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Income Taxes
9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2018
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Taxes

(13) Income Taxes

The Company is subject to income tax in the United States as well as other tax jurisdictions in which it conducts business. Earnings from non-U.S. activities are subject to local country income tax. The Company does not provide for U.S. deferred income taxes on the undistributed earnings of its foreign subsidiaries as such earnings are reinvested indefinitely.

The Company’s tax provision for interim periods is determined using an estimate of its annual effective tax rate, adjusted for discrete items arising in that quarter. In each quarter, the Company updates its estimate of the annual effective tax rate, and if the estimated annual tax rate changes, the Company makes a cumulative adjustment in that quarter.

For the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, the Company recorded a provision for income taxes of $86,000 and a benefit of $79,000, respectively, resulting in an effective tax rate of 1.03% and a benefit of 1.83%, respectively. For the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, the Company recorded a provision for income taxes of $371,000 and a tax benefit of $65,000, respectively, resulting in an effective tax rate of 0.99% and benefit of 0.47%, respectively. During the current year periods, the effective tax rate is lower than the statutory federal tax rate as the Company was not able to benefit from its net operating losses due to its full valuation allowance.

As of September 30, 2018, the Company had gross tax-effected unrecognized tax benefits of $0.5 million, of which $0.4 million, if recognized, would favorably impact the effective tax rate. The Company’s existing tax positions will continue to generate an increase in unrecognized tax benefits in subsequent periods. The Company’s policy is to record interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits as income tax expense. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, the amounts recorded related to the accrual of interest and penalties were immaterial in each period.  

On December 22, 2017, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Tax Act”) was enacted into law. The new tax legislation contains several key tax provisions including the reduction of the U.S. corporate income tax rate to 21% effective January 1, 2018 as well as a variety of other changes including the limitation of tax deductibility of the interest expense, allowing for immediate expensing of certain qualified property and creating a territorial tax system.  ASC 740 requires us to recognize the effect of the tax law changes in the period of enactment.  However, in January 2018, the SEC issued Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118 to address the application of GAAP in situations when a registrant does not have the necessary information available, prepared, or analyzed (including computations) in reasonable detail to complete the accounting for certain income tax effects of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017. The accounting for all items is expected to be complete when the Company’s 2017 U.S. corporate income tax return is filed in October of 2018. Any differences between what was previously recorded and the final tax return amounts or estimates made for subsequent quarters are not expected to be material.