UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

Form 10-Q

☑ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended July 31, 2024

OR

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

Commission file number: 001-36568

HEALTHEQUITY, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware	52-2383166
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification Number)

15 West Scenic Pointe Drive

Suite 100

Draper, Utah 84020

(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip code)

(801) 727-1000

(Registrant's telephone Number, including Area Code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common stock, par value $0.0001 per share	HQY	The NASDAQ Global Select Market

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☑ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).  Yes ☑ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer	☑	Accelerated filer	☐
Non-accelerated filer	☐	Smaller reporting company	☐
		Emerging growth Company	☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☑

As of August 28, 2024, there were 87,324,465 shares of the registrant's common stock outstanding.

HealthEquity, Inc. and subsidiaries

Form 10-Q quarterly report

Table of contents

		Page
Part I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1.	Financial statements
	Condensed consolidated balance sheets as of July 31, 2024 (unaudited) and January 31, 2024	3
	Condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income for the three and six months ended July 31, 2024 and 2023 (unaudited)	4
	Condensed consolidated statements of stockholders' equity for the three and six months ended July 31, 2024 and 2023 (unaudited)	5
	Condensed consolidated statements of cash flows for the six months ended July 31, 2024 and 2023 (unaudited)	6
	Notes to condensed consolidated financial statements (unaudited)	8
Item 2.	Management's discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations	19
Item 3.	Quantitative and qualitative disclosures about market risk	35
Item 4.	Controls and procedures	36
Part II. OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1.	Legal proceedings	38
Item 1A.	Risk factors	38
Item 5.	Other information	39
Item 6.	Exhibits	40
	Signatures	41

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Part I. Financial information

Item 1. Financial statements

HealthEquity, Inc. and subsidiaries

Condensed consolidated balance sheets

(in thousands, except par value)	July 31, 2024		January 31, 2024
	(unaudited)
Assets
Current assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$	326,893	$	403,979
Accounts receivable, net of allowance for doubtful accounts of $2,831 and $3,947 as of July 31, 2024 and January 31, 2024, respectively	108,454		104,893
Other current assets	60,280		48,564
Total current assets	495,627		557,436
Property and equipment, net	4,592		6,013
Operating lease right-of-use assets	46,484		48,380
Intangible assets, net	1,254,210		835,948
Goodwill	1,648,145		1,648,145
Other assets	65,408		67,868
Total assets	$	3,514,466	$	3,163,790
Liabilities and stockholders’ equity
Current liabilities
Accounts payable	$	10,562	$	12,041
Accrued compensation	37,072		49,608
Accrued liabilities	63,379		46,038
Operating lease liabilities	9,895		9,404
Total current liabilities	120,908		117,091
Long-term liabilities
Long-term debt, net of issuance costs	1,101,400		874,972
Operating lease liabilities, non-current	46,158		48,766
Other long-term liabilities	25,497		19,270
Deferred tax liability	63,466		68,670
Total long-term liabilities	1,236,521		1,011,678
Total liabilities	1,357,429		1,128,769
Commitments and contingencies (see Note 5)
Stockholders’ equity
Preferred stock, $0.0001 par value, 100,000 shares authorized, no shares issued and outstanding as of July 31, 2024 and January 31, 2024, respectively	—		—
Common stock, $0.0001 par value, 900,000 shares authorized, 87,324 and 86,127 shares issued and outstanding as of July 31, 2024 and January 31, 2024, respectively	9		9
Additional paid-in capital	1,886,765		1,829,384
Accumulated earnings	270,263		205,628
Total stockholders’ equity	2,157,037		2,035,021
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	3,514,466	$	3,163,790

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

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HealthEquity, Inc. and subsidiaries

Condensed consolidated statements of operations and

comprehensive income (unaudited)

	Three months ended July 31,				Six months ended July 31,
(in thousands, except per share data)	2024		2023		2024		2023
Revenue
Service revenue	$	116,720	$	111,960	$	234,934	$	223,033
Custodial revenue	138,684		92,676		260,328		181,156
Interchange revenue	44,524		38,913		92,263		83,792
Total revenue	299,928		243,549		587,525		487,981
Cost of revenue
Service costs	76,915		76,904		159,262		157,777
Custodial costs	10,108		8,037		19,165		16,075
Interchange costs	8,853		6,943		17,908		13,994
Total cost of revenue	95,876		91,884		196,335		187,846
Gross profit	204,052		151,665		391,190		300,135
Operating expenses
Sales and marketing	21,525		19,123		45,019		39,058
Technology and development	58,580		54,767		114,670		107,959
General and administrative	32,260		27,825		70,496		53,363
Amortization of acquired intangible assets	30,981		23,166		56,526		46,332
Merger integration	1,777		2,044		3,920		5,502
Total operating expenses	145,123		126,925		290,631		252,214
Income from operations	58,929		24,740		100,559		47,921
Other expense
Interest expense	(15,427)		(13,272)		(27,222)		(28,269)
Other income, net	3,114		2,756		6,518		4,584
Total other expense	(12,313)		(10,516)		(20,704)		(23,685)
Income before income taxes	46,616		14,224		79,855		24,236
Income tax provision	10,794		3,643		15,220		9,561
Net income and comprehensive income	$	35,822	$	10,581	$	64,635	$	14,675
Net income per share:
Basic	$	0.41	$	0.12	$	0.74	$	0.17
Diluted	$	0.40	$	0.12	$	0.73	$	0.17
Weighted-average number of shares used in computing net income per share:
Basic	87,131		85,533		86,805		85,286
Diluted	88,646		86,341		88,606		86,356

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

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HealthEquity, Inc. and subsidiaries

Condensed consolidated statements of stockholders’ equity (unaudited)

	Three months ended July 31,				Six months ended July 31,
(in thousands)	2024		2023		2024		2023
Total stockholders' equity, beginning balance	$	2,097,784	$	1,918,592	$	2,035,021	$	1,895,640
Common stock:
Beginning balance	9		9		9		8
Issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock options, and for restricted stock	—		—		—		1
Ending balance	9		9		9		9
Additional paid-in capital:
Beginning balance	1,863,334		1,764,573		1,829,384		1,745,716
Issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock options, and for restricted stock	1,857		368		3,787		1,021
Stock-based compensation	21,574		20,073		53,594		38,277
Ending balance	1,886,765		1,785,014		1,886,765		1,785,014
Accumulated earnings
Beginning balance	234,441		154,010		205,628		149,916
Net income	35,822		10,581		64,635		14,675
Ending balance	270,263		164,591		270,263		164,591
Total stockholders' equity, ending balance	$	2,157,037	$	1,949,614	$	2,157,037	$	1,949,614

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

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HealthEquity, Inc. and subsidiaries

Condensed consolidated statements of cash flows (unaudited)

	Six months ended July 31,
(in thousands)	2024		2023
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income	$	64,635	$	14,675
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization	82,548		77,387
Stock-based compensation	53,594		38,277
Amortization of debt discount and issuance costs	1,428		1,461
Loss on extinguishment of debt	—		1,157
Deferred taxes	(5,204)		(8,138)
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable, net	(3,561)		4,254
Other assets	(9,345)		(8,526)
Operating lease right-of-use assets	3,365		6,594
Accrued compensation	(12,706)		(14,675)
Accounts payable, accrued liabilities, and other current liabilities	7,267		3,970
Operating lease liabilities, non-current	(3,840)		(8,175)
Other long-term liabilities	(4,623)		384
Net cash provided by operating activities	173,558		108,645
Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchases of software and capitalized software development costs	(25,329)		(18,794)
Purchases of property and equipment	(1,462)		(590)
Acquisitions of HSA portfolios	(452,241)		—
Net cash used in investing activities	(479,032)		(19,384)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Proceeds from long-term debt	225,000		—
Principal payments on long-term debt	—		(54,375)
Settlement of client-held funds obligation, net	(828)		(161)
Proceeds from exercise of common stock options	4,216		1,354
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities	228,388		(53,182)
Increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents	(77,086)		36,079
Beginning cash and cash equivalents	403,979		254,266
Ending cash and cash equivalents	$	326,893	$	290,345

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

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HealthEquity, Inc. and subsidiaries

Condensed consolidated statements of cash flows (unaudited) (continued)

	Six months ended July 31,
(in thousands)	2024		2023
Supplemental cash flow data:
Interest expense paid in cash	$	26,970	$	23,504
Income tax payments, net	13,471		15,113
Supplemental disclosures of non-cash investing and financing activities:
Purchases of software and capitalized software development costs included in accounts payable, accrued liabilities, or accrued compensation	3,370		3,228
Purchases of property and equipment included in accounts payable or accrued liabilities	70		300
Non-cash purchase consideration related to acquisitions of HSA portfolios	20,325		—
Exercise of common stock options receivable	—		50

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

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HealthEquity, Inc. and subsidiaries

Notes to condensed consolidated financial statements (unaudited)

Note 1. Summary of business and significant accounting policies

Business

HealthEquity, Inc. ("HealthEquity" or the "Company") was incorporated in the state of Delaware on September 18, 2002. HealthEquity is a leader in administering health savings accounts (“HSAs”) and complementary consumer-directed benefits (“CDBs”), which empower consumers to access tax-advantaged healthcare savings while also providing corporate tax advantages for employers.

Reclassifications

Certain reclassifications have been made to prior year amounts to conform to the current year presentation. The reclassifications relate primarily to recordkeeping and advisory fees associated with HSA investments, which were reclassified from custodial revenue to service revenue to better align the Company's financial statement presentation with the underlying drivers of the Company's revenue streams. The Company also reclassified certain immaterial personnel-related costs from custodial costs to service costs or general and administrative costs. The reclassifications had no impact on the Company's total revenue, income from operations, net income, cash flows, or stockholders' equity. The following table presents the impact of the reclassifications:

	Three months ended July 31, 2023						Six months ended July 31, 2023
(in thousands)	Prior presentation		Reclassifications		Current presentation		Prior presentation		Reclassifications		Current presentation
Service revenue	$	105,719	$	6,241	$	111,960	$	210,831	$	12,202	$	223,033
Custodial revenue	98,917		(6,241)		92,676		193,358		(12,202)		181,156
Interchange revenue	38,913		—		38,913		83,792		—		83,792
Total revenue	243,549		—		243,549		487,981		—		487,981
Total cost of revenue	92,619		(735)		91,884		189,225		(1,379)		187,846
Gross profit	150,930		735		151,665		298,756		1,379		300,135
Total operating expenses	126,190		735		126,925		250,835		1,379		252,214
Total other expense	(10,516)		—		(10,516)		(23,685)		—		(23,685)
Income tax provision	3,643		—		3,643		9,561		—		9,561
Net income	$	10,581	$	—	$	10,581	$	14,675	$	—	$	14,675

Principles of consolidation

The Company consolidates entities in which the Company has a controlling financial interest, which includes all of its wholly owned direct and indirect subsidiaries. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Basis of presentation

The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements as of July 31, 2024 and for the three and six months ended July 31, 2024 and 2023 are unaudited and have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("GAAP") and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") regarding interim financial reporting. In the opinion of management, the interim data includes all adjustments necessary for a fair presentation of the results for the interim periods. Certain information and note disclosures normally included in annual financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP have been condensed or omitted pursuant to such rules and regulations. Therefore, these condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes included in the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2024. The fiscal year-end condensed consolidated balance sheet data was derived from audited financial statements but does not include all disclosures required by GAAP.

Significant accounting policies

There have been no material changes in the Company’s significant accounting policies as compared to the significant accounting policies described in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2024.

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Recently adopted accounting pronouncements

None.

Recently issued accounting pronouncements not yet adopted

In November 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures. The ASU expands public entities’ segment disclosures by requiring disclosure of significant segment expenses that are regularly provided to the chief operating decision maker ("CODM") and included within each reported measure of segment profit or loss, an amount and description of other segment items, interim disclosure of a reportable segment’s profit or loss and assets, the title and position of the CODM, and an explanation of how the CODM uses the reported measure(s) of segment profit or loss in assessing segment performance and deciding how to allocate resources. The ASU requires public companies with a single reportable segment to provide the segment disclosures required by Topic 280 and will be effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. We are currently evaluating the ASU to determine its impact on our disclosures.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, which improves the transparency of income tax disclosures by requiring consistent categories and greater disaggregation of information in the effective tax rate reconciliation and income taxes paid disaggregated by jurisdiction. It also includes certain other amendments to improve the effectiveness of income tax disclosures. This guidance will be effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted. Upon adoption, the guidance can be applied prospectively or retrospectively. We are currently evaluating the ASU to determine its impact on our income tax disclosures.

Note 2. Net income per share

The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted net income per share:

	Three months ended July 31,				Six months ended July 31,
(in thousands, except per share data)	2024		2023		2024		2023
Numerator (basic and diluted):
Net income	$	35,822	$	10,581	$	64,635	$	14,675
Denominator (basic):
Weighted-average common shares outstanding	87,131		85,533		86,805		85,286
Denominator (diluted):
Weighted-average common shares outstanding	87,131		85,533		86,805		85,286
Weighted-average dilutive effect of stock options and restricted stock units	1,515		808		1,801		1,070
Diluted weighted-average common shares outstanding	88,646		86,341		88,606		86,356
Net income per share:
Basic	$	0.41	$	0.12	$	0.74	$	0.17
Diluted	$	0.40	$	0.12	$	0.73	$	0.17

For the three months ended July 31, 2024 and 2023, 0.1 million and 1.6 million shares, respectively, attributable to outstanding stock options and restricted stock units were excluded from the calculation of diluted net income per share as their inclusion would have been anti-dilutive.

