The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“GAAP”). The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of PubMatic, Inc. and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Certain prior period amounts reported in our consolidated financial statements and notes thereto have been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation.

Significant items subject to such estimates include: revenue recognition criteria, including the determination of revenue reporting as net versus gross in the Company’s revenue arrangements, internal use software development costs, stock-based compensation, acquisition-related intangible assets, and income taxes, including the valuation reserve on deferred tax assets. The Company evaluates its estimates and assumptions on an ongoing basis using historical experience and other factors and adjusts those estimates and assumptions when facts and circumstances dictate. Actual results could materially differ from those estimates and assumptions.

The Company’s investment policy limits investments to certain types of securities issued by the U.S. government and its agencies and institutions with investment-grade credit ratings and places restrictions on maturities and concentration by type and issuer. The primary objective of its investment activities is to preserve principal while maximizing income without significantly increasing risk.

The Company defines its revenue concentration based on revenue recognized from individual publishers. For the years ended December 31, 2023, no publisher represented more than 10% of the Company’s revenue. For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, one publisher represented 13% and 17% respectively, of the Company’s revenue. As of December 31, 2023, three buyers accounted for 30%, 21%, and 14%, respectively, of accounts receivable. As of December 31, 2022, three buyers accounted for 33%, 15%, and 11%, respectively, of accounts receivable.

The Company classifies marketable securities as available-for-sale at the time of purchase and reevaluates such classification at each balance sheet date. The Company may sell these securities at any time for use in current operations even if they have not yet reached maturity. As a result, the Company classifies its marketable securities, including those with maturities beyond twelve months, as current assets in the consolidated balance sheets. These marketable securities are carried at fair value and unrealized gains and losses are recorded in other comprehensive income, which is reflected as a component of stockholders’ equity. These marketable securities are assessed as to whether those with unrealized loss positions are other than temporarily impaired. The Company considers impairments to be other than temporary if they are related to deterioration in credit risk or if it is likely the securities will be sold before the recovery of their cost basis. Realized gains and losses from the sale of marketable securities and declines in value deemed to be other than temporary are determined based on the specific identification method. Realized gains and losses, and any expected credit losses, are reported in other income (expense), net in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income.

Financial instruments consist of cash equivalents, marketable securities, accounts receivable, accounts payable, and accrued liabilities. Cash equivalents and marketable securities are remeasured at fair value at the end of every period. Accounts receivable, accounts payable and accrued liabilities are stated at their carrying value, which approximates fair value due to the short time to the expected receipt or payment.

Accounts receivable are recorded at the invoiced amount, are unsecured, and do not bear interest. The allowance for credit losses is based on the best estimate of the amount of probable credit losses in existing accounts receivable. The allowance for credit losses is determined based on historical collection experience and the review in each period of the status of the then outstanding accounts receivable, while taking into consideration current customer information, collection history, and other relevant data. The Company reviews the allowance for credit losses on a quarterly basis. Account balances are written off against the allowance when the Company believes it is probable the receivable will not be recovered.

During the year ended December 31, 2023, the provision for expected credit losses associated with accounts receivable increased by $14.5 million relating to uncollectible receivables for a DSP buyer of the Company’s platform that filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy on June 30, 2023. Of the total uncollectible receivables from the DSP buyer of $14.5 million, $8.8 million was subject to chargeback to publishers of the Company and recorded as contra payable to publishers related to expected recoveries. The result was $5.7 million of bad debt expense for the year ended December 31, 2023.

Property and equipment, including leasehold improvements, are stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the related assets, generally three years. Leasehold improvements are amortized on a straight-line basis over the shorter of the estimated useful lives of the assets or the remaining lease term.

The Company capitalizes certain internal use software development costs associated with creating and enhancing internal use software related to its platform and technology infrastructure. These costs include personnel and related employee benefits expenses for employees who are directly associated with and who devote time to software projects, and external direct costs of materials and services consumed in developing or obtaining the software. Software development costs that do not meet the criteria for capitalization are expensed as incurred and recorded in technology and development expenses in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income.

Software development activities generally consist of three stages, (i) the planning stage, (ii) the application and infrastructure development stage, and (iii) the post implementation stage. Costs incurred in the planning and post implementation stages of software development, including costs associated with the post configuration training and repairs and maintenance of the developed technologies, are expensed as incurred.

The Company capitalizes costs associated with software developed for internal use when both the preliminary project stage is completed and management has authorized further funding for the completion of the project. Costs incurred in the application and infrastructure development stages, including significant enhancements and upgrades, are capitalized. Capitalization ends once a project is substantially complete and the software and technologies are ready for their intended purpose. Internal use software development costs are amortized using a straight-line method over the estimated useful life of two to five years, commencing when the software is ready for its intended use.

