UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended June 30, 2023

or

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from __________ to __________

Commission file number: 001-37673

WORKHORSE GROUP INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Nevada	26-1394771
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

3600 Park 42 Drive, Suite 160E, Sharonville, Ohio 45241

(Address of principal executive offices, including zip code)

1 (888) 646-5205

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, $0.001 par value per share	WKHS	The NASDAQ Capital Market

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒  No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒  No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer	☐	Accelerated filer	☐
Non-accelerated filer	☒	Smaller reporting company	☒
		Emerging growth company	☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐  No ☒

The number of shares of the Registrant's Common Stock, $0.001 par value per share, outstanding as of July 31, 2023, was 210,793,111.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PART I	FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1.	Financial Statements (Unaudited)	1
	Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets	1
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations	2
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity	3
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows	5
	Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements	6
Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	16
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	22
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	22
PART II	OTHER INFORMATION	23
Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	23
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	23
Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	24
Item 3.	Defaults Upon Senior Securities	24
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	24
Item 5.	Other Information	24
Item 6.	Exhibits	25
	SIGNATURES	26

i

Forward-Looking Statements

The discussions in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (this “Report”) contain forward-looking statements reflecting our current expectations that involve risks and uncertainties. These statements are made under the “safe harbor” provisions of the U.S. Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. When used in this Report, the words “anticipate,” “expect,” “plan,” “believe,” “seek,” “estimate” and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements. These are statements that relate to future periods and include, but are not limited to, statements about the features, benefits and performance of our products, our ability to introduce new product offerings and increase revenue from existing products, expected expenses including those related to selling and marketing, product development and general and administrative, our beliefs regarding the health and growth of the market for our products, anticipated increase in our customer base, expansion of our products functionalities, expected revenue levels and sources of revenue, expected impact, if any, of legal proceedings, the adequacy of our liquidity and capital resources, and expected growth in business. Forward-looking statements are statements that are not historical facts. Such forward-looking statements are subject to risks and uncertainties, which could cause actual results to differ materially from the forward-looking statements contained in this Report. Factors that could cause actual results to differ materially include, but are not limited to: our ability to develop and manufacture our new product portfolio, including the W4 CC, W750, W56 and WNext platforms; our ability to attract and retain customers for our existing and new products; risks associated with obtaining orders and executing upon such orders; the unavailability, reduction, elimination or adverse application of government subsidies, incentives and regulations; supply chain disruptions, including constraints on steel, semiconductors and other material inputs and resulting cost increases impacting our company, our customers, our suppliers or the industry; our ability to capitalize on opportunities to deliver products to meet customer requirements; our limited operations and need to expand and enhance elements of our production process to fulfill product orders; our inability to raise additional capital to fund our operations and business plan; our inability to maintain our listing of our securities on the Nasdaq Capital Market; our ability to protect our intellectual property; market acceptance for our products; our ability to control our expenses; potential competition, including without limitation shifts in technology; volatility in and deterioration of national and international capital markets and economic conditions; global and local business conditions; acts of war (including without limitation the conflict in Ukraine) and/or terrorism; the prices being charged by our competitors; our inability to retain key members of our management team; our inability to satisfy our customer warranty claims; the outcome of any regulatory or legal proceedings; and other risks and uncertainties and other factors discussed from time to time in our filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”), including under the “Risk Factors” section of our annual report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC and this Report. Forward-looking statements speak only as of the date hereof. We expressly disclaim any obligation or undertaking to release publicly any updates or revisions to any forward-looking statements contained herein to reflect any change in our expectations with regard thereto or any change in events, conditions or circumstances on which any such statement is based, except as required by law.

All references in this Report that refer to the “Company”, “Workhorse Group”, “Workhorse”, “we,” “us” or “our” are to Workhorse Group Inc.

ii

PART I – FINANCIAL INFORMATION

ITEM 1. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Workhorse Group Inc.

Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets

(Unaudited)

	June 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
Assets
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	62,379,740	$	99,276,301
Accounts receivable, less allowance for credit losses of $2.4 million and zero as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022	2,837,242		2,079,343
Other receivable	15,000,000		15,000,000
Inventory, net	34,623,566		8,850,142
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	9,450,740		14,152,481
Total current assets	124,291,288		139,358,267
Property, plant and equipment, net	31,300,436		21,501,095
Investment in Tropos	10,000,000		10,000,000
Lease right-of-use assets	11,158,562		11,706,803
Other assets	176,310		176,310
Total Assets	$	176,926,596	$	182,742,475
Liabilities
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	$	10,228,919	$	10,235,345
Accrued and other current liabilities	43,049,743		46,207,431
Deferred revenue, current	1,406,250		3,375,000
Warranty liability	1,922,580		2,207,674
Current portion of lease liabilities	1,486,417		1,285,032
Total current liabilities	58,093,909		63,310,482
Deferred revenue, long-term	3,368,831		2,005,000
Lease liability, long-term	8,076,135		8,840,062
Total Liabilities	69,538,875		74,155,544
Commitments and contingencies
Stockholders’ Equity:
Series A preferred stock, par value $0.001 per share, 75,000,000 shares authorized, zero shares issued and outstanding as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022	—		—
Common stock, par value $0.001 per share, 250,000,000 shares authorized, 205,221,154 shares issued and outstanding as of June 30, 2023 and 165,605,355 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2022	205,221		165,605
Additional paid-in capital	782,848,275		736,070,388
Accumulated deficit	(675,665,775)		(627,649,062)
Total stockholders’ equity	107,387,721		108,586,931
Total Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity	$	176,926,596	$	182,742,475

See accompanying notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

1

Workhorse Group Inc.

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations

(Unaudited)

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended  June 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Sales, net of returns and allowances	$	3,966,463	$	12,555	$	5,659,878	$	26,854
Cost of sales	8,427,377		3,020,204		13,755,496		6,943,555
Gross loss	(4,460,914)		(3,007,649)		(8,095,618)		(6,916,701)
Operating expenses
Selling, general and administrative	14,002,517		13,030,143		28,692,360		24,940,402
Research and development	5,059,745		5,027,061		12,284,594		9,038,995
Total operating expenses	19,062,262		18,057,204		40,976,954		33,979,397
Loss from operations	(23,523,176)		(21,064,853)		(49,072,572)		(40,896,098)
Interest income (expense), net	505,500		(95,419)		1,055,859		(2,318,709)
Loss before benefit for income taxes	(23,017,676)		(21,160,272)		(48,016,713)		(43,214,807)
Benefit for income taxes	—		—		—		—
Net loss	$	(23,017,676)	$	(21,160,272)	$	(48,016,713)	$	(43,214,807)
Net loss per share of common stock
Basic & Diluted	$	(0.12)	$	(0.13)	$	(0.27)	$	(0.28)
Weighted average shares used in computing net loss per share of common stock
Basic & Diluted	185,660,305		159,107,776		176,453,477		155,543,436

See accompanying notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

2

Workhorse Group Inc.