For the six months ended July 31, 2024 and 2023, 0.1 million and 0.9 million shares, respectively, attributable to outstanding stock options and restricted stock units were excluded from the calculation of diluted net income per share as their inclusion would have been anti-dilutive.

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Note 3. Supplemental financial statement information

Selected condensed consolidated balance sheet and condensed consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive income components consisted of the following:

Prepaid expenses

As of July 31, 2024 and January 31, 2024, the Company had prepaid expenses of $42.7 million and $31.2 million, respectively, which are included within other current assets on the Company's condensed consolidated balance sheets.

Property and equipment

Property and equipment consisted of the following:

(in thousands)	July 31, 2024		January 31, 2024
Leasehold improvements	$	14,461	$	14,455
Furniture and fixtures	7,087		7,087
Computer equipment	23,450		25,489
Property and equipment, gross	44,998		47,031
Accumulated depreciation	(40,406)		(41,018)
Property and equipment, net	$	4,592	$	6,013

Depreciation expense was $1.3 million and $2.7 million for the three and six months ended July 31, 2024, respectively, and $2.0 million and $4.5 million for the three and six months ended July 31, 2023, respectively.

Contract balances

The Company does not recognize revenue until its right to consideration is unconditional and therefore has no related contract assets. The Company records a receivable when revenue is recognized prior to payment and the Company has unconditional right to payment. Alternatively, when payment precedes the related services, the Company records a contract liability, or deferred revenue, until its performance obligations are satisfied. As of July 31, 2024 and January 31, 2024, the balance of deferred revenue was $22.6 million and $6.2 million, respectively. The balance as of July 31, 2024 relates primarily to a contract with a depository partner, which the Company assumed in conjunction with the BenefitWallet HSA portfolio acquisition, as described in Note 5—Commitments and contingencies. The remainder of the balances as of July 31, 2024 and January 31, 2024 relates to cash received in advance for interchange and custodial revenue arrangements, other up-front fees and other commuter deferred revenue. The Company expects to recognize approximately 56% of its balance of deferred revenue as revenue over the next 12 months and the remainder thereafter. Amounts expected to be recognized as revenue within a period of 12 months or less are classified as accrued liabilities on the Company's condensed consolidated balance sheets, with the remainder included within other long-term liabilities. Revenue recognized during the three and six months ended July 31, 2024 that was included in the balance of deferred revenue as of January 31, 2024 was $1.3 million and $2.8 million, respectively. The Company expects to satisfy its remaining obligations for these arrangements.

Leases

The components of operating lease costs were as follows:

	Three months ended July 31,				Six months ended July 31,
(in thousands)	2024		2023		2024		2023
Operating lease expense	$	2,257	$	2,365	$	4,624	$	4,966
Sublease income	(985)		(619)		(1,957)		(981)
Net operating lease expense	$	1,272	$	1,746	$	2,667	$	3,985

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Other income, net

Other income, net, consisted of the following:

	Three months ended July 31,				Six months ended July 31,
(in thousands)	2024		2023		2024		2023
Interest income	$	3,103	$	2,484	$	6,984	$	4,082
Other income (expense), net	11		272		(466)		502
Total other income, net	$	3,114	$	2,756	$	6,518	$	4,584

Interest expense

Based on the application of Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") 470-50, Debt - Modifications and Extinguishments, the Company recorded a $1.2 million loss on extinguishment of debt due to the prepayment of $50.0 million under the Company's Prior Term Loan Facility (as defined in Note 6—Indebtedness) in April 2023, which is included within interest expense in the condensed consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive income for the six months ended July 31, 2023.

Supplemental cash flow information

Supplemental cash flow information related to the Company's operating leases was as follows:

	Six months ended July 31,
(in thousands)	2024		2023
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities:
Operating cash flows from operating leases	$	4,839	$	5,451
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for lease obligations	$	1,469	$	2,109

Note 4. Intangible assets and goodwill

Intangible assets

The gross carrying amount and associated accumulated amortization of intangible assets were as follows:

	July 31, 2024
(in thousands)	Gross carrying amount		Accumulated amortization		Net carrying amount
Amortizable intangible assets:
Software and software development costs	$	284,097	$	(211,765)	$	72,332
Acquired HSA portfolios	737,011		(100,039)		636,972
Acquired customer relationships	759,782		(230,973)		528,809
Acquired developed technology	132,825		(116,728)		16,097
Acquired trade names	12,900		(12,900)		—
Total amortizable intangible assets	$	1,926,615	$	(672,405)	$	1,254,210

	January 31, 2024
(in thousands)	Gross carrying amount		Accumulated amortization		Net carrying amount
Amortizable intangible assets:
Software and software development costs	$	267,498	$	(197,388)	$	70,110
Acquired HSA portfolios	264,445		(81,059)		183,386
Acquired customer relationships	759,782		(205,127)		554,655
Acquired developed technology	132,825		(105,049)		27,776
Acquired trade names	12,900		(12,879)		21
Total amortizable intangible assets	$	1,437,450	$	(601,502)	$	835,948

Amortization expense was $42.3 million and $79.9 million for the three and six months ended July 31, 2024, respectively, and $36.3 million and $72.8 million for the three and six months ended July 31, 2023, respectively.

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Goodwill

There were no changes to the carrying value of goodwill during the six months ended July 31, 2024.

Note 5. Commitments and contingencies

Commitments

The Company’s principal commitments consist of long-term debt, operating lease obligations for office space and data storage facilities, processing services agreements, software subscriptions, and other contractual commitments.

In September 2023, the Company entered into an agreement to acquire the BenefitWallet HSA portfolio from Conduent Business Services, LLC ("Conduent"). The transfer closed in a series of three tranches, as presented in the following table:

	Transfers to HealthEquity			Applicable purchase price
(in thousands, except HSA Assets)	HSAs	HSA Assets (in millions)		Paid using cash on hand		Paid using borrowings under the Prior Revolving Credit Facility		Total purchase price
March 7, 2024	266	$	1,071	$	163,974	$	—	$	163,974
April 11, 2024	134	555		34,925		50,000		84,925
May 9, 2024	216	1,047		1,101		175,000		176,101
Total	616	$	2,673	$	200,000	$	225,000	$	425,000

The BenefitWallet HSA portfolio acquisition was accounted for as an asset acquisition, and related acquisition costs were capitalized as part of the cost of the asset, which is included within intangible assets, net, on the Company's condensed consolidated balance sheet. The Company capitalized $27.2 million of transaction costs associated with the acquisition during the six months ended July 31, 2024, which includes the reimbursement of $20.0 million of Conduent's transfer-related expenses. In addition, in May 2024, the Company assumed a contract with a depository partner representing approximately 7% of the total HSA Assets added through the acquisition, which provides a custodial yield that is below current market rates and expires in June 2026. The Company recorded deferred revenue of $20.3 million in May 2024 as a result of the assumed contract, which will be recorded as an increase to custodial revenue over the life of the assumed contract.

There were no other material changes during the six months ended July 31, 2024, outside of the ordinary course of business, in the Company's commitments from those disclosed in its Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2024.

Contingencies

In the normal course of business, the Company enters into contracts and agreements that contain a variety of representations and warranties and provide for general indemnifications. The Company’s exposure under these agreements is unknown because it involves claims that may be made against the Company in the future but have not yet been made. The Company accrues a liability for such matters when it is probable that future expenditures will be made and such expenditures can be reasonably estimated.

Legal matters

In April 2021, WageWorks, Inc. ("WageWorks"), a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company, exercised its right to terminate a lease for office space in Mesa, Arizona that had not yet commenced, with aggregate lease payments of $63.1 million and a term of approximately 11 years, following the landlord's failure to fulfill its obligations under the lease agreement (the "Lease"). WageWorks' right to terminate the Lease was disputed by the landlord, Union Mesa 1, LLC (“Union Mesa”), which claimed that the Lease had commenced on December 1, 2020. On November 5, 2021, Union Mesa notified WageWorks that it was in default of the Lease for failure to pay rent, which Union Mesa claimed was due beginning in November 2021, after 11 months of abated rent. On November 24, 2021, Union Mesa drew $2.8 million, the full amount under the letter of credit that WageWorks had posted to secure its obligations under the Lease.

On December 1, 2021, WageWorks filed a lawsuit against Union Mesa in the Maricopa County Superior Court in the State of Arizona. On January 4, 2022, WageWorks filed an amended complaint, seeking a declaratory judgment that the Lease was properly terminated and recourse against Union Mesa for breach of contract, breach of the duty of good faith and fair dealing, and conversion, including return of the funds drawn under the letter of credit. In May and

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June 2022, Union Mesa filed an answer, counterclaim, and third-party complaint against WageWorks and the Company, denying WageWorks' claims and separately seeking recourse against WageWorks for breach of contract and breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing, as well as against the Company under the terms of its guaranty of WageWorks' obligations under the Lease. On July 21, 2022, WageWorks and the Company filed an answer to the counterclaim and the third-party complaint on its declaratory judgment claim that WageWorks' termination was improper under the Lease. On December 8, 2023, representatives from the parties participated in a court-ordered mediation held in Phoenix, Arizona, which was unsuccessful. On December 29, 2023, the Superior Court issued an order denying Union Mesa’s motion for partial summary judgment after finding that genuine issues of material fact exist. A trial is scheduled to start on December 9, 2024.

WageWorks is seeking damages relating to Union Mesa’s breach of the Lease and conversion of the letter of credit, including consequential damages, pre-judgment interest, and its attorneys’ fees. Union Mesa has denied liability for these damages. Through its claims, Union Mesa is seeking direct and consequential damages in an amount to be proven at trial and an award of its reasonable attorney fees, plus interest, until any damages or fees that are awarded are paid. According to Union Mesa, these damages include (i) all rent payments due under the Lease accruing from December 2, 2020 (including abated rent), (ii) late charges of 3% on past due amounts, (iii) interest on past due amounts at an interest rate of the prime rate plus 5%, (iv) costs incurred in reletting the premises, (v) attorneys’ fees negotiating the lease and related agreements, and (vi) any other amounts necessary to compensate Union Mesa for the detriment proximately caused by WageWorks’ alleged breach of the Lease. In addition, Union Mesa states that it intends to re-assert periodic actions against WageWorks to seek all amounts due from time to time through the remaining term of the Lease or until the premises are successfully relet.

The Company is subject to several putative class action lawsuits seeking unspecified damages as a result of a cybersecurity incident earlier this year in which a business partner's user account containing personally identifiable information was breached. The Company intends to vigorously defend these lawsuits. The amount of the potential loss associated with these lawsuits cannot be reasonably estimated based on currently available information.

The Company and its subsidiaries are involved in various other litigation, governmental proceedings and claims, not described above, that arise in the normal course of business. It is not possible to determine the ultimate outcome or the duration of such litigation, governmental proceedings or claims, or the impact that such litigation, proceedings and claims will have on the Company’s financial position, results of operations, and cash flows.

As required under GAAP, the Company records a provision for contingent losses when it is both probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. No loss accrual relating to these matters was recorded because, based on currently available information, the Company does not believe that any liabilities relating to these matters are probable or that the amount of any resulting loss is estimable. However, litigation is subject to inherent uncertainties and the Company’s view of these matters may change in the future. Were an unfavorable outcome to occur, there exists the possibility of a material adverse impact on the Company’s financial position, results of operations and cash flows for the period in which the unfavorable outcome occurs, and potentially in future periods.

Note 6. Indebtedness

Long-term debt consisted of the following:

(in thousands)	July 31, 2024		January 31, 2024
4.50% Senior Notes due 2029	$	600,000	$	600,000
Prior Term Loan Facility	286,875		286,875
Prior Revolving Credit Facility	225,000		—
Principal amount	1,111,875		886,875
Less: unamortized discount and issuance costs (1)	10,475		11,903
Total debt, net	1,101,400		874,972
Less: current portion of long-term debt	—		—
Long-term debt, net	$	1,101,400	$	874,972

(1)In addition to the $10.5 million and $11.9 million of unamortized discount and issuance costs related to long-term debt as of July 31, 2024 and January 31, 2024, respectively, $2.0 million and $2.5 million of unamortized issuance costs related to the Company's Prior Revolving Credit Facility (as defined below) are included within other assets on the condensed consolidated balance sheets as of July 31, 2024 and January 31, 2024, respectively.

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4.50% Senior Notes due 2029

On October 8, 2021, the Company completed its offering of $600 million aggregate principal amount of its 4.50% Senior Notes due 2029 (the “Notes”). The Notes were issued under an indenture (the “Indenture”), dated October 8, 2021, among the Company, the guarantors party thereto, and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as trustee.

The Notes are guaranteed by each of the Company’s existing, wholly owned domestic subsidiaries that guarantees its obligations under the Credit Agreement (as defined below) and are required to be guaranteed by any of the Company’s future subsidiaries that guarantee its obligations under the Credit Agreement or certain of its other indebtedness. The Notes will mature on October 1, 2029. Interest on the Notes is payable on April 1 and October 1 of each year. As of July 31, 2024 and January 31, 2024, the balance of accrued interest on the Notes was $9.0 million and $9.3 million, respectively, which is included within accrued liabilities on the Company's condensed consolidated balance sheets. The effective interest rate on the Notes is 4.72%.

The Notes are unsecured senior obligations of the Company and rank equally in right of payment to all of its existing and future senior unsecured debt and senior in right of payment to all of its future subordinated debt.

