:
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities	$	493,928	$	489,938
Other long-term liabilities		1,274,691		1,724,244
Total operating lease liabilities	$	1,768,619	$	2,214,182

Lease Costs

For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, we recorded $753,818 and $946,840, respectively, of fixed cost operating lease expense.

Cash paid for operating leases approximated operating lease expense and non-cash right of use asset amortization for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.

9. Revenue

Operating Revenues

We provide businesses with services to reuse, recycle, and dispose of a wide variety of waste streams and recyclables generated by their operations. Service revenues are primarily generated from fees charged for our collection, transfer, disposal and recycling services and from sales of commodities by our recycling operations. In addition, we have product sales and other revenue primarily from sales of products such as antifreeze and windshield washer fluid, as well as minor ancillary services.

Revenue Recognition

We generally recognize revenue for the gross amount of consideration received as we are generally the primary obligor (or principal) in our contracts with customers as we hold complete responsibility to the customer for contract fulfillment. Depending on the key terms of the arrangement, which may include situations in which we are not primarily obligated, we do not have credit risk, or we determine amounts earned using fixed percentage or fixed fee schedules, we may record the revenue net of certain cost amounts. We had certain management fee contracts accounted for under the net basis method with net revenue of $445,107 and $484,229 for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. We record amounts collected from customers for sales tax on a net basis.

Disaggregation of Revenue

The following table presents our revenue disaggregated by source. Two customers accounted for 29% of revenue for the year ended December 31, 2023, and two customers accounted for 24% of revenue for the year ended December 31, 2022. We operate primarily in the United States, with minor services in Canada.


	Year Ended December 31,
	2023		2022
Revenue Type:
Services	$	277,280,099	$	273,796,746
Product sales and other		11,097,553		10,241,077
Total revenue	$	288,377,652	$	284,037,823

Contract Balances

Our incremental direct costs of obtaining a customer contract are generally deferred and amortized to selling, general, and administrative expense or as a reduction to revenue (depending on the nature of the cost) over the estimated life of the customer contract. We classify our contract acquisition costs as current or noncurrent based on the timing of when we expect to recognize the amortization and are included in other assets.

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022 we had $0 and $566,667, respectively, of deferred contract costs. During the year ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, we amortized $333,333 and $408,333, respectively, of deferred contract costs to selling, general, and administrative expense.

We bill certain customers one month in advance, and, accordingly, we defer recognition of related revenues as a contract liability until the services are provided and control is transferred to the customer. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, we had $1,509,690 and $2,731,350, respectively, of deferred revenue, which was classified in “Other current liabilities.”

10. Income Taxes

We compute income taxes using the asset and liability method in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 740, Income Taxes. Under the asset and liability method, we determine deferred income tax assets and liabilities based on the differences between the financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities and measure those using currently enacted tax rates and laws. We provide a valuation allowance for the amount of deferred tax assets that, based on available evidence, are more likely than not to be realized. Realization of our net operating loss carryforward was not reasonably assured as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, and we have recorded a valuation allowance of $17,413,000 and $13,999,000, respectively against deferred tax assets in excess of deferred tax liabilities in the accompanying consolidated financial statements.

F-20

QUEST RESOURCE HOLDING CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements – Continued

The components of net deferred taxes are as follows:


	As of December 31,
	2023			2022
Deferred tax assets (liabilities):
Net operating loss	$	1,531,000		$	1,447,000
Depreciation and amortization		7,336,000			5,490,000
Stock-based compensation		4,780,000			4,638,000
Interest expense		2,952,000			1,276,000
Capitalized software costs		(53,000	)		(278,000	)
Bonus accrual		210,000			284,000
Allowance for doubtful accounts		412,000			567,000
Other		245,000			575,000
Total deferred tax assets, net		17,413,000			13,999,000
Less: valuation allowance		(17,413,000	)		(13,999,000	)
Net deferred taxes	$	—		$	—

Our statutory income tax rate is expected to be approximately 26%. We had state income tax expense of $386,932 and $172,604 for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, which is attributable to state obligations for states with no net operating loss carryforwards, and the continued reserve against the benefit of the net operating losses at the federal level. The provision for income taxes consisted of the following:


	Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022
Current	$	386,932	$	172,604
Deferred		—		—
Total	$	386,932	$	172,604

The reconciliation between the income tax expense calculated by applying statutory rates to net income (loss) and the income tax expense reported in the accompanying consolidated financial statements is as follows:


	Years Ended December 31,
	2023			2022
U.S. federal statutory rate applied to pretax loss	$	(1,450,000	)	$	(1,234,000	)
State taxes - current, net of federal benefit		386,932			172,604
State taxes - deferred		(428,000	)		(411,000	)
Permanent differences		(306,000	)		(471,000	)
Benefit of federal operating loss carryforwards		(332,000	)		(845,000	)
Change in state tax rates and other		(898,000	)		100,000
Change in valuation allowance		3,414,000			2,861,000
	$	386,932		$	172,604

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, we had federal income tax net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $5,900,000 and $5,600,000, respectively, which expire at various dates ranging from 2034 through 2037. We are subject to limitations existing under Internal Revenue Code Section 382 (Change of Control) relating to the availability of the operating loss, therefore utilization of a portion of the Company's net operating loss may be limited in future years.

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, we did not recognize any assets or liabilities relative to uncertain tax positions, nor do we anticipate any significant unrecognized tax benefits will be recorded during 2024. It is our policy to classify interest and penalties on income taxes as interest expense or penalties expense, should any be incurred.

Tax positions are positions taken in a previously filed tax return or positions expected to be taken in a future tax return that are reflected in measuring current or deferred income tax assets and liabilities reported in the financial statements. Tax positions include the following:

•

an allocation or shift of income between taxing jurisdictions;

•

the characterization of income or a decision to exclude reportable taxable income in a tax return; or

•

a decision to classify a transaction, entity, or other position in a tax return as tax exempt.

F-21

QUEST RESOURCE HOLDING CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements – Continued

We are potentially subject to tax audits for federal and state tax returns for tax years ended 2019 to 2023. Tax audits by their very nature are often complex and can require several years to complete.

13. Stockholders’ Equity

Preferred Stock

Our authorized preferred stock consists of 10,000,000 shares of preferred stock with a par value of $0.001, of which no shares have been issued or were outstanding as of December 31, 2023 and 2022. Preferred stock is to be designated in classes or series and the number of each class or series and the voting powers, designations, preferences, limitations, restrictions, relative rights, and distinguishing designation of each class or series of stock as the Board of Directors shall determine in its sole discretion.

Common Stock

Our authorized common stock consists of 200,000,000 shares of common stock with a par value of $0.001, of which 20,161,400 and 19,696,006 shares were issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Employee Stock Purchase Plan

On September 17, 2014, our stockholders approved our 2014 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (“ESPP”). We recorded expense of $102,899 and $92,180 related to the ESPP during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

During the year ended December 31, 2023, we issued an aggregate 46,916 shares of common stock for $224,439 all to employees under our ESPP, as follows:

•

On May 16, 2023, we issued 22,888 shares for $107,002 for options that vested and were exercised.

•

On November 15, 2023, we issued 24,028 shares for $117,437 for options that vested and were exercised.

During the year ended December 31, 2022, we issued an aggregate 40,851 shares of common stock for $176,742 all to employees under our ESPP, as follows:

•

On May 16, 2022, we issued 17,720 shares for $76,666 for options that vested and were exercised.

•

On November 16, 2022, we issued 23,131 shares for $100,076 for options that vested and were exercised.

F-22

QUEST RESOURCE HOLDING CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements – Continued

Warrants

The following table summarizes the warrants issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2023:

        Warrants Issued and Outstanding as of December 31, 2023

         
        Date of

        Exercise

        Shares of

        Description

        Issuance

        Expiration

        Price

        Common Stock

Exercisable warrants

10/19/2020

3/19/2028

1.50

500,000

Exercisable warrants

10/19/2021

3/19/2028

1.50

350,000

Total warrants issued and outstanding

850,000

No warrants were issued, exercised or expired during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.