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity

(Unaudited)

	Common Stock			Additional Paid-in Capital		Accumulated Deficit		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss		Total Stockholders’ Equity
	Number of Shares	Amount
Balance as of March 31, 2022	151,993,870	$	151,994	$	688,472,154	$	(532,429,379)	$	—	$	156,194,769
Common stock issued in exchange of convertible notes	7,833,666	7,834		25,373,244		—		—		25,381,078
Common stock issued through At-The-Market offering	98,986	99		248,596		—		—		248,695
Stock options and vesting of restricted shares*	131,990	132		(128,358)		—		—		(128,226)
Stock-based compensation	—	—		3,292,409		—		—		3,292,409
Net loss for the three months ended June 30, 2022	—	—		—		(21,160,272)		—		(21,160,272)
Balance as of June 30, 2022	160,058,512	$	160,059	$	717,258,045	$	(553,589,651)	$	—	$	163,828,453

	Common Stock			Additional Paid-in Capital		Accumulated Deficit		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss		Total Stockholders’ Equity
	Number of Shares	Amount
Balance as of December 31, 2021	151,915,455	$	151,916	$	686,318,201	$	(510,374,844)	$	(1,402,500)	$	174,692,773
Common stock issued in exchange of convertible notes	7,833,666	7,834		25,373,244		—		—		25,381,078
Common stock issued through At-The-Market offering	98,986	99		248,596		—		—		248,695
Stock options and vesting of restricted shares*	210,405	210		(324,698)		—		—		(324,488)
Stock-based compensation	—	—		5,642,702		—		—		5,642,702
Net loss for the six months ended June 30, 2022	—	—		—		(43,214,807)		—		(43,214,807)
Other comprehensive loss	—	—		—		—		1,402,500		1,402,500
Balance as of June 30, 2022	160,058,512	$	160,059	$	717,258,045	$	(553,589,651)	$	—	$	163,828,453

*Net of tax payments related to shares withheld for option exercises and vested stock.

See accompanying notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

3

Workhorse Group Inc.

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity

(Unaudited)

	Common Stock			Additional Paid-in Capital		Accumulated Deficit		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss		Total Stockholders’ Equity
	Number of Shares	Amount
Balance as of March 31, 2023	180,580,698	$	180,580	$	757,288,067	$	(652,648,099)	$	—	$	104,820,548
Common stock issued through At-The-Market offering	24,299,355	24,300		21,675,120		—		—		21,699,420
Issuance of common stock	116,347	116		199,884		—		—		200,000
Stock options and vesting of restricted shares*	224,754	225		(91,892)		—		—		(91,667)
Stock-based compensation	—	—		3,777,096		—		—		3,777,096
Net loss for the three months ended June 30, 2023	—	—		—		(23,017,676)		—		(23,017,676)
Balance as of June 30, 2023	205,221,154	$	205,221	$	782,848,275	$	(675,665,775)	$	—	$	107,387,721

	Common Stock			Additional Paid-in Capital		Accumulated Deficit		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss		Total Stockholders’ Equity
	Number of Shares	Amount
Balance as of December 31, 2022	165,605,355	$	165,605	$	736,070,388	$	(627,649,062)	$	—	$	108,586,931
Common stock issued through At-The-Market offering	38,684,131	38,684		40,252,923		—		—		40,291,607
Issuance of common stock	116,347	116		199,884		—		—		200,000
Stock options and vesting of restricted shares*	815,321	816		(476,405)		—		—		(475,589)
Stock-based compensation	—	—		6,801,485		—		—		6,801,485
Net loss for the six months ended June 30, 2023	—	—		—		(48,016,713)		—		(48,016,713)
Balance as of June 30, 2023	205,221,154	$	205,221	$	782,848,275	$	(675,665,775)	$	—	$	107,387,721

*Net of tax payments related to shares withheld for option exercises and vested stock.

See accompanying notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

4

Workhorse Group Inc.

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(Unaudited)

	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2023		2022
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net loss	$	(48,016,713)	$	(43,214,807)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization	1,386,621		710,348
Change in fair value and loss on exchange of convertible notes	—		1,769,857
Deferred revenue	(604,918)		—
Stock-based compensation	6,801,485		5,642,702
Change in inventory and prepaid purchases reserve	54,369		425,130
Non-cash lease expense	425,421		583,406
Other non-cash items	200,000		175,750
Effects of changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable	(851,649)		(634,892)
Inventory	(25,909,707)		(3,187,163)
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	4,783,655		(7,119,454)
Other assets	—		(34,401)
Accounts payable, accrued liabilities and other	(3,783,596)		(9,317,242)
Warranty liability	(285,094)		(1,261,704)
Net cash used in operating activities	(65,800,126)		(55,462,470)
Cash flows from investing activities:
Capital expenditures	(10,472,730)		(5,658,776)
Net cash used in investing activities	(10,472,730)		(5,658,776)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Proceeds from issuance of common stock	40,291,607		248,695
Payments on finance lease	(439,722)		(389,780)
Exercise of warrants and options and restricted share award activity	(475,590)		(324,488)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities	39,376,295		(465,573)
Change in cash and cash equivalents	(36,896,561)		(61,586,819)
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, beginning of the period	99,276,301		201,647,394
Cash and cash equivalents, end of the period	$	62,379,740	$	140,060,575

See accompanying notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

5

Workhorse Group Inc.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(Unaudited)

1.SUMMARY OF BUSINESS AND SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING PRINCIPLES

Overview

We are an American technology company with a vision to pioneer the transition to zero-emission commercial vehicles. Our primary focus is to provide sustainable and cost-effective solutions to the commercial transportation sector. We design and manufacture all-electric delivery trucks and drone systems, including the technology that optimizes the way these vehicles operate. We are focused on our core competency of bringing our electric delivery vehicle platforms to market.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

From inception, we have financed our operations primarily through sales of equity securities and issuance of debt. We have utilized this capital for research and development and to fund designing, building and delivering vehicles to customers and for working capital purposes.

The Company had sales of $5.7 million, incurred a net loss of $48.0 million and used $65.8 million of cash in operating activities during the six months ended June 30, 2023. As of June 30, 2023, the Company had $62.4 million of cash and cash equivalents, working capital of $66.2 million and an accumulated deficit of $675.7 million.

We have made significant progress executing on our revised strategic product roadmap for our electric vehicle offerings and expect to generate additional sales within the next twelve months to help support our operations. Additionally, management plans to reduce its discretionary spend related to non-contracted capital expenditures and other expenses, if necessary. These plans alleviated the substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern caused by the significant losses from operations and cash used in operating activities. However, if the expected sales are not generated and management is not able to control capital expenditures and other expenses, we will continue to incur substantial operating losses and negative cash flows from operations. There can be no assurance that we will be successful in implementing our plans or acquiring additional funding, that our projections of our future working capital needs will prove accurate, or that any additional funding would be sufficient to continue operations in future periods.

Our future liquidity and working capital requirements will depend on numerous factors, including, the ability to generate sales, the ability to control capital expenditures and other expenses, and the ability to raise funds via private or public placement of our equity securities.