The Notes are redeemable at the Company’s option, in whole or in part, at any time on or after October 1, 2024, at a redemption price if redeemed during the 12 months beginning (i) October 1, 2024 of 102.250%, (ii) October 1, 2025 of 101.125%, and (iii) October 1, 2026 and thereafter of 100.000%, in each case of the principal amount of the Notes being redeemed, and together with accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to, but excluding, the date of redemption. The Company may also redeem some or all of the Notes before October 1, 2024 at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the Notes, plus the applicable “make-whole” premium as of, and accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to, but excluding, the date of redemption. In addition, at any time prior to October 1, 2024, the Company may redeem up to 40% of the aggregate principal amount of the Notes issued under the Indenture on one or more occasions in an aggregate amount equal to the net cash proceeds of one or more equity offerings at a redemption price equal to 104.500% of the principal amount of the Notes redeemed, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to, but excluding, the date of redemption. Furthermore, the Company may be required to make an offer to purchase the Notes upon the sale of certain assets or upon specific kinds of changes of control.

The Indenture contains covenants that impose significant operational and financial restrictions on the Company; however, these covenants generally align with the covenants contained in the Credit Agreement. See "Credit Agreement" below for a description of these covenants.

Credit Agreement

On August 23, 2024, the Company entered into a Credit Agreement (the “Credit Agreement”) among the Company, as borrower, each lender from time to time party thereto (the “Lenders”), JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent and the Swing Line Lender (as defined in the Credit Agreement), and each L/C Issuer (as defined therein) party thereto, pursuant to which the Company established a new five-year senior secured revolving credit facility (the “Revolving Credit Facility”) in an aggregate principal amount of up to $1.0 billion (with a $25 million sub-limit for the issuance of letters of credit). The Company borrowed $511.9 million under the Revolving Credit Facility to refinance the Prior Credit Agreement (as defined below). The Revolving Credit Facility may be used in the future for working capital and general corporate purposes, including the financing of acquisitions and other investments. As of August 23, 2024, the outstanding balance under the Revolving Credit Facility was $511.9 million.

Subject to the terms and conditions set forth in the Credit Agreement (including obtaining additional commitments from one or more new or existing lenders), the Company may in the future incur additional loans or commitments under the Credit Agreement in an aggregate principal amount of up to $450 million, plus an additional amount so long as the Company’s pro forma first lien net leverage ratio would not exceed 3.85 to 1.00 as of the date such loans or commitments are incurred.

Borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility bear interest at an annual rate equal to, at the Company’s option, either (i) the secured overnight financing rate published by the CME Group Benchmark Administration Limited (“Term SOFR”) (subject to a 0.10% “credit spread adjustment”) plus a margin ranging from 1.25% to 2.50% or (ii) an alternate base rate plus a margin ranging from 0.25% to 1.50%, with the applicable margin determined by reference to a leverage-based pricing grid set forth in the Credit Agreement. The Company is also required to pay certain fees to the Lenders, including, among others, a quarterly commitment fee on the average unused amount of the Revolving Credit Facility at a rate ranging from 0.25% to 0.50%, with the applicable rate also determined by reference to a leverage-based pricing grid set forth in the Credit Agreement.

The loans under the Revolving Credit Facility may be prepaid, and the commitments thereunder may be reduced by the Company without penalty or premium, subject to the reimbursement of customary “breakage costs.”

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The Credit Agreement contains customary affirmative and negative covenants, including covenants that limit, among other things, the ability of the Company and its subsidiaries to incur additional indebtedness, create liens, merge or dissolve, make investments, dispose of assets, engage in sale and leaseback transactions, make distributions and dividends and prepayments of junior indebtedness, engage in transactions with affiliates, enter into restrictive agreements, amend documentation governing junior indebtedness, modify its fiscal year and modify its organizational documents, in each case, subject to customary exceptions, thresholds, qualifications and “baskets.” In addition, the Credit Agreement contains financial performance covenants, which require the Company to maintain (i) a maximum total net leverage ratio, measured as of the last day of each fiscal quarter, of no greater than 5.00 to 1.00 beginning with the fiscal quarter ending January 31, 2025, and (ii) a minimum consolidated interest coverage ratio, measured as of the last day of each fiscal quarter, of no less than 3.00 to 1.00 beginning with the fiscal quarter ending January 31, 2025. The Company continues to be in compliance with all covenants under the Credit Agreement through the filing date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

The repayment obligation under the Credit Agreement may be accelerated upon the occurrence of an event of default thereunder, including, among other things, failure to pay principal, interest or fees on a timely basis, material inaccuracy of any representation or warranty, failure to comply with covenants, cross-default to other material debt, material judgments, change of control and certain insolvency or bankruptcy-related events, in each case, subject to any certain grace and/or cure periods.

The Company’s obligations under the Credit Agreement are required to be unconditionally guaranteed by each of its existing or subsequently acquired or organized direct and indirect domestic subsidiaries and are secured by security interests in substantially all assets of the Company and the guarantors, in each case, subject to certain customary exceptions.

Prior Credit Agreement

On October 8, 2021, the Company entered into a credit agreement (as amended, the “Prior Credit Agreement”) among the Company, as borrower, each lender from time to time party thereto (the “Prior Lenders”), JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent and the Swing Line Lender (as defined in the Prior Credit Agreement), and each L/C Issuer (as defined therein) party thereto, pursuant to which the Company established:

(i)a five-year senior secured term loan A facility (the “Prior Term Loan Facility”), in an aggregate principal amount of $350 million; and

(ii)a five-year senior secured revolving credit facility (the “Prior Revolving Credit Facility” and, together with the Prior Term Loan Facility, the “Prior Credit Facilities”), in an aggregate principal amount of up to $1.0 billion (with a $25 million sub-limit for the issuance of letters of credit).

Prior to June 1, 2023, borrowings under the Prior Credit Facilities bore interest at an annual rate equal to, at the option of the Company, either (i) LIBOR (adjusted for reserves) plus a margin ranging from 1.25% to 2.25% or (ii) an alternate base rate plus a margin ranging from 0.25% to 1.25%, with the applicable margin determined in either scenario by reference to a leverage-based pricing grid set forth in the Prior Credit Agreement.

On June 1, 2023, the Company entered into an amendment to the Prior Credit Agreement which replaced interest rate provisions based on LIBOR with the forward-looking term rate based on Term SOFR. As a result, borrowings under the Prior Credit Agreement as so amended bore interest at an annual rate equal to, at the option of the Company, either (i) Term SOFR, plus a 0.10% credit spread adjustment, plus a margin ranging from 1.25% to 2.25%, or (ii) an alternate base rate, plus a margin ranging from 0.25% to 1.25%, with the applicable margin determined in either scenario by reference to a leverage-based pricing grid set forth in the Prior Credit Agreement (as amended). As of July 31, 2024, the stated interest rate on the Prior Credit Facilities was 6.70% and the effective interest rate on the Prior Term Loan Facility was 7.46%.

The Company was also required to pay certain fees to the Prior Lenders, including, among others, a quarterly commitment fee on the average unused amount of the Prior Revolving Credit Facility at a rate ranging from 0.20% to 0.40%, with the applicable rate also determined by reference to a leverage-based pricing grid set forth in the Prior Credit Agreement. As of July 31, 2024, the Company had $225.0 million outstanding under its Prior Revolving Credit Facility and $286.9 million under the Prior Term Loan Facility.

The Prior Credit Agreement contained significant customary affirmative and negative covenants. The Company was in compliance with all covenants under the Prior Credit Agreement as of July 31, 2024, and for the period then ended. The Company continued to be in compliance with all covenants under the Prior Credit Agreement through the date on which the Prior Credit Agreement was terminated.

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On August 23, 2024, in connection with the entry into the Credit Agreement, the Company repaid all outstanding obligations in the amount of $511.9 million under the Prior Credit Agreement and terminated all commitments thereunder.

Note 7. Income taxes

The Company follows ASC 740-270, Income Taxes - Interim Reporting, for the computation and presentation of its interim period tax provision. Accordingly, management estimated the effective annual tax rate and applied this rate to pre-tax income through the end of the latest fiscal quarter to determine the interim income tax provision. For the three and six months ended July 31, 2024, the Company recorded an income tax provision of $10.8 million and $15.2 million, respectively. This resulted in an effective income tax rate of 23.2% and 19.1% for the three and six months ended July 31, 2024, respectively, compared with an effective income tax rate of 25.6% and 39.4% for the three and six months ended July 31, 2023, respectively. For the three and six months ended July 31, 2024 and 2023, discrete tax items impacting the effective tax rate were primarily due to differences in tax deductible stock-based compensation compared to GAAP stock-based compensation expense.

As of July 31, 2024 and January 31, 2024, the Company’s total gross unrecognized tax benefit was $21.2 million and $19.2 million, respectively. If recognized, $18.1 million of the total gross unrecognized tax benefits would affect the Company's effective tax rate as of July 31, 2024.

The Company files income tax returns with U.S. federal and state taxing jurisdictions and is currently under examination by California and Texas. These examinations may lead to ordinary course adjustments or proposed adjustments to the Company's taxes, net operating losses, and/or tax credit carryforwards. As a result of the Company's net operating loss carryforwards and tax credit carryforwards, the Company remains subject to examination by one or more jurisdictions for tax years after 2006.

Note 8. Stock-based compensation

The following table shows a summary of stock-based compensation in the Company's condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income during the periods presented:

	Three months ended July 31,				Six months ended July 31,
(in thousands)	2024		2023		2024		2023
Cost of revenue	$	2,934	$	4,393	$	7,459	$	7,999
Sales and marketing	3,850		3,478		8,173		6,257
Technology and development	6,454		4,283		12,394		9,175
General and administrative	8,336		7,919		25,568		14,846
Total stock-based compensation expense	$	21,574	$	20,073	$	53,594	$	38,277

Stock award plans

Incentive Plan. During the six months ended July 31, 2024, the Company adopted the HealthEquity, Inc. 2024 Equity Incentive Plan (the "Incentive Plan"), which provides for the issuance of stock awards to team members, consultants, and directors of the Company. Subject to adjustment as provided in the Incentive Plan, the aggregate number of shares of the Company’s common stock reserved and available for issuance pursuant to awards granted under the Incentive Plan is 4.1 million. As of July 31, 2024, 4.1 million shares were available for grant under the Incentive Plan. No further awards will be made under the Company’s 2014 Equity Incentive Plan.

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Stock options

A summary of stock option activity is as follows:

	Outstanding stock options
(in thousands, except for exercise prices and term)	Number of options	Range of exercise prices	Weighted- average exercise price		Weighted- average contractual term (in years)	Aggregate intrinsic value
Outstanding as of January 31, 2024	726	$14.00 - 73.61	$	36.91	2.5	$	28,067
Exercised	(219)	$14.00 - 47.21	$	17.30
Outstanding as of July 31, 2024	507	$21.27 - 73.61	$	45.38	2.8	$	16,780
Vested and expected to vest as of July 31, 2024	507		$	45.38	2.8	$	16,780
Exercisable as of July 31, 2024	507		$	45.38	2.8	$	16,780

Restricted stock units

A summary of restricted stock unit ("RSU") and performance restricted stock unit ("PRSU") activity is as follows:

	RSUs and PRSUs
(in thousands, except weighted-average grant date fair value)	Shares	Weighted-average grant date fair value
Outstanding as of January 31, 2024	3,363	$	67.96
Granted	1,027	85.01
Vested	(963)	65.88
Forfeited	(156)	71.95
Outstanding as of July 31, 2024	3,271	$	73.74

Performance restricted stock units. During the six months ended July 31, 2024, the Company awarded 182,044 PRSUs subject to a market condition based on the Company’s total shareholder return relative to the Russell 2000 index as measured on January 31, 2027. The Company used a Monte Carlo simulation to determine that the grant date fair value of the awards was $20.2 million. Compensation expense is recorded over the requisite service period if the service condition is met regardless of whether the market condition is satisfied. The market condition allows for a range of vesting from 0% to 200% based on the level of performance achieved. The PRSUs cliff vest upon approval by the Talent, Compensation and Culture Committee of the board of directors.

During the six months ended July 31, 2024, the Company awarded 60,682 PRSUs subject to the achievement of certain financial criteria measured on January 31, 2027. The PRSUs cliff vest and are issued upon approval by the Talent, Compensation and Culture Committee. The Company records stock-based compensation related to PRSUs over the requisite service period when it is considered probable that the performance conditions will be met. The Company believes it is probable that the PRSUs will vest at least in part. The vesting of the PRSUs will ultimately range from 0% to 200% of the number of shares underlying the PRSU grant based on the level of achievement of the performance goals.

Each of the PRSUs granted during the six months ended July 31, 2024 contain a provision such that upon the award holder's eligible retirement, the PRSUs would remain outstanding and eligible to vest based on achievement of their respective market or performance conditions without regard to the award holder’s continued employment on the vesting date. Based on the application of ASC 718, Compensation - Stock Compensation, expense is recognized over the requisite service period, which ends on the earlier of (1) the date of approval by the Talent, Compensation and Culture Committee or (2) the date the award holder becomes eligible for retirement (defined as at least 55 years old with least 10 years of service at the Company). As a result, the expense associated with PRSUs granted to retirement-eligible individuals was recorded on the grant date.

Note 9. Fair value

Fair value measurements are made at a specific point in time based on relevant market information. Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Accounting standards specify a hierarchy of valuation techniques based on whether the inputs to those valuation techniques are observable or unobservable. Observable inputs reflect data obtained from

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independent sources, while unobservable inputs reflect the Company’s market assumptions. These two types of inputs have created the following fair value hierarchy:

•Level 1—quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities;

•Level 2—inputs, other than the quoted prices in active markets, that are observable either directly or indirectly; and

•Level 3—unobservable inputs based on the Company’s own assumptions.

