UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 20-F

(Mark one)

☐ REGISTRATION STATEMENT PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OR (g) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

OR

☒	ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
	For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

OR

☐	SHELL COMPANY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
	Date of event requiring this shell company report:
	For the transition period from __________ to ____________

Commission file number: 1-35016.

TROOPS, Inc.

(Exact name of the Registrant as specified in its charter)

N/A

(Translation of registrant’s name into English)

Cayman Islands

(Jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)

Unit A, 18/F, 8 Fui Yiu Kok Street, Tsuen Wan, New Territories,

Hong Kong

 (Address of principal executive offices)

Chung Hang Lui, Chief Financial Officer

Tel: +852 2153-3957;

Unit A, 18/F, 8 Fui Yiu Kok Street, Tsuen Wan, New Territories,

Hong Kong

(Name, Telephone, E-mail and/or Facsimile Number and Address of Company Contact Person)

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class	Trading symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Ordinary shares, par value $0.004 per share	TROO	The NASDAQ Stock Market, LLC

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:

Warrants, each to purchase one ordinary share

Title of Class

Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act:

None

The registrant had 101,597,998 ordinary shares issued and outstanding as of April 22, 2024.

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.

☐ Yes      ☒ No

If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

☐ Yes      ☒ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

☒  Yes      ☐ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).

☒  Yes      ☐ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or an emerging growth company. See definition of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

☐ Large Accelerated filer	☒ Accelerated filer	☐ Non-accelerated filer
		☐ Emerging growth company

If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards† provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

† The term “new or revised financial accounting standard” refers to any update issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board to its Accounting Standards Codification after April 5, 2012.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing:

☒ U.S. GAAP ☐ International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board ☐ Other

If “Other” has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has elected to follow.

☐       Item 17       ☐       Item 18

If this is an Annual Report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).

☐ Yes       ⌧ No

TABLE OF CONTENTS

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS	3
DEFINITIONS	6
PART I	9
ITEM 1. IDENTITY OF DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND ADVISERS	11
ITEM 2. OFFER STATISTICS AND EXPECTED TIMETABLE	12
ITEM 3. KEY INFORMATION	12
A. Selected Financial Data.	12
B. Capitalization and Indebtedness.	13
C. Reason for the Offer and Use of Proceeds.	13
D. Risk Factors.	13
ITEM 4. INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY	36
A. History and Development of the Company.	36
B. Business overview.	42
C. Regulations.	45
D. Organizational structure.	45
E. Property, plant and equipment.	46
ITEM 4A. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS	46
ITEM 5. OPERATING AND FINANCIAL REVIEW AND PROSPECTS	47
A. Operating results.	47
B. Liquidity and capital resources.	61
C. Research and development, patents and licenses, etc.	63
D. Trend information.	63
E. Off-balance sheet arrangements.	63
F. Tabular disclosure of contractual obligations.	64
ITEM 6. DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND EMPLOYEES	64
A. Directors and senior management.	64
B. Compensation.	66
C. Board Practices.	69
D. Employees.	72
E. Share Ownership.	72
ITEM 7. MAJOR SHAREHOLDERS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS	73
A. Major Shareholders.	73
B. Related Party Transactions.	73
C. Interests of Experts and Counsel	73
ITEM 8. FINANCIAL INFORMATION	73
A. Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information.	73
B. Significant Changes.	74
ITEM 9. THE OFFER AND LISTING	74
A. Offer and Listing Details.	74
B. Plan of Distribution.	74
C. Markets.	74
D. Selling Shareholders.	74
E. Dilution.	74
F. Expenses of the Issue.	75
ITEM 10. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION	75
A. Share Capital.	75
B. Memorandum and Articles of Association.	75
C. Material Contracts.	75
D. Exchange controls.	75
E. Taxation.	75
F. Dividends and paying agents.	83
G. Statement by experts.	83
H. Documents on display.	83
I. Subsidiary Information	83
ITEM 11. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURE ABOUT MARKET RISK	83
ITEM 12. DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES OTHER THAN EQUITY SECURITIES	86

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PART II	86
ITEM 13. DEFAULTS, DIVIDEND ARREARAGES AND DELINQUENCIES	86
ITEM 14. MATERIAL MODIFICATIONS TO THE RIGHTS OF SECURITY HOLDERS AND USE OF PROCEEDS	86
ITEM 15. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES	86
ITEM 16A. AUDIT COMMITTEE FINANCIAL EXPERT	89
ITEM 16B. CODE OF ETHICS	90
ITEM 16C. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES	90
ITEM 16D. EXEMPTIONS FROM THE LISTING STANDARDS FOR AUDIT COMMITTEES	90
ITEM 16E. PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES BY THE ISSUER AND AFFILIATED PURCHASERS	90
ITEM 16F. CHANGES IN REGISTRANT’S CERTIFYING ACCOUNTANT	90
ITEM 16G. CORPORATE GOVERNANCE	91
ITEM 16H. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE	91
PART III	92
ITEM 17. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS	92
ITEM 18. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS	92
ITEM 19. EXHIBITS	93
REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM	F-1
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS	F-7
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)	F-8
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY	F-9
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS	F-10
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS	F-11

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FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This annual report contains “forward-looking statements” that represent our beliefs, projections and predictions about future events. All statements other than statements of historical fact are “forward-looking statements,” including any projections of financial items, any statements of the plans, strategies and objectives of management for future operations, any statements concerning proposed new projects or other developments, any statements regarding future economic conditions or performance, any statements of management’s beliefs, goals, strategies, intentions and objectives, and any statements of assumptions underlying any of the foregoing. These forward-looking statements are made under the “safe harbor” provisions of the U.S. Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Words such as “may,” “will,” “should,” “could,” “would,” “predicts,” “potential,” “continue,” “expects,” “anticipates,” “future,” “intends,” “plans,” “believes,” “estimates” and similar expressions, as well as statements in the future tense, identify forward-looking statements.

These statements are subjective. Therefore, they involve known and unknown risks.

They are based largely on our current expectations and projections about future events and financial trends, uncertainties and other important factors that could cause our actual results, performance or achievements, or industry results to differ materially from any future results, performance or achievements described in or implied by such statements. Actual results may differ materially from expected results described in our forward-looking statements, for reasons connected with measuring future developments, including:

1. the correct measurement and identification of factors affecting our business;

2. the extent of their likely impact; and/or

3. the accuracy and completeness of the publicly available information regarding the factors upon which our business strategy is based.

Forward-looking statements should not be read as a guarantee of future performance or results. They will not necessarily be accurate indications of whether, or the times by which, our performance or results may be achieved. Forward-looking statements are based on information available at the time those statements are made and management’s belief as of that time regarding future events. Consequently, they are subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause actual performance or results to differ materially from those expressed in or suggested by the forward-looking statements.

Important factors that could cause actual performance or results to differ materially from those contained in forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, those factors discussed under Item 3.D. “Risk Factors” herein, including, among others:

Risks Related to Our Business and Industry

● GFS may be subject to significant fines or other enforcement action if it violates applicable reporting, anti-money laundering, privacy, corporate governance, risk management, or any other applicable requirements.

● Regulatory scrutiny of privacy, data protection, and the collection, storage, use, and sharing of personal data is increasing around the world. There is uncertainty associated with the legal and regulatory environment relating to privacy and data protection laws, which continue to develop in ways GFS cannot predict, including with respect to evolving technologies such as cloud computing, artificial intelligence, and blockchain technology.

● GFS may be liable for improper use or appropriation of personal information provided by its customers under the recently promulgated PRC Data Security Law.

● If GFS is unable to compete effectively, its business, financial condition and results of operations would be materially and adversely affected.

● If GFS is not able to continue to innovate or if it fails to adapt to changes in its industry, GFS’ business, financial condition and results of operations would be materially and adversely affected.

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● GFS’ failure to manage the significant challenges involved in growing its business and operations could harm it.

● Failure to maintain or improve GFS’ technology infrastructure could harm its business and prospects.

● Security breaches and attacks against GFS’ systems and network, and any potentially resulting breach or failure to otherwise protect personal, confidential and proprietary information, could damage its reputation and negatively impact its business, as well as materially and adversely affect its financial condition and results of operations.

● The successful operation of GFS’ business depends upon the performance, reliability and security of the internet infrastructure in the countries in which it operates.

● GFS’ platform could be disrupted by network interruptions.

● GFS’ business is subject to a number of risks that could materially and adversely affect its ability to provide its services.

● If other third-party service providers in GFS’ platform fail to provide reliable or satisfactory services, GFS’ reputation, business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

● Our strategy of acquiring complementary assets, technologies and businesses may fail and result in impairment losses.

● We may be required to record a significant charge to earnings if we are required to reassess our tangible and intangible assets.

● We are exposed to the credit risks of our customers and borrowers

● FAF and Giant Credit Limited are subject to greater credit risks than larger lenders, which could adversely affect our results of operations.

● FAF and Giant Credit may fail to renew its money lenders license.

● The businesses of FAF and Giant Credit is affected by fluctuations in interest rates and our credit position.

● There is intense competition in the money lending industry.

● An increase to the provision for loan losses will cause the Company’s net income to decrease and net loss to increase.

● Competition in the lending industry is growing and could cause us to lose market share and revenues in the future.

● FAF and Giant Credit Limited may face regulatory hurdles in the future in connection with its lending business.

● The businesses of FAF and Giant Credit may be affected by changes in the Money Lenders Ordinance (Chapter 163 of the Laws of Hong Kong).

● Our property investment business is sensitive to downturns in the economy, economic uncertainty and particularly the performance of the real estate market in Hong Kong.

● Our revenue from our investment property portfolio depends on a number of factors, such as changes in market rental levels, competition for tenants and rental collection and renewal.

● GFS has a limited operating history.

● We may not be able to secure financing needed for future operating needs on favorable terms, or on any terms at all.

● A severe or prolonged downturn in the global economy could materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations.

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● Our risk management and internal control systems may not be effective and have deficiencies or material weaknesses.

● We have granted, and may continue to grant, stock options and restricted shares, which may result in increased share-based compensation expenses.

● The audit reports for prior reporting periods included in our annual reports have been prepared by predecessor auditors whose work may not be inspected fully by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board and, as such, you may be deprived of the benefits of such inspection.

● If we become directly subject to the recent scrutiny involving U.S. listed Chinese companies, we may have to expend significant resources to investigate and/or defend the matter, which could harm our business operations, stock price and reputation.

Risks Related to Doing Business in Jurisdictions We Operate

● A downturn in the Hong Kong, China or global economy, and economic and political policies of China could materially and adversely affect our business and financial condition.

● The Hong Kong legal system embodies uncertainties which could limit the legal protections available to TROOPS, INC..

● Uncertainties with respect to the PRC legal system could adversely affect us.

● Changes in the policies, regulations, rules, and the enforcement of laws of the PRC government may be quick with little advance notice and could have a significant impact upon our ability to operate profitably in the PRC.

● The PRC government may intervene or influence our business operations at any time or may exert more control over offerings conducted overseas and foreign investment in China based issuers, which could result in a material change in our business operations or the value of our securities. Additionally, the governmental and regulatory interference could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors and cause the value of such securities to significantly decline or be worthless. We are also currently not required to obtain approval from Chinese authorities to list on U.S. exchanges, however, if we are required to obtain approval in the future and are denied permission from Chinese authorities to list on U.S. exchanges, we will not be able to continue listing on U.S. exchange, which would materially affect the interest of the investors.

● On December 28, 2021, the CAC, the National Development and Reform Commission (“NDRC”), and several other administrations jointly issued the revised Measures for Cybersecurity Review, or the “Revised Review Measures”, which became effective and replaced the existing Measures for Cybersecurity Review on February 15, 2022. According to the Revised Review Measures, if an “online platform operator” that is in possession of personal data of more than one million users intends to list in a foreign country, it must apply for a cybersecurity review. Based on a set of Q&A published on the official website of the State Cipher Code Administration in connection with the issuance of the Revised Review Measures, an official of the said administration indicated that an online platform operator should apply for a cybersecurity review prior to the submission of its listing application with non-PRC securities regulators. Moreover, the CAC released the draft of the Regulations on Network Data Security Management in November 2021 for public consultation, which among other things, stipulates that a data processor listed overseas must conduct an annual data security review by itself or by engaging a data security service provider and submit the annual data security review report for a given year to the municipal cybersecurity department before January 31 of the following year. Given the recency of the issuance of the Revised Review Measures and their pending effectiveness, there is a general lack of guidance and substantial uncertainties exist with respect to their interpretation and implementation. For more information, see page 29 under The PRC government may intervene or influence our business operations at any time or may exert more control over offerings conducted overseas and foreign investment in China based issuers, which could result in a material change in our business operations or the value of our securities. Additionally, the governmental and regulatory interference could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors and cause the value of such securities to significantly decline or be worthless.We are also currently not required to obtain approval from Chinese authorities to list on U.S. exchanges, however, if we are required to obtain approval in the future and are denied permission from Chinese authorities to list on U.S. exchanges, we will not be able to continue listing on U.S. exchange, which would materially affect the interest of the investors.

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● We may rely on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by our subsidiaries to fund any cash and financing requirements we may have, and any limitation on the ability of our subsidiaries to make payments to us, including PRC Governmental control of currency conversion and restriction on our ability to transfer or distribute cash within our organization or to foreign investors could have a material adverse effect on our ability to conduct our business and may affect the value of your investment.

● Political risks associated with conducting business in Hong Kong.

Risks Related to our Shares

● We may fail to meet continued listing requirements on the NASDAQ Capital Market.

● A large, active trading market for our securities may not develop and the trading price for our securities may fluctuate significantly.

● The trading price of the ordinary shares is likely to be volatile, which could result in substantial losses to investors.

● Techniques employed by short sellers may drive down the market price of the ordinary shares.

● If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, the market price for the ordinary shares and trading volume could decline.

● Our memorandum and articles of association contain anti-takeover provisions that could materially adversely affect the rights of holders of our ordinary shares.

● We are a foreign private issuer within the meaning of the rules under the Exchange Act, and as such we are exempt from certain provisions applicable to U.S. domestic public companies.

● There can be no assurance we will not be a passive foreign investment company, for any taxable year, which could result in adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences to U.S. investors in our ordinary shares or Warrants.

● You may face difficulties in protecting your interests, and your ability to protect your rights through U.S. courts may be limited, because we are incorporated under Cayman Islands law.

● As a company incorporated in the Cayman Islands, we can adopt certain home country practices regarding corporate governance matters that differ significantly from the NASDAQ Stock Market corporate governance listing standards. These practices may provide less protection to shareholders than they would enjoy if we complied fully with the NASDAQ Stock Market corporate governance listing standards.

● The recent joint statement by the SEC and PCAOB, proposed rule changes submitted by Nasdaq, and the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act all call for additional and more stringent criteria to be applied to emerging market companies upon assessing the qualification of their auditors, especially the non-U.S. auditors who are not inspected by the PCAOB.

DEFINITIONS

Unless otherwise indicated and except where the context otherwise requires, the following definitions are used in this annual report:

● “Acquisition” means the business combination transaction consummated on March 12, 2010, as provided by the Share Exchange Agreement, dated as of February 12, 2010, by and among our company, Honesty Group and each of the shareholders signatory thereto, as amended by Amendment No. 1 to Share Exchange Agreement, dated March 11, 2010;

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● “Apex” or “Apex Flourish Group Limited” means the British Virgin Islands Company that purchased Honesty Holdings Group Limited and SGOCO (Fujian) Electronic Co., Ltd. from TROOPS in 2011 and 2014, in what is referred to, depending on the context, as the “Sale of Honesty Group” and or the “Sale of SGOCO (Fujian)”, respectively;

● “Apiguru” means Apiguru Pty Ltd., an Australia limited company and wholly owned subsidiary of Giant Financial Services Limited;

● “Beijing SGOCO” means Beijing SGOCO Image Technology Co., Ltd., a company with limited liability incorporated in China and a wholly owned subsidiary of SGOCO International;

● “Boca” means Boca International Limited, a Hong Kong limited company and a former wholly owned subsidiary of SGOCO International;

● “CSL” or “Century Skyway” means Century Skyway Limited, a Hong Kong limited company and a former wholly owned subsidiary of SGOCO International.;

● “Convertible notes” refer to a series convertible notes we issued between June and September, 2015;

● “FAF” or “First Asia Finance” means First Asia Finance Limited, a Hong Kong limited company and wholly owned subsidiary of Vision Lane;

● “Suns Tower” means Suns Tower Limited, was changed name from First Asia Tower Limited in May 6, 2020, a Hong Kong limited company and wholly owned subsidiary of Paris Sky;

● “Giant Connection” means Giant Connection Limited, a limited liability company registered in the Republic of Seychelles and wholly owned by TROOPS;

● “GCL” or “Giant Credit” means Giant Credit Limited, a Hong Kong limited company and wholly owned subsidiary of Giant Connection;

● “GFS” means Giant Financial Services Limited, a Samoa company and wholly owned subsidiary of TROOPS;

● “Guancheng” means Guancheng (Fujian) Electron Technological Co. Limited, a company with limited liability incorporated in China and a wholly owned subsidiary of Honesty Group;

● “Guanke” means Guanke (Fujian) Electron Technological Industry Co. Ltd., a company with limited liability incorporated in China and a wholly owned subsidiary of Honesty Group;

● “Guanwei” means Guanwei (Fujian) Electron Technological Co. Limited, a company with limited liability incorporated in China and a wholly owned subsidiary of Honesty Group;

● “Honesty Group” means Honesty Group Holdings Limited, a Hong Kong limited company and a former wholly owned subsidiary of TROOPS, which was acquired in the Acquisition and was sold to Apex Flourish Group Limited in the Sale of Honesty Group transaction described below;

● “Jinjiang Guanke” means Jinjiang Guanke Electron Co., Ltd., a company with limited liability incorporated in China and a wholly owned subsidiary of Guanke (Fujian) Electron Technological Industry Co. Ltd.;

● “PRC” or “China” means the People’s Republic of China;

● “Paris Sky” means Paris Sky Limited, a Marshall Islands company and wholly owned subsidiary of Giant Connection;

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● “Sale of Honesty Group” means the transaction consummated as provided by the Sale and Purchase Agreement dated November 15, 2011, by and between our company and Apex Flourish Group Limited pursuant to which we sold our 100% ownership interest in Honesty Group to Apex Flourish Group Limited;

● “Sale of SGOCO (Fujian)” means the transaction consummated as provided by the Sale and Purchase Agreement dated December 24, 2014, by and between our company and Apex Flourish Group Limited pursuant to which we sold our 100% ownership interest in SGOCO (Fujian) Electronic Co., Ltd. to Apex Flourish Group Limited;

● “SGO” means SGO Corporation, a Delaware corporation and a wholly owned subsidiary of SGOCO International;

● “SGOCO (Fujian)” means SGOCO (Fujian) Electronic Co., Ltd., a company with limited liability incorporated in China and a former wholly owned subsidiary of SGOCO International; which was sold to Apex Flourish Group Limited in the Sale of SGOCO (Fujian) transaction described above;

● “SGOCO International” means SGOCO International (HK) Limited, a Hong Kong limited company and wholly owned subsidiary of TROOPS;

● “SGOCO Shenzhen” means SGOCO (Shenzhen) Technology Co., Ltd., a company with limited liability incorporated in China and a former wholly owned subsidiary of SGOCO International;

● “Shareholders” means the owner of the equivalent of common stock in a typical corporation organized under state and federal US law. Based on Cayman Islands’ law and our current Amended and Restated Memorandum of Association and Articles of Association we are authorized to issue ordinary shares. Holders of our ordinary shares are referred to as “members” under Cayman Islands’ law, rather than “shareholders.” In this annual report, however, references that would otherwise be to “members” are made to “shareholders,” which term is more familiar to investors on the NASDAQ Capital Market;

● “Shen Zhen Provizon” means Shen Zhen Provizon Technology Co., Limited, a company with limited liability incorporated in China and a wholly owned subsidiary of Century Skyway Limited;

● “TROOPS”, “we,” “us,” “our,” “the company,” or “our company” means TROOPS, Inc., a company incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands, and, in the context of describing TROOPS, Inc.’s operation and business, its consolidated subsidiaries. TROOPS was previously named SGOCO Group, Ltd, and before that, SGOCO Technology, Ltd., and prior to the Acquisition described below, our predecessor was named Hambrecht Asia Acquisition Corp.;

● “U.S. Dollars,” “dollars,” “US$,” or “$” means the legal currency of the United States;

● “RMB” or “Renminbi” means the legal currency of China;

● “Vision Lane” means Vision Lane Limited, a British Virgin Islands company and wholly owned subsidiary of Paris Sky; and

● “11 Hau Fook Street” means 11 Hau Fook Street Limited, a Hong Kong limited company and wholly owned subsidiary of Giant Connection.

The reporting and functional currency of the Company is the U.S. Dollar. The functional currencies of our Hong Kong subsidiaries are the Hong Kong Dollar, or HKD. The functional currency of our PRC subsidiaries is the RMB. The functional currencies of our Australia subsidiaries are the Australian Dollar, or AUG. Our consolidated financial statements are presented in United States dollars. In this report, we refer to assets, obligations, commitments and liabilities in our consolidated financial statements in United States dollars. These dollar references are based on the exchange rate of RMB, HKD or AUG to U.S. Dollars, determined as of a specific date or for a specific period. Changes in the exchange rate will affect the amount of our obligations and the value of our assets in terms of United States dollars which may result in an increase or decrease in the amount of our obligations (expressed in dollars) and the value of our assets, including accounts receivable (expressed in dollars).

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PART I

Trading in our Securities may be prohibited under the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act if the PCAOB determines that it cannot inspect or investigate completely our auditor, and as a result an exchange may determine to delist our Securities

Our Ordinary Shares may be prohibited from being trading on a national exchange under the HFCA Act if the PCAOB is unable to inspect our auditors for three consecutive years beginning in 2021. In June 2021, the Senate passed the Accelerating Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act, which, if signed into law, would reduce the time period for the delisting under the HFCA Act to two years, instead of three years. The delisting of our Ordinary Shares, or the threat of their being delisted, may materially and adversely affect the value of your investment.

On December 16, 2021, the PCAOB issued a report on its determinations that it was unable to inspect or investigate completely PCAOB-registered public accounting firms headquartered in Mainland China and in Hong Kong, because of positions taken by PRC authorities in those jurisdictions. The PCAOB made its determinations pursuant to PCAOB Rule 6100, which provides a framework for how the PCAOB fulfills its responsibilities under the HFCA Act. The report further listed in its Appendix A and Appendix B, Registered Public Accounting Firms Subject to the Mainland China Determination and Registered Public Accounting Firms Subject to the Hong Kong Determination, respectively.

Our predecessor auditors for the audit period up to December 2022, Yu Certified Public Accountant, P.C., is headquartered in New York, and did not appear as part of the determination and was not listed under its appendix A or appendix B. Our current auditor, Audit Alliance LLP is headquartered in Singapore, and did not appear as part of the determination and was not listed under its appendix A or appendix B.

On December 15, 2022, the PCAOB determined that the PCAOB was able to secure complete access to inspect and investigate registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and Hong Kong and voted to vacate its previous determinations to the contrary. However, should PRC authorities obstruct or otherwise fail to facilitate the PCAOB’s access in the future, the PCAOB will consider the need to issue a new determination. Our securities may be delisted or prohibited from trading if the PCAOB determines that it cannot inspect or investigate completely our auditor under the HFCAA.

On December 29, 2022, a legislation entitled “Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023” (the “Consolidated Appropriations Act”) was signed into law by President Biden, which contained, among other things, an identical provision to Accelerating Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act and amended the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act by requiring the SEC to prohibit an issuer’s securities from trading on any U.S. stock exchanges if its auditor is not subject to PCAOB inspections for two consecutive years instead of three, thus reducing the time before our Ordinary Shares may be prohibited from trading or delisted. The delisting or the cessation of trading of our Ordinary Shares, or the threat of their being delisted or prohibited from being traded, may materially and adversely affect the value of your investment.

Transfers of Cash to and from our Subsidiaries

TROOPS, Inc. is incorporated in Cayman Islands. As a holding company with no material operations of our own, we conduct our substantial operations through our subsidiaries in Hong Kong and we also have an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary, Beijing SGOCO with limited past operations in China. but is currently non-operating. Although other means are available for us to obtain financing at the holding company level, TROOPS, Inc.’s ability to pay dividends to its shareholders and to service any debt it may incur may depend upon dividends paid by our Hong Kong subsidiaries and to a limited degree, upon dividends paid by our indirect PRC subsidiary, Beijing SGOCO, should it become an operating subsidiary.

Since the financial year ended 2018, the Company has not utilized cash generated from one subsidiary to fund another subsidiary’s operations. The cash transfer among the subsidiaries is typically payment for intercompany services or intercompany loans. None of the subsidiaries have ever faced difficulties or limitation on their ability to transfer cash between subsidiaries. As of the date of this report, the Company does not have any cash management policies that dictate the amount of funding among subsidiaries.

As of the date of this report, none of our subsidiaries have ever issued any dividends or distributions to the holding company or their respective shareholders outside of Hong Kong and China.

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In the future, cash proceeds raised from overseas financing activities may be transferred by us to our Hong Kong subsidiaries and to Beijing SGOCO should it become an operating subsidiary via capital contribution, as the case may be. Beijing SGOCO is currently indirectly wholly-owned by the offshore holding company and none of our subsidiaries are currently indirectly owned through contractual agreements. In the future, should we establish any variable interest entity (“VIE”) through contractual agreements, we intend to distribute earnings or settle amounts owed under the VIE agreements.

In order for us to pay dividends to our shareholders, we may rely on payments made by our Hong Kong subsidiaries, as well as to a limited degree on payments made from Beijing SGOCO to SGOCO, and the distribution of such payments to our overseas subsidiary as dividends from SGOCO International. If any of our Hong Kong subsidiaries or Beijing SGOCO incurs debt on its own behalf in the future, the instruments governing such debt may restrict their ability to pay dividends to us.

Should Beijing SGOCO become an operating subsidiary, current PRC regulations permit Beijing SGOCO to pay dividends to an overseas subsidiary, for example a subsidiary located in Hong Kong, SGOCO International (HK) Limited, only out of their accumulated profits, if any, determined in accordance with Chinese accounting standards and regulations. In addition, Beijing SGOCO in China is required to set aside at least 10% of its after-tax profits each year, if any, to fund a statutory reserve until such reserve reaches 50% of its registered capital. Beijing SGOCO is also required to further set aside a portion of its after-tax profits to fund the employee welfare fund, although the amount to be set aside, if any, is determined at the discretion of its board of directors. Although the statutory reserves can be used, among other ways, to increase the registered capital and eliminate future losses in excess of retained earnings of the respective companies, the reserve funds are not distributable as cash dividends except in the event of liquidation.

The PRC government also imposes controls on the conversion of Renminbi (“RMB”), the legal currency of the PRC, into foreign currencies and the remittance of currencies out of the PRC. Therefore, we may experience difficulties in completing the administrative procedures necessary to obtain and remit foreign currency for the payment of dividends from our profits, if any. Cash dividends, if any, on our ordinary shares will be paid in U.S. dollars. Certain payments from the Beijing SGOCO to SGOCO International (HK) Limited are subject to PRC taxes, including business taxes and VAT. If we are considered a PRC tax resident enterprise for tax purposes, any dividends we pay to our overseas shareholders may be regarded as China-sourced income and as a result may be subject to PRC withholding tax at a rate of up to 10.0%.

Under existing PRC foreign exchange regulations, payments of current account items, including profit distributions, interest payments and expenditures from trade-related transactions can be made in foreign currencies without prior approval from SAFE by complying with certain procedural requirements. However, approval from appropriate government authorities is required where RMB is to be converted into foreign currency and remitted out of China to pay capital expenses such as the repayment of loans denominated in foreign currencies. The PRC government may also at its discretion restrict access in the future to foreign currencies for current account transactions. If the foreign exchange control system prevents us from obtaining sufficient foreign currency to satisfy our currency demands, we may not be able to pay dividends in foreign currencies to our security-holders.

For more detailed information, see “Risks Related to Doing Business in Jurisdictions We Operate — We may rely on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by our subsidiaries to fund any cash and financing requirements we may have, and any limitation on the ability of our subsidiaries to make payments to us, including PRC Governmental control of currency conversion and restriction on our ability to transfer or distribute cash within our organization or to foreign investors could have a material adverse effect on our ability to conduct our business and may affect the value of your investment.”

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PRC Limitation on Overseas Listing and Share Issuances

Currently, we, including our subsidiaries, are not required to obtain approval from Chinese authorities, including the China Securities Regulatory Commission, or CSRC, or Cybersecurity Administration Committee, or CAC, to operate and list on U.S. exchanges or issue securities to foreign investors. If approval is required in the future and we were denied permission from Chinese authorities to list on U.S. exchanges, we will not be able to operate or to continue listing on U.S. exchange, which would materially affect the interest of the investors. It is uncertain when and whether the Company will be required to obtain permission from the PRC government to continue to operate or to list on U.S. exchanges in the future, and even when such permission is obtained, whether it will be denied or rescinded. Although we are currently not required to obtain permission from any of the PRC federal or local government and has not received any denial to list on the U.S. exchange, our operations and ability to continue to list and issue securities to foreign investors may be adversely affected in the future, directly or indirectly, by existing or future laws and regulations relating to our PRC business operations. For more detailed information, see “Risks Related to Doing Business in Jurisdictions We Operate — The PRC government may intervene or influence our business operations at any time or may exert more control over offerings conducted overseas and foreign investment in China based issuers, which could result in a material change in our business operations or the value of our securities. Additionally, the governmental and regulatory interference could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors and cause the value of such securities to significantly decline or be worthless. We are also currently not required to obtain approval from Chinese authorities to list on U.S. exchanges, however, if we are required to obtain approval in the future and are denied permission from Chinese authorities to list on U.S. exchanges, we will not be able to continue listing on U.S. exchange, which would materially affect the interest of the investors”

Implications of Being a Foreign Private Issuer

We are a foreign private issuer within the meaning of the rules under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). As such, we are exempt from certain provisions applicable to United States domestic public companies. For example:

● we are not required to provide as many Exchange Act reports, or as frequently, as a U.S. domestic public company;

● for interim reporting, we are permitted to comply solely with our home country requirements, which are less rigorous than the rules that apply to domestic public companies;

● we are not required to provide the same level of disclosure on certain issues, such as executive compensation;

● we are exempt from provisions of Regulation FD aimed at preventing issuers from making selective disclosures of material information;

● we are not required to comply with the sections of the Exchange Act regulating the solicitation of proxies, consents, or authorizations in respect of a security registered under the Exchange Act; and

● we are not required to comply with Section 16 of the Exchange Act requiring insiders to file public reports of their share ownership and trading activities and establishing insider liability for profits realized from any “short-swing” trading transaction.

We intend to comply with the NASDAQ corporate governance rules applicable to foreign private issuers, which permit us to follow certain corporate governance rules that conform to the Cayman Islands requirements in lieu of many of the NASDAQ corporate governance rules applicable to U.S. companies. As a result, our corporate governance practices may differ from those you might otherwise expect from a U.S. company listed on NASDAQ.

ITEM 1. IDENTITY OF DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND ADVISERS

Not applicable.

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ITEM 2. OFFER STATISTICS AND EXPECTED TIMETABLE

Not applicable.

ITEM 3. KEY INFORMATION

A. Selected Financial Data.

The following tables set forth selected consolidated financial information for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, which have been derived from our audited financial statements for those periods. Our historical results are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected in the future. You should read this data together with our consolidated financial statements and related notes as well as “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” appearing elsewhere in this annual report.

Consolidated Statement of Income

In thousands of U.S. dollars except share and per share data)

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2023	2022	2021
REVENUES	3,569	3,875	3,683
COST OF REVENUES	(2,793)	(3,053)	(3,323)
GROSS PROFIT	776	822	360
General and administrative expenses	(2,754)	(2,189)	(2,744)
Reversal (Provision) for loan and interest receivable	49	973	(1,386)
Reversal (Provision) for other receivables	127	(3)	(93)
Impairment loss of property, plant and equipment	—	(139)	—
Impairment loss of intangible assets	—	—	(202)
Impairment loss of goodwill	—	—	(4,740)
Total operating expenses	(2,578)	(1,358)	(9,165)
OPERATING LOSS	(1,802)	(536)	(8,805)
Interest income	14	2	—
Interest expense	(62)	(59)	(103)
Other income, net	(9)	191	122
Gain on change in fair value of warrant derivative liability	—	—	247
LOSS BEFORE PROVISION FOR INCOME TAXES	(1,859)	(402)	(8,539)
INCOME TAX BENEFIT	140	56	126
NET LOSS	(1,719)	(346)	(8,413)
Loss per share:
Basic	(0.02)	(0.01)	(0.08)
Diluted	(0.02)	(0.01)	(0.08)
Weighted average shares used in calculating loss per share:
Basic	101,597,998	101,597,998	101,563,623
Diluted	101,597,998	101,597,998	101,563,623

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Consolidated Balance Sheet Data

(In thousands of U.S. Dollars)

	As of December 31,
	2023	2022	2021
Total assets	70,345	69,686	70,346
Total liabilities	9,766	7,482	7,822
Total equity	60,579	62,204	62,524

B. Capitalization and Indebtedness.

Not applicable.

C. Reason for the Offer and Use of Proceeds.

Not applicable.

D. Risk Factors.

You should carefully consider all the information in this annual report, including various changing regulatory, competitive, economic, political and social risks and conditions described below, before making an investment in our ordinary shares. One or more of a combination of these risks could materially impact our business, results of operations and financial condition. In any such case, the market price of our ordinary shares could decline, and you may lose all or part of your investments.

Risks Relating to Our Business and Industry

GFS may be subject to significant fines or other enforcement action if it violates applicable reporting, anti-money laundering, privacy, corporate governance, risk management, or any other applicable requirements.

GFS may be required to apply for various licenses, certifications, and regulatory approvals in a number of the jurisdictions where it provides its services, including due to changes in applicable laws and regulations or the interpretation of such laws and regulations. There can be no assurance that GFS will be able to (or decide to) obtain any such licenses, certifications, and approvals. In addition, there are substantial costs and potential product changes involved in maintaining and renewing such licenses, certifications, and approvals, and GFS could be subject to fines or other enforcement action if it is found to violate disclosure, reporting, anti-money laundering, corporate governance, or other requirements of such licenses. These factors could impose substantial additional costs, involve considerable delay to the development or provision of GFS’ products or services, require significant and costly operational changes, or prevent it from providing its products or services in a given market.

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Regulatory scrutiny of privacy, data protection, and the collection, storage, use, and sharing of personal data is increasing around the world. There is uncertainty associated with the legal and regulatory environment relating to privacy and data protection laws, which continue to develop in ways GFS cannot predict, including with respect to evolving technologies such as cloud computing, artificial intelligence, and blockchain technology.

Any failure, or perceived failure, by GFS to comply with its privacy policies as communicated to users prior to its collection, use, storage and transfer, and disclosure of their personal data, with applicable industry data protection or security standards, with any applicable regulatory requirements or orders, or with privacy, data protection, information security, or consumer protection-related laws and regulations in one or more jurisdictions could result in proceedings or actions against GFS by data protection authorities, governmental entities or others, including class action privacy litigation in certain jurisdictions, would subject GFS to significant awards, fines, penalties, judgments, and negative publicity arising from any financial or non-financial damages suffered by any individuals. This could, individually or in the aggregate, materially harm GFS’ business. Specifically, this would likely require GFS to change its business practices, and would increase the costs and complexity of compliance. In addition, compliance with inconsistent privacy laws may restrict GFS’ ability to provide products and services to its customers.

GFS may be liable for improper use or appropriation of personal information provided by its customers under the recently promulgated PRC Data Security Law.

