Description of Business and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)	12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2022
Accounting Policies [Abstract]
Nature of Operations	Nature of operations - Coastal Financial Corporation (“Corporation” or “Company”) is a registered bank holding company whose wholly owned subsidiaries are Coastal Community Bank (“Bank”) and Arlington Olympic LLC. The Company is a Washington state corporation that was organized in 2003. The Bank was incorporated and commenced operations in 1997 and is a Washington state-chartered commercial bank and Federal Reserve System (“Federal Reserve”) state member bank. Arlington Olympic LLC was formed in 2020 and owns the Arlington branch, which the Bank leases from the LLC. The Company operates through the Bank and is headquartered in Everett, Washington, which by population is the largest city in, and the county seat of, Snohomish County. The Company’s business is conducted through two reportable segments: The community bank and CCBX. The community bank offers a full range of banking services to small and medium-sized businesses, professionals, and individuals throughout the greater Puget Sound region through its 14 branches in Snohomish, Island and King Counties, the Internet, and its mobile banking application. The Company also has a CCBX segment which provides Banking as a Service (“BaaS”) enabling broker dealers and digital financial service providers to offer their clients banking services. Through CCBX’s partners the Company is able to offer banking services and products across the nation. The Bank’s deposits are insured in whole or in part by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”). The community bank’s loans and deposits are primarily within the greater Puget Sound region, while CCBX loans and deposits are dependent upon the partner’s market. The Bank’s primary funding source is deposits from customers. The Bank is subject to regulation and supervision by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System and the Washington State Department of Financial Institutions Division of Banks. The Federal Reserve also has regulatory and supervisory authority over the Company.
Financial Statement Preparation	Financial statement presentation - The accompanying audited consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) for reporting requirements and practices within the banking industry. Amounts presented in the consolidated financial statements and footnote tables are rounded and presented in thousands of dollars except per-share amounts, which are presented in dollars. In the narrative footnote discussion, amounts are rounded to thousands and presented in dollars. In management’s opinion, all accounting adjustments necessary to accurately reflect the financial position and results of operations on the accompanying consolidated financial statements have been made. These adjustments include normal and recurring accruals considered necessary for a fair and accurate presentation.
Principles of Consolidation	Principles of consolidation - The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company, the Bank and the LLC. All significant intercompany accounts have been eliminated in consolidation.
Estimates	Estimates - The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Management believes that its critical accounting estimates include determining the allowance for loan losses, the fair value of the Company’s financial instruments, and the valuation of deferred tax assets, financial instruments, and other fair value measurements. Actual results could differ significantly from those estimates.
Subsequent Events	Subsequent Events - The Company has evaluated events and transactions subsequent to December 31, 2022 for potential recognition or disclosure. On January 31, 2023 the Company extended its lease agreement for the Everett location. This renewal was for less square footage, at reduced monthly expense and was extended for an additional ten years. As discussed in Note 6, this facility is leased from a group of investors, one of which is a director.
Cash Equivalents and Cash Flows	Cash equivalents and cash flows - For purposes of reporting cash flows, cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand and in banks and interest-bearing deposits. All have original maturities of three months or less. CDs with other financial institutions, federal funds sold and cash flows from loans and deposits are reported as net increases or decreases under cash flows from investing activities or from financing activities. The Company maintains its cash in depository institution accounts, which, at times, may exceed federally insured limits. The Company monitors these institutions and has not experienced any losses in such accounts.
Investment Securities	Investment securities - Debt securities that management has the ability and intent to hold to maturity are classified as held-to-maturity and carried at amortized cost. The amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts are recognized in interest income using the interest method or methods approximating the interest method over the period to maturity. Debt securities not classified as held-to-maturity are classified as available-for-sale. Such securities may be sold to facilitate the Company’s asset/liability management strategies and in response to changes in interest rates and similar forces. Securities available-for-sale are carried at fair value with unrealized gains and losses reported in other comprehensive income. Realized gains (losses) on securities available-for-sale are included in noninterest income and, when applicable, are reported as a reclassification adjustment in other comprehensive income. Gains and losses on sales of securities are recorded on the trade date and are determined on the specific-identification method. Declines in the fair value of individual held-to-maturity and available-for-sale securities below their amortized cost that are other than temporary result in write-downs of the individual securities to their fair value. The related write-downs are included in earnings as realized losses. In estimating other-than-temporary impairment losses, management considers (1) the length of time and the extent to which the fair value has been less than cost, (2) the financial condition and near-term prospects of the issuer, and (3) the intent and ability of the Company to retain its investment in the issuer for a period of time sufficient to allow for any anticipated recovery in fair value.
Other Investments	Other investments - Other investments on the balance sheet consists of direct equity investments in stock of the Federal Home Loan Bank of Des Moines (“FHLB”), the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco (“FRB”), Pacific Coast Banker’s Bancshares, as well as investments in bank technology funds. As a Federal Reserve member bank, the Bank is required to own stock in the FRB in an amount based on the Bank’s capital. The recorded amount of the FRB stock equals its fair value because the shares can only be redeemed by the FRB at their par value. The Bank’s investment in FRB stock was $4.3 million and $2.8 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The Bank, as a member of the FHLB, is required to maintain an investment in capital stock of FHLB in an amount equal to 4% of advances outstanding, plus 0.12% of total assets from the prior fiscal year end. The recorded amount of FHLB stock equals its fair value because the shares can only be redeemed by FHLB at the $1 per share par value. The investment in FHLB stock was $3.2 million and $3.1 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The investment in Pacific Coast Banker’s Bancshares (“PCBB”) stock consists of an equity security. This investment is carried at its cost of $100,000 at December 31, 2022 and 2021, which approximates its fair value. The Company has the following equity investments which do not have a readily determinable fair value and are held at cost minus impairment if any, plus or minus observable price changes in orderly transactions for an identical or similar investment of the same issuer. This method will be applied until the investments do not qualify for the measurement election (e.g., if the investment has a readily determinable fair value). The Company will reassess at each reporting period whether the equity investments without a readily determinable fair value qualifies to be measured at cost minus impairment. These equity investments without a readily determined fair value include: •As of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 the Company has a $2.2 million equity interest in a specialized bank technology company. During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company reassessed the value and recognized a $1.5 million unrealized holding gain as a result of an observable price change. •During the year ended December 31, 2022 the Company re-evaluated the value and recorded an impairment of $100,000 on a $500,000 equity investment in a technology company that was valued at $100,000 on December 31, 2021, bringing the carrying value to zero as of December 31, 2022. This investment has been written off and is no longer carried on the Company’s books. •The Company contributed $350,000 in a technology company during the year ended December 31, 2022. There was no equity ownership in this company as of December 31, 2021.
Loans and Allowance for Loan Losses	Loans and allowance for loan losses – Loans are stated at the principal amount outstanding less the allowance for loan losses and net of any deferred fees or costs on originated loans, and unamortized premiums or discounts on purchased loans. Loan fees and certain direct loan origination costs are deferred, and the net fee or cost is recognized as an adjustment to interest income using the level yield methodology and a method that approximates the level yield methodology. Interest income on loans is recognized based upon the principal amounts outstanding. The accrual of interest on community bank loans is discontinued when, in management’s opinion, the borrower may be unable to meet payments as they become due or when they are 90 days past due as to either principal or interest, unless they are well secured and in the process of collection. When interest accrual is discontinued, all unpaid accrued interest is reversed against current income. If management determines that the ultimate collectability of principal or interest is in doubt, cash receipts on nonaccrual loans are applied to reduce the principal balance on a cash-basis method, until the loans qualify for return to accrual status or principal is paid in full. Loans are returned to accrual status when all principal and interest amounts contractually due are brought current, borrower has demonstrated ability to make regular payments, generally a period of at least six months, and future payments are reasonably assured. For installment/closed-end, and revolving/open-end consumer loans originated through CCBX lending partners loans will accrue interest until 120 and 180 days past due, respectively, which is consistent with regulatory guidelines for consumer loans of this nature, and an allowance is recorded through provision expense for these probable incurred losses. For installment/closed-end and revolving/open-end consumer loans originated through CCBX lending partners with balances outstanding beyond 120 days and 180 days, respectively, principal and capitalized interest outstanding is charged off against the allowance and accrued interest outstanding is reversed against interest income. The allowance for loan losses is comprised of amounts charged against income in the form of the provision for loan losses, less charged-off loans, net of recoveries. When available information confirms that specific loans or portions thereof are uncollectible, identified amounts are charged against the allowance for loan losses. The existence of some or all of the following criteria will generally confirm that a loss has been incurred: (1) the loan is significantly delinquent and the borrower has not demonstrated the ability or intent to bring the loan current; (2) the Company has no recourse to the borrower or if it does, the borrower has insufficient assets to pay the debt; (3) the estimated fair value of the loan collateral is significantly below the current loan balance; and (4) there is little or no near-term prospect for improvement. Subsequent recoveries, if any, are credited