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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, DC 20549
FORM 10-Q
(Mark One)
x
QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2019 
OR
¨
TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from          to         
Commission File Number: 001-38098 
APPIAN CORPORATION
(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)

Delaware
54-1956084
(State or other jurisdiction of
incorporation or organization)
(I.R.S. Employer
Identification No.)
11955 Democracy Drive, Suite 1700
Reston, VA
20190 
(Address of principal executive offices)
(Zip Code)
Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (703) 442-8844

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes  x    No  ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes  x    No  ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
 
Large accelerated filer
¨
Accelerated filer
x
Non-accelerated filer
¨
Small reporting company
¨
Emerging growth company
x   
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.  ¨   
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes   ¨    No  x




Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of each classTrading symbolName of each exchange on which registered
Class A Common StockAPPNThe Nasdaq Stock Market LLC

As of April 29, 2019, there were 31,325,029 shares of the registrant’s Class A common stock and 33,375,276 shares of the registrant’s Class B common stock, each with a par value of $0.0001 per share, outstanding.




Table of Contents
Page
PART I.
Item 1.
Item 2.
Item 3.
Item 4.
PART II.
Item 1.
Item 1A.
Item 2.
Item 3.
Item 4.
Item 5.
Item 6.

3

PART I—FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1.   FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
APPIAN CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(in thousands, except share and per share data) 
As of As of
March 31, 2019December 31, 2018
(unaudited)
Assets
Current assets
Cash and cash equivalents$75,353 $94,930 
Accounts receivable, net of allowance of $600 as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018 81,012 79,383 
Deferred commissions, current15,095 14,020 
Prepaid expenses and other current assets20,262 21,293 
Total current assets191,722 209,626 
Property and equipment, net23,340 7,539 
Deferred commissions, net of current portion15,555 15,088 
Deferred tax assets328 326 
Other assets562 601 
Total assets$231,507 $233,180 
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity
Current liabilities
Accounts payable$6,364 $9,249 
Accrued expenses12,111 7,464 
Accrued compensation and related benefits12,277 13,796 
Deferred revenue, current100,065 95,523 
Other current liabilities2,102 2,369 
Total current liabilities132,919 128,401 
Deferred tax liabilities41 42 
Deferred revenue, net of current portion14,990 16,145 
Deferred rent, net of current portion19,264 15,400 
Total liabilities167,214 159,988 
Stockholders’ equity
Class A common stock—par value $0.0001; 500,000,000 shares authorized and 30,882,834 shares issued and outstanding as of March 31, 2019; 500,000,000 shares authorized and 29,626,054 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 20183 3 
Class B common stock—par value $0.0001; 100,000,000 shares authorized and 33,798,188 shares issued and outstanding as of March 31, 2019; 100,000,000 shares authorized and 34,290,383 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 20183 3 
Additional paid-in capital226,582 218,284 
Accumulated other comprehensive income882 542 
Accumulated deficit(163,177)(145,640)
Total stockholders’ equity64,293 73,192 
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity$231,507 $233,180 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
4

APPIAN CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(in thousands, except share and per share data)
(unaudited)
Three Months Ended March 31,
20192018
Revenue:
Subscriptions, software and support$34,909 $26,952 
Professional services24,670 24,744 
Total revenue59,579 51,696 
Cost of revenue:
Subscriptions, software and support3,585 2,628 
Professional services20,481 18,421 
Total cost of revenue24,066 21,049 
Gross profit35,513 30,647 
Operating expenses:
Sales and marketing29,945 22,964 
Research and development13,956 9,870 
General and administrative9,016 8,060 
Total operating expenses52,917 40,894 
Operating loss(17,404)(10,247)
Other expense (income):
Other income, net(60)(918)
Interest expense71 13 
Total other expense (income)11 (905)
Loss before income taxes(17,415)(9,342)
Income tax expense122 211 
Net loss$(17,537)$(9,553)
Net loss per share attributable to common stockholders:
Basic and diluted$(0.27)$(0.16)
Weighted average common shares outstanding:
Basic and diluted64,306,667 60,850,521 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.



5

APPIAN CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE LOSS
(in thousands)
(unaudited)
Three Months Ended March 31,
20192018
Net loss$(17,537)$(9,553)
Comprehensive loss, net of income taxes:
Foreign currency translation adjustment340 (566)
Total other comprehensive loss, net of income taxes$(17,197)$(10,119)
 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
6

APPIAN CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
(in thousands, except share data)
(unaudited)
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)Total Stockholders' Equity
Common StockAdditional Paid-In CapitalAccumulated Deficit
SharesAmount
Balance January 1, 201860,599,877 $6 $141,268 $439 $(96,189)$45,524 
Net loss— — — — (9,553)(9,553)
Issuance of common stock to directors2,935 — — — — — 
Exercise of stock options607,349 — 982 — — 982 
Stock-based compensation expense— — 2,240 — — 2,240 
Other comprehensive loss— — — (565)— (565)
Balance, March 31, 201861,210,161 $6 $144,490 $(126)$(105,742)$38,628 
Balance, January 1, 201963,916,437 $6 $218,284 $542 $(145,640)$73,192 
Net loss— — — — (17,537)(17,537)
Issuance of common stock to directors3,461 — — — — — 
Vesting of restricted stock units482,444 — — — — — 
Exercise of stock options278,680 — 1,073 — — 1,073 
Stock-based compensation expense— — 7,225 — — 7,225 
Other comprehensive income— — — 340 — 340 
Balance, March 31, 201964,681,022 $6 $226,582 $882 $(163,177)$64,293 
 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

7

APPIAN CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(in thousands)
(unaudited)
Three Months Ended March 31,
20192018
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net loss$(17,537)$(9,553)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization798 268 
Deferred income taxes(3)76 
Stock-based compensation7,225 2,240 
Changes in assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable(1,702)1,932 
Prepaid expenses and other assets1,252 (1,085)
Deferred commissions(1,542)315 
Accounts payable and accrued expenses1,577 (2,161)
Accrued compensation and related benefits(1,485)(2,743)
Other current liabilities(138)909 
Deferred revenue3,718 (3,849)
Deferred rent, non-current3,698 (182)
Net cash used in operating activities(4,139)(13,833)
Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchases of property and equipment(16,595)(1,036)
Net cash used in investing activities(16,595)(1,036)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Proceeds from exercise of common stock options1,073 983 
Net cash provided by financing activities1,073 983 
Effect of foreign exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents84 1,004 
Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents(19,577)(12,882)
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period94,930 73,758 
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period$75,353 $60,876 
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information:
Cash paid for interest$69 $8 
Cash paid for income taxes$43 $57 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

8
APPIAN CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(UNAUDITED)
1. Organization and Description of Business
Appian Corporation (together with its subsidiaries, “Appian,” the “Company,” “we” or “our”) provides a low-code software development platform that allows companies to rapidly build powerful business applications. The applications created on our platform help companies drive digital transformation and competitive differentiation. We were incorporated in the state of Delaware in August 1999. We are headquartered in Reston, Virginia and operate in Canada, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Italy, Australia, Spain, Singapore and Sweden.

2.  Significant Accounting Policies
Basis of Presentation
The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and footnotes have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”) as contained in the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (the “Codification” or “ASC”) for interim financial information. In the opinion of management, the interim financial information includes all adjustments of a normal recurring nature necessary for a fair presentation of the results of operations, financial position, changes in stockholders’ equity and cash flows. The results of operations for the current period are not necessarily indicative of the results for the full year or the results for any future periods. These condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and related footnotes included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) on February 21, 2019.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of our condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the amounts reported in these condensed consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Although we believe that the estimates we use are reasonable, due to the inherent uncertainty involved in making these estimates, actual results reported in future periods could differ from those estimates.
Significant estimates embedded in the condensed consolidated financial statements include revenue recognition, income taxes and the related valuation allowance and stock-based compensation.
Principles of Consolidation
The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Appian and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.
Revenue Recognition
We generate revenue primarily through sales of subscriptions to our platform, as well as professional services. We recognize revenue when all of the following conditions are met: (1) there is persuasive evidence of an arrangement; (2) the service or product has been provided to the customer; (3) the amount of fees to be paid by the customer is fixed or determinable; and (4) the collection of related fees is reasonably assured. If collection is not reasonably assured, we defer revenue recognition until collectability becomes reasonably assured. Our arrangements do not contain general rights of return. Revenue is recognized net of any taxes collected from customers and subsequently remitted to governmental authorities.

Subscriptions, Software and Support Revenue
Subscriptions, software and support revenue is primarily related to (1) software as a service (“SaaS”) subscriptions bundled with maintenance and support and hosting services and (2) term license subscriptions bundled with maintenance and support.
We generally charge subscription fees on a per-user basis and, to a lesser degree, non-user based single application licenses. We bill customers and collect payment for subscriptions to our platform in advance on a monthly, quarterly or annual basis. In certain instances, we have had customers pay their entire contract up front.
9
APPIAN CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(UNAUDITED)
SaaS Subscriptions
Our SaaS subscription revenue is derived from customers accessing our cloud offering pursuant to contracts that are generally one to five years in length. We perform all required maintenance and support for our cloud offering and we do not separately charge customers for hosting costs. In these arrangements, our customers do not have the right to take the software on-premises and, as a result, such arrangements are not accounted for within the scope of the software revenue guidance. Revenue from SaaS subscriptions is recognized ratably over the term of the subscription, beginning with the date our service is made available to our customer.
Term License Subscriptions
Our term license subscription revenue is derived from customers with on-premises installations of our platform pursuant to contracts that are generally one to five years in length. Customers with term license subscriptions have the right to use our software and receive maintenance and support. Since we do not sell maintenance and support separately from the subscription, revenue for the term license subscription and maintenance and support is recognized ratably over the term of the subscription, upon delivery of the platform to the customer when sold on a standalone basis.
Professional Services
Our professional services revenue is comprised of fees for consulting services, including application development and deployment assistance and training related to our platform. Our professional services are not essential to the functionality of our platform because the platform is ready for the customer’s use immediately upon delivery and is not modified or customized in any manner.
Consulting services are billed under both time-and-material and fixed-fee arrangements. For standalone time-and-material contracts, we recognize revenue at contractually agreed upon billing rates applied to hours performed. For standalone fixed-fee contracts, we also recognize revenue as the work is performed using the proportional performance method of accounting. Training revenue is recognized when the associated training services are delivered. Training is also sold in the form of a subscription arrangement where a customer agrees to pay an annual fixed fee for a fixed number of users to have access to all of our training offerings during the year. Revenue from training subscription agreements is recognized ratably over the subscription period.
We defer recognition of revenue from work performed on pending contract modifications until the period in which the modifications are accepted and funding is approved by the customer. Costs of work performed on pending contract modifications are expensed as incurred.
Multiple Element Arrangements
Our multiple element arrangements are from SaaS subscriptions and term license subscriptions that are generally sold in combination with maintenance and support service and frequently with professional services.
SaaS Subscriptions
For multiple element arrangements involving SaaS subscriptions that include professional services in addition to the subscription to our platform, we evaluate each element to determine whether it represents a separate unit of accounting. Because there are third-party vendors who routinely sell and provide the same professional services to our customers, our professional services are deemed to have standalone value apart from the SaaS subscription. Additionally, we offer both SaaS subscriptions and professional services on a standalone basis. Professional services revenue is therefore accounted for separately from subscription fees and recognized as the professional services are performed. We allocate revenue to the elements based on the selling price hierarchy using vendor-specific objective evidence (“VSOE”) of selling price, third-party evidence (“TPE”) of selling price, or if neither exists, best estimated selling price (“BESP”). In cases where we do not have VSOE or TPE of the elements of our arrangements, we use BESP to allocate revenue. We determine BESP for a service by considering multiple factors including, but not limited to, evaluating the weighted average of actual sales prices and other factors such as gross margin objectives, pricing practices and growth strategy. Pricing practices taken into consideration include historic contractually stated prices, volume discounts where applicable and our price lists. While we believe we can make
10
APPIAN CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(UNAUDITED)
reliable estimates regarding these matters, these estimates are inherently subjective. Once the revenue is allocated to these elements, revenue is recognized as such services are provided. 
Term License Subscriptions
For multiple element arrangements involving term license subscriptions, maintenance and support and professional services, we do not have VSOE of fair value for the maintenance and support. Our term license subscriptions are generally not sold on a standalone basis, and therefore, we have not established VSOE of fair value for the subscriptions. Consequently, for our bundled arrangements that include certain professional services, there are two undelivered elements for which VSOE of fair value has not been established and, therefore, we utilize the combined services approach and defer all revenue until the software has been delivered and the provision of all services has commenced. We then recognize the entire fee from the arrangement ratably over the remaining period of the arrangement, assuming all other software revenue recognition criteria have been met.
Deferred Revenue
Deferred revenue primarily consists of amounts billed or billable in advance of revenue recognition from our subscriptions, software, and support and professional services described above. Deferred revenue is recognized as the revenue recognition criteria are met.
Cost of Revenue
Cost of Subscriptions, Software and Support Revenue
Cost of subscriptions, software and support revenue consists primarily of fees paid to our third-party managed hosting providers and other third-party service providers, personnel costs, including payroll and benefits for our technology operations and customer support teams, and allocated facility costs and overhead.
Cost of Professional Services Revenue
Cost of professional services revenue includes all direct and indirect costs to deliver our professional services and training, including employee compensation for our global professional services and training personnel, travel costs, third-party contractor costs and allocated facility costs and overhead.
Concentration of Credit Risk
Our financial instruments that are exposed to concentration of credit risk consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents and trade accounts receivable. Deposits held with banks may exceed the amount of insurance provided on such deposits. We believe that the financial institutions that hold our cash deposits are financially sound and, accordingly, minimal credit risk exists with respect to these balances.
With regard to our customers, credit evaluation and account monitoring procedures are used to minimize the risk of loss. We believe that no additional credit risk beyond amounts provided for collection loss are inherent in accounts receivable.  Revenue generated from government agencies represented 17.9% and 12.3% of our revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, of which the top three federal government agencies generated 7.9% and 6.4% of our revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Additionally, 29.7% and 33.3% of our revenue during the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, was generated from foreign customers.
Accounts Receivable and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts
Accounts receivable are stated at realizable value, net of an allowance for doubtful accounts. The allowance for doubtful accounts is based on our assessment of the collectability of accounts. We regularly review the composition of the accounts receivable aging, historical bad debts, changes in payment patterns, customer creditworthiness and current economic trends. If the financial condition of our customers were to deteriorate, resulting in their inability to make required payments, additional provisions for doubtful accounts would be required and would increase bad debt expense. To date, our allowance and related bad debt write-offs have been nominal. There was no change in the allowance for doubtful accounts from December 31, 2018 to March 31, 2019.
11
APPIAN CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(UNAUDITED)
Non-Trade Receivables
We record non-trade receivables to reflect amounts due for activities other than sales of subscriptions to our platform and professional services. As of March 31, 2019, our non-trade receivables related entirely to a receivable from our tenant improvement allowance. The tenant improvement allowance receivable was $12.5 million and $14.4 million as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively, and is classified within prepaid expenses and other current assets in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets. We recognized our initial tenant improvement allowance receivable of $15.8 million related to our new headquarters once we took initial possession of the space in October 2018. We recognized additional tenant improvement allowance receivable of $2.6 million when we took possession of adjacent office space in February 2019.
Deferred Commissions
Deferred commissions are the incremental costs that are directly associated with subscription agreements with customers and consist of sales commissions paid to our direct sales force. Commissions are considered direct and incremental and as such are deferred and amortized over the terms of the related customer contracts consistent with the related revenue. Amortization of deferred commissions is included in sales and marketing expense in the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of operations. Commission expense was $4.4 million and $2.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.
Fair Value of Financial Instruments
The carrying amounts of our cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable and accrued expenses approximate fair value as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018 because of the relatively short duration of these instruments.
We use a three-tier fair value hierarchy to classify and disclose all assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis, as well as assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis, in periods subsequent to their initial measurement. The hierarchy requires us to use observable inputs when available, and to minimize the use of unobservable inputs when determining fair value. The three tiers are defined as follows:
•Level 1. Observable inputs based on unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities;
•Level 2. Inputs, other than quoted prices in active markets, that are observable either directly or indirectly; and
•Level 3. Unobservable inputs for which there is little or no market data, which require us to develop our own assumptions.
Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis Using Significant Unobservable Inputs
There were no instruments measured at fair value during the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018.
Stock-Based Compensation
We account for stock-based compensation expense related to stock-based awards based on the estimated fair value of the award on the grant date. We calculate the fair value of stock options using the Black-Scholes Option Pricing Model. The fair value of restricted stock units is based on the closing market price of our common stock on the Nasdaq Global Market on the date of grant. For service-based awards, stock-based compensation expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period. For performance-based awards, stock-based compensation expense is recognized using the accelerated attribution method, based on the probability of satisfying the performance condition. For awards that contain market conditions, compensation expense is measured using a Monte Carlo simulation and recognized using the accelerated attribution method over the derived service period based on the expected market performance as of the grant date. For restricted stock units, stock-based compensation expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period. We account for forfeitures as they occur, rather than estimating expected forfeitures. 
12
APPIAN CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(UNAUDITED)
Emerging Growth Company Status
We are an “emerging growth company” as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act (the “JOBS Act”). The JOBS Act provides that an emerging growth company can take advantage of an extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards. Thus, an emerging growth company can delay the adoption of certain accounting standards until those standards would otherwise apply to private companies. We have elected to avail ourselves of this extended transition period and, as a result, we will not adopt new or revised accounting standards on the relevant dates on which adoption of such standards is required for other public companies.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Adopted
In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-15, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments (“ASU 2016-15”), which aims to reduce the existing diversity in practice in how certain cash receipts and cash payments are presented and classified in the statement of cash flows. ASU 2016-15 will require adoption on a retrospective basis unless it is impracticable to apply, in which case we would be required to apply the amendments prospectively as of the earliest date practicable. ASU 2016-15 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019. The adoption of ASU 2016-15 did not have an impact on our condensed consolidated financial statements for the three months ended March 31, 2019.
In February 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-02, Income Statement-Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220): Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income ("ASU 2018-02"), which provides entities the option to reclassify to retained earnings tax effects related to items in accumulated other comprehensive income ("OCI") that the FASB refers to as having been stranded in accumulated OCI as a result of tax reform. ASU 2018-02 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018. The adoption of ASU 2018-02 did not have an impact on our condensed consolidated financial statements for the three months ended March 31, 2019.
Not Yet Adopted
In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606) (“ASC 606”), which provides new guidance for revenue recognition. ASC 606 provides that an entity should recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. ASC 606 also requires improved disclosures to help users of financial statements better understand the nature, amount, timing, and uncertainty of revenue that is recognized. Entities have the option of using either a full retrospective or modified retrospective approach for the adoption of the standard. In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-08, Principal Versus Agent Considerations (Reporting Revenue Gross Versus Net) (“ASU 2016-08”), which clarifies implementation guidance on principal versus agent considerations in ASC 606. In April 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-10, Identifying Performance Obligations and Licensing (“ASU 2016-10”), which clarifies the identification of performance obligations and the licensing implementation guidance in ASC 606. In addition, in May 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-12, Narrow-Scope Improvements and Practical Expedients (“ASU 2016-12”), which clarifies the guidance on assessing collectibility, presentation of sales taxes, noncash consideration and completed contracts and contract modifications at transition. For public entities, the new standard is effective for annual periods and interim periods within those annual periods, beginning after December 15, 2017. For all other entities, the new standard is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2018, and interim periods within those annual periods beginning after December 15, 2019. We have elected to avail ourselves of the JOBS Act extended transition period that permits us to defer adoption until January 1, 2019. In accordance with guidance, the new standard will be adopted in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2019 but will not be adopted in our Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q to be filed during 2019.  
The ASC 606 guidance allows two methods of adoption: retrospectively to each prior reporting period (full retrospective method) or retrospectively with the cumulative effect of initially applying the guidance recognized at the date of initial application (modified retrospective method). We are going to adopt the new standard using the modified retrospective method.
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APPIAN CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(UNAUDITED)
We do not expect the new standard to have a material impact on the timing of revenue recognition related to our cloud-based subscriptions and standalone professional services. However, we expect the new standard to have a significant impact on the timing of revenue recognition related to our on-premise term license contracts. Under current industry-specific software revenue recognition guidance, we have historically concluded that we did not have VSOE of fair value of the undelivered services related to on-premise term license contracts, and accordingly, have recognized on-premise term license contracts and related services ratably over the contract term. Under this new standard, the requirement to have VSOE for undelivered services is eliminated. Therefore, we will be required to recognize a portion of revenue from the on-premise term license contracts upon delivery of the software.
In addition, we expect the new standard to impact our accounting for contract acquisition costs, both with respect to the amounts that will be capitalized as well as the period of amortization. Currently, we defer the direct and incremental commission costs to obtain a contract with a customer and amortize those costs over the term of the related customer contract consistent with the related revenue. Under the new standard, we will defer the incremental costs to obtain a contract with a customer. Therefore, the new standard will result in additional costs being capitalized, including fringe benefits. Under the new standard, initial incremental costs to obtain a contract will be amortized over the customer's estimated economic life of five years, which was calculated based on both qualitative and quantitative factors, such as product life cycles, contractual terms and customer attrition. Incremental contract costs paid relating to contract renewals will be deferred and amortized on a straight-line basis over the related renewal period. As a result, we expect the deferred commissions asset to increase and the related amortization expense in each reporting period to decrease under the new standard.
We are still in the process of quantifying the effects of the adoption of ASC 606 as well as continuing to evaluate the impact of the adoption of the standard on our consolidated financial statements, including our footnotes.
In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842) (“ASU 2016-02”), which was further clarified by ASU No. 2018-10, Codification Improvements to Topic 842, Leases, and ASU No. 2018-11, Leases (Topic 842): Targeted Improvements, both issued in July 2018.  ASU 2016-02 requires companies to recognize on the balance sheet the assets and liabilities for the rights and obligations created by lease assets. The new standard also requires additional disclosure of qualitative and quantitative information about the amounts recorded in the financial statements related to lease agreements. If we lose "emerging growth company" status effective December 31, 2019, the new standard will be adopted in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ending December 31, 2019. If the share price of our Class A common stock closes on June 28, 2019, at or above the price it has traded at since June 30, 2018, we will lose "emerging growth company status" effective December 31, 2019. ASU 2016-02 requires a transition adoption election of either (1) a modified retrospective approach with periods prior to the adoption date being restated or (2) a prospective adoption approach with a cumulative-effect adjustment recognized to the opening balance of retained earnings on the adoption date with prior periods not restated. We are currently evaluating the impact the adoption of ASU 2016-02 will have on our condensed consolidated financial statements. We plan to adopt this standard using the prospective adoption approach and electing the practical expedients allowed under the standard. Although we are still evaluating the impact of the adoption of the standard on our condensed consolidated financial statements, we expect there will be a material increase to assets and liabilities related to the recognition of new right-of-use assets and lease liabilities on our balance sheet for leases currently classified as operating leases.
In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326) ("ASU 2016-13"), which requires entities to measure all expected credit losses for financial assets held at the reporting date based on historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. This replaces the existing incurred loss model and is applicable to the measurement of credit losses on financial assets measured at amortized cost. This guidance is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2019. Early application will be permitted for all entities for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2018. We are currently evaluating the impact that the standard will have on our consolidated financial statements.




14
APPIAN CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(UNAUDITED)
3.  Accrued Expenses

Accrued expenses consisted of the following as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018 (in thousands):
March 31, 2019December 31, 2018
Accrued leasehold improvement costs$4,616 $— 
Accrued contract labor costs3,370 3,128 
Accrued hosting costs1,120 579 
Accrued reimbursable employee expenses551 459 
Accrued audit and tax expenses499 375 
Accrued third party license fees428 729 
Accrued marketing and tradeshow expenses297 229 
Other accrued expenses1,230 1,965 
Total$12,111 $7,464 


4.  Debt
Line of Credit
In November 2017, we entered into a $20.0 million revolving line of credit with a lender. The facility matures in November 2022. We may elect whether amounts drawn on the revolving line of credit bear interest at a floating rate per annum equal to either the LIBOR or the prime rate plus an additional interest rate margin that is determined by the availability of the borrowings under the revolving line of credit. The additional interest rate margin will range from 2.00% to 2.50% in the case of LIBOR advances and from 1.00% to 1.50% in the case of prime rate advances. The revolving line of credit contains an unused facility fee in an amount between 0.15% and 0.25% of the average unused portion of the revolving line of credit, which is payable quarterly. The agreement contains certain customary affirmative and negative covenants and requires us to maintain (1) an adjusted quick ratio of at least 1.35 to 1.0 and (ii) minimum adjusted EBITDA, in the amounts and for the periods set forth in the agreement. Any amounts borrowed under the credit facility are collateralized by substantially all of our assets. We were in compliance with all covenants as of March 31, 2019. As of March 31, 2019, we had no outstanding borrowings under the revolving line of credit. 


5.  Income Taxes
The provision for income taxes is based upon the estimated annual effective tax rates for the year applied to the current period income before tax plus the tax effect of any significant unusual items, discrete events or changes in tax law. Our operating subsidiaries are exposed to statutory effective tax rates ranging from zero to approximately 33%. Fluctuations in the distribution of pre-tax income among our operating subsidiaries can lead to fluctuations of the effective tax rate in the condensed consolidated financial statements. For the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, the actual effective tax rates were (0.7)% and (0.6)%, respectively.
We assess uncertain tax positions in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification 740-10, Accounting for Uncertainties in Income Taxes. As of March 31, 2019, our net unrecognized tax benefits totaled $1.0 million, of which the entire portion would favorably impact our effective tax rate in the period if recognized. We anticipate that the amount of reasonably possible unrecognized tax benefits that could decrease over the next 12 months due to the expiration of certain statutes of limitations and settlement of tax audits is not material to our consolidated financial statements.
We file income tax returns in the United States federal jurisdiction and in many states and foreign jurisdictions. The tax years 2015 through 2018 remain open to examination by the major taxing jurisdictions to which we are subject. We are not currently under examination by the Internal Revenue Service for any open tax years.


15
APPIAN CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(UNAUDITED)
6.  Stock-Based Compensation
In May 2017, our board of directors adopted, and our stockholders approved, the 2017 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2017 Plan”), which became effective as of the date of the final prospectus for our initial public offering. The 2017 Plan provides for the grant of incentive stock options to employees, and for the grant of nonstatutory stock options, restricted stock awards, restricted stock unit awards, stock appreciation rights, performance-based stock awards and other forms of equity compensation to employees, including officers, and to non-employee directors and consultants. We initially reserved 6,421,442 shares of Class A common stock for issuance under the 2017 Plan, which included 421,442 shares that remained available for issuance under our 2007 Stock Option Plan (the “2007 Plan”) at the time that the 2017 Plan became effective. The number of shares reserved under the 2017 Plan increases for any shares subject to outstanding awards originally granted under the 2007 Plan that expire or are forfeited prior to exercise. As a result of the adoption of the 2017 Plan, no further grants may be made under the 2007 Plan. As of March 31, 2019, there were 7,072,843 shares of Class A common stock reserved for issuance under the 2017 Plan, of which 5,642,988 were available to be issued.
The 2007 Plan provided for the grant of stock options to employees, directors, and officers. Stock options under the 2007 Plan are exercisable into shares of Class B common stock and generally expire ten years from the date of grant. Under the 2007 Plan, the exercise price of each award was established by the board of directors, but could not be less than the fair market value of a share of our common stock on the grant date. Stock options generally vest upon the satisfaction of both a service condition and a performance condition. The service condition is satisfied at various rates as determined by us, typically on an annual basis over five years. The performance condition required the occurrence of a qualifying event, defined as a change of control transaction or upon the completion of an initial public offering. The performance condition was satisfied upon the effectiveness of our initial public offering in May 2017.
We estimate the fair value of stock options using the Black-Scholes Option Pricing Model, which requires the use of subjective assumptions, including the expected term of the option, the current price of the underlying stock, the expected stock price volatility, expected dividend yield and the risk-free interest rate for the expected term of the option. The expected term represents the period of time the stock options are expected to be outstanding. Due to the lack of sufficient historical exercise data to provide a reasonable basis upon which to otherwise estimate the expected term of the stock options, we use the simplified method to estimate the expected term for our stock options. Under the simplified method, the expected term of an option is presumed to be the mid-point between the vesting date and the end of the contractual term. Expected volatility is based on historical volatilities for publicly traded stock of comparable companies over the estimated expected term of the stock options. We assume no dividend yield because dividends are not expected to be paid in the near future, which is consistent with our history of not paying dividends.
We did not grant any stock options during the three months ended March 31, 2019 or 2018.
Stock Options
The following table summarizes the stock option activity for the three months ended March 31, 2019:
Number of SharesWeighted Average Exercise PriceWeighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (Years)Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in thousands)
January 1, 20195,021,068 $7.30 6.4$97,440 
Granted— — 
Exercised(482,444)2.28 14,600 
Canceled(32,380)10.60 
Outstanding at March 31, 20194,506,244 7.82 6.6119,919 
Exercisable at March 31, 20193,053,424 6.89 6.284,097 
The total fair value of stock options that vested during each of the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018 was $0.3 million. As of March 31, 2019, the total compensation cost related to unvested stock options not yet recognized was $2.1 million, which will be recognized over a weighted average period of 2.0 years.
16
APPIAN CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(UNAUDITED)
In December 2018, we entered into a stock option cancellation agreement with our Chief Executive Officer, pursuant to which vested options to purchase 383,897 shares of Class A common stock were canceled. No compensation expense was recorded as the canceled stock options were fully vested at the time.
Restricted Stock Units
The following table summarizes the restricted stock unit activity for the three months ended March 31, 2019:
Number of SharesWeighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Non-vested outstanding at January 1, 20191,175,049 $26.04 
Granted79,475 35.77 
Vested(278,680)30.09 
Canceled(12,789)28.34 
Non-vested outstanding at March 31, 2019963,055 25.65 
As of March 31, 2019, total unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested restricted stock units was approximately $21.1 million, which will be recognized over a weighted average period of 2.4 years.
In November 2018, our board of directors approved the grant of 255,930 restricted stock units under the 2017 Plan at a fair value of $30.06 per share to three of our co-founders. The value of these awards at the grant date was $7.7 million and was amortized over the vesting periods. The restricted stock units vested during the three months ended March 31, 2019.
The following table summarizes the components of our stock-based compensation expense for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018 (in thousands):
Three Months Ended March 31,
20192018
Stock-based compensation expense related to restricted stock units$6,769 $894 
Stock-based compensation expense related to stock options364 1,254 
Stock-based compensation expense related to the issuance of common stock to directors92 92 
Total stock-based compensation expense$7,225 $2,240 
Stock-based compensation expense for restricted stock units, stock options and issuances of common stock is included in the following line items in the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018 (in thousands):
Three Months Ended March 31,
20192018
Cost of revenue
Subscriptions, software and support$154 $110 
Professional services1,974 220 
Operating expenses
Sales and marketing2,381 507 
Research and development2,115 391 
General and administrative601 1,012 
Total stock-based compensation expense$7,225 $2,240 


17
APPIAN CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(UNAUDITED)
7.  Stockholders’ Equity
As of March 31, 2019, we had authorized 500,000,000 shares of Class A common stock and 100,000,000 shares of Class B common stock, each with a par value of $0.0001 per share, of which 30,882,834 shares of Class A common stock and 33,798,188 shares of Class B common stock were issued and outstanding. The rights of the holders of Class A common stock and Class B common stock are identical, except with respect to voting and conversion rights. The holders of Class A common stock are entitled to one vote per share, and the holders of Class B common stock are entitled to ten votes per share, on all matters that are subject to stockholder vote. The holders of Class B common stock also have approval rights for certain corporate actions. Each share of Class B common stock may be converted into one share of Class A common stock at the option of its holder and will be automatically converted into one share of Class A common stock upon transfer thereof, subject to certain exceptions. In addition, upon the date on which the outstanding shares of Class B common stock represent less than 10% of the aggregate voting power of our capital stock, all outstanding shares of Class B common stock shall convert automatically into Class A common stock.