Incentive Compensation Plan

In October 2012, we adopted our 2012 Incentive Compensation Plan, as amended (the “2012 Plan”), as the sole plan for providing equity-based incentive compensation to our employees, non-employee directors, and other service providers. The 2012 Plan allows for the grant of stock options, restricted stock, restricted stock units, stock appreciation rights, performance awards, and other incentive awards to our employees, non-employee directors, and other service providers who are in a position to make a significant contribution to our success and our affiliates. The purpose of the 2012 Plan is to attract and retain individuals, further align employee and stockholder interests, and closely link compensation with our performance. The 2012 Plan is administered by the compensation committee of our board of directors. Our policy is to fulfill any exercise of options from common stock that is authorized and unissued. The maximum number of shares of common stock available for grant under the 2012 Plan is 4,830,437. The number of shares available for award under the 2012 Plan is subject to adjustment for certain corporate changes in accordance with the provisions of the 2012 Plan.

Stock Options

The following table summarizes the stock option activity from January 1, 2022 through December 31, 2023:


	Stock Options
					Weighted-
				Exercise	Average
	Number			Price Per	Exercise Price
	of Shares			Share	Per Share
Outstanding at January 1, 2022		3,280,585		$1.17 — $23.20	$	2.87
Granted		384,889		$4.08 — $8.68	$	5.23
Exercised		(414,001	)	$1.51 — $6.40	$	1.83
Canceled/Forfeited		(72,085	)	$1.51 — $16.80	$	5.76
Outstanding at December 31, 2022		3,179,388		$1.17 — $23.20	$	3.23
Granted		152,500		$5.50	$	5.50
Exercised		(418,478	)	$1.17 — $4.08	$	2.14
Canceled/Forfeited		(44,397	)	$1.51 — $21.20	$	14.42
Outstanding at December 31, 2023		2,869,013		$1.17 — $23.20	$	3.33

The weighted-average grant-date fair value of options granted was $3.53 and $3.36 for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the intrinsic value of options outstanding was $11,623,637 and $9,841,358, respectively, and the intrinsic value of options exercisable was $10,877,904 and $8,422,306, respectively.

The following additional information applies to options outstanding at December 31, 2023:


Range of Exercise Prices	Outstanding at December 31, 2023		Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Life		Weighted- Average Exercise Price		Exercisable at December 31, 2023		Weighted- Average Exercise Price
$1.17 — $23.20		2,869,013		5.5	$	3.33		2,491,466	$	3.02

F-23

QUEST RESOURCE HOLDING CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements – Continued

The following additional information applies to options outstanding at December 31, 2022:


Range of Exercise Prices	Outstanding at December 31, 2022		Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Life		Weighted- Average Exercise Price		Exercisable at December 31, 2022		Weighted- Average Exercise Price
$1.17 — $23.20		3,179,388		6.1	$	3.23		2,504,292	$	2.98

Stock-Based Compensation

Stock-based compensation expense for stock-based incentive awards was $881,397 and $994,361 for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. At December 31, 2023, the balance of unearned stock-based compensation to be expensed in future periods related to unvested share-based awards was approximately $1.0 million. The weighted-average period over which the unearned stock-based compensation is expected to be recognized is approximately 2 years.

We account for all stock-based payment awards made to employees and directors, including stock options and employee stock purchases, based on estimated fair values. We estimate the fair value of share-based payment awards on the date of grant using an option-pricing model and the value of the portion of the award is recognized as expense over the requisite service period. We recognize the effects of forfeitures in compensation cost when they occur.

We use the Black-Scholes-Merton option-pricing model as our method of valuation. The fair value is amortized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service periods of the awards, which is generally the vesting period. The fair value of share-based payment awards on the date of grant as determined by the Black-Scholes-Merton model is affected by our stock price as well as other assumptions. These assumptions include the expected stock price volatility over the term of the awards, and the actual and projected employee stock option exercise behaviors.