to the allowance for loan losses. The allowance for loan losses is evaluated on a regular basis by management and is based upon management’s periodic review of the collectability of the loans in light of historical experience, the nature and volume of the loan portfolio, adverse situations that may affect the borrower’s ability to repay, estimated value of any underlying collateral, and prevailing economic conditions. This evaluation is inherently subjective as it requires estimates that are susceptible to significant revision as more information becomes available. The allowance consists of specific and general components. The specific component relates to loans that are determined to be impaired. For such loans (including troubled debt restructurings), an allowance is established when the discounted cash flows (or collateral value or observable market price) of the impaired loan is lower than the carrying value of that loan. The general component covers various loans and is based on the probability of default and loss given default, type of loan, peer information, risk rating and adjusted for qualitative and quantitative trends in the portfolio, including the internal risk classification of loans, historical loss rates, changes in the nature and volume of the loan portfolio, industry or borrower concentrations, delinquency trends, detailed reviews of significant loans with identified weaknesses and the impacts of local, regional and national economic factors on the quality of the loan portfolio. Community bank and CCBX loans are assessed at either the individual loan level or pooled, depending on loan type and characteristics of the loan. Consumer loans and smaller balance loans are typically assessed as homogeneous loan pools. Based on management’s analysis, the Company records a provision for loan losses to maintain the allowance at appropriate levels. CCBX lending partners originate various loan types, and as of December 31, 2022, include consumer, commercial and home equity loans. CCBX consumer loans typically have a higher level of expected losses than community bank loans which is reflected in the higher loss factors for the allowance for loan losses. Estimated loss rates for CCBX loans vary by partner, and might be based on actual partner experience, realized losses or losses for comparable products, industry averages, or the Company’s loss rate for similar loans. Many of the agreements with our CCBX partners provide for a credit enhancement which helps protect the Bank by absorbing incurred losses. CCBX credit enhancements are free-standing and are accounted separately from the allowance for loan loss. In accordance with accounting guidance, we estimate and record a provision for probable losses for these CCBX loans, without regard to the credit enhancement. When the provision for loan losses is recorded, a free-standing credit enhancement asset is recorded on the balance sheet through noninterest income (BaaS fees -credit enhancement). Charge-offs of CCBX partner loans are recorded against the allowance for loan losses. When collected from the credit enhancement cash reserve account or the CCBX partner, the credit enhancement asset is relieved. If a CCBX lending partner is unable to fulfill its contractual obligations under the credit enhancement, then the Bank would be exposed to additional loan losses as a result of this counterparty risk and would have to absorb any loan losses associated with the CCBX partner that cannot fulfill its contractual obligations. Management believes the balance would be recoverable in the event of bankruptcy of the partner, but there are no guarantees that bankruptcy court will rule in the Company’s favor. Additionally, CCBX partners are required to maintain and/or regularly replenish funding in their cash reserve accounts. Credit-worthiness of CCBX partners are evaluated as part of initial due diligence and quarterly thereafter. The Company has not incurred any counterparty losses to date. A community bank loan is considered impaired when, based on current information and events, it is probable that the Company will be unable to collect the scheduled payments of principal or interest when due according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement. Factors considered by management in determining impairment include payment status, collateral value, and the probability of collecting scheduled principal and interest payments when due. Loans that experience insignificant payment delays and payment shortfalls generally are not classified as impaired. Management determines the significance of payment delays and payment shortfalls on a case-by-case basis, taking into consideration all of the circumstances surrounding the loan and the borrower, including the length of the delay, the reasons for the delay, the borrower’s prior payment record, and the amount of the shortfall in relation to the principal and interest owed. Impairment is measured on a loan-by-loan basis for commercial and construction loans by either the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the loan’s effective interest rate, the loan’s obtainable market price, or the fair value of the collateral if the loan is collateral-dependent. CCBX loans are treated as homogenous pools and are not subject to individual impairment analysis. A troubled debt restructuring (“TDR”) is a loan for which the Company, for reasons related to the borrower’s financial difficulties, grants a concession to the borrower that the Company would not otherwise consider. TDRs are individually evaluated for impairment and included in the separately identified impairment disclosures. TDRs are measured at the present value of estimated future cash flows using the loan’s effective rate at inception. If a TDR is considered to be a collateral-dependent loan, the loan is reported, net, at the fair value of the collateral. For TDRs that subsequently default, the Company determines the amount of allowance on that loan in accordance with the accounting policy for the allowance for loan losses on loans individually identified as impaired. The Company incorporates recent historical experience with TDRs including the performance of TDRs that subsequently default into the calculation of the allowance by loan portfolio segment.
Loans Held-for-Sale	Loans held-for-sale - During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company transferred $152.5 million in CCBX loans receivable to loans held for sale. These CCBX loans held for sale consist of the portion of loans originated by CCBX partners that the Company intends to sell back to the CCBX partner or affiliated entity generally at par. The loans sold to the originating partners are in accordance with partner agreements and are sold for credit risk and concentration management and other purposes. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021 there were no loans held for sale. Community bank loans held-for-sale consist of the guaranteed portion of SBA loans and USDA loans the Company intends to sell after origination and are reflected at the lower of aggregate cost or fair value. Loans are generally sold with servicing of the sold portion retained by the Company when the sale of the loan occurs, the premium received is combined with the estimated present value of future cash flows on the related servicing asset and recorded as a gain on sale of loans in noninterest income. There were no loans held for sale at December 31, 2022 and 2021.
Loan Sales Recognition	Loan sales recognition - The Company recognizes a sale on loans if the transferred portion (or portions) and any portion that continues to be held by the transferor are participating interests. Participating interest is defined as a portion of a financial asset that (a) conveys proportionate ownership rights with equal priority to each participating interest holder, (b) involves no recourse (other than standard representations and warranties), and (c) does not entitle any participating interest holder to receive cash before any other participating interest holder. The transfer of the participating interest (or participating interests) must also meet the conditions for surrender of control. To determine the gain or loss on sale of loans, the Company’s investment in the loan is allocated among the retained portion of the loan, the servicing retained, and the sold portion of the loan, based on the relative fair market value of each portion. The gain or loss on the sold portion of the loan is based on the difference between the sale proceeds and the allocated investment in the sold portion of the loan. A discount is recorded against the carrying value of the retained portion of the loan to offset the fair value allocation of said retained portion. The Company retains the servicing on the sold guaranteed portion of SBA and USDA loans. The Company receives a fee for servicing the loan. The Company also retains the servicing on the sold guaranteed portion of MSLP loans. The net deferred fee on the sold portion of the loan is recognized when sold. The Company does not retain the servicing on sold CCBX loans.
SBA and USDA Servicing Assets	SBA and USDA servicing - The Company accounts for SBA and USDA servicing rights as separately recognized servicing rights and initially measures them at fair value. Fair value is based on market prices for comparable servicing contracts, when available, or alternatively, is based on a valuation model that calculates the present value of estimated future net servicing income. The Company subsequently measures each SBA and USDA servicing asset using the amortization method. Under the amortization method, servicing assets are amortized into noninterest income in proportion to, and over the period of, estimated net servicing income. The amortized assets are assessed for impairment or increased obligations, at the loan level, based on the fair value of each reporting date. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, SBA and USDA servicing assets totaled $183,000 and $269,000, respectively, and are included in other assets on the consolidated balance sheets, and SBA and USDA loans serviced totaled $14.3 million and $19.3 million, as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 respectively.
Reserve for Unfunded Commitments	Reserve for unfunded commitments - A reserve for unfunded commitments is maintained at a level that, in the opinion of management, is adequate to absorb probable losses associated with the Company’s commitment to lend funds under existing agreements, such as letters or lines of credit. Management determines the adequacy of the reserve for unfunded commitments based on review of individual credit facilities, current economic conditions, and risk characteristics of the various categories of commitments and other relevant factors. The reserve is based on estimates, and ultimate losses may vary from the current estimates. These estimates are evaluated on a regular basis and adjustments are reported in earnings in the periods in which they become known. Draws on unfunded commitments that are considered uncollectible at the time funds are advanced are charged to the allowance for loan losses. Provision for unfunded commitments losses are added to the reserve for unfunded commitments, which is included in the other liabilities section of the consolidated balance sheets. The reserve for unfunded commitments was $974,000 and $1.3 million as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and includes a reserve for community bank loans and CCBX loans. The Company has determined that no allowance is necessary for the portion of the unfunded commitment of the loan portfolio that is unconditionally cancelable. Additionally, agreements with our CCBX partners provide for a credit enhancement against losses. When the provision for unfunded commitments is recorded, a credit enhancement asset is also recorded on the consolidated balance sheet through noninterest income (BaaS fees -credit enhancement). Any incurred losses would be recorded in the allowance for loan losses, and as the credit enhancement recoveries are received from the CCBX partner, the credit enhancement asset on the balance sheet is relieved.