8.  Basic and Diluted Loss per Common Share
The following securities have been excluded from the calculation of weighted average common shares outstanding because the effect is anti-dilutive or performance or market conditions had not been met at the end of the period:
Three Months Ended March 31,
20192018
Stock options4,506,244 6,367,978 
Restricted stock units963,055 849,550 


9.  Commitments and Contingencies
Operating Leases
We lease office space and equipment in our headquarters location in Reston, Virginia, as well as in the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Canada, Italy, Australia, the Netherlands, Singapore and Spain, under non-cancellable operating lease agreements which have various expiration dates through 2031 for our office space and various expiration dates through 2020 for our equipment.
In April 2018, we entered into a new lease agreement for a new headquarters in Tysons, Virginia. We took initial possession of the first phase of the new headquarters in October 2018 and began to recognize rent expense. We expect to start making recurring rental payments under the lease in the third quarter of 2020. Total payments committed under the lease amount to $87.2 million. In connection with the lease agreement, we also entered into a letter of credit of $9.4 million to fund the security deposit required by the lease.
The lease for the new headquarters contains a tenant improvement allowance of up to $18.4 million from the landlord. The tenant improvement allowance is accounted for as a lease incentive obligation and is amortized as a reduction to rent expense over the lease term. We recorded a lease incentive obligation when we took initial possession of the first phase of the new headquarters. We took initial possession of the second phase in February 2019 and recorded an additional lease incentive obligation. As of March 31, 2019, $1.4 million was included in other current liabilities and $16.4 million was included in deferred rent, net of current portion on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. As of December 31, 2018, $1.2 million was included in other current liabilities and $14.4 million was included in deferred rent, net of current portion on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.  
 
Lease Related Commitments
Lease related commitments include payments to third-party vendors for services related to our new headquarters.
18
APPIAN CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(UNAUDITED)
A summary of our future minimum lease commitments and other commitments by year as of March 31, 2019 is as follows (in thousands):
Office LeasesEquipment LeasesLease Related Commitments
Remainder of 2019 $5,269 $142 $15,807 
2020 6,380 22 — 
2021 8,339 — — 
2022 6,948 — — 
2023 6,992 — — 
Thereafter 65,169 — — 
99,097 164 15,807 
Less: tenant improvement allowance— — (12,498)
Total$99,097 $164 $3,309 

We record rent expense using the total minimum rent commitment, amortized using the straight-line method over the term of the lease. The difference between monthly rental payments and recorded rent expense is charged to deferred rent. As of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, deferred rent totaled $21.1 million and $17.4 million, respectively, and is included within other current liabilities and deferred rent, net of current portion on the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets. In addition to rental payments, certain leases require additional payments for real estate taxes, common area maintenance and insurance, which are expensed when incurred and not included in future minimum payments.
Total rent and lease expense was $3.1 million and $2.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.
Other Commitments
We also have entered into a non-cancellable agreement for the use of technology that is integral in the development of our software and pay annual royalty fees of $0.3 million.
Letters of Credit
As of each of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, we had outstanding letters of credit totaling $10.5 million in connection with securing our leased office space. All letters of credit are secured by our borrowing arrangement as described in Note 4.
Legal
From time to time, we are subject to legal, regulatory and other proceedings and claims that arise in the ordinary course of business. There are no issues or resolution of any matters that are expected to have a material adverse impact on our consolidated financial statements. 


19
APPIAN CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(UNAUDITED)
10.  Segment and Geographic Information
The following table summarizes revenue by geography for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018 (in thousands): 
Three Months Ended March 31,
20192018
Domestic$41,883 $34,481 
International17,696 17,215 
Total$59,579 $51,696 
With respect to geographic information, revenue is attributed to respective geographies based on the contracting address of the customer. There were no individual foreign countries from which more than 10% of our total revenue was attributable for the three months ended March 31, 2019. Revenues from external customers attributed to the United Kingdom were 10.6% of our total revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2018. Substantially all of our long-lived assets were held in the United States as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018.

20

Item 2.   MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS.
The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with (1) our condensed consolidated financial statements and related notes appearing elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and (2) the audited consolidated financial statements and the related notes and management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2018 included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC, on February 21, 2019.
This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Act, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act. These statements are often identified by the use of words such as “anticipate,” “believe,” “continue,” “could,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “may,” “plan,” “project,” “will,” “would” or the negative or plural of these words or similar expressions or variations, including statements regarding our future financial and operating performance, anticipated expansion of the usage of partners to perform professional services and our anticipated capital expenditures on our new headquarters. Such forward-looking statements are subject to a number of risks, uncertainties, assumptions and other factors that could cause actual results and the timing of certain events to differ materially from future results expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include, but are not limited to, those identified herein, and those discussed in the section titled “Risk Factors,” set forth in Part I, Item 1A of our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on February 21, 2019 and in our other filings with the SEC. You should not rely upon forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. Furthermore, such forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this report. Except as required by law, we undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances after the date of such statements.
Overview
We provide a low-code software development platform that allows companies to rapidly build powerful business applications. The applications created on our platform help companies drive digital transformation and competitive differentiation.
With our platform, organizations can rapidly and easily design, build and implement powerful, enterprise-grade custom applications through our intuitive, visual interface with little or no coding required. Our customers have used applications built on our low-code platform to launch new business lines, automate vital employee workflows, manage complex trading platforms, accelerate drug development and build global procurement systems. With our platform, decision makers can reimagine their products, services, processes and customer interactions by removing much of the complexity and many of the challenges associated with traditional approaches to software development.
We have generated the majority of our revenue from sales of subscriptions, software and support, which include (1) SaaS subscriptions bundled with maintenance and support and hosting services, and (2) term license subscriptions bundled with maintenance and support.
Our subscription fees are based primarily on the number of users who access and utilize the applications built on our platform and, to a lesser degree, non-user based single application licenses. Our customer contract terms vary from one to five years, with an average length of less than three years, with most providing for payment in advance on an annual, quarterly or monthly basis. Due to the variability of our billing terms and the episodic nature of our customers purchasing additional subscriptions, we do not believe that changes in our deferred revenue in a given period are directly correlated with our revenue growth.
Since inception, we have invested in our professional services organization to help ensure that customers are able to build and deploy applications on our platform. We have several strategic partnerships, including with KPMG, PricewaterhouseCoopers and Deloitte, for them to refer customers to us and then to provide professional services directly to the customers using our platform. We intend to further grow our base of strategic partners to provide broader customer coverage and solution delivery capabilities.  In addition, over time we expect professional services revenue as a percentage of total revenue to decline as we increasingly rely on strategic partners to help our customers deploy our software.  We believe our investment in professional services, including strategic partners building their practices around Appian, will drive increased adoption of our platform.
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Our customers include financial services, life sciences, government, telecommunications, media, energy, manufacturing and transportation organizations. Generally, our sales force targets its efforts to organizations with over 2,000 employees and $2 billion in annual revenue. Revenue from government agencies represented 17.9% and 12.3% of our total revenue in the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. No single end-customer accounted for more than 10% of our total revenue in the three months ended March 31, 2019 or 2018.
Our platform supports multiple languages to facilitate collaboration and address challenges in multi-national organizations. We offer our platform globally. In the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, 29.7% and 33.3%, respectively, of our total revenue was generated from customers outside of the United States. As of March 31, 2019, we operated in 12 countries. We believe that we have a significant opportunity to grow our international footprint. We are investing in new geographies, including through investment in direct and indirect sales channels, professional services and customer support and implementation partners.
Our Business Model
Our business model focuses on maximizing the lifetime value of customer relationships, which is a function of the duration of a customer’s deployment of Appian as well as the price and number of subscriptions of Appian that a customer purchases. The costs we incur with respect to any customer may exceed revenue from that customer in earlier periods because we generally recognize costs associated with customer acquisition faster than we generate and recognize the associated revenue. We incur significant customer acquisition costs, including expenses associated with hiring new sales representatives, who generally take more than one year to become productive given the length of our sales cycle, and marketing costs, all of which, with the exception of sales commissions, are expensed as incurred.
The following are several key factors that affect our performance:
•Market Adoption of Our Platform. Our ability to grow our customer base and drive market adoption of our platform is affected by the pace at which organizations digitally transform. We expect that our revenue growth will be primarily driven by the pace of adoption and penetration of our platform. We offer a leading custom software development platform and intend to continue to invest to expand our customer base. The degree to which prospective customers recognize the need for low-code software that enables organizations to digitally transform, and subsequently allocate budget dollars to purchase our software, will drive our ability to acquire new customers and increase sales to existing customers, which, in turn, will affect our future financial performance.
•Growth of Our Customer Base. We believe we have a substantial opportunity to grow our customer base. We define a customer as an entity with an active subscription or active maintenance and support contract related to a perpetual software license as of the specified measurement date. To the extent we contract with one or more entities under common control, we count those entities as separate customers. We have aggressively invested, and intend to continue to invest, in our sales force in order to drive sales to new customers. In particular, we have recently made, and plan to continue to make, investments to enhance the expertise of our sales and marketing organization within our key industry verticals of financial services, life sciences and government. In addition, we have established relationships with strategic partners who work with organizations undergoing digital transformations. Our ability to continue to grow our customer base is dependent, in part, upon our ability to compete within the increasingly competitive markets in which we participate.
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•Further Penetration of Existing Customers. Our sales force seeks to generate additional revenue from existing customers by adding new users to our platform. Many of our customers begin by building a single application and then grow to build dozens of applications on our platform. Generally, the development of new applications on our platform results in the expansion of our user base within an organization and a corresponding increase in revenue to us because we charge subscription fees on a per-user basis for the significant majority of our customer contracts. As a result of this "land and expand" strategy, we have generated significant additional revenue from our customer base. Our ability to increase sales to existing customers will depend on a number of factors, including the size of our sales force and professional services teams, customers’ level of satisfaction with our platform and professional services, pricing, economic conditions and our customers’ overall spending levels. We have also re-focused some of our professional services personnel to become customer success managers. Their role is to ensure the customer realizes value from our platform and support the "land and expand" strategy versus delivering billable hours.
•Mix of Subscription and Professional Services Revenue. We believe our professional services have driven customer success and facilitated the adoption of our platform by customers. During the initial period of deployment by a customer, we generally provide a greater amount of support in building applications and training than later in the deployment, with a typical engagement extending from two to six months. At the same time, many of our customers have historically purchased subscriptions only for a limited set of their total potential end users. As a result of these factors, the proportion of total revenue for a customer associated with professional services is relatively high during the initial deployment period. Over time, as the need for professional services associated with user deployments decreases and the number of end users increases, we expect the mix of total revenue to shift more toward subscription revenue. In addition, we intend to further grow our base of strategic partners to provide broader customer coverage and solution delivery capabilities. These partners perform professional services with respect to any new service contracts they sign with our customers. As the usage of partners expands, we expect the proportion of our total revenue from subscriptions to increase over time relative to professional services. For the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, 58.6% and 52.1% of our revenue, respectively, was derived from sales of subscriptions, software and support, while the remaining 41.4% and 47.9%, respectively, was derived from the sale of professional services. 
•Investments in Growth. We have made and plan to continue to make investments for long-term growth, including investment in our platform and infrastructure to continuously maximize the power and simplicity of the platform to meet the evolving needs of our customers and to take advantage of our market opportunity.  We intend to continue to invest in sales and marketing, as we further expand our sales teams, increase our marketing activities and grow our international operations.
Key Metrics
We monitor the following metrics to help us measure and evaluate the effectiveness of our operations (dollars in thousands):
Three Months Ended
March 31,
20192018
Subscription Revenue
$33,586 $25,488 
As of March 31,
20192018
Subscription Revenue Retention Rate
116 %119 %
Subscription Revenue
Subscription revenue is a portion of our revenue contained in the subscriptions, software and support revenue line of our consolidated statements of operations, and includes (1) software as a service, or SaaS, subscriptions bundled with maintenance and support and hosting services, and (2) term license subscriptions bundled with maintenance and support. As we generally sell our software on a per-user basis, our subscription revenue for any customer is primarily determined by the number of users who access and utilize the applications built on our platform, as well as the price paid. We believe that increasing our subscription revenue is an indicator of the demand for our platform, the pace at which the market for our
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solutions is growing, the productivity of our sales force and strategic relationships in growing our customer base, and our ability to further penetrate our existing customer base.
Subscription Revenue Retention Rate
A key factor to our success is the renewal and expansion of subscription agreements with our existing customers. We calculate this metric over a set of customers who have been with us for at least one full year. To calculate our subscription revenue retention rate for a particular trailing 12-month period, we first establish the recurring subscription revenue for the previous trailing 12-month period. This effectively represents recurring dollars that we should expect in the current trailing 12-month period from the cohort of customers from the previous trailing 12-month period without any expansion or contraction. We subsequently measure the recurring subscription revenue in the current trailing 12-month period from the cohort of customers from the previous trailing 12-month period. Subscription revenue retention rate is then calculated by dividing the aggregate recurring subscription revenue in the current trailing 12-month period by the previous trailing 12-month period. This calculation includes the impact on our revenue from customer non-renewals, pricing changes and growth in the number of users on our platform. Our subscription revenue retention rate can fluctuate from period to period due to large customer contracts in any given period.

Key Components of Results of Operations
Revenue
We generate revenue primarily through sales of subscriptions to our platform, as well as professional services. We generally sell our software on a per-user basis. We generally bill customers and collect payment for subscriptions to our platform in advance on an annual, quarterly or monthly basis. In certain instances, we have had customers pay their entire contract value up front.
Our revenue is comprised of the following:
Subscriptions, Software and Support
Subscriptions, software and support revenue is primarily derived from:
•SaaS subscriptions bundled with maintenance and support and hosting services; and
•on-premises term license subscriptions bundled with maintenance and support.
Our maintenance and support agreements provide customers with the right to unspecified software upgrades, maintenance releases and patches released during the term of the maintenance and support agreement on a when-and-if-available basis, and rights to technical support. When our platform is deployed within a customer’s own data center or private cloud, it is installed on the customer’s infrastructure and generally offered as a term license. When our platform is delivered as a SaaS subscription, we handle its operational needs in third-party hosted data centers.
Professional Services
Our professional services revenue is comprised of fees for consulting services, including application development and deployment assistance and training related to our platform. Over time, as the need for professional services associated with user deployments decreases and the number of end users increases, we expect the mix of total revenue to shift more toward subscription revenue. We have several strategic partnerships, including with KPMG, PricewaterhouseCoopers and Deloitte. Our agreements with our strategic partners have indefinite terms and may be terminated for convenience by either party. We intend to further grow our base of strategic partners to provide broader customer coverage and solution delivery capabilities. These partners refer software subscription customers to us and, generally, perform professional services with respect to any new service contracts they originate, increasing our software subscription revenue without any change to our professional services revenue. As we expand the usage of partners, we expect professional services revenue to decline as a percentage of total revenue over time since our partners may perform professional services associated with software subscriptions that we sell.
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Cost of Revenue
Subscriptions, Software and Support
Cost of subscriptions, software and support revenue consists primarily of fees paid to our third-party managed hosting providers and other third-party service providers, personnel costs, including payroll and benefits for our technology operations and customer support teams, and allocated facility costs and overhead. We expect cost of revenue to continue to increase in absolute dollars for the foreseeable future as our customer base grows.
Professional Services
Cost of professional services revenue includes all direct and indirect costs to deliver our professional services and training, including employee compensation for our global professional services and training personnel, third-party contractor costs, allocated facility costs and overhead, as well as the costs of billable expenses, such as travel and lodging. The unpredictability of the timing of entering into significant professional services agreements sold on a standalone basis may cause significant fluctuations in our quarterly financial results.
Gross Margin
Gross profit and gross margin, or gross profit as a percentage of total revenue, has been, and will continue to be, affected by various factors, including the mix of subscription, software and support revenue and professional services revenue. Subscription pricing, the costs associated with third-party hosting facilities, and the extent to which we expand our professional services to support future growth will impact our gross margins. Our gross margin may fluctuate from period to period based on the above factors.
Subscriptions, Software and Support Gross Margin. Subscriptions, software and support gross margin is primarily affected by the growth in our subscriptions, software and support revenue as compared to the growth in, and timing of, costs to support such revenue. We expect to continue to invest in the customer support and SaaS operations to support the growth in the business and the timing of those investments is expected to cause gross margins to fluctuate.
Professional Services Gross Margin. Professional services gross margin is affected by the growth in our professional services revenue as compared to the growth in, and timing of, the cost of our professional services organization as we continue to invest in the growth of our business. Professional services gross margin is also impacted by the ratable recognition of some of our professional services revenue as compared to the recognition of related costs of services in the period incurred, as well as the amount of services performed by subcontractors as opposed to internal resources. Our professional services gross margin is also impacted by the amount of services performed by partners as opposed to internal resources.   
Operating Expenses
Operating expenses consist of sales and marketing, research and development and general and administrative expenses. Salaries, bonuses and other personnel-related costs are the most significant components of each of these expense categories.
Sales and Marketing Expense
Sales and marketing expense primarily includes personnel costs, including salaries, bonuses, commissions, stock-based compensation and other personnel costs related to sales teams. Additional expenses in this category include travel and entertainment, marketing and promotional events, marketing activities, subcontracting fees and allocated facility costs and overhead.
In order to continue to grow our business, geographical footprint and brand awareness, we expect to continue investing resources in sales and marketing by increasing the number of sales and account management teams. As a result, we expect sales and marketing expense to increase in absolute dollars as we continue to invest to acquire new customers and further expand usage of our platform within our existing customer base.
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Research and Development Expense
Research and development expense consists primarily of personnel costs for our employees who develop and enhance our platform, including salaries, bonuses, stock-based compensation and other personnel costs. Also included are non-personnel costs such as subcontracting, consulting and professional fees to third party development resources, allocated facility costs, overhead and depreciation and amortization costs.
Our research and development efforts are focused on enhancing the speed and power of our software platform.  We expect research and development expenses to continue to increase as they are critical to maintain and improve our quality of applications and our competitive position.
General and Administrative Expense
General and administrative expense consists primarily of personnel costs, including salaries, bonuses, stock-based compensation and other personnel costs for our administrative, legal, information technology, human resources, finance and accounting employees and executives. Additional expenses included in this category are non-personnel costs, such as travel-related expenses, contracting and professional fees, audit fees, tax services and legal fees, as well as insurance and other corporate expenses, along with allocated facility costs and overhead. We expect our general and administrative expense to increase in absolute dollars as we continue to support our growth and as a result of our becoming a public company. 
Other Expense (Income)
Other Income, Net
Other income, net consists primarily of unrealized and realized gains and losses related to changes in foreign currency exchange rates and interest income on our cash and cash equivalents.
Interest Expense
Interest expense consists primarily of interest on our debt and unused fees on our credit facility and commitment fees on our letters of credit.
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Results of Operations
The following table sets forth our consolidated statement of operations data:
Three Months Ended March 31,
20192018
(in thousands)
Consolidated Statement of Operations Data:
Revenue:
Subscriptions, software and support$34,909 $26,952 
Professional services24,670 24,744 
Total revenue59,579 51,696 
Cost of revenue:
Subscriptions, software and support3,585 2,628 
Professional services20,481 18,421 
Total cost of revenue24,066 21,049 
Gross profit35,513 30,647 
Operating expenses:
Sales and marketing29,945 22,964 
Research and development13,956 9,870 
General and administrative9,016 8,060 
Total operating expenses52,917 40,894 
Operating loss(17,404)(10,247)
Other expense (income):
Other income, net(60)(918)
Interest expense71 13 
Total other expense (income)11 (905)
Loss before income taxes(17,415)(9,342)
Income tax expense122 211 
Net loss$(17,537)$(9,553)
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The following table sets forth our consolidated statement of operations data expressed as a percentage of total revenue:

Three Months Ended March 31,
20192018
Consolidated Statement of Operations Data:
Revenue:
Subscriptions, software and support58.6 %52.1 %
Professional services41.4  47.9  
Total revenue100.0  100.0  
Cost of revenue:
Subscriptions, software and support6.0  5.1  
Professional services34.4  35.6  
Total cost of revenue40.4  40.7  
Gross margin59.6  59.3  
Operating expenses:
Sales and marketing50.3  44.4  
Research and development23.4  19.1  
General and administrative15.1  15.6  
Total operating expenses88.8  79.1  
Operating loss(29.2) (19.8) 
Other expense (income):
Other income, net(0.1) (1.8) 
Interest expense0.1  —  
Total other expense (income)—  (1.8) 
Loss before income taxes(29.2) (18.0) 
Income tax expense0.2  0.4  
Net loss(29.4)%(18.4)%
Comparison of the Three Months Ended March 31, 2019 and 2018
Revenue
Three Months Ended March 31,% Change
20192018
(dollars in thousands)
Revenue
Subscriptions, software and support$34,909 $26,952 29.5 %
Professional services24,670 24,744 (0.3) 
Total revenue$59,579 $51,696 15.2  

Total revenue increased $7.9 million, or 15.2%, in the three months ended March 31, 2019 compared to the same period in 2018, due to an increase in our subscriptions, software and support revenue of $8.0 million, offset by a decrease in our professional services revenue of $0.1 million.  The increase in subscriptions, software and support revenue was attributable to $4.3 million of revenue from expanded deployments and corresponding sales of additional subscriptions to existing customers and $3.7 million in sales of subscriptions to new customers.  The decrease in professional services revenue was due to an increase in the usage of our partners for professional service engagements.
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Cost of Revenue
Three Months Ended March 31,% Change
20192018
(dollars in thousands)
Cost of revenue:
Subscriptions, software and support$3,585 $2,628 36.4 %
Professional services20,481 18,421 11.2  
Total cost of revenue$24,066 $21,049 14.3  
Subscriptions, software and support gross margin89.7 %90.2 %
Professional services gross margin17.0  25.6  
Total gross margin59.6  59.3  
 
Cost of revenue increased $3.0 million, or 14.3%, in the three months ended March 31, 2019 compared to the same period in 2018, primarily due to a $3.3 million increase in professional services and product support personnel costs, a $0.6 million increase in facility and overhead costs and a $0.5 million increase in other cost of revenue, offset by a $1.2 million decrease in contractor costs and a $0.2 million decrease in billable expenses. Personnel costs increased due to an increase in professional services and product support staff personnel headcount of 20.7% from March 31, 2018 to March 31, 2019 and a $1.8 million increase in stock-based compensation expense during the three months ended March 31, 2019 due to the vesting of restricted stock units granted to three of our co-founders in the three months ended December 31, 2018. These restricted stock units vested in the three months ended March 31, 2019. Facility and overhead costs increased to support our personnel growth. The increase in other cost of revenue was due to increased hosting costs as sales of our cloud offering increased in the three months ended March 31, 2019. Contractor costs decreased in the three months ended March 31, 2019 compared to the same period in 2018 because of a decrease in the usage of subcontractors for professional service engagements and a decrease in the average hourly rate for subcontractors. Billable expenses decreased in the three months ended March 31, 2019 compared to the same period in 2018 because of a decrease in the utilization rate of professional services resources.  
Subscriptions, software and support gross margin decreased to 89.7% in the three months ended March 31, 2019 compared to 90.2% in the same period in 2018 due to increased hosting costs as sales of our cloud offering increased and became a larger proportion of our overall subscription, software and support revenue. Professional services gross margin decreased to 17.0% in the three months ended March 31, 2019 compared to 25.6% in the same period in 2018 due to a $1.8 million increase in stock-based compensation expense during the three months ended March 31, 2019 due to the vesting of restricted stock units granted to three of our co-founders. There was also an increase in the use of customer success managers during the three months ended March 31, 2019 compared to the same period in 2018. To a lesser degree, the gross margin of our professional services revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2019 was also negatively impacted by a decrease in the utilization rate of professional services resources as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2018 due to an increase in the usage of our partners for professional service engagements. Due to the higher percentage of subscriptions, software and support revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2019 as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2018, gross margin increased to 59.6% in the three months ended March 31, 2019 compared to 59.3% in the same period in 2018.
Sales and Marketing Expense
Three Months Ended March 31,% Change
20192018
(dollars in thousands)
Sales and marketing$29,945 $22,964 30.4 %
% of revenue50.3 %44.4 %
 
Sales and marketing expense increased $7.0 million, or 30.4%, in the three months ended March 31, 2019 compared to the same period in 2018, primarily due to a $5.2 million increase in sales and marketing personnel costs, a $1.4 million increase
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in facility and overhead costs, a $0.2 million increase in both marketing costs and professional fees. Personnel costs increased due to an increase in sales and marketing personnel headcount by 17.4% from March 31, 2018 to March 31, 2019, increased sales commissions driven by our revenue growth and a $1.9 million increase in stock-based compensation expense during the three months ended March 31, 2019 due to the vesting of restricted stock units granted to three of our co-founders in the three months ended December 31, 2018. These restricted stock units vested in the three months ended March 31, 2019. Facility and overhead costs increased to support our personnel growth. Marketing costs increased due to a rise in marketing event sponsorship and attendance, as well as an increase in public relations expense. Professional fees increased due to an increase in consulting fees to support our ongoing marketing events and activities.
Research and Development Expense
Three Months Ended March 31,% Change
20192018
(dollars in thousands)
Research and development$13,956 $9,870 41.4 %
% of revenue23.4 %19.1 %

Research and development expense increased $4.1 million, or 41.4%, in the three months ended March 31, 2019 compared to the same period in 2018, primarily due to a $3.4 million increase in research and development personnel costs, a $0.6 million increase in facility and overhead costs and a $0.1 million increase in professional fees. Personnel costs increased due to an increase in research and development personnel headcount by 24.4% from March 31, 2018 to March 31, 2019 and a $1.7 million increase in stock-based compensation expense during the three months ended March 31, 2019 due to the vesting of restricted stock units granted to three of our co-founders in the three months ended December 31, 2018. These restricted stock units vested in the three months ended March 31, 2019. Facility and overhead costs increased to support our personnel growth. Professional fees increased due to an increase in consulting fees to support the development and enhancement of our platform.
General and Administrative Expense
Three Months Ended March 31,% Change
20192018
(dollars in thousands)
General and administrative expense$9,016 $8,060 11.9 %
% of revenue15.1 %15.6 %
 
General and administrative expense increased $0.9 million, or 11.9%, in the three months ended March 31, 2019 compared to the same period in 2018, primarily due to a $0.6 million increase in facility and overhead costs and a $0.4 million increase in general and administrative personnel costs, offset by a $0.1 million decrease in professional fees. Facility and overhead costs increased to support our personnel growth. Personnel costs increased due to an increase in general and administrative personnel headcount by 19.8% from March 31, 2018 to March 31, 2019 in order to support the additional requirements of being a public company, offset by a $0.4 million decrease in stock-based compensation expense during the three months ended March 31, 2019. Stock-based compensation expense decreased during the three months ended March 31, 2019 due to the vesting of an option to purchase 1,828,080 shares of our Class A common stock in August 2018. Professional fees decreased due to a decrease in legal fees. In the three months ended March 31, 2018, additional legal fees were incurred during the negotiation of the lease agreement for our new headquarters.
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Other Income, Net
Three Months Ended March 31,% Change
20192018
(dollars in thousands)
Other income, net$(60)$(918)(93.5)%
% of revenue(0.1)%(1.8)%
 