We determine if an arrangement is a lease at inception. The Company’s leases may include a non-lease component representing additional services transferred to the Company, such as common area maintenance for real estate. The Company accounts for each separate lease component and the non-lease components associated with that lease component as a single lease component. As such, minimum lease payments include fixed payments for non-lease components within a lease agreement but exclude variable lease payments not dependent on an index or rate, such as common area maintenance, operating expenses, utilities, or other costs that are subject to fluctuation from period to period. Non-lease components that are variable in nature are recorded as variable lease expense in the period incurred.

The Company made an accounting policy election under Topic 842 not to recognize right-of-use (ROU) assets and lease liabilities for leases with a term of twelve months or less. For all other leases, the Company recognizes ROU assets and lease liabilities based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term at the commencement date of the lease. The ROU assets also include any initial direct costs incurred and lease payments made at or before the commencement date and are reduced by any lease incentives.

The Company uses its incremental borrowing rate to determine the present value of lease payments, as the Company’s leases do not have a readily determinable implicit discount rate. The incremental borrowing rate is the rate of interest the Company would have to pay to borrow on a collateralized basis over a similar term and amount in a similar economic environment. Judgement is applied in assessing factors such as Company-specific credit risk, lease term, nature and quality of the underlying collateral, currency, and economic environment in determining the incremental borrowing rate to apply to each lease.

The Company continually monitors events and changes in circumstances that could indicate that carrying amounts of its long-lived assets, including property and equipment and intangible assets may not be recoverable. When such events or changes in circumstances occur, the Company assesses the recoverability of long-lived assets by determining whether the carrying value of such assets will be recovered through their undiscounted expected future cash flows. If the future undiscounted cash flows are less than the carrying value of these assets, the Company recognizes an impairment loss based on the excess of the carrying value over the fair value of the assets.

The Company allocates the purchase consideration for acquired companies to tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their estimated fair values as of the acquisition date, with the excess recorded to goodwill. These estimates are inherently uncertain and subject to refinement. During the measurement period, which may be up to one year from the acquisition date, the Company may record adjustments to the fair value of these tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed with the corresponding offset to goodwill. Upon the conclusion of the measurement period or final determination of the fair value of assets acquired or liabilities assumed, whichever comes first, any subsequent adjustments are recorded to the consolidated statements of operations.

Acquisition-related intangible assets with finite lives are amortized over their estimated useful lives on a straight-line basis. Goodwill amounts are not amortized. Acquisition-related intangible assets and goodwill are tested for impairment at least annually or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the acquisition-related intangible assets or goodwill may be impaired.

Events or changes in circumstances which could trigger an impairment review include a significant adverse change in legal factors or in the business climate, an adverse action or assessment by a regulator, unanticipated competition, a loss of key personnel, significant changes in the manner of the Company’s use of the acquired assets, or the strategy for the Company’s overall business, significant negative industry or economic trends, or significant underperformance relative to expected historical or projected future results of operations. The Company has not recorded any acquisition-related intangible assets or goodwill impairment to date.

Prior to December 2021, the Company measured its equity investment in a privately held company in which the Company did not own a controlling interest or exercise significant influence using the measurement alternative for equity securities without a readily determinable fair value. Under the measurement alternative, the carrying value is measured at cost, less any impairment, plus or minus changes resulting from observable price changes in orderly transactions for identical or similar investments of the same issuer. During December 2021, an observable transaction occurred for the Company’s equity investment wherein the privately held company merged with a publicly held company whose shares of common stock were publicly quoted in the Over-the-Counter (“OTC”) market. Therefore, the equity investment had a readily determinable fair value as of December 31, 2021 and was subsequently measured at fair value in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets with unrealized gains and losses included in other income (expense), net in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations. However, during September 2022, the Company concluded there was no longer a readily determinable fair value for its equity investment because the shares were no longer publicly quoted pursuant to U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) Rule 15c2-11. The Company evaluated the measurement guidance for equity securities without a readily determinable fair value and performed a qualitative assessment of various impairment indicators and concluded the equity investment was fully impaired as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2022. As a result, the Company recognized an impairment loss equal to the difference between the fair value of the investment and its carrying amount. An impairment charge of $5.9 million was recorded within other income (expense), net in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations for the year ended December 31, 2022.

The Company refers to its publishers, app developers, and channel partners collectively as its publishers. The Company generates revenue through the monetization of publisher ad impressions on its platform. The Company’s platform allows publishers to sell, in real time, ad impressions to buyers and provides automated inventory management and monetization tools to publishers across various device types and digital ad formats. The Company charges publishers a fee, which is typically a percentage of the value of the ad impressions monetized through the Company’s platform.

The determination as to whether revenue should be reported gross of amounts billed to buyers (gross basis) or net of payments to publishers (net basis) requires significant judgment, and is based on the Company’s assessment of whether it is acting as the principal or an agent in the transaction. The Company has determined that it does not act as the principal in the purchase and sale of digital advertising inventory because it does not control the advertising inventory and it does not set the price which is the result of an auction within the marketplace. Based on these and other factors, the Company reports revenue on a net basis.