The weighted-average estimated value of employee stock options granted during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 were estimated using the Black-Scholes-Merton option pricing model with the following weighted-average assumptions:


	Years Ended December 31,
	2023			2022
Expected volatility		69	%		71	%
Risk-free interest rate		3.58	%		2.79	%
Expected dividends		0.00	%		0.00	%
Expected term in years		6.0			5.9

Deferred Stock Units

During the year ended December 31, 2023, we granted 6,131 DSUs and recorded director compensation expense of $40,732 related to the grants. In addition, during the year ended December 31, 2023, we granted 14,089 DSUs to executive employees and recorded compensation expense of $118,162. During the year ended December 31, 2022, we granted 6,719 DSUs and recorded director compensation expense of $39,142 related to the grants. In addition, during the year ended December 31, 2022, we granted 35,201 DSUs to executive employees and recorded compensation expense of $157,885. We had 231,635 and 211,415 DSUs outstanding at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Restricted Stock Units

During the year ended December 31, 2023, we granted restricted stock units (“RSUs”) to nonemployee directors as part of their annual board compensation. The RSUs are recognized at their fair value on the date of grant. Each RSU represents the right to receive one share of our common stock once fully vested. During the year ended December 31, 2023, we granted 61,056 RSUs and recorded director compensation expense of $169,203 related to the grants. We had 61,056 and 0 RSUs outstanding at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. These RSUs were not vested at December 31, 2023.

14. Net Loss per Share

We compute basic net loss per share using the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding plus the number of common stock equivalents for DSUs during the period. We compute diluted net income (loss) per share using the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period, adjusted for the dilutive effect of common stock equivalents. In periods where losses are reported, the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding excludes common stock equivalents because their inclusion would be anti-dilutive. Dilutive potential common shares consist of the incremental common shares issuable upon the exercise of outstanding stock options and warrants. Dilutive potential securities are excluded from the

F-24

QUEST RESOURCE HOLDING CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements – Continued

computation of earnings per share if their effect is antidilutive. The dilutive effect of outstanding stock options and warrants is reflected in diluted earnings per share by application of the treasury stock method.

The computation of basic and diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders is as follows:


	Years Ended December 31,
	2023			2022
Numerator:
Net loss	$	(7,291,285	)	$	(6,047,986	)
Denominator:
Weighted average common shares outstanding, basic		20,123,221			19,473,786
Effect of dilutive securities		—			—
Weighted average common shares outstanding, diluted		20,123,221			19,473,786
Net loss per share
Basic	$	(0.36	)	$	(0.31	)
Diluted	$	(0.36	)	$	(0.31	)
Anti-dilutive securities excluded from diluted net loss per share
Stock options		62,968			244,907
Total anti-dilutive securities excluded from diluted net loss per share		62,968			244,907


	Page
PART I

Item 1. Business	1

Item 1A. Risk Factors	7

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments	17

Item 1C. Cybersecurity	17

Item 2. Properties	18

Item 3. Legal Proceedings	18

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures	18

PART II

Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities	19

Item 6. [Reserved]	19

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	19

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	26

Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data	26

Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure	26

Item 9A. Controls and Procedures	26

Item 9B. Other Information	27

Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections	27

PART III

Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance	28

Item 11. Executive Compensation	34

Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters	38

Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence	40

Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services	40

PART IV

Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules Item 16. Form 10-K Summary SIGNATURES	41 44 45


	Years Ended December 31,
	2023			2022
Revenue	$	288,377,652		$	284,037,823
Cost of revenue		238,312,950			235,182,337
Gross profit		50,064,702			48,855,486
Operating expenses:
Selling, general, and administrative		37,669,419			37,800,161
Depreciation and amortization		9,570,538			9,649,966
Total operating expenses		47,239,957			47,450,127
Operating income		2,824,745			1,405,359
Interest expense		(9,729,098	)		(7,280,741	)
Loss before taxes		(6,904,353	)		(5,875,382	)
Income tax expense		386,932			172,604
Net loss	$	(7,291,285	)	$	(6,047,986	)


	As Reported
	Years Ended December 31,
	2023			2022
Net loss	$	(7,291,285	)	$	(6,047,986	)
Depreciation and amortization		9,948,411			9,966,371
Interest expense		9,729,098			7,280,741
Stock-based compensation expense		1,312,393			1,283,568
Acquisition, integration and related costs		1,623,851			3,073,636
Other adjustments		500,837			709,664
Income tax expense		386,932			172,604
Adjusted EBITDA	$	16,210,237		$	16,438,598


	Years Ended December 31,
	2023			2022
Reported net loss (a)	$	(7,291,285	)	$	(6,047,986	)
Adjustments:
Amortization of intangibles (b)		8,864,803			8,839,228
Acquisition, integration and related costs (c)		1,623,851			3,073,636
Other adjustments (d)		204,892			(113,745	)
Adjusted net income	$	3,402,261		$	5,751,133