Other income, net decreased by $0.9 million in the three months ended March 31, 2019 compared to the same period in 2018, primarily due to $0.3 million in foreign exchange loss in the three months ended March 31, 2019 compared to $0.8 million in foreign exchange gain in the three months ended March 31, 2018. The increase in foreign exchange loss was primarily due to currency fluctuations of the British Pound Sterling, Euro, Australian dollar and Swiss Franc versus the U.S. dollar during the three months ended March 31, 2019 compared to the same period in 2018. There was also a $0.2 million increase in interest income in the three months ended March 31, 2019 compared to the same period in 2018.
Interest Expense
Three Months Ended March 31,
20192018
(dollars in thousands)
Interest expense$71 $13 
% of revenue0.1 %— %
 
Interest expense increased by $0.1 million in the three months ended March 31, 2019 compared to the same period in 2018, primarily due to commitment fees on the letter of credit to fund the security deposit required by the lease for our new headquarters.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
As of March 31, 2019, we had $75.4 million of cash and cash equivalents.
We believe that our existing cash and cash equivalents, together with any positive cash flows from operations and available borrowings under our line of credit, will be sufficient to support working capital and capital expenditure requirements for at least the next 12 months. Our future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including our growth rate, the timing and extent of spending to support research and development efforts, the expansion of sales and marketing activities, particularly internationally, and the introduction of new and enhanced products and functions, platform enhancements and professional services offerings, the level of market acceptance of our applications and spending on our new headquarters.  In the event that additional financing is required from outside sources, we may be unable to raise the funds on acceptable terms, if at all. To the extent existing cash and cash equivalents and investments and cash from operations are not sufficient to fund future activities, we may need to raise additional funds. We may seek to raise additional funds through equity, equity-linked or debt financings. If we raise additional funds through the incurrence of indebtedness, such indebtedness may have rights that are senior to holders of our equity securities and could contain covenants that restrict operations. Any additional equity financing may be dilutive to our existing stockholders. Although we are not currently a party to any agreement or letter of intent with respect to potential investments in, or acquisitions of, complementary businesses, services or technologies, we may enter into these types of arrangements in the future, which could also require us to seek additional equity financing, incur indebtedness, or use cash resources. We have no present understandings, commitments or agreements to enter into any such acquisitions. If we are unable to raise additional capital when desired, our business, operating results and financial condition could be adversely affected.  
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The following table shows a summary of our cash flows for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018:
Three Months Ended March 31,
20192018
(in thousands)
Cash used in operating activities$(4,139)$(13,833)
Cash used in investing activities(16,595)(1,036)
Cash provided by financing activities1,073 983 
Sources of Funds
We have financed our operations in large part with equity and debt financing arrangements, including net proceeds of $77.8 million from our initial public offering in May 2017 and net proceeds of $57.8 million from our underwritten public offering in August 2018, as well as through sales of software and professional services and borrowings under our credit facilities. We expect to finance approximately $5.0 million of furniture and equipment associated with the build-out of our new headquarters.
As of March 31, 2019, we had no outstanding borrowings. In November 2017, we entered into a $20.0 million revolving line of credit with a lender. The facility matures in November 2022. We may elect whether amounts drawn on the revolving line of credit bear interest at a floating rate per annum equal to either the LIBOR or the prime rate plus an additional interest rate margin that is determined by the availability of borrowings under the revolving line of credit. The additional interest rate margin will range from 2.00% to 2.50% in the case of LIBOR advances and from 1.00% to 1.50% in the case of prime rate advances. The revolving line of credit contains an unused facility fee in an amount between 0.15% and 0.25% of the average unused portion of the revolving line of credit, which is payable quarterly. The agreement contains certain customary affirmative and negative covenants and requires us to maintain (1) an adjusted quick ratio of at least 1.35 to 1.0 and (ii) minimum adjusted EBITDA in the amounts and for the periods set forth in the agreement. Any amounts borrowed under the credit facility are collateralized by substantially all of our assets. We were in compliance with all covenants as of March 31, 2019.
Use of Funds
Our principal uses of cash are funding operations and other working capital requirements. Over the past several years, revenue has increased significantly from year to year and, as a result, cash flows from customer collections have increased. However, operating expenses have also increased as we have invested in growing our business. Our operating cash requirements may increase in the future as we continue to invest in the strategic growth of our company. Our cash requirements will also increase in the near future as we continue construction of our new headquarters. We expect to spend approximately $20.0 million above the tenant improvement allowance provided by the landlord on the build-out of our new headquarters, approximately $5.0 million of which we expect will be financed for the purchase of furniture and equipment. Based on what we have incurred as of March 31, 2019, we expect our remaining net expenditures above the tenant improvement allowance to be less than $5.0 million.   
Historical Cash Flows
Operating Activities
For the three months ended March 31, 2019, net cash used in operating activities of $4.1 million consisted of a net loss of $17.5 million, offset by $8.0 million in adjustments for non-cash items and $5.4 million of cash provided changes in working capital. Adjustments for non-cash items consisted of stock-based compensation of $7.2 million and depreciation and amortization expense of $0.8 million. The increase in cash and cash equivalents resulting from changes in working capital primarily consisted of a $3.7 million increase in deferred revenue, as a result of increased subscription sales. There was also a $3.7 million increase in deferred rent, non-current, as a result of taking initial possession of the second phase of our new headquarters in February 2019 and recording an additional lease incentive obligation. There was also a $1.6 million increase in accounts payable and accrued expenses, primarily due to the timing of payments, a $1.2 million decrease in prepaid expenses and other assets, primarily due to a decrease in the non-trade receivable resulting from our tenant improvement allowance. In accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America, or U.S. GAAP, the $4.5 million of 
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tenant improvement allowance reimbursements received during the three months ended March 31, 2019 are a source of cash in operating activities, whereas the capital expenditures are recorded as cash used in investing activities. These increases were partially offset by a $1.7 million increase in accounts receivable, due to increased sales in the three months ended March 31, 2019 as well as the timing of billings and collections. There was also a $1.5 million increase in deferred commissions due to increased sales, a $1.5 million decrease in accrued compensation and related benefits, primarily due to the payment of year-end bonuses, and a $0.1 million decrease in other current liabilities.
For the three months ended March 31, 2018, net cash used in operating activities of $13.8 million consisted of a net loss of $9.6 million and $6.8 million of cash used in changes in working capital, offset by $2.6 million in adjustments for non-cash items. Adjustments for non-cash items consisted of stock-based compensation of $2.2 million, depreciation and amortization expense of $0.3 million and a provision for deferred income taxes of $0.1 million. The decrease in cash and cash equivalents resulting from changes in working capital primarily consisted of a decrease in deferred revenue of $3.8 million, as a result of decreased subscription sales, a $2.7 million decrease in accrued compensation and related benefits, primarily due to the payment of year-end bonuses, a decrease in accounts payable and accrued expenses of $2.1 million, primarily due to the timing of payments and a $1.1 million increase in prepaid expenses and other assets. These decreases were partially offset by a $1.9 million decrease in accounts receivable, primarily due to the timing of collections. We converted less accounts receivable into cash collections during the three months ended March 31, 2018 than the three months ended March 31, 2017. There was also a $0.7 million increase in other liabilities and a $0.3 million decrease in deferred commissions due to decreased sales.
Investing Activities
For the three months ended March 31, 2019, net cash used in investing activities was $16.6 million, for the build-out of our new headquarters and the purchase of property and equipment. For the three months ended March 31, 2018, net cash used in investing activities was $1.0 million, for the purchase of property and equipment.
Financing Activities
For the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, net cash provided by financing activities was $1.1 million and $1.0 million, respectively, consisting of proceeds received from stock option exercises.
Contractual Obligations and Commitments
As of March 31, 2019, there was no material change in our contractual obligations and commitments from those disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018, filed with the SEC on February 21, 2019.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
As of March 31, 2019, we did not have any relationships with unconsolidated entities or financial partnerships, including entities sometimes referred to as structured finance or special purpose entities that were established for the purpose of facilitating off-balance sheet arrangements or other contractually narrow or limited purposes. We do not engage in off-balance sheet financing arrangements. In addition, we do not engage in trading activities involving non-exchange traded contracts. We believe, therefore, that we are not materially exposed to any financing, liquidity, market or credit risk that could arise if we had engaged in these relationships.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
The preparation of our condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the amounts reported in those financial statements and accompanying notes. Although we believe that the estimates we use are reasonable, due to the inherent uncertainty involved in making those estimates, actual results reported in future periods could differ from those estimates. Significant estimates embedded in the consolidated financial statements for the periods presented include revenue recognition, stock-based compensation and income taxes.
There have been no material changes in our critical accounting policies from those disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018, filed with the SEC on February 21, 2019.  
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Recent Accounting Pronouncements
See Note 2 to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for a discussion of recent accounting pronouncements.
JOBS Act Transition Period
In April 2012, the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012, or the JOBS Act, was enacted. Section 107(b) of the JOBS Act provides that an emerging growth company can take advantage of an extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards. Thus, an emerging growth company can delay the adoption of certain accounting standards until those standards would otherwise apply to private companies. We have elected to take advantage of the extended transition period to comply with new or revised accounting standards and to adopt certain of the reduced disclosure requirements available to emerging growth companies. As a result of the accounting standards election, we will not be subject to the same implementation timing for new or revised accounting standards as other public companies that are not emerging growth companies which may make comparison of our financials to those of other public companies more difficult.


Item 3.   QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK.
We are exposed to market risks in the ordinary course of our business. Market risk represents the risk of loss that may impact our financial position due to adverse changes in financial market prices and rates. Our market risk exposure is primarily the result of fluctuations in interest rates and foreign currency exchange rates.
Interest Rate Risk
We had cash and cash equivalents of $75.4 million as of March 31, 2019, which consisted of cash in readily available checking accounts and overnight repurchase investments. These securities are not dependent on interest rate fluctuations that may cause the principal amount of these assets to fluctuate.
At March 31, 2019, we had no outstanding borrowings.
Foreign Currency Exchange Risk
Our reporting currency is the U.S. dollar. Due to our international operations, we have foreign currency risks related to revenue and operating expenses denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar, primarily the British Pound Sterling, Euro, Australian Dollar and Swiss Franc. Our sales contracts are primarily denominated in the local currency of the customer making the purchase. In addition, a portion of operating expenses are incurred outside the United States and are denominated in foreign currencies. Decreases in the relative value of the U.S. dollar to other currencies may negatively affect revenue and other operating results as expressed in U.S. dollars. We do not believe that an immediate 10% increase or decrease in the relative value of the U.S. dollar to other currencies would have a material effect on operating results.
We have experienced and will continue to experience fluctuations in net loss as a result of transaction gains or losses related to remeasuring certain current asset and current liability balances that are denominated in currencies other than the functional currency of the entities in which they are recorded. We have not engaged in the hedging of foreign currency transactions to date, although we may choose to do so in the future.



Item 4.   CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES.
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
We maintain “disclosure controls and procedures,” as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) and Rule 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated
34

and communicated to our management, including our principal executive and principal financial officers, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of March 31, 2019. Based on the evaluation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of March 31, 2019, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that, as of such date, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at the reasonable assurance level.
Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
There was no change in our internal control over financial reporting identified in connection with the evaluation required by Rule 13a-15(d) and 15d-15(d) of the Exchange Act that occurred during the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
Inherent Limitations on Effectiveness of Controls
Our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, believes that our disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting are designed to provide reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives and are effective at the reasonable assurance level. However, our management does not expect that our disclosure controls and procedures or our internal control over financial reporting will prevent all errors and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, have been detected. These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision making can be faulty, and that breakdowns can occur because of a simple error or mistake. Additionally, controls can be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people or by management override of the controls. The design of any system of controls also is based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions; over time, controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or the degree of compliance with policies or procedures may deteriorate. Because of the inherent limitations in a cost-effective control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected.


35

PART II—OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1.   LEGAL PROCEEDINGS.
From time to time we may become involved in legal proceedings or be subject to claims arising in the ordinary course of our business. We are not presently a party to any legal proceedings that, if determined adversely to us, would individually or taken together have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, financial condition or cash flows. Regardless of the outcome, litigation can have an adverse impact on us because of defense and settlement costs, diversion of management resources and other factors.

Item 1A.  RISK FACTORS.
Our business is subject to risks and events that, if they occur, could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations and the trading price of our securities. In addition to the other information set forth in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, you should carefully consider the factors described in "Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors” of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018, filed with the SEC on February 21, 2019. There have been no material changes to the risk factors described in that report.

Item 2.   UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS.

a.Recent Sales of Unregistered Equity Securities
Not applicable.

b.Use of Proceeds
Not applicable.

c.Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
Not applicable.

Item 3.   DEFAULTS UPON SENIOR SECURITIES.
Not applicable.


Item 4.   MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES.
Not applicable.

Item 5.   OTHER INFORMATION.
Not applicable.



36

ITEM 6.
EXHIBITS.

Exhibit
Number
Description
Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Appian Corporation.
Amended and Restated Bylaws of Appian Corporation.
Form of Class A common stock certificate of Appian Corporation.
Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
Certification of Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
Certifications of Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
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1.Previously filed as Exhibit 3.2 to Amendment No. 3 to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-217510), filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on May 12, 2017, and incorporated herein by reference.
2.Previously filed as Exhibit 3.4 to Amendment No. 2 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-217510), filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on May 10, 2017, and incorporated herein by reference.
3.Previously filed as Exhibit 4.1 to Amendment No. 3 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-217510), filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on May 12, 2017, and incorporated herein by reference.
#
Filed herewith.
*
This certification is deemed not filed for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or otherwise subject to the liability of that section, nor shall it be deemed incorporated by reference into any filing under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.

37

SIGNATURE
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.
APPIAN CORPORATION
May 2, 2019By:/s/ Matthew Calkins
Name: Matthew Calkins
Title: Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board (On behalf of the Registrant and as Principal Executive Officer)

38
 EX-31.1 2 appn03312019ex311.htm EX-31.1 Document

Exhibit 31.1
 
CERTIFICATION OF PRINCIPAL EXECUTIVE OFFICER
PURSUANT TO SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002
 
I, Matthew Calkins, certify that:
 
1.                       I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended March 31, 2019 of Appian Corporation (the “registrant”);
 
2.                       Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;
 
3.                       Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;
 
4.                       The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:
 
(a)                  Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;
 
(c)                  Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and
 
(d)                   Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and
 
5.                       The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):
 
(a)                  All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and
 
(b)                  Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.
 
Date: May 2, 2019 
 
/s/ Matthew Calkins
Matthew Calkins
Chief Executive Officer
(principal executive officer)




 EX-31.2 3 appn03312019ex312.htm EX-31.2 Document

Exhibit 31.2
 
CERTIFICATION OF PRINCIPAL FINANCIAL OFFICER
PURSUANT TO SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002
 
I, Mark Lynch, certify that:
 
1.                       I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended March 31, 2019 of Appian Corporation (the “registrant”);
 
2.                       Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;
 
3.                       Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;
 
4.                       The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:
 
(a)                  Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;
 
(c)                  Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and
 
(d)                   Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and
 
5.                       The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):
 
(a)                  All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and
 
(b)                  Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.
 
Date: May 2, 2019 
 
/s/ Mark Lynch
Mark Lynch
Chief Financial Officer
(principal financial officer)




 EX-32.1 4 appn03312019ex321.htm EX-32.1 Document

Exhibit 32.1
 
CERTIFICATIONS OF
PRINCIPAL EXECUTIVE OFFICER AND PRINCIPAL FINANCIAL OFFICER
PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,
AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO
SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002
 
Pursuant to the requirement set forth in Rule 13a-14(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, (the “Exchange Act”) and Section 1350 of Chapter 63 of Title 18 of the United States Code (18 U.S.C. §1350), Matthew Calkins, Chief Executive Officer of Appian Corporation (the “Company”), and Mark Lynch, Chief Financial Officer of the Company, each hereby certifies that, to the best of his knowledge:
 
1.                       The Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended March 31, 2019, to which this Certification is attached as Exhibit 32.1 (the “Periodic Report”), fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act; and
 
2.                       The information contained in the Periodic Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.
 
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the undersigned have set their hands hereto as of the 2nd day of May, 2019.
 
/s/ Matthew Calkins
/s/ Mark Lynch
Matthew Calkins
Mark Lynch
Chief Executive Officer
(principal executive officer)
Chief Financial Officer
(principal financial officer)
 
•This certification accompanies the Form 10-Q to which it relates, is not deemed filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission and is not to be incorporated by reference into any filing of the Company under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Exchange Act (whether made before or after the date of the Form 10-Q), irrespective of any general incorporation language contained in such filing.