Premises and Equipment	Premises and equipment - Premises and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation expense is computed using the straight-line method based upon the estimated useful lives of the assets. Asset lives range from three to thirty-nine years. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the expected term of the lease or the estimated useful life of the improvement, whichever is less. Maintenance and repairs are charged to operating expenses. Renewals and betterments are added to the asset accounts and depreciated over the periods benefited. Depreciable assets sold or retired are removed from the asset and related accumulated depreciation accounts and any gain or loss is reflected in the income statement. These assets are reviewed for impairment when events indicate their carrying value may not be recoverable. If management determines impairment exists, the asset is reduced with an offsetting charge to the income statement.
Transfers of Financial Assets	Transfers of financial assets - Transfers of an entire financial asset are accounted for as sales when control over the assets has been surrendered. Control over transferred assets is deemed to be surrendered when: (1) a group of financial assets or a participating interest in an entire financial asset has been isolated from the Company, (2) the transferee obtains the right (free of conditions that constrain it from taking advantage of that right) to pledge or exchange the transferred assets, and (3) the Company does not maintain effective control over the transferred assets through an agreement to repurchase them before their maturity.
Other Real Estate Owned and Repossessed Assets	Other real estate owned and repossessed assets - Other real estate owned and repossessed assets are foreclosed property held pending disposition and are initially recorded at fair value less estimated selling costs when acquired, establishing a new cost basis. At foreclosure, if the fair value of the asset acquired less estimated selling costs is less than the Company’s recorded investment in the related loan, a write-down is recognized through a charge to the allowance for loan losses. Costs of significant property improvements that increase the value of the property are capitalized, whereas costs relating to holding the property are expensed. Valuations are periodically performed by management, and a valuation allowance is established for subsequent declines, which are recorded as a charge to income, if necessary, to reduce the carrying value of the property to its fair value less estimated selling costs.
Leases	Leases - The Company accounts for its leases in accordance with ASC 842 - Leases. Most leases are recognized on the balance sheet by recording a right-of-use asset and lease liability for each lease. The right-of-use asset represents the right to use the asset under lease for the lease term, and the lease liability represents the contractual obligation to make lease payments. The right-of-use asset is tested for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying amount may not be recoverable. As a lessee, the Company enters into operating leases for certain Bank branches. The right-of-use assets and lease liabilities are initially recognized based on the net present value of the remaining lease payments which include renewal options where the Company is reasonably certain they will be exercised. The net present value is determined using the incremental collateralized borrowing rate at commencement date. The right-of-use asset is measured at the amount of the lease liability adjusted for any prepaid rent, lease incentives and initial direct costs incurred. The right-of-use asset and lease liability is amortized over the individual lease terms. Lease expense for lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. For additional information regarding leases, see Note 6.
Income taxes	Income taxes - The Company and the Bank file a consolidated federal income tax return and state tax returns as applicable. Deferred income taxes result from temporary differences between the tax basis of assets and liabilities, and their reported amounts in the financial statements. Deferred taxes are temporary differences that will be recognized in future periods. As changes in tax law or rates are enacted, deferred tax assets and liabilities are adjusted through the provision for income taxes. Federal taxes are paid by the Bank to the Company based on the separate taxable income of the Bank. The Company and Bank maintain their records on the accrual basis of accounting for financial reporting and for income tax reporting purposes.
Stock-Based Compensation	Stock-based compensation - Compensation expense is recognized for stock options and restricted stock, based on the fair value of these awards at the grant date. A Black-Scholes model is utilized to estimate the fair value of stock options, while the market price of the Company’s common stock at the grant date is used for restricted stock awards and restricted stock units and is determined on the basis of objective criteria including trade data. Compensation cost is recognized over the requisite service period, generally defined as the vesting period. For awards with graded vesting, compensation cost is recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period for the entire award.
Earnings Per Common Share	Earnings per common share - Earnings per common share (“EPS”) is computed under the two-class method. Pursuant to the two-class method, nonvested stock based payment awards that contain non-forfeitable rights to dividends or dividend equivalents are participating securities and are included in the computation of EPS. The two-class method is an earnings allocation formula that determines earnings per share for each class of common stock and participating security according to dividends declared (or accumulated) and participation rights in undistributed earnings. Application of the two-class method resulted in the equivalent earnings per share to the treasury method. Basic earnings per common share is computed by dividing net earnings allocated to common shareholders by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the applicable period, excluding outstanding participating securities. Diluted earnings per common share is computed using the weighted-average number of shares determined for the basic earnings per common share computation plus the dilutive effect of stock using the treasury stock method. Stock options that are anti-dilutive are not included in the calculation of diluted EPS.
Comprehensive Income	Comprehensive income - Accounting principles generally require that recognized revenue, expenses, gains, and losses be included in net income. Certain changes in assets and liabilities, such as unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale investments, are reported as a separate component of the shareholders’ equity section of the balance sheets. Accumulated other comprehensive income consists of only one component: unrealized gains or losses on investment securities available-for-sale.
Business Segments	Business Segments – For financial reporting purposes, the Company has two segments: The community bank and CCBX. The community bank business is that of a traditional banking institution, gathering deposits and originating loans for portfolio in its market areas. The community bank offers a wide variety of deposit products to their customers. Lending activities include the origination of real estate, commercial and industrial, and consumer loans. Interest income on loans is the Company’s primary source of revenue, and is supplemented by interest income from investment securities, deposit service charges, and other service provided activities. In addition to traditional banking services the Company also has a CCBX segment which provides BaaS offerings that enable broker dealers and digital financial service providers to offer their clients banking services. The performance of the Company is reviewed and monitored by the Company’s executive management on a daily basis and the Board of Directors reviews and monitors the performance of the Company at minimum, on a monthly basis. For additional information regarding the business segments, see Note 21.
Advertising Costs	Advertising costs - Advertising costs are expensed as incurred or over the period of the campaign/promotion.
Reclassifications	Reclassifications - Certain amounts reported in prior years' consolidated financial statements have been reclassified to conform to the current presentation with no effect on shareholders’ equity or net income.
Recent Accounting Guidance Not Yet Effective	Recent Accounting Guidance Not Yet Effective In September 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments. The amendments replace the incurred loss impairment methodology in current GAAP with a methodology that reflects expected credit losses and requires consideration of a broader range of reasonable and supportable information to inform credit loss estimates. The amendment is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2020 and interim period within those annual periods. Our implementation was effective January 1, 2023 and was determined when we were a smaller reporting company. The Company is in the final steps of implementing a CECL allowance model which calculates reserves over the life of the loan and is largely driven by portfolio characteristics, economic outlook, and other key methodology assumptions versus the current accounting practice that utilizes the incurred loss model. The adoption of this ASU will result in a one-time cumulative-effect adjustment to the allowance for loan losses as of the day of adoption. The Company currently estimates a combined increase to our allowance for credit losses and reserve for unfunded loan commitments from 3% to 10%. This change will decrease the opening retained earnings balance as of January 1, 2023. The above range is disclosed due to the fact that the Company is still in the process of finalizing the CECL allowance model, including the review of assumptions related to qualitative adjustments and economic forecasts; finalizing the execution of internal controls; and evaluating the impact to our financial statement disclosures. The Company does not expect a material allowance for credit losses to be recorded on its available-for-sale debt securities for losses expected over the life of the security under the newly codified available-for-sale debt security impairment model, as the majority of these securities are government agency-backed securities for which the risk of credit loss is minimal. In March 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting, to provide temporary optional expedients and exceptions to the U.S. GAAP guidance on contract modifications and hedge accounting to ease the financial reporting burdens of the expected market transition from LIBOR and other interbank offered rates to alternative reference rates, such as Secured Overnight Financing Rate. Entities can elect not to apply certain modification accounting requirements to contracts affected by what the guidance calls reference rate reform, if certain criteria are met. An entity that makes this election would not have to remeasure the contracts at the modification date or reassess a previous accounting determination. Also, entities can elect various optional expedients that would allow them to continue applying hedge accounting for hedging relationships affected by reference rate reform, if certain criteria are met, and can make a one-time election to sell and/or reclassify held-to-maturity debt securities that reference an interest rate affected by reference rate reform. The amendments in this ASU are effective for all entities upon issuance through December 31, 2022. The Company expects to be able to use other expedients in this guidance to manage through the transition away from LIBOR, specifically as they relate to loans and borrowing relationships. The adoption of this accounting guidance is not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements. In March 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-02, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures. The ASU eliminates the accounting guidance for TDR loans by creditors while enhancing disclosure requirements for certain loan refinancings and restructurings by creditors when a borrower is experiencing financial difficulty. Additionally, the ASU requires public business entities to disclose current-period gross write-offs by year of origination for financing receivables and net investments in leases. This ASU is effective upon adoption of ASU 2016-13. The Company is in the process of implementing this ASU and evaluating the impact adoption will have on the Company’s consolidated financial statement disclosures.