We currently intend to raise additional funds through issuance of equity, including through the continued use of our at-the-market offering program (the "ATM Program"). If we are unable to maintain sufficient financial resources, our business, financial condition and results of operations will be materially and adversely affected. This could affect future vehicle program production and sales. Failure to obtain additional equity financing will have a material, adverse impact on our business operations. There can be no assurance that we will be able to obtain the needed financing on acceptable terms or at all. Additionally, any equity financings would likely have a dilutive effect on the holdings of our existing stockholders.

Principles of Consolidation

The accompanying Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements have been prepared in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) and reflect our accounts and operations and those of our wholly-owned subsidiaries. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated upon consolidation.

In the opinion of our management, the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements include all adjustments that are necessary for the fair presentation of Workhorse’s financial condition, results of operations and cash flows for the interim periods presented. Such adjustments are of a normal, recurring nature. The results of operations and cash flows for the interim periods presented may not necessarily be indicative of full-year results. Reference should be made to the financial statements contained in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.

6

Reclassifications

Certain prior period balances have been reclassified to conform to the current year presentation in the condensed consolidated financial statements and the accompanying notes. These reclassifications have no effect on previously reported results of operations or stockholders’ equity.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues, costs and expenses and related disclosures in the accompanying notes.

2.    INVENTORY, NET

Inventory, net consisted of the following:

	June 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
Raw materials	$	26,673,327	$	42,500,878
Work in process	—		25,210,131
Finished goods	10,281,415		301,645
	36,954,742		68,012,654
Less: inventory reserves	(2,331,176)		(59,162,512)
Inventory, net	$	34,623,566	$	8,850,142

We reserve inventory for any excess or obsolete inventories or when we believe the net realizable value of inventories is less than the carrying value.

As of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company recorded inventory reserves of $2.3 million and $59.2 million, respectively. The period over period decrease in inventory reserves was primarily driven by our efforts to sell and dispose of C-Series vehicle program inventory, which was fully reserved as the program was discontinued at the end of 2022. The sale and disposal activity did not have a material impact on the Company’s results of operations during the six months ended June 30, 2023.

3.     CONTRACT MANUFACTURING SERVICES AND INVESTMENT IN TROPOS

We have a minority ownership in Tropos Technologies, Inc. (“Tropos”) with a value of $10.0 million as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022. The investment was obtained in exchange for a cash payment of $5.0 million, and a $5.0 million contribution of non-cash consideration representing a deposit from Tropos for future assembly services. The non-cash consideration was initially recorded as deferred revenue and is recognized as revenue over time as assembly service performance obligations are satisfied.

We elected to utilize the measurement alternative allowed under GAAP to record our Investment in Tropos at cost less impairment, if applicable, as of June 30, 2023 and December 31. 2022.

7

4.    PREPAID EXPENSES AND OTHER CURRENT ASSETS

Prepaid expenses and other current assets consisted of the following:

	June 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
Prepaid purchases(1)	$	25,878,084	$	34,611,649
Less: prepaid purchases reserve(2)	(17,669,622)		(22,163,338)
Prepaid purchases, net	8,208,462		12,448,311
Prepaid insurance	414,803		1,198,769
Other	827,475		505,401
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	$	9,450,740	$	14,152,481

(1) The Company’s prepaid purchases consist primarily of deposits made to our suppliers for non-recurring engineering costs, capital expenditures, and production parts. The decrease in prepaid purchases as compared to December 31, 2022 is primarily due to receiving inventory on supplier orders related to our W4 CC, W750 and W56 vehicle platforms, with limited new supplier orders receiving prepayment. Additionally, we wrote-off prepaid purchases related to the C-Series vehicle platform, which were fully reserved as the program was discontinued in 2022.

(2) We record reserves on prepaid purchases that are significantly aged, for balances that represent deposits for certain production parts related to the Company’s C-Series vehicle platform, and for balances specifically identified as having a carrying value in excess of net realizable value. The reserve represents our best estimate of deposits on orders that we do not expect to recover. The decrease in the reserve is driven by the write-off of prepaid purchases related to the C-Series vehicle platform, which was fully reserved as the program was discontinued in 2022.

5.    REVENUE

Revenue Recognition

The following table provides a summary of sales activity for the periods indicated:

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Sales, net of returns and allowances	$	3,367,666	$	—	$	4,948,966	$	—
Other sales	598,797		12,555		710,912		26,854
Total sales, net of returns and allowances	$	3,966,463	$	12,555	$	5,659,878	$	26,854

Sales for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 consisted primarily of W4 CC vehicle sales. Other sales for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 consisted of delivery services, service parts and other services.

Deferred revenue is equivalent to the total service fee allocated to the assembly service performance obligations that are unsatisfied as of the balance sheet date. Deferred revenue was $4.8 million and $5.4 million as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

Revenue recognized from the deferred revenue balance as of June 30, 2023 and 2022 was $0.1 million and zero for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Of the total deferred revenue for assembly services, we expect to recognize $1.4 million of revenue in the next 12 months.

8

6.    ACCRUED AND OTHER CURRENT LIABILITIES

Accrued and other current liabilities consisted of the following:

	June 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
Legal reserve (Note 13)	$	35,500,000	$	35,000,000
Compensation and related costs	3,138,072		4,967,187
Other	4,411,671		6,240,244
Total accrued and other current liabilities	$	43,049,743	$	46,207,431

Warranties

Warranty liability activity consisted of the following for the periods indicated:

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended  June 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Warranty liability, beginning of period	$	2,066,588	$	4,315,463	$	2,207,674	$	4,583,916
Warranty costs incurred	(307,500)		(348,005)		(595,313)		(698,958)
Provision for warranty	163,492		(645,246)		310,219		(562,746)
Warranty liability, end of period	$	1,922,580	$	3,322,212	$	1,922,580	$	3,322,212

7.    LEASES

We have entered into various operating and finance lease agreements for offices, manufacturing and warehouse facilities. We determine if an arrangement is a lease, or contains a lease provision, at inception and record the leases in our financial statements upon lease commencement, which is the date when the underlying asset is made available for our use by the lessor.

We have elected not to disclose in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets leases with a lease term of 12 months or less at lease inception that do not contain a purchase option or renewal term provision we are reasonably certain to exercise. All other lease right-of-use assets and lease liabilities are recognized based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term at commencement date. Because most of our leases do not provide an implicit rate of return, we used our incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at lease commencement date in determining the present value of lease payments.

Our leases may include options to extend the lease term for up to 5 years. Some of our leases also include options to terminate the lease prior to the end of the agreed upon lease term. For purposes of calculating lease liabilities, lease terms include options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain we will exercise such options.