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2240000 1702000 -1932000 -1252000 1085000 -1542000 315000 1577000 -2161000 1485000 2743000 -138000 909000 3718000 -3849000 3698000 -182000 -4139000 -13833000 16595000 1036000 -16595000 -1036000 1073000 983000 1073000 983000 84000 1004000 -19577000 -12882000 94930000 73758000 75353000 60876000 69000 8000 43000 57000 Organization and Description of BusinessAppian Corporation (together with its subsidiaries, “Appian,” the “Company,” “we” or “our”) provides a low-code software development platform that allows companies to rapidly build powerful business applications. The applications created on our platform help companies drive digital transformation and competitive differentiation. We were incorporated in the state of Delaware in August 1999. We are headquartered in Reston, Virginia and operate in Canada, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Italy, Australia, Spain, Singapore and Sweden. Significant Accounting Policies<div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:6pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;font-weight:700;line-height:120%;">Basis of Presentation</span></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:6pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;line-height:120%;">The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and footnotes have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”) as contained in the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (the “Codification” or “ASC”) for interim financial information. In the opinion of management, the interim financial information includes all adjustments of a normal recurring nature necessary for a fair presentation of the results of operations, financial position, changes in stockholders’ equity and cash flows. The results of operations for the current period are not necessarily indicative of the results for the full year or the results for any future periods. These condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and related footnotes included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) on February 21, 2019.</span></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:18pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;font-weight:700;line-height:120%;">Use of Estimates</span></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:6pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;line-height:120%;">The preparation of our condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the amounts reported in these condensed consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Although we believe that the estimates we use are reasonable, due to the inherent uncertainty involved in making these estimates, actual results reported in future periods could differ from those estimates.</span></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:12pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;line-height:120%;">Significant estimates embedded in the condensed consolidated financial statements include revenue recognition, income taxes and the related valuation allowance and stock-based compensation.</span></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:18pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;font-weight:700;line-height:120%;">Principles of Consolidation</span></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:6pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;line-height:120%;">The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Appian and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.</span></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:18pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;font-weight:700;line-height:120%;">Revenue Recognition</span></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:6pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;line-height:120%;">We generate revenue primarily through sales of subscriptions to our platform, as well as professional services. We recognize revenue when all of the following conditions are met: (1) there is persuasive evidence of an arrangement; (2) the service or product has been provided to the customer; (3) the amount of fees to be paid by the customer is fixed or determinable; and (4) the collection of related fees is reasonably assured. If collection is not reasonably assured, we defer revenue recognition until collectability becomes reasonably assured. Our arrangements do not contain general rights of return. Revenue is recognized net of any taxes collected from customers and subsequently remitted to governmental authorities.</span></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;"><span><br/></span></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;line-height:120%;">Subscriptions, Software and Support Revenue</span></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:6pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;line-height:120%;">Subscriptions, software and support revenue is primarily related to (1) software as a service (“SaaS”) subscriptions bundled with maintenance and support and hosting services and (2) term license subscriptions bundled with maintenance and support.</span></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:12pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;line-height:120%;">We generally charge subscription fees on a per-user basis and, to a lesser degree, non-user based single application licenses. We bill customers and collect payment for subscriptions to our platform in advance on a monthly, quarterly or annual basis. In certain instances, we have had customers pay their entire contract up front.</span></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:18pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-weight:700;line-height:120%;">SaaS Subscriptions</span></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:6pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;line-height:120%;">Our SaaS subscription revenue is derived from customers accessing our cloud offering pursuant to contracts that are generally <span style="-sec-ix-hidden:id3VybDovL2RvY3MudjEvZG9jOjVjMzU3OWFkM2Q4YTRmYzU4ZDMxZDE3NTM5MGFmOGFkL3NlYzo1YzM1NzlhZDNkOGE0ZmM1OGQzMWQxNzUzOTBhZjhhZF80MC9mcmFnOjRlN2MxOWU2Mjk4NzRmOWE4N2Q0NzFkZjJlZWE3NjM4L3RleHRyZWdpb246NGU3YzE5ZTYyOTg3NGY5YTg3ZDQ3MWRmMmVlYTc2MzhfNTA2Mg_c6bd6fb9-c41e-46c7-ae2c-f62a9e3efca3">one</span> to five years in length. We perform all required maintenance and support for our cloud offering and we do not separately charge customers for hosting costs. In these arrangements, our customers do not have the right to take the software on-premises and, as a result, such arrangements are not accounted for within the scope of the software revenue guidance. Revenue from SaaS subscriptions is recognized ratably over the term of the subscription, beginning with the date our service is made available to our customer.</span></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:18pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-weight:700;line-height:120%;">Term License Subscriptions</span></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:6pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;line-height:120%;">Our term license subscription revenue is derived from customers with on-premises installations of our platform pursuant to contracts that are generally <span style="-sec-ix-hidden:id3VybDovL2RvY3MudjEvZG9jOjVjMzU3OWFkM2Q4YTRmYzU4ZDMxZDE3NTM5MGFmOGFkL3NlYzo1YzM1NzlhZDNkOGE0ZmM1OGQzMWQxNzUzOTBhZjhhZF80MC9mcmFnOjRlN2MxOWU2Mjk4NzRmOWE4N2Q0NzFkZjJlZWE3NjM4L3RleHRyZWdpb246NGU3YzE5ZTYyOTg3NGY5YTg3ZDQ3MWRmMmVlYTc2MzhfNTc1NA_523545a4-441f-46c8-890c-1462849f16f3">one</span> to five years in length. Customers with term license subscriptions have the right to use our software and receive maintenance and support. Since we do not sell maintenance and support separately from the subscription, revenue for the term license subscription and maintenance and support is recognized ratably over the term of the subscription, upon delivery of the platform to the customer when sold on a standalone basis.</span></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:18pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;line-height:120%;">Professional Services</span></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:6pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;line-height:120%;">Our professional services revenue is comprised of fees for consulting services, including application development and deployment assistance and training related to our platform. Our professional services are not essential to the functionality of our platform because the platform is ready for the customer’s use immediately upon delivery and is not modified or customized in any manner.</span></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:12pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;line-height:120%;">Consulting services are billed under both time-and-material and fixed-fee arrangements. For standalone time-and-material contracts, we recognize revenue at contractually agreed upon billing rates applied to hours performed. For standalone fixed-fee contracts, we also recognize revenue as the work is performed using the proportional performance method of accounting. Training revenue is recognized when the associated training services are delivered. Training is also sold in the form of a subscription arrangement where a customer agrees to pay an annual fixed fee for a fixed number of users to have access to all of our training offerings during the year. Revenue from training subscription agreements is recognized ratably over the subscription period.</span></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:12pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;line-height:120%;">We defer recognition of revenue from work performed on pending contract modifications until the period in which the modifications are accepted and funding is approved by the customer. Costs of work performed on pending contract modifications are expensed as incurred.</span></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:18pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;line-height:120%;">Multiple Element Arrangements</span></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:6pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;line-height:120%;">Our multiple element arrangements are from SaaS subscriptions and term license subscriptions that are generally sold in combination with maintenance and support service and frequently with professional services.</span></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:18pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-weight:700;line-height:120%;">SaaS Subscriptions</span></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:6pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;line-height:120%;">For multiple element arrangements involving SaaS subscriptions that include professional services in addition to the subscription to our platform, we evaluate each element to determine whether it represents a separate unit of accounting. Because there are third-party vendors who routinely sell and provide the same professional services to our customers, our professional services are deemed to have standalone value apart from the SaaS subscription. Additionally, we offer both SaaS subscriptions and professional services on a standalone basis. Professional services revenue is therefore accounted for separately from subscription fees and recognized as the professional services are performed. We allocate revenue to the elements based on the selling price hierarchy using vendor-specific objective evidence (“VSOE”) of selling price, third-party evidence (“TPE”) of selling price, or if neither exists, best estimated selling price (“BESP”). In cases where we do not have VSOE or TPE of the elements of our arrangements, we use BESP to allocate revenue. We determine BESP for a service by considering multiple factors including, but not limited to, evaluating the weighted average of actual sales prices and other factors such as gross margin objectives, pricing practices and growth strategy. Pricing practices taken into consideration include historic contractually stated prices, volume discounts where applicable and our price lists. While we believe we can make</span></div><div style="margin-top:6pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;line-height:120%;"> reliable estimates regarding these matters, these estimates are inherently subjective. Once the revenue is allocated to these elements, revenue is recognized as such services are provided.</span><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:11pt;line-height:120%;"> </span></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:18pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-weight:700;line-height:120%;">Term License Subscriptions</span></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:6pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;line-height:120%;">For multiple element arrangements involving term license subscriptions, maintenance and support and professional services, we do not have VSOE of fair value for the maintenance and support. Our term license subscriptions are generally not sold on a standalone basis, and therefore, we have not established VSOE of fair value for the subscriptions. Consequently, for our bundled arrangements that include certain professional services, there are two undelivered elements for which VSOE of fair value has not been established and, therefore, we utilize the combined services approach and defer all revenue until the software has been delivered and the provision of all services has commenced. We then recognize the entire fee from the arrangement ratably over the remaining period of the arrangement, assuming all other software revenue recognition criteria have been met.</span></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:18pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;font-weight:700;line-height:120%;">Deferred Revenue</span></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:6pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;line-height:120%;">Deferred revenue primarily consists of amounts billed or billable in advance of revenue recognition from our subscriptions, software, and support and professional services described above. Deferred revenue is recognized as the revenue recognition criteria are met.</span></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:18pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;font-weight:700;line-height:120%;">Cost of Revenue</span></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:6pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;line-height:120%;">Cost of Subscriptions, Software and Support Revenue</span></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:6pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;line-height:120%;">Cost of subscriptions, software and support revenue consists primarily of fees paid to our third-party managed hosting providers and other third-party service providers, personnel costs, including payroll and benefits for our technology operations and customer support teams, and allocated facility costs and overhead.</span></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:18pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;line-height:120%;">Cost of Professional Services Revenue</span></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:6pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;line-height:120%;">Cost of professional services revenue includes all direct and indirect costs to deliver our professional services and training, including employee compensation for our global professional services and training personnel, travel costs, third-party contractor costs and allocated facility costs and overhead.</span></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:18pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;font-weight:700;line-height:120%;">Concentration of Credit Risk</span></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:6pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;line-height:120%;">Our financial instruments that are exposed to concentration of credit risk consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents and trade accounts receivable. Deposits held with banks may exceed the amount of insurance provided on such deposits. We believe that the financial institutions that hold our cash deposits are financially sound and, accordingly, minimal credit risk exists with respect to these balances.</span></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:12pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;line-height:120%;">With regard to our customers, credit evaluation and account monitoring procedures are used to minimize the risk of loss. We believe that no additional credit risk beyond amounts provided for collection loss are inherent in accounts receivable.  Revenue generated from government agencies represented 17.9% and 12.3% of our revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, of which the top three federal government agencies generated 7.9% and 6.4% of our revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Additionally, 29.7% and 33.3% of our revenue during the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, was generated from foreign customers.</span></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:18pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;font-weight:700;line-height:120%;">Accounts Receivable and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts</span></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:6pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;line-height:120%;">Accounts receivable are stated at realizable value, net of an allowance for doubtful accounts. The allowance for doubtful accounts is based on our assessment of the collectability of accounts. We regularly review the composition of the accounts receivable aging, historical bad debts, changes in payment patterns, customer creditworthiness and current economic trends. If the financial condition of our customers were to deteriorate, resulting in their inability to make required payments, additional provisions for doubtful accounts would be required and would increase bad debt expense. To date, our allowance and related bad debt write-offs have been nominal. There was no change in the allowance for doubtful accounts from December 31, 2018 to March 31, 2019.</span></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:18pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;font-weight:700;line-height:120%;">Non-Trade Receivables</span></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:6pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;line-height:120%;">We record non-trade receivables to reflect amounts due for activities other than sales of subscriptions to our platform and professional services. As of March 31, 2019, our non-trade receivables related entirely to a receivable from our tenant improvement allowance. The tenant improvement allowance receivable was $12.5 million and $14.4 million as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively, and is classified within prepaid expenses and other current assets in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets. We recognized our initial tenant improvement allowance receivable of $15.8 million related to our new headquarters once we took initial possession of the space in October 2018. We recognized additional tenant improvement allowance receivable of $2.6 million when we took possession of adjacent office space in February 2019.</span></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:18pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;font-weight:700;line-height:120%;">Deferred Commissions</span></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:12pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;line-height:120%;">Deferred commissions are the incremental costs that are directly associated with subscription agreements with customers and consist of sales commissions paid to our direct sales force. Commissions are considered direct and incremental and as such are deferred and amortized over the terms of the related customer contracts consistent with the related revenue. Amortization of deferred commissions is included in sales and marketing expense in the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of operations. Commission expense was $4.4 million and $2.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. </span></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:18pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;font-weight:700;line-height:120%;">Fair Value of Financial Instruments</span></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:6pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;line-height:120%;">The carrying amounts of our cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable and accrued expenses approximate fair value as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018 because of the relatively short duration of these instruments. </span></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:12pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;line-height:120%;">We use a three-tier fair value hierarchy to classify and disclose all assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis, as well as assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis, in periods subsequent to their initial measurement. The hierarchy requires us to use observable inputs when available, and to minimize the use of unobservable inputs when determining fair value. The three tiers are defined as follows:</span></div><div style="text-indent:-36pt;padding-left:72pt;margin-top:3pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:12pt;line-height:120%;">•</span><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-weight:700;line-height:120%;padding-left:31.8pt;">Level 1.</span><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;line-height:120%;"> Observable inputs based on unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities;</span></div><div style="text-indent:-36pt;padding-left:72pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:12pt;line-height:120%;">•</span><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-weight:700;line-height:120%;padding-left:31.8pt;">Level 2.</span><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;line-height:120%;"> Inputs, other than quoted prices in active markets, that are observable either directly or indirectly; and</span></div><div style="text-indent:-36pt;padding-left:72pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:12pt;line-height:120%;">•</span><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-weight:700;line-height:120%;padding-left:31.8pt;">Level 3.</span><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;line-height:120%;"> Unobservable inputs for which there is little or no market data, which require us to develop our own assumptions.</span></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:18pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;line-height:120%;">Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis Using Significant Unobservable Inputs</span></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:12pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;line-height:120%;">There were no instruments measured at fair value during the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018.</span></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:12pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;font-weight:700;line-height:120%;">Stock-Based Compensation</span></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:6pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;line-height:120%;">We account for stock-based compensation expense related to stock-based awards based on the estimated fair value of the award on the grant date. We calculate the fair value of stock options using the Black-Scholes Option Pricing Model. The fair value of restricted stock units is based on the closing market price of our common stock on the Nasdaq Global Market on the date of grant. For service-based awards, stock-based compensation expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period. For performance-based awards, stock-based compensation expense is recognized using the accelerated attribution method, based on the probability of satisfying the performance condition. For awards that contain market conditions, compensation expense is measured using a Monte Carlo simulation and recognized using the accelerated attribution method over the derived service period based on the expected market performance as of the grant date. For restricted stock units, stock-based compensation expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period. We account for forfeitures as they occur, rather than estimating expected forfeitures. </span></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:18pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;font-weight:700;line-height:120%;">Emerging Growth Company Status</span></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:6pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;line-height:120%;">We are an “emerging growth company” as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act (the “JOBS Act”). The JOBS Act provides that an emerging growth company can take advantage of an extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards. Thus, an emerging growth company can delay the adoption of certain accounting standards until those standards would otherwise apply to private companies. We have elected to avail ourselves of this extended transition period and, as a result, we will not adopt new or revised accounting standards on the relevant dates on which adoption of such standards is required for other public companies.</span></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:18pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;font-weight:700;line-height:120%;">Recent Accounting Pronouncements</span></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:6pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;line-height:120%;">Adopted</span></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:12pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;line-height:120%;">In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-15, </span><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;line-height:120%;">Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments</span><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;line-height:120%;"> (“ASU 2016-15”), which aims to reduce the existing diversity in practice in how certain cash receipts and cash payments are presented and classified in the statement of cash flows. ASU 2016-15 will require adoption on a retrospective basis unless it is impracticable to apply, in which case we would be required to apply the amendments prospectively as of the earliest date practicable. ASU 2016-15 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019. The adoption of ASU 2016-15 did not have an impact on our condensed consolidated financial statements for the three months ended March 31, 2019.</span></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:12pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;line-height:120%;">In February 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-02,</span><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;line-height:120%;"> Income Statement-Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220): Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income</span><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;line-height:120%;"> ("ASU 2018-02"), which provides entities the option to reclassify to retained earnings tax effects related to items in accumulated other comprehensive income ("OCI") that the FASB refers to as having been stranded in accumulated OCI as a result of tax reform. ASU 2018-02 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018. The adoption of ASU 2018-02 did not have an impact on our condensed consolidated financial statements for the three months ended March 31, 2019.</span></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:18pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;line-height:120%;">Not Yet Adopted</span></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:6pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;line-height:120%;">In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-09, </span><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;line-height:120%;">Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606) </span><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;line-height:120%;">(“ASC 606”), which provides new guidance for revenue recognition. ASC 606 provides that an entity should recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. ASC 606 also requires improved disclosures to help users of financial statements better understand the nature, amount, timing, and uncertainty of revenue that is recognized. Entities have the option of using either a full retrospective or modified retrospective approach for the adoption of the standard. In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-08, </span><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;line-height:120%;">Principal Versus Agent Considerations (Reporting Revenue Gross Versus Net) </span><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;line-height:120%;">(“ASU 2016-08”), which clarifies implementation guidance on principal versus agent considerations in ASC 606. In April 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-10, </span><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;line-height:120%;">Identifying Performance Obligations and Licensing </span><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;line-height:120%;">(“ASU 2016-10”), which clarifies the identification of performance obligations and the licensing implementation guidance in ASC 606. In addition, in May 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-12, </span><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;line-height:120%;">Narrow-Scope Improvements and Practical Expedients </span><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;line-height:120%;">(“ASU 2016-12”), which clarifies the guidance on assessing collectibility, presentation of sales taxes, noncash consideration and completed contracts and contract modifications at transition. For public entities, the new standard is effective for annual periods and interim periods within those annual periods, beginning after December 15, 2017. For all other entities, the new standard is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2018, and interim periods within those annual periods beginning after December 15, 2019. We have elected to avail ourselves of the JOBS Act extended transition period that permits us to defer adoption until January 1, 2019. In accordance with guidance, the new standard will be adopted in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2019 but will not be adopted in our Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q to be filed during 2019.  </span></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:12pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;line-height:120%;">The ASC 606 guidance allows two methods of adoption: retrospectively to each prior reporting period (full retrospective method) or retrospectively with the cumulative effect of initially applying the guidance recognized at the date of initial application (modified retrospective method). We are going to adopt the new standard using the modified retrospective method.</span></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:12pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;line-height:120%;">We do not expect the new standard to have a material impact on the timing of revenue recognition related to our cloud-based subscriptions and standalone professional services. However, we expect the new standard to have a significant impact on the timing of revenue recognition related to our on-premise term license contracts. Under current industry-specific software revenue recognition guidance, we have historically concluded that we did not have VSOE of fair value of the undelivered services related to on-premise term license contracts, and accordingly, have recognized on-premise term license contracts and related services ratably over the contract term. Under this new standard, the requirement to have VSOE for undelivered services is eliminated. Therefore, we will be required to recognize a portion of revenue from the on-premise term license contracts upon delivery of the software. </span></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:12pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;line-height:120%;">In addition, we expect the new standard to impact our accounting for contract acquisition costs, both with respect to the amounts that will be capitalized as well as the period of amortization. Currently, we defer the direct and incremental commission costs to obtain a contract with a customer and amortize those costs over the term of the related customer contract consistent with the related revenue. Under the new standard, we will defer the incremental costs to obtain a contract with a customer. Therefore, the new standard will result in additional costs being capitalized, including fringe benefits. Under the new standard, initial incremental costs to obtain a contract will be amortized over the customer's estimated economic life of five years, which was calculated based on both qualitative and quantitative factors, such as product life cycles, contractual terms and customer attrition. Incremental contract costs paid relating to contract renewals will be deferred and amortized on a straight-line basis over the related renewal period. As a result, we expect the deferred commissions asset to increase and the related amortization expense in each reporting period to decrease under the new standard. </span></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:12pt;margin-bottom:8pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;line-height:120%;">We are still in the process of quantifying the effects of the adoption of ASC 606 as well as continuing to evaluate the impact of the adoption of the standard on our consolidated financial statements, including our footnotes. </span></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:12pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;line-height:120%;">In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02,</span><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;line-height:120%;"> Leases (Topic 842)</span><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;line-height:120%;"> (“ASU 2016-02”), which was further clarified by ASU No. 2018-10, </span><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;line-height:120%;">Codification Improvements to Topic 842, Leases</span><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;line-height:120%;">, and ASU No. 2018-11, </span><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;line-height:120%;">Leases (Topic 842): Targeted Improvements</span><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;line-height:120%;">, both issued in July 2018.  ASU 2016-02 requires companies to recognize on the balance sheet the assets and liabilities for the rights and obligations created by lease assets. The new standard also requires additional disclosure of qualitative and quantitative information about the amounts recorded in the financial statements related to lease agreements. If we lose "emerging growth company" status effective December 31, 2019, the new standard will be adopted in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ending December 31, 2019. If the share price of our Class A common stock closes on June 28, 2019, at or above the price it has traded at since June 30, 2018, we will lose "emerging growth company status" effective December 31, 2019. ASU 2016-02 requires a transition adoption election of either (1) a modified retrospective approach with periods prior to the adoption date being restated or (2) a prospective adoption approach with a cumulative-effect adjustment recognized to the opening balance of retained earnings on the adoption date with prior periods not restated. We are currently evaluating the impact the adoption of ASU 2016-02 will have on our condensed consolidated financial statements. We plan to adopt this standard using the prospective adoption approach and electing the practical expedients allowed under the standard. Although we are still evaluating the impact of the adoption of the standard on our condensed consolidated financial statements, we expect there will be a material increase to assets and liabilities related to the recognition of new right-of-use assets and lease liabilities on our balance sheet for leases currently classified as operating leases. </span></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:12pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;line-height:120%;">In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, </span><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;line-height:120%;">Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326) </span><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;line-height:120%;">("ASU 2016-13"), which requires entities to measure all expected credit losses for financial assets held at the reporting date based on historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. This replaces the existing incurred loss model and is applicable to the measurement of credit losses on financial assets measured at amortized cost. This guidance is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2019. Early application will be permitted for all entities for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2018. We are currently evaluating the impact that the standard will have on our consolidated financial statements.</span></div> <div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:6pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;font-weight:700;line-height:120%;">Basis of Presentation</span></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:6pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;line-height:120%;">The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and footnotes have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”) as contained in the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (the “Codification” or “ASC”) for interim financial information. In the opinion of management, the interim financial information includes all adjustments of a normal recurring nature necessary for a fair presentation of the results of operations, financial position, changes in stockholders’ equity and cash flows. The results of operations for the current period are not necessarily indicative of the results for the full year or the results for any future periods. These condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and related footnotes included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) on February 21, 2019.</span></div> <div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:18pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;font-weight:700;line-height:120%;">Use of Estimates</span></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:6pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;line-height:120%;">The preparation of our condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the amounts reported in these condensed consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Although we believe that the estimates we use are reasonable, due to the inherent uncertainty involved in making these estimates, actual results reported in future periods could differ from those estimates.</span></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:12pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;line-height:120%;">Significant estimates embedded in the condensed consolidated financial statements include revenue recognition, income taxes and the related valuation allowance and stock-based compensation.</span></div> <div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:18pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;font-weight:700;line-height:120%;">Principles of Consolidation</span></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:6pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;line-height:120%;">The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Appian and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.</span></div> <div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:18pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;font-weight:700;line-height:120%;">Revenue Recognition</span></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:6pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;line-height:120%;">We generate revenue primarily through sales of subscriptions to our platform, as well as professional services. We recognize revenue when all of the following conditions are met: (1) there is persuasive evidence of an arrangement; (2) the service or product has been provided to the customer; (3) the amount of fees to be paid by the customer is fixed or determinable; and (4) the collection of related fees is reasonably assured. If collection is not reasonably assured, we defer revenue recognition until collectability becomes reasonably assured. Our arrangements do not contain general rights of return. Revenue is recognized net of any taxes collected from customers and subsequently remitted to governmental authorities.</span></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;"><span><br/></span></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;line-height:120%;">Subscriptions, Software and Support Revenue</span></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:6pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;line-height:120%;">Subscriptions, software and support revenue is primarily related to (1) software as a service (“SaaS”) subscriptions bundled with maintenance and support and hosting services and (2) term license subscriptions bundled with maintenance and support.</span></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:12pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;line-height:120%;">We generally charge subscription fees on a per-user basis and, to a lesser degree, non-user based single application licenses. We bill customers and collect payment for subscriptions to our platform in advance on a monthly, quarterly or annual basis. In certain instances, we have had customers pay their entire contract up front.</span></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:18pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-weight:700;line-height:120%;">SaaS Subscriptions</span></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:6pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;line-height:120%;">Our SaaS subscription revenue is derived from customers accessing our cloud offering pursuant to contracts that are generally <span style="-sec-ix-hidden:id3VybDovL2RvY3MudjEvZG9jOjVjMzU3OWFkM2Q4YTRmYzU4ZDMxZDE3NTM5MGFmOGFkL3NlYzo1YzM1NzlhZDNkOGE0ZmM1OGQzMWQxNzUzOTBhZjhhZF80MC9mcmFnOjRlN2MxOWU2Mjk4NzRmOWE4N2Q0NzFkZjJlZWE3NjM4L3RleHRyZWdpb246NGU3YzE5ZTYyOTg3NGY5YTg3ZDQ3MWRmMmVlYTc2MzhfNTA2Mg_c6bd6fb9-c41e-46c7-ae2c-f62a9e3efca3">one</span> to five years in length. We perform all required maintenance and support for our cloud offering and we do not separately charge customers for hosting costs. In these arrangements, our customers do not have the right to take the software on-premises and, as a result, such arrangements are not accounted for within the scope of the software revenue guidance. Revenue from SaaS subscriptions is recognized ratably over the term of the subscription, beginning with the date our service is made available to our customer.</span></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:18pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-weight:700;line-height:120%;">Term License Subscriptions</span></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:6pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;line-height:120%;">Our term license subscription revenue is derived from customers with on-premises installations of our platform pursuant to contracts that are generally <span style="-sec-ix-hidden:id3VybDovL2RvY3MudjEvZG9jOjVjMzU3OWFkM2Q4YTRmYzU4ZDMxZDE3NTM5MGFmOGFkL3NlYzo1YzM1NzlhZDNkOGE0ZmM1OGQzMWQxNzUzOTBhZjhhZF80MC9mcmFnOjRlN2MxOWU2Mjk4NzRmOWE4N2Q0NzFkZjJlZWE3NjM4L3RleHRyZWdpb246NGU3YzE5ZTYyOTg3NGY5YTg3ZDQ3MWRmMmVlYTc2MzhfNTc1NA_523545a4-441f-46c8-890c-1462849f16f3">one</span> to five years in length. Customers with term license subscriptions have the right to use our software and receive maintenance and support. Since we do not sell maintenance and support separately from the subscription, revenue for the term license subscription and maintenance and support is recognized ratably over the term of the subscription, upon delivery of the platform to the customer when sold on a standalone basis.</span></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:18pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;line-height:120%;">Professional Services</span></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:6pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;line-height:120%;">Our professional services revenue is comprised of fees for consulting services, including application development and deployment assistance and training related to our platform. Our professional services are not essential to the functionality of our platform because the platform is ready for the customer’s use immediately upon delivery and is not modified or customized in any manner.</span></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:12pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;line-height:120%;">Consulting services are billed under both time-and-material and fixed-fee arrangements. For standalone time-and-material contracts, we recognize revenue at contractually agreed upon billing rates applied to hours performed. For standalone fixed-fee contracts, we also recognize revenue as the work is performed using the proportional performance method of accounting. Training revenue is recognized when the associated training services are delivered. Training is also sold in the form of a subscription arrangement where a customer agrees to pay an annual fixed fee for a fixed number of users to have access to all of our training offerings during the year. Revenue from training subscription agreements is recognized ratably over the subscription period.</span></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:12pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;line-height:120%;">We defer recognition of revenue from work performed on pending contract modifications until the period in which the modifications are accepted and funding is approved by the customer. Costs of work performed on pending contract modifications are expensed as incurred.</span></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:18pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;line-height:120%;">Multiple Element Arrangements</span></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:6pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;line-height:120%;">Our multiple element arrangements are from SaaS subscriptions and term license subscriptions that are generally sold in combination with maintenance and support service and frequently with professional services.</span></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:18pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-weight:700;line-height:120%;">SaaS Subscriptions</span></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:6pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;line-height:120%;">For multiple element arrangements involving SaaS subscriptions that include professional services in addition to the subscription to our platform, we evaluate each element to determine whether it represents a separate unit of accounting. Because there are third-party vendors who routinely sell and provide the same professional services to our customers, our professional services are deemed to have standalone value apart from the SaaS subscription. Additionally, we offer both SaaS subscriptions and professional services on a standalone basis. Professional services revenue is therefore accounted for separately from subscription fees and recognized as the professional services are performed. We allocate revenue to the elements based on the selling price hierarchy using vendor-specific objective evidence (“VSOE”) of selling price, third-party evidence (“TPE”) of selling price, or if neither exists, best estimated selling price (“BESP”). In cases where we do not have VSOE or TPE of the elements of our arrangements, we use BESP to allocate revenue. We determine BESP for a service by considering multiple factors including, but not limited to, evaluating the weighted average of actual sales prices and other factors such as gross margin objectives, pricing practices and growth strategy. Pricing practices taken into consideration include historic contractually stated prices, volume discounts where applicable and our price lists. While we believe we can make</span></div><div style="margin-top:6pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;line-height:120%;"> reliable estimates regarding these matters, these estimates are inherently subjective. Once the revenue is allocated to these elements, revenue is recognized as such services are provided.</span><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:11pt;line-height:120%;"> </span></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:18pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-weight:700;line-height:120%;">Term License Subscriptions</span></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:6pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;line-height:120%;">For multiple element arrangements involving term license subscriptions, maintenance and support and professional services, we do not have VSOE of fair value for the maintenance and support. Our term license subscriptions are generally not sold on a standalone basis, and therefore, we have not established VSOE of fair value for the subscriptions. Consequently, for our bundled arrangements that include certain professional services, there are two undelivered elements for which VSOE of fair value has not been established and, therefore, we utilize the combined services approach and defer all revenue until the software has been delivered and the provision of all services has commenced. We then recognize the entire fee from the arrangement ratably over the remaining period of the arrangement, assuming all other software revenue recognition criteria have been met.</span></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:18pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;font-weight:700;line-height:120%;">Deferred Revenue</span></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:6pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;line-height:120%;">Deferred revenue primarily consists of amounts billed or billable in advance of revenue recognition from our subscriptions, software, and support and professional services described above. Deferred revenue is recognized as the revenue recognition criteria are met.</span></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:18pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;font-weight:700;line-height:120%;">Cost of Revenue</span></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:6pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;line-height:120%;">Cost of Subscriptions, Software and Support Revenue</span></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:6pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;line-height:120%;">Cost of subscriptions, software and support revenue consists primarily of fees paid to our third-party managed hosting providers and other third-party service providers, personnel costs, including payroll and benefits for our technology operations and customer support teams, and allocated facility costs and overhead.</span></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:18pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;line-height:120%;">Cost of Professional Services Revenue</span></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:6pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;line-height:120%;">Cost of professional services revenue includes all direct and indirect costs to deliver our professional services and training, including employee compensation for our global professional services and training personnel, travel costs, third-party contractor costs and allocated facility costs and overhead.</span></div> P5Y P5Y <div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:18pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;font-weight:700;line-height:120%;">Concentration of Credit Risk</span></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:6pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;line-height:120%;">Our financial instruments that are exposed to concentration of credit risk consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents and trade accounts receivable. Deposits held with banks may exceed the amount of insurance provided on such deposits. We believe that the financial institutions that hold our cash deposits are financially sound and, accordingly, minimal credit risk exists with respect to these balances.</span></div>With regard to our customers, credit evaluation and account monitoring procedures are used to minimize the risk of loss. We believe that no additional credit risk beyond amounts provided for collection loss are inherent in accounts receivable. 0.179 0.123 3 0.079 0.064 0.297 0.333 <div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:18pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;font-weight:700;line-height:120%;">Accounts Receivable and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts</span></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:6pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;line-height:120%;">Accounts receivable are stated at realizable value, net of an allowance for doubtful accounts. The allowance for doubtful accounts is based on our assessment of the collectability of accounts. We regularly review the composition of the accounts receivable aging, historical bad debts, changes in payment patterns, customer creditworthiness and current economic trends. If the financial condition of our customers were to deteriorate, resulting in their inability to make required payments, additional provisions for doubtful accounts would be required and would increase bad debt expense. To date, our allowance and related bad debt write-offs have been nominal. There was no change in the allowance for doubtful accounts from December 31, 2018 to March 31, 2019.</span></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:18pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;font-weight:700;line-height:120%;">Non-Trade Receivables</span></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:6pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;line-height:120%;">We record non-trade receivables to reflect amounts due for activities other than sales of subscriptions to our platform and professional services. As of March 31, 2019, our non-trade receivables related entirely to a receivable from our tenant improvement allowance. The tenant improvement allowance receivable was $12.5 million and $14.4 million as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively, and is classified within prepaid expenses and other current assets in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets. We recognized our initial tenant improvement allowance receivable of $15.8 million related to our new headquarters once we took initial possession of the space in October 2018. We recognized additional tenant improvement allowance receivable of $2.6 million when we took possession of adjacent office space in February 2019.</span></div> 0 12500000 14400000 15800000 2600000 Deferred CommissionsDeferred commissions are the incremental costs that are directly associated with subscription agreements with customers and consist of sales commissions paid to our direct sales force. Commissions are considered direct and incremental and as such are deferred and amortized over the terms of the related customer contracts consistent with the related revenue. Amortization of deferred commissions is included in sales and marketing expense in the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of operations. Commission expense was $4.4 million and $2.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. 4400000 2700000 <div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:18pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;font-weight:700;line-height:120%;">Fair Value of Financial Instruments</span></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:6pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;line-height:120%;">The carrying amounts of our cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable and accrued expenses approximate fair value as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018 because of the relatively short duration of these instruments. </span></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:12pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;line-height:120%;">We use a three-tier fair value hierarchy to classify and disclose all assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis, as well as assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis, in periods subsequent to their initial measurement. The hierarchy requires us to use observable inputs when available, and to minimize the use of unobservable inputs when determining fair value. The three tiers are defined as follows:</span></div><div style="text-indent:-36pt;padding-left:72pt;margin-top:3pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:12pt;line-height:120%;">•</span><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-weight:700;line-height:120%;padding-left:31.8pt;">Level 1.</span><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;line-height:120%;"> Observable inputs based on unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities;</span></div><div style="text-indent:-36pt;padding-left:72pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:12pt;line-height:120%;">•</span><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-weight:700;line-height:120%;padding-left:31.8pt;">Level 2.</span><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;line-height:120%;"> Inputs, other than quoted prices in active markets, that are observable either directly or indirectly; and</span></div><div style="text-indent:-36pt;padding-left:72pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:12pt;line-height:120%;">•</span><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-weight:700;line-height:120%;padding-left:31.8pt;">Level 3.</span><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;line-height:120%;"> Unobservable inputs for which there is little or no market data, which require us to develop our own assumptions.</span></div> Stock-Based CompensationWe account for stock-based compensation expense related to stock-based awards based on the estimated fair value of the award on the grant date. We calculate the fair value of stock options using the Black-Scholes Option Pricing Model. The fair value of restricted stock units is based on the closing market price of our common stock on the Nasdaq Global Market on the date of grant. For service-based awards, stock-based compensation expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period. For performance-based awards, stock-based compensation expense is recognized using the accelerated attribution method, based on the probability of satisfying the performance condition. For awards that contain market conditions, compensation expense is measured using a Monte Carlo simulation and recognized using the accelerated attribution method over the derived service period based on the expected market performance as of the grant date. For restricted stock units, stock-based compensation expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period. We account for forfeitures as they occur, rather than estimating expected forfeitures. <div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:18pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;font-weight:700;line-height:120%;">Emerging Growth Company Status</span></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:6pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;line-height:120%;">We are an “emerging growth company” as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act (the “JOBS Act”). The JOBS Act provides that an emerging growth company can take advantage of an extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards. Thus, an emerging growth company can delay the adoption of certain accounting standards until those standards would otherwise apply to private companies. We have elected to avail ourselves of this extended transition period and, as a result, we will not adopt new or revised accounting standards on the relevant dates on which adoption of such standards is required for other public companies.</span></div> <div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:18pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;font-weight:700;line-height:120%;">Recent Accounting Pronouncements</span></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:6pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;line-height:120%;">Adopted</span></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:12pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;line-height:120%;">In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-15, </span><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;line-height:120%;">Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments</span><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;line-height:120%;"> (“ASU 2016-15”), which aims to reduce the existing diversity in practice in how certain cash receipts and cash payments are presented and classified in the statement of cash flows. ASU 2016-15 will require adoption on a retrospective basis unless it is impracticable to apply, in which case we would be required to apply the amendments prospectively as of the earliest date practicable. ASU 2016-15 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019. The adoption of ASU 2016-15 did not have an impact on our condensed consolidated financial statements for the three months ended March 31, 2019.</span></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:12pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;line-height:120%;">In February 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-02,</span><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;line-height:120%;"> Income Statement-Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220): Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income</span><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;line-height:120%;"> ("ASU 2018-02"), which provides entities the option to reclassify to retained earnings tax effects related to items in accumulated other comprehensive income ("OCI") that the FASB refers to as having been stranded in accumulated OCI as a result of tax reform. ASU 2018-02 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018. The adoption of ASU 2018-02 did not have an impact on our condensed consolidated financial statements for the three months ended March 31, 2019.</span></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:18pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;line-height:120%;">Not Yet Adopted</span></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:6pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;line-height:120%;">In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-09, </span><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;line-height:120%;">Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606) </span><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;line-height:120%;">(“ASC 606”), which provides new guidance for revenue recognition. ASC 606 provides that an entity should recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. ASC 606 also requires improved disclosures to help users of financial statements better understand the nature, amount, timing, and uncertainty of revenue that is recognized. Entities have the option of using either a full retrospective or modified retrospective approach for the adoption of the standard. In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-08, </span><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;line-height:120%;">Principal Versus Agent Considerations (Reporting Revenue Gross Versus Net) </span><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;line-height:120%;">(“ASU 2016-08”), which clarifies implementation guidance on principal versus agent considerations in ASC 606. In April 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-10, </span><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;line-height:120%;">Identifying Performance Obligations and Licensing </span><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;line-height:120%;">(“ASU 2016-10”), which clarifies the identification of performance obligations and the licensing implementation guidance in ASC 606. In addition, in May 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-12, </span><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;line-height:120%;">Narrow-Scope Improvements and Practical Expedients </span><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;line-height:120%;">(“ASU 2016-12”), which clarifies the guidance on assessing collectibility, presentation of sales taxes, noncash consideration and completed contracts and contract modifications at transition. For public entities, the new standard is effective for annual periods and interim periods within those annual periods, beginning after December 15, 2017. For all other entities, the new standard is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2018, and interim periods within those annual periods beginning after December 15, 2019. We have elected to avail ourselves of the JOBS Act extended transition period that permits us to defer adoption until January 1, 2019. In accordance with guidance, the new standard will be adopted in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2019 but will not be adopted in our Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q to be filed during 2019.  </span></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:12pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;line-height:120%;">The ASC 606 guidance allows two methods of adoption: retrospectively to each prior reporting period (full retrospective method) or retrospectively with the cumulative effect of initially applying the guidance recognized at the date of initial application (modified retrospective method). We are going to adopt the new standard using the modified retrospective method.</span></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:12pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;line-height:120%;">We do not expect the new standard to have a material impact on the timing of revenue recognition related to our cloud-based subscriptions and standalone professional services. However, we expect the new standard to have a significant impact on the timing of revenue recognition related to our on-premise term license contracts. Under current industry-specific software revenue recognition guidance, we have historically concluded that we did not have VSOE of fair value of the undelivered services related to on-premise term license contracts, and accordingly, have recognized on-premise term license contracts and related services ratably over the contract term. Under this new standard, the requirement to have VSOE for undelivered services is eliminated. Therefore, we will be required to recognize a portion of revenue from the on-premise term license contracts upon delivery of the software. </span></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:12pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;line-height:120%;">In addition, we expect the new standard to impact our accounting for contract acquisition costs, both with respect to the amounts that will be capitalized as well as the period of amortization. Currently, we defer the direct and incremental commission costs to obtain a contract with a customer and amortize those costs over the term of the related customer contract consistent with the related revenue. Under the new standard, we will defer the incremental costs to obtain a contract with a customer. Therefore, the new standard will result in additional costs being capitalized, including fringe benefits. Under the new standard, initial incremental costs to obtain a contract will be amortized over the customer's estimated economic life of five years, which was calculated based on both qualitative and quantitative factors, such as product life cycles, contractual terms and customer attrition. Incremental contract costs paid relating to contract renewals will be deferred and amortized on a straight-line basis over the related renewal period. As a result, we expect the deferred commissions asset to increase and the related amortization expense in each reporting period to decrease under the new standard. </span></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:12pt;margin-bottom:8pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;line-height:120%;">We are still in the process of quantifying the effects of the adoption of ASC 606 as well as continuing to evaluate the impact of the adoption of the standard on our consolidated financial statements, including our footnotes. </span></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:12pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;line-height:120%;">In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02,</span><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;line-height:120%;"> Leases (Topic 842)</span><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;line-height:120%;"> (“ASU 2016-02”), which was further clarified by ASU No. 2018-10, </span><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;line-height:120%;">Codification Improvements to Topic 842, Leases</span><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;line-height:120%;">, and ASU No. 2018-11, </span><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;line-height:120%;">Leases (Topic 842): Targeted Improvements</span><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;line-height:120%;">, both issued in July 2018.  ASU 2016-02 requires companies to recognize on the balance sheet the assets and liabilities for the rights and obligations created by lease assets. The new standard also requires additional disclosure of qualitative and quantitative information about the amounts recorded in the financial statements related to lease agreements. If we lose "emerging growth company" status effective December 31, 2019, the new standard will be adopted in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ending December 31, 2019. If the share price of our Class A common stock closes on June 28, 2019, at or above the price it has traded at since June 30, 2018, we will lose "emerging growth company status" effective December 31, 2019. ASU 2016-02 requires a transition adoption election of either (1) a modified retrospective approach with periods prior to the adoption date being restated or (2) a prospective adoption approach with a cumulative-effect adjustment recognized to the opening balance of retained earnings on the adoption date with prior periods not restated. We are currently evaluating the impact the adoption of ASU 2016-02 will have on our condensed consolidated financial statements. We plan to adopt this standard using the prospective adoption approach and electing the practical expedients allowed under the standard. Although we are still evaluating the impact of the adoption of the standard on our condensed consolidated financial statements, we expect there will be a material increase to assets and liabilities related to the recognition of new right-of-use assets and lease liabilities on our balance sheet for leases currently classified as operating leases. </span></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:12pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;line-height:120%;">In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, </span><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;line-height:120%;">Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326) </span><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;line-height:120%;">("ASU 2016-13"), which requires entities to measure all expected credit losses for financial assets held at the reporting date based on historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. This replaces the existing incurred loss model and is applicable to the measurement of credit losses on financial assets measured at amortized cost. This guidance is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2019. Early application will be permitted for all entities for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2018. We are currently evaluating the impact that the standard will have on our consolidated financial statements.</span></div> Accrued Expenses<div style="padding-left:36pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;line-height:120%;">Accrued expenses consisted of the following as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018 (in thousands):</span></div><div style="text-align:center;margin-bottom:6pt;"><table style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;border-collapse:collapse;text-align:left;text-indent:0pt;display:inline-table;width:99.853801%;"><tr><td style="width:1.0%;"/><td style="width:62.128843%;"/><td style="width:1.0%;"/><td style="width:1.0%;"/><td style="width:15.569546%;"/><td style="width:1.0%;"/><td style="width:0.1%;"/><td style="width:0.532064%;"/><td style="width:0.1%;"/><td style="width:1.0%;"/><td style="width:15.569546%;"/><td style="width:1.0%;"/></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:700;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">March 31, 2019</span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:700;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">December 31, 2018</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cceeff;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">Accrued leasehold improvement costs</span></td><td style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cceeff;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000000;padding-left:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">$</span></td><td colspan="2" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cceeff;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000000;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">4,616 </span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);"/></td><td style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cceeff;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000000;padding-left:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">$</span></td><td colspan="2" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cceeff;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000000;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">— </span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">Accrued contract labor costs</span></td><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">3,370 </span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);"/></td><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">3,128 </span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cceeff;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">Accrued hosting costs</span></td><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cceeff;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">1,120 </span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);"/></td><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cceeff;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">579 </span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#ffffff;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">Accrued reimbursable employee expenses</span></td><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#ffffff;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">551 </span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffffff;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);"/></td><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#ffffff;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">459 </span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cceeff;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">Accrued audit and tax expenses</span></td><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cceeff;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">499 </span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);"/></td><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cceeff;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">375 </span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#ffffff;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">Accrued third party license fees</span></td><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#ffffff;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">428 </span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffffff;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);"/></td><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#ffffff;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">729 </span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cceeff;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">Accrued marketing and tradeshow expenses</span></td><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cceeff;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">297 </span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);"/></td><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cceeff;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">229 </span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#ffffff;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">Other accrued expenses</span></td><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#ffffff;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">1,230 </span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffffff;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);"/></td><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#ffffff;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">1,965 </span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cceeff;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">Total</span></td><td style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cceeff;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000000;padding-left:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">$</span></td><td colspan="2" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cceeff;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000000;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">12,111 </span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);"/></td><td style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cceeff;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000000;padding-left:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">$</span></td><td colspan="2" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cceeff;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000000;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">7,464 </span></td></tr></table></div> <div style="padding-left:36pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;line-height:120%;">Accrued expenses consisted of the following as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018 (in thousands):</span></div><div style="text-align:center;margin-bottom:6pt;"><table style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;border-collapse:collapse;text-align:left;text-indent:0pt;display:inline-table;width:99.853801%;"><tr><td style="width:1.0%;"/><td style="width:62.128843%;"/><td style="width:1.0%;"/><td style="width:1.0%;"/><td style="width:15.569546%;"/><td style="width:1.0%;"/><td style="width:0.1%;"/><td style="width:0.532064%;"/><td style="width:0.1%;"/><td style="width:1.0%;"/><td style="width:15.569546%;"/><td style="width:1.0%;"/></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:700;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">March 31, 2019</span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:700;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">December 31, 2018</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cceeff;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">Accrued leasehold improvement costs</span></td><td style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cceeff;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000000;padding-left:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">$</span></td><td colspan="2" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cceeff;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000000;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">4,616 </span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);"/></td><td style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cceeff;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000000;padding-left:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">$</span></td><td colspan="2" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cceeff;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000000;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">— </span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">Accrued contract labor costs</span></td><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">3,370 </span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);"/></td><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">3,128 </span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cceeff;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">Accrued hosting costs</span></td><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cceeff;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">1,120 </span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);"/></td><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cceeff;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">579 </span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#ffffff;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">Accrued reimbursable employee expenses</span></td><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#ffffff;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">551 </span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffffff;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);"/></td><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#ffffff;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">459 </span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cceeff;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">Accrued audit and tax expenses</span></td><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cceeff;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">499 </span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);"/></td><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cceeff;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">375 </span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#ffffff;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">Accrued third party license fees</span></td><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#ffffff;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">428 </span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffffff;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);"/></td><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#ffffff;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">729 </span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cceeff;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">Accrued marketing and tradeshow expenses</span></td><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cceeff;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">297 </span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);"/></td><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cceeff;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">229 </span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#ffffff;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">Other accrued expenses</span></td><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#ffffff;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">1,230 </span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffffff;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);"/></td><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#ffffff;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">1,965 </span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cceeff;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">Total</span></td><td style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cceeff;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000000;padding-left:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">$</span></td><td colspan="2" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cceeff;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000000;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">12,111 </span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);"/></td><td style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cceeff;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000000;padding-left:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">$</span></td><td colspan="2" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cceeff;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000000;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">7,464 </span></td></tr></table></div> 4616000 0 3370000 3128000 1120000 579000 551000 459000 499000 375000 428000 729000 297000 229000 1230000 1965000 12111000 7464000 DebtLine of CreditIn November 2017, we entered into a $20.0 million revolving line of credit with a lender. The facility matures in November 2022. We may elect whether amounts drawn on the revolving line of credit bear interest at a floating rate per annum equal to either the LIBOR or the prime rate plus an additional interest rate margin that is determined by the availability of the borrowings under the revolving line of credit. The additional interest rate margin will range from 2.00% to 2.50% in the case of LIBOR advances and from 1.00% to 1.50% in the case of prime rate advances. The revolving line of credit contains an unused facility fee in an amount between 0.15% and 0.25% of the average unused portion of the revolving line of credit, which is payable quarterly. The agreement contains certain customary affirmative and negative covenants and requires us to maintain (1) an adjusted quick ratio of at least 1.35 to 1.0 and (ii) minimum adjusted EBITDA, in the amounts and for the periods set forth in the agreement. Any amounts borrowed under the credit facility are collateralized by substantially all of our assets. We were in compliance with all covenants as of March 31, 2019. As of March 31, 2019, we had no outstanding borrowings under the revolving line of credit. 20000000.0 0.0200 0.0250 0.0100 0.0150 0.0015 0.0025 1.35 0 Income Taxes<div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:6pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;line-height:120%;">The provision for income taxes is based upon the estimated annual effective tax rates for the year applied to the current period income before tax plus the tax effect of any significant unusual items, discrete events or changes in tax law. Our operating subsidiaries are exposed to statutory effective tax rates ranging from zero to approximately 33%. Fluctuations in the distribution of pre-tax income among our operating subsidiaries can lead to fluctuations of the effective tax rate in the condensed consolidated financial statements. For the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, the actual effective tax rates were (0.7)% and (0.6)%, respectively. </span></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:6pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;line-height:120%;">We assess uncertain tax positions in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification 740-10, </span><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;line-height:120%;">Accounting for Uncertainties in Income Taxes</span><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;line-height:120%;">. As of March 31, 2019, our net unrecognized tax benefits totaled $1.0 million, of which the entire portion would favorably impact our effective tax rate in the period if recognized. We anticipate that the amount of reasonably possible unrecognized tax benefits that could decrease over the next 12 months due to the expiration of certain statutes of limitations and settlement of tax audits is not material to our consolidated financial statements.</span></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:6pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;line-height:120%;">We file income tax returns in the United States federal jurisdiction and in many states and foreign jurisdictions. The tax years 2015 through 2018 remain open to examination by the major taxing jurisdictions to which we are subject. We are not currently under examination by the Internal Revenue Service for any open tax years.