Cash and cash equivalents are considered Level 1 instruments and are valued based on publicly available daily net asset values. The carrying values of cash and cash equivalents approximate fair values due to the short-term nature of these instruments.

The Notes are valued based upon quoted market prices and are considered Level 2 instruments because the markets in which the Notes trade are not considered active markets. As of July 31, 2024, the fair value of the Notes was $565.1 million.

Borrowings under the Prior Credit Facilities were considered Level 2 instruments and recorded at book value in the Company's condensed consolidated financial statements. The Prior Credit Facilities repriced frequently due to variable interest rate terms and entailed no significant changes in credit risk. As a result, the fair value of the Prior Credit Facilities approximated carrying value.

Note 10. Subsequent events

As described in Note 6—Indebtedness, on August 23, 2024, the Company entered into the Credit Agreement, under which the Company borrowed $511.9 million to repay all outstanding obligations under the Prior Credit Agreement.

On September 3, 2024, the Company announced that its Board of Directors authorized a common stock repurchase program. Under the program, the Company may purchase up to $300 million of its common stock, as market conditions warrant. The common stock may be repurchased at prices that the Company deems appropriate and subject to market conditions, applicable law and other factors deemed relevant in the Company's sole discretion. Such repurchases may be effected through open market purchases, privately negotiated transactions or otherwise, including repurchase plans that satisfy the conditions of Rule 10b5-1 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. The stock repurchase program does not obligate the Company to repurchase any dollar amount or number of shares of common stock, and the program may be suspended or discontinued at any time.

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Item 2. Management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our condensed consolidated financial statements and related notes appearing elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. The following discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties, as well as assumptions that, if they never materialize or prove incorrect, could cause our results to differ materially from those expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Statements that are not purely historical are forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). Forward-looking statements are often identified by the use of words such as, but not limited to, “anticipate,” “believe,” “can,” “continue,” “could,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “may,” “plan,” “project,” “seek,” “should,” “target,” “will,” “would” and similar expressions or variations intended to identify forward-looking statements. Such statements include, but are not limited to, statements concerning our ability to integrate acquired businesses, the anticipated synergies and other benefits of acquired businesses and any future acquisitions, health savings accounts and other tax-advantaged consumer-directed benefits, tax and other regulatory changes, market opportunity, our future financial and operating results, our investment and acquisition strategy, our sales and marketing strategy, management’s plans, beliefs and objectives for future operations, technology and development, economic and industry trends or trend analysis, expectations about seasonality, opportunity for portfolio purchases and other acquisitions, operating expenses, anticipated income tax rates, capital expenditures, cash flows and liquidity. These statements are based on the beliefs and assumptions of our management based on information currently available to us. Such forward-looking statements are subject to risks, uncertainties and other important factors that could cause actual results and the timing of certain events to differ materially from future results expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include, but are not limited to, those identified below, and those discussed in the section titled “Risk factors” included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2024, this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and our other reports filed with the SEC. Furthermore, such forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this report. Except as required by law, we undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances after the date of such events.

Overview

We are a leader and an innovator in providing technology-enabled services that empower consumers to make healthcare saving and spending decisions. We use our innovative technology to manage consumers' tax-advantaged health savings accounts ("HSAs") and other consumer-directed benefits ("CDBs") offered by employers, including flexible spending accounts and health reimbursement arrangements (“FSAs” and “HRAs”), and to administer Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (“COBRA”), commuter and other benefits. As part of our services, we provide consumers with payment processing services, personalized benefit information, the ability to earn wellness incentives, and investment advice to grow their tax-advantaged healthcare savings.

The core of our offerings is the HSA, a financial account through which consumers spend and save long-term for healthcare expenses on a tax-advantaged basis. As of July 31, 2024, we administered 9.4 million HSAs, with balances totaling $29.5 billion, which we call HSA Assets, as well as 6.9 million complementary CDBs. We refer to the aggregate number of HSAs and other CDBs that we administer as Total Accounts, of which we had 16.3 million as of July 31, 2024.

We reach consumers primarily through relationships with their employers, which we call Clients. We reach Clients primarily through relationships with benefits brokers and advisors, integrated partnerships with a network of health plans, benefits administrators, benefits brokers and consultants, and retirement plan recordkeepers, which we call Network Partners, and a sales force that calls on Clients directly.

We have increased our share of the growing HSA market from 4% in December 2010 to 20% as of December 2023, measured by HSA Assets. According to Devenir, as of December 2023, we were the largest HSA provider by both accounts and HSA Assets. In addition, we believe we are the largest provider of other CDBs. We seek to differentiate ourselves through our service-driven culture, product breadth, ecosystem connectivity, and proprietary technology. Our proprietary technology allows us to help consumers optimize the value of their HSAs and other CDBs and gain confidence and skills in managing their healthcare costs as part of their financial security.

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Our ability to assist consumers is enhanced by our capacity to securely share data in both directions with others in the health, benefits, and retirement ecosystems. Our commuter benefits offering also leverages connectivity to an ecosystem of mass transit, ride hailing, and parking providers.

We earn revenue primarily from three sources: service, custodial, and interchange. We earn service revenue mainly from fees paid by our Network Partners, Clients, and members for the administration services we provide in connection with the HSAs and other CDBs we offer. We earn custodial revenue primarily from HSA cash held by our federally insured bank and credit union partners, which we collectively call our Depository Partners, HSA cash held by our insurance company partners, and Client-held funds deposited with our Depository Partners. We earn interchange revenue mainly from fees paid by merchants on payments that our members make using our physical payment cards and on our virtual payment system. See “Key components of our results of operations” for additional information on our sources of revenue.

BenefitWallet HSA portfolio acquisition

In September 2023, we entered into an agreement to acquire the BenefitWallet HSA portfolio from Conduent Business Services, LLC ("Conduent"). The transfer closed in a series of three tranches, as presented in the following table:

	Transfers to HealthEquity			Applicable purchase price
(in thousands, except HSA Assets)	HSAs	HSA Assets (in millions)		Paid using cash on hand		Paid using borrowings under the Prior Revolving Credit Facility		Total purchase price
March 7, 2024	266	$	1,071	$	163,974	$	—	$	163,974
April 11, 2024	134	555		34,925		50,000		84,925
May 9, 2024	216	1,047		1,101		175,000		176,101
Total	616	$	2,673	$	200,000	$	225,000	$	425,000

The BenefitWallet HSA portfolio acquisition was accounted for as an asset acquisition, and related acquisition costs were capitalized as part of the cost of the asset, which is included within intangible assets, net, on our condensed consolidated balance sheet. We capitalized $27.2 million of transaction costs associated with the acquisition during the six months ended July 31, 2024, which includes the reimbursement of $20.0 million of Conduent's transfer-related expenses. In addition, in May 2024, we assumed a contract with a Depository Partner representing approximately 7% of the total HSA Assets added through the acquisition, which provides a custodial yield that is below current market rates and expires in June 2026. We recorded deferred revenue of $20.3 million in May 2024 as a result of the assumed contract, which will be recorded as an increase to custodial revenue over the life of the assumed contract.

Key factors affecting our performance

We believe that our future performance will be driven by a number of factors, including those identified below. Each of these factors presents both significant opportunities and significant risks to our future performance. See also the section entitled “Risk factors” included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2024, this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and our other reports filed with the SEC.

Our acquisition and integration strategy

We have historically acquired HSA portfolios and businesses that strengthen our service offerings. We plan to continue this growth strategy and are regularly engaged in evaluating different opportunities. We have developed an internal capability to source, evaluate, and integrate acquired HSA portfolios. Our success depends in part on our ability to successfully integrate acquired businesses and HSA portfolios with our business in an efficient and effective manner.

Structural change in U.S. health insurance

We derive revenue primarily from healthcare-related saving and spending by consumers in the U.S., which are driven by changes in the broader healthcare industry, including the structure of health insurance. The average family premium for employer-sponsored health insurance has risen by 22% since 2018 and 47% since 2013, resulting in increased participation in HSA-qualified health plans and HSAs and increased consumer cost-sharing in health insurance more generally. We believe that continued growth in healthcare costs and related factors will spur continued growth in HSA-qualified health plans and HSAs and may encourage policy changes making HSAs or

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similar vehicles available to new populations such as individuals in Medicare. However, the timing and impact of these and other developments in U.S. healthcare are uncertain. Moreover, changes in healthcare policy, such as "Medicare for all" plans, could materially and adversely affect our business in ways that are difficult to predict.

Trends in U.S. tax law

Tax law has a profound impact on our business. Our offerings to members, Clients, and Network Partners consist primarily of services enabled, mandated, or advantaged by provisions of U.S. tax law and regulations. Changes in tax policy are speculative and may affect our business in ways that are difficult to predict.

Our client base

Our business model is based on a B2B2C distribution strategy, whereby we work with Network Partners and Clients to reach consumers to increase the number of our members with HSA accounts and complementary CDBs. We believe that there are significant opportunities to expand the scope of services that we provide to our current Clients.

Broad distribution footprint

We believe we have a diverse distribution footprint to attract new Clients and Network Partners. Our sales force calls on enterprise and regional employers in industries across the U.S., as well as potential Network Partners from among health plans, benefits administrators, and retirement plan record keepers. Our Network Partners are a key channel through which we gain access to Clients and members. Our Network Partners collectively employ thousands of sales representatives and account managers who promote both the Network Partners' products and our products and services. Our sales representatives and account management teams work with and train the sales representatives and account management teams of our Network Partners.

Product breadth

We are the largest custodian and administrator of HSAs, as well as a market-share leader in each of the major categories of complementary CDBs, including FSAs and HRAs, COBRA and commuter benefits administration. Our Clients and their benefits advisors increasingly seek HSA providers that can deliver an integrated offering of HSAs and complementary CDBs. With our CDB capabilities, we can provide employers with a single partner for both HSAs and complementary CDBs, which is preferred by the vast majority of employers, according to research conducted for us by Aite Group. We believe that the combination of HSA and complementary CDB offerings significantly strengthens our value proposition to employers, health benefits brokers and consultants, and Network Partners as a leading single-source provider.

Interest rates

As a non-bank custodian, our members’ custodial HSA cash assets are held by either our federally insured Depository Partners (our Basic Rates offering), pursuant to contractual arrangements we have with these Depository Partners, or by our insurance company partners through group annuity contracts or other similar arrangements (our Enhanced Rates offering). For the reasons described below, we have encouraged our members to place more of their HSA cash in our Enhanced Rates offering. As our Basic Rates contracts expire, the HSA cash held in those Basic Rates contracts will transition to Enhanced Rates contracts, subject to our members retaining the right to keep their HSA cash in Basic Rates.

The lengths of our agreements with Depository Partners typically range from three to five years and may have fixed or variable interest rate terms. The terms of new and renewing agreements with our Depository Partners are impacted by the then-prevailing interest rate environment, which in turn is driven by macroeconomic factors and government policies over which we have no control. Such factors, and the response of our competitors to them, also determine the amount of interest retained by our members.

HSA members who place their HSA cash into our Enhanced Rates offering retain a higher yield compared to our Basic Rates offering. An increase in the percentage of HSA cash held in our Enhanced Rates offering also positively impacts our custodial revenue, as we generally receive a higher yield on HSA cash held by our insurance company partners compared to cash held by our Depository Partners. As with our Depository Partners, yields paid by our insurance company partners are impacted by the prevailing interest rate environment, which in turn is driven by macroeconomic factors and government policies over which we have no control. Such factors, and the response of our competitors to them, also determine the amount of interest retained by our members.

We believe that increased participation in our Enhanced Rates offering, diversification of Depository Partners and insurance company partners, varied contract terms, and other factors reduce our exposure to short-term fluctuations in prevailing interest rates and mitigate the short-term impact of sustained increases or declines in prevailing

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interest rates on our custodial revenue. Over longer periods, sustained shifts in prevailing interest rates affect the amount of custodial revenue we can realize on custodial assets and the interest retained by our members.

Interest on our revolving credit facility changes frequently due to variable interest rate terms, and as a result, our interest expense is expected to fluctuate based on changes in prevailing interest rates.

Our proprietary technology

We believe that innovations incorporated in our technology differentiate us from our competitors and help drive our growth by enabling us to better assist consumers to make healthcare saving and spending decisions and maximize the value of their tax-advantaged benefits. Our full suite of CDB offerings complements our HSA solution and enhances our leadership position within the HSA sector. We are currently investing in a significant modernization of our proprietary technology platforms to support new opportunities and enhance security, privacy and platform infrastructure, while maintaining existing applications, features, and services. For example, we are making significant investments in the architecture and infrastructure of the technology that we use to provide our services to improve our transaction processing capabilities and support continued account and transaction growth, as well as in data-driven personalized engagement to help our members spend less, save more, and build wealth for retirement. In addition, we are investing in technology solutions to meet the evolving needs of our members, Clients and Network Partners. Our current innovation efforts include, among others, increasing member and client self-service capabilities, developing APIs, driving electronic communication rather than paper, increasing straight-through processing, improving overall process times utilizing both traditional robotic process automation, and increasingly through AI tools, leveraging stacked cards, and mobile wallet.

Our Purple culture

A successful healthcare consumer needs education and guidance delivered by people as well as by technology. The education and customer service we provide is driven by our Purple culture, which we believe is a significant factor in our ability to attract and retain customers and to address opportunities in the rapidly changing healthcare sector. We invest in and intend to continue to invest in human capital through technology-enabled training, career development, and advancement opportunities.