As a result of day to day operations GFS collects and retains and customer data, including personal information as its various information technology systems enter, process, summarize and report such data.

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On June 10, 2021, the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress of China, or the SCNPC, promulgated the PRC Data Security Law, which will take effect in September 2021. The PRC Data Security Law imposes data security and privacy obligations on entities and individuals carrying out data activities, and introduces a data classification and hierarchical protection system based on the importance of data in economic and social development, as well as the degree of harm it will cause to national security, public interests, or legitimate rights and interests of individuals or organizations when such data is tampered with, destroyed, leaked, or illegally acquired or used. The PRC Data Security Law also provides for a national security review procedure for data activities that may affect national security and imposes export restrictions on certain data and information.

As uncertainties remain regarding the interpretation and implementation of these laws and regulations, we cannot assure you that GFS will comply with such regulations in all respects while providing its services in the PRC, and GFS may be ordered to rectify or terminate any actions that are deemed illegal by regulatory authorities. GFS may also become subject to fines and/or other sanctions which may have material adverse effect on our business, operations and financial condition.

If GFS is unable to compete effectively, its business, financial condition and results of operations would be materially and adversely affected.

GFS faces increasingly intense competition, principally from established Chinese internet companies, as well as global and regional players. GFS’ business areas are subject to rapid market change, the introduction of new business models, and the entry of new and well-funded competitors. Increased investments made and lower prices offered by GFS’ competitors may require GFS to divert significant managerial, financial and human resources in order to remain competitive, and ultimately may reduce its market share and negative impact the profitability of its business.

If GFS is not able to continue to innovate or if it fails to adapt to changes in its industry, GFS’ business, financial condition and results of operations would be materially and adversely affected.

GFS’ industry is characterized by rapidly changing technology, evolving industry standards, new mobile apps and protocols, new products and services, new media and changing user demands and trends. Furthermore, GFS’ domestic and international competitors are continuously developing innovations in personalized search and recommendation, online communications, social networking and entertainment to enhance user experience. Even if GFS timely innovates and adopts changes in its strategies and plans, it may nevertheless fail to realize the anticipated benefits of these changes or even generate lower levels of revenue as a result.

GFS’ failure to manage the significant challenges involved in growing its business and operations could harm it.

GFS’ business has become increasingly complex as the scale, diversity and geographic coverage of its business and its workforce continue to expand. This expansion increases the complexity of GFS’ operations and places a significant strain on its management, operational and financial resources. The challenges involved in expanding GFS’ businesses require its employees to handle new and expanded responsibilities and duties. If GFS’ employees fail to adapt to the expansion or if GFS is unsuccessful in hiring, training, managing and integrating new employees or retraining and expanding the roles of its existing employees, its business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially harmed.

Failure to maintain or improve GFS’ technology infrastructure could harm its business and prospects.

GFS is continuously upgrading its platforms to provide increased scale, improved performance, additional capacity and additional built-in functionality, including functionality related to security. Adopting new products and maintaining and upgrading GFS’ technology infrastructure require significant investments of time and resources. Any failure to maintain and improve GFS’ technology infrastructure could result in unanticipated system disruptions, slower response times, impaired user experience and delays in reporting accurate operating and financial information. In addition, much of the software and interfaces GFS uses are internally developed and proprietary technology. If GFS experiences problems with the functionality and effectiveness of its software, interfaces or platforms, or are unable to maintain and continuously improve its technology infrastructure to handle its business needs, its business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects, as well as its reputation and brand, could be materially and adversely affected.

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In addition, GFS’ technology infrastructure and services, including its service offerings, incorporate third-party-developed software, systems and technologies, as well as hardware purchased or commissioned from outside and overseas suppliers. As GFS’ technology infrastructure and services expand and become increasingly complex, it faces increasingly serious risks to the performance and security of its technology infrastructure and services that may be caused by these third-party-developed components, including risks relating to incompatibilities among these components, service failures or delays or back-end procedures on hardware and software. GFS also needs to continuously enhance its existing technology. Otherwise, GFS faces the risk of its technology infrastructure becoming unstable and susceptible to security breaches. This instability or susceptibility could create serious challenges to the security and uninterrupted operation of GFS’ platform and services, which would materially and adversely affect its business and reputation.

Security breaches and attacks against GFS’ systems and network, and any potentially resulting breach or failure to otherwise protect personal, confidential and proprietary information, could damage its reputation and negatively impact its business, as well as materially and adversely affect its financial condition and results of operations.

GFS’ cybersecurity measures may not detect, prevent or control all attempts to compromise its systems, including distributed denial-of-service attacks, viruses, Trojan horses, malicious software, break-ins, phishing attacks, third-party manipulation, security breaches, employee misconduct or negligence or other attacks, risks, data leakage and similar disruptions that may jeopardize the security of data stored in and transmitted by GFS’ systems or that GFS otherwise maintains. Breaches of GFS’ cybersecurity measures could result in unauthorized access to GFS’ systems, misappropriation of information or data, deletion or modification of user information, or a denial-of-service or other interruption to its business operations. As techniques used to obtain unauthorized access to or sabotage systems change frequently and may not be known until launched against GFS or its third-party service providers, there can be no assurance that GFS will be able to anticipate, or implement adequate measures to protect against, these attacks.

GFS is likely to be subject to these types of attacks, breaches and data leakage. In addition, GFS could be subject to an attack, breach or leakage which GFS does not discover at the time or the consequences of which are not apparent until a later point in time, that could result in material damages or remediation costs. GFS is unable to avert these attacks and security breaches, it could be subject to significant legal and financial liability and its reputation would be harmed. GFS may not have the resources or technical sophistication to anticipate or prevent rapidly-evolving cyber-attacks. Cyber-attacks may target GFS, its users, customers, key service providers or other participants in its platform or the communication infrastructure on which it depends. Cybersecurity breaches would not only harm GFS’ reputation and business, but also could materially decrease its revenue and net income.

The successful operation of GFS’ business depends upon the performance, reliability and security of the internet infrastructure in the countries in which it operates.

GFS’ business depends on the performance, reliability and security of the telecommunications and internet infrastructure in the countries in which it operates.

The failure of telecommunications network operators to provide GFS with the requisite bandwidth could also interfere with the speed and availability of GFS’ websites and mobile apps. GFS has no control over the costs of the services provided by the telecommunications operators. If the prices that GFS pays for telecommunications and internet services rise significantly, GFS’ margins could be adversely affected. In addition, if internet access fees or other charges to internet users increase, our user base may decrease, which in turn may significantly decrease its revenues.

Moreover, if the security of domain names is compromised, GFS will be unable to use the domain names in its business operations, which could materially and adversely affect its business operations, reputation and brand image. If GFS fails to implement adequate encryption of data transmitted through the networks of the telecommunications and internet operators GFS relies upon, there is a risk that telecommunications and internet operators or their business partners may misappropriate GFS’ data, which could materially and adversely affect GFS’ business operations and reputation.

GFS’ platform could be disrupted by network interruptions.

GFS’ platform depends on the efficient and uninterrupted operation of its computer and communications systems. System interruptions and delays may prevent GFS from efficiently processing the volume of transactions on the businesses GFS operates.

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GFS may experience in the future system interruptions and delays that render websites, mobile apps and services temporarily unavailable or slow to respond. Despite any precautions GFS may take, the occurrence of a natural disaster or other unanticipated problems at its facilities, including power outages, system failures, telecommunications delays or failures, construction accidents, break-ins to information technology systems, computer viruses or human errors, could result in delays in or temporary outages of GFS’ platforms or services, loss of its, consumers’ and customers’ data and business interruption for GFS and its customers. Any of these events could damage GFS’ reputation, significantly disrupt its operations and subject it to liability, heightened regulatory scrutiny and increased costs, which could materially and adversely affect GFS’ business, financial condition and results of operations.

GFS’ business is subject to a number of risks that could materially and adversely affect its ability to provide its services, including:

● increasing competition, including from other established Chinese internet companies and companies engaged in other financial technology services;

● breach of users’ privacy and concerns over the use and security of information collected from customers and any related negative publicity relating thereto;

● service outages, system failures or failure to effectively scale the system to handle growing transaction volumes; and

● negative news about and social media coverage on GFS, its business, its products and service offerings or matters relating to GFS’ data security and privacy.

If other third-party service providers in GFS’ platform fail to provide reliable or satisfactory services, GFS’ reputation, business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

A number of third-party participants, including mobile app developers, cloud-based developers, marketing affiliates and various professional service providers, provide services to users on GFS’ platform. To the extent these service providers are unable to provide satisfactory services to our users on commercially acceptable terms, or at all, GFS’ ability to retain, attract or engage its users may be severely limited, which may have a material and adverse effect on GFS’ business, financial condition and results of operations. These third-party service providers also engage in a broad range of other business activities outside of GFS’ platform. If these third-party participants engage in activities that are negligent, fraudulent, illegal or otherwise harm the trustworthiness and security of GFS’ platform, including, for example, the leak or negligent use of data, the handling, transport and delivery of prohibited or restricted content or items, or if these participants fail to perform their contractual obligations, or users are otherwise dissatisfied with their service quality on or off GFS’ platform, GFS could suffer reputational harm, even if these activities are not related to, attributable to or caused by it, or within its control.

Our strategy of acquiring complementary assets, technologies and businesses may fail and result in impairment losses.

As a component of our growth strategy, we have acquired and intend to actively identify and acquire assets, technologies and businesses that are complementary to our existing businesses. Our acquisitions could result in the use of substantial amounts of cash, issuance of potentially dilutive equity securities, significant impairment losses related to goodwill or amortization expenses related to intangible assets and exposure to undisclosed or potential liabilities of acquired companies. Impairment loss for goodwill and acquired intangible assets may exist if our management concluded that expected synergies from acquisitions of assets, technologies and businesses would not materialize.

We may be required to record a significant charge to earnings if we are required to reassess our tangible and intangible assets.

We are required under U.S. GAAP to test for impairment on tangible and intangible assets annually or more frequently if facts and circumstances warrant a review. Currently we are losing money, and our tangible and intangible assets may be impaired if the losses continue. We are also required to review our amortizable intangible assets for impairment when events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying value may not be recoverable. Factors that may be considered a change in circumstances indicating that the carrying value of our amortizable intangible assets may not be recoverable include a decline in stock price and market capitalization and slower or declining growth rates in our industry. We may be required to record a significant charge to earnings in our financial statements during the period in which any impairment of our goodwill or amortizable intangible assets is determined.

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We are exposed to the credit risks of our customers and borrowers.

Our financial position and profitability are dependent on our customers’ creditworthiness. Thus, we are exposed to our customers’ credit risks. There is no assurance that we will not encounter doubtful or bad debts in the future. Due to economic conditions in Hong Kong, in particular the risk of monetary and fiscal policies to address inflation, businesses in Hong Kong are generally conserving cash or under increased financial and credit stress. As a result, we could experience slower payments from our customers and borrowers, an increase in accounts receivable aging and/or an increase in bad debts. If we were to experience any unexpected delay or difficulty in collections from our customers or borrowers, our cash flows and financial results would be adversely affected.

FAF and Giant Credit Limited are subject to greater credit risks than larger lenders, which could adversely affect our results of operations.

There are inherent risks associated with our lending activities, including credit risk, which is the risk that borrowers may not repay the outstanding loans balances. As a lending company, we extend credits to individual and commercial households and is premised on the fact that such loans will be timely repaid together with interest. These borrowers generally have fewer financial resources in terms of capital or borrowing capacity than larger entities and may have fewer financial resources to weather a downturn in the economy. Such borrowers may fail to perform their contractual obligations and default on payment of interest and/or the principal, and thus may expose us to greater credit risks than lenders lending to larger, better-capitalized state-owned businesses with longer operating histories. Conditions such as inflation, economic downturn, local policy change, adjustment of industrial structure and other factors beyond our control may increase our credit risk more than such events would affect larger lenders. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, loans and interest receivable owed from our customers to FAF and Giant Credit amounted to approximately $19.68 million and $12.56 million, respectively. If FAF’s and Giant Credit’s customers delay or default on their payments, FAF and Giant Credit may have to incur additional legal costs and expenses in order to enforce its security and/or make provision for impairment or write-off the relevant loans and interest receivables, which in turn may adversely affect our financial position and profitability.

FAF and Giant Credit may fail to renew its money lenders license.

Our money lending business is subject to licensing requirements under the provisions of the Money Lenders Ordinance (Chapter 163 of the Laws of Hong Kong). Money lenders licenses are granted by the licensing court of Hong Kong and are renewable annually subject to satisfaction of all licensing conditions. The licensing court has the discretion to suspend or revoke a license if a licensee is in breach of any licensing conditions. We cannot guarantee that the conditions or requirements which FAF and Giant Credit may be required to satisfy or meet will not change from time to time. In the event that FAF and Giant Credit are unable to renew its money lenders license in a timely manner or if the licensing court or other relevant authorities do not approve the application for a renewal of its money lenders license, FAF and Giant Credit may not be able to operate its money lending business until such time as it receives a new license, which may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operation.

The businesses of FAF and Giant Credit is affected by fluctuations in interest rates and our credit position.

The interest rate risks faced by FAF and Giant Credit arise from both the interest-bearing lending and borrowings of our money lending business. In particular, our profitability is highly correlated with the net interest margin, being the difference between the interest rate charged to our customers and the costs of our funding. The interest rate chargeable by Giant Credit to its customers is determined by, amongst other factors, the market demand for loans and the prevailing competition in the industry, and is ultimately capped by the relevant provisions of the Money Lenders Ordinance (Chapter 163 of the Laws of Hong Kong). The borrowing cost of FAF and Giant Credit is determined with reference to the overall local money lending market conditions and our credit positions. An increase in general interest rates or a deterioration of our credit positions will lead to increases in our funding costs.

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There is intense competition in the money lending industry.

As of January 31, 2024, as provided by the Hong Kong Licensed Money Lenders Association, there were 2,254 licensed money lenders in Hong Kong. These licensed money lenders operate under various scales and conditions, some of which may or may not be our direct competitors. Some of our competitors may have certain competitive advantages over us, including greater financial resources, more established reputations, stronger brand recognition, broader product and service offerings, lower costs of funding and a branch network with a wider geographic coverage. As a result, we may have to compete by lowering the interest rates charged on loans in order to gain market share. Failure to maintain or enhance our competitiveness within the money lending industry or maintain our customer base with good credit standing may result in a decrease in profit as well as loss of market share. Consequently, our financial performance and profitability may be adversely affected.

An increase to the provision for loan losses will cause the Company’s net income to decrease and net loss to increase.

Our lending business is subject to fluctuations based on economic conditions. These fluctuations are neither predictable nor within our control and may have a material adverse impact on our operations and financial condition. We may voluntarily decide to increase our provision for loan losses. Regulatory authorities may also require an increase in the provision for loan losses or the recognition of further loan charge-offs, based on judgments different from those of its management. Any increase in the provision for loan losses will result in a decrease in net income and an increase in net loss that may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

Competition in the lending industry is growing and could cause us to lose market share and revenues in the future.

We believe that the lending industry is an emerging market in Hong Kong. We may face growing competition in the lending industry, and we believe that the lending industry is becoming more competitive as this industry matures and begins to consolidate. We will compete, with traditional financial institutions, other lending companies, other microfinance companies, and some cash-rich state-owned companies or individuals. Some of these competitors have larger and more established borrower bases and substantially greater financial, marketing and other resources than we have. As a result, we could lose market share and its revenues could decline, thereby adversely affecting our earnings and potential for growth.

FAF and Giant Credit Limited may face regulatory hurdles in the future in connection with its lending business.

FAF and Giant Credit Limited have been providing high-quality personal loans and corporate loans to its customers since it first obtained their money lenders license in 2011 and 2016, respectively. The Hong Kong Monetary Authority continues to impose stringent policies and prudential measures on property mortgage loans provided by authorized financial institutions in Hong Kong, which creates additional hurdles for the public who are looking for mortgages to satisfy their financial needs.

The businesses of FAF and Giant Credit may be affected by changes in the Money Lenders Ordinance (Chapter 163 of the Laws of Hong Kong).

The business operation of FAF and Giant Credit are regulated under the Money Lenders Ordinance (Chapter 163 of the Laws of Hong Kong) and full compliance with such regulation is essential for us to carry on our business. Notwithstanding this, the relevant regulatory authorities may from time to time amend the Money Lenders Ordinance (Chapter 163 of the Laws of Hong Kong) or adopt new laws and regulations applicable to licensed money lenders in Hong Kong. Our operation, financial performance and business prospects may be materially and adversely affected if we are not able to comply with any changes and/or new requirements in applicable laws and regulations related to the money lending industry in Hong Kong. Notably, for the personal loans and corporate loans granted by us to our customers, the interest rate for such loans shall not exceed the maximum effective interest rate of 48% per annum as stipulated under the Money Lenders Ordinance (Chapter 163 of the Laws of Hong Kong). In the event that such maximum limit for interest rate is lowered as a result of any change to the Money Lenders Ordinance (Chapter 163 of the Laws of Hong Kong) and/or any relevant laws and regulations, thus limiting and lowering the interest rate we can offer to our customers, our financial performance, operational results and profitability may be materially and adversely affected.

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Our property investment business is sensitive to downturns in the economy, economic uncertainty and particularly the performance of the real estate market in Hong Kong.

Demand for property is sensitive to downturns and uncertainty in the global and regional economy and corresponding changes in the appetite for real estate investments and purchases. Changes in the appetite for real estate investments and purchases are driven by various factors including, amongst others, perceived or actual general economic conditions, employment and job market conditions, actual or perceived levels of disposable consumer income and wealth and consumer confidence in the economy. These and other factors have, in the past, affected consumer demand for real estate and any negative sentiment or downturn in the economy could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations and also our liquidity position. For example, a slowdown in the Hong Kong economy or any changes in the laws, regulations and policies in relation to the real estate market may result in a decline in the number of real estate transactions.

Our revenue from our investment property portfolio depends on a number of factors, such as changes in market rental levels, competition for tenants and rental collection and renewal.

Leasing of our investment properties constitutes a very substantial part of the business of 11 Hau Fook Street, Suns Tower and Vision Lane. For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, revenue generated from our investment properties constituted $1.07 million and $1.11 million, respectively. We are subject to risks incidental to the ownership and operation of commercial properties, such as volatility in market rental rates and occupancy rates, competition for tenants, costs resulting from on-going maintenance and repair and the inability to collect rent from tenants or renew leases with tenants due to bankruptcy, insolvency, financial difficulties or other reasons. In addition, we may not be able to renew leases with our tenants on terms acceptable to us, or at all, upon the expiration of existing terms. If the above occurs, there may be a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operation and annual report.

GFS has a limited operating history.

Our operating subsidiaries, GFS, was acquired by us in January 31, 2020. Our experience and operations in the industries that they respectively operate are relatively limited. As a result, there is limited historical information available upon which you can base your evaluation of our business prospects and future financial performance in such industries. There is no assurance that we can maintain our profitability and growth in the future. The limited financial results on the four subsidiaries should not be used as an indication of our business prospects and our performance in the future. Furthermore, we may encounter significant risks and difficulties frequently experienced by companies with early stage operations, and such risks and difficulties may be heightened in a rapidly developing market such as the fintech service and IT support service and the money lending and property investment markets in Hong Kong. Our future operating results depend upon a number of factors, including our ability to attract users, manage our growth, retain our customers as well as identify and attract new ones and to provide loan products at competitive rates which suit our customers’ needs. If we are unable to successfully address the above issues, we may be unable to operate our business in the manner which we contemplate and generate revenues from such activities in the amounts and within the timeframes which we anticipate. If any of these events were to occur, it would have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition, results of operation and cash flow.

We may not be able to secure financing needed for future operating needs on favorable terms, or on any terms at all.

From time-to-time, we may seek additional financing to provide the capital required for future acquisitions and to expand our business, if cash flow from operations is not sufficient to do so. We cannot predict with certainty the timing or amount of any such capital requirements. If such financing is not available on satisfactory terms, we may not be able to expand our business or to develop new business at the rate desired. Consequently, our results of operations may be adversely affected.

If we are able to secure financing through debt, lenders may impose certain restrictions. In addition, repaying such debt may limit our cash flow and our ability to grow. If we are not able to secure financing through debt, we may be forced to issue additional equity, which would have a dilutive effect on our shares.

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A severe or prolonged downturn in the global economy could materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations.

The recent global market and economic were unprecedented and challenging, with recessions occurring in most major economies. Continued concerns about the systemic impact of potential long-term and wide-spread recession, energy costs, geopolitical issues, sovereign debt issues, and the availability and cost of credit have contributed to increased market volatility and diminished expectations for economic growth around the world. The difficult economic outlook has negatively affected businesses and consumer confidence and contributed to significant volatility.

The recent outbreak of war in Ukraine has already affected global economic markets, and the uncertain resolution of this conflict could result in protracted and/or severe damage to the global economy. Russia’s recent military interventions in Ukraine have led to, and may lead to, additional sanctions being levied by the United States, European Union and other countries against Russia. Russia’s military incursion and the resulting sanctions could adversely affect global energy and financial markets and thus could affect our client’s business and our business, even though we do not have any direct exposure to Russia or the adjoining geographic regions. The extent and duration of the military action, sanctions, and resulting market disruptions are impossible to predict, but could be substantial. Any such disruptions caused by Russian military action or resulting sanctions may magnify the impact of other risks described in this section. We cannot predict the progress or outcome of the situation in Ukraine, as the conflict and governmental reactions are rapidly developing and beyond their control. Prolonged unrest, intensified military activities, or more extensive sanctions impacting the region could have a material adverse effect on the global economy, and such effect could in turn have a material adverse effect on the operations, results of operations, financial condition, liquidity and business outlook of our business.

There is continuing uncertainty over the long-term effects of the expansionary monetary and fiscal policies that have been adopted by the central banks and financial authorities of some of the world’s leading economies, including Hong Kong’s. There have also been concerns over unrest in the Middle East and Africa, which may result in significant market volatility. Economic conditions in Hong Kong are sensitive to global economic conditions. Any prolonged slowdown in the global and/or Hong Kong economy may have a negative impact on our business, results of operations and financial condition, and continued turbulence in the international markets may adversely affect our ability to access the capital markets to meet liquidity needs.

Our risk management and internal control systems may not be effective and have deficiencies or material weaknesses

We are subject to the reporting obligations under the U.S. securities laws. The Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC, as required under Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (“Section 404”), has adopted rules requiring public companies to include a report of management on the effectiveness of such companies’ internal control over financial reporting in their respective annual report. This annual report includes an attestation report of our registered public accounting firm regarding internal control over financial reporting that appears herein.

Our management has concluded that under the rules of Section 404, our internal control over financial reporting was ineffective as of December 31, 2023. A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our company’s financial statements will not be prevented, or detected and corrected on a timely basis. A significant deficiency is a deficiency, or combination of deficiencies, in internal control that is less severe than a material weakness, yet important enough to merit attention by those charged with governance.

The specific material weaknesses we identified in our internal control over financial reporting consist of the following:

- The Company has inadequate documentation on internal control over financial reporting;

- The Company does not maintain documentation on operating effectiveness tests of internal control over financial reporting;

- The Company has limited written documentation on monitoring loan risk assessment on a regular basis;

- The Company has lack of sufficient controls and policies on loan credit risk monitoring in post-loan management, on a regular basis;

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- The Company has inadequate control procedures on monitoring expired loans and overdue principal and interest payments;

- The lack of sufficient qualified accounting personnel with appropriate understanding of U.S. GAAP and SEC reporting requirements commensurate with the Company’s financial reporting requirements, which resulted in a number of internal control deficiencies. Also, as a small-scale company, the Company does not have sufficient internal control personnel to set up adequate review functions at each reporting level.

We are in the process of implementing measures to resolve the material weakness and improve our internal and disclosure controls. However, we may not be able to successfully implement the remedial measures. The implementation of our remedial initiatives may not fully address the material weaknesses and significant deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting. In addition, the process of designing and implementing an effective financial reporting system is a continuous effort that requires us to anticipate and react to changes in our business and economic and regulatory environments and to expend significant resources to maintain a financial reporting system that is adequate in satisfying our reporting obligations. We also expect to incur additional compensation expenses in connection with hiring additional accounting and internal control personnel.

As a result, our business and financial condition, results of operations and prospects, as well as the trading price of our ordinary shares may be materially and adversely affected. Ineffective internal control over financial reporting could also expose us to increased risk of fraud or misuse of corporate assets, In turn, that could subject us to potential delisting from the stock exchange on which our ordinary shares are listed, regulatory investigations or civil or criminal sanctions.

We have granted, and may continue to grant, stock options and restricted shares, which may result in increased share-based compensation expenses.

We granted awards such as restricted shares to directors, executive officers, and employees. For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, we recorded $nil, $nil million and $0.26 million, respectively, in share-based compensation expenses. We believe the granting of restricted shares is of significant importance to our ability to attract and retain key personnel and employees, and we will continue to grant restricted shares to key personnel, employees, third-party consultants and business partners in the future. However, the share-based compensation expenses we incur will reduce our income from operations. We have incurred, and expect to continue to incur, share-based compensation expenses, which may have a material and adverse effect on our results of operations.

The audit reports for prior reporting periods included in our annual reports have been prepared by predecessor auditors whose work may not be inspected fully by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board and, as such, you may be deprived of the benefits of such inspection.

Our predecessor registered public accounting firm that issue the audit reports as included in our annual reports filed with the SEC as auditors of companies that are traded publicly in the United States and firms registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), or the PCAOB, are required by the laws of the United States to undergo regular inspections by the PCAOB to assess their respective compliance with the laws of the United States and professional standards.

Although our current auditors are PCAOB compliant, many other clients of our predecessor auditors have substantial operations within mainland China and Hong Kong, and the PCAOB has been unable to complete inspections of the work of our predecessor auditors without the approval of the Chinese authorities. Thus, our predecessor auditors and their audit work for the period up to December 2019 had not been inspected fully by the PCAOB. On December 7, 2018, the SEC and the PCAOB issued a joint statement highlighting continued challenges faced by the U.S. regulation in their oversight of financial statement audits of U.S.-listed companies with significant operation in China and Hong Kong. However, it remains unclear what further actions the SEC and PCAOB will take to address the problem.

Inspections of other firms that the PCAOB has conducted outside mainland China and Hong Kong have identified deficiencies in those firms’ audit procedures and quality control procedures, which can be addressed as part of the inspection process to improve future audit quality. The lack of PCAOB inspections in mainland China and Hong Kong prevents the PCAOB from regularly evaluating our auditors’ audit procedures and quality control procedures as they relate to their work in mainland China and Hong Kong. As a result, investors may be deprived of the benefits of such regular inspections.

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The inability of the PCAOB to conduct full inspections of auditors in mainland China and Hong Kong makes it more difficult to evaluate the effectiveness of our predecessor auditors’ audit procedures and quality control procedures as compared to auditors who primarily work in jurisdictions where the PCAOB has full inspection access. Investors may lose confidence in our reported financial information and the quality of our financial statements.

In addition, in June 2019, a bipartisan group of lawmakers introduced bills in both houses of the U.S. Congress which, if passed, would require the SEC to maintain a list of issuers for which the PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate an auditor report issued by a foreign public accounting firm. The proposed Ensuring Quality Information and Transparency for Abroad-Based Listings on our Exchanges (“EQUITABLE”) Act prescribes increased disclosure requirements for these issuers and, beginning in 2025, the delisting from U.S. national securities exchanges of issuers included on the SEC’s list for three consecutive years. Enactment of this legislation or other efforts to increase U.S. regulatory access to audit information could cause investor uncertainty for affected issuers, including us, and the market price of our ordinary shares could be adversely affected. It is unclear if this proposed legislation will be enacted. Furthermore, there has been recent deliberations within the U.S. government regarding potentially limiting or restricting China-based companies from accessing U.S. capital markets.

On April 21, 2020, the SEC and the PCAOB issued a joint statement reiterating the greater risk that disclosures will be insufficient in many emerging markets, including the PRC, compared to those made by U.S. domestic companies. In discussing the specific issues related to the greater risk, the statement again highlights the PCAOB’s inability to inspect audit work paper and practices of accounting firms in the PRC, with respect to their audit work of U.S. reporting companies. However, it remains unclear what further actions, if any, the SEC and PCAOB will take to address the problem. There have been media reports on deliberations within the U.S. government regarding potentially limiting or restricting the PRC-based companies from accessing U.S. capital markets.

On May 20, 2020, the U.S. Senate passed the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act (“HFCAA”) requiring a foreign company to certify it is not owned or controlled by a foreign government if the PCAOB is unable to audit specified reports because the company uses a foreign auditor not subject to PCAOB inspection. If the PCAOB is unable to inspect the company’s auditors for three consecutive years, the issuer’s securities are prohibited to trade on a national exchange. On December 2, 2020, the U.S. House of Representatives approved the HFCAA.

On March 24, 2021, the SEC adopted interim final rules relating to the implementation of certain disclosure and documentation requirements in the HFCA Act. On December 2, 2021, the SEC adopted amendments to finalize rules implementing the submission and disclosure requirements in the HFCA Act. The rules apply to registrants that the SEC identifies as having filed an annual report with an audit report issued by a registered public accounting firm that is located in a foreign jurisdiction and that PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate. We will be required to comply with these rules if the SEC identifies us as having a “non-inspection” year under a process to be subsequently established by the SEC. The final amendments require any identified registrant to submit documentation to the SEC establishing that the registrant is not owned or controlled by a government entity in the public accounting firm’s foreign jurisdiction, and also require, among other things, disclosure in the registrant’s annual report regarding the audit arrangements of, and government influence on, such registrants. Under the HFCA Act, our securities may be prohibited from trading on the Nasdaq or other U.S. stock exchanges if our auditor is not inspected by the PCAOB for three consecutive years, and this ultimately could result in our Ordinary Shares being delisted.

On June 22, 2021, the U.S. Senate passed the Accelerating Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act, which, if enacted, would amend the HFCA Act and require the SEC to prohibit an issuer’s securities from trading on any U.S. stock exchanges if its auditor is not subject to PCAOB inspections for two consecutive years instead of three, and thus, would reduce the time before our Ordinary Shares may be prohibited from trading or delisted.

If any such policies or deliberations were to materialize, the resulting legislation, if it were to apply to us, would likely have a material adverse impact on our business and the price of our ordinary shares. Should the PCAOB determine that it cannot inspect or fully investigate our auditor for three consecutive years, an exchange may determine to delist our securities.

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On December 16, 2021, the PCAOB issued a report on its determinations that it was unable to inspect or investigate completely PCAOB-registered public accounting firms headquartered in Mainland China and in Hong Kong, because of positions taken by PRC authorities in those jurisdictions. The PCAOB made its determinations pursuant to PCAOB Rule 6100, which provides a framework for how the PCAOB fulfills its responsibilities under the HFCA Act. The report further listed in its Appendix A and Appendix B, Registered Public Accounting Firms Subject to the Mainland China Determination and Registered Public Accounting Firms Subject to the Hong Kong Determination, respectively. Our predecessor auditors for the audit period up to December 2022, Yu Certified Public Accountant, P.C., is headquartered in New York, and did not appear as part of the determination and was not listed under its appendix A or appendix B. Our current auditor, Audit Alliance LLP is headquartered in New York, and did not appear as part of the determination and was not listed under its appendix A or appendix B.On December 15, 2022, the PCAOB determined that the PCAOB was able to secure complete access to inspect and investigate registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and Hong Kong and voted to vacate its previous determinations to the contrary. However, should PRC authorities obstruct or otherwise fail to facilitate the PCAOB’s access in the future, the PCAOB will consider the need to issue a new determination. Our securities may be delisted or prohibited from trading if the PCAOB determines that it cannot inspect or investigate completely our auditor under the HFCAA.

On December 29, 2022, a legislation entitled “Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023” (the “Consolidated Appropriations Act”) was signed into law by President Biden, which contained, among other things, an identical provision to Accelerating Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act and amended the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act by requiring the SEC to prohibit an issuer’s securities from trading on any U.S. stock exchanges if its auditor is not subject to PCAOB inspections for two consecutive years instead of three, thus reducing the time before our Ordinary Shares may be prohibited from trading or delisted. The delisting or the cessation of trading of our Ordinary Shares, or the threat of their being delisted or prohibited from being traded, may materially and adversely affect the value of your investment.

If we become directly subject to the recent scrutiny involving U.S. listed Chinese companies, we may have to expend significant resources to investigate and/or defend the matter, which could harm our business operations, stock price and reputation.

During the last several years, U.S. public companies that have substantially all of their operations in China have been the subject of intense scrutiny by investors, financial commentators and regulatory agencies. Much of the scrutiny has centered on financial and accounting irregularities and mistakes, lacks of effective internal controls over financial reporting and, in many cases, allegations of fraud. As a result of the scrutiny, the publicly traded stock of many U.S.-listed Chinese companies that have been the subject of such scrutiny has sharply decreased in value. Many of these companies are now subject to shareholder lawsuits and/or SEC enforcement actions that are conducting internal and/or external investigations into the allegations.

If we become the subject of any such scrutiny, whether any allegations are true or not, we may have to expend significant resources to investigate such allegations and/or defend the Company. Such investigations or allegations will be costly and time-consuming and distract our management from our normal business and could result in our reputation being harmed. Our stock price could decline because of such allegations, even if the allegations are false.

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Risks Related to Doing Business in Jurisdictions We Operate

A downturn in the Hong Kong, China or global economy, and economic and political policies of China could materially and adversely affect our business and financial condition.

We conduct substantial operations through our subsidiaries in Hong Kong and we also have an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary with no operations in China. Accordingly, our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations may be influenced to a significant degree by political, economic and social conditions in Hong Kong and China generally and by continued economic growth in Hong Kong and China as a whole. The Chinese economy differs from the economies of most developed countries in many respects, including the amount of government involvement, level of development, growth rate, control of foreign exchange and allocation of resources. While the Chinese economy has experienced significant growth over the past decades, growth has been uneven, both geographically and among various sectors of the economy. The Chinese government has implemented various measures to encourage economic growth and guide the allocation of resources. Some of these measures may benefit the overall Chinese economy, but may have a negative effect on us.

Economic conditions in Hong Kong and China are sensitive to global economic conditions. Any prolonged slowdown in the global or Chinese economy may affect potential clients’ confidence in financial market as a whole and have a negative impact on our business, results of operations and financial condition. Additionally, continued turbulence in the international markets may adversely affect our ability to access the capital markets to meet liquidity needs.

The Hong Kong legal system embodies uncertainties which could limit the legal protections available to us.

Hong Kong is a Special Administrative Region of the PRC. Following British colonial rule from 1842 to 1997, China assumed sovereignty under the “one country, two systems” principle. The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region’s constitutional document, the Basic Law, ensures that the current political situation will remain in effect for 50 years. Hong Kong has enjoyed the freedom to function in a high degree of autonomy for its affairs, including currencies, immigration and custom, independent judiciary system and parliamentary system. On July 14, 2020, the United States signed an executive order to end the special status enjoyed by Hong Kong post-1997. As the autonomy currently enjoyed were compromised, it could potentially impact Hong Kong’s common law legal system and may in turn bring about uncertainty in, for example, the enforcement of our contractual rights. This could, in turn, materially and adversely affect our business and operation. Additionally, intellectual property rights and confidentiality protections in Hong Kong may not be as effective as in the United States or other countries. Accordingly, we cannot predict the effect of future developments in the Hong Kong legal system, including the promulgation of new laws, changes to existing laws or the interpretation or enforcement thereof, or the pre-emption of local regulations by national laws. These uncertainties could limit the legal protections available to us, including our ability to enforce our agreements with our clients.

Uncertainties with respect to the PRC legal system could adversely affect us.