Diluted earnings per share:
Reported net loss	$	(0.36	)	$	(0.31	)
Adjusted net income	$	0.15		$	0.26

Weighted average number of common shares outstanding:
Diluted (e)		22,361,569			21,817,901

(a) Applicable to common stockholders
(b) Reflects the elimination of the non-cash amortization of acquisition-related intangible assets
(c) Reflects the add back of acquisition/integration related transaction costs
(d) Reflects adjustments to earn-out fair value
(e) Reflects adjustment for dilution as adjusted net income is positive


						Stock and			All Other
Name and Principal Position	Year	Salary (1)		Bonus (1)			Option Awards (2)		Compensation (3)		Total
S. Ray Hatch	2023	$	375,000	$	125,000		$	211,904	$	19,630	$	731,534
President, Chief Executive	2022	$	356,562	$	261,218		$	230,057	$	26,980	$	874,817
Officer, and Director
Brett W. Johnston	2023	$	300,000	$	120,000		$	141,270	$	19,004	$	580,274
Senior Vice President and Chief	2022	$	50,769	$	70,892		$	150,168	$	1,250	$	273,079
Financial Officer
David P. Sweitzer	2023	$	325,000	$	125,000		$	185,416	$	12,195	$	647,611
Executive Vice President and	2022	$	301,412	$	162,896		$	175,044	$	24,737	$	664,089
Chief Operating Officer


	ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934


Large accelerated filer		Accelerated filer	
Non-accelerated filer		Smaller reporting company	
Emerging growth company	


Name	Age	Position
Daniel M. Friedberg	62	Chairman of the Board (2)(4)
S. Ray Hatch	63	President, Chief Executive Officer, and Director (4)
Glenn A. Culpepper	68	Director (3)(4)
Audrey P. Dunning	62	Director (1)(2)
Ronald L. Miller, Jr.	59	Director (1)(3)
Stephen A. Nolan	63	Director (1)(3)
Sarah R. Tomolonius	43	Director (1)(2)

(1) Member of the Audit Committee
(2) Member of the Nominations and Corporate Governance Committee
(3) Member of the Compensation Committee
(4) Member of the Strategic Planning Committee


		Option Awards
								Equity Incentive
								Plan Awards:
								Number of
								Securities
		Number of Securities						Underlying	Option		Option
		Underlying Unexercised Options (1)						Unexercised	Exercise		Expiration
Name	Grant Date	Exercisable			Unexercisable			Unearned Options	Price		Date
S. Ray Hatch	1/7/2016		250,000		—			—	$	5.44	1/7/2026
	1/16/2018		100,000		—			—	$	2.39	1/16/2028
	2/12/2019		150,000		—			—	$	1.51	2/12/2029
	3/16/2020		160,000		—			—	$	1.51	3/16/2030
	3/15/2021		53,333	(2)		26,667		—	$	3.83	3/15/2031
	4/20/2022		17,500	(2)		35,000		—	$	6.17	4/20/2032
	5/17/2023	—				60,000	(2)	—	$	5.50	5/17/2033
David P. Sweitzer	10/15/2018		10,500		—			—	$	2.62	10/15/2028
	10/3/2019		8,400	(3)		2,100		—	$	2.45	10/3/2029
	3/15/2021		40,000	(2)		20,000		—	$	3.83	3/15/2031
	4/20/2022		13,333	(2)		26,667		—	$	6.17	4/20/2032
	5/17/2023	—				52,500	(2)	—	$	5.50	5/17/2033
Brett W. Johnston	11/1/2022		5,000	(4)		20,000		—	$	8.68	11/1/2032
	5/17/2023	—				40,000	(2)	—	$	5.50	5/17/2033


	Fees Earned		Stock
Name	or Paid in Cash		Awards (1)		Total
Glenn A. Culpepper	$	44,317	$	74,997	$	119,314
Audrey P. Dunning	$	24,348	$	74,997	$	99,345
Daniel M. Friedberg	$	268,585	$	74,997	$	343,582
Ronald L. Miller, Jr.	$	50,025	$	77,303	$	127,328
Stephen A. Nolan	$	11,548	$	113,423	$	124,971
Sarah R. Tomolonius	$	44,788	$	74,997	$	119,785