Our competition and industry

Our direct competitors are HSA custodians and other CDB providers. Many of these are state or federally chartered banks and other financial institutions for which we believe benefits administration services are not a core business. Some of our direct competitors (including healthcare service companies such as UnitedHealth Group's Optum, Webster Bank, and well-known retail investment companies, such as Fidelity Investments) are in a position to devote more resources to the development, sale, and support of their products and services than we have at our disposal. Our other CDB administration competitors include health insurance carriers, human resources consultants and outsourcers, payroll providers, national CDB specialists, regional third-party administrators, and commercial banks. In addition, numerous indirect competitors, including benefits administration service providers, partner with banks and other HSA custodians to compete with us. Our Network Partners and ecosystem partners may also choose to offer competitive services directly, as some health plans have done. Our success depends on our ability to predict and react quickly to these and other industry and competitive dynamics.

Regulatory environment

Federal law and regulations, including the Affordable Care Act, the Internal Revenue Code, the Employee Retirement Income Security Act and Department of Labor regulations, and public health regulations that govern the provision of health insurance and provide the tax advantages associated with our services, play a pivotal role in determining our market opportunity. Privacy and data security-related laws such as the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, or HIPAA, and the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, laws governing the provision of investment advice to consumers, such as the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, or the Advisers Act, the USA PATRIOT Act, anti-money laundering laws, and the Federal Deposit Insurance Act, all play a similar role in determining our competitive landscape. In addition, state-level regulations also have significant implications for our business in some cases. For example, our subsidiary HealthEquity Trust Company is regulated by the Wyoming Division of Banking, and several states are considering, or have already passed, new privacy regulations that can affect our business. Various states also have laws and regulations that impose additional restrictions on our collection, storage, and use of personally identifiable information. Privacy regulation in particular has become a priority issue in many states, including, for example, the California Privacy Rights Act, which became effective on January 1, 2023. Our ability to predict and react quickly to relevant legal and regulatory trends and to correctly interpret their market and competitive implications is important to our success.

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Key financial and operating metrics

We regularly review a number of key operating and financial metrics to evaluate our business, determine the allocation of our resources, make decisions regarding corporate strategies and evaluate forward-looking projections and trends affecting our business. We discuss certain of these key financial metrics, including revenue, below in the section entitled “Key components of our results of operations.” In addition, we utilize other key metrics as described below.

Total Accounts

The following table sets forth our HSAs, CDBs, and Total Accounts as of and for the periods indicated:

(in thousands, except percentages)	July 31, 2024	July 31, 2023	% Change		January 31, 2024
HSAs	9,383	8,164	15	%	8,692
New HSAs from sales - Quarter-to-date	187	156	20	%	497
New HSAs from sales - Year-to-date	382	290	32	%	949
New HSAs from acquisitions - Year-to-date	616	—	*		—
HSAs with investments	711	574	24	%	610
CDBs	6,898	6,831	1	%	7,006
Total Accounts	16,281	14,995	9	%	15,698
Average Total Accounts - Quarter-to-date	16,214	14,954	8	%	15,318
Average Total Accounts - Year-to-date	16,066	14,967	7	%	15,105

*Not meaningful

The number of our HSAs and CDBs are key metrics because our revenue is driven by the amount we earn from them. The number of our HSAs increased by 1.2 million, or 15%, from July 31, 2023 to July 31, 2024, driven by new HSAs added through the BenefitWallet HSA portfolio acquisition and new HSAs from sales. The number of our CDBs increased by 67 thousand, or 1%, from July 31, 2023 to July 31, 2024, primarily driven by an increase in HRA accounts, largely offset by a decrease in FSA and COBRA accounts.

HSA Assets

The following table sets forth HSA Assets as of and for the periods indicated:

(in millions, except percentages)	July 31, 2024		July 31, 2023		% Change		January 31, 2024
HSA cash	$	16,368	$	14,021	17	%	$	15,006
HSA investments	13,099		9,181		43	%	10,208
Total HSA Assets	29,467		23,202		27	%	25,214
Average daily HSA cash - Quarter-to-date	16,363		14,001		17	%	14,210
Average daily HSA cash - Year-to-date	15,875		14,048		13	%	14,071

HSA Assets includes our HSA members’ custodial assets, which consists of the following components: (i) HSA cash, which includes member cash held by our Depository Partners and our insurance company partners, and (ii) HSA investments, which includes member investments held by our custodial investment partner. Measuring HSA Assets is important because our custodial revenue is directly affected by average daily custodial balances for HSA Assets that are revenue generating.

HSA cash increased by $2.3 billion, or 17%, from July 31, 2023 to July 31, 2024, due to HSA cash added through the BenefitWallet HSA portfolio acquisition and net HSA contributions from new and existing HSA members, partially offset by transfers to HSA investments.

HSA investments increased by $3.9 billion, or 43%, from July 31, 2023 to July 31, 2024, due to the increased market value of invested balances, transfers from HSA cash, and HSA investments added through the BenefitWallet HSA portfolio acquisition.

Total HSA Assets increased by $6.3 billion, or 27%, from July 31, 2023 to July 31, 2024, primarily due to HSA Assets added through the BenefitWallet HSA portfolio acquisition, the increased market value of invested balances, and net HSA contributions from new and existing HSA members.

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The following table summarizes the amount of HSA cash held by our Depository Partners and insurance company partners that is expected to reprice by fiscal year and the respective average annualized yield currently earned on that HSA cash as of July 31, 2024:

Year ending January 31, (in billions, except percentages)	HSA cash expected to reprice		Average annualized yield
Remainder of 2025	$	1.9	3.7	%
2026	3.4		1.8	%
2027	3.4		1.8	%
2028	2.0		3.9	%
Thereafter	5.1		4.1	%
Total (1)	$	15.8	3.1	%

(1)Excludes $0.6 billion of HSA cash held in floating-rate contracts as of July 31, 2024.

Client-held funds

(in millions, except percentages)	July 31, 2024		July 31, 2023		% Change		January 31, 2024
Client-held funds	$	817	$	811	1	%	$	842
Average daily Client-held funds - Quarter-to-date	860		891		(3)	%	791
Average daily Client-held funds - Year-to-date	850		896		(5)	%	845

Client-held funds are interest-earning deposits from which we generate custodial revenue. These deposits are amounts remitted by Clients and held by us on their behalf to pre-fund and facilitate administration of CDBs. We deposit the Client-held funds with our Depository Partners in interest-bearing, demand deposit accounts that have a floating interest rate and no set term or duration. Client-held funds fluctuate depending on the timing of funding and spending of CDB balances and the number of CDBs we administer.

Adjusted EBITDA

We define Adjusted EBITDA, which is a non-GAAP financial metric, as earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization, amortization of acquired intangible assets, stock-based compensation expense, merger integration expenses, acquisition costs, gains and losses on equity securities, amortization of incremental costs to obtain a contract, costs associated with unused office space, and certain other non-operating items. We believe that Adjusted EBITDA provides useful information to investors and analysts in understanding and evaluating our operating results in the same manner as our management and our board of directors because it reflects operating profitability before consideration of non-operating expenses and non-cash expenses and serves as a basis for comparison against other companies in our industry.

The following table presents a reconciliation of net income, the most comparable GAAP financial measure, to Adjusted EBITDA for the periods indicated:

	Three months ended July 31,				Six months ended July 31,
(in thousands)	2024		2023		2024		2023
Net income	$	35,822	$	10,581	$	64,635	$	14,675
Interest income	(3,103)		(2,484)		(6,984)		(4,082)
Interest expense	15,427		13,272		27,222		28,269
Income tax provision	10,794		3,643		15,220		9,561
Depreciation and amortization	12,629		15,180		26,022		31,055
Amortization of acquired intangible assets	30,981		23,166		56,526		46,332
Stock-based compensation expense	21,574		20,073		53,594		38,277
Merger integration expenses	1,777		2,044		3,920		5,502
Amortization of incremental costs to obtain a contract	1,681		1,350		3,313		2,654
Costs associated with unused office space	806		1,286		1,596		2,302
Other	(101)		—		658		153
Adjusted EBITDA	$	128,287	$	88,111	$	245,722	$	174,698

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The following table sets forth our net income as a percentage of revenue:

	Three months ended July 31,										Six months ended July 31,
(in thousands, except percentages)	2024			2023			$ Change		% Change		2024			2023			$ Change		% Change
Net income	$	35,822		$	10,581		$	25,241	239	%	$	64,635		$	14,675		$	49,960	340	%
As a percentage of revenue	12		%	4		%					11		%	3		%

Our net income increased by $25.2 million, or 239%, from the three months ended July 31, 2023 to the three months ended July 31, 2024, due to an increase in gross profit, partially offset by increases in operating expenses, income tax provision, and other expense, as described more fully in the section entitled "Comparison of the three and six months ended July 31, 2024 and 2023."

Our net income increased by $50.0 million, or 340%, from the six months ended July 31, 2023 to the six months ended July 31, 2024, due to an increase in gross profit and a decrease in other expense, partially offset by increases in operating expenses and income tax provision, as described more fully in the section entitled "Comparison of the three and six months ended July 31, 2024 and 2023."

The following table sets forth our Adjusted EBITDA as a percentage of revenue:

	Three months ended July 31,										Six months ended July 31,
(in thousands, except percentages)	2024			2023			$ Change		% Change		2024			2023			$ Change		% Change
Adjusted EBITDA	$	128,287		$	88,111		$	40,176	46	%	$	245,722		$	174,698		$	71,024	41	%
As a percentage of revenue	43		%	36		%					42		%	36		%

Our Adjusted EBITDA increased by $40.2 million, or 46%, from the three months ended July 31, 2023 to the three months ended July 31, 2024, primarily due to an increase in total revenue, partially offset by increases in professional fees and personnel-related costs.

Our Adjusted EBITDA increased by $71.0 million, or 41%, from the six months ended July 31, 2023 to the six months ended July 31, 2024, primarily due to an increase in total revenue, partially offset by increases in professional fees and personnel-related costs.

Our use of Adjusted EBITDA, including as a percentage of revenue, has limitations as an analytical tool, and should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for analysis of our results as reported under GAAP.

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Non-GAAP net income

Non-GAAP net income is calculated by adding back to GAAP net income before income taxes the following items: amortization of acquired intangible assets, stock-based compensation expense, merger integration expenses, acquisition costs, gains and losses on equity securities, costs associated with unused office space, and losses on extinguishment of debt, and subtracting a non-GAAP tax provision using a normalized non-GAAP tax rate. We believe that non-GAAP net income and non-GAAP net income per diluted share provide useful information to investors and analysts in understanding and evaluating our operating results in the same manner as our management and our board of directors because these non-GAAP metrics reflect operating profitability before consideration of certain non-operating expenses and non-cash expenses and serve as a basis for comparison against other companies in our industry.

The following table presents a reconciliation of net income, the most comparable GAAP financial measure, to non-GAAP net income for the periods indicated:

	Three months ended July 31,				Six months ended July 31,
(in thousands, except per share data)	2024		2023		2024		2023
Net income	$	35,822	$	10,581	$	64,635	$	14,675
Income tax provision	10,794		3,643		15,220		9,561
Income before income taxes - GAAP	46,616		14,224		79,855		24,236
Non-GAAP adjustments:
Amortization of acquired intangible assets	30,981		23,166		56,526		46,332
Stock-based compensation expense	21,574		20,073		53,594		38,277
Merger integration expenses	1,777		2,044		3,920		5,502
Costs associated with unused office space	806		1,286		1,596		2,302
Loss on extinguishment of debt	—		—		—		1,157
Total adjustments to income before income taxes - GAAP	55,138		46,569		115,636		93,570
Income before income taxes - Non-GAAP	101,754		60,793		195,491		117,806
Income tax provision - Non-GAAP (1)	25,439		15,199		48,873		29,452
Non-GAAP net income	76,315		45,594		146,618		88,354
Diluted weighted-average shares	88,646		86,341		88,606		86,356
GAAP net income per diluted share	$	0.40	$	0.12	$	0.73	$	0.17
Non-GAAP net income per diluted share	$	0.86	$	0.53	$	1.65	$	1.02

(1)The Company utilizes a normalized non-GAAP tax rate to provide better consistency across the interim reporting periods within a given fiscal year by eliminating the effects of non-recurring and period-specific items, which can vary in size and frequency, and which are not necessarily reflective of the Company’s longer-term operations. The normalized non-GAAP tax rate applied to each period presented was 25%. The Company may adjust its non-GAAP tax rate as additional information becomes available and in conjunction with any other significant events occurring that may materially affect this rate, such as merger and acquisition activity, changes in business outlook, or other changes in expectations regarding tax regulations.

Our non-GAAP net income increased by $30.7 million, or 67%, from the three months ended July 31, 2023 to the three months ended July 31, 2024, primarily due to an increase in total revenue, partially offset by increases in personnel-related costs and interest expense.

Our non-GAAP net income increased by $58.3 million, or 66%, from the six months ended July 31, 2023 to the six months ended July 31, 2024, primarily due to an increase in total revenue, partially offset by increases in personnel-related costs and interest expense.

Our use of non-GAAP net income has limitations as an analytical tool and should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for analysis of our results as reported under GAAP.

Key components of our results of operations

Revenue

We generate revenue from three primary sources: service revenue, custodial revenue, and interchange revenue.

Service revenue.    We earn service revenue from the fees we charge our Network Partners, Clients, and members for the administration services we provide in connection with the HSAs and other CDBs we offer. With respect to our

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Network Partners and Clients, our fees are generally based on a fixed tiered structure for the duration of the relevant service agreement and are paid to us on a monthly basis. In addition, once a member’s HSA cash balance reaches a certain threshold, the member is able to invest his or her HSA Assets through our investment partner from which we earn recordkeeping and advisory fees, calculated as a percentage of the member's HSA investments. We recognize revenue on a monthly basis as services are rendered to our members and Clients.