We conduct substantial operations through our subsidiaries in Hong Kong and we also have an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary with no operations in China. PRC companies and variable interests entities are generally subject to laws and regulations applicable to foreign investments in China and, in particular, laws and regulations applicable to wholly foreign-owned enterprises. The PRC legal system is based on statutes. Prior court decisions may be cited for reference but have limited precedential value.

Since 1979, PRC legislation and regulations have significantly enhanced the protections afforded to various forms of foreign investments in China. However, China has not developed a fully integrated legal system and recently enacted laws and regulations may not sufficiently cover all aspects of economic activities in China. In particular, because these laws and regulations are relatively new, and because of the limited volume of published decisions and their nonbinding nature, the interpretation and enforcement of these laws and regulations involve uncertainties. In addition, the PRC legal system is based in part on government policies and internal rules (some of which are not published on a timely basis or at all) that may have a retroactive effect. As a result, we may not be aware of our violation of these policies and rules until sometime after the violation. In addition, any litigation in China may be protracted and result in substantial costs and diversion of resources and management attention.

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Changes in the policies, regulations, rules, and the enforcement of laws of the PRC government may be quick with little advance notice and could have a significant impact upon our ability to operate profitably in the PRC.

Although we conduct substantial operations through our subsidiaries in Hong Kong, we also have an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary with no operations in China, which may subject us to certain laws and regulations in China. Accordingly, economic, political and legal developments in the PRC will affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. Policies, regulations, rules, and the enforcement of laws of the PRC government can have significant effects on economic conditions in the PRC and the ability of businesses to operate profitably. Our ability to operate profitably in the PRC may be adversely affected by changes in policies by the PRC government, including changes in laws, regulations or their interpretation, particularly those dealing with the Internet, including censorship and other restriction on material which can be transmitted over the Internet, security, intellectual property, money laundering, taxation and other laws that affect our ability to operate our business in China.

The PRC government may intervene or influence our business operations at any time or may exert more control over offerings conducted overseas and foreign investment in China based issuers, which could result in a material change in our business operations or the value of our securities. Additionally, the governmental and regulatory interference could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors and cause the value of such securities to significantly decline or be worthless. We are also currently not required to obtain approval from Chinese authorities to list on U.S. exchanges, however, if we are required to obtain approval in the future and are denied permission from Chinese authorities to list on U.S. exchanges, we will not be able to continue listing on U.S. exchange, which would materially affect the interest of the investors.

Although we conduct substantial operations through our subsidiaries in Hong Kong, we also have an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary with no operations in China, which may subject us to certain laws and regulations in China. The Chinese government has exercised and continues to exercise substantial control over virtually every sector of the Chinese economy through regulation and state ownership. Our ability to operate in China may be harmed by changes in its laws and regulations, including those relating to taxation, environmental regulations, land use rights, property and other matters. The central or local governments of these jurisdictions may impose new, stricter regulations or interpretations of existing regulations that would require additional expenditures and efforts on our part to ensure our compliance with such regulations or interpretations. Accordingly, government actions in the future, including any decision not to continue to support recent economic reforms and to return to a more centrally planned economy or regional or local variations in the implementation of economic policies, could have a significant effect on economic conditions in China or particular regions thereof, and could require us to divest ourselves of any interest we then hold in Chinese properties.

For example, the Chinese cybersecurity regulator announced on July 2, 2021 that it had begun an investigation of Didi Global Inc. (NYSE: DIDI) and two days later ordered that the company’s app be removed from smartphone app stores. On July 24, 2021, the General Office of the Communist Party of China Central Committee and the General Office of the State Council jointly released the Guidelines for Further Easing the Burden of Excessive Homework and Off-campus Tutoring for Students at the Stage of Compulsory Education, pursuant to which foreign investment in such firms via mergers and acquisitions, franchise development, and variable interest entities are banned from this sector.

As such, our business segments may be subject to various government and regulatory interference in the provinces in which they operate. We could be subject to regulations by various political and regulatory entities, including various local and municipal agencies and government sub-divisions, and these regulations may be interpreted and applied inconsistently by different agencies or authorities. We may incur increased costs necessary to comply with existing and newly adopted laws and regulations or penalties for any failure to comply, and such compliance or any associated inquiries or investigations or any other government actions may:

● delay or impede our development;

● result in negative publicity or increase our operating costs;

● require significant management time and attention; and

● subject our Company to remedies, administrative penalties and even criminal liabilities that may harm our business, including fines assessed for our current or historical operations, or demands or orders that we modify or even cease our business practices.

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The regulatory framework for the collection, use, safeguarding, sharing, transfer and other processing of personal information and important data worldwide is rapidly evolving in PRC and is likely to remain uncertain for the foreseeable future. Regulatory authorities in China have implemented and are considering a number of legislative and regulatory proposals concerning data protection. For example, the PRC Cybersecurity Law, which became effective in June 2017, established China’s first national-level data protection for “network operators,” which may include all organizations in China that connect to or provide services over the internet or other information network. The PRC Data Security Law, which was promulgated by the Standing Committee of PRC National People’s Congress, or the SCNPC, on June 10, 2021 and became effective on September 1, 2021, outlines the main system framework of data security protection. As of the date of this registration statement, we have not been involved in any investigations on data security compliance made in connection with the PRC Data Security Law, and we have not received any inquiry, notice, warning, or sanctions in such respect. Based on the foregoing, we do not expect that, as of the date of this annual report, the PRC Data Security Law would have a material adverse impact on our business.

In August 2021, the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress of China promulgated the Personal Information Protection Law which became effective on November 1, 2021. The Personal Information Protection Law provides a comprehensive set of data privacy and protection requirements that apply to the processing of personal information and expands data protection compliance obligations to cover the processing of personal information of persons by organizations and individuals in China, and the processing of personal information of persons outside of China if such processing is for purposes of providing products and services to, or analyzing and evaluating the behavior of, persons in China. The Personal Information Protection Law also provides that critical information infrastructure operators and personal information processing entities who process personal information meeting a volume threshold to be set by Chinese cyberspace regulators are also required to store in China the personal information generated or collected in China, and to pass a security assessment administered by Chinese cyberspace regulators for any export of such personal information. Moreover, pursuant to the Personal Information Protection Law, persons who seriously violate this law may be fined for up to RMB50 million or 5% of annual revenues generated in the prior year and may also be ordered to suspend any related activity by competent authorities.

Recent statements by the Chinese government have indicated an intent to exert more oversight and control over offerings that are conducted overseas and/or foreign investments in China-based issuers. On July 6, 2021, the General Office of the Communist Party of China Central Committee and the General Office of the State Council jointly issued a document to crack down on illegal activities in the securities market and promote the high-quality development of the capital market, which, among other things, requires the relevant governmental authorities to strengthen cross-border oversight of law-enforcement and judicial cooperation, to enhance supervision over China-based companies listed overseas, and to establish and improve the system of extraterritorial application of the PRC securities laws. On December 24, 2021, the CSRC published the Provisions of the State Council on the Administration of Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies (the “Administration Provisions”), and the Administrative Measures for the Filing of Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies (the “Measures”), which are now open for public comment.

Furthermore, on July 10, 2021, the CAC issued a revised draft of the Measures for Cybersecurity Review for public comments, which required that, among others, in addition to “operator of critical information infrastructure”, any “data processor” controlling personal information of no less than one million users which seeks to list in a foreign stock exchange should also be subject to cybersecurity review, and further elaborated the factors to be considered when assessing the national security risks of the relevant activities. On December 28, 2021, the CAC, the National Development and Reform Commission (“NDRC”), and several other administrations jointly issued the revised Measures for Cybersecurity Review, or the “Revised Review Measures”, which became effective and replaced the existing Measures for Cybersecurity Review on February 15, 2022. According to the Revised Review Measures, if an “online platform operator” that is in possession of personal data of more than one million users intends to list in a foreign country, it must apply for a cybersecurity review. Based on a set of Q&A published on the official website of the State Cipher Code Administration in connection with the issuance of the Revised Review Measures, an official of the said administration indicated that an online platform operator should apply for a cybersecurity review prior to the submission of its listing application with non-PRC securities regulators. Moreover, the CAC released the draft of the Regulations on Network Data Security Management in November 2021 for public consultation, which among other things, stipulates that a data processor listed overseas must conduct an annual data security review by itself or by engaging a data security service provider and submit the annual data security review report for a given year to the municipal cybersecurity department before January 31 of the following year. Given the recency of the issuance of the Revised Review Measures and their pending effectiveness, there is a general lack of guidance and substantial uncertainties exist with respect to their interpretation and implementation.

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Currently, we, including our subsidiaries, are not required to obtain approval from Chinese authorities, including the China Securities Regulatory Commission, or CSRC, or Cybersecurity Administration Committee, or CAC, to operate and list on U.S. exchanges or issue securities to foreign investors. If approval is required in the future and we were denied permission from Chinese authorities to list on U.S. exchanges, we will not be able to operate or to continue listing on U.S. exchange, which would materially affect the interest of the investors. It is uncertain when and whether the Company will be required to obtain permission from the PRC government to continue to operate or to list on U.S. exchanges in the future, and even when such permission is obtained, whether it will be denied or rescinded. Although we are currently not required to obtain permission from any of the PRC federal or local government and has not received any denial to list on the U.S. exchange, our operations and ability to continue to list and issue securities to foreign investors may be adversely affected in the future, directly or indirectly, by existing or future laws and regulations relating to our PRC business operations. As a result, both you and us face uncertainty about future actions by the PRC government that could significantly affect our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors and cause the value of our securities to significantly decline or be worthless.

We may rely on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by our subsidiaries to fund any cash and financing requirements we may have, and any limitation on the ability of our subsidiaries to make payments to us, including PRC Governmental control of currency conversion and restriction on our ability to transfer or distribute cash within our organization or to foreign investors could have a material adverse effect on our ability to conduct our business and may affect the value of your investment.

We are a holding company incorporated in the Cayman Islands, and we may rely on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by our subsidiaries for our cash and financing requirements, including the funds necessary to pay dividends and other cash distributions to our shareholders and service any debt we may incur. If any of our subsidiaries incurs debt on its own behalf in the future, the instruments governing the debt may restrict its ability to pay dividends or make other distributions to us.

Since the financial year ended 2018, the Company has not utilized cash generated from one subsidiary to fund another subsidiary’s operations. The cash transfer among the subsidiaries is typically payment for intercompany services or intercompany loans. None of the subsidiaries have ever faced difficulties or limitation on their ability to transfer cash between subsidiaries. As of the date of this report, the Company does not have any cash management policies that dictate the amount of funding among subsidiaries.

As of the date of this report, none of our subsidiaries have ever issued any dividends or distributions to the holding company or their respective shareholders outside of Hong Kong and China. In the future, cash proceeds raised from overseas financing activities may be transferred by us to our Hong Kong subsidiaries and to Beijing SGOCO should it become an operating subsidiary via capital contribution, as the case may be. Beijing SGOCO is currently indirectly wholly-owned by the offshore holding company and none of our subsidiaries are currently indirectly owned through contractual agreements.

In the future, should we establish any variable interest entity (“VIE”) through contractual agreements, we intend to distribute earnings or settle amounts owed under the VIE agreements. In the future should we establish any VIE or direct PRC subsidiary, and the PRC government determines that the contractual arrangements constituting part of the VIE structure do not comply with PRC regulations, or if these regulations change or are interpreted differently in the future, the securities you are registering may decline in value or become worthless if the determinations, changes or interpretations may result in our inability to assert contractual control over the assets of our PRC subsidiaries or the VIEs that conduct all or substantially all our operations.

In order for us to pay dividends to our shareholders, in the future we may rely on payments made by our Hong Kong subsidiaries, as well as to a limited degree on payments made from Beijing SGOCO to SGOCO, and the distribution of such payments to our overseas subsidiary as dividends from SGOCO International. If any of our Hong Kong subsidiaries or Beijing SGOCO incurs debt on its own behalf in the future, the instruments governing such debt may restrict their ability to pay dividends to us.

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Under the current practice of the Inland Revenue Department of Hong Kong, no tax is payable in Hong Kong in respect of dividends paid by us. Any limitation on the ability of our Hong Kong subsidiaries to pay dividends or make other distributions to us could materially and adversely limit our ability to grow, make investments or acquisitions that could be beneficial to our business, pay dividends, or otherwise fund and conduct our business. Shareholders of a Cayman company will not be subject to any income, withholding or capital gains taxes in the Cayman Islands with respect to their shares in the Cayman company and dividends received on those shares, nor will they be subject to any estate or inheritance taxes in the Cayman Islands. There are no exchange controls in the Cayman Islands. Under the Companies Act, a Cayman company may declare and pay a dividend to shareholders from time to time out of the profits or out of the share premium account, provided that the company shall be able to pay its debts as they fall due in the ordinary course of business.

The PRC government imposes controls on the conversion of Renminbi (“RMB”), the legal currency of the PRC, into foreign currencies and the remittance of currencies out of the PRC. Therefore, we may experience difficulties in completing the administrative procedures necessary to obtain and remit foreign currency for the payment of dividends from our profits, if any. Cash dividends, if any, on our ordinary shares will be paid in U.S. dollars. Certain payments from the Beijing SGOCO to SGOCO International (HK) Limited are subject to PRC taxes, including business taxes and VAT. If we are considered a PRC tax resident enterprise for tax purposes, any dividends we pay to our overseas shareholders may be regarded as China-sourced income and as a result may be subject to PRC withholding tax at a rate of up to 10.0%.

Under existing PRC foreign exchange regulations, payments of current account items, including profit distributions, interest payments and expenditures from trade-related transactions can be made in foreign currencies without prior approval from SAFE by complying with certain procedural requirements. However, approval from appropriate government authorities is required where RMB is to be converted into foreign currency and remitted out of China to pay capital expenses such as the repayment of loans denominated in foreign currencies. The PRC government may also at its discretion restrict access in the future to foreign currencies for current account transactions. If the foreign exchange control system prevents us from obtaining sufficient foreign currency to satisfy our currency demands, we may not be able to pay dividends in foreign currencies to our security-holders.

There can be no assurance that the PRC government will not intervene or impose restrictions on our ability to transfer or distribute cash within our organization or to foreign investors, which could result in an inability or prohibition on making transfers or distributions outside of China or Hong Kong and adversely affect our business.

Political risks associated with conducting business in Hong Kong.

Our headquarters is based in Hong Kong and we have operations in Hong Kong. Accordingly, our business operation and financial conditions will be affected by the political and legal developments in Hong Kong. During the period covered by the financial information incorporated by reference into and included in this annual report, we maintain substantial operations in Hong Kong, especially through Giant Credit Limited. Any adverse economic, social and/or political conditions, material social unrest, strike, riot, civil disturbance or disobedience, as well as significant natural disasters, may affect the market may adversely affect the business operations of Giant Credit Limited and the Company. Hong Kong is a special administrative region of the PRC and the basic policies of the PRC regarding Hong Kong are reflected in the Basic Law, namely, Hong Kong’s constitutional document, which provides Hong Kong with a high degree of autonomy and executive, legislative and independent judicial powers, including that of final adjudication under the principle of “one country, two systems”. However, there is no assurance that there will not be any changes in the economic, political and legal environment in Hong Kong in the future. Since our operation is based in Hong Kong, any change of such political arrangements may pose immediate threat to the stability of the economy in Hong Kong, thereby directly and adversely affecting our results of operations and financial positions.

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Under the Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China, Hong Kong is exclusively in charge of its internal affairs and external relations, while the government of the PRC is responsible for its foreign affairs and defense. As a separate customs territory, Hong Kong maintains and develops relations with foreign states and regions. Based on certain recent development including the Law of the People’s Republic of China on Safeguarding National Security in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region issued by the Standing Committee of the PRC National People’s Congress in June 2020, the U.S. State Department has indicated that the United States no longer considers Hong Kong to have significant autonomy from China and at the time President Trump signed an executive order and Hong Kong Autonomy Act, or HKAA, to remove Hong Kong’s preferential trade status and to authorize the U.S. administration to impose blocking sanctions against individuals and entities who are determined to have materially contributed to the erosion of Hong Kong’s autonomy. The United States may impose the same tariffs and other trade restrictions on exports from Hong Kong that it places on goods from mainland China. These and other recent actions may represent an escalation in political and trade tensions involving the U.S, China and Hong Kong, which could potentially harm our business.

Given the relatively small geographical size of Hong Kong, any of such incidents may have a widespread effect on our business operations, which could in turn adversely and materially affect our business, results of operations and financial condition. It is difficult to predict the full impact of the HKAA on Hong Kong and companies with operations in Hong Kong like us. Furthermore, legislative or administrative actions in respect of China-U.S. relations could cause investor uncertainty for affected issuers, including us, and the market price of our Ordinary Shares could be adversely affected.

Risks Relating to Our Shares

We may fail to meet continued listing requirements on the NASDAQ Capital Market

The Company received a notification letter dated May 18, 2021 from the Listing Qualifications Department of The Nasdaq Stock Market Inc. (the “Nasdaq”) notifying that the Company is no longer in compliance with the Nasdaq Listing Rule 5250(c)(1) for continued listing due to its failure to timely file its annual report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2020 with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “Matter”).

Under the Nasdaq Listing Rule 5810(c)(2)(F)(i), the Company has until July 16, 2021 (that is, 60 calendar days from the date of the Deficiency Letter) to submit to Nasdaq a plan (the “Compliance Plan”) to regain compliance with the Nasdaq Listing Rules.

Under the Nasdaq Listing Rule 5810(c)(2)(F)(ii), if Nasdaq accepts the Compliance Plan, Nasdaq can grant the Company an exception until November 15, 2021 (that is, up to 180 calendar days from the extended due date of the annual report) to regain compliance.

The Deficiency Letter has no immediate impact on the listing of the Company’s ordinary shares on the Nasdaq Capital Market. On July 12, 2021, Nasdaq determined that the Company complies with Rule Listing Rule 5250(c)(l). As such, the matter closed on July 12, 2021.

If our securities were to be delisted from NASDAQ, the trading of our securities could possibly be shifted to the OTC Bulletin Board or the Pink Sheets. But, that would make it more difficult to dispose of, or obtain accurate quotations for the price of, our securities. In addition, such a development would likely also reduce the already limited coverage of our Company by security analysts and the news media. Delisting and these other effects could cause the price of our securities to decline further.

Further, the NASDAQ Capital Market also requires companies to fulfill specific requirements in order for their shares to continue to be listed. In order to qualify for continued listing on the NASDAQ Capital Market, we must meet the following criteria:

● Our shareholders’ equity must be at least $2,500,000; or the market value of our listed securities must be at least $35,000,000; or our net income from continuing operations in our last fiscal year (or two of the last three fiscal years) must have been at least $500,000;

● The market value of our publicly held shares must be at least $1,000,000;

● The minimum bid price for our shares must be at least $1.00 per share;

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● We must have at least 300 shareholders;

● We must have at least 500,000 publicly held shares;

● We must have at least 2 market makers; and

● We must have adopted NASDAQ-mandated corporate governance measures, including a board of directors comprised of a majority of independent directors, an Audit Committee comprised solely of independent directors and the adoption of a code of ethics among other items.

If our shares are listed on the NASDAQ Capital Market but are delisted from the NASDAQ Capital Market at some later date, our shareholders could find it difficult to sell our shares. In addition, if our ordinary shares are delisted from the NASDAQ Capital Market at some later date, we may apply to have our ordinary shares quoted on the Bulletin Board or in the “pink sheets” maintained by the National Quotation Bureau, Inc. The Bulletin Board and the “pink sheets” are generally considered to be less efficient markets than the NASDAQ Capital Market. In addition, if our ordinary shares are not so listed or are delisted at some later date, our ordinary shares may be subject to the “penny stock” regulations. These rules impose additional sales practice requirements on broker-dealers that sell low-priced securities to persons other than established customers and institutional accredited investors and require the delivery of a disclosure schedule explaining the nature and risks of the penny stock market. As a result, the ability or willingness of broker-dealers to sell or make a market in our ordinary shares might decline. If our ordinary shares are not so listed or are delisted from the NASDAQ Capital Market at some later date or become subject to the penny stock regulations, it is likely that the price of our shares would decline and that our shareholders would find it difficult to sell their shares.

A large, active trading market for our securities may not develop and the trading price for our securities may fluctuate significantly.

We cannot assure that a liquid public market for the ordinary shares will develop. If a large, active public market for the ordinary shares does not develop, the market price and liquidity of the ordinary shares may be materially adversely affected. As a result, investors in our securities may experience a significant decrease in the value of the ordinary shares.

The trading price of the ordinary shares is likely to be volatile, which could result in substantial losses to investors.

The trading price of the ordinary shares is likely to be volatile and could fluctuate widely due to factors beyond our control. This may happen because of broad market and industry factors, including the performance and fluctuation of the market prices of other companies with operations located mainly in China that have listed their securities in the United States. In addition to market and industry factors, the price and trading volume for the ordinary shares and/or Warrants may be highly volatile for factors specific to our own operations, including the following:

● variations in our net revenue, earnings and cash flows;

● announcements of new investments, acquisitions, strategic partnerships or joint ventures by us or our competitors;

● announcements of new offerings and expansions by us or our competitors;

● changes in financial estimates by securities analysts;

● detrimental adverse publicity about us, our shareholders, affiliates, directors, officers or employees, our business model, our services or our industry;

● announcements of new regulations, rules or policies relevant for our business;

● additions or departures of key personnel;

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● release of lock-up or other transfer restrictions on our outstanding equity securities or sales of additional equity securities; and

● potential litigation or regulatory investigations.

Any of these factors may result in large and sudden changes in the volume and price at which the ordinary shares will trade.

In the past, shareholders of public companies have often brought securities class action suits against those companies following periods of instability in the market price of their securities. If we were involved in a class action suit, it could divert a significant amount of our management’s attention and other resources from our business and require us to incur significant expenses to defend the suit, which could harm our results of operations.

Any such class action suit, whether or not successful, could harm our reputation and restrict our ability to raise capital in the future. In addition, if a claim is successfully made against us, we may be required to pay significant damages, which could materially adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

Techniques employed by short sellers may drive down the market price of the ordinary shares.

Short selling is the practice of selling securities that the seller does not own but rather has borrowed from a third party with the intention of buying identical securities back at a later date to return to the lender. The short seller hopes to profit from a decline in the value of the securities between the sale of the borrowed securities and the purchase of the replacement shares, as the short seller expects to pay less in that purchase than it received in the sale.

As it is in the short seller’s interest for the price of the security to decline, many short sellers publish, or arrange for the publication of, negative opinions regarding the relevant issuer and its prospects to create negative market momentum and generate profits for themselves after selling a security short. These short attacks have, in the past, led to selling of shares in the market.

Public companies that have substantially all of their operations in China have been the subject of short selling. Much of the scrutiny and negative publicity has centered on allegations of a lack of effective internal control over financial reporting resulting in financial and accounting irregularities and mistakes, inadequate corporate governance policies or a lack of adherence thereto and, in many cases, allegations of fraud. As a result, many of these companies are now conducting internal and external investigations into the allegations and, in the interim, are subject to shareholder lawsuits and/or SEC enforcement actions.

It is not clear what effect such negative publicity could have on us. If we were to become the subject of any unfavorable allegations, whether such allegations are proven to be true or untrue, we could have to expend significant resources to investigate such allegations and/or defend ourselves.

While we would strongly defend against any such short seller attacks, we may be constrained in the manner in which we can proceed against the relevant short seller by principles of freedom of speech, applicable state law or issues of commercial confidentiality. Such a situation could be costly and time-consuming, and could distract our management from growing our business. Even if such allegations are ultimately proven to be groundless, allegations against us could severely impact our business, and any investment in the ordinary shares could be greatly reduced or even rendered worthless.

If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, the market price for the ordinary shares and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for the ordinary shares will depend in part on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us or our business. If research analysts do not establish and maintain adequate research coverage or if one or more of the analysts who covers us downgrades the ordinary shares or publishes inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, the market price for the ordinary shares would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts ceases coverage of our company or fails to publish reports on us regularly, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which, in turn, could cause the market price or trading volume for the ordinary shares to decline.

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Our memorandum and articles of association contain anti-takeover provisions that could materially adversely affect the rights of holders of our ordinary shares.

We have adopted an amended and restated memorandum and articles of association that contains provisions to limit the ability of others to acquire control of our company or cause us to engage in change-of-control transactions. These provisions could deprive our shareholders of an opportunity to sell their shares at a premium over prevailing market prices by discouraging third parties from seeking to obtain control of our company in a tender offer or similar transaction.

Our board of directors has the authority, subject to any resolution of the shareholders to the contrary, to issue preferred shares in one or more series and to fix their designations, powers, preferences, privileges, and relative participating, optional or special rights and the qualifications, limitations or restrictions, including dividend rights, conversion rights, voting rights, terms of redemption and liquidation preferences, any or all of which may be greater than the rights associated with our ordinary shares. Preferred shares could be issued quickly with terms calculated to delay or prevent a change in control of our company or make removal of management more difficult. If our board of directors decides to issue preferred shares, the price of our ordinary shares may fall and the voting and other rights of the holders of our ordinary shares may be materially adversely affected.

We are a foreign private issuer within the meaning of the rules under the Exchange Act, and as such we are exempt from certain provisions applicable to U.S. domestic public companies.

Because we qualify as a foreign private issuer under the Exchange Act, we are exempt from certain provisions of the securities rules and regulations in the United States that are applicable to U.S. domestic issuers, including:

● the rules under the Exchange Act requiring the filing with the SEC of quarterly reports on Form 10-Q or current reports on Form 8-K;

● the sections of the Exchange Act regulating the solicitation of proxies, consents or authorizations in respect of a security registered under the Exchange Act;

● the sections of the Exchange Act requiring insiders to file public reports of their stock ownership and trading activities and liability for insiders who profit from trades made in a short period of time; and

● the selective disclosure rules by issuers of material nonpublic information under Regulation FD.

We will be required to file an annual report on Form 20-F within four months of the end of each fiscal year. In addition, we intend to publish our results on a quarterly basis as press releases, distributed pursuant to the rules and regulations of Nasdaq. Press releases relating to financial results and material events will also be furnished to the SEC on Form 6-K.

However, the information we are required to file with or furnish to the SEC will be less extensive and less timely compared to that required to be filed with the SEC by U.S. domestic issuers. As a result, you may not be afforded the same protections or information that would be made available to you were you investing in a U.S. domestic issuer.

There can be no assurance we will not be a passive foreign investment company (“PFIC”), for any taxable year, which could result in adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences to U.S. investors in our ordinary shares or Warrants.

In general, we will be treated as a PFIC for any taxable year in which either:

1. at least 75% of our gross income (looking through certain 25% or more-owned corporate subsidiaries) is passive income; or

2. at least 50% of the average value of our assets (looking through certain 25% or more-owned corporate subsidiaries) are attributable to assets that produce, or are held for the production of, passive income.

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Passive income generally includes, without limitation, dividends, interest, rents, royalties, and gains from the disposition of passive assets. If we are determined to be a PFIC for any taxable year (or portion thereof) that is included in the holding period of a U.S. Holder of our ordinary shares, the U.S. Holder may be subject to increased U.S. federal income tax liability and may be subject to additional reporting requirements. Our actual PFIC status for any taxable year will not be determinable until after the end of such taxable year. Accordingly, there can be no assurance as to our status as a PFIC for any taxable year. U.S. Holders of our ordinary shares are urged to consult their own tax advisors regarding the possible application of the PFIC rules.

If we were a PFIC for any taxable year during which a U.S. investor owns our ordinary shares or Warrants, certain adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences could apply to such U.S. investor. See “Taxation — Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations — Passive Foreign Investment Company.”

You may face difficulties in protecting your interests, and your ability to protect your rights through U.S. courts may be limited, because we are incorporated under Cayman Islands law.

We are an exempt company incorporated under Cayman Islands’ laws. Our corporate affairs are governed by our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association, the Companies Act, Cap. 22 (Act 3 of 1961, as consolidated and revised) of the Cayman Islands and Cayman Islands’ common law. Shareholders’ rights to take action against the directors, actions by minority shareholders and the fiduciary responsibilities of our directors to us under Cayman Islands’ law are largely governed by Cayman Islands’ common law. It is derived in part from comparatively limited judicial precedent in the Cayman Islands and from England’s common law. English court decisions, however, are persuasive but not binding on a Cayman Islands’ court.

Our shareholders’ rights and our directors’ fiduciary responsibilities under Cayman Islands law are not as clearly established as they would be under the statutes or case law in most U.S. jurisdictions. In particular, the Cayman Islands has a less developed body of securities laws than the U.S. Many U.S. states, such as Delaware, have more fully developed and judicially interpreted bodies of corporate law than the Cayman Islands. In addition, Cayman Islands companies may not have standing to initiate a shareholder derivative action in U.S. federal courts.

The Cayman Islands’ courts are also not likely:

1. to recognize or enforce against us judgments of courts of the U.S. based on civil liability provisions of U.S. securities laws; and

2. to impose liabilities against us, in original actions brought in the Cayman Islands, based on civil liability provisions of U.S. securities laws that are penal in nature.

There is no statutory recognition in the Cayman Islands of judgments obtained in the U.S. but the Cayman Islands’ courts will in certain circumstances recognize and enforce a non-penal judgment of a foreign court of competent jurisdiction without retrial on the merits subject to certain conditions.

Based on the above, shareholders may have more difficulty in protecting their interests against actions taken by management, members of the Board of Directors or controlling shareholders than they would as public shareholders of a company incorporated in the U.S.

As a company incorporated in the Cayman Islands, we can adopt certain home country practices regarding corporate governance matters that differ significantly from the NASDAQ Stock Market corporate governance listing standards. These practices may provide less protection to shareholders than they would enjoy if we complied fully with the NASDAQ Stock Market corporate governance listing standards.

As a Cayman Islands company listed on the NASDAQ Stock Market, we are subject to the NASDAQ Stock Market corporate governance listing standards. But, NASDAQ Stock Market rules permit a foreign private issuer like us to follow the corporate governance practices of its home country. Certain corporate governance practices in the Cayman Islands, which is our home country, may differ significantly from the NASDAQ Stock Market corporate governance listing standards.

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For example, the Companies Act of the Cayman Islands does not require a majority of our directors to be independent. Therefore, we could include non-independent directors as members of our compensation committee and (if we chose to have one) our nominating committee. Finally, our independent directors would not necessarily hold regularly scheduled meetings at which only independent directors are present.

In addition, while NASDAQ Stock Market rules require that an issuer listing common stock hold an annual meeting of shareholders no later than one year after the end of the issuer’s fiscal year-end, the Companies Act of the Cayman Islands does not require an exempted company to hold it (though the articles of association of an exempted company may provide otherwise). If we choose to follow home country practice, our shareholders may receive less protection than they otherwise would under the NASDAQ Stock Market corporate governance listing standards applicable to U.S. domestic issuers.

The recent joint statement by the SEC and PCAOB, proposed rule changes submitted by Nasdaq, and the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act all call for additional and more stringent criteria to be applied to emerging market companies upon assessing the qualification of their auditors, especially the non-U.S. auditors who are not inspected by the PCAOB.

On April 21, 2020, SEC Chairman Jay Clayton and PCAOB Chairman William D. Duhnke III, along with other senior SEC staff, released a joint statement highlighting the risks associated with investing in companies based in or have substantial operations in emerging markets including China. The joint statement emphasized the risks associated with lack of access for the PCAOB to inspect auditors and audit work papers in China and higher risks of fraud in emerging markets.

On May 18, 2020, Nasdaq filed three proposals with the SEC to (i) apply minimum offering size requirement for companies primarily operating in “Restrictive Market”, (ii) adopt a new requirement relating to the qualification of management or board of director for Restrictive Market companies, and (iii) apply additional and more stringent criteria to an applicant or listed company based on the qualifications of the company’s auditors.

On May 20, 2020, the U.S. Senate passed the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act requiring a foreign company to certify it is not owned or controlled by a foreign government if the PCAOB is unable to audit specified reports because the company uses a foreign auditor not subject to PCAOB inspection. If the PCAOB is unable to inspect the company’s auditors for three consecutive years, the issuer’s securities are prohibited to trade on a national securities exchange or in the over the counter trading market in the U.S. On December 2, 2020, the U.S. House of Representatives approved the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act. On December 18, 2020, the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act was signed into law. In June 2021, the Senate passed the Accelerating Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act, which, if signed into law, would reduce the time period for the delisting under the HFCA Act to two years, instead of three years.

On March 24, 2021, the SEC adopted interim final rules relating to the implementation of certain disclosure and documentation requirements in the HFCA Act. On December 2, 2021, the SEC adopted amendments to finalize rules implementing the submission and disclosure requirements in the HFCA Act. The rules apply to registrants that the SEC identifies as having filed an annual report with an audit report issued by a registered public accounting firm that is located in a foreign jurisdiction and that PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate. We will be required to comply with these rules if the SEC identifies us as having a “non-inspection” year under a process to be subsequently established by the SEC. The final amendments require any identified registrant to submit documentation to the SEC establishing that the registrant is not owned or controlled by a government entity in the public accounting firm’s foreign jurisdiction, and also require, among other things, disclosure in the registrant’s annual report regarding the audit arrangements of, and government influence on, such registrants. Under the HFCA Act, our securities may be prohibited from trading on the Nasdaq or other U.S. stock exchanges if our auditor is not inspected by the PCAOB for three consecutive years, and this ultimately could result in our Ordinary Shares being delisted.

On June 22, 2021, the U.S. Senate passed the Accelerating Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act, which, if enacted, would amend the HFCA Act and require the SEC to prohibit an issuer’s securities from trading on any U.S. stock exchanges if its auditor is not subject to PCAOB inspections for two consecutive years instead of three, and thus, would reduce the time before our Ordinary Shares may be prohibited from trading or delisted.

If any such policies or deliberations were to materialize, the resulting legislation, if it were to apply to us, would likely have a material adverse impact on our business and the price of our ordinary shares. Should the PCAOB determine that it cannot inspect or fully investigate our auditor for three consecutive years, an exchange may determine to delist our securities.

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On December 16, 2021, the PCAOB issued a report on its determinations that it was unable to inspect or investigate completely PCAOB-registered public accounting firms headquartered in Mainland China and in Hong Kong, because of positions taken by PRC authorities in those jurisdictions. The PCAOB made its determinations pursuant to PCAOB Rule 6100, which provides a framework for how the PCAOB fulfills its responsibilities under the HFCA Act. The report further listed in its Appendix A and Appendix B, Registered Public Accounting Firms Subject to the Mainland China Determination and Registered Public Accounting Firms Subject to the Hong Kong Determination, respectively. Our predecessor auditors for the audit period up to December 2022, Yu Certified Public Accountant, P.C., is headquartered in New York, and did not appear as part of the determination and was not listed under its appendix A or appendix B. Our current auditor, Audit Alliance LLP is headquartered in New York, and did not appear as part of the determination and was not listed under its appendix A or appendix B.

However, we cannot assure you whether Nasdaq or regulatory authorities would apply additional and more stringent criteria to us after considering the effectiveness of our auditor’s audit procedures and quality control procedures, adequacy of personnel and training, or sufficiency of resources, geographic reach or experience as it relates to the audit of our financial statements. In addition, the December 2, 2021 amendments and any additional actions, proceedings, or new rules resulting from these efforts to increase U.S. regulatory access to audit information could create some uncertainty for investors, the market price of our ordinary shares could be adversely affected, and we could be delisted if we and our auditor are unable to meet the PCAOB inspection requirement or being required to engage a new audit firm, which would require significant expense and management time.

On December 15, 2022, the PCAOB determined that the PCAOB was able to secure complete access to inspect and investigate registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and Hong Kong and voted to vacate its previous determinations to the contrary. However, should PRC authorities obstruct or otherwise fail to facilitate the PCAOB’s access in the future, the PCAOB will consider the need to issue a new determination. Our securities may be delisted or prohibited from trading if the PCAOB determines that it cannot inspect or investigate completely our auditor under the HFCAA.