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Short-term lease expense	$	68,368	$	248,103	$	126,675	$	424,008
Operating lease expense	568,157		465,544		1,140,497		762,967
Total lease expense	$	636,525	$	713,647	$	1,267,172	$	1,186,975

9

Lease right-of-use assets consisted of the following:

	June 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
Operating leases	$	5,437,003	$	5,884,865
Finance leases	5,721,559		5,821,938
Total lease right-of-use assets	$	11,158,562	$	11,706,803

Lease liabilities consisted of the following:

	June 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
Operating leases	$	6,707,406	$	6,977,896
Finance leases	2,855,146		3,147,198
Total lease liabilities	9,562,552		10,125,094
Less: current portion	(1,486,417)		(1,285,032)
Long-term portion	$	8,076,135	$	8,840,062

8.    STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION

We maintain, as approved by the board of directors and the stockholders, the 2017 Incentive Stock Plan, the 2019 Incentive Stock Plan and the 2023 Long-Term Incentive Plan (the “Plans”) providing for the issuance of stock-based awards to employees, officers, directors or consultants of the Company. Non-qualified stock options may only be granted with an exercise price equal to the market value of our common stock on the grant date. Awards under the Plan may be either vested or unvested options, or unvested restricted stock. The Plans have authorized 17.5 million shares for issuance of stock-based awards. As of June 30, 2023 there were approximately 3.1 million shares available for issuance of future stock awards under the Plans.

Stock-based compensation expense

The following table summarizes stock-based compensation expense for the periods indicated:

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Stock options	$	242,571	$	254,585	$	483,109	$	486,963
Restricted stock awards	2,505,234		2,226,865		4,567,072		3,906,109
Performance-based restricted stock awards	1,029,291		810,959		1,751,304		1,249,630
Total stock-based compensation expense	$	3,777,096	$	3,292,409	$	6,801,485	$	5,642,702

Stock options

A summary of stock option activity for the six months ended June 30, 2023 is as follows:

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	Number of Options	Weighted Average Exercise Price per Option		Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life (Years)
Balance, December 31, 2022	423,626	$	7.6	6.7
Exercised	(200)	1.8
Forfeited	(70,997)	1.8
Balance, June 30, 2023	352,429	$	8.8	7.2
Number of options exercisable at June 30, 2023	204,213	$	7.8	6.2

As of June 30, 2023, unrecognized compensation expense was $1.1 million for unvested options which is expected to be recognized over the next 1.2 years.

Restricted stock awards

A summary of restricted stock award activity for the six months ended June 30, 2023 is as follows:

	Number of Unvested Shares	Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value per Share
Balance, December 31, 2022	3,525,331	$	4.9
Granted	3,753,965	1.5
Vested	(1,090,357)	4.4
Forfeited	(276,051)	2.6
Balance, June 30, 2023	5,912,888	$	2.9

As of June 30, 2023, unrecognized compensation expense was $14.0 million for unvested restricted stock awards which is expected to be recognized over the next 1.7 years.

Performance share units (“PSUs”)

As of June 30, 2023, the number of unvested PSUs was 3.1 million. The vesting of the PSUs is conditioned upon achievement of certain performance objectives over performance periods ending December 31, 2024 and 2025 as defined in each award agreement. Fifty percent of the PSUs vest based upon the Company’s total shareholder return as compared to a group of peer companies (“TSR PSUs”), and fifty percent of the PSUs vest based upon our performance on certain measures including a cumulative adjusted EBITDA target (“EBITDA PSUs”). Depending on the actual achievement of the performance objectives, the grantee may earn between 0% and 200% of the target PSUs.

A summary of the activity for PSU awards with total shareholder return performance objectives for the six months ended June 30, 2023 is as follows:

	Number of Unvested Shares	Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value per Share
Balance, December 31, 2022	738,751	$	11.8
Granted	986,144	0.9
Forfeited	(22,278)	0.9
Balance, June 30, 2023	1,702,617	$	5.6

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The grant date fair value of $1.88 per TSR PSU for the awards issued in 2023 was estimated using a Monte-Carlo simulation model using a volatility assumption of 109% and risk-free interest rate of 3.77%. The grant date fair value of $11.79 per TSR PSU for the awards issued in 2022 was estimated using a Monte-Carlo simulation model using a volatility assumption of 117% and risk-free interest rate of 0.69%.

As of June 30, 2023, unrecognized compensation expense was $5.9 million for unvested TSR PSUs, which is expected to be recognized over the next 1.8 years.

A summary of the PSU awards with cumulative adjusted EBITDA targets for the six months ended June 30, 2023 is as follows:

	Number of Unvested Shares
Balance, December 31, 2022	432,546
Granted	986,144
Forfeited	(22,278)
Balance, June 30, 2023	1,396,412

The fair value of performance share units is calculated based on the stock price on the date of grant. The stock-based compensation expense recognized each period is dependent upon our estimate of the number of shares that will ultimately vest based on the achievement of EBITDA-based performance conditions. Future stock-based compensation expense for unvested EBITDA PSUs will be based on the fair value of the awards as of the grant date, which has not yet occurred, as the cumulative adjusted EBITDA target condition is not yet defined.

9.    STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

At-The-Market Sales Agreement

On March 10, 2022, we entered into the ATM Program. Under the ATM Program, we may offer and sell shares of our common stock having an aggregate sales price of up to $175.0 million.

During the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, we issued 24.3 million and 38.68 million shares, respectively, under the ATM Program for net proceeds of $21.7 million and $40.3 million, respectively. The remaining aggregate sales available under the ATM Program is $120.7 million as of June 30, 2023. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, we issued 0.1 million and 0.1 million shares, respectively, under the ATM Program for net proceeds of $0.2 million and $0.2 million, respectively.

10.    INCOME TAXES

As of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company's deferred tax liability was zero. Cumulative deferred tax assets are fully reserved as there is not sufficient evidence to conclude it is more likely than not the deferred tax assets are realizable. No current liability for federal or state income taxes has been included in these Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements due to the loss for the periods.

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11.    EARNINGS (LOSS) PER SHARE

Basic loss per share of common stock is calculated by dividing net loss by the weighted-average shares outstanding for the period. Potentially dilutive shares, which are based on the weighted-average shares of common stock underlying outstanding stock-based awards and warrants using the treasury stock method, and convertible notes using the if-converted method, are included when calculating the diluted net loss per share of common stock when their effect is dilutive.

The following table presents the potentially dilutive shares that were excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per share of common stock, because their effect was anti-dilutive:

	Three Months Ended June 30,		Six Months Ended June 30,
	2023	2022	2023	2022
Stock-based awards and warrants	10,199,166	6,765,581	10,199,166	6,765,581
Convertible notes(1)	—	7,833,666	—	7,833,666

(1) Represents shares issued in exchange of convertible notes in April 2022.

12.    RECENT ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS

Accounting Standards and Pronouncements Recently Adopted

There are no accounting standards or pronouncements recently adopted impacting the Company.

Accounting Standards and Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted

There are no accounting standards or pronouncements not yet adopted impacting the Company.