	Shares Beneficially Owned
Named Executive Officers and Directors (1):	Number (2)		Percentage (2)
S. Ray Hatch (3)		897,636		4.27	%
Brett W. Johnston (4)		29,069	*
David P. Sweitzer (5)		136,503	*
Daniel M. Friedberg (6)		3,341,366		16.14	%
Glenn A. Culpepper (7)		40,000	*
Audrey P. Dunning		2,000	*
Ronald L. Miller, Jr. (8)		151,355	*
Stephen A. Nolan (9)		305,245	1.5		%
Sarah R. Tomolonius (10)		158,357	*
All directors and executive officers as a group (9 persons) (11)		5,061,531	22.72		%
5% Stockholders:
Wynnefield Partners Small Cap Value, L.P., et al (12)		2,703,773		13.40	%
Pinnacle Family Office Investments, L.P. (13)		2,506,389		12.43	%


	2023		2022
Audit Fees (1)		521,645		288,240
Audit-related Fees (2)		23,301		13,135
Tax Fees (3)	—		—
All Other Fees (4)		28,669		25,382
Total	$	573,615	$	326,757


Exhibit No.		Exhibit

2.1		Asset Purchase Agreement, dated as of October 19, 2020, by and among Quest Resource Holding Corporation, Quest Resource Management Group, LLC, Green Remedies Waste and Recycling, Inc. and Alan Allred (1)

3.1(b)		Third Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation of Quest Resource Holding Corporation (2)

3.2(a)		Second Amended and Restated Bylaws of Quest Resource Holding Corporation, as amended (3)

3.2(b)		Amendment to Second Amended and Restated Bylaws of Quest Resource Holdings Corporation, as amended (4)

4.1		Description of Registered Securities (5)

4.2		Promissory Note, dated as of October 19, 2020, by Quest Resource Holding Corporation in favor of Green Remedies Waste and Recycling, Inc. (6)

4.3		Form of Warrant to Purchase an Aggregate of 500,000 Shares (7)

4.4		Form of Warrant to Purchase an Aggregate of 350,000 Shares (8)

10.5(e)†		2012 Incentive Compensation Plan, as amended and restated (9)

10.5(f)†		Form of Non-Qualified Stock Option Agreement (10)

10.5(g)†		Form of Incentive Stock Option Agreement (11)

10.6†		Form of Indemnity Agreement by and between Infinity Resources Holdings Corp. and each of its directors and executive officers (12)

10.21†		2014 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (13)

10.23†		Amended and Restated Severance and Change in Control Agreement, dated as of June 29, 2021 by and between Quest Resource Holding Corporation and S. Ray Hatch (14)

10.24†		Executive Agreement, dated as of February 15, 2017, by and between Quest Resource Holding Corporation and David P. Sweitzer (15)

10.25		Loan, Security and Guaranty Agreement, dated as of February 24, 2017, by and among Citizens Bank, National Association, Quest Resource Management Group, LLC, Landfill Diversion Innovations, LLC, Quest Resource Holding Corporation, and Earth911, Inc. (16)

10.27†		Amendment to 2012 Incentive Compensation Plan (17)

10.28†		Form of Quest Resource Holding Corporation Deferred Stock Unit Agreement (18)

10.30		Loan, Security and Guaranty Agreement, dated August 5, 2020, by and among BBVA USA, Quest Resource Management Group, LLC, Landfill Diversion Innovations, L.L.C., Quest Resource Holding Corporation and Quest Sustainability Services, Inc. (19)

10.31		Credit Agreement, dated as of October 19, 2020, by and among Quest Resource Holding Corporation, Quest Resource Management Group, LLC and each of its Affiliates that are or many from time to time become parties thereto, the financial institutions that are or may from time to time become parties thereto, and Monroe Capital Management Advisors, LLC, as administrative agent for the lenders (20)


10.32		Joinder and First Amendment to Loan, Security and Guaranty Agreement, dated as of October 19, 2020, by and among BBVA USA, Quest Resource Management Group, LLC, Landfill Diversion Innovations, L.L.C., Quest Resource Holding Corporation, Quest Sustainability Services, Inc., Youchange, Inc., Quest Vertigent Corporation, Quest Vertigent One, LLC, and Global Alerts, LLC (21)