On December 29, 2022, a legislation entitled “Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023” (the “Consolidated Appropriations Act”) was signed into law by President Biden, which contained, among other things, an identical provision to Accelerating Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act and amended the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act by requiring the SEC to prohibit an issuer’s securities from trading on any U.S. stock exchanges if its auditor is not subject to PCAOB inspections for two consecutive years instead of three, thus reducing the time before our Ordinary Shares may be prohibited from trading or delisted. The delisting or the cessation of trading of our Ordinary Shares, or the threat of their being delisted or prohibited from being traded, may materially and adversely affect the value of your investment.

ITEM 4. INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY

A. History and Development of the Company.

Historical Structure and Acquisition of Honesty Group

TROOPS, Inc. was incorporated as an exempted company in the Cayman Islands on July 18, 2007. It was previously named SGOCO Group, Ltd. and before that, SGOCO Technology, Ltd., and prior to the Acquisition was named Hambrecht Asia Acquisition Corp. The Company was formed as a blank check company to acquire one or more operating businesses in the PRC through a merger, stock exchange, asset acquisition or similar business combination or control through contractual agreements. The Company completed its initial public offering (“IPO”) of units consisting of one ordinary share and one warrant to purchase one ordinary share on March 12, 2008.

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Pursuant to our memorandum and articles of association, we were required to enter into a business combination transaction to acquire control of a business with its primary operation in the PRC with a fair market value of at least 80% of the trust account established at the time of our IPO, or the Trust Account, (excluding certain deferred underwriting commissions) prior to March 12, 2010, or dissolve and liquidate. The approval of the business combination transaction required the approval of a majority of the outstanding shares. It was conditioned on, among other matters, not more than 30% of the outstanding shares being properly tendered for redemption under our memorandum and articles of association. Each ordinary share issued in our IPO was entitled to be redeemed if it was voted against the business combination transaction at a price equal to the amount in the Trust Account divided by the number of shares issued in the IPO outstanding at the time, estimated to be approximately $8.00 million as of February 17, 2010.

On March 12, 2010, we acquired all of the outstanding shares of Honesty Group (the “Acquisition”). In addition, at the meeting to approve the acquisition, the Holders of our outstanding warrants approved an amendment to the warrant agreement under which the warrants were issued to increase the exercise price per share of the warrants from $20.00 to $32.00. The Amendment also extended by one year the exercise period, or until March 7, 2014, and provided for redeeming the publicly-held warrants, at the Holder’s option, for $2.00 per warrant when the Acquisition closes. We may redeem the warrants at a price of $0.04 per warrant upon a minimum of 30 days’ prior written notice of redemption, if the last sale price of our ordinary shares equals or exceeds $46.00 per share (subject to adjustment for splits, dividends, recapitalization and other similar events) for any 20 trading days within a 30-trading day period ending three business days before we send the notice of redemption.

The Acquisition resulted in issuing

1. 2,125,000 ordinary shares to the former shareholders of Honesty Group; and

2. 1,450,000 additional ordinary shares to the former shareholders of Honesty Group to be held in escrow and released if the following milestones were met by the combined Company:

(a) If “Income from Existing Operations” for the year ended December 31, 2010 exceeded $15,000,000 (the “First Earn-Out Milestone”), the escrow agent would release 1,250,000 shares to the former shareholders of Honesty Group. The First Earn-Out Milestone was met during the year ended December 31, 2010. The shares were not released in 2011 but were released in 2012 to the former shareholders of Honesty Group; and

(b) If “Income from Existing Operations” for the year ended December 31, 2011 exceeded $20,000,000 (the “Second Earn-Out Milestone”), the escrow agent would release the remaining 200,000 shares to the former shareholders of Honesty Group. Those 200,000 shares were released in 2012.

In addition, 191,706 shares held by the original shareholders of the Company were placed in escrow pending satisfaction of certain conditions.

Those conditions included our reaching the earn-out milestones discussed above, as well as:

1. Messrs. Robert Eu and John Wang providing the Company with 30 hours per month in services connected with investor relations, listing on the NASDAQ Global Stock Market or NASDAQ Global Select Stock Market, introducing investors and advisors;

2. listing of our shares on such stock markets if we act in good faith to obtain such a listing once the listing criteria are met; and

3. providing the opportunity for us to raise an additional $15.00 million in equity, subject to meeting certain prescribed pricing criteria.

Connected with the issuing of the 1,450,000 escrowed shares and the 191,706 escrowed shares, we, the original shareholders of the Company, and the Honesty Shareholders entered into an escrow agreement with Grand Pacific Investment Limited as escrow agent. Pursuant to that escrow agreement, the escrow agent agreed to hold the foregoing shares pending satisfaction of certain conditions within the applicable time periods. If the conditions were not met, some or all of the foregoing shares, would have been cancelled and returned to the status of authorized and unissued ordinary shares.

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As stated above, the First and Second Earn-Out Milestones were met during the years ended December 31, 2011 and 2010 and a total of 1,450,000 shares were released to the former shareholders of Honesty Group.

In addition, of the 191,706 escrowed shares, 85,203 and 5,129 shares were earned in 2010 and 2011, respectively, but are not currently eligible to be released. The last measurement date to determine whether the conditions were met for the release of the 191,706 escrowed shares was December 31, 2011. However, on April 17, 2012, the escrow agreement was amended to provide additional time for the conditions to be met. Pursuant to the amendment, holders of the escrowed shares had until December 31, 2012 to meet the conditions for release. The escrow share agreement was further extended to December 31, 2013 and expired on that date, the remaining 101,374 escrow shares were cancelled on May 5, 2014.

We entered into various forward-purchase agreements with various hedge funds and other institutions for us to repurchase a total of 536,873 shares for an aggregate purchase price of $17,285,811 immediately after the closing of the Acquisition. After paying various fees and expenses, the redemption prices of shares and warrants and the forward-purchase contracts, the balance of approximately $5.40 million in the Trust Account was released to us when the Acquisition of Honesty Group was closed. After the closing of the Acquisition and the settlement of related transactions, we had outstanding 4,023,689 ordinary shares, of which 214,917 shares were initially issued in our IPO, and warrants to purchase 454,007 shares at a price of $32.00 per share, of which 391,507 were initially issued in our IPO.

After the Acquisition closed, Honesty Group became a wholly-owned subsidiary of TROOPS. Honesty Group is a limited liability company registered in Hong Kong on September 13, 2005. Honesty Group owns 100% of Guanke Electron Technological Industry Co., Ltd. (“Guanke”), Guanwei Electron Technological Industry Co., Ltd. (“Guanwei”) and Guancheng Electron Technological Co., Ltd. (“Guancheng”). Guanke, Guanwei and Guancheng are limited liability companies established under the laws of the PRC. Honesty Group and its subsidiaries represented our core manufacturing facility along with land, buildings and production equipment. Honesty Group and its subsidiaries are now independent of the Company.

On July 26, 2010, TROOPS formed SGOCO International (HK) Limited, or SGOCO International, a limited liability company registered in Hong Kong (“SGOCO International”). SGOCO International and its subsidiaries were established for the purposes of conducting LCD/LED display product development, branding, marketing and distribution.

On February 22, 2011, SGO Corporation was established in Delaware USA. On March 14, 2011, SGOCO International purchased 100% of the outstanding shares of common stock of SGO. SGO was founded to market, sell and distribute TROOPS’s high quality products in the U.S. markets. SGO was not operating during 2011 and started to operate in the first quarter of 2012.

SGOCO International directly owns 100% of SGOCO (Fujian) Electronic Co., Ltd. SGOCO (Fujian) is a limited liability company established under the laws of the PRC on July 28, 2011 for the purposes of conducting LCD/LED display product development, branding, marketing and distribution.

On December 26, 2011, SGOCO International established another wholly owned subsidiary, Beijing SGOCO Image Technology Co. Ltd., a limited liability company under the laws of the PRC to conduct LCD/LED monitor, TV product-related and application-specific product design, brand development and distribution. Beijing SGOCO has operated as a cost center and commenced sales in the third quarter of 2013.

On November 14, 2013, SGOCO International established a wholly owned subsidiary, SGOCO (Shenzhen) Technology Co., Ltd., a limited liability company under the laws of the PRC for the purpose of conducting LCD/LED monitor, TV product-related and application-specific product design, brand development and distribution.

We have effected a 1-for-4 reverse stock split of our authorized ordinary shares, accompanied by a corresponding decrease in our issued and outstanding shares of ordinary shares and an increase of the par value of each ordinary share from $0.001 to $0.004 (the “Reverse Stock Split”) on January 19, 2016. All references in this report to share and per share data have been adjusted, including historical data which have been retroactively adjusted, to give effect to the reverse stock split unless specified otherwise.

On December 15, 2017, TROOPS formed Giant Connection Limited, a limited liability company registered in Public of Seychelles.

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Sale of Honesty Group

On November 15, 2011, we entered into a Sale and Purchase Agreement (“Honesty SPA”) to sell our 100% ownership interest in Honesty Group to Apex, a British Virgin Islands company, for $76.00 million in total consideration. Honesty Group directly owns 100% of Guanke, Guanwei and Guancheng. The agreement was signed by the Company and Apex; shareholder ownership was transferred; and the director of Honesty Group was changed the same day. The Company’s management considers November 30, 2011 as the disposal effective date. Operational and management control over Honesty Group was shifted from TROOPS to Apex on November 30, 2011.

According to the Honesty SPA, the $76.00 million in total consideration was to be paid in installments. As of May 31, 2012, we received the full amount of the consideration, of which:

- cash of $1.00 million was received before December 31, 2011;

- cash of $19.00 million was received in 2012;

- purchase deposits paid to Honesty Group of $1 million and payables to Honesty Group of $10.00 million at the time of disposal were offset;

- goods of $9.00 million were received before December 31, 2011; and

- goods of $38.00 million were received in 2012.

Pursuant to the Honesty SPA, Apex assumed our obligations to pay up the remaining capital of $8.80 million in Guanwei and to pay the remaining balance of approximately $14.00 million of the commitment to the Fujian Jinjiang government to invest in the Guanke Technology Park. In addition, the Honesty SPA required that for three years from the date of sale, Honesty Group must continue to provide TROOPS with products and services in the same or substantially similar manner as it did immediately prior to the completion of the transaction unless otherwise directed by TROOPS. The Honesty SPA also provided TROOPS with a right of first refusal for a period of five years from the date of sale to purchase from Apex any material rights or interests in Honesty Group’s shares or assets before Apex offered to transfer such rights or interests to a third party.

Connected with the Sale of Honesty Group, Honesty Group transferred to TROOPS certain contracts and assets that are related to design and distribution of TROOPS’s products, including research and development equipment, sales contracts with customers, contracts with retail sales sources, and trademarks and pending trademark applications.

The Sale of Honesty Group allowed TROOPS to transition to a “light-asset” business model with greater flexibility and scalability and focus its operations on designing, branding, marketing and distributing LCD/LED products in China. Through the transaction, the Company retained part of its customers, brand names, and the nationwide distribution network while substantially reducing its interest bearing liabilities.

Prior to the Sale of Honesty Group, including its manufacturing assets, to Apex, Apex was an independent third party. It had no relationships with any of TROOPS’s board members or management in 2011 (including former Chairman and CEO, Mr. Burnette Or and former CEO, Mr. Shi-bin Xie). In addition, Apex had no relationship with Sun Zone Investments Limited (“Sun Zone”), our principal shareholder and a company owned by our former Chairman.

Sale of SGOCO (Fujian)

On December 24, 2014, we entered into a Sale and Purchase Agreement (“SPA”) to sell our 100% equity ownership interest in SGOCO (Fujian) to Apex, which is an independent third party with interests in real estate and forestry products and previously purchased Honesty Group in November 2011.Our management considers December 31, 2014 as the disposal effective date. Operational and management control over SGOCO (Fujian) was shifted from TROOPS to Apex on December 31, 2014.

The sales price for all the equity of SGOCO (Fujian) was equivalent to the net asset value of SGOCO (Fujian) on December 31, 2014. The final amount was $11.00 million (the “Sale Price”).

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Apex also agreed to assume responsibility to settle the entire balance of intercompany accounts payable and other payables (the “Payables”) due by SGOCO (Fujian) to us and our affiliates, which amounted to $80.40 million. Pursuant to the SPA, payments were made in several installments upon and after completion of the Sale. Each installment will be 10% of the Sale Price and Payables of $91.40 million. The first installment was due 14 days after the completion of the transaction, and the last installment (approximately 10% of the sale price) was to be settled prior to June 30, 2015. We received the full amount of Sale Price and settlement of the Payables during 2015. The transfer of the Sale Equity was effective on December 31, 2014.

The SPA also states that TROOPS has a right of first refusal for a period of five years that prohibits Apex from selling, assigning or otherwise transferring any material interests, ownership or rights in or related to SGOCO (Fujian) including any equity, leases, businesses and equipment to a third party, without first offering to sell or transfer to TROOPS.

The Sale of SGOCO (Fujian) allowed TROOPS to restructure its business and reduce the reliance on traditional flat panel LED and LCD monitor products. It also provided greater flexibility and scalability for our business model, which enables us to focus on finding new business acquisition opportunities and exploring new products.

Warrant Repurchase and Retirement

To reduce the potential for future EPS dilution, in 2011, the Company repurchased and retired a total of 304,294 warrants that had a strike price of $32.00. Those warrants included 241,794 publicly-traded warrants for an aggregate purchase price of $360,610 (or $1.48 per warrant), and 250,000 sponsor warrants for an aggregate purchase price of $125,000 (or $2.00 per warrant), in private transactions. On March 7, 2014, the remaining 149,713 publicly-traded warrants expired. There were no outstanding sponsor and publicly-traded warrants as of December 31, 2016.

Additionally, the Company, in private transactions, repurchased and retired a total of 13,274 of the warrants that had a strike price of $24.00 issued to its underwriters in the December 2010 offering for an aggregate purchase price of $26,548 (or $2.00 per warrant). These warrants were expired on December 20, 2015.

Through the repurchase and retirement of these warrants, the Company decreased the long-term risks of dilution that might have occurred if these warrants were exercised.

Acquisition and disposal of Boca

On December 28, 2015, SGOCO International entered into a Share Sale and Purchase Agreement for the Sale and Purchase of the Entire Issued Share Capital of Boca International Limited (the “Agreement”) with Richly Conqueror Limited, a company incorporated under the laws of the British Virgin Islands (the “Vendor”). Pursuant to the Agreement, SGOCO International acquired 100% of the issued share capital of Boca International Limited. (“Boca”), a private company incorporated in Hong Kong, from its sole legal and beneficial owner - Richly Conqueror Limited at a consideration of $52.00 million in cash, plus up to 19.9% newly issued ordinary shares (the “Shares”) of the Company. In March, 2016, the acquisition of Boca was completed and SGOCO International fully paid $52.00 million plus 1,162,305 post-split shares of common stock of the Company and received 100% ownership of Boca. The transaction was closed on March 31, 2016.

Boca is principally engaged in environmental protection, energy saving technologies, equipment development and applications. Its business involves production and sales of phase change thermal energy storage materials as well as central air conditioning cooling and heating system application engineering.

On June 7, 2018, the Company transferred its 49% interest in Boca International Limited at an agreed value of HK$184.84 million ($23.70 million) to Leung Iris Chi Yu (“Ms. Leung”). On August 31, 2020, the Company’s wholly-owned subsidiary, SGOCO International (HK) Limited entered into a Sale and Purchase Agreement for the disposal of 94 shares in the share capital of Boca International Limited, being 51% of its entire issued share capital. Upon the satisfactory completion of the closing conditions contained in the Agreement, the disposal shall be consummated in consideration for the transfer of a 51% interest in Boca International Limited to Wong Yiu Tong at an agreed value of HK$1.46 million ($0.19 million). The Company considers August 31, 2020 as the disposal effective date since the operational and management control over Boca was shifted from TROOPS to the Purchaser on August 31, 2020.

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Acquisition and disposal of Century Skyway Limited

On April 23, 2017, SGOGO International entered into a Share Sale and Purchase Agreement with Full Linkage Limited (the “Seller”) pursuant to which SGOCO International acquired all of the issued and outstanding capital stock of Century Skyway Limited, which was owned by Full Linkage Limited. In consideration for the acquisition of Century Skyway, SGOCO International paid to the Seller $32,600,000 and TROOPS issued to the Seller 1,500,000 of its ordinary shares. The consummation of the transactions contemplated by the Share Sale and Purchase Agreement occurred on May 10, 2017.

On June 7, 2018, the Company transferred its 49% interest in CSL at an agreed value of HK$126.13 million ($16.17 million) to Leung Iris Chi Yu (“Ms. Leung”). In the fourth quarter of 2018, management committed a plan to dispose of its remaining 51% equity interests in CSL and initiated efforts to locate buyers. On April 25, 2019, the Company entered into a Letter of Intent (the “LOI”) to sell to another individual, Ho Pui Lung (the “Purchaser”) 5,100 shares in the share capital of CSL, at a consideration of HK$99.45 million ($12.75 million).

On September 20, 2019, the Company wholly-owned subsidiary, SGOCO International (HK) Limited entered into a Share Exchange Agreement for the disposal of 5,100 shares in the share capital of Century Skyway Limited, being 51% of its entire issued share capital, and its fully owned subsidiary – Shen Zhen Provizon Technology Co., Limited.

Upon the satisfactory completion of the closing conditions contained in the Agreement, the disposal shall be consummated in consideration for the transfer of a 51% interest in Century Skyway Limited to Ho Pui Lung at an agreed value of HK$99.45 million ($12.75 million). The Company considers December 31, 2019 as the disposal effective date since the operational and management control over Century Skyway Limited and Shen Zhen Provizon Technology Co., Limited were shifted from TROOPS to the Purchaser on December 31, 2019.

Acquisition of Giant Credit Limited

On December 22, 2017, Giant Connection Limited, a wholly-owned subsidiary of TROOPS, completed the acquisition of Giant Credit Limited contemplated by the Share Exchange Agreement entered into by and between Luk Lai Ching Kimmy and the Company in consideration for HK$19.60 million ($2.35 million), which was satisfied by the allotment and issuance of 2,220,283 ordinary shares of the Company. The principal activity of Giant Credit Limited is money lending in Hong Kong.

Acquisition of 11 Hau Fook Street Limited

On March 8, 2018, Giant Connection Limited, a wholly-owned subsidiary of TROOPS, closed a Share Exchange Agreement with Vagas Lane Limited for the purchase and sale of 11 Hau Fook Street Limited in consideration for HK$26.10 million ($3.35 million), which was satisfied by the allotment and issuance of 2,935,222 ordinary shares. 11 Hau Fook Street Limited is an investment holding company which owns two properties located at No. 11 Hau Fook Street, Tsim Sha Tsui, Kowloon, Hong Kong.

Acquisition of Paris Sky Limited

On June 7, 2018, Giant Connection Limited, a wholly-owned subsidiary of TROOPS, completed the acquisition of Paris Sky Limited. In consideration for (1) the allotment of 3,889,050 ordinary shares of the Company to Leung Iris Chi Yu (“Ms. Leung”), at an initial agreed value of HK$30.33 million ($3.89 million), the fair value of the 3,889,050 ordinary shares was $4.78 million, which was calculated based on the stock price of $1.23 per share on June 7, 2018, (2) the transfer of a 49% interest in Century Skyway Limited at an agreed value of HK$126.13 million ($16.17 million), (3) the transfer of a 49% interest in Boca International Limited at an agreed value of HK$184.84 million ($23.70 million), and (4) the issuance of a promissory note to Ms. Leung in the principal amount of HK$27.10 million ($3.47 million), bearing a 8% interest, by Giant Connection Limited, the Company acquired 100% of the issued share capital of Paris Sky Limited, an investment holding company which, through its wholly owned subsidiary, owns a property located at No. 8 Fui Yiu Kok Street, Tsuen Wan, New Territories, Hong Kong. The Company repaid the promissory note in full on August 22, 2018.

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Acquisition of Vision Lane Limited

On March 12, 2019, the Company’s wholly-owned subsidiary, Paris Sky Limited closed a Share Exchange Agreement for the entire issued share capital of Vision Lane Limited. The acquisition was initially consummated in consideration for a total of $12.42 million, satisfied by (1) the allotment of 4,519,347 ordinary shares of the Company to Kwok Man Yee Elvis, at $1.10 per share and (2) the payment of $7.46 million in cash. The fair value of the 4,519,347 ordinary shares was $5.24 million, which was calculated based on the stock price of $1.16 per share on March 8, 2019, and the final consideration was $12.74 million. Vision Lane is a private company incorporated in the British Virgin Islands, and engages in property investment and money lending services in Hong Kong.

Acquisition of Giant Financial Services Limited

On December 23, 2019, the Company entered into a Share Exchange Agreement with Victor Or for the purchase and sale of Giant Financial Services Limited. GFS is a private company incorporated in Samoa and provides an online financial marketplace connecting financial institutions and users worldwide via its unique mobile application which features state-of-the-art functions to boost financial accessibility to financial and insurance products and services. At the heart of its digital platform is the Company’s dedication to drive innovation, create value to businesses and individual users alike by (i) minimizing transaction risks, (ii) lowering transaction costs, (iii) reducing and detecting fraud, (iv) saving time, (v) increasing access and equality.

The total consideration to be paid for GFS is $64.34 million, which shall be satisfied by (a) the allotment of 15,992,000 shares of the Company to be issued to Mr. Or on the closing date, representing 19.9% of the total issued and outstanding shares of the Company as of the date of the Agreement, (b) the payment of $21.79 million in cash, and (c) the balance satisfied by issuance of a promissory note to Mr. Or. On January 31, 2020, TROOPS, Inc. closed its previously announced acquisition of GFS. By March 30, 2021, the Company repaid the promissory note in full by several payments.

Acquisition of Apiguru

On September 28, 2020, the Company’s wholly-owned subsidiary, Giant Financial Services Limited closed a Share Exchange Agreement for the entire issued share capital of Apiguru Pty Ltd.. The acquisition was consummated in consideration for a total of AUD0.70 million ($0.59 million), which was satisfied by the allotment and issuance of 559,581 ordinary shares of the Company. Apiguru is a technology consulting company specialising in Application Programming Interface (API) strategy and implementation enabling state-of-the-art market fit hypothesis that drives businesses forward. Through providing API consulting services, Apiguru helps businesses increasing effectivity, optimizing productivity, and developing integration channels that leverage opportunities for generating new revenue sources. GFS aims to serve clients from different sectors with distinctive needs. Along together with API specialization, Apiguru helps GFS to integrate with various global platforms to expand customer base.

TROOPS, Inc’s Offices

Our principal executive office is located in Unit A, 18/F, 8 Fui Yiu Kok Street, Tsuen Wan, New Territories, Hong Kong. Under our Amended and Restated Memorandum and Articles of Association, our Registered Office is at the offices of Conyers Trust Company (Cayman) Limited (formerly known as Codan Trust Company (Cayman) Limited), Cricket Square, Hutchins Drive, PO Box 2681, Grand Cayman, KY1-1111, Cayman Islands, telephone: (345) 949 1040, or at such other place as the directors may from time-to-time decide. Our agent for service of process in the U.S. is COGENCY GLOBAL INC., 122 East 42nd Street, 18th Floor New York, NY 10168.

B. Business overview.

Our Business

TROOPS, Inc. is a conglomerate group of various businesses with its headquarters based in Hong Kong. The group is principally engaged in (a) money lending business in Hong Kong providing mortgage loans to high quality target borrowers (b) property investment to generate rental income and (c) the development, operation and management of an online financial marketplace that provides one-stop financial technology solutions including API services by leveraging artificial intelligence, big data and blockchain, and cloud computing (SaaS). The group’s vision is to operate as a conglomerate to build synergy within its own sustainable ecosystem thereby creating value to its shareholders.

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Money Lending Business

Giant Credit Limited is a Hong Kong incorporated company which has the money lenders license for carrying on money lending business in Hong Kong. Giant Credit Limited has been providing personal loans and corporate loans to its customers since 2016. Since the commencement of business, Giant Credit Limited has continued to record growth in its personal loans and corporate loans receivable along with satisfactory interest income.

First Asia Finance Limited which is a Hong Kong incorporated company and a licensed money lender in Hong Kong. The principal business of FAF is money lending which is similar to Giant Credit Limited but with a larger customer base. Management believes that the recent downturn in the economy creates demand for cashflow which provides money lending companies with a great opportunity to expand its personal loans and corporate loans business and portfolio. In addition, The Hong Kong Monetary Authority continues to impose stringent policies and prudential measures on property personal loans and corporate loans provided by authorized financial institutions in Hong Kong, which creates additional hurdles for the public who are looking for mortgages to satisfy their financial needs. This further enhances the competitive edge of money lenders in Hong Kong.

Property Investment Business

We have investments in four real properties in Hong Kong (held under Giant Credit, 11 Hau Fook Street Limited and Vision Lane Limited) and 19 storey building in Hong Kong (held under Suns Tower, a wholly owned subsidiary of Paris Sky Limited). These investments generate additional rental income to enhance our cashflow. The properties are managed by our team with experience in property management and rental management which operates in a cost-effective manner.

Fintech Service and IT Support Service Business

Giant Financial Services Limited is a private company incorporated in Samoa and provides an online financial marketplace connecting financial institutions and users worldwide via its unique mobile application which features state-of-the-art functions to boost financial accessibility to financial and insurance products and services. At the heart of its digital platform is the Company’s dedication to drive innovation, create value to businesses and individual users alike by (i) minimizing transaction risks, (ii) lowering transaction costs, (iii) reducing and detecting fraud, (iv) saving time, (v) increasing access and equality. We intend to integrate GFS into our existing platform to support its current business lines.

By leveraging technologies including artificial intelligence, big data and blockchain technology, machine learning, fingerprint ID, facial recognition, and cloud computing (SaaS), GFS strives to create recurring and growing revenue streams and larger market share for businesses on one hand, and instilling trust and confidence in investors and consumers on the other hand.

The mobile application is fully integrated with financial institutions including licensed money lenders, asset management companies, securities firms, and banks, under strategic partnerships to facilitate seamless and low-cost payments and transfers in a secure and privacy protected digital environment. GFS also seeks to provide businesses with the peace of mind via the integration of cyber security and where necessary, the adoption of KYC and AML processes. It also offers an AI-powered innovative reward program that helps businesses to acquire and retain customers, and to expand into previously uncharted markets thereby increasing sales revenue and market share.

Since July 2019, GFS had established contractual relationship with third-party business partners which have agreed to render their financial products and services to the registered users via the GFS’s mobile application.

Apiguru Pty Ltd. is a technology consulting company specialising in Application Programming Interface (API) strategy and implementation enabling state-of-the-art market fit hypothesis that drives businesses forward. Through providing API consulting services, Apiguru helps businesses increasing effectivity, optimizing productivity, and developing integration channels that leverage opportunities for generating new revenue sources. GFS aims to serve clients from different sectors with distinctive needs. Along together with API specialization, Apiguru helps GFS to integrate with various global platforms to expand customer base.

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TROOPS Products

Our current product lines on sale include:

1. Money lending.

2. Property investment.

3. Fintech service and IT support service.

Marketing and Branding

● Technology Services: We build our brand image by assisting our clients by rendering their financial products and services to the registered users via our mobile application. We also provide API consulting services which help our clients to increase effectivity, optimizing productivity, and developing integration channels that leverage opportunities for generating new revenue sources.

● Money Lending: We enhance our brand reputation by providing contactless and online service platform to make business safer and more convenient during the pandemic. We also promote our image as an innovative market leader through the use of our user-friendly app for seamless loan applications. Our market position and reputation is also secured by extensive word-of-mouth and referrals through our participation in various business and professional associations.

● Property Leasing and Management: We further enhance our group’s reputation as a socially responsible and caring enterprise by setting up sanitation stations and performing regular disinfection during the pandemic and providing 24/7 concierge service. Leaflets and promotion materials are also placed in office premises and on our website to raise hygiene awareness. In addition, we continue to offer attractive and competitive rates for our tenants during the pandemic, keeping occupancy rate in our investment properties above 90%.

Intellectual Property

Trademarks

The Trademark are the intangible assets of a recognizable sign, symbol and design under the name “GFS” which is established by use of representing the products and services of the Business Enterprise for the provision of the fintech service and IT support service. The trademark was registered in Hong Kong on June 6, 2019, with the trademark number of 304951224.

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C. Regulations.

Environmental

Since the sale of Honesty Group, TROOPS has not been subject to environmental impact evaluations by the local Environmental Protection Department.

HK Money Lenders Ordinance (Chapter 163 of the Laws of Hong Kong)

To provide for the control and regulation of money lenders and money-lending transactions, the appointment of a Registrar of Money Lenders and the licensing of persons carrying on business as money lenders; to provide protection and relief against excessive interest rates and extortionate stipulations in respect of loans; to provide for offences and for matters connected with or incidental to the foregoing.

D. Organizational structure.

The following diagram sets forth our corporate structure as of the date of this annual report:

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E. Property, plant and equipment.

TROOPS owns office equipment. Its principal office is located in Hong Kong. Its operating companies are mainly located in Hong Kong.

Giant Credit holds property, plant and equipment in Hong Kong with a carrying value of $0.56 million as of December 31, 2023.

11 Hau Fook Street holds property, plant and equipment in Hong Kong with a carrying value of $2.32 million as of December 31, 2023.

Suns Tower holds property, plant and equipment in Hong Kong with a carrying value of $42.92 million as of December 31, 2023.

Vision Lane holds property, plant and equipment in Hong Kong with a carrying value of $0.96 million as of December 31, 2023.

ITEM 4A. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

None.

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ITEM 5. OPERATING AND FINANCIAL REVIEW AND PROSPECTS

(In thousands of U.S. dollars except share and per share data)

A. Operating results.

The following discussion should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and related notes which appear elsewhere in this annual report. This discussion contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including those discussed elsewhere in this annual report, including those set forth under “Item 3. Key Information — D. Risk Factors.”

Our financial statements are prepared in U.S. $ and according to accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S. See “Foreign Exchange Risk” below for information concerning the exchange rates at which HKD were translated into U.S. Dollars at various pertinent dates and for pertinent periods.

Overview

TROOPS, Inc. is a conglomerate group of various businesses with its headquarters based in Hong Kong. The group is principally engaged in (a) money lending business in Hong Kong providing mortgage loans to high quality target borrowers (b) property investment to generate rental income and (c) the development, operation and management of an online financial marketplace that provides one-stop financial technology solutions including API services by leveraging artificial intelligence, big data and blockchain, and cloud computing (SaaS). The group’s vision is to operate as a conglomerate to build synergy within its own sustainable ecosystem thereby creating value to its shareholders.

TROOPS Products

Our current product lines on sale include:

1. Money lending;

2. Property investment; and

3. Fintech service and IT support service.

Our History and Corporate Structure

TROOPS, Inc. was incorporated under Cayman Islands’ laws on July 18, 2007. It was previously named SGOCO Technology, Ltd. and prior to the Acquisition was named Hambrecht Asia Acquisition Corp. The Company was formed as a blank check company to acquire one or more operating businesses in the PRC through a merger, stock exchange, asset acquisition or similar business combination or control through contractual agreements. The Company completed its initial public offering (“IPO”) of units consisting of one ordinary share and one warrant to purchase one ordinary share on March 12, 2008.

On March 12, 2010, we acquired all of the outstanding shares of Honesty Group (the “Acquisition”).

After the Acquisition closed, Honesty Group became a wholly-owned subsidiary of TROOPS. Honesty Group is a limited liability company registered in Hong Kong on September 13, 2005. Honesty Group owns 100% of Guanke, Guanwei and Guancheng. Guanke, Guanwei and Guancheng are limited liability companies established under the laws of the PRC. Honesty Group and its subsidiaries represented our core manufacturing facility along with land, buildings and production equipment. Honesty Group and its subsidiaries are now independent of the Company.

On July 26, 2010, TROOPS formed SGOCO International (HK) Limited, or SGOCO International, a limited liability company registered in Hong Kong (“SGOCO International”). SGOCO International and its subsidiaries were established for the purposes of conducting LCD/LED display product development, branding, marketing and distribution.

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On February 22, 2011, SGO Corporation was established in Delaware USA. On March 14, 2011, SGOCO International purchased 100% of the outstanding shares of common stock of SGO. SGO was founded to market, sell and distribute TROOPS’s high quality products in the U.S. markets. SGO was not operating during 2011 and started to operate in the first quarter of 2012.

SGOCO International directly owns 100% of SGOCO (Fujian) Electronic Co., Ltd. SGOCO (Fujian) is a limited liability company established under the corporate laws of the PRC on July 28, 2011 for the purposes of conducting LCD/LED display product development, branding, marketing and distribution.

On November 15, 2011, we entered into a Sale and Purchase Agreement (“Honesty SPA”) to sell our 100% ownership interest in Honesty Group to Apex, a British Virgin Islands company.

On December 26, 2011, SGOCO International established another wholly owned subsidiary, Beijing SGOCO Image Technology Co. Ltd., a limited liability company under the laws of the PRC to conduct LCD/LED monitor, TV product-related and application-specific product design, brand development and distribution.

On November 14, 2013, SGOCO International established a wholly owned subsidiary, SGOCO (Shenzhen) Technology Co., Ltd., a limited liability company under the laws of the PRC for the purpose of conducting LCD/LED monitor, TV product-related and application-specific product design, brand development and distribution.

On December 15, 2017, TROOPS formed Giant Connection Limited, a limited liability company registered in Public of Seychelles.

On December 24, 2014, we entered into a Sale and Purchase Agreement (“SPA”) to sell our 100% equity ownership interest in SGOCO (Fujian) to Apex.

On December 28, 2015, SGOCO International entered into a Share Sale and Purchase Agreement for the Sale and Purchase of the entire issued share capital of Boca International Limited with Richly Conqueror Limited, a company incorporated under the laws of the British Virgin Islands. On June 7, 2018 and August 31, 2020, the Group disposed 49% and 51% equity interest of Boca International Limited to Leung Iris Chi Yu and Wong Yiu Tong, respectively.

On April 23, 2017, SGOGO International entered into a Share Sale and Purchase Agreement with Full Linkage Limited pursuant to which SGOCO International acquired all of the issued and outstanding capital stock of CSL. On June 7, 2018 and September 20, 2019, the Group disposed 49% and 51% equity interest of CSL to Leung Iris Chi Yu and Ho Pui Lung, respectively.

On December 15, 2017, TROOPS formed Giant Connection Limited, a limited liability company registered in Public of Seychelles.

On December 22, 2017, Giant Connection Limited, a wholly-owned subsidiary of TROOPS, completed the acquisition of Giant Credit Limited. The principal activity of Giant Credit Limited is money lending in Hong Kong.

On March 8, 2018, Giant Connection Limited, a wholly-owned subsidiary of TROOPS, closed a Share Exchange Agreement with Vagas Lane Limited for the purchase and sale of 11 Hau Fook Street Limited. 11 Hau Fook Street Limited is an investment holding company which owns two properties located at No. 11 Hau Fook Street, Tsim Sha Tsui, Kowloon, Hong Kong.

On June 7, 2018, Giant Connection Limited, a wholly-owned subsidiary of TROOPS, completed the acquisition of Paris Sky Limited. Paris Sky Limited is an investment holding company which, through its wholly owned subsidiary, owns a property located at No. 8 Fui Yiu Kok Street, Tsuen Wan, New Territories, Hong Kong.

On March 12, 2019, the Company’s wholly-owned subsidiary, Paris Sky Limited closed a Share Exchange Agreement for the entire issued share capital of Vision Lane Limited. Vision Lane is a private company incorporated in the British Virgin Islands, and engages in property investment and money lending services in Hong Kong.