Description of Business and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Nature of operations - Coastal Financial Corporation (“Corporation” or “Company”) is a registered bank holding company whose wholly owned subsidiaries are Coastal Community Bank (“Bank”) and Arlington Olympic LLC. The Company is a Washington state corporation that was organized in 2003. The Bank was incorporated and commenced operations in 1997 and is a Washington state-chartered commercial bank and Federal Reserve System (“Federal Reserve”) state member bank. Arlington Olympic LLC was formed in 2020 and owns the Arlington branch, which the Bank leases from the LLC.

The Company operates through the Bank and is headquartered in Everett, Washington, which by population is the largest city in, and the county seat of, Snohomish County. The Company’s business is conducted through two reportable segments: The community bank and CCBX. The community bank offers a full range of banking services to small and medium-sized businesses, professionals, and individuals throughout the greater Puget Sound region through its 14 branches in Snohomish, Island and King Counties, the Internet, and its mobile banking application. The Company also has a CCBX segment which provides Banking as a Service (“BaaS”) enabling broker dealers and digital financial service providers to offer their clients banking services. Through CCBX’s partners the Company is able to offer banking services and products across the nation.

The Bank’s deposits are insured in whole or in part by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”). The community bank’s loans and deposits are primarily within the greater Puget Sound region, while CCBX loans and deposits are dependent upon the partner’s market. The Bank’s primary funding source is deposits from customers. The Bank is subject to regulation and supervision by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System and the Washington State Department of Financial Institutions Division of Banks. The Federal Reserve also has regulatory and supervisory authority over the Company.