</span></div> 0 0.33 -0.007 -0.006 1000000.0 2015 2018 Stock-Based Compensation<div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:12pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;line-height:120%;">In May 2017, our board of directors adopted, and our stockholders approved, the 2017 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2017 Plan”), which became effective as of the date of the final prospectus for our initial public offering. The 2017 Plan provides for the grant of incentive stock options to employees, and for the grant of nonstatutory stock options, restricted stock awards, restricted stock unit awards, stock appreciation rights, performance-based stock awards and other forms of equity compensation to employees, including officers, and to non-employee directors and consultants. We initially reserved 6,421,442 shares of Class A common stock for issuance under the 2017 Plan, which included 421,442 shares that remained available for issuance under our 2007 Stock Option Plan (the “2007 Plan”) at the time that the 2017 Plan became effective. The number of shares reserved under the 2017 Plan increases for any shares subject to outstanding awards originally granted under the 2007 Plan that expire or are forfeited prior to exercise. As a result of the adoption of the 2017 Plan, no further grants may be made under the 2007 Plan. As of March 31, 2019, there were 7,072,843 shares of Class A common stock reserved for issuance under the 2017 Plan, of which 5,642,988 were available to be issued.</span></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:6pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;line-height:120%;">The 2007 Plan provided for the grant of stock options to employees, directors, and officers. Stock options under the 2007 Plan are exercisable into shares of Class B common stock and generally expire ten years from the date of grant. Under the 2007 Plan, the exercise price of each award was established by the board of directors, but could not be less than the fair market value of a share of our common stock on the grant date. Stock options generally vest upon the satisfaction of both a service condition and a performance condition. The service condition is satisfied at various rates as determined by us, typically on an annual basis over five years. The performance condition required the occurrence of a qualifying event, defined as a change of control transaction or upon the completion of an initial public offering. The performance condition was satisfied upon the effectiveness of our initial public offering in May 2017.</span></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:12pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;line-height:120%;">We estimate the fair value of stock options using the Black-Scholes Option Pricing Model, which requires the use of subjective assumptions, including the expected term of the option, the current price of the underlying stock, the expected stock price volatility, expected dividend yield and the risk-free interest rate for the expected term of the option. The expected term represents the period of time the stock options are expected to be outstanding. Due to the lack of sufficient historical exercise data to provide a reasonable basis upon which to otherwise estimate the expected term of the stock options, we use the simplified method to estimate the expected term for our stock options. Under the simplified method, the expected term of an option is presumed to be the mid-point between the vesting date and the end of the contractual term. Expected volatility is based on historical volatilities for publicly traded stock of comparable companies over the estimated expected term of the stock options. We assume no dividend yield because dividends are not expected to be paid in the near future, which is consistent with our history of not paying dividends.</span></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:12pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;line-height:120%;">We did not grant any stock options during the three months ended March 31, 2019 or 2018.</span></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:18pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;font-weight:700;line-height:120%;">Stock Options</span></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:6pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;line-height:120%;">The following table summarizes the stock option activity for the three months ended March 31, 2019:</span></div><div style="text-align:center;margin-bottom:6pt;"><table style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;border-collapse:collapse;text-align:left;text-indent:0pt;display:inline-table;width:99.990000%;"><tr><td style="width:1.0%;"/><td style="width:43.467836%;"/><td style="width:1.0%;"/><td style="width:1.0%;"/><td style="width:10.573099%;"/><td style="width:1.0%;"/><td style="width:0.1%;"/><td style="width:0.530994%;"/><td style="width:0.1%;"/><td style="width:1.0%;"/><td style="width:11.596491%;"/><td style="width:1.0%;"/><td style="width:0.1%;"/><td style="width:0.530994%;"/><td style="width:0.1%;"/><td style="width:1.0%;"/><td style="width:11.596491%;"/><td style="width:1.0%;"/><td style="width:0.1%;"/><td style="width:0.530994%;"/><td style="width:0.1%;"/><td style="width:1.0%;"/><td style="width:10.573099%;"/><td style="width:1.0%;"/></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:700;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">Number of Shares</span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:700;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">Weighted Average Exercise Price</span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:700;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (Years)</span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:700;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in thousands)</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cff0fc;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">January 1, 2019</span></td><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cff0fc;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000000;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">5,021,068 </span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cff0fc;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cff0fc;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000000;padding-left:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">$</span></td><td colspan="2" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cff0fc;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000000;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">7.30 </span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cff0fc;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cff0fc;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000000;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">6.4</span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cff0fc;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cff0fc;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000000;padding-left:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">$</span></td><td colspan="2" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cff0fc;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000000;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">97,440 </span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;padding-left:12pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">Granted</span></td><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">— </span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">— </span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="3" style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="3" style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="3" style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cff0fc;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;padding-left:12pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">Exercised</span></td><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cff0fc;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">(482,444)</span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cff0fc;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cff0fc;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">2.28 </span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cff0fc;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cff0fc;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cff0fc;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cff0fc;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">14,600 </span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;padding-left:12pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">Canceled</span></td><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">(32,380)</span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">10.60 </span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="3" style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="3" style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="3" style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cff0fc;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">Outstanding at March 31, 2019</span></td><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cff0fc;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000000;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">4,506,244 </span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cff0fc;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cff0fc;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">7.82 </span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cff0fc;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cff0fc;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">6.6</span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cff0fc;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cff0fc;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">119,919 </span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">Exercisable at March 31, 2019</span></td><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:3pt double #000000;border-bottom:3pt double #000000;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">3,053,424 </span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">6.89 </span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">6.2</span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">84,097 </span></td></tr></table></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:12pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;line-height:120%;">The total fair value of stock options that vested during each of the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018 was $0.3 million. As of March 31, 2019, the total compensation cost related to unvested stock options not yet recognized was $2.1 million, which will be recognized over a weighted average period of 2.0 years.</span></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:12pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;line-height:120%;">In December 2018, we entered into a stock option cancellation agreement with our Chief Executive Officer, pursuant to which vested options to purchase 383,897 shares of Class A common stock were canceled. No compensation expense was recorded as the canceled stock options were fully vested at the time. </span></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:18pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;font-weight:700;line-height:120%;">Restricted Stock Units</span></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:6pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;line-height:120%;">The following table summarizes the restricted stock unit activity for the three months ended March 31, 2019:</span></div><div style="text-align:center;margin-top:6pt;margin-bottom:6pt;"><table style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;border-collapse:collapse;text-align:left;text-indent:0pt;display:inline-table;width:99.990000%;"><tr><td style="width:1.0%;"/><td style="width:70.368421%;"/><td style="width:1.0%;"/><td style="width:1.0%;"/><td style="width:11.450292%;"/><td style="width:1.0%;"/><td style="width:0.1%;"/><td style="width:0.530994%;"/><td style="width:0.1%;"/><td style="width:1.0%;"/><td style="width:11.450292%;"/><td style="width:1.0%;"/></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:700;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">Number of Shares</span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:700;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cceeff;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">Non-vested outstanding at January 1, 2019</span></td><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cff0fc;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000000;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">1,175,049 </span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cff0fc;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000000;padding-left:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">$</span></td><td colspan="2" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cff0fc;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000000;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">26.04 </span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;padding-left:12pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">Granted</span></td><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">79,475 </span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">35.77 </span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cceeff;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;padding-left:12pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">Vested</span></td><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cceeff;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">(278,680)</span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cff0fc;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">30.09 </span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;padding-left:12pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">Canceled</span></td><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">(12,789)</span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">28.34 </span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cceeff;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">Non-vested outstanding at March 31, 2019</span></td><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cff0fc;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000000;border-bottom:3pt double #000000;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">963,055 </span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cff0fc;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">25.65 </span></td></tr></table></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:6pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;line-height:120%;">As of March 31, 2019, total unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested restricted stock units was approximately $21.1 million, which will be recognized over a weighted average period of 2.4 years.</span></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:6pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;line-height:120%;">In November 2018, our board of directors approved the grant of 255,930 restricted stock units under the 2017 Plan at a fair value of $30.06 per share to three of our co-founders. The value of these awards at the grant date was $7.7 million and was amortized over the vesting periods. The restricted stock units vested during the three months ended March 31, 2019.</span></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:12pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;line-height:120%;">The following table summarizes the components of our stock-based compensation expense for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018 (in thousands):</span></div><div style="text-align:center;margin-bottom:6pt;"><table style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;border-collapse:collapse;text-align:left;text-indent:0pt;display:inline-table;width:97.953216%;"><tr><td style="width:1.0%;"/><td style="width:71.880597%;"/><td style="width:1.0%;"/><td style="width:1.0%;"/><td style="width:10.686567%;"/><td style="width:1.0%;"/><td style="width:0.1%;"/><td style="width:0.546269%;"/><td style="width:0.1%;"/><td style="width:1.0%;"/><td style="width:10.686567%;"/><td style="width:1.0%;"/></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="height:23pt;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="9" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;height:23pt;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:700;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">Three Months Ended March 31,</span></td><td colspan="3" style="display:none;"/><td colspan="3" style="display:none;"/></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000000;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:700;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">2019</span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000000;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000000;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:700;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">2018</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cceeff;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">Stock-based compensation expense related to restricted stock units</span></td><td style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cceeff;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000000;padding-left:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">$</span></td><td colspan="2" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cceeff;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000000;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">6,769 </span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cceeff;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000000;padding-left:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">$</span></td><td colspan="2" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cceeff;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000000;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">894 </span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">Stock-based compensation expense related to stock options</span></td><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">364 </span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">1,254 </span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cceeff;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">Stock-based compensation expense related to the issuance of common stock to directors</span></td><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cceeff;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">92 </span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cceeff;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">92 </span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;padding-left:12pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">Total stock-based compensation expense</span></td><td style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000000;border-bottom:3pt double #000000;padding-left:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">$</span></td><td colspan="2" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000000;border-bottom:3pt double #000000;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">7,225 </span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000000;border-bottom:3pt double #000000;padding-left:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">$</span></td><td colspan="2" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000000;border-bottom:3pt double #000000;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">2,240 </span></td></tr></table></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:12pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;line-height:120%;">Stock-based compensation expense for restricted stock units, stock options and issuances of common stock is included in the following line items in the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018 (in thousands):</span></div><div style="text-align:center;margin-bottom:6pt;"><table style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;border-collapse:collapse;text-align:left;text-indent:0pt;display:inline-table;width:97.953216%;"><tr><td style="width:1.0%;"/><td style="width:71.880597%;"/><td style="width:1.0%;"/><td style="width:1.0%;"/><td style="width:10.686567%;"/><td style="width:1.0%;"/><td style="width:0.1%;"/><td style="width:0.546269%;"/><td style="width:0.1%;"/><td style="width:1.0%;"/><td style="width:10.686567%;"/><td style="width:1.0%;"/></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="height:23pt;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="9" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;height:23pt;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:700;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">Three Months Ended March 31,</span></td><td colspan="3" style="display:none;"/><td colspan="3" style="display:none;"/></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000000;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:700;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">2019</span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000000;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000000;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:700;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">2018</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cff0fc;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">Cost of revenue</span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cff0fc;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000000;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cff0fc;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cff0fc;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000000;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;padding-left:12pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">Subscriptions, software and support</span></td><td style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">$</span></td><td colspan="2" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">154 </span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">$</span></td><td colspan="2" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">110 </span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cff0fc;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;padding-left:12pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">Professional services</span></td><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cff0fc;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">1,974 </span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cff0fc;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cff0fc;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">220 </span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">Operating expenses</span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="3" style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="3" style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cceeff;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;padding-left:12pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">Sales and marketing</span></td><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cceeff;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">2,381 </span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cceeff;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">507 </span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;padding-left:12pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">Research and development</span></td><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">2,115 </span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">391 </span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cceeff;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;padding-left:12pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">General and administrative</span></td><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cceeff;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">601 </span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cceeff;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">1,012 </span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;padding-left:24pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">Total stock-based compensation expense</span></td><td style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000000;border-bottom:3pt double #000000;padding-left:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">$</span></td><td colspan="2" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000000;border-bottom:3pt double #000000;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">7,225 </span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000000;border-bottom:3pt double #000000;padding-left:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">$</span></td><td colspan="2" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000000;border-bottom:3pt double #000000;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">2,240 </span></td></tr></table></div> 6421442 421442 0 7072843 5642988 P10Y P5Y <div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:6pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;line-height:120%;">The following table summarizes the stock option activity for the three months ended March 31, 2019:</span></div><div style="text-align:center;margin-bottom:6pt;"><table style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;border-collapse:collapse;text-align:left;text-indent:0pt;display:inline-table;width:99.990000%;"><tr><td style="width:1.0%;"/><td style="width:43.467836%;"/><td style="width:1.0%;"/><td style="width:1.0%;"/><td style="width:10.573099%;"/><td style="width:1.0%;"/><td style="width:0.1%;"/><td style="width:0.530994%;"/><td style="width:0.1%;"/><td style="width:1.0%;"/><td style="width:11.596491%;"/><td style="width:1.0%;"/><td style="width:0.1%;"/><td style="width:0.530994%;"/><td style="width:0.1%;"/><td style="width:1.0%;"/><td style="width:11.596491%;"/><td style="width:1.0%;"/><td style="width:0.1%;"/><td style="width:0.530994%;"/><td style="width:0.1%;"/><td style="width:1.0%;"/><td style="width:10.573099%;"/><td style="width:1.0%;"/></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:700;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">Number of Shares</span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:700;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">Weighted Average Exercise Price</span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:700;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (Years)</span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:700;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in thousands)</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cff0fc;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">January 1, 2019</span></td><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cff0fc;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000000;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">5,021,068 </span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cff0fc;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cff0fc;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000000;padding-left:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">$</span></td><td colspan="2" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cff0fc;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000000;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">7.30 </span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cff0fc;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cff0fc;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000000;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">6.4</span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cff0fc;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cff0fc;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000000;padding-left:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">$</span></td><td colspan="2" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cff0fc;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000000;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">97,440 </span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;padding-left:12pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">Granted</span></td><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">— </span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">— </span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="3" style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="3" style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="3" style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cff0fc;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;padding-left:12pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">Exercised</span></td><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cff0fc;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">(482,444)</span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cff0fc;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cff0fc;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">2.28 </span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cff0fc;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cff0fc;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cff0fc;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cff0fc;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">14,600 </span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;padding-left:12pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">Canceled</span></td><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">(32,380)</span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">10.60 </span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="3" style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="3" style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="3" style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cff0fc;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">Outstanding at March 31, 2019</span></td><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cff0fc;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000000;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">4,506,244 </span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cff0fc;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cff0fc;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">7.82 </span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cff0fc;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cff0fc;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">6.6</span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cff0fc;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cff0fc;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">119,919 </span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">Exercisable at March 31, 2019</span></td><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:3pt double #000000;border-bottom:3pt double #000000;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">3,053,424 </span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">6.89 </span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">6.2</span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">84,097 </span></td></tr></table></div> 5021068 7.30 P6Y4M24D 97440000 0 0 482444 2.28 14600000 32380 10.60 4506244 7.82 P6Y7M6D 119919000 3053424 6.89 P6Y2M12D 84097000 300000 300000 2100000 P2Y 383897 <div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:6pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;line-height:120%;">The following table summarizes the restricted stock unit activity for the three months ended March 31, 2019:</span></div><div style="text-align:center;margin-top:6pt;margin-bottom:6pt;"><table style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;border-collapse:collapse;text-align:left;text-indent:0pt;display:inline-table;width:99.990000%;"><tr><td style="width:1.0%;"/><td style="width:70.368421%;"/><td style="width:1.0%;"/><td style="width:1.0%;"/><td style="width:11.450292%;"/><td style="width:1.0%;"/><td style="width:0.1%;"/><td style="width:0.530994%;"/><td style="width:0.1%;"/><td style="width:1.0%;"/><td style="width:11.450292%;"/><td style="width:1.0%;"/></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:700;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">Number of Shares</span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:700;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cceeff;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">Non-vested outstanding at January 1, 2019</span></td><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cff0fc;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000000;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">1,175,049 </span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cff0fc;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000000;padding-left:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">$</span></td><td colspan="2" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cff0fc;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000000;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">26.04 </span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;padding-left:12pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">Granted</span></td><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">79,475 </span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">35.77 </span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cceeff;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;padding-left:12pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">Vested</span></td><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cceeff;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">(278,680)</span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cff0fc;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">30.09 </span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;padding-left:12pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">Canceled</span></td><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">(12,789)</span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">28.34 </span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cceeff;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">Non-vested outstanding at March 31, 2019</span></td><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cff0fc;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000000;border-bottom:3pt double #000000;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">963,055 </span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cff0fc;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">25.65 </span></td></tr></table></div> 1175049 26.04 79475 35.77 278680 30.09 12789 28.34 963055 25.65 21100000 P2Y4M24D 255930 30.06 7700000 <div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:12pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;line-height:120%;">The following table summarizes the components of our stock-based compensation expense for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018 (in thousands):</span></div><div style="text-align:center;margin-bottom:6pt;"><table style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;border-collapse:collapse;text-align:left;text-indent:0pt;display:inline-table;width:97.953216%;"><tr><td style="width:1.0%;"/><td style="width:71.880597%;"/><td style="width:1.0%;"/><td style="width:1.0%;"/><td style="width:10.686567%;"/><td style="width:1.0%;"/><td style="width:0.1%;"/><td style="width:0.546269%;"/><td style="width:0.1%;"/><td style="width:1.0%;"/><td style="width:10.686567%;"/><td style="width:1.0%;"/></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="height:23pt;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="9" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;height:23pt;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:700;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">Three Months Ended March 31,</span></td><td colspan="3" style="display:none;"/><td colspan="3" style="display:none;"/></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000000;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:700;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">2019</span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000000;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000000;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:700;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">2018</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cceeff;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">Stock-based compensation expense related to restricted stock units</span></td><td style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cceeff;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000000;padding-left:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">$</span></td><td colspan="2" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cceeff;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000000;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">6,769 </span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cceeff;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000000;padding-left:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">$</span></td><td colspan="2" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cceeff;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000000;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">894 </span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">Stock-based compensation expense related to stock options</span></td><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">364 </span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">1,254 </span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cceeff;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">Stock-based compensation expense related to the issuance of common stock to directors</span></td><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cceeff;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">92 </span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cceeff;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">92 </span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;padding-left:12pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">Total stock-based compensation expense</span></td><td style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000000;border-bottom:3pt double #000000;padding-left:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">$</span></td><td colspan="2" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000000;border-bottom:3pt double #000000;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">7,225 </span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000000;border-bottom:3pt double #000000;padding-left:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">$</span></td><td colspan="2" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000000;border-bottom:3pt double #000000;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">2,240 </span></td></tr></table></div> 6769000 894000 364000 1254000 92000 92000 7225000 2240000 <div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:12pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;line-height:120%;">Stock-based compensation expense for restricted stock units, stock options and issuances of common stock is included in the following line items in the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018 (in thousands):</span></div><div style="text-align:center;margin-bottom:6pt;"><table style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;border-collapse:collapse;text-align:left;text-indent:0pt;display:inline-table;width:97.953216%;"><tr><td style="width:1.0%;"/><td style="width:71.880597%;"/><td style="width:1.0%;"/><td style="width:1.0%;"/><td style="width:10.686567%;"/><td style="width:1.0%;"/><td style="width:0.1%;"/><td style="width:0.546269%;"/><td style="width:0.1%;"/><td style="width:1.0%;"/><td style="width:10.686567%;"/><td style="width:1.0%;"/></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="height:23pt;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="9" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;height:23pt;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:700;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">Three Months Ended March 31,</span></td><td colspan="3" style="display:none;"/><td colspan="3" style="display:none;"/></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000000;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:700;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">2019</span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000000;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000000;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:700;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">2018</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cff0fc;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">Cost of revenue</span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cff0fc;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000000;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cff0fc;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cff0fc;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000000;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;padding-left:12pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">Subscriptions, software and support</span></td><td style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">$</span></td><td colspan="2" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">154 </span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">$</span></td><td colspan="2" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">110 </span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cff0fc;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;padding-left:12pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">Professional services</span></td><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cff0fc;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">1,974 </span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cff0fc;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cff0fc;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">220 </span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">Operating expenses</span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="3" style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="3" style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cceeff;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;padding-left:12pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">Sales and marketing</span></td><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cceeff;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">2,381 </span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cceeff;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">507 </span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;padding-left:12pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">Research and development</span></td><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">2,115 </span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">391 </span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cceeff;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;padding-left:12pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">General and administrative</span></td><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cceeff;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">601 </span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cceeff;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">1,012 </span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;padding-left:24pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">Total stock-based compensation expense</span></td><td style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000000;border-bottom:3pt double #000000;padding-left:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">$</span></td><td colspan="2" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000000;border-bottom:3pt double #000000;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">7,225 </span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000000;border-bottom:3pt double #000000;padding-left:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">$</span></td><td colspan="2" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000000;border-bottom:3pt double #000000;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">2,240 </span></td></tr></table></div> 154000 110000 1974000 220000 2381000 507000 2115000 391000 601000 1012000 7225000 2240000 Stockholders’ Equity<span style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;line-height:120%;">As of March 31, 2019, we had authorized 500,000,000 shares of Class A common stock and 100,000,000 shares of Class B common stock, each with a par value of $0.0001 per share, of which 30,882,834 shares of Class A common stock and 33,798,188 shares of Class B common stock were issued and outstanding. </span><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;line-height:120%;">The rights of the holders of Class A common stock and Class B common stock are identical, except with respect to voting and conversion rights. The holders of Class A common stock are entitled to one vote per share, and the holders of Class B common stock are entitled to ten votes per share, on all matters that are subject to stockholder vote. The holders of Class B common stock also have approval rights for certain corporate actions. Each share of Class B common stock may be converted into one share of Class A common stock at the option of its holder and will be automatically converted into one share of Class A common stock upon transfer thereof, subject to certain exceptions. In addition, upon the date on which the outstanding shares of Class B common stock represent less than 10% of the aggregate voting power of our capital stock, all outstanding shares of Class B common stock shall convert automatically into Class A common stock.</span> 500000000 100000000 0.0001 30882834 33798188 1 10 1 1 0.10 Basic and Diluted Loss per Common Share<div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:12pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;line-height:120%;">The following securities have been excluded from the calculation of weighted average common shares outstanding because the effect is anti-dilutive or performance or market conditions had not been met at the end of the period:</span></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;"><table style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;border-collapse:collapse;text-align:left;text-indent:0pt;display:inline-table;width:99.990000%;"><tr><td style="width:1.0%;"/><td style="width:68.906433%;"/><td style="width:1.0%;"/><td style="width:1.0%;"/><td style="width:12.181287%;"/><td style="width:1.0%;"/><td style="width:0.1%;"/><td style="width:0.530994%;"/><td style="width:0.1%;"/><td style="width:1.0%;"/><td style="width:12.181287%;"/><td style="width:1.0%;"/></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="height:23pt;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="9" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;height:23pt;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:700;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">Three Months Ended March 31,</span></td><td colspan="3" style="display:none;"/><td colspan="3" style="display:none;"/></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000000;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:700;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">2019</span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000000;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000000;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:700;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">2018</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cff0fc;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">Stock options</span></td><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cff0fc;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000000;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">4,506,244 </span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cff0fc;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cff0fc;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000000;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">6,367,978 </span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">Restricted stock units</span></td><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">963,055 </span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">849,550 </span></td></tr></table></div> <div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:12pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;line-height:120%;">The following securities have been excluded from the calculation of weighted average common shares outstanding because the effect is anti-dilutive or performance or market conditions had not been met at the end of the period:</span></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;"><table style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;border-collapse:collapse;text-align:left;text-indent:0pt;display:inline-table;width:99.990000%;"><tr><td style="width:1.0%;"/><td style="width:68.906433%;"/><td style="width:1.0%;"/><td style="width:1.0%;"/><td style="width:12.181287%;"/><td style="width:1.0%;"/><td style="width:0.1%;"/><td style="width:0.530994%;"/><td style="width:0.1%;"/><td style="width:1.0%;"/><td style="width:12.181287%;"/><td style="width:1.0%;"/></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="height:23pt;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="9" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;height:23pt;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:700;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">Three Months Ended March 31,</span></td><td colspan="3" style="display:none;"/><td colspan="3" style="display:none;"/></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000000;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:700;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">2019</span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000000;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000000;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:700;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">2018</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cff0fc;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">Stock options</span></td><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cff0fc;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000000;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">4,506,244 </span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cff0fc;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cff0fc;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000000;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">6,367,978 </span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">Restricted stock units</span></td><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">963,055 </span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">849,550 </span></td></tr></table></div> 4506244 6367978 963055 849550 Commitments and Contingencies<div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:6pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;font-weight:700;line-height:120%;">Operating Leases</span></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:6pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;line-height:120%;">We lease office space and equipment in our headquarters location in Reston, Virginia, as well as in the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Canada, Italy, Australia, the Netherlands, Singapore and Spain, under non-cancellable operating lease agreements which have various expiration dates through 2031 for our office space and various expiration dates through 2020 for our equipment. </span></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:6pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;line-height:120%;">In April 2018, we entered into a new lease agreement for a new headquarters in Tysons, Virginia. We took initial possession of the first phase of the new headquarters in October 2018 and began to recognize rent expense. We expect to start making recurring rental payments under the lease in the third quarter of 2020. Total payments committed under the lease amount to $87.2 million. In connection with the lease agreement, we also entered into a letter of credit of $9.4 million to fund the security deposit required by the lease.</span></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:6pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;line-height:120%;">The lease for the new headquarters contains a tenant improvement allowance of up to $18.4 million from the landlord. The tenant improvement allowance is accounted for as a lease incentive obligation and is amortized as a reduction to rent expense over the lease term. We recorded a lease incentive obligation when we took initial possession of the first phase of the new headquarters. We took initial possession of the second phase in February 2019 and recorded an additional lease incentive obligation. As of March 31, 2019, $1.4 million was included in other current liabilities and $16.4 million was included in deferred rent, net of current portion on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. As of December 31, 2018, $1.2 million was included in other current liabilities and $14.4 million was included in deferred rent, net of current portion on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.  </span></div><div><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:7pt;line-height:120%;"> </span></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:6pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;font-weight:700;line-height:120%;">Lease Related Commitments</span></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:6pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;line-height:120%;">Lease related commitments include payments to third-party vendors for services related to our new headquarters.</span></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:6pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;line-height:120%;">A summary of our future minimum lease commitments and other commitments by year as of March 31, 2019 is as follows (in thousands):</span></div><div style="margin-top:6pt;margin-bottom:6pt;"><table style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;border-collapse:collapse;text-align:left;text-indent:0pt;display:inline-table;width:99.990000%;"><tr><td style="width:1.0%;"/><td style="width:60.426901%;"/><td style="width:1.0%;"/><td style="width:1.0%;"/><td style="width:10.134503%;"/><td style="width:1.0%;"/><td style="width:0.1%;"/><td style="width:0.530994%;"/><td style="width:0.1%;"/><td style="width:1.0%;"/><td style="width:10.134503%;"/><td style="width:1.0%;"/><td style="width:0.1%;"/><td style="width:0.530994%;"/><td style="width:0.1%;"/><td style="width:1.0%;"/><td style="width:10.134503%;"/><td style="width:1.0%;"/></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:700;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">Office Leases</span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:700;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">Equipment Leases</span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:700;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">Lease Related Commitments</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cceeff;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">Remainder of 2019 </span></td><td style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cceeff;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding-left:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">$</span></td><td colspan="2" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cceeff;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">5,269 </span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cceeff;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding-left:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">$</span></td><td colspan="2" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cceeff;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">142 </span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cceeff;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding-left:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">$</span></td><td colspan="2" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cceeff;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">15,807 </span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">2020 </span></td><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">6,380 </span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">22 </span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">— </span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cceeff;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">2021 </span></td><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cceeff;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">8,339 </span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cceeff;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">— </span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cceeff;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">— </span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">2022 </span></td><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">6,948 </span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">— </span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">— </span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cceeff;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">2023 </span></td><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cceeff;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">6,992 </span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cceeff;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">— </span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cceeff;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">— </span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">Thereafter </span></td><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">65,169 </span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">— </span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">— </span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);"/></td><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cceeff;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">99,097 </span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cceeff;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">164 </span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cceeff;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">15,807 </span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">Less: tenant improvement allowance</span></td><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">— </span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);"/></td><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">— </span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">(12,498)</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cceeff;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">Total</span></td><td style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cceeff;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000;border-bottom:3pt double #000;padding-left:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">$</span></td><td colspan="2" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cceeff;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000;border-bottom:3pt double #000;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">99,097 </span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cceeff;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000;border-bottom:3pt double #000;padding-left:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">$</span></td><td colspan="2" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cceeff;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000;border-bottom:3pt double #000;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">164 </span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cceeff;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000;border-bottom:3pt double #000;padding-left:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">$</span></td><td colspan="2" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cceeff;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000;border-bottom:3pt double #000;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">3,309 </span></td></tr></table></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:6pt;"><span><br/></span></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:6pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;line-height:120%;">We record rent expense using the total minimum rent commitment, amortized using the straight-line method over the term of the lease. The difference between monthly rental payments and recorded rent expense is charged to deferred rent. As of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, deferred rent totaled $21.1 million and $17.4 million, respectively, and is included within other current liabilities and deferred rent, net of current portion on the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets. In addition to rental payments, certain leases require additional payments for real estate taxes, common area maintenance and insurance, which are expensed when incurred and not included in future minimum payments.</span></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:12pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;line-height:120%;">Total rent and lease expense was $3.1 million and $2.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. </span></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:12pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;line-height:120%;">Other Commitments</span></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:6pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;line-height:120%;">We also have entered into a non-cancellable agreement for the use of technology that is integral in the development of our software and pay annual royalty fees of $0.3 million. </span></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:18pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;font-weight:700;line-height:120%;">Letters of Credit</span></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:6pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;line-height:120%;">As of each of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, we had outstanding letters of credit totaling $10.5 million in connection with securing our leased office space. All letters of credit are secured by our borrowing arrangement as described in Note 4. </span></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:18pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;font-weight:700;line-height:120%;">Legal</span></div>From time to time, we are subject to legal, regulatory and other proceedings and claims that arise in the ordinary course of business. There are no issues or resolution of any matters that are expected to have a material adverse impact on our consolidated financial statements. 87200000 9400000 18400000 1400000 16400000 1200000 14400000 <div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:6pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;line-height:120%;">A summary of our future minimum lease commitments and other commitments by year as of March 31, 2019 is as follows (in thousands):</span></div><div style="margin-top:6pt;margin-bottom:6pt;"><table style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;border-collapse:collapse;text-align:left;text-indent:0pt;display:inline-table;width:99.990000%;"><tr><td style="width:1.0%;"/><td style="width:60.426901%;"/><td style="width:1.0%;"/><td style="width:1.0%;"/><td style="width:10.134503%;"/><td style="width:1.0%;"/><td style="width:0.1%;"/><td style="width:0.530994%;"/><td style="width:0.1%;"/><td style="width:1.0%;"/><td style="width:10.134503%;"/><td style="width:1.0%;"/><td style="width:0.1%;"/><td style="width:0.530994%;"/><td style="width:0.1%;"/><td style="width:1.0%;"/><td style="width:10.134503%;"/><td style="width:1.0%;"/></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:700;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">Office Leases</span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:700;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">Equipment Leases</span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:700;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">Lease Related Commitments</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cceeff;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">Remainder of 2019 </span></td><td style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cceeff;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding-left:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">$</span></td><td colspan="2" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cceeff;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">5,269 </span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cceeff;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding-left:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">$</span></td><td colspan="2" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cceeff;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">142 </span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cceeff;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding-left:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">$</span></td><td colspan="2" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cceeff;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">15,807 </span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">2020 </span></td><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">6,380 </span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">22 </span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">— </span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cceeff;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">2021 </span></td><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cceeff;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">8,339 </span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cceeff;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">— </span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cceeff;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">— </span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">2022 </span></td><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">6,948 </span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">— </span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">— </span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cceeff;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">2023 </span></td><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cceeff;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">6,992 </span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cceeff;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">— </span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cceeff;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">— </span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">Thereafter </span></td><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">65,169 </span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">— </span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">— </span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);"/></td><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cceeff;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">99,097 </span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cceeff;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">164 </span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cceeff;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">15,807 </span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">Less: tenant improvement allowance</span></td><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">— </span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);"/></td><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">— </span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">(12,498)</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cceeff;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">Total</span></td><td style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cceeff;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000;border-bottom:3pt double #000;padding-left:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">$</span></td><td colspan="2" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cceeff;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000;border-bottom:3pt double #000;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">99,097 </span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cceeff;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000;border-bottom:3pt double #000;padding-left:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">$</span></td><td colspan="2" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cceeff;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000;border-bottom:3pt double #000;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">164 </span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cceeff;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000;border-bottom:3pt double #000;padding-left:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">$</span></td><td colspan="2" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cceeff;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000;border-bottom:3pt double #000;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">3,309 </span></td></tr></table></div> 5269000 142000 15807000 6380000 22000 0 8339000 0 0 6948000 0 0 6992000 0 0 65169000 0 0 99097000 164000 15807000 0 0 12498000 99097000 164000 3309000 21100000 17400000 3100000 2100000 300000 10500000 10500000 Segment and Geographic Information<div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:6pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;line-height:120%;">The following table summarizes revenue by geography for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018 (in thousands):</span><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:12pt;line-height:120%;"> </span></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;"><table style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;border-collapse:collapse;text-align:left;text-indent:0pt;display:inline-table;width:99.990000%;"><tr><td style="width:1.0%;"/><td style="width:68.906433%;"/><td style="width:1.0%;"/><td style="width:1.0%;"/><td style="width:12.181287%;"/><td style="width:1.0%;"/><td style="width:0.1%;"/><td style="width:0.530994%;"/><td style="width:0.1%;"/><td style="width:1.0%;"/><td style="width:12.181287%;"/><td style="width:1.0%;"/></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="height:23pt;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="9" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;height:23pt;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:700;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">Three Months Ended March 31,</span></td><td colspan="3" style="display:none;"/><td colspan="3" style="display:none;"/></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000000;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:700;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">2019</span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000000;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000000;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:700;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">2018</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cff0fc;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">Domestic</span></td><td style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cff0fc;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000000;padding-left:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">$</span></td><td colspan="2" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cff0fc;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000000;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">41,883 </span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cff0fc;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cff0fc;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000000;padding-left:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">$</span></td><td colspan="2" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cff0fc;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000000;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">34,481 </span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">International</span></td><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">17,696 </span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">17,215 </span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cff0fc;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">Total</span></td><td style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cff0fc;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000000;padding-left:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">$</span></td><td colspan="2" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cff0fc;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000000;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">59,579 </span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cff0fc;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cff0fc;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000000;padding-left:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">$</span></td><td colspan="2" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cff0fc;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000000;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">51,696 </span></td></tr></table></div><div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:12pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;line-height:120%;">With respect to geographic information, revenue is attributed to respective geographies based on the contracting address of the customer. There were no individual foreign countries from which more than 10% of our total revenue was attributable for the three months ended March 31, 2019. Revenues from external customers attributed to the United Kingdom were 10.6% of our total revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2018. Substantially all of our long-lived assets were held in the United States as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018.</span></div> <div style="text-indent:36pt;margin-top:6pt;"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;line-height:120%;">The following table summarizes revenue by geography for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018 (in thousands):</span><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);color:#000000;font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:12pt;line-height:120%;"> </span></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;"><table style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;border-collapse:collapse;text-align:left;text-indent:0pt;display:inline-table;width:99.990000%;"><tr><td style="width:1.0%;"/><td style="width:68.906433%;"/><td style="width:1.0%;"/><td style="width:1.0%;"/><td style="width:12.181287%;"/><td style="width:1.0%;"/><td style="width:0.1%;"/><td style="width:0.530994%;"/><td style="width:0.1%;"/><td style="width:1.0%;"/><td style="width:12.181287%;"/><td style="width:1.0%;"/></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="height:23pt;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="9" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;height:23pt;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:700;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">Three Months Ended March 31,</span></td><td colspan="3" style="display:none;"/><td colspan="3" style="display:none;"/></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000000;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:700;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">2019</span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000000;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000000;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:700;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">2018</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cff0fc;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">Domestic</span></td><td style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cff0fc;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000000;padding-left:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">$</span></td><td colspan="2" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cff0fc;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000000;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">41,883 </span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cff0fc;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cff0fc;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000000;padding-left:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">$</span></td><td colspan="2" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cff0fc;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000000;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">34,481 </span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">International</span></td><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">17,696 </span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">17,215 </span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cff0fc;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">Total</span></td><td style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cff0fc;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000000;padding-left:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">$</span></td><td colspan="2" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cff0fc;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000000;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">59,579 </span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cff0fc;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:1pt;padding-right:1pt;"/><td style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cff0fc;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000000;padding-left:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">$</span></td><td colspan="2" style="padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#cff0fc;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;border-top:1pt solid #000000;padding-right:1pt;"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;font-family:Times New Roman;color:#000000;background-color:rgb(255,255,255, 0.0);">51,696 </span></td></tr></table></div> 41883000 34481000 17696000 17215000 59579000 51696000 0.10 0.106 XML 11 R1.htm IDEA: XBRL DOCUMENT v3.19.1
Document and Entity Information - shares
 3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2019
Apr. 29, 2019
Document and Entity Information [Line Items]    
Entity Registrant Name APPIAN CORP  
Entity Central Index Key 0001441683  
Current Fiscal Year End Date --12-31  
Entity Filer Category Accelerated Filer  
Document Type 10-Q  
Document Period End Date Mar. 31, 2019  
Document Fiscal Year Focus 2019  
Document Fiscal Period Focus Q1  
Amendment Flag false  
Trading Symbol APPN  
Class A Common Stock    
Document and Entity Information [Line Items]    
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding   31,325,029
Class B Common Stock    
Document and Entity Information [Line Items]    
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding   33,375,276
XML 12 R2.htm IDEA: XBRL DOCUMENT v3.19.1
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS - USD ($)
$ in Thousands
Mar. 31, 2019
Dec. 31, 2018
Current assets    
Cash and cash equivalents $ 75,353 $ 94,930
Accounts receivable, net of allowance of $600 as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018 81,012 79,383
Deferred commissions, current 15,095 14,020
Prepaid expenses and other current assets 20,262 21,293
Total current assets 191,722 209,626
Property and equipment, net 23,340 7,539
Deferred commissions, net of current portion 15,555 15,088
Deferred tax assets 328 326
Other assets 562 601
Total assets 231,507 233,180
Current liabilities    
Accounts payable 6,364 9,249
Accrued expenses 12,111 7,464
Accrued compensation and related benefits 12,277 13,796
Deferred revenue, current 100,065 95,523
Other current liabilities 2,102 2,369
Total current liabilities 132,919 128,401
Deferred tax liabilities 41 42
Deferred revenue, net of current portion 14,990 16,145
Deferred rent, net of current portion 19,264 15,400
Total liabilities 167,214 159,988
Stockholders’ equity    
Additional paid-in capital 226,582 218,284
Accumulated other comprehensive income 882 542
Accumulated deficit (163,177) (145,640)
Total stockholders’ equity 64,293 73,192
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity 231,507 233,180
Class A Common Stock    
Stockholders’ equity    
Common stock 3 3
Class B Common Stock    
Stockholders’ equity    
Common stock $ 3 $ 3
XML 13 R3.htm IDEA: XBRL DOCUMENT v3.19.1
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (Parenthetical) - USD ($)
$ in Thousands
Mar. 31, 2019
Dec. 31, 2018
Allowance for doubtful accounts $ 600 $ 600
Common stock, par value (in usd per share) $ 0.0001  
Class A Common Stock    
Common stock, par value (in usd per share) $ 0.0001 $ 0.0001
Common stock, shares authorized (in shares) 500,000,000 500,000,000
Common stock, shares issued (in shares) 30,882,834 29,626,054
Common stock, shares outstanding (in shares) 30,882,834 29,626,054
Class B Common Stock    
Common stock, par value (in usd per share) $ 0.0001 $ 0.0001
Common stock, shares authorized (in shares) 100,000,000 100,000,000
Common stock, shares issued (in shares) 33,798,188 34,290,383
Common stock, shares outstanding (in shares) 33,798,188 34,290,383
XML 14 R4.htm IDEA: XBRL DOCUMENT v3.19.1
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS - USD ($)
$ in Thousands
 3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2019
Mar. 31, 2018
Revenue:    
Total revenue $ 59,579 $ 51,696
Cost of revenue:    
Total cost of revenue 24,066 21,049
Gross profit 35,513 30,647
Operating expenses:    
Sales and marketing 29,945 22,964
Research and development 13,956 9,870
General and administrative 9,016 8,060
Total operating expenses 52,917 40,894
Operating loss (17,404) (10,247)
Other expense (income):    
Other income, net (60) (918)
Interest expense 71 13
Total other expense (income) 11 (905)
Loss before income taxes (17,415) (9,342)
Income tax expense 122 211
Net loss $ (17,537) $ (9,553)
Net loss per share attributable to common stockholders:    
Basic and diluted (in dollar per share) $ (0.27) $ (0.16)
Weighted average common shares outstanding:    
Basic and diluted (in shares) 64,306,667 60,850,521
Subscriptions, Software, And Support    
Revenue:    
Total revenue $ 34,909 $ 26,952
Cost of revenue:    
Total cost of revenue 3,585 2,628
Professional Services    
Revenue:    
Total revenue 24,670 24,744
Cost of revenue:    
Total cost of revenue $ 20,481 $ 18,421
XML 15 R5.htm IDEA: XBRL DOCUMENT v3.19.1
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE LOSS - USD ($)
$ in Thousands
 3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2019
Mar. 31, 2018
Statement of Comprehensive Income [Abstract]    
Net loss $ (17,537) $ (9,553)
Comprehensive loss, net of income taxes:    
Foreign currency translation adjustment 340 (566)
Total other comprehensive loss, net of income taxes $ (17,197) $ (10,119)
XML 16 R6.htm IDEA: XBRL DOCUMENT v3.19.1
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY - USD ($)
$ in Thousands
Total
Common Stock
Additional Paid-In Capital
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income
Accumulated Deficit
Beginning balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2017   60,599,877      
Beginning balance at Dec. 31, 2017 $ 45,524 $ 6 $ 141,268 $ 439 $ (96,189)
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]          
Net loss (9,553)       (9,553)
Issuance of common stock to directors (in shares)   2,935      
Exercise of stock options (in shares)   607,349      
Exercise of stock options 982   982    
Stock-based compensation expense 2,240   2,240    
Other comprehensive income (565)     (565)  
Ending balance (in shares) at Mar. 31, 2018   61,210,161      
Ending balance at Mar. 31, 2018 38,628 $ 6 144,490 (126) (105,742)
Beginning balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2018   63,916,437      
Beginning balance at Dec. 31, 2018 73,192 $ 6 218,284 542 (145,640)
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]          
Net loss $ (17,537)       (17,537)
Issuance of common stock to directors (in shares)   3,461      
Vesting of restricted stock units (in shares)   482,444      
Exercise of stock options (in shares) 482,444 278,680      
Exercise of stock options $ 1,073   1,073    
Stock-based compensation expense 7,225   7,225    
Other comprehensive income 340     340  
Ending balance (in shares) at Mar. 31, 2019   64,681,022      
Ending balance at Mar. 31, 2019 $ 64,293 $ 6 $ 226,582 $ 882 $ (163,177)
XML 17 R7.htm IDEA: XBRL DOCUMENT v3.19.1
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS - USD ($)
$ in Thousands
 3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2019
Mar. 31, 2018
Cash flows from operating activities:    
Net loss $ (17,537) $ (9,553)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:    
Depreciation and amortization 798 268
Deferred income taxes (3) 76
Stock-based compensation 7,225 2,240
Changes in assets and liabilities:    
Accounts receivable (1,702) 1,932
Prepaid expenses and other assets 1,252 (1,085)
Deferred commissions (1,542) 315
Accounts payable and accrued expenses 1,577 (2,161)
Accrued compensation and related benefits (1,485) (2,743)
Other current liabilities (138) 909
Deferred revenue 3,718 (3,849)
Deferred rent, non-current 3,698 (182)
Net cash used in operating activities (4,139) (13,833)
Cash flows from investing activities:    
Purchases of property and equipment (16,595) (1,036)
Net cash used in investing activities (16,595) (1,036)
Cash flows from financing activities:    
Proceeds from exercise of common stock options 1,073 983
Net cash provided by financing activities 1,073 983
Effect of foreign exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents 84 1,004
Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents (19,577) (12,882)
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period 94,930 73,758
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period 75,353 60,876
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information:    
Cash paid for interest 69 8
Cash paid for income taxes $ 43 $ 57
XML 18 R8.htm IDEA: XBRL DOCUMENT v3.19.1
Organization and Description of Business
 3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2019
Accounting Policies [Abstract]  
Organization and Description of Business Organization and Description of BusinessAppian Corporation (together with its subsidiaries, “Appian,” the “Company,” “we” or “our”) provides a low-code software development platform that allows companies to rapidly build powerful business applications. The applications created on our platform help companies drive digital transformation and competitive differentiation. We were incorporated in the state of Delaware in August 1999. We are headquartered in Reston, Virginia and operate in Canada, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Italy, Australia, Spain, Singapore and Sweden.
XML 19 R9.htm IDEA: XBRL DOCUMENT v3.19.1
Significant Accounting Policies
 3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2019
Accounting Policies [Abstract]  
Significant Accounting Policies Significant Accounting Policies
Basis of Presentation
The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and footnotes have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”) as contained in the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (the “Codification” or “ASC”) for interim financial information. In the opinion of management, the interim financial information includes all adjustments of a normal recurring nature necessary for a fair presentation of the results of operations, financial position, changes in stockholders’ equity and cash flows. The results of operations for the current period are not necessarily indicative of the results for the full year or the results for any future periods. These condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and related footnotes included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) on February 21, 2019.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of our condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the amounts reported in these condensed consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Although we believe that the estimates we use are reasonable, due to the inherent uncertainty involved in making these estimates, actual results reported in future periods could differ from those estimates.
Significant estimates embedded in the condensed consolidated financial statements include revenue recognition, income taxes and the related valuation allowance and stock-based compensation.
Principles of Consolidation
The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Appian and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.
Revenue Recognition
We generate revenue primarily through sales of subscriptions to our platform, as well as professional services. We recognize revenue when all of the following conditions are met: (1) there is persuasive evidence of an arrangement; (2) the service or product has been provided to the customer; (3) the amount of fees to be paid by the customer is fixed or determinable; and (4) the collection of related fees is reasonably assured. If collection is not reasonably assured, we defer revenue recognition until collectability becomes reasonably assured. Our arrangements do not contain general rights of return. Revenue is recognized net of any taxes collected from customers and subsequently remitted to governmental authorities.