13.    COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

General Matters

The Company is party to various negotiations and legal proceedings arising in the normal course of business. The Company provides reserves for these matters when a loss is probable and reasonably estimable. The Company does not disclose a range of potential loss because the likelihood of such a loss is remote. In the opinion of management, the ultimate disposition of these matters will not have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial position, results of operations, cash flows or liquidity.

Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards (“FMVSS”) Certification and Other Regulatory Matters

For information regarding certain regulatory matters, see Note 17, “Commitments and Contingencies – Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards (“FMVSS”) Certification and Other Regulatory Matters” included in Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Legal Proceedings

Securities Litigation

On October 24, 2022, the Company entered into a binding term sheet to resolve the putative class action (the “Securities Class Action”) brought in the Central District of California (Case No.2:21-cv-02072) on behalf of purchasers of the Company’s securities from March 10, 2020 through May 10, 2021 as well as the related Shareholders Derivative Litigation described below. On January 13, 2023, the parties executed a Stipulation of Settlement setting forth the terms of the settlement of the class action and resolution of all claims. Under these terms, Workhorse will pay $15 million in cash, which is expected to be funded fully by proceeds of available insurance, and $20 million payable in shares of Workhorse stock. A Stipulation of Settlement and Motion for Preliminary Approval of Class Action Settlement was filed on January 13, 2023, and the Court granted preliminary approval of the settlement on February 14, 2023. The Company recorded a $15 million insurance

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receivable in Other receivable and a $35 million legal reserve in Accrued and other current liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheet at June 30, 2023.

On July 24, 2023 (the “Judgment Date”), the Court entered an order (the “Order”) granting final approval of the Stipulation of Settlement, resolving the Securities Class Action. Pursuant to the Stipulation of Settlement, in exchange for a release of all claims and dismissal with prejudice of the Securities Class Action, the Company agreed to create a settlement fund with an escrow agent (the “Settlement Fund”), consisting of $15 million in cash and $20 million in shares of common stock of the Company (the “Settlement Shares”) from which class members will receive payment. The escrow agent may sell the Settlement Shares and deposit the proceeds from such sales into the Settlement Fund or may distribute the Settlement Shares to class members.

Pursuant to the Stipulation of Settlement, the number of Settlement Shares to be issued is based on the volume weighted average price (“VWAP”) of the Company’s common stock for the 15 trading days immediately preceding the Judgment Date. The Company has calculated the VWAP for the 15 trading days immediately preceding the Judgment Date to be $1.011 (the “VWAP Price”). As a result, subject to the possible adjustments discussed below, the Company expects to issue 19,782,394 shares of its common stock to be deposited into the Settlement Fund as Settlement Shares. However, if, at market close on the trading day before the date the Company deposits the Settlement Shares, the market price per share of the Company’s common stock deviates more than 25% above or below the VWAP Price, the number of Settlement Shares will be adjusted, upward or downward, as the case may be, such that the aggregate value of the Settlement Shares equals $20 million.

For additional information regarding the Securities Class Action, see Note 17, “Commitments and Contingencies – Legal Proceedings – Securities Litigation” included in Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Shareholder Derivative Litigation

As described in detail in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, a total of eight substantively similar derivative actions were originally filed for breach of fiduciary duty and unjust enrichment against Duane Hughes, Steve Schrader, Stephen Fleming, Robert Willison, Anthony Furey, Gregory Ackerson, H. Benjamin Samuels, Raymond J. Chess, Harry DeMott, Gerald B. Budde, Pamela S. Mader, Michael L. Clark and Jacqueline A. Dedo in state court in Nevada, state court in Ohio, and federal courts in Nevada, Ohio and California (collectively, the "Shareholder Derivative Litigation"). In these actions, the plaintiffs allege the defendants breached their fiduciary duties by allowing or causing the Company to violate the federal securities laws as alleged in the Securities Class Action discussed above and by selling Company stock and receiving other compensation while allegedly in possession of material non-public information about the prospect of the USPS awarding the contract to an electric vehicle manufacturer given electrifying the USPS’s entire fleet allegedly have been impractical and expensive. The plaintiffs seek damages and disgorgement in an indeterminate amount.

On October 24, 2022, the Company and the individual defendants entered into a binding term sheet to resolve all of the shareholder derivative actions described above. The settlement was subject to final documentation, public notice and court approval by the State District Court of Nevada. The parties also agreed to promptly request that the courts in such actions stay all proceedings and/or enter an order enjoining all other stockholders of the Company from commencing, instituting, or prosecuting any similar claims.

On April 10, 2023, the parties executed a Stipulation of Settlement setting forth the terms of the settlement of the derivative actions and resolving all claims. Under the terms of the settlement, the Company will receive $12.5 million of the $15.0 million described above from the Company’s directors and officers insurers and will, in turn, deliver the $12.5 million in connection with the settlement of the Securities Class Action. The Company has also agreed to adopt various corporate governance changes. On June 21, 2023, the State District Court of Nevada granted final approval of the settlement. The parties agreed to a $4.0 million fee to the derivative plaintiffs’ attorneys, $3.5 million of which is payable by the D&O insurers and $0.5 million of which is payable by the Company, which was recorded in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations for the period ended June 30, 2023.

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14.    SUBSEQUENT EVENT

On August 10, 2023, a subsidiary of the Company entered into a Floorplan and Security Agreement (the “Agreement”) with Mitsubishi HC Capital America, Inc. Pursuant to this arrangement, the Company has obtained a revolving floorplan line of credit with a maximum borrowing limit of $5.0 million.

The floorplan line of credit allows the Company to finance the acquisition of inventory, which is primarily intended for use in our manufacturing and sales of our W4 CC and W750 vehicles. Under this arrangement, the Company can borrow funds up to the specified borrowing limit to acquire eligible inventory. As the inventory is sold, the Company is required to repay the borrowings from the proceeds of the sales.

The terms of the floorplan lending line of credit include interest charged on the outstanding borrowings and may also include other fees and covenants. Interest is typically charged at a variable rate based on a reference interest rate, such as the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR), plus 4.86%.

The floorplan lending line of credit is secured by a security interest in the eligible inventory. The term of the Agreement is one year and is subject to automatic renewal on an annual basis.

The Company believes that the Agreement provides a valuable source of financing to support its inventory management and sales operations. However, the Agreement also exposes the Company to risks related to changes in interest rates, inventory values, and the availability of eligible inventory.

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ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Overview

We are an American technology company with a vision to pioneer the transition to zero-emission commercial vehicles. Our primary focus is to provide sustainable and cost-effective solutions to the commercial transportation sector. We design and manufacture all-electric trucks and drone systems, including the technology that optimizes the way these vehicles operate. We are focused on our core competency of bringing our electric vehicle platforms to market.

We continue to seek opportunities to grow the business organically, and by expanding relationships with existing and new customers. We believe we are well positioned to take advantage of long-term opportunities and continue our efforts to bring product innovations to-market.