Financial Statement Preparation

Financial statement presentation - The accompanying audited consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) for reporting requirements and practices within the banking industry. Amounts presented in the consolidated financial statements and footnote tables are rounded and presented in thousands of dollars except per-share amounts, which are presented in dollars. In the narrative footnote discussion, amounts are rounded to thousands and presented in dollars. In management’s opinion, all accounting adjustments necessary to accurately reflect the financial position and results of operations on the accompanying consolidated financial statements have been made. These adjustments include normal and recurring accruals considered necessary for a fair and accurate presentation.

Principles of Consolidation

Principles of consolidation - The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company, the Bank and the LLC. All significant intercompany accounts have been eliminated in consolidation.

Estimates

Estimates - The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Management believes that its critical accounting estimates include determining the allowance for loan losses, the fair value of the Company’s financial instruments, and the valuation of deferred tax assets, financial instruments, and other fair value measurements. Actual results could differ significantly from those estimates.

Subsequent Events

Subsequent Events - The Company has evaluated events and transactions subsequent to December 31, 2022 for potential recognition or disclosure. On January 31, 2023 the Company extended its lease agreement for the Everett location. This renewal was for less square footage, at reduced monthly expense and was extended for an additional ten years. As discussed in Note 6, this facility is leased from a group of investors, one of which is a director.

Cash Equivalents and Cash Flows

Cash equivalents and cash flows - For purposes of reporting cash flows, cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand and in banks and interest-bearing deposits. All have original maturities of three months or less. CDs with other financial institutions, federal funds sold and cash flows from loans and deposits are reported as net increases or decreases under cash flows from investing activities or from financing activities. The Company maintains its cash in depository institution accounts, which, at times, may exceed federally insured limits. The Company monitors these institutions and has not experienced any losses in such accounts.

Investment Securities

Investment securities - Debt securities that management has the ability and intent to hold to maturity are classified as held-to-maturity and carried at amortized cost. The amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts are recognized in interest income using the interest method or methods approximating the interest method over the period to maturity.

Debt securities not classified as held-to-maturity are classified as available-for-sale. Such securities may be sold to facilitate the Company’s asset/liability management strategies and in response to changes in interest rates and similar forces. Securities available-for-sale are carried at fair value with unrealized gains and losses reported in other comprehensive income. Realized gains (losses) on securities available-for-sale are included in noninterest income and, when applicable, are reported as a reclassification adjustment in other comprehensive income. Gains and losses on sales of securities are recorded on the trade date and are determined on the specific-identification method.

Declines in the fair value of individual held-to-maturity and available-for-sale securities below their amortized cost that are other than temporary result in write-downs of the individual securities to their fair value. The related write-downs are included in earnings as realized losses. In estimating other-than-temporary impairment losses, management considers (1) the length of time and the extent to which the fair value has been less than cost, (2) the financial condition and near-term prospects of the issuer, and (3) the intent and ability of the Company to retain its investment in the issuer for a period of time sufficient to allow for any anticipated recovery in fair value.

Other Investments

Other investments - Other investments on the balance sheet consists of direct equity investments in stock of the Federal Home Loan Bank of Des Moines (“FHLB”), the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco (“FRB”), Pacific Coast Banker’s Bancshares, as well as investments in bank technology funds.

As a Federal Reserve member bank, the Bank is required to own stock in the FRB in an amount based on the Bank’s capital. The recorded amount of the FRB stock equals its fair value because the shares can only be redeemed by the FRB at their par value. The Bank’s investment in FRB stock was $4.3 million and $2.8 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

The Bank, as a member of the FHLB, is required to maintain an investment in capital stock of FHLB in an amount equal to 4% of advances outstanding, plus 0.12% of total assets from the prior fiscal year end. The recorded amount of FHLB stock equals its fair value because the shares can only be redeemed by FHLB at the $1 per share par value. The investment in FHLB stock was $3.2 million and $3.1 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

The investment in Pacific Coast Banker’s Bancshares (“PCBB”) stock consists of an equity security. This investment is carried at its cost of $100,000 at December 31, 2022 and 2021, which approximates its fair value.

The Company has the following equity investments which do not have a readily determinable fair value and are held at cost minus impairment if any, plus or minus observable price changes in orderly transactions for an identical or similar investment of the same issuer. This method will be applied until the investments do not qualify for the measurement election (e.g., if the investment has a readily determinable fair value). The Company will reassess at each reporting period whether the equity investments without a readily determinable fair value qualifies to be measured at cost minus impairment. These equity investments without a readily determined fair value include:

•As of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 the Company has a $2.2 million equity interest in a specialized bank technology company. During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company reassessed the value and recognized a $1.5 million unrealized holding gain as a result of an observable price change.

•During the year ended December 31, 2022 the Company re-evaluated the value and recorded an impairment of $100,000 on a $500,000 equity investment in a technology company that was valued at $100,000 on December 31, 2021, bringing the carrying value to zero as of December 31, 2022. This investment has been written off and is no longer carried on the Company’s books.

•The Company contributed $350,000 in a technology company during the year ended December 31, 2022. There was no equity ownership in this company as of December 31, 2021.