On December 23, 2019, the Company entered into a Share Exchange Agreement with Victor Or for the purchase and sale of Giant Financial Services Limited. Giant Financial Services Limited is a private company incorporated in Samoa and provides an online financial marketplace connecting financial institutions and users worldwide via its unique mobile application which features state-of-the-art functions to boost financial accessibility to financial and insurance products and services.

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On September 28, 2020, the Company’s wholly-owned subsidiary, Giant Financial Services Limited closed a Share Exchange Agreement for the entire issued share capital of Apiguru Pty Ltd. Apiguru Pty Ltd. is a technology consulting company specialising in Application Programming Interface (API) strategy and implementation enabling state-of-the-art market fit hypothesis that drives businesses forward.

Use of estimates

Preparing consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions affecting the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. The more significant areas requiring the use of management’s estimates and assumptions include, but are not limited to, revenue recognition, the collectability of its receivables, the fair value and accounting treatment of certain financial instruments, the valuation and recognition of share-based compensation arrangements, fair value of assets and liabilities acquired in business combination, useful life of intangible assets, assessment of impairment of long-lived assets, intangible assets and goodwill, deferred tax liability and deferred tax valuation allowance. Management bases its estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. Accordingly, actual results may differ significantly from these estimates.

Business combinations

The Company accounts for its business combinations using the acquisition method of accounting in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 805 “Business Combinations.” The cost of an acquisition is measured as the aggregate of the acquisition date fair values of the assets transferred and liabilities incurred by the Company to the sellers and equity instruments issued. Transaction costs directly attributable to the acquisition are expensed as incurred. Identifiable assets and liabilities acquired or assumed are measured separately at their fair values as of the acquisition date, irrespective of the extent of any non-controlling interests. The excess of (i) the total costs of acquisition, fair value of the non-controlling interests and acquisition date fair value of any previously held equity interest in the acquiree over (ii) the fair value of the identifiable net assets of the acquiree is recorded as goodwill. If the cost of acquisition is less than the fair value of the net assets of the subsidiary acquired, the difference is recognized directly in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income. During the measurement period, which can be up to one year from the acquisition date, the Company may record adjustments to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed with the corresponding offset to goodwill. Upon the conclusion of the measurement period or final determination of the values of assets acquired or liabilities assumed, whichever comes first, any subsequent adjustments are recorded to the consolidated statements of comprehensive income.

In a business combination achieved in stages, the Company re-measures the previously held equity interest in the acquiree immediately before obtaining control at its acquisition-date fair value and the re-measurement gain or loss, if any, is recognized in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income.

When there is a change in ownership interests that result in a loss of control of a subsidiary, the Company deconsolidates the subsidiary from the date control is lost. Any retained non-controlling investment in the former subsidiary is measured at fair value and is included in the calculation of the gain or loss upon deconsolidation of the subsidiary.

For the Company’s majority-owned subsidiaries, a non-controlling interest is recognized to reflect the portion of their equity which is not attributable, directly or indirectly, to the Group. “Net income (loss)” on the consolidated income statements includes the “net loss attributable to non-controlling interests”. The cumulative results of operations attributable to non-controlling interests are also recorded as non-controlling interests in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets.

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Plant and equipment

Plant and equipment is stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment losses, if any. Expenditures for maintenance and repairs are charged to earnings as incurred. Major additions are capitalized. When assets are retired or otherwise disposed of, the related cost and accumulated depreciation are removed from the respective accounts, and any gain or loss is included in operations. Depreciation of plant and equipment is provided using the straight-line method for substantially all assets with estimated lives as follows:

Leasehold land and buildings	Leasehold land and buildings are depreciated over the shorter of the unexpired term of lease and their estimated useful lives, being no more than 50 years
Machinery and equipment	4-10 years
Leasehold improvements	5 years
Vehicles and office equipment	4-5 years

Construction in progress represents capital expenditures for direct costs of construction or acquisition and the interest expenses directly related to the construction. Capitalization of these costs ceases and the construction in progress is transferred to the appropriate category of property, plant and equipment when substantially all the activities necessary to prepare the assets for their intended use are completed. Construction in progress is not depreciated.

Intangible assets

Intangible assets acquired through business acquisitions are recognized as assets separate from goodwill if they satisfy either the “contractual-legal” or “separability” criterion. Purchased intangible assets and intangible assets arising from the acquisitions of subsidiaries are recognized and measured at fair value upon acquisition. Separately identifiable intangible assets that have determinable lives continue to be amortized over their estimated useful lives using the straight-line method as follows:

Trademarks of GFS	10 years
Service Contracts of GFS	1 year
Non-competition agreements of Apiguru	3 years

Separately identifiable intangible assets to be held and used are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of such assets may not be recoverable. Determination of recoverability is based on an estimate of undiscounted future cash flows resulting from the use of the asset and its eventual disposition. Measurement of any impairment loss for identifiable intangible assets is based on the amount by which the carrying amount of the assets exceeds the fair value of the assets.

Goodwill

Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase consideration over the fair value of the identifiable tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed of the acquired entity as a result of the Company’s acquisitions of interests in its subsidiaries. Goodwill is not amortized but is tested for impairment on an annual basis, or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that it might be impaired. The Company first assesses qualitative factors to determine whether it is necessary to perform the two-step quantitative goodwill impairment test. In the qualitative assessment, the Company considers primary factors such as industry and market considerations, overall financial performance of the reporting unit, and other specific information related to the operations. Based on the qualitative assessment, if it is more likely than not that the fair value of each reporting unit is less than the carrying amount, the quantitative impairment test is performed.

The Company annually, or more frequently if the Company believes indicators of impairment exist, reviews the carrying value of goodwill to determine whether impairment may exist.

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In performing the two-step quantitative impairment test, the first step compares the fair values of each reporting unit to its carrying amount, including goodwill. If the fair value of each reporting unit exceeds its carrying amount, goodwill is not considered to be impaired and the second step will not be required. If the carrying amount of a reporting unit exceeds its fair value, the second step compares the implied fair value of goodwill to the carrying value of a reporting unit’s goodwill. The implied fair value of goodwill is determined in a manner similar to accounting for a business combination with the allocation of the assessed fair value determined in the first step to the assets and liabilities of the reporting unit. The excess of the fair value of the reporting unit over the amounts assigned to the assets and liabilities is the implied fair value of goodwill. This allocation process is only performed for the purposes of evaluating goodwill impairment and does not result in an entry to adjust the value of any assets or liabilities. An impairment loss is recognized for any excess in the carrying value of goodwill over the implied fair value of goodwill. Application of a goodwill impairment test requires significant management judgment, including the identification of reporting units, assigning assets, liabilities and goodwill to reporting units, and determining the fair value of each reporting unit.

Goodwill arises from our two reporting units: the financial technology solutions and services and the money lending services. The Company performs its annual impairment tests on December 31 of each year.

Warrant liability

For warrants that are not indexed to the Company’s stock, the Company records the fair value of the issued warrants as a liability at each balance sheet date and records changes in the estimated fair value as a non-cash gain or loss in the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive income. The warrant liability is recognized in the balance sheet at the fair value (level 3). The fair value of these warrants has been determined using the Monte-Carlo simulation model. The Monte-Carlo simulation model provides for assumptions regarding volatility, call and put features and risk-free interest rates within the total period to maturity.

Impairment of long-lived assets other than goodwill

The Company reviews long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Recoverability of assets to be held and used is measured by a comparison of the carrying amount of an asset to the future undiscounted net cash flows expected to be generated by the asset. If such assets are considered to be impaired, the impairment recognized is measured by the amount by which the carrying amount of the assets exceeds the fair value of the assets.

Restricted cash

The Company adopted Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2016-18, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Restricted Cash, (“ASU 2016-18”), effective January 1, 2018 using the retrospective transition method and included all restricted cash with cash and cash equivalent when reconciling beginning-of-period and end-of-period total amounts presented in the consolidated statements of cash flows. The Company has none of restricted cash as of December 31, 2023 and 2022.

Accounts receivable

Receivables include trade accounts due from customers and other receivables such as cash advances to employees, related parties and third parties and advances to suppliers. Management reviews the composition of accounts receivable and analyzes historical bad debts, customer concentration, customer credit worthiness, current economic trends and changes in customer payment patterns to determine if the allowance for doubtful accounts is adequate. An estimate for doubtful accounts is made when collection of the full amount is no longer probable. Delinquent account balances are written-off after management has determined that the likelihood of collection is not probable and known bad debts are written off against the allowance for doubtful accounts when identified. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company determined that no allowance was necessary.

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Other receivables, prepayments and deposits

Other receivables and prepayments primarily include rental deposit, utilities deposit, prepaid employees’ compensation. Management reviews the composition of other receivables and prepayment and determines if an allowance for doubtful accounts is needed. A provision for doubtful accounts is made when collection of the full amount is no longer probable. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022 there was $8 and $135 allowance for uncollectible other receivables, prepayments and deposits, respectively. Management believes that the remaining other receivables and prepayments are collectible.

Loans receivables, net

Loans receivable primarily represent loan amounts due from customers. Loans receivable are recorded at unpaid principal balances net of provision that reflects the Company’s best estimate of the amounts that will not be collected. Management anticipates no significant early settlement of loans receivable as of reporting date. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, there was $2,023 and $2,072 allowance for uncollectible loan receivables, respectively. Management believes that the remaining accounts receivable are collectible.

Provision for loan losses

The provision for loan losses is increased by charges to income and decreased by charge offs (net of recoveries). Recoveries represent subsequent collection of amounts previously charged-off. The increase in provision for loan losses is the netting effect of “reversal” and “provision” for both business and personal loans. If the ending balance of the provision for loan losses after any charge offs (net of recoveries) is less than the beginning balance, it will be recorded as a “reversal”; if it is larger, it will be recorded as a “provision” in the provision for loan loss. The netting amount of the “reversal” and the “provision” is presented in the statements of comprehensive loss.

The provision consists of specific and general components. The specific component consists of the amount of impairment related to loans that have been evaluated on an individual basis, and the general component consists of the amount of impairment related to loans that have been evaluated on a collective basis. Loans are considered impaired when, based on current information and events, it is probable that the Company will be unable to collect all amounts when due according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement. Loans for which the terms have been modified resulting in a concession, and for which the borrower is experiencing financial difficulties, are considered troubled debt restructurings (“TDRs”).

The Company recognizes a charge-off when management determines that full repayment of a loan is not probable. The primary factor in making that determination is the potential outcome of a lawsuit against the delinquent debtor. The Company will recognize a charge-off when the Company loses contact with the delinquent borrower for more than one year or when the court rules against the Company to seize the collateral asset of the delinquent debt from either the guarantor or borrower. In addition, when the recoverability of the delinquent debt is highly unlikely, the senior management team will go through a stringent procedure to approve a charge-off. Management estimates the provision balance required using past loan loss experience, information about specific borrower situations and estimated collateral values, economic conditions, and other factors. Allocations of the provision may be made for specific loans, but the entire provision is available for any loan that, in management’s judgment, should be charged-off.

The provision for loan losses is maintained at a level believed to be reasonable by management to absorb probable losses as of each balance sheet date. The provision is based on factors such as an assessment of individual loans and actual loss. The Company evaluates its provision for loan losses on a quarterly basis or more often as necessary.

Interest receivable

Interest receivable are accrued and credited to income as earned but not received. The Company determines a loan past due status by the number of days that have elapsed since a borrower has failed to make a contractual interest or principal payment. Accrual of interest is generally discontinued when reasonable doubt exists as to the full, timely collection of interest or principal. Additionally, any previously accrued but uncollected interest is reversed. Subsequent recognition of income occurs only to the extent payment is received, subject to management’s assessment of the collectability of the remaining interest and principal. Loans are generally restored to an accrual status when it is no longer delinquent and collectability of interest and principal is no longer in doubt and past due interest is recognized at that time.

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Fair value of financial instruments

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-13, “Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Disclosure Framework—Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement” (“ASU 2018-13”). ASU 2018-13 removes, modifies and adds certain disclosure requirements in Topic 820 “Fair Value Measurement”. ASU 2018-13 eliminates certain disclosures related to transfers and the valuations process, modifies disclosures for investments that are valued based on net asset value, clarifies the measurement uncertainty disclosure, and requires additional disclosures for Level 3 fair value measurements. ASU 2018-13 is effective for the Company for annual and interim reporting periods beginning July 1, 2020. The Company does not believe the adoption of this ASU will have a material effect on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

The Company’s financial instruments primarily consist of cash and cash equivalents, loans receivable, interest receivable, accounts receivable, accounts payable, other receivables, other payables and accrued liabilities, loans, customer deposits and convertible notes.

As of the balance sheet dates, the estimated fair value of these financial instruments were not materially different from their carrying values as presented due to the short maturities of these instruments and that the interest rates on the borrowings approximate those that would have been available for loans for similar remaining maturity and risk profile at the respective reporting periods.

The fair value measurement accounting standard defines fair value, establishes a three-level valuation hierarchy for disclosures of fair value measurement and enhances disclosure requirements for fair value measures. The three levels are defined as follows:

● Level 1inputs to the valuation methodology are quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets.

● Level 2inputs to the valuation methodology include quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, and inputs that are observable for the assets or liability, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the financial instruments.

● Level 3inputs to the valuation methodology are unobservable and significant to the fair value.

The following table sets forth by level within the fair value hierarchy our financial assets and liabilities that were accounted for at fair value on a recurring basis:

	Carrying Value at
	December 31,		Fair Value Measurement at
	2023		December 31, 2023
			Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Warrant derivative liability	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—

A summary of changes in Warrant derivative liability for the years ended December 31, 2021 was as follows:

	Amount
Balance at January 1, 2021	$	249
Change in fair value of warrant derivative liability		(249)
Balance at December 31, 2021	$	—

Comprehensive income

U.S. GAAP generally requires that recognized revenue, expenses, gains and losses be included in net income or loss. Although certain changes in assets and liabilities are reported as separate components of the equity section of the consolidated balance sheet, such items, along with net income, are components of comprehensive income or loss. The components of other comprehensive income or loss consist of foreign currency translation adjustments net of realization of foreign currency translation gain relating to disposal of subsidiaries.

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Revenue recognition

The Company adopted Accounting Standards Update (ASU) No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606) (“ASC 606”) from January 1, 2018, using the modified retrospective method. Revenues for the years ended December 31, 2023, and 2022 and 2021 were presented under ASC 606, and revenues for the year ended December 31, 2017 was not adjusted and continue to be presented under ASC Topic 605, Revenue Recognition. There was no impact on the Company’s opening balance of retained earnings as of January 1, 2018. Pursuant to ASC606-10-15-2, the interest income generated by the Company is scoped out of ASC606.

In accordance with ASC 606, revenues are recognized when control of the promised goods or services is transferred to the Company’s customers, in an amount that reflects the consideration the Company expects to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services. In determining when and how much revenue is recognized from contracts with customers, the Company performs the following five-step analysis: (1) identify the contract(s) with a customer; (2) identify the performance obligations in the contract; (3) determine the transaction price; (4) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; (5) recognize revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance obligation.

Revenues are recognized when control of the promised goods or services is transferred to the customers, which may occur at a point in time or over time depending on the terms and conditions of the agreement, in an amount that reflects the consideration the Company expects to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services.

Financial technology solutions and services

The Company provides SaaS and app development service to its customers to deploy the Company’s online platform, which may occur over time depending on the terms and conditions of the agreement, in an amount that reflects the consideration the Company expects to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services. Service income from project-based consulting services is recognized based on the output methods, including surveys of performance completed to date or milestones reached of each phase only when the Company has an enforceable right to payment for performance completed to date. Maintenance and support type service income is recognized separately from the main contract since such service was not treated as performance obligation of the contract.

Interest on loans receivable

Interest on loans receivable is accrued monthly in accordance with their contractual terms and recorded in accrued interest receivable. The Company does not charge prepayment penalties. Additionally, any previously accrued but uncollected interest is reversed and accrual is discontinued, when reasonable doubt exists as to the full, timely collection of interest or principal. Interest income on impaired loans receivable is recorded when cash payment for interest is received by the Company.

Property lease and management

Minimum contractual rental income related to property leases are recognized on a straight-line basis over the terms of the respective leases. Straight-line rental revenue commences when the tenant assumes control of the leased premises. In accordance with the Company’s standard lease terms, rental payments are generally due on a monthly basis. Tenant recovery revenue includes payments from tenants as reimbursements for management fees and utilities, etc., which are recognized when the related expenses are incurred. Rental from office lease and tenant recovery revenue together is recorded as “Property lease and management.”

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Below is the summary presenting the Company’s revenues disaggregated by products and services and timing of revenue recognition:

	Year ended December 31,
Revenue by recognition over time	2023		2022		2021
Revenue by recognition over time	$	3,569	$	3,875	$	3,683
	$	3,569		3,875		3,683

	Year ended December 31,
Revenue by major product line	2023		2022		2021
Interest on loans	$	2,313	$	2,451	$	1,673
Property lease and management		1,069		1,106		1,068
Financial technology solutions and services		187		318		942
	$	3,569		3,875		3,683

Contract Balances

For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company did not have any significant incremental costs of obtaining contracts with customers incurred and/or costs incurred in fulfilling contracts with customers within the scope of ASC Topic 606, that shall be recognized as an asset and amortized to expenses in a pattern that matches the timing of the revenue recognition of the related contract. Other than the interest receivables of the 180-day loans held by the Company which are accrued by the Company but unbilled until the loans mature, amounted to $nil and $nil as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The Company does not have any other contract assets (unbilled receivables) since revenue is recognized when the performance obligation is fulfilled and the payment from customers is not contingent on a future event.

Advances received from customers related to unsatisfied performance obligations are recorded as contract liabilities (advance from customers), which will be recognized as revenues upon the satisfaction of performance obligations through the transfer of related promised goods and services to customers.

The Company’s contract liabilities consist of rental receipt in advance related to rent paid in advance for leasing office. Below is the summary presenting the movement of the Company’s contract liabilities for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021:

	Rental
	receipt in
	advance
Balance as of January 1, 2021	$	3
Revenue recognized from beginning contract liability balance		(3)
Advances received from customers related to unsatisfied performance obligations		7
Balance as of December 31, 2021	$	7
Revenue recognized from beginning contract liability balance		(7)
Advances received from customers related to unsatisfied performance obligations		10
Balance as of December 31, 2022	$	10
Revenue recognized from beginning contract liability balance		(10)
Advances received from customers related to unsatisfied performance obligations		13
Balance as of December 31, 2023	$	13

The contract liabilities were grouped into other payables and accrued liabilities (note 12).

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Allocation to Remaining Performance Obligations

The Company has elected to apply the practical expedient in paragraph ASC Topic 606-10-50-14 and did not disclose the information related to transaction price allocated to the performance obligations that are unsatisfied or partially unsatisfied as of December 31, 2023, because either the performance obligation of the Company’s contracts with customers has an original expected duration of one year or less or the Company has a right to consideration from a borrower or a customer in an amount that corresponds directly with the value to the borrower or the customer of the Company’s performance completed to date, therefore the Company may recognize revenue in the amount to which the Company has a right to invoice or collect.

Income taxes

The Company accounts for income taxes in accordance FASB ASC Section 740. The Company is subject to the tax laws of the PRC and Hong Kong (a special administrative region of PRC). The charge for taxation is based on actual results for the year as adjusted for items that are non-assessable or disallowed; and it is calculated using tax rates that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the balance sheet date. The Company is not currently subject to tax in the Cayman Islands or the British Virgin Islands.

Deferred taxes are accounted for using the asset and liability method in respect of temporary differences arising from differences between the carrying amount of assets and liabilities in the Company’s unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and the corresponding tax basis used in the computation of assessable tax profit of loss. In principle, deferred tax liabilities are recognized for all taxable temporary differences. Deferred tax assets are recognized to the extent that it is probable that future taxable income can be utilized with prior net operating loss carry forwards. Deferred tax is calculated using tax rates that are expected to apply to the period when the asset is realized, or the liability is settled. Deferred tax is charged or credited in the statement of operations, except when it is related to items credited or charged directly to equity, in which case the deferred tax is also dealt with in equity. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance when, in the opinion of management, it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. Current income taxes are provided for in accordance with the laws of the relevant taxing authorities.

An uncertain tax position is recognized as a benefit only if it is “more likely than not” that the tax position would be sustained in a tax examination, with a tax examination being presumed to occur. The amount recognized is the largest amount of tax benefit that has a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized on examination. For tax positions not meeting the “more likely than not” test, no tax benefit is recorded. Penalties and interest incurred related to uncertain tax positions are classified in income tax expense in the period incurred. During the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, the Company has not incurred any interest related to income taxes. Our PRC entities did not have tax liability as of December 31, 2023. U.S. GAAP also provides guidance on de-recognition, classification, interest and penalties, accounting in interim periods, disclosures and transition.

Tax returns filed for the years ended December 31, 2018 to 2023 in Hong Kong are subject to examination by the applicable tax authorities.

Share-based compensation

The Company accounts for equity instruments issued in exchange for the receipt of goods or services from consultants in accordance with the accounting standards regarding accounting for stock-based compensation and accounting for equity instruments that are issued to other than employees for acquiring or in conjunction with selling goods or services. Costs are measured at the estimated fair market value of the consideration received or the estimated fair value of the equity instruments issued, whichever is more reliably determinable. The value of equity instruments issued for consideration other than employee services is determined on the earlier of a performance commitment or completion of performance by the provider of goods or services as defined by these accounting standards. In the case of equity instruments issued to consultants, the fair value of the equity instrument is recognized over the term of the consulting agreement if there is a term.

The Company accounts for equity instruments issued in exchange for the receipt of services from employees in the financial statements based on their fair values at the date of grant. The fair value of awards is amortized over the requisite service period.

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Financial guarantee

A provision for possible losses to be absorbed by the Company for financial guarantees it provides is recorded as an accrued liability when the guarantees are made and recorded as “Allowance on guarantee” in the consolidated balance sheets. This accrued liability represents probable losses and is increased or decreased by accruing a “Allowance (reversal of allowance) on financial guarantee” throughout the terms of the guarantees as necessary when additional relevant information becomes available.

The methodology used to estimate the liability for possible guarantee losses considers the guarantee contract amounts and a variety of factors, which include, depending on the counterparty, the latest financial position and performance of the borrowers, actual defaults, estimated future defaults, historical loss experience, estimated value of collateral or guarantees the customers or third parties offered, and other economic conditions, such as economic trends in the area and the country. The estimates are based upon information available at the time the estimates are made. It is possible that prior experience and default history of the borrowers are not indicative of future losses on guarantees made. Any increase or decrease in the provision would affect the Company’s consolidated income statements in future years.

Foreign currency translation

The reporting and functional currency of the Company is the U.S. Dollar. The functional currencies of its Hong Kong subsidiaries are the Hong Kong Dollar. The functional currency of its PRC subsidiaries is the RMB. The functional currencies of its Australia subsidiaries are the Australian Dollar (“AUD”). Results of operations and cash flow are translated at average exchange rates during the period, and assets and liabilities are translated at the exchange rate at the end of the period. Capital accounts are translated at their historical exchange rates when the capital transaction occurred. Translation adjustments resulting from this process are included in accumulated other comprehensive income. Transaction gains and losses that arise from exchange rate fluctuations on transactions denominated in a currency other than the functional currency are included in the results of operations as incurred.

The balance sheet amounts with the exception of equity were translated using RMB7.08 and RMB6.96 to $1.00 at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The equity accounts were stated at their historical exchange rates. The average translation rates applied to the income and cash flow statement amounts for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 were RMB6.56, RMB6.73, and RMB6.45 to $1.00, respectively.

The balance sheet amounts with the exception of equity were translated using AUD 0.68 and AUD 0.68 to $1.00 as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The equity accounts were stated at their historical exchange rates. The average translation rate applied to the income statement amounts for the years ended December 31, 2023 , 2022 and 2021 were AUD0. 66, AUD0.70 and AUD0.75 to $1.00, respectively.

Analysis of Results of Operations

Comparison of Fiscal Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022

Revenue

Our sales were $3.57 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, which decreased by $0.31 million, or 8.0% from $3.88 million in the year ended December 31, 2022. During the year ended December 31, 2023, we through 11 Hau Fook Street, Vision Lane and Paris Sky earned property lease and management income of $1.07 million, compared to income of $1.11 million in 2022. We through Giant Credit and First Asia Finance earned interest on loans from money lending services of $2.31 million in 2023, compared to $2.45 million in 2022. We through GFS and Apiguru earned financial technology solutions and services income of $0.19 million in 2023, compared to income of $0.32 million in 2022.

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Below is the summary presenting the Company’s revenues disaggregated by products and services and timing of revenue recognition:

(In thousands of U.S. dollars)

	Year ended December 31,
Revenue by recognition over time	2023		2022
Revenue by recognition over time	$	3,569	$	3,875
	$	3,569		3,875

	Year ended December 31,
Revenue by major product line	2023		2022
Interest on loans	$	2,313	$	2,451
Property lease and management		1,069		1,106
Financial technology solutions and services		187		318
	$	3,569		3,875

Cost of revenues

For the year ended December 31, 2023, cost of revenues decreased by $0.26 million, or 8.5%, to $2.79 million from $3.05 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. Our cost of revenues mainly includes the amortization of Trademarks and Service Contracts, which were $0.01 million and $0.02 million in 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Gross profit /(loss)

Our gross profit was $0.78 million in 2023, compared to gross profit of $0.82 million in 2022.

General and administrative expenses

General and administrative expenses amounted to approximately $2.75 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, $0.56 million or 25.6% more than $2.19 million for the previous fiscal year. This increase was mainly because IT consultancy and support services expenses incurred $0.40 million in 2023 compared to $0.11 million in 2022.

General and administrative expenses include staff salary and benefits, legal and professional fees, office expenses, travel expenses, entertainment, IT consultancy and support services expenses, depreciation, amortization of intangible assets.

Provision for loan losses and interest receivable

Provision for loan losses and interest receivable based on historical experience and an estimate of collectability of the loans receivable and interest receivable. Our reversal of provision for loan losses and interest receivable was $0.05 million in 2023, compared to $0.97 million in 2022.

Impairment (reversal) loss of other receivables, prepayments and deposits

Our reversal of other receivables, prepayments and deposits was $0.13 million in 2023, compared to impairment loss of other receivables, prepayments and deposits of $0.01 million in 2022.

Impairment loss of property, plant and equipment

Our impairment of property, plant and equipment was $nil in 2023, compared to $0.14 million in 2022, primarily attributable to the impairment related to certain real estate properties in Hong Kong.

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Impairment of intangible assets

Our impairment of intangible assets was $nil and $nil in 2023 and 2022 respectively.

Impairment of goodwill

Our impairment of goodwill was $nil and $nil in 2023 and 2022 respectively.

Gain on change in fair value of warrant derivative liability

The change in fair value of warrant derivative liability was $nil and $nil in 2023 and 2022 respectively.

Income tax benefit

Income tax benefit was $0.14 million in the fiscal year of 2023, an increase of $0.08 million, from income tax benefit of $0.06 million for fiscal year of 2022. Income tax benefit in 2023 was related to the deferred tax impact on intangible assets and property and plant.

Our PRC entities in 2023 and 2022 were subject to the statutory PRC enterprise income tax rate of 25.0%. Our subsidiaries in Hong Kong are subject to Hong Kong taxation on income derived from their activities conducted in Hong Kong at a rate of 16.5%. Our subsidiary in Australia is subject to the Australian lower company tax rate of 25.0%.

Net loss

As a result of the various factors described above, net loss for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $1.72 million, as compared to $0.35 million for 2022.

Comparison of Fiscal Years Ended December 31, 2022 and 2021

Revenue

Our sales were $3.88 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, which increased by $0.20 million, or 5.4% from $3.68 million in the year ended December 31, 2021. During the year ended December 31, 2022, we through 11 Hau Fook Street, Vision Lane and Paris Sky earned property lease and management income of $1.11 million, compared to income of $1.07 million in 2021. We through Giant Credit and First Asia Finance earned interest on loans from money lending services of $2.45 million in 2022, compared to $1.67 million in 2021. We through GFS and Apiguru earned financial technology solutions and services income of $0.32 million in 2022, compared to income of $0.94 million in 2021.

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Below is the summary presenting the Company’s revenues disaggregated by products and services and timing of revenue recognition:

(In thousands of U.S. dollars)

	Year ended December 31,
Revenue by recognition over time	2022		2021
Revenue by recognition over time	$	3,875	$	3,683
	$	3,875		3,683

	Year ended December 31,
Revenue by major product line	2022		2021
Interest on loans	$	2,451	$	1,673
Property lease and management		1,106		1,068
Financial technology solutions and services		318		942
	$	3,875		3,683

Cost of revenues

For the year ended December 31, 2022, cost of revenues decreased by $0.27 million, or 8.1%, to $3.05 million from $3.32 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. Our cost of revenues mainly includes the amortization of Trademarks and Service Contracts, which were $0.02 million and $0.18 million in 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Gross profit /(loss)

Our gross profit was $0.82 million in 2022, compared to gross profit of $0.36 million in 2021.

General and administrative expenses

General and administrative expenses amounted to approximately $2.19 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, $0.55 million or 20.1% lower than $2.74 million for the previous fiscal year. This decrease was mainly because no share-based compensation and system development fee incurred in 2022 compared to $0.26 million and $0.26 million respectively in 2021.

General and administrative expenses include staff salary and benefits, legal and professional fees, office expenses, travel expenses, entertainment, IT consultancy and support services expenses, depreciation, amortization of intangible assets.

Provision for loan losses and interest receivable

Provision for loan losses and interest receivable based on historical experience and an estimate of collectability of the loans receivable and interest receivable. Our reversal of provision for loan losses and interest receivable was $1.49 million in 2022, compared to provision for loan losses and interest receivable of $1.39 million in 2021.

Impairment loss of property, plant and equipment

Our impairment of property, plant and equipment was $0.14 million in 2022, compared to $nil in 2021, primarily attributable to the impairment related to certain real estate properties in Hong Kong.

Impairment of intangible assets

Impairment of intangible assets was $nil in 2022, compared to $0.20 million in 2021, primarily attributable to the impairment related to the Trademarks of GFS as the financial performance of the financial technology solutions and services reporting unit continued to fall below our original expectations, and impairment was resulted from the excess of the carrying amounts of these intangible assets over the fair value of the assets.

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Impairment of goodwill

Our impairment of goodwill was $nil in 2022, compared to $4.74 million in 2021, primarily attributable to the impairment related to GFS and Apiguru as the financial performance of the financial performance of the financial technology solutions and services reporting unit continued to fall below our original expectations.

Gain on change in fair value of warrant derivative liability

The change in fair value of warrant derivative liability was $nil in 2022, compared to the gain of $0.25 million in 2021. The gain in 2021 was due to fluctuation in the fair value of our warrants, which we issued to our investor and placement agent in May 2017.

Income tax benefit

Income tax benefit was $0.06 million in the fiscal year of 2022, an decrease of $0.07 million, from income tax benefit of $0.13 million for fiscal year of 2021. Income tax benefit in 2022 was related to the deferred tax impact on intangible assets and property and plant.

Our PRC entities in 2022 and 2021 were subject to the statutory PRC enterprise income tax rate of 25.0%. Our subsidiaries in Hong Kong are subject to Hong Kong taxation on income derived from their activities conducted in Hong Kong at a rate of 16.5%. Our subsidiary in Australia is subject to the Australian lower company tax rate of 25.0%.

Net loss

As a result of the various factors described above, net loss for the year ended December 31, 2022 was $0.35 million, as compared to $8.41 million for 2021.

B. Liquidity and capital resources.

Our principal source of liquidity has been cash generated by proceeds from loans and from issuance of common stock and convertible notes to investors. As of December 31, 2023, we held $3.11 million in cash and cash equivalents and had working capital of $5.95 million. Our cash and cash equivalents consist of cash on hand and demand deposits in accounts maintained with financial institutions or state-owned banks within the PRC, including Hong Kong.

On April 17, 2020, the Company entered into a Stock Purchase Agreement with Lin So Chun, unaffiliated third parties, pursuant to which the Company sold to Ms Lin, 4,500,000 shares of its ordinary stock, par value $0.004 per share (the “Shares”), respectively, at a per share purchase price of $0.80, for aggregate proceeds of $3.60 million. The Shares were offered and sold by the Company to the Investors in a series of private transactions pursuant to the exemption from registration provided by Regulation S promulgated under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. The investor paid full amount of $3.60 million, and the Company issued 4,500,000 shares on June 18, 2020.

In late 2019, we financed our capital requirements with bank borrowings from OCBC Wing Hang Bank Limited with a maximum amount of HK$50.00 million ($6.41 million) with the term from December 31, 2019 to December 31, 2044, bearing interest at 1.8% per annum over the prevailing 3 Month HIBOR, at current rate 4.23% per annum. Under the facilities, the Company borrowed HK$50.00 million ($6.41 million) for a term until December 31, 2044, which are repayable by 300 equal monthly installments for the principal and interest thereon, commencing one month from December 31, 2019. The facilities were secured by the Company’s buildings. This bank borrowing was subsequently settled in full on March 3, 2021.

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A summary of the sources and uses of cash and cash equivalents is as follows:

(In thousands of U.S. dollars)

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities	$	(6,538)	$	(368)	$	12,291
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities		4,779		(156)		(5,594)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities		1,923		—		(6,241)
Effect of exchange rate on cash		(1)		(6)		(4)
INCREASE (DECREASE) IN CASH		163		(530)		452

Operating Activities

Net cash used in operating activities was $6.54 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, the decrease in cash was primarily as a result of (i) net loss of $1.72 million, and (ii) change in loans receivable of $7.08 million, and (iii) change in deferred income taxes of $0.25 million, and (iv) decrease in customer deposit of $0.08 million, (v) increase in others receivables, prepayments and interest receivables of $0.15 million, and (vi) change in tax payable of $0.21 million; The decrease was partially offset by (i) non-cash depreciation and amortization, share-based compensation, impairment loss of loan and interest receivables, goodwill and intangible assets totaled $1.94 million, and (ii) increase in other payables and accrued liabilities of $1.02 million.

Net cash used in operating activities was $0.37 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, the decrease in cash was primarily as a result of (i) net loss of $0.35 million, and (ii) change in loans receivable of $0.94 million, and (iii) change in deferred income taxes of $0.25 million, and (iv) decrease in other payables and accrued liabilities of $0.35 million; The decrease was partially offset by (i) increase in customer deposit of $0.09 million, (ii) increase in others receivables, prepayments and interest receivables of $0.07 million, and (iii) non-cash depreciation and amortization, share-based compensation, impairment loss of loan and interest receivables, goodwill and intangible assets totaled $1.14 million, and (iv) change in tax payable of $0.22 million.

Net cash provided by operating activities was $12.29 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, the increase in cash was primarily as a result of (i) change in loans receivable of $11.70 million, (ii) increase in others receivables, prepayments and interest receivables of $0.24 million, and (iii) non-cash depreciation and amortization, share-based compensation, impairment loss of loan and interest receivables, goodwill and intangible assets totaled $8.57 million; the increase was partially offset by (i) net loss of $8.41 million, and (ii) deferred income taxes of $0.31 million.

Investing Activities

Net cash provided by investing activities was $4.78 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, primarily as a result of proceeds from refund of deposit for acquisition of a subsidiary of $5.00 million.

Net cash used in investing activities was $0.16 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, primarily as a result of purchase of property and equipment.

Net cash used in investing activities was $5.59 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, primarily as a result of settlement of a promissory note of $5.19 million.

Financing Activities

Net cash provided by financing activities was $1.92 for the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase in cash was primarily due to proceeds from loan due to a shareholder of $1.92 million.

Net cash used in financing activities was $nil for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Net cash used in financing activities was $6.24 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, the decrease in cash was primarily due to repayment of bank borrowings of $6.24 million.