Subscriptions, Software and Support Revenue
Subscriptions, software and support revenue is primarily related to (1) software as a service (“SaaS”) subscriptions bundled with maintenance and support and hosting services and (2) term license subscriptions bundled with maintenance and support.
We generally charge subscription fees on a per-user basis and, to a lesser degree, non-user based single application licenses. We bill customers and collect payment for subscriptions to our platform in advance on a monthly, quarterly or annual basis. In certain instances, we have had customers pay their entire contract up front.
SaaS Subscriptions
Our SaaS subscription revenue is derived from customers accessing our cloud offering pursuant to contracts that are generally one to five years in length. We perform all required maintenance and support for our cloud offering and we do not separately charge customers for hosting costs. In these arrangements, our customers do not have the right to take the software on-premises and, as a result, such arrangements are not accounted for within the scope of the software revenue guidance. Revenue from SaaS subscriptions is recognized ratably over the term of the subscription, beginning with the date our service is made available to our customer.
Term License Subscriptions
Our term license subscription revenue is derived from customers with on-premises installations of our platform pursuant to contracts that are generally one to five years in length. Customers with term license subscriptions have the right to use our software and receive maintenance and support. Since we do not sell maintenance and support separately from the subscription, revenue for the term license subscription and maintenance and support is recognized ratably over the term of the subscription, upon delivery of the platform to the customer when sold on a standalone basis.
Professional Services
Our professional services revenue is comprised of fees for consulting services, including application development and deployment assistance and training related to our platform. Our professional services are not essential to the functionality of our platform because the platform is ready for the customer’s use immediately upon delivery and is not modified or customized in any manner.
Consulting services are billed under both time-and-material and fixed-fee arrangements. For standalone time-and-material contracts, we recognize revenue at contractually agreed upon billing rates applied to hours performed. For standalone fixed-fee contracts, we also recognize revenue as the work is performed using the proportional performance method of accounting. Training revenue is recognized when the associated training services are delivered. Training is also sold in the form of a subscription arrangement where a customer agrees to pay an annual fixed fee for a fixed number of users to have access to all of our training offerings during the year. Revenue from training subscription agreements is recognized ratably over the subscription period.
We defer recognition of revenue from work performed on pending contract modifications until the period in which the modifications are accepted and funding is approved by the customer. Costs of work performed on pending contract modifications are expensed as incurred.
Multiple Element Arrangements
Our multiple element arrangements are from SaaS subscriptions and term license subscriptions that are generally sold in combination with maintenance and support service and frequently with professional services.
SaaS Subscriptions
For multiple element arrangements involving SaaS subscriptions that include professional services in addition to the subscription to our platform, we evaluate each element to determine whether it represents a separate unit of accounting. Because there are third-party vendors who routinely sell and provide the same professional services to our customers, our professional services are deemed to have standalone value apart from the SaaS subscription. Additionally, we offer both SaaS subscriptions and professional services on a standalone basis. Professional services revenue is therefore accounted for separately from subscription fees and recognized as the professional services are performed. We allocate revenue to the elements based on the selling price hierarchy using vendor-specific objective evidence (“VSOE”) of selling price, third-party evidence (“TPE”) of selling price, or if neither exists, best estimated selling price (“BESP”). In cases where we do not have VSOE or TPE of the elements of our arrangements, we use BESP to allocate revenue. We determine BESP for a service by considering multiple factors including, but not limited to, evaluating the weighted average of actual sales prices and other factors such as gross margin objectives, pricing practices and growth strategy. Pricing practices taken into consideration include historic contractually stated prices, volume discounts where applicable and our price lists. While we believe we can make
reliable estimates regarding these matters, these estimates are inherently subjective. Once the revenue is allocated to these elements, revenue is recognized as such services are provided. 
Term License Subscriptions
For multiple element arrangements involving term license subscriptions, maintenance and support and professional services, we do not have VSOE of fair value for the maintenance and support. Our term license subscriptions are generally not sold on a standalone basis, and therefore, we have not established VSOE of fair value for the subscriptions. Consequently, for our bundled arrangements that include certain professional services, there are two undelivered elements for which VSOE of fair value has not been established and, therefore, we utilize the combined services approach and defer all revenue until the software has been delivered and the provision of all services has commenced. We then recognize the entire fee from the arrangement ratably over the remaining period of the arrangement, assuming all other software revenue recognition criteria have been met.
Deferred Revenue
Deferred revenue primarily consists of amounts billed or billable in advance of revenue recognition from our subscriptions, software, and support and professional services described above. Deferred revenue is recognized as the revenue recognition criteria are met.
Cost of Revenue
Cost of Subscriptions, Software and Support Revenue
Cost of subscriptions, software and support revenue consists primarily of fees paid to our third-party managed hosting providers and other third-party service providers, personnel costs, including payroll and benefits for our technology operations and customer support teams, and allocated facility costs and overhead.
Cost of Professional Services Revenue
Cost of professional services revenue includes all direct and indirect costs to deliver our professional services and training, including employee compensation for our global professional services and training personnel, travel costs, third-party contractor costs and allocated facility costs and overhead.
Concentration of Credit Risk
Our financial instruments that are exposed to concentration of credit risk consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents and trade accounts receivable. Deposits held with banks may exceed the amount of insurance provided on such deposits. We believe that the financial institutions that hold our cash deposits are financially sound and, accordingly, minimal credit risk exists with respect to these balances.
With regard to our customers, credit evaluation and account monitoring procedures are used to minimize the risk of loss. We believe that no additional credit risk beyond amounts provided for collection loss are inherent in accounts receivable.  Revenue generated from government agencies represented 17.9% and 12.3% of our revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, of which the top three federal government agencies generated 7.9% and 6.4% of our revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Additionally, 29.7% and 33.3% of our revenue during the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, was generated from foreign customers.
Accounts Receivable and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts
Accounts receivable are stated at realizable value, net of an allowance for doubtful accounts. The allowance for doubtful accounts is based on our assessment of the collectability of accounts. We regularly review the composition of the accounts receivable aging, historical bad debts, changes in payment patterns, customer creditworthiness and current economic trends. If the financial condition of our customers were to deteriorate, resulting in their inability to make required payments, additional provisions for doubtful accounts would be required and would increase bad debt expense. To date, our allowance and related bad debt write-offs have been nominal. There was no change in the allowance for doubtful accounts from December 31, 2018 to March 31, 2019.
Non-Trade Receivables
We record non-trade receivables to reflect amounts due for activities other than sales of subscriptions to our platform and professional services. As of March 31, 2019, our non-trade receivables related entirely to a receivable from our tenant improvement allowance. The tenant improvement allowance receivable was $12.5 million and $14.4 million as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively, and is classified within prepaid expenses and other current assets in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets. We recognized our initial tenant improvement allowance receivable of $15.8 million related to our new headquarters once we took initial possession of the space in October 2018. We recognized additional tenant improvement allowance receivable of $2.6 million when we took possession of adjacent office space in February 2019.
Deferred Commissions
Deferred commissions are the incremental costs that are directly associated with subscription agreements with customers and consist of sales commissions paid to our direct sales force. Commissions are considered direct and incremental and as such are deferred and amortized over the terms of the related customer contracts consistent with the related revenue. Amortization of deferred commissions is included in sales and marketing expense in the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of operations. Commission expense was $4.4 million and $2.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.
Fair Value of Financial Instruments
The carrying amounts of our cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable and accrued expenses approximate fair value as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018 because of the relatively short duration of these instruments.
We use a three-tier fair value hierarchy to classify and disclose all assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis, as well as assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis, in periods subsequent to their initial measurement. The hierarchy requires us to use observable inputs when available, and to minimize the use of unobservable inputs when determining fair value. The three tiers are defined as follows:
•Level 1. Observable inputs based on unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities;
•Level 2. Inputs, other than quoted prices in active markets, that are observable either directly or indirectly; and
•Level 3. Unobservable inputs for which there is little or no market data, which require us to develop our own assumptions.
Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis Using Significant Unobservable Inputs
There were no instruments measured at fair value during the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018.
Stock-Based Compensation
We account for stock-based compensation expense related to stock-based awards based on the estimated fair value of the award on the grant date. We calculate the fair value of stock options using the Black-Scholes Option Pricing Model. The fair value of restricted stock units is based on the closing market price of our common stock on the Nasdaq Global Market on the date of grant. For service-based awards, stock-based compensation expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period. For performance-based awards, stock-based compensation expense is recognized using the accelerated attribution method, based on the probability of satisfying the performance condition. For awards that contain market conditions, compensation expense is measured using a Monte Carlo simulation and recognized using the accelerated attribution method over the derived service period based on the expected market performance as of the grant date. For restricted stock units, stock-based compensation expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period. We account for forfeitures as they occur, rather than estimating expected forfeitures. 
Emerging Growth Company Status
We are an “emerging growth company” as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act (the “JOBS Act”). The JOBS Act provides that an emerging growth company can take advantage of an extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards. Thus, an emerging growth company can delay the adoption of certain accounting standards until those standards would otherwise apply to private companies. We have elected to avail ourselves of this extended transition period and, as a result, we will not adopt new or revised accounting standards on the relevant dates on which adoption of such standards is required for other public companies.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Adopted
In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-15, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments (“ASU 2016-15”), which aims to reduce the existing diversity in practice in how certain cash receipts and cash payments are presented and classified in the statement of cash flows. ASU 2016-15 will require adoption on a retrospective basis unless it is impracticable to apply, in which case we would be required to apply the amendments prospectively as of the earliest date practicable. ASU 2016-15 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019. The adoption of ASU 2016-15 did not have an impact on our condensed consolidated financial statements for the three months ended March 31, 2019.
In February 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-02, Income Statement-Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220): Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income ("ASU 2018-02"), which provides entities the option to reclassify to retained earnings tax effects related to items in accumulated other comprehensive income ("OCI") that the FASB refers to as having been stranded in accumulated OCI as a result of tax reform. ASU 2018-02 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018. The adoption of ASU 2018-02 did not have an impact on our condensed consolidated financial statements for the three months ended March 31, 2019.
Not Yet Adopted
In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606) (“ASC 606”), which provides new guidance for revenue recognition. ASC 606 provides that an entity should recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. ASC 606 also requires improved disclosures to help users of financial statements better understand the nature, amount, timing, and uncertainty of revenue that is recognized. Entities have the option of using either a full retrospective or modified retrospective approach for the adoption of the standard. In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-08, Principal Versus Agent Considerations (Reporting Revenue Gross Versus Net) (“ASU 2016-08”), which clarifies implementation guidance on principal versus agent considerations in ASC 606. In April 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-10, Identifying Performance Obligations and Licensing (“ASU 2016-10”), which clarifies the identification of performance obligations and the licensing implementation guidance in ASC 606. In addition, in May 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-12, Narrow-Scope Improvements and Practical Expedients (“ASU 2016-12”), which clarifies the guidance on assessing collectibility, presentation of sales taxes, noncash consideration and completed contracts and contract modifications at transition. For public entities, the new standard is effective for annual periods and interim periods within those annual periods, beginning after December 15, 2017. For all other entities, the new standard is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2018, and interim periods within those annual periods beginning after December 15, 2019. We have elected to avail ourselves of the JOBS Act extended transition period that permits us to defer adoption until January 1, 2019. In accordance with guidance, the new standard will be adopted in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2019 but will not be adopted in our Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q to be filed during 2019.  
The ASC 606 guidance allows two methods of adoption: retrospectively to each prior reporting period (full retrospective method) or retrospectively with the cumulative effect of initially applying the guidance recognized at the date of initial application (modified retrospective method). We are going to adopt the new standard using the modified retrospective method.
We do not expect the new standard to have a material impact on the timing of revenue recognition related to our cloud-based subscriptions and standalone professional services. However, we expect the new standard to have a significant impact on the timing of revenue recognition related to our on-premise term license contracts. Under current industry-specific software revenue recognition guidance, we have historically concluded that we did not have VSOE of fair value of the undelivered services related to on-premise term license contracts, and accordingly, have recognized on-premise term license contracts and related services ratably over the contract term. Under this new standard, the requirement to have VSOE for undelivered services is eliminated. Therefore, we will be required to recognize a portion of revenue from the on-premise term license contracts upon delivery of the software.
In addition, we expect the new standard to impact our accounting for contract acquisition costs, both with respect to the amounts that will be capitalized as well as the period of amortization. Currently, we defer the direct and incremental commission costs to obtain a contract with a customer and amortize those costs over the term of the related customer contract consistent with the related revenue. Under the new standard, we will defer the incremental costs to obtain a contract with a customer. Therefore, the new standard will result in additional costs being capitalized, including fringe benefits. Under the new standard, initial incremental costs to obtain a contract will be amortized over the customer's estimated economic life of five years, which was calculated based on both qualitative and quantitative factors, such as product life cycles, contractual terms and customer attrition. Incremental contract costs paid relating to contract renewals will be deferred and amortized on a straight-line basis over the related renewal period. As a result, we expect the deferred commissions asset to increase and the related amortization expense in each reporting period to decrease under the new standard.
We are still in the process of quantifying the effects of the adoption of ASC 606 as well as continuing to evaluate the impact of the adoption of the standard on our consolidated financial statements, including our footnotes.
In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842) (“ASU 2016-02”), which was further clarified by ASU No. 2018-10, Codification Improvements to Topic 842, Leases, and ASU No. 2018-11, Leases (Topic 842): Targeted Improvements, both issued in July 2018.  ASU 2016-02 requires companies to recognize on the balance sheet the assets and liabilities for the rights and obligations created by lease assets. The new standard also requires additional disclosure of qualitative and quantitative information about the amounts recorded in the financial statements related to lease agreements. If we lose "emerging growth company" status effective December 31, 2019, the new standard will be adopted in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ending December 31, 2019. If the share price of our Class A common stock closes on June 28, 2019, at or above the price it has traded at since June 30, 2018, we will lose "emerging growth company status" effective December 31, 2019. ASU 2016-02 requires a transition adoption election of either (1) a modified retrospective approach with periods prior to the adoption date being restated or (2) a prospective adoption approach with a cumulative-effect adjustment recognized to the opening balance of retained earnings on the adoption date with prior periods not restated. We are currently evaluating the impact the adoption of ASU 2016-02 will have on our condensed consolidated financial statements. We plan to adopt this standard using the prospective adoption approach and electing the practical expedients allowed under the standard. Although we are still evaluating the impact of the adoption of the standard on our condensed consolidated financial statements, we expect there will be a material increase to assets and liabilities related to the recognition of new right-of-use assets and lease liabilities on our balance sheet for leases currently classified as operating leases.
In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326) ("ASU 2016-13"), which requires entities to measure all expected credit losses for financial assets held at the reporting date based on historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. This replaces the existing incurred loss model and is applicable to the measurement of credit losses on financial assets measured at amortized cost. This guidance is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2019. Early application will be permitted for all entities for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2018. We are currently evaluating the impact that the standard will have on our consolidated financial statements.
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Accrued Expenses
 3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2019
Payables and Accruals [Abstract]  
Accrued Expenses Accrued Expenses
Accrued expenses consisted of the following as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018 (in thousands):
March 31, 2019December 31, 2018
Accrued leasehold improvement costs$4,616 $— 
Accrued contract labor costs3,370 3,128 
Accrued hosting costs1,120 579 
Accrued reimbursable employee expenses551 459 
Accrued audit and tax expenses499 375 
Accrued third party license fees428 729 
Accrued marketing and tradeshow expenses297 229 
Other accrued expenses1,230 1,965 
Total$12,111 $7,464 
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Debt
 3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2019
Debt Disclosure [Abstract]  
Debt DebtLine of CreditIn November 2017, we entered into a $20.0 million revolving line of credit with a lender. The facility matures in November 2022. We may elect whether amounts drawn on the revolving line of credit bear interest at a floating rate per annum equal to either the LIBOR or the prime rate plus an additional interest rate margin that is determined by the availability of the borrowings under the revolving line of credit. The additional interest rate margin will range from 2.00% to 2.50% in the case of LIBOR advances and from 1.00% to 1.50% in the case of prime rate advances. The revolving line of credit contains an unused facility fee in an amount between 0.15% and 0.25% of the average unused portion of the revolving line of credit, which is payable quarterly. The agreement contains certain customary affirmative and negative covenants and requires us to maintain (1) an adjusted quick ratio of at least 1.35 to 1.0 and (ii) minimum adjusted EBITDA, in the amounts and for the periods set forth in the agreement. Any amounts borrowed under the credit facility are collateralized by substantially all of our assets. We were in compliance with all covenants as of March 31, 2019. As of March 31, 2019, we had no outstanding borrowings under the revolving line of credit.
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Income Taxes
 3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2019
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Taxes Income Taxes
The provision for income taxes is based upon the estimated annual effective tax rates for the year applied to the current period income before tax plus the tax effect of any significant unusual items, discrete events or changes in tax law. Our operating subsidiaries are exposed to statutory effective tax rates ranging from zero to approximately 33%. Fluctuations in the distribution of pre-tax income among our operating subsidiaries can lead to fluctuations of the effective tax rate in the condensed consolidated financial statements. For the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, the actual effective tax rates were (0.7)% and (0.6)%, respectively.
We assess uncertain tax positions in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification 740-10, Accounting for Uncertainties in Income Taxes. As of March 31, 2019, our net unrecognized tax benefits totaled $1.0 million, of which the entire portion would favorably impact our effective tax rate in the period if recognized. We anticipate that the amount of reasonably possible unrecognized tax benefits that could decrease over the next 12 months due to the expiration of certain statutes of limitations and settlement of tax audits is not material to our consolidated financial statements.
We file income tax returns in the United States federal jurisdiction and in many states and foreign jurisdictions. The tax years 2015 through 2018 remain open to examination by the major taxing jurisdictions to which we are subject. We are not currently under examination by the Internal Revenue Service for any open tax years.
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Stock-Based Compensation
 3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2019
Disclosure of Compensation Related Costs, Share-based Payments [Abstract]  
Stock-Based Compensation Stock-Based Compensation
In May 2017, our board of directors adopted, and our stockholders approved, the 2017 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2017 Plan”), which became effective as of the date of the final prospectus for our initial public offering. The 2017 Plan provides for the grant of incentive stock options to employees, and for the grant of nonstatutory stock options, restricted stock awards, restricted stock unit awards, stock appreciation rights, performance-based stock awards and other forms of equity compensation to employees, including officers, and to non-employee directors and consultants. We initially reserved 6,421,442 shares of Class A common stock for issuance under the 2017 Plan, which included 421,442 shares that remained available for issuance under our 2007 Stock Option Plan (the “2007 Plan”) at the time that the 2017 Plan became effective. The number of shares reserved under the 2017 Plan increases for any shares subject to outstanding awards originally granted under the 2007 Plan that expire or are forfeited prior to exercise. As a result of the adoption of the 2017 Plan, no further grants may be made under the 2007 Plan. As of March 31, 2019, there were 7,072,843 shares of Class A common stock reserved for issuance under the 2017 Plan, of which 5,642,988 were available to be issued.
The 2007 Plan provided for the grant of stock options to employees, directors, and officers. Stock options under the 2007 Plan are exercisable into shares of Class B common stock and generally expire ten years from the date of grant. Under the 2007 Plan, the exercise price of each award was established by the board of directors, but could not be less than the fair market value of a share of our common stock on the grant date. Stock options generally vest upon the satisfaction of both a service condition and a performance condition. The service condition is satisfied at various rates as determined by us, typically on an annual basis over five years. The performance condition required the occurrence of a qualifying event, defined as a change of control transaction or upon the completion of an initial public offering. The performance condition was satisfied upon the effectiveness of our initial public offering in May 2017.
We estimate the fair value of stock options using the Black-Scholes Option Pricing Model, which requires the use of subjective assumptions, including the expected term of the option, the current price of the underlying stock, the expected stock price volatility, expected dividend yield and the risk-free interest rate for the expected term of the option. The expected term represents the period of time the stock options are expected to be outstanding. Due to the lack of sufficient historical exercise data to provide a reasonable basis upon which to otherwise estimate the expected term of the stock options, we use the simplified method to estimate the expected term for our stock options. Under the simplified method, the expected term of an option is presumed to be the mid-point between the vesting date and the end of the contractual term. Expected volatility is based on historical volatilities for publicly traded stock of comparable companies over the estimated expected term of the stock options. We assume no dividend yield because dividends are not expected to be paid in the near future, which is consistent with our history of not paying dividends.
We did not grant any stock options during the three months ended March 31, 2019 or 2018.
Stock Options
The following table summarizes the stock option activity for the three months ended March 31, 2019:
Number of SharesWeighted Average Exercise PriceWeighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (Years)Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in thousands)
January 1, 20195,021,068 $7.30 6.4$97,440 
Granted— — 
Exercised(482,444)2.28 14,600 
Canceled(32,380)10.60 
Outstanding at March 31, 20194,506,244 7.82 6.6119,919 
Exercisable at March 31, 20193,053,424 6.89 6.284,097 
The total fair value of stock options that vested during each of the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018 was $0.3 million. As of March 31, 2019, the total compensation cost related to unvested stock options not yet recognized was $2.1 million, which will be recognized over a weighted average period of 2.0 years.
In December 2018, we entered into a stock option cancellation agreement with our Chief Executive Officer, pursuant to which vested options to purchase 383,897 shares of Class A common stock were canceled. No compensation expense was recorded as the canceled stock options were fully vested at the time.
Restricted Stock Units
The following table summarizes the restricted stock unit activity for the three months ended March 31, 2019:
Number of SharesWeighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Non-vested outstanding at January 1, 20191,175,049 $26.04 
Granted79,475 35.77 
Vested(278,680)30.09 
Canceled(12,789)28.34 
Non-vested outstanding at March 31, 2019963,055 25.65 
As of March 31, 2019, total unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested restricted stock units was approximately $21.1 million, which will be recognized over a weighted average period of 2.4 years.
In November 2018, our board of directors approved the grant of 255,930 restricted stock units under the 2017 Plan at a fair value of $30.06 per share to three of our co-founders. The value of these awards at the grant date was $7.7 million and was amortized over the vesting periods. The restricted stock units vested during the three months ended March 31, 2019.
The following table summarizes the components of our stock-based compensation expense for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018 (in thousands):
Three Months Ended March 31,
20192018
Stock-based compensation expense related to restricted stock units$6,769 $894 
Stock-based compensation expense related to stock options364 1,254 
Stock-based compensation expense related to the issuance of common stock to directors92 92 
Total stock-based compensation expense$7,225 $2,240 
Stock-based compensation expense for restricted stock units, stock options and issuances of common stock is included in the following line items in the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018 (in thousands):
Three Months Ended March 31,
20192018
Cost of revenue
Subscriptions, software and support$154 $110 
Professional services1,974 220 
Operating expenses
Sales and marketing2,381 507 
Research and development2,115 391 
General and administrative601 1,012 
Total stock-based compensation expense$7,225 $2,240 
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Stockholders' Equity
 3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2019
Equity [Abstract]  
Stockholders' Equity Stockholders’ EquityAs of March 31, 2019, we had authorized 500,000,000 shares of Class A common stock and 100,000,000 shares of Class B common stock, each with a par value of $0.0001 per share, of which 30,882,834 shares of Class A common stock and 33,798,188 shares of Class B common stock were issued and outstanding. The rights of the holders of Class A common stock and Class B common stock are identical, except with respect to voting and conversion rights. The holders of Class A common stock are entitled to one vote per share, and the holders of Class B common stock are entitled to ten votes per share, on all matters that are subject to stockholder vote. The holders of Class B common stock also have approval rights for certain corporate actions. Each share of Class B common stock may be converted into one share of Class A common stock at the option of its holder and will be automatically converted into one share of Class A common stock upon transfer thereof, subject to certain exceptions. In addition, upon the date on which the outstanding shares of Class B common stock represent less than 10% of the aggregate voting power of our capital stock, all outstanding shares of Class B common stock shall convert automatically into Class A common stock.
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Basic and Diluted Loss per Common Share
 3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2019
Earnings Per Share [Abstract]  
Basic and Diluted Loss per Common Share Basic and Diluted Loss per Common Share
The following securities have been excluded from the calculation of weighted average common shares outstanding because the effect is anti-dilutive or performance or market conditions had not been met at the end of the period:
Three Months Ended March 31,
20192018
Stock options4,506,244 6,367,978 
Restricted stock units963,055 849,550 
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Commitments and Contingencies
 3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2019
Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]  
Commitments and Contingencies Commitments and Contingencies
Operating Leases
We lease office space and equipment in our headquarters location in Reston, Virginia, as well as in the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Canada, Italy, Australia, the Netherlands, Singapore and Spain, under non-cancellable operating lease agreements which have various expiration dates through 2031 for our office space and various expiration dates through 2020 for our equipment.
In April 2018, we entered into a new lease agreement for a new headquarters in Tysons, Virginia. We took initial possession of the first phase of the new headquarters in October 2018 and began to recognize rent expense. We expect to start making recurring rental payments under the lease in the third quarter of 2020. Total payments committed under the lease amount to $87.2 million. In connection with the lease agreement, we also entered into a letter of credit of $9.4 million to fund the security deposit required by the lease.
The lease for the new headquarters contains a tenant improvement allowance of up to $18.4 million from the landlord. The tenant improvement allowance is accounted for as a lease incentive obligation and is amortized as a reduction to rent expense over the lease term. We recorded a lease incentive obligation when we took initial possession of the first phase of the new headquarters. We took initial possession of the second phase in February 2019 and recorded an additional lease incentive obligation. As of March 31, 2019, $1.4 million was included in other current liabilities and $16.4 million was included in deferred rent, net of current portion on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. As of December 31, 2018, $1.2 million was included in other current liabilities and $14.4 million was included in deferred rent, net of current portion on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.  
 