Loans and Allowance for Loan Losses

Loans and allowance for loan losses – Loans are stated at the principal amount outstanding less the allowance for loan losses and net of any deferred fees or costs on originated loans, and unamortized premiums or discounts on purchased loans. Loan fees and certain direct loan origination costs are deferred, and the net fee or cost is recognized as an adjustment to interest income using the level yield methodology and a method that approximates the level yield methodology. Interest income on loans is recognized based upon the principal amounts outstanding.

The accrual of interest on community bank loans is discontinued when, in management’s opinion, the borrower may be unable to meet payments as they become due or when they are 90 days past due as to either principal or interest, unless they are well secured and in the process of collection. When interest accrual is discontinued, all unpaid accrued interest is reversed against current income. If management determines that the ultimate collectability of principal or interest is in doubt, cash receipts on nonaccrual loans are applied to reduce the principal balance on a cash-basis method, until the loans qualify for return to accrual status or principal is paid in full. Loans are returned to accrual status when all principal and interest amounts contractually due are brought current, borrower has demonstrated ability to make regular payments, generally a period of at least six months, and future payments are reasonably assured.

For installment/closed-end, and revolving/open-end consumer loans originated through CCBX lending partners loans will accrue interest until 120 and 180 days past due, respectively, which is consistent with regulatory guidelines for consumer loans of this nature, and an allowance is recorded through provision expense for these probable incurred losses. For installment/closed-end and revolving/open-end consumer loans originated through CCBX lending partners with balances outstanding beyond 120 days and 180 days, respectively, principal and capitalized interest outstanding is charged off against the allowance and accrued interest outstanding is reversed against interest income.

The allowance for loan losses is comprised of amounts charged against income in the form of the provision for loan losses, less charged-off loans, net of recoveries. When available information confirms that specific loans or portions thereof are uncollectible, identified amounts are charged against the allowance for loan losses. The existence of some or all of the following criteria will generally confirm that a loss has been incurred: (1) the loan is significantly delinquent and the borrower has not demonstrated the ability or intent to bring the loan current; (2) the Company has no recourse to the borrower or if it does, the borrower has insufficient assets to pay the debt; (3) the estimated fair value of the loan collateral

is significantly below the current loan balance; and (4) there is little or no near-term prospect for improvement. Subsequent recoveries, if any, are credited to the allowance for loan losses.

The allowance for loan losses is evaluated on a regular basis by management and is based upon management’s periodic review of the collectability of the loans in light of historical experience, the nature and volume of the loan portfolio, adverse situations that may affect the borrower’s ability to repay, estimated value of any underlying collateral, and prevailing economic conditions. This evaluation is inherently subjective as it requires estimates that are susceptible to significant revision as more information becomes available.

The allowance consists of specific and general components. The specific component relates to loans that are determined to be impaired. For such loans (including troubled debt restructurings), an allowance is established when the discounted cash flows (or collateral value or observable market price) of the impaired loan is lower than the carrying value of that loan. The general component covers various loans and is based on the probability of default and loss given default, type of loan, peer information, risk rating and adjusted for qualitative and quantitative trends in the portfolio, including the internal risk classification of loans, historical loss rates, changes in the nature and volume of the loan portfolio, industry or borrower concentrations, delinquency trends, detailed reviews of significant loans with identified weaknesses and the impacts of local, regional and national economic factors on the quality of the loan portfolio. Community bank and CCBX loans are assessed at either the individual loan level or pooled, depending on loan type and characteristics of the loan. Consumer loans and smaller balance loans are typically assessed as homogeneous loan pools. Based on management’s analysis, the Company records a provision for loan losses to maintain the allowance at appropriate levels.

CCBX lending partners originate various loan types, and as of December 31, 2022, include consumer, commercial and home equity loans. CCBX consumer loans typically have a higher level of expected losses than community bank loans which is reflected in the higher loss factors for the allowance for loan losses. Estimated loss rates for CCBX loans vary by partner, and might be based on actual partner experience, realized losses or losses for comparable products, industry averages, or the Company’s loss rate for similar loans. Many of the agreements with our CCBX partners provide for a credit enhancement which helps protect the Bank by absorbing incurred losses. CCBX credit enhancements are free-standing and are accounted separately from the allowance for loan loss. In accordance with accounting guidance, we estimate and record a provision for probable losses for these CCBX loans, without regard to the credit enhancement. When the provision for loan losses is recorded, a free-standing credit enhancement asset is recorded on the balance sheet through noninterest income (BaaS fees -credit enhancement). Charge-offs of CCBX partner loans are recorded against the allowance for loan losses. When collected from the credit enhancement cash reserve account or the CCBX partner, the credit enhancement asset is relieved. If a CCBX lending partner is unable to fulfill its contractual obligations under the credit enhancement, then the Bank would be exposed to additional loan losses as a result of this counterparty risk and would have to absorb any loan losses associated with the CCBX partner that cannot fulfill its contractual obligations. Management believes the balance would be recoverable in the event of bankruptcy of the partner, but there are no guarantees that bankruptcy court will rule in the Company’s favor. Additionally, CCBX partners are required to maintain and/or regularly replenish funding in their cash reserve accounts. Credit-worthiness of CCBX partners are evaluated as part of initial due diligence and quarterly thereafter. The Company has not incurred any counterparty losses to date.

A community bank loan is considered impaired when, based on current information and events, it is probable that the Company will be unable to collect the scheduled payments of principal or interest when due according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement. Factors considered by management in determining impairment include payment status, collateral value, and the probability of collecting scheduled principal and interest payments when due. Loans that experience insignificant payment delays and payment shortfalls generally are not classified as impaired. Management determines the significance of payment delays and payment shortfalls on a case-by-case basis, taking into consideration all of the circumstances surrounding the loan and the borrower, including the length of the delay, the reasons for the delay, the borrower’s prior payment record, and the amount of the shortfall in relation to the principal and interest owed. Impairment is measured on a loan-by-loan basis for commercial and construction loans by either the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the loan’s effective interest rate, the loan’s obtainable market price, or the fair value of the collateral if the loan is collateral-dependent. CCBX loans are treated as homogenous pools and are not subject to individual impairment analysis.

A troubled debt restructuring (“TDR”) is a loan for which the Company, for reasons related to the borrower’s financial difficulties, grants a concession to the borrower that the Company would not otherwise consider. TDRs are individually evaluated for impairment and included in the separately identified impairment disclosures. TDRs are measured at the present value of estimated future cash flows using the loan’s effective rate at inception. If a TDR is considered to be a collateral-dependent loan, the loan is reported, net, at the fair value of the collateral. For TDRs that subsequently default,

the Company determines the amount of allowance on that loan in accordance with the accounting policy for the allowance for loan losses on loans individually identified as impaired. The Company incorporates recent historical experience with TDRs including the performance of TDRs that subsequently default into the calculation of the allowance by loan portfolio segment.