10.33		Joinder and Second Amendment to Loan, Security and Guaranty Agreement, dated as of December 7, 2021, by and a mong PNC Bank, National Association, Quest Resource Management Group, LLC, Landfill Diversion Innovations, L.L.C., Quest Resource Holding Corporation, Quest Sustainability Services, Inc., Youchange, Inc., Quest Vertigent Corporation, Quest Vertigent One, LLC, Global Alerts, LLC, RWS Facility Services, LLC and Sustainable Solutions Group, LLC (22)

10.34		Third Amendment to Loan, Security and Guaranty Agreement, dated as of December 2, 2022, by and among PNC Bank, National Association, Quest Resource Management Group, LLC, Landfill Diversion Innovations, L.L.C., RWS Facility Services, LLC, Sustainable Solutions Group, LLC, Quest Resource Holding Corporation, Quest Sustainability Services, Inc., Youchange, Inc., Quest Vertigent Corporation, Quest Vertigent One, LLC, Global Alerts, LLC and Sequoia Waste Management Solutions, LLC (23)

10.35		First Amendment to Credit Agreement, dated September 3, 2021, by and among Quest Resource Holding Corporation, Quest Resource Management Group, LLC and each of its Affiliates that are or may from time to time become parties thereto, the financial institutions that are or may from time to time become parties thereto, and Monroe Capital Management Advisors, LLC as administrative agent for the lenders (24)

10.36		Second Amendment to Credit Agreement, dated December 1, 2021, by and among Quest Resource Holding Corporation, Quest Resource Management Group, LLC and each of its Affiliates that are or may from time to time become parties thereto, the financial institutions that are or may from time to time become parties thereto, and Monroe Capital Management Advisors, LLC as administrative agent for the lenders (25)

10.37		Third Amendment to Credit Agreement, dated December 7, 2021, by and among Quest Resource Holding Corporation, Quest Resource Management Group, LLC and each of its Affiliates that are or may from time to time become parties thereto, the financial institutions that are or may from time to time become parties thereto, and Monroe Capital Management Advisors, LLC as administrative agent for the lenders (26)

10.38		Fourth Amendment to Credit Agreement, dated December 2, 2022, by and among Quest Resource Holding Corporation, Quest Resource Management Group, LLC and each of its Affiliates that are or may from time to time become parties thereto, the financial institutions that are or may from time to time become parties thereto, and Monroe Capital Management Advisors, LLC, as administrative agent for the lenders (27)

10.39		Consideration Agreement, dated as of October 19, 2020, by and between Quest Resource Holding Corporation, Green Remedies Waste and Recycling, Inc. and Alan Allred (28)

10.40†		Employment Agreement, dated as of October 19, 2020, by and between Quest Resource Management Group, LLC and Alan Allred (29)

10.41		Intercreditor Agreement, dated as of October 19, 2020, by and between BBVA, USA and Monroe Capital Management Advisors, LLC (30)

10.42		First Amendment to Intercreditor Agreement, dated as of December 2, 2022, by and between PNC Bank, National Association and Monroe Capital Management Advisors, LLC (31)

10.43		Letter Agreement, dated as of October 19, 2020, between Quest Resource Holding Corporation and the holders of the Warrants (32)

10.44†		Offer Letter, dated October 7, 2022, between Quest Resource Holding Corporation and Brett Johnston (33)

10.45		Letter Agreement, dated August 9, 2022, by and among Quest Resource Holding Corporation, Quest Resource Management Group, LLC and each of its Affiliates that are or may from time to time become parties thereto, the financial institutions that are or may from time to time become parties thereto, and Monroe Capital Management Advisors, LLC as administrative agent for the lenders (34)

10.46†		Form of Quest Resource Holding Corporation Restricted Stock Unit Agreement (35)

10.47†		Severance and Change in Control Agreement, dated May 12, 2023, by and between Quest Resource Holding Corporation and Brett W. Johnston (36)


21.1		List of Subsidiaries

23.1		Consent of Semple, Marchal and Cooper, LLP, independent registered public accounting firm

24.1		Power of Attorney (included on the signature page of this Annual Report on Form 10-K)

31.1		Certification of Principal Executive Officer required by Rule 13a-14(a) or Rule 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