Lease Related Commitments
Lease related commitments include payments to third-party vendors for services related to our new headquarters.
A summary of our future minimum lease commitments and other commitments by year as of March 31, 2019 is as follows (in thousands):
Office LeasesEquipment LeasesLease Related Commitments
Remainder of 2019 $5,269 $142 $15,807 
2020 6,380 22 — 
2021 8,339 — — 
2022 6,948 — — 
2023 6,992 — — 
Thereafter 65,169 — — 
99,097 164 15,807 
Less: tenant improvement allowance— — (12,498)
Total$99,097 $164 $3,309 

We record rent expense using the total minimum rent commitment, amortized using the straight-line method over the term of the lease. The difference between monthly rental payments and recorded rent expense is charged to deferred rent. As of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, deferred rent totaled $21.1 million and $17.4 million, respectively, and is included within other current liabilities and deferred rent, net of current portion on the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets. In addition to rental payments, certain leases require additional payments for real estate taxes, common area maintenance and insurance, which are expensed when incurred and not included in future minimum payments.
Total rent and lease expense was $3.1 million and $2.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.
Other Commitments
We also have entered into a non-cancellable agreement for the use of technology that is integral in the development of our software and pay annual royalty fees of $0.3 million.
Letters of Credit
As of each of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, we had outstanding letters of credit totaling $10.5 million in connection with securing our leased office space. All letters of credit are secured by our borrowing arrangement as described in Note 4.
Legal
From time to time, we are subject to legal, regulatory and other proceedings and claims that arise in the ordinary course of business. There are no issues or resolution of any matters that are expected to have a material adverse impact on our consolidated financial statements.
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Segment and Geographic Information
 3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2019
Segment Reporting [Abstract]  
Segment and Geographic Information Segment and Geographic Information
The following table summarizes revenue by geography for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018 (in thousands): 
Three Months Ended March 31,
20192018
Domestic$41,883 $34,481 
International17,696 17,215 
Total$59,579 $51,696 
With respect to geographic information, revenue is attributed to respective geographies based on the contracting address of the customer. There were no individual foreign countries from which more than 10% of our total revenue was attributable for the three months ended March 31, 2019. Revenues from external customers attributed to the United Kingdom were 10.6% of our total revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2018. Substantially all of our long-lived assets were held in the United States as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018.
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Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)
 3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2019
Accounting Policies [Abstract]  
Basis of Presentation
Basis of Presentation
The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and footnotes have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”) as contained in the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (the “Codification” or “ASC”) for interim financial information. In the opinion of management, the interim financial information includes all adjustments of a normal recurring nature necessary for a fair presentation of the results of operations, financial position, changes in stockholders’ equity and cash flows. The results of operations for the current period are not necessarily indicative of the results for the full year or the results for any future periods. These condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and related footnotes included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) on February 21, 2019.
Use of Estimates
Use of Estimates
The preparation of our condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the amounts reported in these condensed consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Although we believe that the estimates we use are reasonable, due to the inherent uncertainty involved in making these estimates, actual results reported in future periods could differ from those estimates.
Significant estimates embedded in the condensed consolidated financial statements include revenue recognition, income taxes and the related valuation allowance and stock-based compensation.
Principles of Consolidation
Principles of Consolidation
The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Appian and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.
Revenue Recognition, Deferred Revenue, and Cost of Revenue
Revenue Recognition
We generate revenue primarily through sales of subscriptions to our platform, as well as professional services. We recognize revenue when all of the following conditions are met: (1) there is persuasive evidence of an arrangement; (2) the service or product has been provided to the customer; (3) the amount of fees to be paid by the customer is fixed or determinable; and (4) the collection of related fees is reasonably assured. If collection is not reasonably assured, we defer revenue recognition until collectability becomes reasonably assured. Our arrangements do not contain general rights of return. Revenue is recognized net of any taxes collected from customers and subsequently remitted to governmental authorities.