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As of December 31, 2023, we had cash of $3.11 million. Except as disclosed in this annual report, we have no outstanding bank loans or other loans or financial guarantees or similar commitments to guarantee the payment obligations of third parties. We believe that our current levels of cash, combined with funds available to us through our financing activities, will be sufficient to meet our anticipated cash needs for at least the next 12 months. However, if our cash and borrowing are insufficient to meet our requirements, we may seek to sell equity securities, debt securities or borrow from lending institutions. We can make no assurance that financing will be available in the amounts we need or on terms acceptable to us, if at all.

If we need to raise additional financing, we may sell additional equity or debt securities or borrow from lending institutions. Financing may be unavailable in the amounts we need or on terms acceptable to us. The sale of additional equity securities, including convertible debt securities, would dilute our earnings per share. The incurrence of debt would divert cash from working capital and capital expenditures to service debt obligations and could result in operating and financial covenants that restrict our operations and ability to pay dividends to shareholders, among other restrictions. If we cannot obtain additional equity or debt financing as required, we will, among other things, be required to tighten credit terms, hold less inventory, reduce advances to suppliers and slow down investment in capital expenditures, which would result in slower growth in revenues and profits.

Debt

As of December 31, 2023, we had the following debts: (i) the amount due to a shareholder $1.92 million; and (ii) advances from other party and unrelated parties totaled $0.54 million (Refer to Note 12 to the financial statements).

Related Party Transactions

On December 8, 2023, Ms Kwok Kai Kai Clara (the beneficiary owner of Prime Ocean Holdings Limited), a shareholder of the Company loaned $1.92 million to Giant Credit Limited. The loan is unsecured, non-interest bearing and repayable on demand. As of December 31, 2023, $nil was repaid and the outstanding amount due to Ms Kwok Kai Kai Clara was $1.92 million.

C. Research and development, patents and licenses, etc.

Not applicable.

D. Trend information.

Other than as disclosed elsewhere in this document, we are not aware of any trends, uncertainties, demands, commitments or events since December 31, 2023 that are reasonably likely to have a material adverse effect on our net revenues, income, profitability, liquidity or capital resources, or that caused the disclosed financial information to be not necessarily indicative of future operating results or financial conditions.

E. Off-balance sheet arrangements.

We do not have any outstanding off-balance sheet guarantees, interest rate swap transactions or foreign currency forward contracts. We do not engage in trading activities involving non-exchange traded contracts. In our ongoing business, we do not enter into transactions involving, or otherwise form relationships with, unconsolidated entities or financial partnerships that are established for the purpose of facilitating off-balance sheet arrangements for other contractually narrow or limited purposes.

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F. Tabular disclosure of contractual obligations.

Our contractual obligations primarily consist of operating lease obligations and capital commitments. The following table sets forth a breakdown of our contractual obligations as of December 31, 2023, and their maturity profile:

(In thousands of U.S. dollars)

	Payment Due by Period
			Less than 1						More than 5
	Total		Year		1-3 Years		3-5 Years		Years
Amount due to a shareholder	$	1,923	$	1,923	$	—	$	—	$	—
Advances from unrelated parties		538		538		—		—		—
Total	$	2,461	$	2,461	$	—	$	—	$	—

ITEM 6. DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND EMPLOYEES

A. Directors and senior management.

Set forth below is information concerning our directors, director nominees, executive officers and other key employees.

Name	Age	Position
Raleigh Siu Lau	71	Chief Executive Officer and President
Tommy Wing Ling Lui	48	Chief Technology Officer
Chung Hang Lui	31	Chief Financial Officer
Tony Zhong	40	Vice President of Finance
Damian Thurnheer	46	Director
Jason Che Wai Au(1)(2)(3)	44	Independent Director
Yong Li Huang (2)(3)	38	Independent Director
Wood Shing Kei Sze(1)(2)	44	Independent Director
Wang Tai Dominic Li(1)(3)	40	Independent Director

(1) Member of the Audit Committee

(2) Member of the Compensation Committee

(3) Member of the Nominating Committee

Raleigh Siu Lau has been our Chief Executive Officer and President since June 8, 2018. From May 1976 to December 2015, Mr. Lau served as Senior Manager at Chong Hing Bank Limited (“Chong Hing Bank”) (formerly known as Liu Chong Hing Bank Limited), a well-known banking corporation in Hong Kong. During Mr. Lau’s time with Chong Hing Bank, he played a critical role reforming the bank’s cyber security systems, information and financial technology, risk management systems, sustainable development and business operation models. Mr. Lau obtained a Bachelor of Science degree in Business Administration from the State University of New York in 1975.

Tommy Wing Ling Lui has been our Chief Technology Officer since June 8, 2018. Mr. Lui is the founder of Webnix Technology Limited in March 1999, a web-hosting company, and 133 Limited, a software company June 2005. Mr. Lui specializes in developing block chain and distributed ledger technology for the insurance sector, in order to assist insurers with claims and insurance policy management, fraud detection, KYC and client identification. Mr. Lui obtained a Bachelor of Engineering degree in Computer Science from The University of Science and Technology in 1998.

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Chung Hang Lui has been our Chief Financial Officer since July 29, 2021. From January 2020 to July 2021, Mr. Lui served as the Director of Amaz Global Limited, an innovative employee benefits online platform in Hong Kong. During Mr. Lui’s time with Amaz Global Limited, he collaborated with various multinational corporations such as WeWork Companies Inc., W Hotels, one of the group hotels owned by Marriott International, Inc., and Sephora USA, Inc.. Mr. Lui obtained a Bachelor’s degree in Marketing and a Master’s degree in Accounting from Royal Melbourne Institute and Technology (RMIT University) in Australia in December 2016 and December 2018, respectively.

Tony Zhong has been our Vice President of Finance since January 1, 2014. Mr. Zhong joined our Company in September 2011 as a finance manager. From 2007 to 2011, Mr. Zhong served as a financial manager of China Hydroelectric Corporation, a company engaging in developing and operating small hydroelectric power projects in China. From 2005 to 2006, Mr. Zhong served as audit associate at KPMG International Limited in Beijing, a public accounting company. Mr. Zhong obtained a Bachelor of Arts degree in Finance, Accounting and Management from Nottingham University and a Bachelor of Science degree in Applied Accounting from Oxford Brooks University in the United Kingdom in in July 2005 and October 2015, respectively. Mr. Zhong has been a chartered global management accountant and was admitted as a fellow of the Chartered Institute of Management Accountants in December 2018. Mr. Zhong was also admitted as a fellow of the Institute Public Accountant in Australia and a fellow of the Institute of Financial Accountants in United Kingdom in October 2020.

Damian Thurnheer has been our Director since December 1, 2021. In May 2019, Mr. Thurnheer founded an API consulting company, Apiguru Pty Ltd., and serves as a director since then. Apiguru Pty Ltd. Is currently a wholly-owned subsidiary of TROOPS, Inc.. From July 2019 to June 2021, Apiguru Pty Ltd. is engaged by Google as the API advisor. It assists its enterprise customers to build and scale their digital products and platforms globally through APIs. From April 2018 to October 2018, Mr. Thurnheer worked for Google in Australia. From May 2015 to December 2017, Mr. Thurnheer worked as API Platform Delivery Lead and Product Owner for Macquarie Bank in Australia, one of the largest international investment banks. Mr. Thurnheer enabled the bank to provide its customers with a highly personalized digital banking experience and empower them to manage their data usage. From April 2006 to March 2015, Mr. Thurnheer worked for Swisscom, the largest telecommunication service provider in Switzerland. He led the Application Programming Interface (API) project which helped Swisscom saving millions of dollars by improving efficiencies and generating millions of dollars in new revenue. Mr. Thurnheer holds a Bachelor’s Degree in Economic Computer Science in ODEC Swiss Association of Graduates of Colleges of Higher Education.

Yong Li Huang has been our Director since September 15, 2022. Ms. Huang has over 12 years’ experience in the financial industry. In 2019, Ms. Huang was employed by Dongguan Meiyin Technology Co., Ltd and in control of the development of a new financial system. From 2015 to 2019, she served as Branch Operation Director in Jupai Holdings Limited (OTCMKTS: JPYY) which is a well-known wealth and asset management company in China. She worked in Agricultural Bank of China from 2009 to 2015 and she was responsible for corporate credit analysis. Ms. Huang obtained a Bachelor’s degree in Administration from Nanjing University in 2009.

Jason Che Wai Au has been our independent Director since April 27, 2020. Since 2016, Mr. Au founded White Knight International Limited, a real estate agency and gold bullion trading company in Hong Kong, and has been serving as its chief executive officer. From 2004 to 2016, Mr. Au served as the managing director of the Hong Kong branch of LJ Hooker Limited, a real estate group in Australia. Mr. Au obtained a certificate in science, engineering, computing and mathematics from the University of Technology in Sydney, in 1998. Mr. Au is a registered estate agent, a registered rough diamond trader and a registered rice stockholder in Hong Kong since September 2005, July 2016 and January 2018, respectively.

Wood Shing Kei Sze has been our independent Director since June 26, 2018. From April 2004 to April 2007, Mr. Sze served as an audit senior in Moore Stephens CPA Limited. From November 2007 to February 2008, Mr. Sze served as a senior accountant in Grant Thornton Hong Kong Limited. Subsequently, Mr. Sze served as financial manager of Global Beverages Asia Limited, Skyworth Digital Holdings Limited and TAL Apparael Limited since 2008, 2009 and 2013 respectively. From September 2013 to April 2018, Mr. Sze served as the financial controller of the property & facility management services at Synergis Management Services Limited, a subsidiary of Synergis Holdings Limited (02340.HK) which is a Hong Kong listed company engaging in the provision of property and facility management services. Mr. Sze obtained a Bachelor of Arts degree in Accountancy from the Hong Kong Polytechnic University in 2002. Mr. Sze is a chartered accountant at the Association of Chartered Certified Accountants since 2008.

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Wang Tai Dominic Li has been our independent Director since October 16, 2017. Since January 2012, Mr. Li founded and The Dessert Kitchen, a global dessert franchise with over 30 franchise stores worldwide, and has been serving as its Chief Executive Officer. Mr. Li has extensive experience in managing franchising businesses, forming strategic allegiances, building and maintaining important supply and distribution networks, implementing marketing and business expansion strategies through traditional media as well as crowdfunding platforms. Mr. Li obtained a Bachelor of Criminology degree from Western Sydney University in Australia in 2004.

None of the events listed in Item 401(f) of Regulation S-K has occurred during the past ten years that is material to the evaluation of the ability or integrity of any of our directors, director nominees or executive officers.

B. Compensation.

The primary objectives of our compensation policies regarding executive compensation are to attract and retain the best possible executives to lead us and to properly motivate these executives to perform at the highest levels of which they are capable. Compensation levels established for our executives are designed to promote loyalty, long-term commitment and the achievement of its goals, to motivate the best possible performance and to award achievement of budgetary goals to the extent such responsibility is within the executive’s job description. Compensation decisions regarding our named executive officers have historically focused on attracting and retaining individuals who could help us to meet and exceed our financial and operational goals. Our Board of Directors considers the growth of the Company, individual performance and market trends when setting individual compensation levels.

For the year ended December 31, 2023, the aggregate cash compensation paid to our executive officers was approximately $0.23 million.

Base salary

We believe that the base salary element is required in order to provide executive officers with a stable income stream that is commensurate with their responsibilities and competitive market conditions. Our Board of Directors established base salaries payable to executive officers with the goal of providing a fixed component of compensation, reflecting the executive officer’s skill set, experience, role and responsibilities. The determination of our Board of Directors and compensation committee of whether any of the executive officers merited an increase in base salary during any particular year depended on the individual’s performance during the prior fiscal year, our performance during the prior fiscal year and competitive market practices. In establishing the current base salary levels, our Board of Directors and compensation committee did not engage in any particular benchmarking activities or engage any outside compensation advisors.

Annual bonus

Bonuses for any of executive officers are discretionary and are generally linked to his or her individual performances for the year, including contribution to our strategic and corporate operating plans, with individual performance and providing executive officers performance incentives for attaining specific goals.

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Equity Incentive Plan

2016 Omnibus Equity Plan

On July 13, 2016, the Board unanimously adopted the TROOPS 2016 Omnibus Equity Plan (the “2016 Plan”) which provides up to 2,500,000 ordinary shares that may be issued pursuant to awards granted under the Plan. On August 10, 2016, the 2016 Plan was approved by the shareholders of the Company at the annual shareholders meeting of the Company.

Purpose. The purpose of the 2016 Plan is to promote our success and to increase shareholder value by providing an additional means through the grant of equity compensation awards to attract, motivate, retain and reward selected employees and other eligible persons of TROOPS.

Administration. The 2016 Plan shall be administered by, and all equity compensation awards under the 2016 Plan shall be authorized by the Board or one or more committees appointed by the Board (the “Administrator”). Any committee of the Board that serves as the Administrator shall be comprised solely of one or more directors or such number of directors as may be required under applicable laws and may delegate some or all of its authority to another committee so constituted. Unless otherwise provided in our Memorandum and Articles of Association or the applicable charter of any Administrator:

1. a majority of the members of the acting Administrator shall constitute a quorum; and

2. the vote of a majority of the members present assuming the presence of a quorum or the unanimous written consent of the members of the Administrator shall constitute action by the acting Administrator.

Eligibility. The Administrator may grant equity compensation awards under the 2016 Plan only to those persons that the Administrator determines to be either an officer, employee, director of TROOPS or a consultant or advisor of TROOPS (each of the foregoing, an “Eligible Person”); provided, however, that incentive stock options may only be granted to an Eligible Person who is an employee of TROOPS. Notwithstanding the foregoing, a person who is otherwise an Eligible Person may participate in the 2016 Plan only if such participation would not compromise our ability to comply with applicable laws (including securities laws). A participant may, if otherwise eligible, be granted additional equity compensation awards if the Administrator so determines.

Type and Form of Awards. The Administrator shall determine the type or types of equity compensation award(s) to be made to each selected Eligible Person. Under the 2016 Plan, the Administrator may grant options to purchase ordinary shares, share appreciation rights, restricted shares, and restricted share units. Such awards may be granted singly, in combination or in tandem. Awards also may be made in combination or in tandem with, in replacement of, as alternatives to, or as the payment form for grants or rights under any other employee or compensation plan of TROOPS.

Performance-Based Awards. The Administrator may grant equity compensation awards as performance-based shares under the 2016 Plan. Each such equity compensation award will have an initial value that is established by the Administrator on or before the date of grant. The grant, vesting, exercisability or payment of performance-based equity compensation awards may depend on the degree of achievement of one or more performance goals relative to a pre-established targeted level or a level using one or more of the business criteria (on an absolute or relative basis) for TROOPS on a consolidated basis or for one or more of TROOPS’s subsidiaries, segments, divisions or business units, or any combination of the foregoing.

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Transfer Restrictions. Except as specifically provided in the 2016 Plan:

1. all equity compensation awards are non-transferable and shall not be subject in any manner to sale, transfer, anticipation, alienation, assignment, pledge, encumbrance or charge;

2. equity compensation awards shall be exercised only by the relevant participant; and

3. amounts payable or shares issuable pursuant to any equity compensation award shall be delivered only to (or for the account of) the relevant participant.

The 2016 Plan provides that incentive share options may not be transferred except by will or the laws of descent and distribution. The Administrator has discretion to permit transfers of other awards where it concludes such transferability is appropriate and desirable.

Amendment and Termination. The 2016 Plan will continue in effect until the 10th anniversary of its approval by the shareholders, unless earlier terminated by our Board. Our Board may amend, suspend or terminate the 2016 Plan as it shall deem advisable, except that no amendment may adversely affect a grantee regarding awards previously granted unless such amendments are in connection with compliance with applicable laws; provided that the Board may not make any amendment in the 2016 Plan that would, if such amendment were not approved by the shareholders, cause the 2016 Plan to fail to comply with any requirement of applicable laws, unless and until shareholder approval is obtained. No award may be granted during any suspension of the 2016 Plan or after termination of the 2016 Plan. No amendment, suspension or termination of the 2016 Plan or change affecting any outstanding equity compensation award shall, without written consent of the relevant participant, affect in any manner materially adverse to the relevant participant any rights or benefits of the relevant participant or obligations of TROOPS under any equity compensation award granted under the 2016 Plan prior to the effective date of such change.

320,000 ordinary shares were awarded in December 2016 to our directors, consultants and employees (including certain executive officers), 190,000 ordinary shares were issued in January 2017 to our independent directors, consultants and employees (including certain executive officers). On April, 2018, a total of 180,000 shares were issued to certain of our directors and employees. On January 8, 2020, a total of 80,000 shares were issued to certain of our directors.

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C. Board Practices.

Board of Directors and Board Committees

Our board of directors consists of five directors, three of whom are independent as such term is defined by the Nasdaq Capital Market. We have determined that Mr. Wood Shing Kei Sze, Mr. Jason Che Wai Au and Mr. Wang Tai Dominic Li satisfy the “independence” requirements under NASDAQ Rule 5605.

The directors will be up for re-election at our annual general meeting of shareholders if they are appointed by a resolution of our board of directors.

A director is not required to hold any shares in our company by way of qualification. A director who is in any way, whether directly or indirectly, interested in a contract or proposed contract with our company is required to declare the nature of his interest at a meeting of our directors. A director may vote with respect to any contract, proposed contract or arrangement notwithstanding that he may be interested therein, and if he does so his vote shall be counted and he may be counted in the quorum at any meeting of our directors at which any such contract or proposed contract or arrangement is considered. Our directors may exercise all the powers of our company to borrow money, mortgage or charge its undertaking, property and uncalled capital, and to issue debentures or other securities whenever money is borrowed or as security for any debt, liability or obligation of our company or of any third party.

Board Committees

We have established three committees under the board of directors: an audit committee, a compensation committee and a nominating committee, and adopted a charter for each of the three committees. Copies of our committee charters will be posted on our corporate investor relations website prior to our listing on the Nasdaq Capital Market. The Board also created an Equity Plan Committee consisting of Mr. Lai Man Cheung and Mr. Damian Thurnheer to administer the Company’s 2016 Plan.

Each committee’s members and functions are described below.

Audit Committee. Our audit committee consists of Mr. Wood Shing Kei Sze, Mr. Jason Che Wai Au and Mr. Wang Tai Dominic Li. Mr. Wood Shing Kei Sze is the chairperson of our audit committee. The audit committee will oversee our accounting and financial reporting processes and the audits of the financial statements of our company. The audit committee will be responsible for, among other things:

● appointing the independent auditors and pre-approving all auditing and non-auditing services permitted to be performed by the independent auditors;

● reviewing with the independent auditors any audit problems or difficulties and management’s response;

● discussing the annual audited financial statements with management and the independent auditors;

● reviewing the adequacy and effectiveness of our accounting and internal control policies and procedures and any steps taken to monitor and control major financial risk exposures;

● reviewing and approving all proposed related party transactions;

● meeting separately and periodically with management and the independent auditors; and

● monitoring compliance with our code of business conduct and ethics, including reviewing the adequacy and effectiveness of our procedures to ensure proper compliance.

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Compensation Committee. Our compensation committee consists of Mr. Wood Shing Kei Sze, Mr. Jason Che Wai Au and Ms. Yong Li Huang. Mr. Jason Che Wai Au is the chairperson of our compensation committee. The compensation committee will be responsible for, among other things:

● reviewing and approving, or recommending to the board for its approval, the compensation for our chief executive officer and other executive officers;

● reviewing and recommending to the shareholders for determination with respect to the compensation of our directors;

● reviewing periodically and approving any incentive compensation or equity plans, programs or similar arrangements; and

● selecting compensation consultant, legal counsel or other adviser only after taking into consideration all factors relevant to that person’s independence from management.

Nominating Committee. Our nominating committee consists of Ms. Yong Li Huang, Mr. Jason Che Wai Au and Mr. Wang Tai Dominic Li. Mr. Wang Tai Dominic Li is the chair of our nominating committee. The nominating committee will assist the board of directors in selecting individuals qualified to become our directors and in determining the composition of the board and its committees. The nominating committee will be responsible for, among other things:

● selecting and recommending to the board nominees for election by the shareholders or appointment by the board;

● reviewing annually with the board the current composition of the board with regards to characteristics such as independence, knowledge, skills, experience and diversity;

● making recommendations on the frequency and structure of board meetings and monitoring the functioning of the committees of the board; and

● advising the board periodically with regards to significant developments in the law and practice of corporate governance as well as our compliance with applicable laws and regulations, and making recommendations to the board on all matters of corporate governance and on any remedial action to be taken.

Duties of Directors

Under Cayman Islands law, our directors owe fiduciary duties to our company, including a duty to act honestly and a duty to act in what they consider in good faith to be in our best interests. Our directors must also exercise their powers only for a proper purpose. Our directors also owe to our company a duty to act with skill and care. A director must exercise the skill and care of a reasonably diligent person having both – (i) the general knowledge, skill and experience that may reasonably be expected of a person in the same position (an objective test), and (ii) if greater, the general knowledge, skill and experience that that director actually possesses (a subjective test). In fulfilling their duty of care to us, our directors must ensure compliance with our memorandum and articles of association, as amended and restated from time to time. Our directors owe their fiduciary duties to our company and not to our company’s individual shareholders, and it is our company which has the right to seek damages if a duty owed by our directors is breached. In limited exceptional circumstances, a shareholder may have the right to seek damages in our name if a duty owed by our directors is breached. In accordance with our amended and restated articles of association, without prejudice to the general powers conferred by the said articles, the functions and powers of our board of directors include, among others, (i) convening shareholders’ annual general meetings and reporting its work to shareholders at such meetings, (ii) declaring dividends, (iii) appointing officers and determining their terms of offices and responsibilities, and (iv) approving the transfer of shares of our company, including the registering of such shares in our share register. You should refer to “Description of Share Capital and Governing Documents — Differences in Corporate Law” for additional information on our standard of corporate governance under Cayman Islands law.

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Interested Transactions

A director may vote, attend a board meeting or sign a document on our behalf with respect to any contract or transaction in which he or she is interested. A director must promptly disclose the interest to all other directors after becoming aware of the fact that he or she is interested in a transaction we have entered into or are to enter into. A general notice or disclosure to the board or otherwise contained in the minutes of a meeting or a written resolution of the board or any committee of the board that a director is a shareholder, director, officer or trustee of any specified firm or company and is to be regarded as interested in any transaction with such firm or company will be sufficient disclosure, and, after such general notice, it will not be necessary to give special notice relating to any particular transaction.

Remuneration and Borrowing

The directors may receive such remuneration as our board of directors may determine from time to time. Each director is entitled to be repaid or prepaid all traveling, hotel and incidental expenses reasonably incurred or expected to be incurred in attending meetings of our board of directors or committees of our board of directors or shareholder meetings or otherwise in connection with the discharge of his or her duties as a director. The compensation committee will assist the directors in reviewing and approving the compensation structure for the directors. Our board of directors may exercise all the powers of the company to borrow money and to mortgage or charge our undertakings and property or any part thereof, to issue debentures, debenture stock and other securities whenever money is borrowed or as security for any debt, liability or obligation of the company or of any third party.

Qualification

There are no membership qualifications for directors. Further, there are no share ownership qualifications for directors. There are no other arrangements or understandings pursuant to which our directors are selected or nominated.

Director Compensation

All directors hold office until their successors have been duly elected and qualified. Officers are elected by and serve at the discretion of the Board of Directors. Employee directors do not receive any compensation for their services. Non-employee directors are entitled to receive an as-yet undetermined cash fee for serving as directors and may receive option grants from our company. In addition, non-employee directors are entitled to receive compensation for their actual travel expenses for each Board of Directors meeting attended.

Involvement in Certain Legal Proceedings

To the best of our knowledge, none of our directors or officers has been convicted in a criminal proceeding, excluding traffic violations or similar misdemeanors, nor has any been a party to any judicial or administrative proceeding during the past five years that resulted in a judgment, decree or final order enjoining the person from future violations of, or prohibiting activities subject to, federal or state securities laws, or a finding of any violation of federal or state securities laws, except for matters that were dismissed without sanction or settlement. Except as set forth in our discussion below in “Related Party Transactions,” our directors and officers have not been involved in any transactions with us or any of our affiliates or associates which are required to be disclosed pursuant to the rules and regulations of the SEC.

Code of Business Conduct and Ethics

We have adopted a code of business conduct and ethics which is applicable to all of our directors, executive officers and employees. Copy of the code of business conduct and ethics will be posted on our corporate investor relations website prior to our listing on the Nasdaq Capital Market.

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Clawback Policy

On November 17, 2023, our board of directors adopted a clawback policy (the “Clawback Policy”) permitting the Company to seek the recoupment of incentive compensation received by any of the Company’s current and former executive officers (as determined by the board in accordance with Section 10D of the Exchange Act and the Nasdaq rules) and such other senior executives/employees who may from time to time be deemed subject to the Clawback Policy by the board (collectively, the “Covered Executives”). The amount to be recovered will be the excess of the incentive compensation paid to the Covered Executive based on the erroneous data over the incentive compensation that would have been paid to the Covered Executive had it been based on the restated results, as determined by the board. If the board cannot determine the amount of excess incentive compensation received by the Covered Executive directly from the information in the accounting restatement, then it will make its determination based on a reasonable estimate of the effect of the accounting restatement. Refer to Exhibit 97.1 of this Annual Report for the Company’s Clawback Policy. For the year ended December 31, 2023, we have not sought any recoupment of incentive compensation of the Covered Executives.

D. Employees.

As of December 31, 2023, we had 19 full-time employees, all of which are management and administrative staff members. Our employees are not represented by a labor organization or covered by a collective bargaining agreement. We believe that we maintain a good working relationship with our employees and we have not experienced any significant labor disputes.

E. Share Ownership.

The following tables sets forth information, as of April 22, 2024, regarding the beneficial ownership of our ordinary shares by:

● each person known to us to beneficially own more than 5% of our ordinary shares;

● each of our officers and directors; and

● all of our officers and directors as a group.

Beneficial ownership is determined in accordance with SEC rules and includes voting or investment power with respect to securities. Except as indicated by the footnotes below, we believe, based on the information furnished to it, that the persons and entities named in the table below will have sole voting and investment power with respect to all stock that they beneficially own, subject to applicable community property laws.

The calculations in the table below are based on 101,597,998 ordinary shares issued and outstanding as of April 22, 2024.

	Number	Percent
Directors and Executive Officers:
Raleigh Siu Lau	—	*
Tommy Wing Ling Lui	—	*
Chung Hang Lui	—	*
Yong Li Huang	—	*
Jason Che Wai Au	—	*
Wang Tai Dominic Li	—	*
Wood Shing Kei Sze	—	*
Damian Thurnheer	559,581	*
All directors and executive officers as a group (8 persons)	559,581	*
5% Shareholders:
Prime Ocean Holdings Limited (1)	29,000,000	28.5	%
Leung Iris Chi Yu	23,132,500	22.8	%

“*” Indicates less than 1%

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(1) Prime Ocean Holdings Limited, a Seychelles corporation, is beneficially owned by Ms Kwok Kai Kai Clara. The business address of Prime Ocean Holdings Limited is Vistra Corporate Service Centre, Suite 23, 1st Floor, Eden Plaza, Eden Island, Mahe, Republic of Seychelles.

ITEM 7. MAJOR SHAREHOLDERS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS

A. Major Shareholders.

Please refer to “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees — E. Share Ownership.”

B. Related Party Transactions.

On December 8, 2023, Ms Kwok Kai Kai Clara (the beneficiary owner of Prime Ocean Holdings Limited), a shareholder of the Company loaned $1.92 million to Giant Credit Limited. The loan is unsecured, non-interest bearing and repayable on demand. As of December 31, 2023, $nil was repaid and the outstanding amount due to Ms Kwok Kai Kai Clara was $1.92 million.

C. Interests of Experts and Counsel

Not applicable.

ITEM 8. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

A. Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information.

Please see “Item 18. Financial Statements” for our audited consolidated financial statements.

Legal Proceedings

Except as listed below, we are currently not a party to any material legal or administrative proceedings. We may from time to time be subject to various legal or administrative claims and proceedings arising in the ordinary course of business. Litigation or any other legal or administrative proceeding, regardless of the outcome, may result in additional costs and diversion of our resources, including our management’s time and attention.

Civil Lawsuits in Hong Kong

HCA 938 of 2022

On August 9, 2022, TROOPS, Inc. (the “Company”) and certain subsidiaries of the Company, including First Asia Finance Limited, SGOCO International (HK) Limited, Suns Tower Limited and Giant Connection Limited (the “Subsidiaries”) were included amongst other Defendants and served with a writ of summons in Hong Kong (HCA 938 of 2022) and received injunctions dated August 5, 2022, issued by the High Court of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Court of First Instance in connection with the writ of summons. Pursuant to the injunctions, the Company and SGOCO International (HK) Limited cannot remove any of its assets wordwide and cannot dispose of or deal with or diminish the value of any of its assets worldwide up to certain amounts; Certain wholly-owned subsidiaries of the Company, namely First Asia Finance Limited, Suns Tower Limited and Giant Connection Limited, cannot remove any of its assets which are within Hong Kong and cannot dispose of or deal with or diminish the value of any of its assets within Hong Kong up to certain amounts.

On January 26, 2023, the counsel for the Company and the Subsidiaries received a statement of claim under the above proceedings, whereby the plaintiffs’ alleged claims included unlawful means of conspiracy and other claims. The plaintiffs sought relief including damages and equitable compensation, among others. On August 26, 2022, the Company applied for a discharge of the injunction, and court proceedings were subsequently held from May, 2023 to June, 2023.

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On September 19, 2023, an order issued by the High Court of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Court of First Instance dated August 22, 2023 (the “Order”) was filed. Pursuant to the Order, amongst others, several injunctions against the Defendants, including the Company, were discharged: (i) the injunction order dated August 5, 2022 prohibiting disposal of assets worldwide against the Company and SGOCO International (HK) Limited was discharged; (ii) the injunction order dated August 5, 2022 prohibiting disposal of assets in Hong Kong against First Asia Finance Limited, Suns Tower Limited and Giant Connection Limited was discharged. The following conditions, amongst others, were imposed by the Order instead: (i) Suns Tower Limited must not in anyway dispose of or deal with or diminish the value of the property known as No. 8 Fui Yiu Kok Street, Tsuen Wan, New Territories; (ii) The Company must not in anyway dispose of or deal with or diminish the value of shares in Giant Connection Limited; and (iii) Giant Connection Limited must not in anyway dispose of or deal with or diminish the value of shares in Paris Sky Limited and 11 Hau Fook Street Limited.

Application for security for costs was made by the Company on April 21, 2023. High Court orders were issued on August 22, 2023 and February 7, 2024 that the Plaintiffs had to pay HK$1,500,000 and HK$2,100,000 to the High Court as security for the Company’s costs.

Trial commenced on March 5, 2024 and is ongoing as of the date of this report. The Company believes the lawsuit is without merit and intends to defend the case vigorously. As of the date of this report, the Company was unable to estimate a range of loss, if any, that could result were there to be an adverse final decision in this case.

Dividend Policy

We intend to keep any future earnings to finance the expansion of our business. We do not anticipate that any cash dividends will be paid in the foreseeable future.

Under Cayman Islands law, a Cayman Islands company may pay a dividend on its shares out of either profits or share premium amount, provided that in no circumstances may a dividend be paid if this would result in the company being unable to pay its debts as they fall due in the ordinary course of business.

B. Significant Changes.

Except as disclosed elsewhere in this annual report, we have not experienced any significant changes since the date of our audited consolidated financial statements included in this annual report.

ITEM 9. THE OFFER AND LISTING

A. Offer and Listing Details.

Our ordinary shares are listed on the NASDAQ Capital Market.

B. Plan of Distribution.

Not applicable.

C. Markets.

See “Item 9. The Offer and Listing - A. Offer and Listing Details” above.

D. Selling Shareholders.

Not applicable.

E. Dilution.

Not applicable.

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F. Expenses of the Issue.

Not applicable.

ITEM 10. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

A. Share Capital.

Not applicable.

B. Memorandum and Articles of Association.

We incorporate by reference into this annual report the description of our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association contained in our registration statement on Form F-1/A (File No. 333-170674) originally filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on December 15, 2010, as amended.

C. Material Contracts.

Except for the following, we have not entered into any material contracts other than in the ordinary course of business and other than those described in Item 4, or elsewhere in this annual report.

D. Exchange controls.

Under Cayman Islands law, there are currently no restrictions on the export or import of capital, including foreign exchange controls or restrictions that affect the remittance of dividends, interest or other payments to nonresident holders of our shares.

E. Taxation.

Cayman Islands Taxation

The Cayman Islands currently levies no taxes on individuals or corporations based upon profits, income, gains or appreciation and there is no taxation in the nature of inheritance tax or estate duty. There are no other taxes likely to be material to the Company or its shareholders levied by the Government of the Cayman Islands except for stamp duties which may be applicable on instruments executed in, or brought within Cayman Islands. The Cayman Islands is not party to any double-tax treaties that are applicable to any payments made to or by the Company save and except that the Cayman Islands are a party to a double tax treaty entered into with the United Kingdom in 2010. There are no exchange control regulations or currency restrictions in the Cayman Islands.

People’s Republic of China Taxation

Pursuant to the Arrangement between the Mainland China and the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and Tax Evasion on Income, or the Tax Arrangement, where a Hong Kong resident enterprise which is considered a non-PRC tax resident enterprise directly holds at least 25% of a PRC enterprise, the withholding tax rate in respect of the payment of dividends by such PRC enterprise to such Hong Kong resident enterprise is reduced to 5% from a standard rate of 10%, subject to approval of the PRC local tax authority. Pursuant to the Notice of the State Administration of Taxation on the Issues concerning the Application of the Dividend Clauses of Tax Agreements, or Circular 81, a resident enterprise of the counter-party to such Tax Arrangement should meet the following conditions, among others, in order to enjoy the reduced withholding tax under the Tax Arrangement: (i) it must directly own the required percentage of equity interests and voting rights in such PRC resident enterprise; and (ii) it should directly own such percentage in the PRC resident enterprise anytime in the 12 months prior to receiving the dividends. Furthermore, the Administrative Measures for Non-Resident Enterprises to Enjoy Treatments under Tax Treaties (For Trial Implementation), or the Administrative Measures, which became effective in October 2009, requires that the non-resident enterprises must obtain the approval from the relevant tax authority in order to enjoy the reduced withholding tax rate under the tax treaties. There are also other conditions for enjoying such reduced withholding tax rate according to other relevant tax rules and regulations.

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Hong Kong Taxation

The taxation of income and capital gains of holders of ordinary shares is subject to the laws and practices of Hong Kong and of jurisdictions in which holders of ordinary shares are resident or otherwise subject to tax. The following summary of certain relevant taxation provisions under Hong Kong law is based on current law and practice, is subject to changes therein and does not constitute legal or tax advice. The discussion does not deal with all possible tax consequences relating to an investment in the ordinary shares. Accordingly, each prospective investor (particularly those subject to special tax rules, such as banks, dealers, insurance companies, tax-exempt entities and holders of 10% or more of our voting capital stock) should consult its own tax advisor regarding the tax consequences of an investment in the ordinary shares. The discussion is based upon laws and relevant interpretations thereof in effect as of the date of this annual report, all of which are subject to change. There is no reciprocal tax treaty in effect between Hong Kong and the United States.

Tax on Dividends

Under the current practices of the Hong Kong Inland Revenue Department, no tax is payable in Hong Kong in respect of dividends paid by us as a company incorporated in Cayman Islands.