Loans Held-for-Sale

Loans held-for-sale - During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company transferred $152.5 million in CCBX loans receivable to loans held for sale. These CCBX loans held for sale consist of the portion of loans originated by CCBX partners that the Company intends to sell back to the CCBX partner or affiliated entity generally at par. The loans sold to the originating partners are in accordance with partner agreements and are sold for credit risk and concentration management and other purposes. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021 there were no loans held for sale.

Community bank loans held-for-sale consist of the guaranteed portion of SBA loans and USDA loans the Company intends to sell after origination and are reflected at the lower of aggregate cost or fair value. Loans are generally sold with servicing of the sold portion retained by the Company when the sale of the loan occurs, the premium received is combined with the estimated present value of future cash flows on the related servicing asset and recorded as a gain on sale of loans in noninterest income. There were no loans held for sale at December 31, 2022 and 2021.

Loan Sales Recognition

Loan sales recognition - The Company recognizes a sale on loans if the transferred portion (or portions) and any portion that continues to be held by the transferor are participating interests. Participating interest is defined as a portion of a financial asset that (a) conveys proportionate ownership rights with equal priority to each participating interest holder, (b) involves no recourse (other than standard representations and warranties), and (c) does not entitle any participating interest holder to receive cash before any other participating interest holder. The transfer of the participating interest (or participating interests) must also meet the conditions for surrender of control.

To determine the gain or loss on sale of loans, the Company’s investment in the loan is allocated among the retained portion of the loan, the servicing retained, and the sold portion of the loan, based on the relative fair market value of each portion. The gain or loss on the sold portion of the loan is based on the difference between the sale proceeds and the allocated investment in the sold portion of the loan. A discount is recorded against the carrying value of the retained portion of the loan to offset the fair value allocation of said retained portion.

The Company retains the servicing on the sold guaranteed portion of SBA and USDA loans. The Company receives a fee for servicing the loan. The Company also retains the servicing on the sold guaranteed portion of MSLP loans. The net deferred fee on the sold portion of the loan is recognized when sold. The Company does not retain the servicing on sold CCBX loans.

SBA and USDA Servicing Assets

SBA and USDA servicing - The Company accounts for SBA and USDA servicing rights as separately recognized servicing rights and initially measures them at fair value. Fair value is based on market prices for comparable servicing contracts, when available, or alternatively, is based on a valuation model that calculates the present value of estimated future net servicing income. The Company subsequently measures each SBA and USDA servicing asset using the amortization method. Under the amortization method, servicing assets are amortized into noninterest income in proportion to, and over the period of, estimated net servicing income. The amortized assets are assessed for impairment or increased obligations, at the loan level, based on the fair value of each reporting date. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, SBA and USDA servicing assets totaled $183,000 and $269,000, respectively, and are included in other assets on the consolidated balance sheets, and SBA and USDA loans serviced totaled $14.3 million and $19.3 million, as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 respectively.

Reserve for Unfunded Commitments

Reserve for unfunded commitments - A reserve for unfunded commitments is maintained at a level that, in the opinion of management, is adequate to absorb probable losses associated with the Company’s commitment to lend funds under existing agreements, such as letters or lines of credit. Management determines the adequacy of the reserve for unfunded commitments based on review of individual credit facilities, current economic conditions, and risk characteristics of the various categories of commitments and other relevant factors. The reserve is based on estimates, and ultimate losses may vary from the current estimates. These estimates are evaluated on a regular basis and adjustments are reported in earnings in the periods in which they become known. Draws on unfunded commitments that are considered uncollectible at the time funds are advanced are charged to the allowance for loan losses. Provision for unfunded commitments losses are added to the reserve for unfunded commitments, which is included in the other liabilities section of the consolidated balance sheets. The reserve for unfunded commitments was $974,000 and $1.3 million as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and includes a reserve for community bank loans and CCBX loans. The Company has determined that no allowance is necessary for the portion of the unfunded commitment of the loan portfolio that is unconditionally cancelable. Additionally, agreements with our CCBX partners provide for a credit enhancement against losses. When the provision for unfunded commitments is recorded, a credit enhancement asset is also recorded on the consolidated balance sheet through noninterest income (BaaS fees -credit enhancement). Any incurred losses would be recorded in the allowance for loan losses, and as the credit enhancement recoveries are received from the CCBX partner, the credit enhancement asset on the balance sheet is relieved.

Premises and Equipment

Premises and equipment - Premises and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation expense is computed using the straight-line method based upon the estimated useful lives of the assets. Asset lives range from three to thirty-nine years. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the expected term of the lease or the estimated useful life of the improvement, whichever is less.

Maintenance and repairs are charged to operating expenses. Renewals and betterments are added to the asset accounts and depreciated over the periods benefited. Depreciable assets sold or retired are removed from the asset and related accumulated depreciation accounts and any gain or loss is reflected in the income statement. These assets are reviewed for impairment when events indicate their carrying value may not be recoverable. If management determines impairment exists, the asset is reduced with an offsetting charge to the income statement.

Transfers of Financial Assets

Transfers of financial assets - Transfers of an entire financial asset are accounted for as sales when control over the assets has been surrendered. Control over transferred assets is deemed to be surrendered when: (1) a group of financial assets or a participating interest in an entire financial asset has been isolated from the Company, (2) the transferee obtains the right (free of conditions that constrain it from taking advantage of that right) to pledge or exchange the transferred assets, and (3) the Company does not maintain effective control over the transferred assets through an agreement to repurchase them before their maturity.

Other Real Estate Owned and Repossessed Assets

Other real estate owned and repossessed assets - Other real estate owned and repossessed assets are foreclosed property held pending disposition and are initially recorded at fair value less estimated selling costs when acquired, establishing a new cost basis. At foreclosure, if the fair value of the asset acquired less estimated selling costs is less than the Company’s recorded investment in the related loan, a write-down is recognized through a charge to the allowance for loan losses. Costs of significant property improvements that increase the value of the property are capitalized, whereas costs relating to holding the property are expensed. Valuations are periodically performed by management, and a valuation allowance is established for subsequent declines, which are recorded as a charge to income, if necessary, to reduce the carrying value of the property to its fair value less estimated selling costs.

Leases

Leases - The Company accounts for its leases in accordance with ASC 842 - Leases. Most leases are recognized on the balance sheet by recording a right-of-use asset and lease liability for each lease. The right-of-use asset represents the right to use the asset under lease for the lease term, and the lease liability represents the contractual obligation to make lease payments. The right-of-use asset is tested for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying amount may not be recoverable.