31.2		Certification of Principal Financial Officer required by Rule 13a-14(a) or Rule 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

32.1		Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

32.2		Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

97		Quest Resource Holding Corporation, Dodd-Frank Clawback Policy (37)

101		Interactive Data Files formatted in Inline XBRL (eXtensible Business Reporting Language): (i) Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2023 and 2022; (ii) Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022; (iii) Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022; (iv) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022; and (v) Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

104		Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted in Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)



	QUEST RESOURCE HOLDING CORPORATION

Dated: March 12, 2024	By:	/s/ S. Ray Hatch
		S. Ray Hatch
		President and Chief Executive Officer

	QUEST RESOURCE HOLDING CORPORATION

Dated: March 12, 2024	By:	/s/ Brett W. Johnston
		Brett W. Johnston
		Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer


Signature	Title	Date

/s/ S. Ray Hatch	President and Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) and Director	March 12, 2024
S. Ray Hatch

/s/ Brett W. Johnston	Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)	March 12, 2024
Brett W. Johnston

/s/ Daniel M. Friedberg	Chairman of the Board of Directors	March 12, 2024
Daniel M. Friedberg

/s/ Glenn A. Culpepper	Director	March 12, 2024
Glenn A. Culpepper

/s/ Audrey P. Dunning	Director	March 12, 2024
Audrey P. Dunning

/s/ Ronald L. Miller, Jr.	Director	March 12, 2024
Ronald L. Miller, Jr.

/s/ Stephen A. Nolan	Director	March 12, 2024
Stephen A. Nolan

/s/ Sarah R. Tomolonius	Director	March 12, 2024
Sarah R. Tomolonius



	Page

Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID: 178)	F-2

Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2023 and 2022	F-6

Consolidated Statements of Operations for the Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022	F-7

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity for the Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022	F-8

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022	F-9

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements	F-10


	Goodwill
Description of the Matter	As described in Note 5 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company has $85.8 million of goodwill as of December 31, 2023, and the Company has determined that there has been no impairment. We identified the Company’s carrying value of goodwill as a critical audit matter because subjective auditor judgment was required in performing procedures over certain assumptions used to estimate the fair value of the Company, in order to support the carrying value of the goodwill. Those assumptions included the Company’s market capitalization, as well as its current EBITDA and projections for future periods. The evaluation of these assumptions was challenging due to the subjective nature of the assumptions. Additionally, differences in judgment used to determine these assumptions could have a significant effect on the estimated carrying value of goodwill. These assumptions are forward-looking and could be affected by future economic and market conditions.
How We Addressed the Matter in Our Audit	The primary procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter included the following. We reviewed management’s analysis of indicators of impairment as of December 31, 2023 in consideration of the current operating loss, as well as EBITDA calculations and projections for future periods. We considered the Company’s historic trends and the industry outlook. We reviewed the Company’s market capitalization in comparison to the carrying value of net assets, noting market capitalization exceeded net asset carrying value.


											Total
	Common Stock				Additional			Accumulated			Stockholders’
	Shares		Par Value		Paid-in Capital			Deficit			Equity
Balance, December 31, 2021		19,045,988	$	19,046	$	170,318,199		$	(96,708,981	)	$	73,628,264
Stock-based compensation		—		—		1,283,568			—			1,283,568
Release of deferred stock units		28,650		29		(29	)		—			—
Shares issued for Employee Stock Purchase Plan options		40,851		41		176,701			—			176,742
Stock option exercises		414,001		414		755,921			—			756,335
Stock issued for seller consideration		166,516		166		1,341,959			—			1,342,125
Net loss		—		—		—			(6,047,986	)		(6,047,986	)
Balance, December 31, 2022		19,696,006		19,696		173,876,319			(102,756,967	)		71,139,048
Stock-based compensation		—		—		1,312,393			—			1,312,393
Shares issued for Employee Stock Purchase Plan options		46,916		47		224,392			—			224,439
Stock option exercises		418,478		418		896,359			—			896,777
Net loss		—		—		—			(7,291,285	)		(7,291,285	)
Balance, December 31, 2023		20,161,400	$	20,161	$	176,309,463		$	(110,048,252	)	$	66,281,372