Recent Developments

Certified Dealer Program

During the second quarter, we continued to add dealers to our Certified Dealer Program, expanding the official network of verified dealers trained to safely repair and maintain the electric components of the Company’s vehicles into new states to support our customers. The Certified Dealer Program allows us to establish a comprehensive training program enabling dealers to safely assist customers with vehicle maintenance in addition to providing strategies for vehicle deployment into their fleets. To ensure high quality vehicle maintenance, Workhorse certified dealers have also made investments in electric vehicle ("EV") charging infrastructure, tooling, and building out spare parts inventory. The Certified Dealer Program is designed to provide a strong foundation of safety and reliability in our vehicles for both our dealers and end customers.

Vehicles in Production

We continue to focus on product quality, manufacturing capacity and operational planning, and engineering and design to enable increased deliveries and deployments of our products and future revenue growth. During the period, we experienced increased sales of the W4CC, W750 and HorseFly vehicles and we continued developing and commercializing our package delivery trucks and drones. Additionally, our progress on the W750 production supports the electrification of the fleet of trucks being utilized by our Stables & Stalls initiative, which operates FedEx Ground delivery routes in the greater Cincinnati area. The electrification of the fleet will provide us with firsthand data on of the challenges and benefits of independent fleet operators experience while executing last-mile delivery operations. The initiative also provides valuable insights into how our customers can plan for and manage the transition to EV, including how to develop adequate charging infrastructure, training and maintenance services. We also continued executing our assembly services for the Tropos vehicles. In addition to our ongoing production ramp in 2023, we intend to continue to generate demand and brand awareness by improving our vehicles’ performance and functionality, and by developing new vehicle platforms such as the W56 and WNext. We expect to continue to benefit from ongoing electrification of the automotive sector and increasing environmental awareness.

Securities Litigation and Shareholder Derivative Litigation

On July 24, 2023, the U.S. District Court for the Central District of California entered an order granting final approval of the Stipulation of Settlement entered into by the parties to the Securities Litigation on January 13, 2023. Pursuant to the Stipulation of Settlement, in exchange for a release of all claims and dismissal with prejudice of the Securities Class Action, the Company agreed to create a settlement fund with an escrow agent (the “Settlement Fund”), consisting of $15 million in cash and $20 million in shares of common stock of the Company (the “Settlement Shares”) from which class members will receive payment. For further information regarding the Securities Class Action and the settlement thereof, please see Note 13, “Commitments and Contingencies – Legal Proceedings – Securities Litigation” included in Item 1 of this Form 10-Q, and Note 17, “Commitments and Contingencies – Legal Proceedings – Securities Litigation” included in Item 8 of the Company’s Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.

On June 21, 2023, the State District Court of Nevada granted final approval of the settlement of the Shareholder Derivative Litigation. Under the terms of the settlement, the Company will receive $12.5 million of the $15.0 million described above from the Company’s directors and officers insurers and will, in turn, deliver the $12.5 million in connection with the settlement of the Securities Litigation. The Company has also agreed to adopt various corporate governance changes. The parties agreed to a $4.0 million fee to the derivative plaintiffs’ attorneys, $3.5 million of which is payable by the D&O insurers and $0.5 million of which is payable by the Company. For further information regarding the Shareholder Derivative Litigation and the

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settlement thereof, please see Note 13, “Commitments and Contingencies – Legal Proceedings – Shareholder Derivative Litigation” included in Item 1 of this Form 10-Q, and Note 17, “Commitments and Contingencies – Legal Proceedings – Shareholder Derivative Litigation” included in Item 8 of the Company’s Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Recent Trends and Market Conditions

We continue to monitor macroeconomic conditions to remain flexible and to optimize and evolve our business as appropriate, and we will have to accurately project demand and infrastructure requirements globally and deploy our production, workforce and other resources accordingly. For more detailed descriptions of the impact and risks to our business, please see certain risk factors described in Part I, Item 1A, Risk Factors in our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) on March 1, 2023 (the Form 10-K”) and Part II, Item 1A, Risk Factors in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Commodities. Prices for commodities remain volatile, and we expect to experience price increases for base metals and raw materials that are used in batteries for electric vehicles (e.g., lithium, cobalt, and nickel) as well as steel, aluminum and other material inputs. Global demand and differences in output across sectors as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and geopolitical uncertainties have generated divergence in price movements across different commodities. We expect the net impact on us overall will be higher material costs.

Supply Chain. We continue to develop relationships with suppliers of key parts, components and raw materials to be used in the manufacturing of our products such as batteries, electronics, and vehicle chassis that are sourced from suppliers across the world. As we continue to execute on our new vehicle platforms, we will continue to identify supplier relationship and vehicle platform synergies which may allow us to take advantage of pricing efficiencies from economies of scale. Where available, we will utilize multiple supply sources for key parts, and we will work to qualify multiple supply sources to achieve pricing efficiencies and minimize potential production risks related to supply chain.

Inflation. Inflation continues to impact our operations, resulting from both supply and demand imbalances as economies continue to face constraints as well as the impact on the availability and cost of energy and other commodities as a result of the ongoing Ukraine and Russia conflict. We are seeing a near-term impact on our business due to inflationary pressure. In an effort to dampen inflationary pressures, central banks have continued to raise interest rates which will likely raise the cost of any financing the Company may undertake in the future.

The following section provides a narrative discussion about our financial condition and results of operations. The comments should be read in conjunction with our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements and related Notes thereto included in Item 1 of this Form 10-Q and in conjunction with the 10-K filed with the SEC on March 1, 2023.

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Results of Operations

The following table sets forth, for the periods indicated, the components of the Company's Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations:

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Sales, net of returns and allowances	$	3,966,463	$	12,555	$	5,659,878	$	26,854
Cost of sales	8,427,377		3,020,204		13,755,496		6,943,555
Gross loss	(4,460,914)		(3,007,649)		(8,095,618)		(6,916,701)
Operating expenses
Selling, general and administrative	14,002,517		13,030,143		28,692,360		24,940,402
Research and development	5,059,745		5,027,061		12,284,594		9,038,995
Total operating expenses	19,062,262		18,057,204		40,976,954		33,979,397
Loss from operations	(23,523,176)		(21,064,853)		(49,072,572)		(40,896,098)
Interest income (expense), net	505,500		(95,419)		1,055,859		(2,318,709)
Other income (loss)	—		—		—		—
Loss before benefit for income taxes	(23,017,676)		(21,160,272)		(48,016,713)		(43,214,807)
Benefit for income taxes	—		—		—		—
Net loss	$	(23,017,676)	$	(21,160,272)	$	(48,016,713)	$	(43,214,807)

Sales, net of returns and allowances

Sales, net of returns and allowances for the three months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 were $4.0 million and $12,555, respectively. Sales, net of returns and allowances for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 were $5.7 million and $26,854, respectively. The increase in sales is primarily driven by sales of the W4 CC vehicle during the first six months of 2023.

Cost of sales

Cost of sales for the three months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 were $8.4 million and $3.0 million, respectively. The increase in cost of sales was primarily due to a $4.8 million increase in costs related to vehicle sales and a $0.6 million increase in employee compensation and related expenses.