Profits Tax

No tax is imposed in Hong Kong in respect of capital gains from the sale of property (such as the ordinary shares). Trading gains from the sale of property by persons carrying on a trade, profession or business in Hong Kong where such gains are derived from or arise in Hong Kong from such trade, profession or business will be chargeable to Hong Kong profits tax, which is currently imposed at the rate of 16.5% and 15% on corporations and unincorporated businesses, respectively, and at a maximum rate of 15% on individuals. Liability for Hong Kong profits tax may thus arise in respect of trading gains from sales of ordinary shares realized by persons carrying on a business or trading or dealing in securities in Hong Kong.

U.S. Federal Income Taxation

General

The following is a summary of the material U.S. federal income tax consequences of owning and disposing of our ordinary shares. The discussion below of the U.S. federal income tax consequences to “U.S. Holders” will apply to a beneficial owner of our shares that is for U.S. federal income tax purposes:

1. an individual citizen or resident of the U.S.;

2. a corporation (or other entity treated as a corporation) that is created or organized (or treated as created or organized) in or under the laws of the U.S., any state thereof or the District of Columbia;

3. an estate whose income is includible in gross income for U.S. federal income tax purposes regardless of its source; or

4. a trust if:

a) a U.S. court can exercise primary supervision over the trust’s administration and one or more U.S. persons are authorized to control all substantial decisions of the trust; or

b) it has a valid election in effect under applicable U.S. Treasury regulations to be treated as a U.S. person.

If a beneficial owner of our shares is not described as a U.S. Holder and is not an entity treated as a partnership or other pass-through entity for U.S. federal income tax purposes, such owner will be considered a “Non-U.S. Holder.” The U.S. federal income tax consequences applicable specifically to non-U.S. Holders is described below under the heading “Tax Consequences to Non-U.S. Holders of Ordinary Shares.”

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This summary is based on the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or the Code, its legislative history, existing and proposed Treasury regulations promulgated thereunder, published rulings and court decisions, all as currently in effect. These authorities are subject to change or different interpretations, possibly on a retroactive basis.

This discussion does not address all aspects of U.S. federal income taxation that may be relevant to us or to any particular Holder of our shares based on such Holder’s individual circumstances. In particular, this discussion considers only Holders that own our shares as capital assets within the meaning of Section 1221 of the Code. This discussion also does not address the potential application of the alternative minimum tax or the U.S. federal income tax consequences to Holders that are subject to special rules, including:

1. financial institutions or financial services entities;

2. broker-dealers;

3. taxpayers who have elected mark-to-market accounting;

4. tax-exempt entities;

5. governments or agencies or instrumentalities thereof;

6. insurance companies;

7. regulated investment companies;

8. real estate investment trusts;

9. certain expatriates or former long-term residents of the U.S.;

10. persons that actually or constructively own 5% or more of our voting shares;

11. persons that acquired our shares pursuant to the exercise of employee stock options, in connection with employee stock incentive plans or otherwise as compensation;

12. persons that hold our shares as part of a straddle, constructive sale, hedging, conversion or other integrated transaction; or

13. persons whose functional currency is not the U.S. Dollars.

This discussion does not address any aspect of U.S. federal non-income tax laws, such as gift or estate tax laws, or state, local or non-U.S. tax laws. Additionally, this discussion does not consider the tax treatment of partnerships or other pass-through entities or persons who hold our securities through such entities. If a partnership (or other entity classified as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes) is the beneficial owner of our shares, the U.S. federal income tax treatment of a partner in the partnership will generally depend on the status of the partner and the activities of the partnership. This discussion also assumes that any distribution made (or deemed made) regarding our shares and any consideration received (or deemed received) by a Holder connected with selling or other disposition of such shares will be in U.S. Dollars.

We have not sought, and will not seek, a ruling from the Internal Revenue Service (the “IRS”), or an opinion of counsel as to any U.S. federal income tax consequence described herein. The IRS may disagree with one or more aspects of the discussion herein, and its determination may be upheld by a court. Moreover, there can be no assurance that future legislation, regulations, administrative rulings or court decisions will not adversely affect the accuracy of the statements in this discussion.

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BECAUSE OF THE COMPLEXITY OF THE TAX LAWS AND BECAUSE THE TAX CONSEQUENCES TO TROOPS OR TO ANY PARTICULAR HOLDER OF OUR SECURITIES MAY BE AFFECTED BY MATTERS NOT DISCUSSED HEREIN, EACH HOLDER OF OUR SECURITIES IS URGED TO CONSULT WITH ITS TAX ADVISOR REGARDING THE SPECIFIC TAX CONSEQUENCES OF THE OWNERSHIP AND DISPOSITION OF OUR SECURITIES, INCLUDING THE APPLICABILITY AND EFFECT OF STATE, LOCAL AND NON-U.S. TAX LAWS, AS WELL AS U.S. FEDERAL TAX LAWS AND APPLICABLE TAX TREATIES.

Tax Consequences to U.S. Holders of Ordinary Shares

Taxation of Distributions Paid on Ordinary Shares

Subject to the passive foreign investment company, or PFIC, rules discussed below, a U.S. Holder generally will be required to include in gross income as ordinary income the amount of any cash dividend paid on our ordinary shares. A cash distribution on such shares will be treated as a dividend for U.S. federal income tax purposes to the extent the distribution is paid out of our current or accumulated earnings and profits (as determined for U.S. federal income tax purposes). Such dividend will not be eligible for the dividends-received deduction generally allowed to domestic corporations regarding dividends received from other domestic corporations. Any distributions in excess of such earnings and profits generally will be applied against and reduce the U.S. Holder’s basis in its ordinary shares and, to the extent in excess of such basis, will be treated as gain from the sale or exchange of such ordinary shares.

Regarding non-corporate U.S. Holders for taxable years beginning before January 1, 2013, dividends may be taxed at the lower applicable long-term capital gains rate (see “— Taxation on the Disposition of Ordinary Shares” below) provided that:

1. our ordinary shares are readily tradable on an established securities market in the U.S. or, in the event we are deemed to be a Chinese “resident enterprise” under the EIT Law, we are eligible for the benefits of the Agreement between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the People’s Republic of China for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and the Prevention of Tax Evasion regarding Taxes on Income, or the “U.S.-PRC Tax Treaty;”

2. we are not a PFIC, as discussed below, for either the taxable year in which the dividend was paid or the preceding taxable year; and

3. certain holding period requirements are met. Under published IRS authority, shares are considered for purposes of clause (1) above to be readily tradable on an established securities market in the U.S. only if they are listed on certain exchanges, which presently include the NASDAQ Stock Market but do not include the OTC Bulletin Board.

We were listed on the NASDAQ Stock Market in December 2010. If we are not able to maintain such a listing, it is anticipated that our ordinary shares will be quoted and traded only on the OTC Bulletin Board. In that case, any dividends paid on our ordinary shares would not qualify for the lower rate unless we are deemed to be a Chinese “resident enterprise” under the EIT Law and are eligible for the benefits of the U.S.-PRC Tax Treaty.

Unless the special provisions described above, dealing with the taxation of qualified dividend income at the lower long-term capital gains rate, are extended, this favorable treatment will not apply to dividends in taxable years beginning on or after January 1, 2013. U.S. Holders should consult their own tax advisors regarding the availability of the lower rate for any dividends paid regarding our ordinary shares.

If PRC taxes apply to dividends paid to a U.S. Holder on our ordinary shares, such U.S. Holder may be entitled to a reduced rate of PRC tax under the U.S-PRC Tax Treaty. In addition, such PRC taxes may be treated as foreign taxes eligible for credit against such Holder’s U.S. federal income tax liability (subject to certain limitations). U.S. Holders should consult their own tax advisors regarding the creditability of any such PRC tax and their eligibility for the benefits of the U.S.-PRC Tax Treaty.

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Taxation on the Disposition of Ordinary Shares

Upon a sale or other taxable disposition of our ordinary shares, and subject to the PFIC rules discussed below, a U.S. Holder should recognize capital gain or loss in an amount equal to the difference between the amount realized and the U.S. Holder’s adjusted tax basis in the ordinary shares.

Capital gains recognized by U.S. Holders generally are subject to U.S. federal income tax at the same rate as ordinary income, except that long-term capital gains recognized by non-corporate U.S. Holders are generally subject to U.S. federal income tax at a maximum rate of 15% for taxable years beginning before January 1, 2013 (and 20% thereafter). Capital gain or loss will constitute long-term capital gain or loss if the U.S. Holder’s holding period for the ordinary shares exceeds one year. The deductibility of capital losses is subject to various limitations.

If PRC taxes would otherwise apply to any gain from the disposition of our ordinary shares by a U.S. Holder, such U.S. Holder may be entitled to a reduction in or elimination of such taxes under the U.S.-PRC Tax Treaty. Any PRC taxes that are paid by a U.S. Holder regarding such gain may be treated as foreign taxes eligible for credit against such Holder’s U.S. federal income tax liability (subject to certain limitations which could reduce or eliminate the available tax credit). U.S. Holders should consult their own tax advisors regarding the creditability of any such PRC tax and their eligibility for the benefits of the U.S.-PRC Tax Treaty.

Additional Taxes After 2012

For taxable years beginning after December 31, 2012, U.S. Holders that are individuals, estates or trusts and whose income exceeds certain thresholds generally will be subject to a 3.8% Medicare contribution tax on unearned income, including, among other things, cash dividends on, and capital gains from the sale or other taxable disposition of, our ordinary shares, subject to certain limitations and exceptions. U.S. Holders should consult their own tax advisors regarding the effect, if any, of such tax on their ownership and disposition of our ordinary shares.

Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules

A foreign (i.e., non-U.S.) corporation will be a PFIC if at least 75% of its gross income in a taxable year of the foreign corporation, including its pro rata share of the gross income of any corporation in which it is considered to own at least 25% of the shares by value, is passive income. Alternatively, a foreign corporation will be a PFIC if at least 50% of its assets in a taxable year of the foreign corporation, ordinarily determined based on fair market value and averaged quarterly over the year, including its pro rata share of the assets of any corporation in which it is considered to own at least 25% of the shares by value, are held for the production of, or produce, passive income. Passive income generally includes dividends, interest, rents and royalties (other than certain rents or royalties derived from the active conduct of a trade or business) and gains from the disposition of passive assets.

The composition of our passive assets during 2008 and 2009, largely consisted of cash and other investment assets. The composition of our passive income in such periods largely consisted of interest. Therefore, it is likely that we qualified as a PFIC regarding our 2008 and 2009 taxable years.

Based on the composition of our assets and the nature of the Company’s income and subsidiaries’ income for our taxable year ended December 31, 2023, we do not expect to be treated as a PFIC for such year under the tax laws as enacted and construed at the present time. But, this conclusion is based in part on our treating the “other receivable” on our balance sheet not as a passive asset for PFIC purposes on the ground that it is an installment note on the sale of stock of an affiliate company that held assets that had been actively used in our manufacturing business.

We believe this conclusion is proper. But, because the matter is not certain, there is no guarantee that the IRS in an audit would agree. If the IRS did not agree, we would likely be treated as a PFIC for both 2023 and 2022.

In addition, our actual PFIC status for our 2022 taxable year or any subsequent taxable year will not be determinable until after the end of such taxable year. Accordingly, there can be no assurance regarding our status as a PFIC for our current taxable year or any future taxable year.

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If we are determined to be a PFIC and a U.S. Holder did not make either a timely qualified electing fund, or QEF, election for our first taxable year as a PFIC in which the U.S. Holder held (or was deemed to hold) ordinary shares, or a mark-to-market election, as described below, such Holder generally will be subject to special rules regarding:

1. any gain recognized by the U.S. Holder on the sale or other disposition of its ordinary shares; and

2. any “excess distribution” made to the U.S. Holder (generally, any distributions to such U.S. Holder during a taxable year of the U.S. Holder that are greater than 125% of the average annual distributions received by such U.S. Holder regarding the ordinary shares during the three preceding taxable years of such U.S. Holder or, if shorter, such U.S. Holder’s holding period for the ordinary shares).

Under these rules:

1. the U.S. Holder’s gain or excess distribution will be allocated ratably over the U.S. Holder’s holding period for the ordinary shares;

2. the amount allocated to the U.S. Holder’s taxable year in which the U.S. Holder recognized the gain or received the excess distribution, or to the period in the U.S. Holder’s holding period before the first day of our first taxable year in which we are a PFIC, will be taxed as ordinary income;

3. the amount allocated to other taxable years (or portions thereof) of the U.S. Holder and included in its holding period will be taxed at the highest tax rate in effect for that year and applicable to the U.S. Holder; and

4. the interest charge generally applicable to underpayments of tax will be imposed regarding the tax attributable to each such year of the U.S. Holder.

In general, a U.S. Holder may avoid the PFIC tax consequences described above in respect to our ordinary shares by making a timely QEF election to include in income its pro rata share of our net capital gains (as long-term capital gain) and other earnings and profits (as ordinary income), on a current basis, in each case whether or not distributed, in the taxable year of the U.S. Holder in which or with which our taxable year ends. There can be no assurance, however, that we will pay current dividends or make other distributions sufficient for a U.S. Holder who makes a QEF election to satisfy the tax liability attributable to income inclusions under the QEF rules, and the U.S. Holder may have to pay the resulting tax from its other assets. A U.S. Holder may make a separate election to defer the payment of taxes on undistributed income inclusions under the QEF rules, but if deferred, any such taxes will be subject to an interest charge.

The QEF election is made on a shareholder-by-shareholder basis and, once made, can be revoked only with the consent of the IRS. A U.S. Holder generally makes a QEF election by attaching a completed IRS Form 8621 (Return by a Shareholder of a Passive Foreign Investment Company or Qualified Electing Fund), including the information provided in a PFIC annual information statement, to a timely filed U.S. federal income tax return for the tax year to which the election relates.

Retroactive QEF elections generally may be made only by filing a protective statement with such return and if certain other conditions are met or with the consent of the IRS. To comply with the requirements of a QEF election, a U.S. Holder must receive certain information from us. Upon request from a U.S. Holder, we will endeavor to provide to the U.S. Holder no later than 90 days after the request such information as the IRS may require, including a PFIC annual information statement, in order to enable the U.S. Holder to make and maintain a QEF election. However, there is no assurance that we will have timely knowledge of our status as a PFIC in the future or of the required information to be provided.

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If a U.S. Holder has made a QEF election regarding our ordinary shares, and the special tax and interest charge rules do not apply to such shares (because of a timely QEF election for our first taxable year as a PFIC in which the U.S. Holder holds (or is deemed to hold) such shares), any gain recognized on the appreciation of our ordinary shares generally will be taxable as capital gain and no interest charge will be imposed. As discussed above, U.S. Holders of a QEF are currently taxed on their pro rata shares of its earnings and profits, whether or not distributed. In such case, a subsequent distribution of such earnings and profits that were previously included in income generally should not be taxable as a dividend to those U.S. Holders who made a QEF election. The tax basis of a U.S. Holder’s shares in a QEF will be increased by amounts that are included in income, and decreased by amounts distributed but not taxed as dividends, under the above rules. Similar basis adjustments apply to property if by reason of holding such property the U.S. Holder is treated under the applicable attribution rules as owning shares in a QEF.

A determination as to our PFIC status will be made annually. But, an initial determination that our company is a PFIC will generally apply for subsequent years to a U.S. Holder who held ordinary shares while we were a PFIC, whether or not we meet the test for PFIC status in those years. A U.S. Holder who makes the QEF election discussed above for our first taxable year as a PFIC in which the U.S. Holder holds (or is deemed to hold) our ordinary shares, however, will not be subject to the PFIC tax and interest charge rules discussed above in respect to such shares. In addition, such U.S. Holder will not be subject to the QEF inclusion regime regarding such shares for any taxable year of ours that ends within or with a taxable year of the U.S. Holder and in which we are not a PFIC. But, if the QEF election is not effective for each of our taxable years in which we are a PFIC and the U.S. Holder holds (or is deemed to hold) our ordinary shares, the PFIC rules discussed above will continue to apply to such shares unless the Holder makes a purging election, and pays the tax and interest charge regarding the gain inherent in such shares attributable to the pre-QEF election period.

Alternatively, if a U.S. Holder, at the close of its taxable year, owns shares in a PFIC that are treated as marketable stock, the U.S. Holder may make a mark-to-market election regarding such shares for such taxable year. If the U.S. Holder makes a valid mark-to-market election for the first taxable year of the U.S. Holder in which the U.S. Holder holds (or is deemed to hold) shares in us and for which we are determined to be a PFIC, such Holder generally will not be subject to the PFIC rules described above in respect to its ordinary shares. Instead, in general, the U.S. Holder will include as ordinary income each year the excess, if any, of the fair market value of its ordinary shares at the end of its taxable year over the adjusted basis in its ordinary shares. The U.S. Holder also will be allowed to take an ordinary loss regarding the excess, if any, of the adjusted basis of its ordinary shares over the fair market value of its ordinary shares at the end of its taxable year (but only to the extent of the net amount of previously included income as a result of the mark-to-market election). The U.S. Holder’s basis in its ordinary shares will be adjusted to reflect any such income or loss amounts, and any further gain recognized on a sale or other taxable disposition of the ordinary shares will be treated as ordinary income.

The mark-to-market election is available only for stock that is regularly traded on a national securities exchange that is registered with the SEC, or on a foreign exchange or market that the IRS determines has rules sufficient to establish that the market price represents a legitimate and sound fair market value. Although we became listed on the NASDAQ Stock Market in December 2010, if we are not able to maintain such a listing, it is anticipated that our ordinary shares would continue to be quoted and traded only on the OTC Bulletin Board. If our ordinary shares were to be quoted and traded only on the OTC Bulletin Board, such shares may not currently qualify as marketable stock for purposes of the election. U.S. Holders should consult their own tax advisors regarding the availability and tax consequences of a mark-to-market election in respect to our ordinary shares under their particular circumstances.

If we are a PFIC and, at any time, have a foreign subsidiary that is classified as a PFIC, U.S. Holders generally would be deemed to own a portion of the shares of such lower-tier PFIC, and generally could incur liability for the deferred tax and interest charge described above if we receive a distribution from, or dispose of all or part of our interest in, the lower-tier PFIC. Upon request, we will endeavor to cause any lower-tier PFIC to provide to a U.S. Holder no later than 90 days after the request the information that may be required to make or maintain a QEF election regarding the lower-tier PFIC. However, there is no assurance that we will have timely knowledge of the status of any such lower-tier PFIC or will be able to cause the lower-tier PFIC to provide the required information. U.S. Holders are urged to consult their own tax advisors regarding the tax issues raised by lower-tier PFICs.

If a U.S. Holder owns (or is deemed to own) shares during any year in a PFIC, such Holder may have to file an IRS Form 8621 (whether or not a QEF election or mark-to-market election is made).

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The rules dealing with PFICs and with the QEF and mark-to-market elections are very complex and are affected by various factors in addition to those described above. Accordingly, U.S. Holders of our ordinary shares should consult their own tax advisors concerning the application of the PFIC rules to our ordinary shares under their particular circumstances.

Tax Consequences to Non-U.S. Holders of Ordinary Shares

Dividends paid to a non-U.S. Holder in respect to its ordinary shares generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income tax, unless the dividends are effectively in connection with the non-U.S. Holder’s conduct of a trade or business within the U.S. (and, if required by an applicable income tax treaty, are attributable to a permanent establishment or fixed base that such Holder maintains in the U.S.).

In addition, a non-U.S. Holder generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income tax on any gain attributable to a sale or other disposition of our ordinary shares, unless such gain is effectively in connection with its conduct of a trade or business in the U.S. (and, if required by an applicable income tax treaty, is attributable to a permanent establishment or fixed base that such Holder maintains in the U.S.) or the non-U.S. Holder is an individual who is present in the U.S. for 183 days or more in the taxable year of sale or other disposition and certain other conditions are met (in which case, such gain from U.S. sources generally is subject to tax at a 30% rate or a lower applicable tax treaty rate).

Dividends and gains that are effectively in connection with the non-U.S. Holder’s conduct of a trade or business in the U.S. (and, if required by an applicable income tax treaty, are attributable to a permanent establishment or fixed base in the U.S.) generally will be subject to tax in the same manner as for a U.S. Holder and, in the case of a non-U.S. Holder that is a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes, may also be subject to an additional branch profits tax at a 30% rate or a lower applicable tax treaty rate.

Backup Withholding and Information Reporting

In general, information reporting for U.S. federal income tax purposes should apply to distributions made on our ordinary shares within the U.S. to a non-corporate U.S. Holder and to the proceeds from sales and other dispositions of our ordinary shares by a non-corporate U.S. Holder to or through a U.S. office of a broker. Payments made (and sales and other dispositions effected at an office) outside the U.S. will be subject to information reporting in limited circumstances. In addition, backup withholding of United States federal income tax, currently at a rate of 28%, generally will apply to dividends paid on our ordinary shares to a non-corporate U.S. Holder and the proceeds from sales and other dispositions of shares by a non-corporate U.S. Holder, in each case who:

1. fails to provide an accurate taxpayer identification number;

2. is notified by the IRS that backup withholding is required; or

3. in certain circumstances, fails to comply with applicable certification requirements.

Unless current individual income tax rates are extended, the backup withholding rate will increase to 31% for payments made on or after January 1, 2013. A non-U.S. Holder generally may eliminate the requirement for information reporting and backup withholding by providing certification of its foreign status, under penalties of perjury, on a duly executed applicable IRS Form W-8 or by otherwise establishing an exemption.

Backup withholding is not an additional tax. Rather, the amount of any backup withholding will be allowed as a credit against a U.S. Holder’s or a non-U.S. Holder’s U.S. federal income tax liability and may entitle such Holder to a refund, provided that certain required information is timely furnished to the IRS. Holders are urged to consult their own tax advisors regarding the application of backup withholding and the availability of and procedure for obtaining an exemption from backup withholding in their particular circumstances.

For taxable years beginning after March 18, 2010, individual U.S. Holders may be required to report ownership of our ordinary shares and certain related information on their individual federal income tax returns in certain circumstances. Generally, this reporting requirement will apply if: (1) the ordinary shares are held in an account of the individual U.S. Holder maintained with a “foreign financial institution”; or (2) the ordinary shares are not held in an account maintained with a “financial institution,” as such terms are defined in the Code. The reporting obligation will not apply to an individual, however, unless the total aggregate value of the individual’s foreign financial assets exceeds $50,000 during a taxable year.

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For clarification, this reporting requirement should not apply to ordinary shares held in an account with a U.S. brokerage firm. Not complying with this reporting requirement, if it applies, will result in substantial penalties. In certain circumstances, additional tax and other reporting requirements may apply. U.S. Holders of our ordinary shares are advised to consult with their own tax advisors concerning all such reporting requirements.

F. Dividends and paying agents.

Not applicable.

G. Statement by experts.

Not applicable.

H. Documents on display.

We are subject to the periodic reporting and other informational requirements of the Exchange Act. Under the Exchange Act, we are required to file reports and other information with the SEC. Specifically, we are required to file annually a Form 20-F no later than four months after the close of each fiscal year and submit other information under cover of Form 6-K. Annual report and other information we file with the SEC may be inspected at the public reference facilities maintained by the SEC at Room 1024, 100 F. Street, N.E., Washington, D.C. 20549, and copies of all or any part thereof may be obtained from such offices upon payment of the prescribed fees. You may call the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330 for further information on the operation of the public reference rooms and you can request copies of the documents upon payment of a duplicating fee, by writing to the SEC. In addition, the SEC maintains a web site that contains reports and other information regarding registrants (including us) that file electronically with the SEC which can be accessed at www.sec.gov.

Our Internet website is www.troops.co. We make our annual report on Form 20-F and any amendments to such reports available free of charge on our website as soon as reasonably practicable following the electronic filing of each report with the SEC. In addition, we provide copies of our filings free of charge upon request. The information contained on our website is not part of this or any other report filed with or furnished to the SEC.

As a foreign private issuer, we are exempt from the proxy requirements of Section 14 of the Exchange Act and our officers, directors and principal shareholders will be exempt from the insider short-swing disclosure and profit recovery rules of Section 16 of the Exchange Act.

I. Subsidiary Information

Not required.

ITEM 11. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURE ABOUT MARKET RISK

Concentration of credit risk

Credit risk is one of the most significant risks for the Company’s business and arise principally in lending activities.

Credit risk on loans receivable is controlled by the application of credit approvals, limits and monitoring procedures. To minimize credit risk, the Company requires collateral primarily in the form of rights to property.

The provision for loan losses is maintained at a level considered adequate to provide for losses that can be reasonably anticipated. Management performs a quarterly evaluation of the adequacy of the provision. The provision is based on the Company’s past loan loss history, known and inherent risks of the borrower, adverse situations that may affect the borrower’s ability to repay, the estimated value of any underlying collateral, current economic conditions and other relevant factors. This evaluation is inherently subjective as it requires material estimates that may be susceptible to significant revision as more information becomes available.

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The Company originates loans to customers located primarily in Hong Kong. This geographic concentration of credit exposes the Company to a higher degree of risk associated with this economic region. Prior to January 1, 2020, the Company mainly reflects the “probability of default” by the customer on its contractual obligations and considers the current financial position of the customer and the exposures to the customer and its likely future development. For individual customers, the Company uses standard approval procedures to manage credit risk for personal loans.

The Company adopted Accounting Standard Update (ASU) 2016-13, Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (codified as Accounting Standard Codification Topic 326), since January 1, 2020, which requires measurement and recognition of current expected credit losses for financial instruments held at amortized cost. The Company’s loans receivable and interest receivable are within the scope of ASC Topic 326.

The reversal of provision for loan losses of $0.05 million and $0.97 million, provision for loan losses of $1.39 million was recognized for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

The Company’s accounts receivable, loans receivable, interest receivable, other receivables and prepayments and deposit for acquisition of a subsidiary are within the scope of ASC Topic 326.

To estimate expected credit losses as of December 31, 2023, the Company has conducted an assessment of expected credit loss of loan and interest receivables (“Financial Assets”) held by the Company and together with its subsidiaries. The Financial Assets are outstanding loans receivable, net of reversal of provision for loan losses, from the money lending business in a total amount of $19.68 million (“Principal”) and $0.04 million (“Interest”) respectively.

Movement of the provision for loan losses and interest receivable are as follows:

(In thousands of U.S. dollars)

	For the years ended December 31,
	2023		2022
Balance as of January 1	$	2,072	$	3,558
Provisions for doubtful accounts
Personal loans		51		1
Corporate loans		236		1
Write offs		—		(513)
Recoveries of amounts previously charged off		(336)		(975)
Balance as of December 31		2,023		2,072

Movement of the provision for account receivable, other receivables and prepayments, deposit for acquisition of a subsidiary are as follows:

(In thousands of U.S. dollars)

	For the years ended December 31,
	2023		2022
Balance as of January 1	$	135	$	132
Provisions for doubtful accounts		8		3
Write offs		—		—
Recoveries of amounts previously charged off		(135)		—
Changes due to foreign exchange		—		—
Balance as of December 31		8		135

As of December 31, 2023, the loans receivable due from 2 customers accounted for 17% and 21% of total loan receivable. As of December 31, 2023, no other customer accounted for more than 10% of total loan balance.

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As of December 31, 2022, the loans receivable due from 4 customers accounted for 11%, 14%, 20% and 23% of total loan receivable. As of December 31, 2022, no other customer accounted for more than 10% of total loan balance.

Concentration of customer

Revenue from 2 major customers accounted for 23% and 11% of the Company’s total revenues, for the year ended December 31, 2023. No other single customer accounted for more than 10% of the Company’s total revenues, for the year ended December 31, 2023.

Revenue from 2 major customers accounted for 18% and 13% of the Company’s total revenues, for the year ended December 31, 2022. No other single customer accounted for more than 10% of the Company’s total revenues, for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Concentration of geographic area

The Company does not allocate its assets located and expenses incurred outside Hong Kong to its reportable segments because these assets and activities are managed at a corporate level (Note 17).

Geographic area data is based on product shipment destination. In accordance with the enterprise-wide disclosure requirements of the accounting standard, the Company’s net revenue from external customers by geographic areas is as follows:

(In thousands of U.S. dollars)

	For the year ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Hong Kong		3,442		3,595		3,489
Australia		127		278		194
Total	$	3,569	$	3,873	$	3,683

Concentration of supplier

Cost from 1 major supplier accounted for 15% of the Company’s total cost of revenues, for the year ended December 31, 2023. No other single supplier accounted for more than 10% of the Company’s total cost of revenues, for the year ended December 31, 2023.

Cost from 1 major supplier accounted for 14% of the Company’s total cost of revenues, for the year ended December 31, 2022. No other single supplier accounted for more than 10% of the Company’s total cost of revenues, for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Concentration of deposit institution of cash and bank deposit

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, majority of the Company’s cash is deposited in banks located in Hong Kong. In Hong Kong, Deposit Protection Scheme is in place which protects eligible deposits held with banks in Hong Kong. Hong Kong Deposit Protection Board will compensate up to a limit of HKD500,000 to each depositor if the bank which hold eligible deposits fails.

As of March 31, 2024, the Company had $2.28 million cash and bank deposits. The Company held seven bank accounts with total amount of $0.31 million cash deposited in Alpen Baruch Bank Limited which is an international bank situated in Vanuatu. There is no Deposit Protection Scheme in place which protects eligible deposits held with banks in Vanuatu. As of December 31, 2023, the Company had $3.11 million cash and bank deposits. The Company held seven bank accounts with total amount of $0.42 million cash deposited in Alpen Baruch Bank Limited which is an international bank situated in Vanuatu. There is no Deposit Protection Scheme in place which protects eligible deposits held with banks in Vanuatu.

Eligible deposits include all types of ordinary deposits such as current accounts, savings accounts, secured deposits and time deposits with a maturity not exceeding five years. Eligible deposits are protected regardless of the currency in which the deposits are

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Foreign currency risk

Certain transactions of the Company are denominated in HKD which is different from the functional currency of the Company, and therefore the Company is exposed to foreign currency risk. As the HKD is currently pegged to the USD, management considers that there is no significant foreign currency risk arising from the Company’s monetary assets denominated in USD.

The Company currently does not have a foreign currency hedging policy. However, the management monitors foreign exchange exposure and will consider hedging significant foreign exchange exposure should the need arise.

ITEM 12. DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES OTHER THAN EQUITY SECURITIES

Not applicable.

PART II

ITEM 13. DEFAULTS, DIVIDEND ARREARAGES AND DELINQUENCIES

We have not had a default of any indebtedness, and there has not been any arrearage in the payment of dividends.

ITEM 14. MATERIAL MODIFICATIONS TO THE RIGHTS OF SECURITY HOLDERS AND USE OF PROCEEDS

None.

ITEM 15. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our management, with the participation of our CEO, Raleigh Siu Lau and Chief Financial Officer, Mr. Chung Hang Lui, has performed an evaluation of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures within the meaning of Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Exchange Act as of the end of the period covered by this annual report. Based on such evaluation, our management has concluded that, as of the end of the period covered by this annual report, our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective to provide reasonable assurance that material information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file with, or submit to, the SEC under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in by the SEC’s rules and regulations. This determination was primarily due to the identification of the material weaknesses identified in our internal control over financial reporting discussed below.

Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f). Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our CEO and CFO, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. Our management assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023. In making this assessment, it used the criteria established in the updated framework in the Internal Control — Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission in 1992 and updated in May 2013 issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission, or COSO. Based on this evaluation, management concluded that the Company's internal control over financial reporting is not effective as of December 31, 2023, due to material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting, as further described below. The effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023 has been audited by Audit Alliance LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report that appears herein.

The specific material weaknesses we identified in our internal control over financial reporting consist of the following:

- The Company has inadequate documentation on internal control over financial reporting;

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- The Company does not maintain documentation on operating effectiveness tests of internal control over financial reporting;

- The Company has limited written documentation on monitoring loan risk assessment on a regular basis;

- The Company has lack of sufficient controls and policies on loan credit risk monitoring in post-loan management, on a regular basis;

- The Company has inadequate control procedures on monitoring expired loans and overdue principal and interest payments;

- The lack of sufficient qualified accounting personnel with appropriate understanding of U.S. GAAP and SEC reporting requirements commensurate with the Company’s financial reporting requirements, which resulted in a number of internal control deficiencies. Also, as a small-scale company, the Company does not have sufficient internal control personnel to set up adequate review functions at each reporting level.

In order to cure the foregoing material weaknesses, we have taken or are taking the following remediation measures:

1. We are seeking additional accounting and internal control staff with relevant U.S. GAAP accounting, SEC reporting and internal control experience, skills and knowledge in improving standards and procedures according to the requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act;

2. We are in the process of hiring a chief financial officer with significant U.S. GAAP and SEC reporting experience;

3. We plan to provide further training to TROOPS’s finance staff to enhance their understanding of TROOPS’s internal control policies and procedures, including participating in training programs relating to U.S. GAAP accounting and internal control;

4. We plan to hire additional staff to enhance and monitor the control procedures for money lending operations;

5. We plan to implement stringent written documentation and information to capture the borrower’s credit risk adequately.

6. We plan to hire professional consultant to review and assist the company to implement proper controls and policies on the company’s money lending operations.

The Company recognizes that the material weaknesses in its internal control over financial reporting will not be considered remediated until the remediated measures operate for a sufficient period of time and can be tested and concluded by management to be designed and operating effectively. Because the Company’s remediation efforts are ongoing, it cannot provide any assurance that these remediation efforts will be successful or that its internal control over financial reporting will be effective as a result of these efforts.

The Company continues to evaluate and work to improve its internal control over financial reporting related to the identified material weaknesses, and management may determine to take additional measures to address control deficiencies or determine to modify the remediation plan described above. In addition, the Company will report the progress and status of the above remediation efforts to the Audit Committee on a periodic basis.

All internal control systems, no matter how well designed, have inherent limitations. Even systems determined to be effective can only provide reasonable assurance regarding financial statement preparation and presentation and may not prevent or detect misstatements. In addition, any evaluation of effectiveness in future periods is subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in future conditions.

Despite that, management believes that the consolidated financial statements included in this annual report on Form 20-F present fairly the consolidated financial position, results of operations and cash flows of TROOPS for the fiscal year covered.

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Attestation report of the registered public accounting firm

This annual report includes an attestation report of our registered public accounting firm regarding internal control over financial reporting that appears herein.

Changes in internal control over financial reporting

Except for the matters described above, there have been no changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) of the Exchange Act) that occurred during the year ended December 31, 2023 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal controls over financial reporting.

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM ON INTERNAL CONTROL OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING

To the Stockholders and Board of Directors of TROOPS, Inc.

Adverse Opinion on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

We have audited TROOPS, Inc.’s (the “Company”) internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.

In our opinion, because of the effect of the material weaknesses described in the following paragraph on the achievement of the objectives of the control criteria, the Company has not maintained effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.

A material weakness is a control deficiency, or combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the Company’s annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. The following material weaknesses have been identified and included in “Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting”:

● The Company has inadequate documentation on internal control over financial reporting;

● The Company does not maintain documentation on operating effectiveness tests of internal control over financial reporting;

● The Company has limited written documentation on monitoring loan risk assessment on a regular basis;

● The Company has lack of sufficient controls and policies on loan credit risk monitoring in post-loan management, on a regular basis;

● The Company has inadequate control procedures on monitoring expired loans and overdue principal and interest payments;

● The lack of sufficient qualified accounting personnel with appropriate understanding of U.S. GAAP and SEC reporting requirements commensurate with the Company’s financial reporting requirements, which resulted in a number of internal control deficiencies. Also, as a small-scale company, the Company does not have sufficient internal control personnel to set up adequate review functions at each reporting level.

These material weaknesses were considered in determining the nature, timing and extent of audit tests applied in our audit of the fiscal December 31, 2023 consolidated financial statements, and this report does not affect our report dated April 29, 2024 on those financial statements.

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We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”), the consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 and the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss, changes in stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, of the Company and our report dated April 29, 2024 expressed an unqualified opinion on those financial statements.