Custodial revenue.    We earn custodial revenue primarily from HSA cash held by our Depository Partners or our insurance company partners and Client-held funds held by our Depository Partners. HSA cash is held by our Depository Partners pursuant to contracts that (i) typically have terms ranging from three to five years, (ii) provide for a fixed or variable interest rate payable on the average daily cash balances held by the relevant Depository Partner, and (iii) have minimum and maximum required balances. HSA cash held by our insurance company partners is held in group annuity contracts or similar arrangements. Client-held funds held by our Depository Partners are held in interest-bearing demand deposit accounts that have a floating interest rate and no set term or duration. We earn custodial revenue on HSA cash and Client-held funds that is based on the interest rates offered to us by these Depository Partners and insurance company partners.

Interchange revenue.    We earn interchange revenue each time one of our members uses one of our physical payment cards or virtual platforms to make a purchase. This revenue is collected each time a member “swipes” our payment card to pay expenses. We recognize interchange revenue monthly based on reports received from third parties, namely, the card-issuing banks and card processors.

Cost of revenue

Service costs.    Service costs are comprised of costs related to servicing accounts, managing Client and Network Partner relationships and processing reimbursement claims. Expenditures include personnel-related costs, depreciation, amortization, stock-based compensation, common expense allocations (such as office rent, supplies, and other overhead expenses), new member and participant supplies, and other operating costs related to servicing our members.

Custodial costs.    Custodial costs are comprised of interest retained by our HSA members on HSA cash and fees we pay to banking consultants whom we use to help secure agreements with our Depository Partners. Interest retained by HSA members is calculated on a tiered basis. The interest rates retained by HSA members can change based on a formula or upon required notice.

Interchange costs.    Interchange costs are comprised of costs we incur in connection with processing payment transactions initiated by our members. Due to the substantiation requirement on FSA/HRA-linked payment card transactions, payment card costs are higher for FSA/HRA card transactions. In addition to fixed per card fees, we are assessed additional transaction costs determined by the amount of the transaction.

Gross profit and gross margin

Our gross profit is our total revenue minus our total cost of revenue, and our gross margin is our gross profit expressed as a percentage of our total revenue. Our gross margin has been and will continue to be affected by a number of factors, including interest rates, the amount we charge our Network Partners, Clients, and members, the mix of our sources of revenue, how many services we deliver per account, and payment processing costs per account.

Operating expenses

Sales and marketing.    Sales and marketing expenses consist primarily of personnel and related expenses for our sales and marketing staff, including sales commissions for our direct sales force, external agent/broker commission expenses, marketing expenses, depreciation, amortization, stock-based compensation, and common expense allocations.

Technology and development.    Technology and development expenses include personnel and related expenses for software development and delivery, licensed software, information technology, data management, product, and security. Technology and development expenses also include software engineering services, the costs of operating our technology infrastructure, depreciation, amortization of capitalized software development costs, stock-based compensation, and common expense allocations.

General and administrative.    General and administrative expenses include personnel and related expenses of, and professional fees incurred by our executive, finance, legal, internal audit, corporate development, compliance, and people departments. They also include depreciation, amortization, stock-based compensation, and common expense allocations.

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Amortization of acquired intangible assets.    Amortization of acquired intangible assets results primarily from intangible assets acquired in connection with business combinations. The assets include acquired customer relationships, acquired developed technology, and acquired trade names and trademarks, which we amortize over the assets' estimated useful lives, estimated to be 7-15 years, 2-5 years, and 3 years, respectively. We also acquired intangible HSA portfolios from third-party custodians. We amortize these assets over the assets’ estimated useful life of 15 years. We evaluate our acquired intangible assets for impairment annually, or at a triggering event.

Merger integration.    Merger integration expenses include personnel and related expenses, including severance, professional fees, legal expenses, and facilities and technology expenses directly related to integration activities to merge operations as a result of acquisitions.

Interest expense

Interest expense consists primarily of accrued interest expense and amortization of deferred financing costs associated with our long-term debt. Interest on our revolving credit facility changes frequently due to variable interest rate terms, and as a result, our interest expense is expected to fluctuate based on changes in prevailing interest rates.

Other income, net

Other income, net, consists of interest income earned on corporate cash and other miscellaneous income and expense.

Income tax provision

We are subject to federal and state income taxes in the United States based on a January 31 fiscal year end. We use the asset and liability method to account for income taxes, under which current tax liabilities and assets are recognized for the estimated taxes payable or refundable on the tax returns for the current fiscal year. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases, net operating loss carryforwards, and tax credit carryforwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted statutory tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be realized or settled. Valuation allowances are established when necessary to reduce net deferred tax assets to the amount expected to be realized. As of July 31, 2024, we have not recorded a valuation allowance on federal deferred tax assets, but we have recorded a valuation allowance on certain state deferred tax assets. We maintain an overall net federal and state deferred tax liability on our condensed consolidated balance sheet.

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Comparison of the three and six months ended July 31, 2024 and 2023

Certain reclassifications have been made to prior year amounts to conform to the current year presentation. The reclassifications relate primarily to recordkeeping and advisory fees associated with HSA investments, which were reclassified from custodial revenue to service revenue to better align our financial statement presentation with the underlying drivers of our revenue streams. We also reclassified certain immaterial personnel-related costs from custodial costs to service costs or general and administrative costs. The reclassifications had no impact on our total revenue, income from operations, net income, cash flows, or stockholders' equity. The following table presents the impact of the reclassifications:

	Three months ended July 31, 2023						Six months ended July 31, 2023
(in thousands)	Prior presentation		Reclassifications		Current presentation		Prior presentation		Reclassifications		Current presentation
Service revenue	$	105,719	$	6,241	$	111,960	$	210,831	$	12,202	$	223,033
Custodial revenue	98,917		(6,241)		92,676		193,358		(12,202)		181,156
Interchange revenue	38,913		—		38,913		83,792		—		83,792
Total revenue	243,549		—		243,549		487,981		—		487,981
Total cost of revenue	92,619		(735)		91,884		189,225		(1,379)		187,846
Gross profit	150,930		735		151,665		298,756		1,379		300,135
Total operating expenses	126,190		735		126,925		250,835		1,379		252,214
Total other expense	(10,516)		—		(10,516)		(23,685)		—		(23,685)
Income tax provision	3,643		—		3,643		9,561		—		9,561
Net income	$	10,581	$	—	$	10,581	$	14,675	$	—	$	14,675

Revenue

The following table sets forth our revenue for the periods indicated:

	Three months ended July 31,								Six months ended July 31,
(in thousands, except percentages)	2024		2023		$ Change		% Change		2024		2023		$ Change		% Change
Service revenue	$	116,720	$	111,960	$	4,760	4	%	$	234,934	$	223,033	$	11,901	5	%
Custodial revenue	138,684		92,676		46,008		50	%	260,328		181,156		79,172		44	%
Interchange revenue	44,524		38,913		5,611		14	%	92,263		83,792		8,471		10	%
Total revenue	$	299,928	$	243,549	$	56,379	23	%	$	587,525	$	487,981	$	99,544	20	%

Service revenue. The $4.8 million, or 4%, increase in service revenue from the three months ended July 31, 2023 to the three months ended July 31, 2024 was primarily due to the increases in the number of HSAs and the amount of HSA investments, partially offset by lower average service fees per account.

The $11.9 million, or 5%, increase in service revenue from the six months ended July 31, 2023 to the six months ended July 31, 2024 was primarily due to the increases in the number of HSAs and the amount of HSA investments, partially offset by lower average service fees per account.

We expect service revenue to continue to increase, primarily due to an increase in Total Accounts, partially offset by lower average service fees per account.

Custodial revenue. The $46.0 million, or 50%, increase in custodial revenue from the three months ended July 31, 2023 to the three months ended July 31, 2024 was primarily due to an increase in average annualized yield on HSA cash from 2.37% for the three months ended July 31, 2023 to 3.10% for the three months ended July 31, 2024 (due to both higher market interest rates and increased participation in our Enhanced Rates offering), the $2.4 billion, or 17%, increase in the average daily balance of HSA cash, as described above, and an increase in interest rates on the portion of our Client-held funds held by our Depository Partners in interest-bearing, demand deposit accounts that have a floating interest rate.

The $79.2 million, or 44%, increase in custodial revenue from the six months ended July 31, 2023 to the six months ended July 31, 2024 was primarily due to an increase in average annualized yield on HSA cash from 2.34% for the six months ended July 31, 2023 to 3.02% for the six months ended July 31, 2024 (due to both higher market interest rates and increased participation in our Enhanced Rates offering), the $1.8 billion, or 13%, increase in the average

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daily balance of HSA cash, as described above, and an increase in interest rates on the portion of our Client-held funds held by our Depository Partners in interest-bearing, demand deposit accounts that have a floating interest rate.

Assuming the current interest rate environment continues, we expect our average annualized yield on HSA cash to further increase as our existing agreements with our Depository Partners are renewed or replaced with agreements with higher rates, resulting in higher custodial revenue. In addition, we expect an increase in the percentage of HSA cash held in our Enhanced Rates offering to continue to positively impact our average annualized yield and thus our custodial revenue. As Basic Rates contracts mature, we intend to transfer the associated HSA cash into Enhanced Rates contracts unless the HSA member affirmatively opts to remain in the Basic Rates offering.

Interchange revenue. The $5.6 million, or 14%, increase in interchange revenue from the three months ended July 31, 2023 to the three months ended July 31, 2024 was primarily due to an increase in Total Accounts and an increase in spend per account.

The $8.5 million, or 10%, increase in interchange revenue from the six months ended July 31, 2023 to the six months ended July 31, 2024 was primarily due to an increase in Total Accounts and an increase in spend per account.

Total revenue. Total revenue increased $56.4 million, or 23%, from the three months ended July 31, 2023 to the three months ended July 31, 2024 due to the increases in custodial, interchange, and service revenues, described above.

Total revenue increased $99.5 million, or 20%, from the six months ended July 31, 2023 to the six months ended July 31, 2024 due to the increases in custodial, service, and interchange revenues, described above.

Cost of revenue

The following table sets forth our cost of revenue for the periods indicated:

	Three months ended July 31,								Six months ended July 31,
(in thousands, except percentages)	2024		2023		$ Change		% Change		2024		2023		$ Change		% Change
Service costs	$	76,915	$	76,904	$	11	0	%	$	159,262	$	157,777	$	1,485	1	%
Custodial costs	10,108		8,037		2,071		26	%	19,165		16,075		3,090		19	%
Interchange costs	8,853		6,943		1,910		28	%	17,908		13,994		3,914		28	%
Total cost of revenue	$	95,876	$	91,884	$	3,992	4	%	$	196,335	$	187,846	$	8,489	5	%

Service costs. The $11 thousand, or less than one percent, increase in service costs from the three months ended July 31, 2023 to the three months ended July 31, 2024 was primarily due to increases in personnel-related costs to support the increase in Total Accounts, offset by efficiencies resulting from our technology investments and lower amortization expense.

The $1.5 million, or 1%, increase in service costs from the six months ended July 31, 2023 to the six months ended July 31, 2024 was primarily due to increases in personnel-related costs to support the increase in Total Accounts, largely offset by efficiencies resulting from our technology investments and lower amortization expense.

Custodial costs. The $2.1 million, or 26%, increase in custodial costs from the three months ended July 31, 2023 to the three months ended July 31, 2024 was primarily due to the $1.8 billion, or 13%, increase in the year-over-year average daily balance of HSA cash, as described above, an increase in fees charged by our Depository Partners, and an increase in the average annualized rate of interest retained by HSA members on HSA cash from 0.22% during the three months ended July 31, 2023 to 0.23% during the three months ended July 31, 2024.

The $3.1 million, or 19%, increase in custodial costs from the six months ended July 31, 2023 to the six months ended July 31, 2024 was primarily due to the $1.8 billion, or 13%, increase in the year-over-year average daily balance of HSA cash, as described above, an increase in fees charged by our Depository Partners, and an increase in the average annualized rate of interest retained by HSA members on HSA cash from 0.22% during the six months ended July 31, 2023 to 0.23% during the six months ended July 31, 2024.

On an annual basis, relative to the fiscal year ended January 31, 2024, we expect custodial costs to increase due to an increase in the year-over-year average daily balance of HSA cash and an increase in the average annualized rate of interest retained by HSA members on HSA cash.

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Interchange costs. The $1.9 million, or 28%, increase in interchange costs from the three months ended July 31, 2023 to the three months ended July 31, 2024 was primarily due to an increase in Total Accounts and certain costs associated with our transition to a single card processor, which transition was completed in August 2024.

The $3.9 million, or 28%, increase in interchange costs from the six months ended July 31, 2023 to the six months ended July 31, 2024 was primarily due to an increase in Total Accounts and certain costs associated with our transition to a single card processor, which transition was completed in August 2024.

Total cost of revenue. As we continue to add Total Accounts, we expect that our cost of revenue will increase in dollar amount to support our Network Partners, Clients, and members. However, on an annual basis, relative to the fiscal year ended January 31, 2024, we expect our cost of revenue to decrease as a percentage of our total revenue, primarily due to an increase in custodial revenue, partially offset by increases in personnel costs. For the six months ended July 31, 2024, cost of revenue as a percentage of total revenue decreased to 33.4% from 38.5% for the six months ended July 31, 2023, due to total revenue increasing at a significantly higher rate (20%) than total cost of revenue (5%). Cost of revenue will continue to be affected by a number of different factors, including our ability to scale our service delivery, Network Partner implementation, and account management functions.