Cost of sales for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 were $13.8 million and $6.9 million, respectively. The increase in cost of sales was primarily due to a $5.6 million increase in costs related to vehicle sales and a $1.7 million increase in employee compensation and related expenses. The increase was offset by a $0.5 million decrease in inventory reserves, which was driven by the disposition of the C-Series inventory items in 2022.

Selling, general and administrative expenses

Selling, general and administrative (“SG&A”) expenses during the three months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 were $14.0 million and $13.0 million, respectively. The increase was primarily driven by a $0.5 million increase in employee compensation and related expenses, including non-cash stock-based compensation expense, a $0.4 million increase in professional services, and a $0.5 million increase in other operational expenses. The increase was partially offset by a $0.6 million decrease in legal expenses.

SG&A expenses during the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 were $28.7 million and $24.9 million, respectively. The increase was primarily driven by a $3.9 million increase in employee compensation and related expenses, including non-cash stock-based compensation expense, a $0.6 million increase in IT related expenses, a $0.5 million increase in insurance premiums, and a $1.0 million increase in professional services. The increase was partially offset by a $2.4 million decrease in legal expenses.

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Research and development expenses

Research and development (“R&D”) expenses during the three months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 were $5.1 million and $5.0 million, respectively.

R&D expenses during the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 were $12.3 million and $9.0 million, respectively. The increase was primarily driven by an increase of $1.7 million in employee compensation and related expenses. Additionally, there was a $1.0 million increase in prototype expenses and a $0.2 million increase in consulting expenses related to the continued development of our HorseFly™, W56, W750 and W4 CC vehicle programs.

Interest income (expense), net

Net interest income for the three months ended June 30, 2023 was $0.5 million as compared to $0.1 million of interest expense for the three months ended June 30, 2022.

Net interest income for the six months ended June 30, 2023 was $1.1 million as compared to $2.3 million of interest expense for the six months ended June 30, 2022. Net interest income in the current period is driven by interest earned on cash in our money market investment account. Net interest expense in the prior period is primarily related to fair value adjustments, contractual interest expense, and loss on conversion of our former convertible notes, which were exchanged for shares of our common stock during 2022.

Income taxes

Benefit for income taxes during the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 was zero.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

We have financed our operations primarily through sales of equity securities and issuance of debt. We have utilized this capital for research and development to fund designing, building and delivering vehicles to customers and for working capital purposes.

We had $5.7 million of sales for the six months ended June 30, 2023. As of June 30, 2023, the Company had $62.4 million in cash and cash equivalents, positive working capital of $66.2 million, accumulated deficit of $675.7 million, and during the six months ended June 30, 2023 incurred a loss from operations of $49.1 million and used $65.8 million of cash in operating activities. We have made significant progress executing on our revised strategic product roadmap for our electric vehicle offerings, and we expect to generate additional sales revenue within the next twelve months which will help support our operations. Additionally, management plans to reduce its discretionary spend related to non-contracted capital expenditures and other expenses, if necessary. However, if the expected sales are not generated and management is not able to control capital expenditures and other expenses, we will continue to incur substantial operating losses and negative cash flows from operations. There can be no assurance that we will be successful in implementing our plans or acquiring additional funding, that our projections of our future working capital needs will prove accurate, or that any additional funding would be sufficient to continue operations in future years.

Our annual cash burn remained high during the six month period ended June 30, 2023, however we expect it to decrease overall for the period ending December 31, 2023, despite increased working capital requirements and R&D activities.

We will primarily rely upon a private or public placement of our equity securities, including the continued use of the ATM Program, for which there can be no assurance we will be successful in such efforts. If we are unable to maintain sufficient financial resources, our business, financial condition and results of operations, as well as our ability to continue to develop, produce and market our new vehicle platforms, will be materially and adversely affected. This could affect future vehicle program production and sales. Failure to obtain additional equity financing will have a material, adverse impact on the Company’s business operations. There can be no assurance that we will be able to obtain the financing needed to achieve our goals on acceptable terms or at all. Additionally, any equity financings would likely have a dilutive effect on the holdings of the Company’s existing stockholders.

Cash Requirements

From time to time in the ordinary course of business, we enter into agreements with vendors for the purchase of components and raw materials to be used in the manufacture of our products. However, due to contractual terms, variability in the precise growth curves of our development and production ramps, and opportunities to renegotiate pricing, we generally do not have

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binding and enforceable purchase orders under such contracts beyond the short term, and the timing and magnitude of purchase orders beyond such period is difficult to accurately project.

We currently expect our capital expenditures to upgrade our facilities in Indiana, Ohio and Michigan to be between $15.0 and $25.0 million in 2023.

As of June 30, 2023, our total minimum future lease payments were $9.6 million. A description of our lease obligations is contained in Note 7, Leases, of the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Sources and Condition of Liquidity

On March 10, 2022, we entered into the ATM Program. Under the ATM Program, we may offer and sell shares of our common stock having an aggregate sales price of up to $175.0 million, in amounts and at times determined by management. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, we issued 24.3 million and 38.7 million shares under the ATM Program for net proceeds of $21.7 million and $40.3 million, respectively. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, we issued 0.1 million and 0.1 million shares, respectively, under the ATM Program for net proceeds of $0.2 million and $0.2 million, respectively. As of June 30, 2023 we have approximately $120.7 million available through the issuance of shares of common stock under the ATM Program.

With the exception of contingent and royalty payments we may receive under our existing agreements, we do not currently have any committed future funding. To the extent we raise additional capital by issuing equity securities, including under the ATM Program, our stockholders could at that time experience substantial dilution. Any debt financing that we can obtain may include operating covenants that restrict our business.

Our future funding requirements will depend upon many factors, including, but not limited to:

•our ability to acquire or license other technologies we may seek to pursue;

•our ability to manage our growth;

•competing technological and market developments;

•the costs and timing of obtaining, enforcing and defending our patent and other intellectual property rights; and

•expenses associated with any litigation or other legal proceedings.

For the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, we maintained an investment in a bank money market fund. Cash in excess of immediate requirements is invested with regard to liquidity and capital preservation. Wherever possible, we seek to minimize the potential effects of concentration and degrees of risk. We will continue to monitor the impact of the changes in the conditions of the credit and financial markets to our investment portfolio and assess if future changes in our investment strategy are necessary.

Summary of Cash Flows

	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2023		2022
Net cash used in operating activities	$	(65,800,126)	$	(55,462,470)
Net cash used in investing activities	$	(10,472,730)	$	(5,658,776)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities	$	39,376,295	$	(465,573)

Cash Flows from Operating Activities

Our cash flows from operating activities are affected by our cash investments to support the business in R&D, manufacturing, selling, general and administration. Our operating cash flows are also affected by our working capital needs to support fluctuations in inventory, personnel expenses, accounts payable and other current assets and liabilities.

During the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, net cash used in operating activities was $65.8 million and $55.5 million, respectively. The increase in net cash used in operations was primarily attributable to an increase in spend related to the initial inventory build as we continue to ramp up our production of the W4 CC and W750 vehicle platforms.