Subscriptions, Software and Support Revenue
Subscriptions, software and support revenue is primarily related to (1) software as a service (“SaaS”) subscriptions bundled with maintenance and support and hosting services and (2) term license subscriptions bundled with maintenance and support.
We generally charge subscription fees on a per-user basis and, to a lesser degree, non-user based single application licenses. We bill customers and collect payment for subscriptions to our platform in advance on a monthly, quarterly or annual basis. In certain instances, we have had customers pay their entire contract up front.
SaaS Subscriptions
Our SaaS subscription revenue is derived from customers accessing our cloud offering pursuant to contracts that are generally one to five years in length. We perform all required maintenance and support for our cloud offering and we do not separately charge customers for hosting costs. In these arrangements, our customers do not have the right to take the software on-premises and, as a result, such arrangements are not accounted for within the scope of the software revenue guidance. Revenue from SaaS subscriptions is recognized ratably over the term of the subscription, beginning with the date our service is made available to our customer.
Term License Subscriptions
Our term license subscription revenue is derived from customers with on-premises installations of our platform pursuant to contracts that are generally one to five years in length. Customers with term license subscriptions have the right to use our software and receive maintenance and support. Since we do not sell maintenance and support separately from the subscription, revenue for the term license subscription and maintenance and support is recognized ratably over the term of the subscription, upon delivery of the platform to the customer when sold on a standalone basis.
Professional Services
Our professional services revenue is comprised of fees for consulting services, including application development and deployment assistance and training related to our platform. Our professional services are not essential to the functionality of our platform because the platform is ready for the customer’s use immediately upon delivery and is not modified or customized in any manner.
Consulting services are billed under both time-and-material and fixed-fee arrangements. For standalone time-and-material contracts, we recognize revenue at contractually agreed upon billing rates applied to hours performed. For standalone fixed-fee contracts, we also recognize revenue as the work is performed using the proportional performance method of accounting. Training revenue is recognized when the associated training services are delivered. Training is also sold in the form of a subscription arrangement where a customer agrees to pay an annual fixed fee for a fixed number of users to have access to all of our training offerings during the year. Revenue from training subscription agreements is recognized ratably over the subscription period.
We defer recognition of revenue from work performed on pending contract modifications until the period in which the modifications are accepted and funding is approved by the customer. Costs of work performed on pending contract modifications are expensed as incurred.
Multiple Element Arrangements
Our multiple element arrangements are from SaaS subscriptions and term license subscriptions that are generally sold in combination with maintenance and support service and frequently with professional services.
SaaS Subscriptions
For multiple element arrangements involving SaaS subscriptions that include professional services in addition to the subscription to our platform, we evaluate each element to determine whether it represents a separate unit of accounting. Because there are third-party vendors who routinely sell and provide the same professional services to our customers, our professional services are deemed to have standalone value apart from the SaaS subscription. Additionally, we offer both SaaS subscriptions and professional services on a standalone basis. Professional services revenue is therefore accounted for separately from subscription fees and recognized as the professional services are performed. We allocate revenue to the elements based on the selling price hierarchy using vendor-specific objective evidence (“VSOE”) of selling price, third-party evidence (“TPE”) of selling price, or if neither exists, best estimated selling price (“BESP”). In cases where we do not have VSOE or TPE of the elements of our arrangements, we use BESP to allocate revenue. We determine BESP for a service by considering multiple factors including, but not limited to, evaluating the weighted average of actual sales prices and other factors such as gross margin objectives, pricing practices and growth strategy. Pricing practices taken into consideration include historic contractually stated prices, volume discounts where applicable and our price lists. While we believe we can make
reliable estimates regarding these matters, these estimates are inherently subjective. Once the revenue is allocated to these elements, revenue is recognized as such services are provided. 
Term License Subscriptions
For multiple element arrangements involving term license subscriptions, maintenance and support and professional services, we do not have VSOE of fair value for the maintenance and support. Our term license subscriptions are generally not sold on a standalone basis, and therefore, we have not established VSOE of fair value for the subscriptions. Consequently, for our bundled arrangements that include certain professional services, there are two undelivered elements for which VSOE of fair value has not been established and, therefore, we utilize the combined services approach and defer all revenue until the software has been delivered and the provision of all services has commenced. We then recognize the entire fee from the arrangement ratably over the remaining period of the arrangement, assuming all other software revenue recognition criteria have been met.
Deferred Revenue
Deferred revenue primarily consists of amounts billed or billable in advance of revenue recognition from our subscriptions, software, and support and professional services described above. Deferred revenue is recognized as the revenue recognition criteria are met.
Cost of Revenue
Cost of Subscriptions, Software and Support Revenue
Cost of subscriptions, software and support revenue consists primarily of fees paid to our third-party managed hosting providers and other third-party service providers, personnel costs, including payroll and benefits for our technology operations and customer support teams, and allocated facility costs and overhead.
Cost of Professional Services Revenue
Cost of professional services revenue includes all direct and indirect costs to deliver our professional services and training, including employee compensation for our global professional services and training personnel, travel costs, third-party contractor costs and allocated facility costs and overhead.
Concentration of Credit Risk
Concentration of Credit Risk
Our financial instruments that are exposed to concentration of credit risk consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents and trade accounts receivable. Deposits held with banks may exceed the amount of insurance provided on such deposits. We believe that the financial institutions that hold our cash deposits are financially sound and, accordingly, minimal credit risk exists with respect to these balances.
With regard to our customers, credit evaluation and account monitoring procedures are used to minimize the risk of loss. We believe that no additional credit risk beyond amounts provided for collection loss are inherent in accounts receivable.
Accounts Receivable and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts
Accounts Receivable and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts
Accounts receivable are stated at realizable value, net of an allowance for doubtful accounts. The allowance for doubtful accounts is based on our assessment of the collectability of accounts. We regularly review the composition of the accounts receivable aging, historical bad debts, changes in payment patterns, customer creditworthiness and current economic trends. If the financial condition of our customers were to deteriorate, resulting in their inability to make required payments, additional provisions for doubtful accounts would be required and would increase bad debt expense. To date, our allowance and related bad debt write-offs have been nominal. There was no change in the allowance for doubtful accounts from December 31, 2018 to March 31, 2019.
Non-Trade Receivables
We record non-trade receivables to reflect amounts due for activities other than sales of subscriptions to our platform and professional services. As of March 31, 2019, our non-trade receivables related entirely to a receivable from our tenant improvement allowance. The tenant improvement allowance receivable was $12.5 million and $14.4 million as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively, and is classified within prepaid expenses and other current assets in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets. We recognized our initial tenant improvement allowance receivable of $15.8 million related to our new headquarters once we took initial possession of the space in October 2018. We recognized additional tenant improvement allowance receivable of $2.6 million when we took possession of adjacent office space in February 2019.
Deferred Commissions Deferred CommissionsDeferred commissions are the incremental costs that are directly associated with subscription agreements with customers and consist of sales commissions paid to our direct sales force. Commissions are considered direct and incremental and as such are deferred and amortized over the terms of the related customer contracts consistent with the related revenue. Amortization of deferred commissions is included in sales and marketing expense in the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of operations. Commission expense was $4.4 million and $2.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.
Fair Value of Financial Instruments
Fair Value of Financial Instruments
The carrying amounts of our cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable and accrued expenses approximate fair value as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018 because of the relatively short duration of these instruments.
We use a three-tier fair value hierarchy to classify and disclose all assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis, as well as assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis, in periods subsequent to their initial measurement. The hierarchy requires us to use observable inputs when available, and to minimize the use of unobservable inputs when determining fair value. The three tiers are defined as follows:
•Level 1. Observable inputs based on unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities;
•Level 2. Inputs, other than quoted prices in active markets, that are observable either directly or indirectly; and
•Level 3. Unobservable inputs for which there is little or no market data, which require us to develop our own assumptions.
Stock-Based Compensation Stock-Based CompensationWe account for stock-based compensation expense related to stock-based awards based on the estimated fair value of the award on the grant date. We calculate the fair value of stock options using the Black-Scholes Option Pricing Model. The fair value of restricted stock units is based on the closing market price of our common stock on the Nasdaq Global Market on the date of grant. For service-based awards, stock-based compensation expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period. For performance-based awards, stock-based compensation expense is recognized using the accelerated attribution method, based on the probability of satisfying the performance condition. For awards that contain market conditions, compensation expense is measured using a Monte Carlo simulation and recognized using the accelerated attribution method over the derived service period based on the expected market performance as of the grant date. For restricted stock units, stock-based compensation expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period. We account for forfeitures as they occur, rather than estimating expected forfeitures.
Emerging Growth Company Status
Emerging Growth Company Status
We are an “emerging growth company” as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act (the “JOBS Act”). The JOBS Act provides that an emerging growth company can take advantage of an extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards. Thus, an emerging growth company can delay the adoption of certain accounting standards until those standards would otherwise apply to private companies. We have elected to avail ourselves of this extended transition period and, as a result, we will not adopt new or revised accounting standards on the relevant dates on which adoption of such standards is required for other public companies.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Adopted
In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-15, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments (“ASU 2016-15”), which aims to reduce the existing diversity in practice in how certain cash receipts and cash payments are presented and classified in the statement of cash flows. ASU 2016-15 will require adoption on a retrospective basis unless it is impracticable to apply, in which case we would be required to apply the amendments prospectively as of the earliest date practicable. ASU 2016-15 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019. The adoption of ASU 2016-15 did not have an impact on our condensed consolidated financial statements for the three months ended March 31, 2019.
In February 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-02, Income Statement-Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220): Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income ("ASU 2018-02"), which provides entities the option to reclassify to retained earnings tax effects related to items in accumulated other comprehensive income ("OCI") that the FASB refers to as having been stranded in accumulated OCI as a result of tax reform. ASU 2018-02 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018. The adoption of ASU 2018-02 did not have an impact on our condensed consolidated financial statements for the three months ended March 31, 2019.
Not Yet Adopted
In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606) (“ASC 606”), which provides new guidance for revenue recognition. ASC 606 provides that an entity should recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. ASC 606 also requires improved disclosures to help users of financial statements better understand the nature, amount, timing, and uncertainty of revenue that is recognized. Entities have the option of using either a full retrospective or modified retrospective approach for the adoption of the standard. In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-08, Principal Versus Agent Considerations (Reporting Revenue Gross Versus Net) (“ASU 2016-08”), which clarifies implementation guidance on principal versus agent considerations in ASC 606. In April 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-10, Identifying Performance Obligations and Licensing (“ASU 2016-10”), which clarifies the identification of performance obligations and the licensing implementation guidance in ASC 606. In addition, in May 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-12, Narrow-Scope Improvements and Practical Expedients (“ASU 2016-12”), which clarifies the guidance on assessing collectibility, presentation of sales taxes, noncash consideration and completed contracts and contract modifications at transition. For public entities, the new standard is effective for annual periods and interim periods within those annual periods, beginning after December 15, 2017. For all other entities, the new standard is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2018, and interim periods within those annual periods beginning after December 15, 2019. We have elected to avail ourselves of the JOBS Act extended transition period that permits us to defer adoption until January 1, 2019. In accordance with guidance, the new standard will be adopted in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2019 but will not be adopted in our Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q to be filed during 2019.  
The ASC 606 guidance allows two methods of adoption: retrospectively to each prior reporting period (full retrospective method) or retrospectively with the cumulative effect of initially applying the guidance recognized at the date of initial application (modified retrospective method). We are going to adopt the new standard using the modified retrospective method.
We do not expect the new standard to have a material impact on the timing of revenue recognition related to our cloud-based subscriptions and standalone professional services. However, we expect the new standard to have a significant impact on the timing of revenue recognition related to our on-premise term license contracts. Under current industry-specific software revenue recognition guidance, we have historically concluded that we did not have VSOE of fair value of the undelivered services related to on-premise term license contracts, and accordingly, have recognized on-premise term license contracts and related services ratably over the contract term. Under this new standard, the requirement to have VSOE for undelivered services is eliminated. Therefore, we will be required to recognize a portion of revenue from the on-premise term license contracts upon delivery of the software.
In addition, we expect the new standard to impact our accounting for contract acquisition costs, both with respect to the amounts that will be capitalized as well as the period of amortization. Currently, we defer the direct and incremental commission costs to obtain a contract with a customer and amortize those costs over the term of the related customer contract consistent with the related revenue. Under the new standard, we will defer the incremental costs to obtain a contract with a customer. Therefore, the new standard will result in additional costs being capitalized, including fringe benefits. Under the new standard, initial incremental costs to obtain a contract will be amortized over the customer's estimated economic life of five years, which was calculated based on both qualitative and quantitative factors, such as product life cycles, contractual terms and customer attrition. Incremental contract costs paid relating to contract renewals will be deferred and amortized on a straight-line basis over the related renewal period. As a result, we expect the deferred commissions asset to increase and the related amortization expense in each reporting period to decrease under the new standard.
We are still in the process of quantifying the effects of the adoption of ASC 606 as well as continuing to evaluate the impact of the adoption of the standard on our consolidated financial statements, including our footnotes.
In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842) (“ASU 2016-02”), which was further clarified by ASU No. 2018-10, Codification Improvements to Topic 842, Leases, and ASU No. 2018-11, Leases (Topic 842): Targeted Improvements, both issued in July 2018.  ASU 2016-02 requires companies to recognize on the balance sheet the assets and liabilities for the rights and obligations created by lease assets. The new standard also requires additional disclosure of qualitative and quantitative information about the amounts recorded in the financial statements related to lease agreements. If we lose "emerging growth company" status effective December 31, 2019, the new standard will be adopted in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ending December 31, 2019. If the share price of our Class A common stock closes on June 28, 2019, at or above the price it has traded at since June 30, 2018, we will lose "emerging growth company status" effective December 31, 2019. ASU 2016-02 requires a transition adoption election of either (1) a modified retrospective approach with periods prior to the adoption date being restated or (2) a prospective adoption approach with a cumulative-effect adjustment recognized to the opening balance of retained earnings on the adoption date with prior periods not restated. We are currently evaluating the impact the adoption of ASU 2016-02 will have on our condensed consolidated financial statements. We plan to adopt this standard using the prospective adoption approach and electing the practical expedients allowed under the standard. Although we are still evaluating the impact of the adoption of the standard on our condensed consolidated financial statements, we expect there will be a material increase to assets and liabilities related to the recognition of new right-of-use assets and lease liabilities on our balance sheet for leases currently classified as operating leases.
In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326) ("ASU 2016-13"), which requires entities to measure all expected credit losses for financial assets held at the reporting date based on historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. This replaces the existing incurred loss model and is applicable to the measurement of credit losses on financial assets measured at amortized cost. This guidance is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2019. Early application will be permitted for all entities for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2018. We are currently evaluating the impact that the standard will have on our consolidated financial statements.
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Accrued Expenses (Tables)
 3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2019
Payables and Accruals [Abstract]  
Schedule of Accrued Expenses
Accrued expenses consisted of the following as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018 (in thousands):
March 31, 2019December 31, 2018
Accrued leasehold improvement costs$4,616 $— 
Accrued contract labor costs3,370 3,128 
Accrued hosting costs1,120 579 
Accrued reimbursable employee expenses551 459 
Accrued audit and tax expenses499 375 
Accrued third party license fees428 729 
Accrued marketing and tradeshow expenses297 229 
Other accrued expenses1,230 1,965 
Total$12,111 $7,464 
XML 30 R20.htm IDEA: XBRL DOCUMENT v3.19.1
Stock-Based Compensation (Tables)
 3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2019
Disclosure of Compensation Related Costs, Share-based Payments [Abstract]  
Summary of the Stock Option Activity
The following table summarizes the stock option activity for the three months ended March 31, 2019:
Number of SharesWeighted Average Exercise PriceWeighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (Years)Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in thousands)
January 1, 20195,021,068 $7.30 6.4$97,440 
Granted— — 
Exercised(482,444)2.28 14,600 
Canceled(32,380)10.60 
Outstanding at March 31, 20194,506,244 7.82 6.6119,919 
Exercisable at March 31, 20193,053,424 6.89 6.284,097 
Schedule of Restricted Stock Unit Activity
The following table summarizes the restricted stock unit activity for the three months ended March 31, 2019:
Number of SharesWeighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Non-vested outstanding at January 1, 20191,175,049 $26.04 
Granted79,475 35.77 
Vested(278,680)30.09 
Canceled(12,789)28.34 
Non-vested outstanding at March 31, 2019963,055 25.65 
Schedule of Components of Stock-based Compensation Expense
The following table summarizes the components of our stock-based compensation expense for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018 (in thousands):
Three Months Ended March 31,
20192018
Stock-based compensation expense related to restricted stock units$6,769 $894 
Stock-based compensation expense related to stock options364 1,254 
Stock-based compensation expense related to the issuance of common stock to directors92 92 
Total stock-based compensation expense$7,225 $2,240 
Schedule of Stock-based Compensation Expense Included in Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations
Stock-based compensation expense for restricted stock units, stock options and issuances of common stock is included in the following line items in the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018 (in thousands):
Three Months Ended March 31,
20192018
Cost of revenue
Subscriptions, software and support$154 $110 
Professional services1,974 220 
Operating expenses
Sales and marketing2,381 507 
Research and development2,115 391 
General and administrative601 1,012 
Total stock-based compensation expense$7,225 $2,240 
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Basic and Diluted Loss per Common Share (Tables)
 3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2019
Earnings Per Share [Abstract]  
Summary of Securities Excluded From Calculation of Weighted Average Common Shares
The following securities have been excluded from the calculation of weighted average common shares outstanding because the effect is anti-dilutive or performance or market conditions had not been met at the end of the period:
Three Months Ended March 31,
20192018
Stock options4,506,244 6,367,978 
Restricted stock units963,055 849,550 
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Commitments and Contingencies (Tables)
 3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2019
Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]  
Schedule of Future Minimum Rental Payments for Operating Leases
A summary of our future minimum lease commitments and other commitments by year as of March 31, 2019 is as follows (in thousands):
Office LeasesEquipment LeasesLease Related Commitments
Remainder of 2019 $5,269 $142 $15,807 
2020 6,380 22 — 
2021 8,339 — — 
2022 6,948 — — 
2023 6,992 — — 
Thereafter 65,169 — — 
99,097 164 15,807 
Less: tenant improvement allowance— — (12,498)
Total$99,097 $164 $3,309 
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Segment and Geographic Information (Tables)
 3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2019
Segment Reporting [Abstract]  
Summary of Revenue By Geography
The following table summarizes revenue by geography for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018 (in thousands): 
Three Months Ended March 31,
20192018
Domestic$41,883 $34,481 
International17,696 17,215 
Total$59,579 $51,696 
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Significant Accounting Policies - Additional Information (Detail)
 3 Months Ended 9 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2019
USD ($)
agency
Mar. 31, 2018
USD ($)
Sep. 30, 2018
Feb. 28, 2019
USD ($)
Dec. 31, 2018
USD ($)
Oct. 31, 2018
USD ($)
Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]            
Percentage of license revenue (less than)   100.00%        
Change in allowance for doubtful accounts $ 0          
Tenant improvement allowance receivable 12,500,000       $ 14,400,000 $ 15,800,000
Additional tenant improvement receivable       $ 2,600,000    
Commission expense $ 4,400,000 $ 2,700,000        
Customer Concentration Risk | Sales Revenue, Net | Foreign Customers            
Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]            
Concentration risk percentage 29.70% 33.30%        
Customer Concentration Risk | Sales Revenue, Net | Government Agencies            
Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]            
Concentration risk percentage 17.90% 12.30%        
Customer Concentration Risk | Sales Revenue, Net | Federal Government Agencies            
Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]            
Concentration risk percentage 7.90% 6.40%        
Number of federal government agencies | agency 3          
Minimum            
Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]            
SaaS Subscriptions contracts term 1 year   1 year      
Term license subscription contracts term 1 year   1 year      
Maximum            
Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]            
SaaS Subscriptions contracts term 5 years          
Term license subscription contracts term 5 years          
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Accrued Expenses - Schedule of Accrued Expenses (Detail) - USD ($)
$ in Thousands
Mar. 31, 2019
Dec. 31, 2018
Payables and Accruals [Abstract]    
Accrued leasehold improvement costs $ 4,616 $ 0
Accrued contract labor costs 3,370 3,128
Accrued hosting costs 1,120 579
Accrued reimbursable employee expenses 551 459
Accrued audit and tax expenses 499 375
Accrued third party license fees 428 729
Accrued marketing and tradeshow expenses 297 229
Other accrued expenses 1,230 1,965
Total $ 12,111 $ 7,464
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Debt - Additional Information (Detail) - USD ($)
 1 Months Ended
Nov. 30, 2017
Mar. 31, 2019
Revolving Credit Facility    
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]    
Credit facility $ 20,000,000.0  
Term Loan    
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]    
Line of credit, outstanding borrowings   $ 0
Minimum    
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]    
Unused credit facility fee 0.15%  
Quick ratio 135.00%  
Minimum | London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR)    
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]    
Interest rate margin 2.00%  
Minimum | Prime Rate    
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]    
Interest rate margin 1.00%  
Maximum    
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]    
Unused credit facility fee 0.25%  
Maximum | London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR)    
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]    
Interest rate margin 2.50%  
Maximum | Prime Rate    
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]    
Interest rate margin 1.50%  
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Income Taxes - Additional Information (Detail) - USD ($)
$ in Millions
 3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2019
Mar. 31, 2018
Income Taxes [Line Items]    
Effective tax rate (0.70%) (0.60%)
Net unrecognized tax benefits which would impact effective tax rate if recognized $ 1.0  
Earliest Tax Year    
Income Taxes [Line Items]    
Open tax year 2015  
Latest Tax Year    
Income Taxes [Line Items]    
Open tax year 2018  
Minimum | Subsidiaries    
Income Taxes [Line Items]    
Effective tax rate 0.00%  
Maximum | Subsidiaries    
Income Taxes [Line Items]    
Effective tax rate 33.00%  
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Stock-Based Compensation - Additional Information (Detail) - USD ($)
$ / shares in Units, $ in Millions
 1 Months Ended 3 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2018
Nov. 30, 2018
Mar. 31, 2019
Mar. 31, 2018
May 31, 2017
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]          
Service period for option exercise     5 years    
Vested (in shares)     $ 0.3 $ 0.3  
Compensation cost related to nonvested stock options not yet recognized     $ 2.1    
Unrecognized compensation cost related to nonvested stock option recognized over weighted average period, in years     2 years    
Stock option cancellation agreement, vested options to purchase (in shares)     0    
Restricted Stock Units          
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]          
Total unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested restricted stock units     $ 21.1    
Weighted average remaining vesting period     2 years 4 months 24 days    
Granted (in shares)     79,475    
Fair value of shares granted (in usd per share)     $ 35.77    
2017 Equity Incentive Plan          
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]          
Number of shares available to be issued (in shares)     5,642,988    
2017 Equity Incentive Plan | Restricted Stock Units          
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]          
Granted (in shares)   255,930      
Fair value of shares granted (in usd per share)   $ 30.06      
Value of RSUs at grant date   $ 7.7      
2017 Equity Incentive Plan | Class A Common Stock          
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]          
Number of shares available to be issued (in shares)     7,072,843   6,421,442
2007 Stock Option Plan          
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]          
Number of shares available to be issued (in shares)         421,442
Number of shares available for grants (in shares)         0
Period for which options can be granted     10 years    
Chief Executive Officer | 2007 Stock Option Plan          
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]          
Stock option cancellation agreement, vested options to purchase (in shares) 383,897        
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Stock-Based Compensation - Summary of the Stock Option Activity (Detail) - USD ($)
$ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands
 3 Months Ended 12 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2019
Dec. 31, 2018
Number of Shares    
January 1, 2019 (in shares) 5,021,068  
Granted (in shares) 0  
Exercised (in shares) (482,444)  
Canceled (in shares) (32,380)  
Outstanding at March 31, 2019 (in shares) 4,506,244 5,021,068
Exercisable at March 31, 2019 (in shares) 3,053,424  
Weighted Average Exercise Price    
January 1, 2019 (in usd per share) $ 7.30  
Granted (in usd per share) 0  
Exercised (in usd per share) 2.28  
Canceled (in usd per share) 10.60  
Outstanding at March 31, 2019 (in usd per share) 7.82 $ 7.30
Exercisable at March 31, 2019 (in usd per share) $ 6.89  
Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (Years)    
January 1, 2019 6 years 7 months 6 days 6 years 4 months 24 days
Outstanding at March 31, 2019 6 years 7 months 6 days 6 years 4 months 24 days
Exercisable at March 31, 2019 6 years 2 months 12 days  
Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in thousands)    
January 1, 2019 $ 97,440  
Exercised 14,600  
Outstanding at January 1, 2019 119,919 $ 97,440
Exercisable at March 31, 2019 $ 84,097  
XML 40 R30.htm IDEA: XBRL DOCUMENT v3.19.1
Stock-Based Compensation - Schedule of Restricted Stock Unit Activity (Detail) - Restricted Stock Units
 3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2019
$ / shares
shares
Number of Shares  
Non-vested outstanding at January 1, 2019 (in shares) | shares 1,175,049
Granted (in shares) | shares 79,475
Vested (in shares) | shares (278,680)
Canceled (in shares) | shares (12,789)
Non-vested outstanding at March 31, 2019 (in shares) | shares 963,055
Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value  
Non-vested outstanding at January 1, 2019 (in usd per share) | $ / shares $ 26.04
Fair value of shares granted (in usd per share) | $ / shares 35.77
Vested (in usd per share) | $ / shares 30.09
Canceled (in usd per share) | $ / shares 28.34
Non-vested outstanding at March 31, 2019 (in usd per share) | $ / shares $ 25.65
XML 41 R31.htm IDEA: XBRL DOCUMENT v3.19.1
Stock-Based Compensation - Schedule of Stock-based Compensation Expense (Detail) - USD ($)
$ in Thousands
 3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2019
Mar. 31, 2018
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Compensation Cost [Line Items]    
Total stock-based compensation expense $ 7,225 $ 2,240
Restricted Stock Units (RSUs)    
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Compensation Cost [Line Items]    
Total stock-based compensation expense 6,769 894
Employee Stock Option    
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Compensation Cost [Line Items]    
Total stock-based compensation expense 364 1,254
Issuance Of Common Stock To Directors    
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Compensation Cost [Line Items]    
Total stock-based compensation expense $ 92 $ 92
XML 42 R32.htm IDEA: XBRL DOCUMENT v3.19.1
Stock-Based Compensation - Schedule of Stock-based Compensation Expense Included in Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations (Detail) - USD ($)
$ in Thousands
 3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2019
Mar. 31, 2018
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Compensation Cost [Line Items]    
Total stock-based compensation expense $ 7,225 $ 2,240
Subscriptions, Software, And Support    
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Compensation Cost [Line Items]    
Total stock-based compensation expense 154 110
Professional Services    
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Compensation Cost [Line Items]    
Total stock-based compensation expense 1,974 220
Selling and Marketing Expense    
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Compensation Cost [Line Items]    
Total stock-based compensation expense 2,381 507
Research and Development Expense    
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Compensation Cost [Line Items]    
Total stock-based compensation expense 2,115 391
General and Administrative Expense    
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Compensation Cost [Line Items]    
Total stock-based compensation expense $ 601 $ 1,012
XML 43 R33.htm IDEA: XBRL DOCUMENT v3.19.1
Stockholders' Equity (Detail)
 3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2019
vote_per_share
$ / shares
shares
Dec. 31, 2018
$ / shares
shares
Sep. 30, 2018
shares
Class of Stock [Line Items]      
Common stock, par value (in usd per share) | $ / shares $ 0.0001    
Class A Common Stock      
Class of Stock [Line Items]      
Common stock, shares authorized (in shares) 500,000,000 500,000,000  
Common stock, par value (in usd per share) | $ / shares $ 0.0001 $ 0.0001  
Common stock, shares issued (in shares) 30,882,834 29,626,054  
Common stock, shares outstanding (in shares) 30,882,834 29,626,054 30,882,834
Number of votes entitled to stockholders per share | vote_per_share 1    
Conversion of stock (in shares) 1    
Maximum percentage of aggregate voting power of capital stock which triggers conversion of stock 10.00%    
Class B Common Stock      
Class of Stock [Line Items]      
Common stock, shares authorized (in shares) 100,000,000 100,000,000  
Common stock, par value (in usd per share) | $ / shares $ 0.0001 $ 0.0001  
Common stock, shares issued (in shares) 33,798,188 34,290,383  
Common stock, shares outstanding (in shares) 33,798,188 34,290,383 33,798,188
Number of votes entitled to stockholders per share | vote_per_share 10    
XML 44 R34.htm IDEA: XBRL DOCUMENT v3.19.1
Basic and Diluted Loss per Common Share - Summary of Securities Excluded From Calculation of Weighted Average Common Shares Outstanding (Detail) - shares
 3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2019
Mar. 31, 2018
Employee Stock Option    
Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]    
Convertible preferred stock (in shares) 4,506,244 6,367,978
Restricted Stock Units    
Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]    
Convertible preferred stock (in shares) 963,055 849,550
XML 45 R35.htm IDEA: XBRL DOCUMENT v3.19.1
Commitments and Contingencies -Narrative (Detail) - USD ($)
$ in Millions
 3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2019
Mar. 31, 2018
Dec. 31, 2018
Apr. 30, 2018
Debt Instrument [Line Items]        
Operating Leases, Future Minimum Payments Due       $ 87.2
Tenant improvement allowance, maximum $ 18.4      
Deferred rent credit 1.4   $ 1.2  
Deferred rent credit, net of current portion 16.4   14.4  
Deferred rent, noncurrent 21.1   17.4  
Total rent and lease expense 3.1 $ 2.1    
Payment of royalty fees 0.3      
Outstanding letters of credit $ 10.5   $ 10.5  
Letter of Credit        
Debt Instrument [Line Items]        
Letter of credit entered into in connection with lease       $ 9.4
XML 46 R36.htm IDEA: XBRL DOCUMENT v3.19.1
Commitments and Contingencies - Future Minimum Lease Commitments (Detail) - USD ($)
$ in Thousands
Mar. 31, 2019
Apr. 30, 2018
Operating Leased Assets [Line Items]    
Total   $ 87,200
Office Leases    
Operating Leased Assets [Line Items]    
Remainder of 2019 $ 5,269  
2020 6,380  
2021 8,339  
2022 6,948  
2023 6,992  
Thereafter 65,169  
Total operating lease payments 99,097  
Less: tenant improvement allowance 0  
Total 99,097  
Equipment Leases    
Operating Leased Assets [Line Items]    
Remainder of 2019 142  
2020 22  
2021 0  
2022 0  
2023 0  
Thereafter 0  
Total operating lease payments 164  
Less: tenant improvement allowance 0  
Total 164  
Lease Related Commitments    
Operating Leased Assets [Line Items]    
Remainder of 2019 15,807  
2020 0  
2021 0  
2022 0  
2023 0  
Thereafter 0  
Total operating lease payments 15,807  
Less: tenant improvement allowance (12,498)  
Total $ 3,309  
XML 47 R37.htm IDEA: XBRL DOCUMENT v3.19.1
Segment and Geographic Information - Summary of Revenues By Geography (Detail) - USD ($)
$ in Thousands
 3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2019
Mar. 31, 2018
Revenues from External Customers and Long-Lived Assets [Line Items]    
Total revenue $ 59,579 $ 51,696
Domestic    
Revenues from External Customers and Long-Lived Assets [Line Items]    
Total revenue 41,883 34,481
International    
Revenues from External Customers and Long-Lived Assets [Line Items]    
Total revenue $ 17,696 $ 17,215
XML 48 R38.htm IDEA: XBRL DOCUMENT v3.19.1
Segment and Geographic Information - Additional Information (Detail)
 3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2019
Mar. 31, 2018
Sales Revenue, Net | Geographic Concentration Risk    
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]    
Concentration risk, percentage 10.00% 10.60%
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