Operating expenses

The following table sets forth our operating expenses for the periods indicated:

	Three months ended July 31,								Six months ended July 31,
(in thousands, except percentages)	2024		2023		$ Change		% Change		2024		2023		$ Change		% Change
Sales and marketing	$	21,525	$	19,123	$	2,402	13	%	$	45,019	$	39,058	$	5,961	15	%
Technology and development	58,580		54,767		3,813		7	%	114,670		107,959		6,711		6	%
General and administrative	32,260		27,825		4,435		16	%	70,496		53,363		17,133		32	%
Amortization of acquired intangible assets	30,981		23,166		7,815		34	%	56,526		46,332		10,194		22	%
Merger integration	1,777		2,044		(267)		(13)	%	3,920		5,502		(1,582)		(29)	%
Total operating expenses	$	145,123	$	126,925	$	18,198	14	%	$	290,631	$	252,214	$	38,417	15	%

Sales and marketing. The $2.4 million, or 13%, increase in sales and marketing expenses from the three months ended July 31, 2023 to the three months ended July 31, 2024 was primarily due to an increase in personnel-related expenses.

The $6.0 million, or 15%, increase in sales and marketing expenses from the six months ended July 31, 2023 to the six months ended July 31, 2024 was primarily due to an increase in personnel-related expenses.

We expect our sales and marketing expenses to increase for the foreseeable future as we continue to focus on our cross-selling program and marketing campaigns. On an annual basis, relative to the fiscal year ended January 31, 2024, we expect our sales and marketing expenses to remain relatively steady as a percentage of our total revenue. However, our sales and marketing expenses may fluctuate as a percentage of our total revenue from period to period due to the seasonality of our total revenue and the timing and extent of our sales and marketing expenses.

Technology and development. The $3.8 million, or 7%, increase in technology and development expenses from the three months ended July 31, 2023 to the three months ended July 31, 2024 was primarily due to increases in personnel-related expenses and software costs.

The $6.7 million, or 6%, increase in technology and development expenses from the six months ended July 31, 2023 to the six months ended July 31, 2024 was primarily due to increases in personnel-related expenses and software costs.

We expect our technology and development expenses to increase for the foreseeable future as we continue to invest in the development and security of our proprietary technology, including our ongoing modernization project described earlier. On an annual basis, relative to the fiscal year ended January 31, 2024, we expect our technology and development expenses to decrease slightly as a percentage of our total revenue. However, our technology and development expenses may fluctuate as a percentage of our total revenue from period to period due to the seasonality of our total revenue and the timing and extent of our technology and development expenses.

General and administrative. The $4.4 million, or 16%, increase in general and administrative expenses from the three months ended July 31, 2023 to the three months ended July 31, 2024 was primarily due to professional services expense.

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The $17.1 million, or 32%, increase in general and administrative expenses from the six months ended July 31, 2023 to the six months ended July 31, 2024 was primarily due to increases in professional services expense and accelerated stock-based compensation expense recognized with respect to certain performance restricted stock units granted during the current fiscal year, as described in Note 8—Stock-based compensation.

We expect our general and administrative expenses to increase for the foreseeable future due to the additional demands on our legal, compliance, and finance functions as we continue to grow our business. On an annual basis, relative to the fiscal year ended January 31, 2024, we expect our general and administrative expenses to increase as a percentage of our total revenue. However, our general and administrative expenses may fluctuate as a percentage of our total revenue from period to period due to the seasonality of our total revenue and the timing and extent of our general and administrative expenses.

Amortization of acquired intangible assets. The $7.8 million, or 34%, increase in amortization of acquired intangible assets from the three months ended July 31, 2023 to the three months ended July 31, 2024 was primarily due to the new intangible assets added through the BenefitWallet HSA portfolio acquisition.

The $10.2 million, or 22%, increase in amortization of acquired intangible assets from the six months ended July 31, 2023 to the six months ended July 31, 2024 was primarily due to the new intangible assets added through the BenefitWallet HSA portfolio acquisition.

On an annual basis, relative to the fiscal year ended January 31, 2024, we expect amortization of acquired intangible assets to increase, primarily due to the intangible assets added through BenefitWallet HSA portfolio acquisition.

Merger integration. Merger integration expense decreased $0.3 million, or 13%, from the three months ended July 31, 2023 to the three months ended July 31, 2024. The $1.8 million in merger integration expense for the three months ended July 31, 2024 was primarily due to professional fees, including expenses incurred in conjunction with the migration of accounts, and technology-related expenses directly related to the Further acquisition and certain ongoing merger integration expenses related to the acquisition of WageWorks.

Merger integration expense decreased $1.6 million, or 29%, from the six months ended July 31, 2023 to the six months ended July 31, 2024. The $3.9 million in merger integration expense for the six months ended July 31, 2024 was primarily due to professional fees, including expenses incurred in conjunction with the migration of accounts, and technology-related expenses directly related to the Further acquisition and certain ongoing merger integration expenses related to the acquisition of WageWorks.

We expect merger integration expenses attributable to the Further acquisition totaling approximately $55 million to be incurred over a period of approximately five to six years from the date of the acquisition, which occurred in November 2021.

Interest expense

The $2.2 million, or 16%, increase in interest expense from the three months ended July 31, 2023 to the three months ended July 31, 2024 was primarily due to a higher average principal balance under our prior credit facilities (the "Prior Credit Facilities") during the three months ended July 31, 2024. The increase was partially offset by the impact of lower interest rates on our Prior Credit Facilities, which had a stated interest rate of 6.70% as of July 31, 2024, down from 6.92% as of July 31, 2023.

The $1.0 million, or 4%, decrease in interest expense from the six months ended July 31, 2023 to the six months ended July 31, 2024 was primarily due to a non-recurring $1.2 million loss on extinguishment of debt due to the prepayment of $50.0 million under our prior term loan facility (the "Prior Term Loan Facility") during the six months ended July 31, 2023 and the impact of lower interest rates on our Prior Credit Facilities, which had a stated interest rate of 6.70% as of July 31, 2024, down from 6.92% as of July 31, 2023. The decrease was partially offset by a higher average principal balance under our Prior Credit Facilities during the six months ended July 31, 2024.

Our Prior Credit Facilities had an outstanding principal balance of $511.9 million and $286.9 million as of July 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The increase was due to $225.0 million of borrowings under our prior revolving credit facility (the "Prior Revolving Credit Facility") during the six months ended July 31, 2024 to pay a portion of the BenefitWallet HSA portfolio acquisition purchase price.

On August 23, 2024, we entered into a credit agreement (the "Credit Agreement") pursuant to which the Company established a new five-year senior secured revolving credit facility (the “Revolving Credit Facility”) in an aggregate principal amount of up to $1.0 billion, a portion of which was used to repay all outstanding obligations under our prior credit agreement (the "Prior Credit Agreement").

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On an annual basis, relative to the fiscal year ended January 31, 2024, we expect our interest expense to increase, primarily due to the additional borrowings used to pay a portion of the BenefitWallet HSA portfolio acquisition purchase price as well as the slightly higher (25 basis points) interest rate under the Revolving Credit Facility as compared to the Prior Credit Facilities. The interest rate on our Revolving Credit Facility is variable and, accordingly, we may incur additional expense if interest rates increase in future periods.

Other income, net

The $0.3 million increase in other income, net, from $2.8 million during the three months ended July 31, 2023 to $3.1 million during the three months ended July 31, 2024 was due to a $0.6 million increase in interest income on corporate cash, partially offset by a $0.3 million decrease in other income, net.

The $1.9 million increase in other income, net, from $4.6 million during the six months ended July 31, 2023 to $6.5 million during the six months ended July 31, 2024 was due to a $2.9 million increase in interest income on corporate cash, partially offset by a $1.0 million decrease in other income, net.

Income tax provision

For the three months ended July 31, 2024 and 2023, we recorded an income tax provision of $10.8 million and $3.6 million, respectively. The increase in income tax provision was primarily the result of an increase in pre-tax book income and an increase in nondeductible executive compensation, partially offset by an increase in tax deductible stock-based compensation compared to GAAP stock-based compensation expense and an increase in research and development tax credits.

For the six months ended July 31, 2024 and 2023, we recorded an income tax provision of $15.2 million and $9.6 million, respectively. The increase in income tax provision was primarily the result of an increase in pre-tax book income and an increase in nondeductible executive compensation, partially offset by an increase in tax deductible stock-based compensation compared to GAAP stock-based compensation expense and an increase in research and development tax credits.

Seasonality

Seasonal concentration of our growth combined with our recurring revenue model create seasonal variation in our results of operations. Revenue results are seasonally impacted due to ancillary service fees, timing of HSA contributions, and timing of card spend. Cost of revenue is seasonally impacted as a significant number of new and existing Network Partners bring us new HSAs and CDBs beginning in January of each year concurrent with the start of many employers’ benefit plan years. Before we realize any revenue from these new accounts, we incur costs related to implementing and supporting our new Network Partners and new accounts. These costs of services relate to activating accounts and hiring additional staff, including seasonal help to support our member support center. These expenses begin to ramp up during our third fiscal quarter, with the majority of seasonal expenses incurred in our fourth fiscal quarter.

Liquidity and capital resources

Cash and cash equivalents overview

Our principal sources of liquidity are our current cash and cash equivalents balances, collections from our service, custodial, and interchange revenue activities, and availability under our Revolving Credit Facility. We rely on cash provided by operating activities to meet our short-term liquidity requirements, which primarily relate to the payment of corporate payroll and other operating costs, principal and interest payments on our long-term debt, and capital expenditures.

As of July 31, 2024 and January 31, 2024, cash and cash equivalents were $326.9 million and $404.0 million, respectively.

Capital resources

We maintain a “shelf” registration statement on Form S-3 on file with the SEC. A shelf registration statement, which includes a base prospectus, allows us at any time to offer any combination of securities described in the prospectus in one or more offerings. Unless otherwise specified in a prospectus supplement accompanying the base prospectus, we would use the net proceeds from the sale of any securities offered pursuant to the shelf registration statement for general corporate purposes, including, but not limited to, working capital, sales and marketing activities, general and administrative matters, capital expenditures, and repayment of indebtedness, and if opportunities arise, for the acquisition of, or investment in, assets, technologies, solutions or businesses that

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complement our business. Pending such uses, we may invest the net proceeds in interest-bearing securities. In addition, we may conduct concurrent or other financings at any time.

On August 23, 2024, we entered into a Credit Agreement, which includes a five-year senior secured Revolving Credit Facility in an aggregate principal amount of up to $1.0 billion, a portion of which was used to refinance our Prior Credit Agreement. The Revolving Credit Facility may be used in the future for working capital and general corporate purposes, including the financing of acquisitions and other investments. For a description of the terms of the Credit Agreement, refer to Note 6—Indebtedness. As of August 23, 2024, the outstanding balance under the Revolving Credit Facility was $511.9 million. We were in compliance with all covenants under the Prior Credit Agreement as of July 31, 2024, for the period then ended, and through the date on which the Prior Credit Agreement was terminated. We continue to be in compliance with all covenants under the Credit Agreement through the filing date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Use of cash

During the six months ended July 31, 2024, we used $452.2 million of cash, which includes $225.0 million borrowed under our Prior Revolving Credit Facility, to pay for the BenefitWallet HSA portfolio acquisition.

Capital expenditures for the six months ended July 31, 2024 and 2023 were $26.8 million and $19.4 million, respectively. We expect to continue our current level of capital expenditures for the remainder of the fiscal year ending January 31, 2025 as we continue to invest in improving the architecture and functionality of our proprietary systems. Capital expenditures to improve the architecture of our proprietary systems include computer hardware, personnel and related costs for software engineering, and outsourced software engineering services.

We believe our existing cash, cash equivalents, and Revolving Credit Facility will be sufficient to meet our operating and capital expenditure requirements for at least the next 12 months. To the extent these current and anticipated future sources of liquidity are insufficient to fund our future business activities and requirements, we may need to raise additional funds through public or private equity or debt financing. In the event that additional financing is required, we may not be able to raise it on favorable terms, if at all.

The following table shows our cash flows from operating activities, investing activities, and financing activities for the stated periods:

	Six months ended July 31,
(in thousands)	2024		2023
Net cash provided by operating activities	$	173,558	$	108,645
Net cash used in investing activities	(479,032)		(19,384)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities	228,388		(53,182)
Increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents	(77,086)		36,079
Beginning cash and cash equivalents	403,979		254,266
Ending cash and cash equivalents	$	326,893	$	290,345

Cash flows from operating activities. Net cash provided by operating activities increased by $64.9 million from the six months ended July 31, 2023 to the six months ended July 31, 2024 primarily due to increased cash receipts with respect to our custodial, interchange, and service revenues, partially offset by an increase in cash payments with respect to operating expenses, cost of revenue, and interest expense.

Cash flows from investing activities. Net cash used in investing activities increased by $459.6 million from the six months ended July 31, 2023 to the six months ended July 31, 2024 due to $452.2 million of cash used to pay the BenefitWallet HSA portfolio acquisition purchase price, a $6.5 million increase in cash used for purchases of software and capitalized software development costs, and a $0.9 million increase in cash used for purchases of property and equipment.

Cash flows from financing activities. Net cash provided by financing activities was $228.4 million during the six months ended July 31, 2024, compared to $53.2 million of net cash used in financing activities during the six months ended July 31, 2023. The change was due to a $225.0 million increase in proceeds from long-term debt, a $54.4 million decrease in principal payments on our long-term debt, and a $2.9 million increase in proceeds from the exercise of common stock options, partially offset by a $0.7 million increase in net payments made in the settlement of client-held funds obligations.