As a lessee, the Company enters into operating leases for certain Bank branches. The right-of-use assets and lease liabilities are initially recognized based on the net present value of the remaining lease payments which include renewal options where the Company is reasonably certain they will be exercised. The net present value is determined using the incremental collateralized borrowing rate at commencement date. The right-of-use asset is measured at the amount of the lease liability adjusted for any prepaid rent, lease incentives and initial direct costs incurred. The right-of-use asset and lease liability is amortized over the individual lease terms. Lease expense for lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. For additional information regarding leases, see Note 6.

Income taxes

Income taxes - The Company and the Bank file a consolidated federal income tax return and state tax returns as applicable. Deferred income taxes result from temporary differences between the tax basis of assets and liabilities, and their reported amounts in the financial statements. Deferred taxes are temporary differences that will be recognized in future periods. As changes in tax law or rates are enacted, deferred tax assets and liabilities are adjusted through the provision for income taxes. Federal taxes are paid by the Bank to the Company based on the separate taxable income of the Bank. The Company and Bank maintain their records on the accrual basis of accounting for financial reporting and for income tax reporting purposes.

Stock-Based Compensation

Stock-based compensation - Compensation expense is recognized for stock options and restricted stock, based on the fair value of these awards at the grant date. A Black-Scholes model is utilized to estimate the fair value of stock options, while the market price of the Company’s common stock at the grant date is used for restricted stock awards and restricted stock units and is determined on the basis of objective criteria including trade data. Compensation cost is recognized over the requisite service period, generally defined as the vesting period. For awards with graded vesting, compensation cost is recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period for the entire award.

Earnings Per Common Share

Earnings per common share - Earnings per common share (“EPS”) is computed under the two-class method. Pursuant to the two-class method, nonvested stock based payment awards that contain non-forfeitable rights to dividends or dividend equivalents are participating securities and are included in the computation of EPS. The two-class method is an earnings allocation formula that determines earnings per share for each class of common stock and participating security according to dividends declared (or accumulated) and participation rights in undistributed earnings. Application of the two-class method resulted in the equivalent earnings per share to the treasury method.

Basic earnings per common share is computed by dividing net earnings allocated to common shareholders by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the applicable period, excluding outstanding participating securities. Diluted earnings per common share is computed using the weighted-average number of shares determined for the basic earnings per common share computation plus the dilutive effect of stock using the treasury stock method. Stock options that are anti-dilutive are not included in the calculation of diluted EPS.

Comprehensive Income

Comprehensive income - Accounting principles generally require that recognized revenue, expenses, gains, and losses be included in net income. Certain changes in assets and liabilities, such as unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale investments, are reported as a separate component of the shareholders’ equity section of the balance sheets. Accumulated other comprehensive income consists of only one component: unrealized gains or losses on investment securities available-for-sale.

Business Segments

Business Segments – For financial reporting purposes, the Company has two segments: The community bank and CCBX. The community bank business is that of a traditional banking institution, gathering deposits and originating loans for portfolio in its market areas. The community bank offers a wide variety of deposit products to their customers. Lending activities include the origination of real estate, commercial and industrial, and consumer loans. Interest income on loans is the Company’s primary source of revenue, and is supplemented by interest income from investment securities, deposit service charges, and other service provided activities. In addition to traditional banking services the Company also has a CCBX segment which provides BaaS offerings that enable broker dealers and digital financial service providers to offer their clients banking services. The performance of the Company is reviewed and monitored by the Company’s executive management on a daily basis and the Board of Directors reviews and monitors the performance of the Company at minimum, on a monthly basis. For additional information regarding the business segments, see Note 21.

Advertising Costs

Advertising costs - Advertising costs are expensed as incurred or over the period of the campaign/promotion.

Reclassifications

Reclassifications - Certain amounts reported in prior years' consolidated financial statements have been reclassified to conform to the current presentation with no effect on shareholders’ equity or net income.

Recent Accounting Guidance Not Yet Effective

In September 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments. The amendments replace the incurred loss impairment methodology in current GAAP with a methodology that reflects expected credit losses and requires consideration of a broader range of reasonable and supportable information to inform credit loss estimates. The amendment is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2020 and interim period within those annual periods. Our implementation was effective January 1, 2023 and was determined when we were a smaller reporting company. The Company is in the final steps of implementing a CECL allowance model which calculates reserves over the life of the loan and is largely driven by portfolio characteristics, economic outlook, and other key methodology assumptions versus the current accounting practice that utilizes the incurred loss model. The adoption of this ASU will result in a one-time cumulative-effect adjustment to the allowance for loan losses as of the day of adoption. The Company currently estimates a combined

increase to our allowance for credit losses and reserve for unfunded loan commitments from 3% to 10%. This change will decrease the opening retained earnings balance as of January 1, 2023. The above range is disclosed due to the fact that the Company is still in the process of finalizing the CECL allowance model, including the review of assumptions related to qualitative adjustments and economic forecasts; finalizing the execution of internal controls; and evaluating the impact to our financial statement disclosures.

The Company does not expect a material allowance for credit losses to be recorded on its available-for-sale debt securities for losses expected over the life of the security under the newly codified available-for-sale debt security impairment model, as the majority of these securities are government agency-backed securities for which the risk of credit loss is minimal.

In March 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting, to provide temporary optional expedients and exceptions to the U.S. GAAP guidance on contract modifications and hedge accounting to ease the financial reporting burdens of the expected market transition from LIBOR and other interbank offered rates to alternative reference rates, such as Secured Overnight Financing Rate. Entities can elect not to apply certain modification accounting requirements to contracts affected by what the guidance calls reference rate reform, if certain criteria are met. An entity that makes this election would not have to remeasure the contracts at the modification date or reassess a previous accounting determination. Also, entities can elect various optional expedients that would allow them to continue applying hedge accounting for hedging relationships affected by reference rate reform, if certain criteria are met, and can make a one-time election to sell and/or reclassify held-to-maturity debt securities that reference an interest rate affected by reference rate reform. The amendments in this ASU are effective for all entities upon issuance through December 31, 2022. The Company expects to be able to use other expedients in this guidance to manage through the transition away from LIBOR, specifically as they relate to loans and borrowing relationships. The adoption of this accounting guidance is not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In March 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-02, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures. The ASU eliminates the accounting guidance for TDR loans by creditors while enhancing disclosure requirements for certain loan refinancings and restructurings by creditors when a borrower is experiencing financial difficulty. Additionally, the ASU requires public business entities to disclose current-period gross write-offs by year of origination for financing receivables and net investments in leases. This ASU is effective upon adoption of ASU 2016-13. The Company is in the process of implementing this ASU and evaluating the impact adoption will have on the Company’s consolidated financial statement disclosures.