The Company generally invoices buyers at the end of each month for the full purchase price of ad impressions monetized in that month. Accounts receivable are recorded at the amount of gross billings for the amounts the Company is responsible to collect, and accounts payable are recorded at the net amount payable to publishers. Accordingly, both accounts receivable and accounts payable appear large in relation to revenue reported on a net basis.

Cost of revenue consists primarily of data center co-location costs, depreciation expense related to hardware supporting the Company’s platform, amortization expense related to capitalized internal use software development costs, personnel costs, and allocated facilities costs. Personnel costs include salaries, bonuses, stock-based compensation, and employee benefit costs, and are primarily attributable to the Company’s network operations group which maintains the Company’s servers and the Company’s client operations group, which is responsible for integration of new publishers and buyers and providing customer support for existing customers.

Technology and development expenses consist primarily of personnel costs, including salaries, bonuses, stock-based compensation, and employee benefits costs, allocated facilities costs, and professional services. These expenses include costs incurred in the development, implementation and maintenance of internal use software, including platform and related infrastructure. Technology and development costs are expensed as incurred, except to the extent that such costs are associated with internal use software development that meets the criteria for capitalization. The Company amortizes internal use software development costs that relate to its revenue producing activities on its platform to cost of revenue.

The fair value of each option and ESPP award is estimated on the grant date using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The Black-Scholes option pricing model requires the input of highly subjective assumptions, including the fair value of the underlying common stock, the expected term of the award, the expected volatility of the price of our common stock, risk-free interest rates, and the expected dividend yield of our common stock.

The assumptions used to determine the fair value of the stock awards represent management’s best estimates. These estimates involve inherent uncertainties and the application of management’s judgment. The Company accounts for forfeitures as they occur. For additional information regarding stock-based compensation and the assumptions used for determining the fair value of stock options and ESPP awards, refer to Note 10—Stockholders’ Equity and Equity Incentive Plans.

Transactions in foreign currencies are translated into the functional currency of the applicable entity at the rates of exchange in effect at the date of the transaction. Accordingly, all monetary assets and liabilities of these subsidiaries are remeasured at the current exchange rate at each balance sheet date, nonmonetary assets and liabilities are measured at historical rates, and revenue and expenses are remeasured at average exchange rates during the period. Transaction gains and losses are included in other income (expense), net in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations. The Company’s net foreign currency gain (losses) recorded during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 were $1.5 million, $(0.7) million, and $(0.1) million respectively.

The Company utilizes the asset and liability method under which deferred tax assets and liabilities arise from the temporary differences between the tax basis of an asset or liability and its reported amount in the consolidated financial statements, as well as from net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. Deferred tax amounts are determined by using the tax rates expected to be in effect when the taxes will actually be paid or refunds received, as provided for under currently enacted tax law. A valuation allowance is established when necessary to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount expected to be realized.

The Company recognizes the tax benefit from an uncertain tax position only if it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained on examination by the taxing authorities, based on the technical merits of the position. The tax benefits recognized in the consolidated financial statements from such positions are then measured based on the largest benefit that has a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized. The Company recognizes interest and penalties related to income tax matters as income tax expense.

The Chief Executive Officer reviews financial information presented on a consolidated basis, for purposes of allocating resources and evaluating financial performance. The Company has one business activity and there are no segment managers accountable for operations, operating results beyond revenue or gross profit, or plans for levels or components below the consolidated unit level. Accordingly, the Company has one single reporting segment.

The diluted net income per share attributable to common stockholders is computed by giving effect to all dilutive securities. Diluted net income per share attributable to common stockholders is computed by dividing the resulting net income attributable to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of fully diluted common shares outstanding. During the periods when there is a net loss attributable to common stockholders, potentially dilutive common stock equivalents have been excluded from the calculation of diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders as their effect is anti-dilutive.

In October 2021, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2021-08, Business Combinations (Topic 805): Accounting for Contract Assets and Contract Liabilities from Contracts with Customers, which requires contract assets and contract liabilities acquired in a business combination to be recognized and measured in accordance with Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, as if the acquirer had originated the contracts. Under previous GAAP, such assets and liabilities were recognized by the acquirer at fair value on the acquisition date. The Company adopted ASU 2021-08 as of January 1, 2023. The adoption of ASU 2021-08 did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In November 2023, the Financial Standards Accounting Board (FASB) issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2023-07 "Segment Reporting (Topic 280):Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures" which expands annual and interim disclosure requirements for reportable segments, primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses. ASU 2023-07 is effective for our annual periods beginning January 1, 2024, and for interim periods beginning January 1, 2025, with early adoption permitted. We are currently evaluating the potential effect that the updated standard will have on our financial statement disclosures.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09 "Income Taxes (Topics 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures" to expand the disclosure requirements for income taxes, specifically related to the rate reconciliation and income taxes paid. ASU 2023-09 is effective for our annual periods beginning January 1, 2025, with early adoption permitted. We are currently evaluating the potential effect that the updated standard will have on our financial statement disclosures.