Contractual obligations

See Note 5—Commitments and contingencies for information about our contractual obligations.

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Off-balance sheet arrangements

As of July 31, 2024, other than outstanding letters of credit issued under our Prior Revolving Credit Facility, we did not have any off-balance sheet arrangements. Our letters of credit generally expire within one year. However, in the ordinary course of business, we will continue to renew or modify the terms of the letters of credit to support business requirements. The letters of credit are contingent liabilities, supported by our Revolving Credit Facility, and are not reflected on our condensed consolidated balance sheets.

Critical accounting policies and significant management estimates

Our management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations are based upon our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with GAAP. The preparation of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable in the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources, and we evaluate our critical accounting estimates on an ongoing basis. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions and conditions.

Our significant accounting policies are more fully described in Note 1 of the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and in Note 1 to our audited consolidated financial statements contained in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2024. There have been no significant or material changes in our critical accounting policies during the six months ended July 31, 2024, as compared to those disclosed in “Management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations – Critical accounting policies and significant management estimates” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2024.

Recent accounting pronouncements

See Note 1—Summary of business and significant accounting policies within the interim financial statements included in this Form 10-Q for further discussion.

Item 3. Quantitative and qualitative disclosures about market risk

Market risk

Concentration of market risk. We derive a substantial portion of our revenue from providing services to tax-advantaged healthcare account holders. A significant downturn in this market or changes in state and/or federal laws impacting the preferential tax treatment of healthcare accounts such as HSAs could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations. During the six months ended July 31, 2024 and 2023, no one customer accounted for greater than 10% of our total revenue. We monitor market and regulatory changes regularly and make adjustments to our business if necessary.

Inflation. Inflationary factors may adversely affect our operating results. Although we do not believe that inflation has had a material impact on our financial position or results of operations to date, the current high rate of inflation may have an adverse effect on our ability to maintain current levels of expenses as a percentage of revenue if our revenue does not correspondingly increase with inflation.

Concentration of credit risk

Financial instruments, which potentially subject us to concentrations of credit risk, consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents. We maintain our cash and cash equivalents in bank and other depository accounts, which frequently exceed federally insured limits. Our cash and cash equivalents as of July 31, 2024 and January 31, 2024 were $326.9 million and $404.0 million, respectively, the vast majority of which was not covered by federal depository insurance. We have not experienced any material losses in such accounts. Our accounts receivable balance as of July 31, 2024 and January 31, 2024 was $108.5 million and $104.9 million, respectively. We have not experienced any significant write-offs to our accounts receivable and believe that we are not exposed to significant credit risk with respect to our accounts receivable. We continue to monitor our credit risk and place our cash and cash equivalents with reputable financial institutions.

Interest rate risk

HSA Assets and Client-held funds. HSA Assets consist of custodial HSA funds we hold in custody on behalf of our members. As of July 31, 2024 and January 31, 2024, we held in custody HSA Assets of $29.5 billion and $25.2

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billion, respectively. As a non-bank custodian, we contract with our Depository Partners and insurance company partners to hold HSA cash on behalf of our members, and we earn a significant portion of our total revenue from interest paid to us by these partners. HSA cash held by our insurance company partners is held in group annuity contracts or similar arrangements. The lengths of our agreements with Depository Partners typically range from three to five years and have either fixed or variable interest rates. As HSA Assets increase and existing contracts with Depository Partners expire, we seek to enter into new contracts with Depository Partners and insurance company partners, the terms of which are impacted by the then-prevailing interest rate environment. We believe that increased participation in our Enhanced Rates offering, diversification of Depository Partners and insurance company partners, and varied contract terms, substantially reduces our exposure to short-term fluctuations in prevailing interest rates and mitigates the short-term impact of a sustained increase or decline in prevailing interest rates on our custodial revenue. A sustained decline in prevailing interest rates may negatively affect our business by reducing the size of the interest rate yield, or yield, available to us and thus the amount of the custodial revenue we can realize. Conversely, a sustained increase in prevailing interest rates can increase our yield. An increase in our yield would increase our custodial revenue as a percentage of total revenue. In addition, if our yield increases, we expect the spread to also increase between the interest offered to us by our Depository Partners and insurance company partners and the interest retained by our members, thus increasing our profitability. However, we may be required to increase the interest retained by our members in a rising prevailing interest rate environment. Changes in prevailing interest rates are driven by macroeconomic trends and government policies over which we have no control.

Client-held funds are interest earning deposits from which we generate custodial revenue. As of July 31, 2024 and January 31, 2024, we held Client-held funds of $817 million and $842 million, respectively. These deposits are amounts remitted by Clients and held by us on their behalf to pre-fund and facilitate administration of our other CDBs. These deposits are held with Depository Partners. We deposit the Client-held funds with our Depository Partners in interest-bearing, demand deposit accounts that have a floating interest rate and no set term or duration. A sustained decline in prevailing interest rates may negatively affect our business by reducing the size of the yield available to us and thus the amount of the custodial revenue we can realize from Client-held funds. Conversely, a sustained increase in prevailing interest rates may increase our yield. Changes in prevailing interest rates are driven by macroeconomic trends and government policies over which we have no control.

Cash and cash equivalents. We consider all highly liquid investments purchased with an original maturity of three months or less to be unrestricted cash equivalents. Our unrestricted cash and cash equivalents are held in institutions in the U.S. and include deposits in a money market account that is unrestricted as to withdrawal or use. As of July 31, 2024 and January 31, 2024, we had unrestricted cash and cash equivalents of $326.9 million and $404.0 million, respectively. Due to the short-term nature of these instruments, we believe that we do not have any material exposure to changes in the fair value of our cash and cash equivalents as a result of changes in interest rates.

Long-term debt. As of July 31, 2024 and January 31, 2024, we had $511.9 million and $286.9 million, respectively, outstanding under our Prior Credit Facilities. The stated interest rate on our Prior Credit Facilities was variable and was 6.70% as of July 31, 2024. Our overall interest rate sensitivity under these credit facilities was primarily influenced by any amounts borrowed and the prevailing interest rates on these instruments. For example, a one percent increase in the interest rate on the amount outstanding under our Prior Credit Facilities as of July 31, 2024 would have resulted in approximately $5.2 million of additional interest expense over the next 12 months. 

On August 23, 2024, we entered into a new Credit Agreement, pursuant to which we established a new Revolving Credit Facility, a portion of which was used to repay all outstanding obligations under the Prior Credit Facilities. As of August 23, 2024, the outstanding balance under the Revolving Credit Facility was $511.9 million. The stated rate on our Revolving Credit Facility is variable. Accordingly, we may incur additional expense if interest rates increase in future periods. The interest rate on our $600 million of unsecured Senior Notes due 2029 is fixed at 4.50%.

Item 4. Controls and procedures

Evaluation of disclosure controls and procedures

Management, with the participation of the Company’s Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”) and Chief Financial Officer (“CFO”), has evaluated the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures as of July 31, 2024, the end of the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. The term “disclosure controls and procedures,” as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act, means controls and other

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procedures of a company that are designed to provide reasonable assurance that the information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to provide reasonable assurance that the information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to the company’s management, including its principal executive and principal financial officers, or persons performing similar functions, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives and management necessarily applies its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures.

Based on such evaluation, our CEO and our CFO concluded that as of July 31, 2024, the Company's disclosure controls and procedures were effective at the reasonable assurance level.

Changes in internal control over financial reporting

There were no changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting identified in connection with the evaluation required by Rule 13a-15(d) and 15d-15(d) of the Exchange Act that occurred during the quarter ended July 31, 2024 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

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Part II—Other information

Item 1. Legal proceedings

From time-to-time, we may be subject to various legal proceedings and claims that arise in the normal course of our business activities. Except as described in Note 5—Commitments and contingencies, as of the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, we were not a party to any litigation whereby the outcome of such litigation, if determined adversely to us, would individually or in the aggregate be reasonably expected to have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, cash flows or financial position. For a description of these legal proceedings, see Note 5—Commitments and contingencies of the notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

Item 1A. Risk factors

The risks described in “Risk factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2024, this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, and subsequent periodic reports could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. There have been no material changes in such risks. These risk factors do not identify all risks that we face, and our operations could also be affected by factors that are not presently known to us or that we currently consider to be immaterial to our operations.

Cyber-attacks, including ransomware attacks, or other privacy or data security incidents could materially adversely impact our business.

Our proprietary technology platforms enable the exchange of, and access to, sensitive information, and, as a result, we are frequently the target of cyber-attacks or other privacy or data security incidents. As one of the largest providers of HSAs and other CDBs, we are an attractive target for cyber-attacks, including ransomware attacks, which means we must continue to secure and monitor each of our technology platforms, making sure these platforms are aligned to our industry benchmark security posture. In addition, geopolitical events, including the war between Russia and Ukraine, have resulted in, and may continue to result in, an increase in cyber-attacks.

Substantially all of our workforce works remotely. This remote work environment increases the risk of cybersecurity breaches and incidents, and the potential impact of these on our operations is also higher while our team members log into our network remotely. In addition, we use third-party operations partners to service our members. These third-party partners have access to member information in order to provide this service, which further increases the risk of cybersecurity breaches and incidents through those partners.

Our ability to ensure the security of our technology platforms and thus sensitive customer and partner information is critical to our operations. We rely on standard Internet and other security systems to provide the security and authentication necessary to effect secure transmission of data. Despite our security measures, our information technology and infrastructure are vulnerable to cybersecurity threats, including attacks by hackers and other malfeasance. Such security breaches could compromise our networks, or those of third-party service providers on which we rely, and result in the information stored or transmitted there to be accessed, modified or used in an unauthorized manner, publicly disclosed, lost, or stolen. Such access, use, disclosure, or other loss of information could result in regulatory scrutiny, legal claims or proceedings leading to liability, including under laws that protect the privacy of personal information, disrupt our operations and the services we provide to our Clients, damage our reputation, and cause a loss of confidence in our products and services, which could adversely affect our business, operations, and competitive position.

Security breaches, including a major breach of our network security and systems, could result in serious negative consequences for our business, including the loss of sensitive information, theft or loss of actual funds, litigation, indemnity obligations to our Clients, fines, penalties and other liabilities, including under laws that protect the privacy of personal information, disrupt our operations and the services we provide to our members, Clients and Network Partners. Such breaches could damage our reputation and cause a loss of confidence in our products and services, reducing demand and resulting in an unwillingness of members, Clients, Network Partners and other data owners to provide us with their payment information or personal information, and otherwise harm our brand. Furthermore, if third parties improperly obtain and use the personal information of our members, we may be required to expend significant resources to resolve these problems.

While we have security measures in place, we have experienced data privacy incidents in the past, including an incident earlier this year in which a business partner's user account containing personally identifiable information was breached, in addition to several incidents in 2018. As a result of the incident earlier this year, we are now subject to several putative class action lawsuits seeking unspecified damages, and we expect to be subject to

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regulatory investigations related to the incident. Whether as a result of these incidents, or if our security measures are breached again or unauthorized access to data is otherwise obtained as a result of third-party action, team member error or otherwise, our reputation could be significantly damaged, our business may suffer and we could incur substantial liability, which could result in loss of sales, Clients and Network Partners.

Because techniques used to obtain unauthorized access to or sabotage systems change frequently and such novel techniques may not be identified until they are launched against a target, we may be unable to anticipate, or to implement adequate preventative measures to address, these techniques. Any or all of these issues could negatively impact our ability to attract new, or increase engagement by, members, Clients and Network Partners, and subject us to third-party lawsuits, regulatory fines, contractual liability, and other action or liability, thereby harming our operating results or financial condition.

Item 5. Other information

Rule 10b5-1 plan elections

On July 9, 2024, Robert Selander, chairman of our board of directors, entered into a Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement (the “Selander Arrangement”). The Selander Arrangement provides for the sale, between October 9, 2024 and April 16, 2025, of up to 28,000 aggregate shares of the Company’s common stock held directly by Mr. Selander and the exercise of up to 65,000 stock options. The Selander Arrangement was entered into during an open insider trading window and is intended to satisfy the affirmative defense of Rule 10b5-1(c) under the Exchange Act.

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Item 6. Exhibits

		Incorporate by reference
Exhibit no.	Description	Form	File No.	Exhibit	Filing Date
10.1	HealthEquity, Inc. 2024 Equity Incentive Plan	DEF 14A	001-36568	B	May 17, 2024
10.2+	Forms of Award Agreements under the HealthEquity, Inc. 2024 Equity Incentive Plan
31.1+	Certification of the Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a), as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
31.2+	Certification of the Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a), as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
32.1*#	Certification of the Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
32.2*#	Certification of the Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
101.INS	XBRL Instance document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.
101.SCH	Inline XBRL Taxonomy schema linkbase document
101.CAL	Inline XBRL Taxonomy calculation linkbase document
101.DEF	Inline XBRL Taxonomy definition linkbase document
101.LAB	Inline XBRL Taxonomy labels linkbase document
101.PRE	Inline XBRL Taxonomy presentation linkbase document
104	The cover page from the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended July 31, 2024, formatted in Inline XBRL.

+	Filed herewith.
*	Furnished herewith.
#	These certifications are not deemed filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission and are not to be incorporated by reference in any filing the registrant makes under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, irrespective of any general incorporation language in any filings.

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Signatures

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

	HEALTHEQUITY, INC.
Date: September 3, 2024	By:	/s/ James Lucania
	Name:	James Lucania
	Title:	Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

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