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Cash Flows from Investing Activities

Cash flows from investing activities and their variability across each period related primarily to capital expenditures to upgrade our administrative, research, and production facilities, which were $10.5 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and $5.7 million for the six months ended June 30, 2022.

Cash Flows from Financing Activities

Net cash provided by financing activities during the six months ended June 30, 2023 was $39.4 million, which is primarily attributable to the issuance of common stock under our ATM Program.

Net cash used in financing activities during the six months ended June 30, 2022 was $0.5 million, which consisted primarily of payments on financing leases and tax payments related to shares withheld for option exercises and vesting of restricted share awards.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We do not have any off-balance sheet arrangements that have or are reasonably likely to have a current or future effect on our financial condition, changes in financial condition, revenues or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources that are material to investors.

Critical Accounting Estimates

A discussion of our critical accounting estimates is contained in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, under the caption “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.”

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

A description of recently issued and adopted accounting pronouncements is contained in Note 12, Recent Accounting Pronouncements, of the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

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ITEM 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

For a discussion of our quantitative and qualitative disclosures about market risk, see “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risks” included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, under the caption “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.” There have been no material changes to the information provided in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.

ITEM 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Pursuant to Rules 13a-15(b) and 15-d-15(b) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (“Exchange Act”), we evaluated, with the participation of management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this report. The term “disclosure controls and procedures”, as defined under Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act, means controls and other procedures of a company that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to the company’s management, including its principal executive and principal financial officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Our management, with the participation of our Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Based on such evaluation, our Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer have concluded that, as of the end of the period covered by this Quarterly Report, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as that term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) that occurred during the three months ended June 30, 2023 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

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PART II – OTHER INFORMATION

ITEM 1. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

For a description of certain material legal proceedings, please see Note 13, Commitments and Contingencies, to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS

For a detailed discussion of risk factors affecting us, see “Part I – Item 1A. Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022. Except as set forth below, there have been no material changes in the current period regarding our risk factors.

We have a limited number of shares of common stock available for future issuance which could adversely affect our ability to raise capital, attract qualified personnel or consummate strategic transactions.

We are currently authorized to issue 250 million shares of common stock under our articles of incorporation. As of July 10, 2023, we had approximately 210 million shares outstanding and we expect to issue $20.0 million of common stock in connection with the Stipulation of Settlement we reached for our securities litigation. For further information regarding the Securities Litigation and the settlement thereof, please see Note 13, “Commitments and Contingencies – Legal Proceedings – Securities Litigation” included in Item 1 of this Form 10-Q, and Note 17, “Commitments and Contingencies – Legal Proceedings – Securities Litigation” included in Item 8 of the Company’s Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.

We need stockholder approval to increase the number of our authorized shares of our common stock. On July 25, 2023, we filed a definitive proxy statement with the SEC related to a Special Meeting of Stockholders to be held on August 28, 2023. At the Special Meeting, our stockholders are being asked to approve an increase in the number of authorized shares of common stock from 250 million shares to 450 million shares.

Due to the limited number of authorized shares of common stock available for future issuance, we may not able to raise additional equity capital or use our shares as consideration for a merger or other business combination unless we increase the number of shares we are authorized to issue. In addition, we use equity awards as a key element of executive compensation and believe this type of equity compensation is critical to our ability to attract and retain highly qualified personnel. If we do not have sufficient shares available for delivery on equity awards, our ability to accomplish these purposes will be diminished.

As a result of a decline in our stock price, we will have to issue more shares in equity awards to our executives, when raising capital and in strategic transactions. We can provide no assurance that we will succeed in getting stockholder approval to amend our articles of incorporation to increase the number of shares of common stock we are authorized to issue. Any failure or delay could negatively impact our business, prospects and results of operations.

The unavailability, reduction, elimination or adverse application of government subsidies, incentives and regulations could have an adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results.

We believe the availability of government subsidies and incentives, including the California Hybrid and Zero-Emission Truck and Bus Voucher Incentive Project (“HVIP”), is an important factor considered by our customers when purchasing our vehicles. Our growth depends in part on the availability and amounts of these subsidies and incentives. Many of our current and prospective customers are seeking to leverage HVIP due to its ease of access and amount of funding available per vehicle. In addition, some of our purchase orders have contingencies related to HVIP funding. If our vehicles, including our W4CC and W750, fail to qualify for the HVIP, or we experience a material delay in obtaining qualification for the HVIP program, our business, financial condition and results of operations would suffer. Furthermore, any reduction, elimination or discriminatory application of the HVIP or other government subsidies and incentives because of budgetary challenges, policy changes, the reduced need for such subsidies and incentives due to the perceived success of electric vehicles or other reasons may result in the diminished price competitiveness of the alternative fuel vehicle industry.

In addition, these factors could heighten many of our known risks described in Part I, Item 1A. “Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.

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ITEM 2. UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS

None.

ITEM 3. DEFAULTS UPON SENIOR SECURITIES

None.

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

Not applicable.

ITEM 5. OTHER INFORMATION

Insider Trading Arrangements

During the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, none of our officers or directors adopted or terminated any contract, instruction or written plan for the purchase or sale of our securities that was intended to satisfy the affirmative defense conditions of Rule 10b5-1(c) or any “non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement.” However, certain of our directors and officers may adopt 10b5-1 Plans or non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangements in the future.

Floorplan and Security Agreement

On August 10, 2023, a subsidiary of the Company and Mitsubishi HC Capital America, Inc. ("Mitsubishi") entered into a Floorplan and Security Agreement (the “Agreement”), pursuant to which Mitsubishi has agreed to provide a revolving floorplan line of credit with a maximum borrowing limit of $5.0 million. For additional information concerning the Agreement please see Note 14, Subsequent Event, to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. The description of the Agreement does not purport to be complete and is qualified in its entirety by the complete text of such agreement, a form of which is filed as Exhibit 10.1 to this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, and incorporated herein by reference.

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ITEM 6. EXHIBITS

Exhibit No.	Description
3.1	Second Amended and Restated Bylaws (incorporated by reference to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission July 12, 2023)
10.1*	Floorplan and Security Agreement, dated as of August 10, 2023, by and between Workhorse Technologies Inc. and Mistubishi HC Capital America, Inc.
31.1*	Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) or Rule 15d-14(a) as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
31.2*	Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) or Rule 15d-14(a) as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.1*	Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
32.2*	Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
101.INS	Inline XBRL INSTANCE DOCUMENT
101.SCH	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Labels Linkbase Document
101.PRE	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
104	Inline XBRL Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)

*Filed herewith.

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

	WORKHORSE GROUP INC.
Dated: August 14, 2023	By:	/s/ Richard Dauch
		Name: Richard Dauch Title:   Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer)

Dated: August 14, 2023	By:	/s/ Robert M. Ginnan
		Name: Robert M. Ginnan Title:   Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer)

Dated: August 14, 2023	By:	/s/ Gregory T. Ackerson
		Name: Gregory T. Ackerson Title:   Chief Accounting Officer (Principal Accounting Officer)

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