Basis for Opinion

The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying “Management Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting.” Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of the inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

/s/ Audit Alliance LLP

Audit Alliance LLP

Singapore

April 29, 2024

ITEM 16A. AUDIT COMMITTEE FINANCIAL EXPERT

Our Board of Directors has determined that Mr. Sze is an audit committee financial expert, and is independent for the purposes of the NASDAQ Listing Rules and Rule 10A-3 under the Exchange Act.

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ITEM 16B. CODE OF ETHICS

We have adopted a Code of Ethics that applies to our directors, officers and employees. The Code of Ethics is designed to deter wrongdoing and to promote ethical conduct and full, fair, accurate, timely and understandable reports that the Company files or submits to the SEC and others. We have filed our Code of Ethics and Conduct as an exhibit to this annual report.

ITEM 16C. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES

The following table sets forth the aggregate fees by categories specified below in connection with certain professional services rendered by our principal external independent registered public accountant firms in 2023 and 2022.

(In thousands of U.S. dollars)

	2023		2022
Audit Fee	$	280	$	244
Audit-Related Fees		—		—
Tax fees		—		—
Total	$	280	$	244

Audit Fees

Audit fees represent the aggregate fees billed for the audit of our annual financial statements, review of our interim financial statements, review of registration statements or services that are normally provided in connection with statutory and regulatory filings or engagements for those fiscal years.

Audit-Related Fees

There were no other audit-related fees billed by the principal accountant during the last two fiscal years for assurance and related services that were reasonably related to the performance of the audit not reported under “Audit Fees” above.

Audit Committee Pre-Approval Policies and Procedures

The Audit Committee of the Board of Directors on an annual basis reviews audit and non-audit services performed by the independent auditors. All audit and non-audit services are pre-approved by the Audit Committee, which considers, among other things, the possible effect of the performance of such services on the auditors’ independence.

ITEM 16D. EXEMPTIONS FROM THE LISTING STANDARDS FOR AUDIT COMMITTEES

None.

ITEM 16E. PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES BY THE ISSUER AND AFFILIATED PURCHASERS

Not applicable.

ITEM 16F. CHANGES IN REGISTRANT’S CERTIFYING ACCOUNTANT

On September 7, 2022, the Board of Directors of TROOPS, Inc. approved the dismissal of Yu Certified Public Accountant, P.C (“Yu CPA”) as the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm, effective immediately.

Yu CPA’s reports on the financial statements of the Company for each of the fiscal years ended December 31, 2020 and 2021 did not contain an adverse opinion or disclaimer of opinion, and was not qualified or modified as to uncertainty, audit scope or accounting principles. There were no disagreements between the Company and Yu CPA on any matter of accounting principles or practices, financial statement disclosure, or auditing scope or procedure which disagreement(s), if not resolved to Yu CPA’s satisfaction, would

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have caused Yu CPA to make reference to the subject matter of the disagreements in their reports on the Company’s consolidated financial statements for such periods.

During the Company’s years ended December 31, 2020 and 2021 and through September 7, 2022, there were no “reportable events” (defined below) requiring disclosure pursuant to Item 16F(a)(1)(iv) of Form 20-F. As used herein, the term “reportable event” means any of the items listed in paragraphs (a)(1)(v)(A)-(D) of Item 16F of Form 20-F.

The Company has provided Yu CPA with a copy of the foregoing disclosures and has requested that Yu CPA review such disclosures and provide a letter addressed to the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) as specified by Item 16F(a)(3) of Form 20-F. Attached as Exhibit 99.1 is a copy of Yu CPA’s letter addressed to the SEC relating to the statements made by the Company in this Report on Form 6-K.

On September 7, 2022, the audit committee of the board of directors of TROOPS, Inc. approved the appointment of WWC, P.C. as the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm to perform independent audit services for the year ended December 31, 2022.

During the two fiscal years ended December 31, 2020 and 2021 and through September 7, 2022, neither the Company nor anyone on its behalf consulted WWC, P.C. regarding either (i) the application of accounting principles to a specified transaction, either completed or proposed, or on the type of audit opinion that might be rendered on the consolidated financial statements of the Company, and neither a written report nor oral advice was provided to the Company that WWC, P.C. concluded was an important factor considered by the Company in reaching a decision as to any accounting, auditing or financial reporting issue; or (ii) any matter that was either the subject of a disagreement or a reportable event as described above.

On March 3, 2023, the Board of Directors of TROOPS, Inc. has approved the dismissal of WWC, P.C. as the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm.

During the period that began when the WWC, P.C. was retained and through March 3, 2023, there was no disagreement between the Company and the WWC, P.C. on any matter of accounting principles or practices, financial statement disclosure, or auditing scope or procedure, which disagreement, if not resolved to the satisfaction of the WWC, P.C., would have caused it to make reference to the subject matter of such disagreement in connection with its audit report on such financial statements.

The Company has provided WWC, P.C. with a copy of the foregoing disclosures and has requested that WWC, P.C. review such disclosures and provide a letter addressed to the SEC as specified by Item 16F(a)(3) of Form 20-F. Attached as Exhibit 16.1 is a copy of WWC, P.C.’s letter addressed to the SEC relating to the statements made by the Company in this Report on Form 6-K.

On March 3, 2023, the audit committee of the board of directors of TROOPS, Inc. approved the appointment of Audit Alliance LLP as the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm to perform independent audit services for the year ended December 31, 2022.

During the two fiscal years ended December 31, 2021 and 2022 and through March 3, 2023, neither the Company nor anyone on its behalf consulted Audit Alliance LLP regarding either (i) the application of accounting principles to a specified transaction, either completed or proposed, or on the type of audit opinion that might be rendered on the consolidated financial statements of the Company, and neither a written report nor oral advice was provided to the Company that Audit Alliance LLP concluded was an important factor considered by the Company in reaching a decision as to any accounting, auditing or financial reporting issue; or (ii) any matter that was either the subject of a disagreement or a reportable event as described above.

ITEM 16G. CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

There are no material differences in our corporate governance practices from those of U.S. domestic companies under the listing standards of NASDAQ.

ITEM 16H. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE

Not applicable.

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PART III

ITEM 17. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

We have elected to provide financial statements pursuant to Item 18.

ITEM 18. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Our consolidated financial statements are included at the end of this annual report.

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ITEM 19. EXHIBITS

Exhibit Number	Description of Exhibit
1.1	Amended and Restated Memorandum and Articles of Association of the Company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Form F-1 (file no. 333-170674) filed on December 15, 2010)
2.1	Warrant Agreement by and between the Company and the warrant agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of the Company’s Form 6-K filed on February 18, 2010)
2.2	Amendment No. 1 to the Warrant Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of the Company’s Form 6-K filed on March 16, 2010)
2.3	Unit Purchase Option issued to the underwriter in the Company’s initial public offering (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.6 to the Company’s Form S-1 (file no. 333-146147) filed February 1, 2008)
2.4	Escrow Agreement by and among escrow agent, the shareholders of Honesty Group and the initial sponsors of the Company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.6 to the Company’s Form F-1 (file no. 333-146147) filed August 5, 2010)
2.5	Amendment No 1 to Escrow Agreement dated April 17, 2012 among escrow agent, the former shareholder of Honesty Group, the initial sponsors of the Company and TROOPS, Inc.. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.5 to the Company’s Form 20-F (file no. 001-35016) filed August 30, 2012)
2.6	Sponsors Agreement, dated as of February 12, 2010, among Sun Zone Investments Limited, Sze Kit Ting, Robert Eu, W.R. Hambrecht + Co., LLC, Hambrecht 1980 Revocable Trust, AEX Enterprises Limited, John Wang, Marbella Capital Partners LLC., Cannon Family Irrevocable Trust and Shea Ventures LLC., and Hambrecht Asia Acquisition Corp. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.16 to the Company’s Form F-1 (file no. 333-146147) filed August 5, 2010)
2.7	Amendment No. 1 to Sponsors Agreement, dated as of March 11, 2010, among Sun Zone Investments Limited, Sze Kit Ting, Robert Eu, W.R. Hambrecht + Co., LLC, Hambrecht 1980 Revocable Trust, AEX Enterprises Limited, John Wang, Marbella Capital Partners LLC., Cannon Family Irrevocable Trust and Shea Ventures LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.17 to the Company’s Form F-1 (file no. 333-146147) filed August 5, 2010)
2.8	Amendment No 2 to Sponsor Agreement dated April 17, 2012 among Sun Zone Investments Limited, Sze Kit Ting Robert Eu, W.R. Hambrecht + Co., LLC, Hambrecht 1980 Revocable Trust, AEX Enterprises Limited, John Wang, Marbella Capital Partners LLC., Cannon Family Irrevocable Trust and Shea Ventures LLC., and TROOPS, Inc.. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.8 to the Company’s Form 20-F (file no. 001-35016) filed August 30, 2012)
2.9	Amendment No 2 to Escrow Agreement dated February 26, 2013 among escrow agent, the former shareholder of Honesty Group, the initial sponsors of the Company and TROOPS, Inc.. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.9 to the Company’s Form 20-F (file no. 001-35016) filed April 19, 2013)
2.10	Amendment No 3 to Sponsor Agreement dated February 26, 2013 among Sun Zone Investments Limited, Sze Kit Ting Robert Eu, W.R. Hambrecht + Co., LLC, Hambrecht 1980 Revocable Trust, AEX Enterprises Limited, John Wang, Marbella Capital Partners LLC., Cannon Family Irrevocable Trust and Shea Ventures LLC., and TROOPS, Inc.. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.10 to the Company’s Form 20-F (file no. 001-35016) filed April 19, 2013)
4.1	English Translation of Business License for Beijing SGOCO Image Technology Co., Ltd. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.6 to the Company’s Form 20-F (file no. 001-35016) filed August 30, 2012)
4.2	English Translation of Business License for SGOCO (Shenzhen) Technology Co., Ltd. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.7 to the Company’s Form 20-F (file no. 001-35016) filed April 22, 2014)
4.3	Sale and Purchase Agreement dated November 15, 2011, by and between Apex Flourish Group Limited and TROOPS, Inc.. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.7 to the Company’s Form 20-F (file no. 001-35016) filed August 30, 2012)
4.4	English Translation of Sale and Purchase Agreement dated December 24, 2014, by and between Apex Flourish Group Limited and TROOPS, Inc. in respect of the transfer of share equity of SGOCO (Fujian) Electronic Co., Ltd. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.10 to the Company’s Form 20-F (file no. 001-35016) filed May 15, 2015)
4.5	Sale and Purchase Agreement dated December 28, 2015, by and between SGOCO International Limited and Richly Conqueror Limited in respect of the transfer of share equity of Boca International Limited. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.11 to the Company’s Form 20-F (file no. 001-35016) filed May 16, 2016)
4.6	Supplemental Agreement to Sale and Purchase Agreement of Boca International Limited dated February 29, 2016, by and between SGOCO International Limited and Richly Conqueror Limited. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.12 to the Company’s Form 20-F (file no. 001-35016) filed May 16, 2016)
4.7	Convertible Note by and between the Company and JSJ Investments Inc. dated June 3, 2015. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.13 to the Company’s Form 20-F (file no. 001-35016) filed May 16, 2016)
4.8	Securities Purchase Agreement by and between the Company and LG Capital Funding, LLC dated June 10, 2015. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.14 to the Company’s Form 20-F (file no. 001-35016) filed May 16, 2016)
4.9	Securities Purchase Agreement by and between the Company and Service Trading Company, LLC dated June 11, 2015. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.15 to the Company’s Form 20-F (file no. 001-35016) filed May 16, 2016)
4.10	Securities Purchase Agreement by and between the Company and Adar Bays, LLC dated June 11, 2015. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.16 to the Company’s Form 20-F (file no. 001-35016) filed May 16, 2016)

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4.11	Securities Purchase Agreement by and between the Company and Vis Vires Group, Inc. dated June 25, 2015. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.17 to the Company’s Form 20-F (file no. 001-35016) filed May 16, 2016)
4.12	Securities Purchase Agreement by and between the Company and Black Forest Capital, LLC dated July 17, 2015. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.18 to the Company’s Form 20-F (file no. 001-35016) filed May 16, 2016)
4.13	Securities Purchase Agreement by and between the Company and Crown Bridge Partners, LLC dated September 11, 2015. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.19 to the Company’s Form 20-F (file no. 001-35016) filed May 16, 2016)
4.14	Share Purchase Agreement by and between the Company and an Investor dated May 9, 2016. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.20 to the Company’s Form 20-F (file no. 001-35016) filed May 16, 2016)
4.15	Securities Purchase Agreement by and between the Company and an Investor dated March 20, 2017. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Form 6-K (file no. 001-35016) filed on March 20, 2017)
4.16	Securities Purchase Agreement by and between the Company and Investors dated April 5, 2017. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Form 6-K (file no. 001-35016) filed on April 6, 2017)
4.17	Sale and Purchase Agreement dated April 23, 2017, by and between SGOCO International Limited and Full Linkage Limited in respect of the transfer of share equity of Century Skyway Limited. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.23 to the Company’s Form 20-F (file no. 001-35016) filed May 15, 2017)
4.18	Securities Purchase Agreement by and between the Company and Investors dated November 13, 2017. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Form 6-K (file no. 001-35016) filed on November 14, 2017)
4.19	Sale and Purchase Agreement dated December 22, 2017, by and between Giant Connection Limited and Luk Lai Ching Kimmy in respect of the transfer of share equity of Giant Credit Limited. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Form 6-K (file no. 001-35016) filed on December 26, 2017)
4.20	Sale and Purchase Agreement dated February 22, 2018, by and between Giant Connection Limited and Vagas Lane Limited in respect of the transfer of share equity of 11 Hau Fook Street Limited. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Form 6-K (file no. 001-35016) filed on February 23, 2018)
4.21	Convertible Note Purchase Agreement by and between the Company and Lin So Chun dated April 18, 2018. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Form 6-K (file no. 001-35016) filed April 19, 2018)
4.22	Sale and Purchase Agreement dated May 21, 2018, by and between Giant Connection Limited and Leung Iris Chi Yu in respect of the transfer of share equity of Paris Sky Limited. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Form 6-K (file no. 001-35016) filed on May 21, 2018)
4.23	Sale and Purchase Agreement dated February 5, 2019, by and between Paris Sky Limited and Kwok Man Yee Elvis in respect of the transfer of share equity of Vision Lane Limited. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Form 6-K (file no. 001-35016) filed on February 6, 2019)
4.24	Sale and Purchase Agreement dated September 20, 2019, by and between Ho Pui Lung and SGOCO International (HK) Limited. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Form 6-K (file no. 001-35016) filed on October 3, 2019)
4.25	Sale and Purchase Agreement dated December 23, 2019, by and between TROOPS, Inc. and Victor Or in respect of the transfer of share equity of Giant Financial Services Limited. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Form 6-K (file no. 001-35016) filed on December 26, 2019)
4.26	Securities Purchase Agreement by and between the Company and an Investor dated April 17, 2020. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Form 6-K (file no. 001-35016) filed on April 20, 2020)
8.1*	List of Subsidiaries (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 8.1 to the Company’s Form 20-F (file no. 001-35016) filed July 7, 2021)
11.1	TROOPS, Inc.’s Code of Ethics and Conduct (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.1 to the Company’s Form F-1 (file no. 333-170674) filed December 15, 2010)
12.1*	Certification by Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
12.2*	Certification by Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
13.1*	Certification by Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
15.1*	Consent of Audit Alliance LLP
15.2*	Consent of Yu Certified Public Accountant, P.C.
97.1*	TROOPS, Inc.’s Clawback policy adopted on November 17, 2023
101 *	The following financial information from the annual report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021, formatted in XBRL (Extensible Business Reporting Language) and filed electronically herewith: (i) the Consolidated Balance Sheets; (ii) the Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income; (iii) the Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity; (iv) the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows; and (v) the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
104	Cover Page Interactive Data File - The cover page interactive data file does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document

*    Filed herewith

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SIGNATURE

The registrant hereby certifies that it meets all of the requirements for filing on Form 20-F and that it has duly caused and authorized the undersigned to sign this annual report on its behalf.

	TROOPS, Inc
Date: April 29, 2024	By:	/s/ Raleigh Siu Lau
	Name:	Raleigh Siu Lau
	Title:	President and Chief Executive Officer

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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the shareholders and board of directors of TROOPS, Inc.:

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying balance sheets of TROOPS, Inc. (previously refered as “SGOCO Group Ltd.”) and its subsidiaries (collectively referred as the “Company”) as of December 31, 2022 and 2023, and the related statements of operations and comprehensive loss, changes in stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2022 and 2023, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2022 and 2023, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2022 and 2023, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on the criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in 2013. Our report dated April 29, 2024 expressed an adverse opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting because of the existence of material weaknesses.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Critical Audit Matter

The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.

F-1

 

Allowance for current expected credit losses (“CECL”) on loan receivables, accounts receivables, prepayments, and other receivables

As described in Note 4 and Note 20 in the financial statements, the Company adopted ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (codified as Accounting Standard Codification Topic 326), since January 1, 2020, which requires measurement and recognition of current expected credit losses for financial instruments held at amortized cost. The management of the Company have estimated the reversal of provision for loan losses of $0.05 million and an allowance accrued for CECL of $0.008 million on the accounts receivables, prepayments, and other receivables for the year ended December 31, 2023, based on the credit risk of the respective receivables. The allowance amount has been measured as the difference of the asset’s carrying amount and the estimates of present value of future cash flows based on the historical credit loss experience, current economic conditions, supportable forecasts of future economic conditions, and any recoveries in assessing the lifetime expected credit loss, customer’s payment history, payment terms offered in the normal course of business to customers, and industry-specific factors that could impact the Company’s receivables as of the date when this report issued. These procedures also included the involvement of professionals with specialized skill engaged by the Company.

We have identified allowance for CECL on loan receivables, accounts receivables, prepayments and other receivables, as a critical audit matter due to the involvement of subjective judgment and management estimates in evaluating the CECL of these receivable items, and the significance to the Company's financial position.

Addressing the matter involved performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence in connection with forming our overall opinion on the financial statements. Our audit procedures to respond the risk of error in the allowance for CECL included (1) obtaining an understanding and assessing management’s method for developing the allowance for doubtful accounts (credit losses); (2) evaluating the competence, capabilities and objectivity of the professionals engaged by the Company; (3) independently evaluating the appropriateness of the valuation model, by reviewing the valuation report and the calculation schedules prepared by the management and third party valuation specialists engaged by the Company; (4) testing the accuracy of management’s basic input in calculating CECL including aging report, historical write-offs and recoveries, on a sample basis; (5) sending confirmations to debtors to confirm the accuracy of the basic information and terms of the loan receivables and other receivable accounts; and (6) performing credit review with both individual and corporation borrowers of significant loan receivables, to assess the borrowers’ capability and willing to repay the debt.

Impairment of Property, Plant and Equipment

As described in Note 7 to the financial statements, the Company assessed the recoverability of the carrying value of certain property, plant and equipment which resulted in no impairment losses during the year ended December 31, 2023.

The principal consideration for our determination that auditing impairment of property, plant and equipment is a critical audit matter is due to the degree of complexity and judgment used by management in developing the fair value measurement, which led to a high degree of audit judgment and subjectivity and significant effort in performing procedures relating to fair value measurement.

F-2

 

Addressing the matter involved performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence in connection with forming our overall opinion on the financial statements. These procedures included (1) performing site visit to check to the condition of property, plant and equipment; (2) obtaining an understanding and assessing management’s method for developing the impairment of property, plant and equipment; (2) evaluating the competence, capabilities and objectivity of the professionals engaged by the Company; (3) independently evaluating the appropriateness of the valuation model, by reviewing the valuation report and the calculation schedules prepared by the management and third party valuation specialists engaged by the Company; and (4) testing the completeness and accuracy of the underlying data used by the third party valuation specialists engaged by the Company.

/s/ Audit Alliance LLP

PCAOB ID Number 3487

Singapore

April 29, 2024

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2023.

F-3

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of

TROOPS, Inc. (previously as “SGOCO Group, Ltd.”)

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of TROOPS, Inc. (previously referred as “SGOCO Group, Ltd.”) and its subsidiaries (collectively referred to as the “Group”), as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, the related consolidated statements of comprehensive loss, consolidated statements of shareholders’ equity, and consolidated statements of cash flows, for each of the two years ended December 31, 2021, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Group as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, and the results of its operations and its cash flows, for each of the two years ended December 31, 2021, in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America.

Basis for Opinion

These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Group’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Group’s consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”) and are required to be independent with respect to the Group in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Group is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Group’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Critical Audit Matters

The critical audit matters communicated below is the matters, arising from the current audit of the consolidated financial statements, which was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee, and that (i) related to accounts or disclosures which are material to the consolidated financial statements, and (ii) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter, in any way, our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing separate opinion on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.

F-4

Goodwill Impairment Assessment

As described in Note 10 to the consolidated financial statements, as of December 31, 2021, the Group’s consolidated goodwill balance was $0.39 million, which was related to the reporting unit of financial technology solutions and services. During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Group recorded goodwill impairment loss of $4.74 million, which was also related to the reporting unit of financial technology solutions and services. Goodwill is tested for impairment annually in each fiscal year, or more frequently, when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the fair value of a reporting unit has declined below its carrying value. The recoverable amount is determined as value in use using a discounted cash flow method, based on the expected cash flows of the business unit.

We identified the evaluation of goodwill for impairment for the reporting unit of financial technology solutions and services as a critical audit matter. Subjective and challenging auditor judgment was required to evaluate the selection of forecasted revenue growth rates, operating margins, and discount rates used in the income approach. Additionally, the audit approaches, associated with the evaluation of goodwill for impairment for the financial technology solutions and services reporting unit, required specialized skills and knowledge.

Addressing the matter involved performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence in connection with forming our overall opinion on the consolidated financial statements. Our audit procedures to respond the risk of error or unreasonableness of the assessment on impairment of goodwill included: (i) evaluating the reasonableness of managements forecasted revenue growth rates and operating margins by comparing the forecasts to historical and industry average revenue growth rates and operating margins, considering industry conditions and growth plans; (ii) evaluating the appropriateness of the model, by reviewing the valuation report and the calculation schedules prepared by the management and third party valuation specialists; (iii) performing sensitivity analysis to assess the impact of reasonably possible changes to the forecasted revenue growth rates, operating margins, and discount rate assumptions on the reporting unit’s fair value; (iv) engaging independent valuation professionals with specialized skills and knowledge, to evaluate the appropriateness of the model, and the reasonableness of model inputs and significant assumptions; and (v) evaluating the competence, capabilities and objectivity of the professionals engaged by the Group.

Allowance for current expected credit losses (“CECL”) on loan receivables, accounts receivables, prepayments, other receivables, and deposit for acquisition of a subsidiary

As described in Note 4 and Notes 21 in the consolidated financial statements, the Group adopted ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (codified as Accounting Standard Codification Topic 326), since January 1, 2020, which requires measurement and recognition of current expected credit losses for financial instruments held at amortized cost. The management of the Group have estimated an allowance accrued for CECL of $1.97 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, on the loan receivables, accounts receivables, prepayments, other receivables, and deposit for acquisition of a subsidiary, based on the credit risk of the respective receivables. The allowance amount has been measured as the difference of the asset’s carrying amount and the estimates of present value of future cash flows based on the historical credit loss experience, current economic conditions, supportable forecasts of future economic conditions, and any recoveries in assessing the lifetime expected credit loss, customer’s payment history, payment terms offered in the normal course of business to customers, and industry-specific factors that could impact the Group’s receivables as of the date when this report issued. These procedures also included the involvement of professionals with specialized skill engaged by the Group.

We have identified allowance for CECL on loan receivables, accounts receivables, prepayments, other receivables, and deposit for acquisition of a subsidiary, as a critical audit matter due to the involvement of subjective judgment and management estimates in evaluating the CECL of these receivable items, and the significance to the Group’s consolidated financial position.

F-5

Addressing the matter involved performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence in connection with forming our overall opinion on the consolidated financial statements. Our audit procedures to respond the risk of error in the allowance for CECL included (i) obtaining an understanding and assessing management’s method for developing the allowance for doubtful accounts (credit losses); (ii) independently evaluating the appropriateness of the valuation model, by reviewing the valuation report and the calculation schedules prepared by the management and third party valuation specialists engaged by the Group; (iii) testing the accuracy of management’s basic input in calculating CECL including aging report, historical write-offs and recoveries, on a sample basis; (iv) engaging independent valuation specialist with specialized skills and knowledge, to evaluate the reasonableness of significant assumptions and judgments made by management to estimate the allowance for credit loss, including the Group’s assessment on significant factors, and the basis of estimated loss rates applied with reference to historical default rates and forward-looking information; (v) sending confirmations to debtors to confirm the accuracy of the basic information and terms of the loan receivables and other receivable accounts; (vi) performing credit review with both individual and corporation borrowers of significant loan receivables, to assess the borrowers’ capability and willing to repay the debt; and (vii) evaluating the competence, capabilities and objectivity of the professionals engaged by the Group.

/s/ Yu Certified Public Accountant, P.C.

(PCAOB ID: 5910)

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2021.

New York, New York

May 10, 2022

F-6

TROOPS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2023 AND 2022

(In thousands of U.S. dollars except share and per share data)

	2023		2022
ASSETS
CURRENT ASSETS
Cash	$	3,113	$	2,950
Accounts receivable, net		2		—
Loans receivable, net of provision for loan losses of $1,532 and $619, respectively		7,195		8,380
Interest receivable		41		4
Other receivables, prepayments and deposits, net of provision for credit losses of $8 and $3, respectively		319		205
Total current assets		10,670		11,539
NON-CURRENT ASSETS
Deposits for acquisition of a subsidiary, net of provision for credit losses of $nil and $131, respectively		—		4,869
Plant and equipment, net		46,773		48,655
Operating lease right-of-use assets, net		4		26
Intangible assets, net		29		42
Long-term loans receivable, net of $491 and $1,453 provision for loan losses		12,484		4,170
Goodwill		385		385
Total non-current assets		59,675		58,147
Total assets	$	70,345	$	69,686
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
CURRENT LIABILITIES
Amount due to a s shareholder	$	1,923	$	—
Other payables and accrued liabilities		2,278		1,260
Operating lease liability, current		4		22
Customer deposits		5		88
Taxes payable		513		721
Convertible notes - current		—		94
Total current liabilities		4,723		2,185
LONG-TERM LIABILITIES
Operating lease liability, non-current		—		4
Non-current Deferred tax liabilities		5,043		5,293
Total non-current liabilities		5,043		5,297
Total liabilities		9,766		7,482
COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES
SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Preferred stock, $0.001 par value, 1,000,000 shares authorized, nil and nil issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively		—		—
Ordinary shares, $0.004 par value, 500,000,000 shares authorized, 101,597,998 and 101,597,998 issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively		406		406
Additional paid-in-capital		135,768		135,674
Retained earnings (deficit)		(75,598)		(73,879)
Accumulated other comprehensive income		3		3
Total TROOPS, Inc. shareholders’ equity		60,579		62,204
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity	$	70,345	$	69,686

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

F-7

TROOPS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE LOSS

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2023, 2022 AND 2021

(In thousands of U.S. dollars except share and per share data)

	2023		2022		2021
REVENUES	$	3,569	$	3,875	$	3,683
COST OF REVENUES		2,793		3,053		3,323
GROSS PROFIT (LOSS)		776		822		360
OPERATING EXPENSES:
General and administrative expenses		2,754		2,189		2,744
Impairment (reversal) loss of loan and interest receivable		(49)		(973)		1,386
Impairment (reversal) loss of other receivables, prepayments and deposits		(127)		3		93
Impairment loss of intangible assets		—		—		202
Impairment loss of property, plant and equipment		—		139		—
Impairment loss of goodwill		—		—		4,740
Total operating expenses		2,578		1,358		9,165
OPERATING LOSS		(1,802)		(536)		(8,805)
OTHER INCOME (EXPENSES):
Interest income		14		2		—
Interest expense		(62)		(59)		(103)
Other income (expense), net		(9)		191		122
Gain on change in fair value of warrant derivative liability		—		—		247
Total other income (expenses), net		(57)		134		266
LOSS BEFORE PROVISION FOR INCOME TAXES AND NON-CONTROLLING INTERESTS		(1,859)		(402)		(8,539)
INCOME TAX BENEFIT		140		56		126
NET LOSS	$	(1,719)	$	(346)	$	(8,413)
OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS):
Foreign currency translation adjustment		—		(5)		13
COMPREHENSIVE LOSS	$	(1,719)	$	(351)	$	(8,400)
LOSS PER SHARE:
Basic	$	(0.02)	$	(0.01)	$	(0.08)
Diluted	$	(0.02)	$	(0.01)	$	(0.08)
WEIGHTED AVERAGE NUMBER OF COMMON SHARES:
Basic		101,597,998		101,597,998		101,563,623
Diluted		101,597,998		101,597,998		101,563,623

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

F-8

TROOPS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2023, 2022 AND 2021

(In thousands of U.S. dollars except share data)

								Accumulated
	Ordinary shares			Additional				Other
	Number of			Paid-in		Retained		Comprehensive
	shares	Amount		Capital		Earnings		(Loss) Income		Total
BALANCE, January 1, 2021	101,158,228	$	405	$	135,347	$	(65,120)	$	(5)	$	70,627
Shares issued for equity compensation plan	—		1		262		—		—		263
Equity component of the 2018 Notes	—		—		34		—		—		34
Shares issued on exercise of warrants	439,770		—		—		—		—		—
Net loss	—		—		—		(8,413)		—		(8,413)
Foreign currency translation adjustment	—		—		—		—		13		13
BALANCE, December 31, 2021	101,597,998	$	406	$	135,643	$	(73,533)	$	8	$	62,524
Equity component of the 2018 Notes	—		—		31		—		—		31
Net loss	—		—		—		(346)		—		(346)
Foreign currency translation adjustment	—		—		—		—		(5)		(5)
BALANCE, December 31, 2022	101,597,998	$	406	$	135,674	$	(73,879)	$	3	$	62,204
Equity component of the 2018 Notes	—		—		94		—		—		94
Net loss	—		—		—		(1,719)		—		(1,719)
Foreign currency translation adjustment	—		—		—		—		—		—
BALANCE, December 31, 2023	101,597,998	$	406	$	135,768	$	(75,598)	$	3	$	60,579

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

F-9

TROOPS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2023, 2022 AND 2021

(In thousands of U.S. dollars)

	2023		2022		2021
CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES:
Net loss	$	(1,719)	$	(346)	$	(8,413)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to cash used in operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization		2,116		1,970		2,134
Impairment loss of goodwill		—		—		4,740
Impairment loss of property, plant and equipment		—		139		—
Impairment loss of intangible assets		—		—		202
Deferred income taxes		(250)		(252)		(314)
(Reversal of) Impairment loss of loan and interest receivables		(49)		(973)		1,386
(Reversal of) Impairment loss of other receivables, prepayments and deposits		(131)		3		93
Gain on change in fair value of warrant derivative liability		—		—		(247)
Share-based compensation expenses		—		—		261
Change in operating assets and liabilities
Accounts receivable		(2)		8		—
Loans receivable		(7,080)		(941)		11,695
Other receivables and prepayments		(113)		24		10
Interest receivable		(37)		48		234
Customer deposits		(83)		88		—
Other payables and accrued liabilities		1,018		(353)		663
Taxes payable		(208)		217		(153)
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities		(6,538)		(368)		12,291
CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES:
Purchase of property and equipment		(221)		(156)		(402)
Settlement of a promissory note for acquisition of a subsidiary		—		—		(5,192)
Proceeds from refund of deposit for acquisition of a subsidiary		5,000		—		—
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities		4,779		(156)		(5,594)
CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES:
Proceeds from short-term loan		1,282		—		—
Repayment of short-term loan		(1,282)		—		—
Repayment of bank borrowings		—		—		(6,241)
Proceeds from loan due to a shareholder		1,923		—		—
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities		1,923		—		(6,241)
EFFECT OF EXCHANGE RATE ON CASH		(1)		(6)		(4)
INCREASE (DECREASE) IN CASH		163		(530)		452
Cash and cash equivalent, beginning of year		2,950		3,480		3,028
Cash and cash equivalent, end of year	$	3,113	$	2,950	$	3,480
SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURE OF CASH FLOW INFORMATION
Cash paid for interest	$	62	$	—	$	3
Cash paid for income taxes		318		—		342

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

F-10

TROOPS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2023, 2022 AND 2021

(In thousands of U.S. dollars, except for shares and per share data)

Note 1 - Organization and description of business

TROOPS, Inc. (the “Company” or “TROOPS” or “we”, “our” or “us”) was incorporated under Cayman Islands’ laws on July 18, 2007. It was previously named SGOCO Group, Ltd. and before that, SGOCO Technology, Ltd., and prior to the Acquisition was named Hambrecht Asia Acquisition Corp. The Company was formed as a blank check company for the purpose of acquiring one or more operating businesses in the People’s Republic of China (the “PRC”) through a merger, stock exchange, asset acquisition or similar business combination or control through contractual arrangements.

The Company completed its initial public offering (“IPO”) of units consisting of one ordinary share and one warrant to purchase one ordinary share in March 12, 2008. On March 12, 2010, the Company completed a share-exchange transaction with Honesty Group Holdings Limited (“Honesty Group”) and its shareholders, and Honesty Group became a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company (the “Acquisition”). On the closing date, the Company issued 3,575,000 of its ordinary shares to Honesty Group in exchange for 100% of the capital stock of Honesty Group. Prior to the share-exchange transaction, the Company had 5,299,126 ordinary shares issued and outstanding. After the share-exchange transaction, the Company had 4,023,689 ordinary shares issued and outstanding.

The share-exchange transaction was accounted for as reorganization and recapitalization of Honesty Group. As a result, the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements of the Company (the legal acquirer) were, in substance, those of Honesty Group (the accounting acquirer), with the assets and liabilities, and revenues and expenses, of the Company being included effective from the date of the share-exchange transaction. There was no gain or loss recognized based on the transaction. The historical financial statements for periods prior to March 12, 2010 are those of Honesty Group, except that the equity section and earnings per share have been retroactively restated to reflect the reorganization and recapitalization.

SGOCO International (HK) Limited, a limited liability company registered in Hong Kong, or “SGOCO International,” is a wholly owned subsidiary of TROOPS.

On February 22, 2011, SGO Corporation (“SGO”) was established in Delaware USA. On March 14, 2011, SGOCO International purchased 100% of the outstanding shares of common stock of SGO. SGO was founded for the purpose of marketing, sales and distribution of TROOPS’s high quality LCD/LED products in America. SGO commenced sales in June 2012.

On July 28, 2011, SGOCO (Fujian) Electronic Co., Ltd. (“SGOCO (Fujian)”), a limited liability company under the laws of the PRC was established by SGOCO International for the purpose of conducting LCD/LED monitor and TV product-related design, brand development and distribution.

On December 26, 2011, SGOCO International established a wholly owned subsidiary, Beijing SGOCO Image Technology Co. Ltd. (“Beijing SGOCO”), a limited liability company under the laws of the PRC for the purpose of conducting LCD/LED monitor, TV product-related and application-specific product design, brand development and distribution.

On November 14, 2013, SGOCO International established a wholly owned subsidiary, SGOCO (Shenzhen) Technology Co., Ltd. (“SGOCO Shenzhen”), a limited liability company under the laws of the PRC for the purpose of conducting LCD/LED monitor and TV product-related and application-specific product design, brand development and distribution.

In May 2014, the Company relocated its corporate headquarters from Beijing, China to Hong Kong, China.

F-11

On December 24, 2014, the Company entered into a Sale and Purchase Agreement to sell its 100% equity ownership interest in SGOCO (Fujian) to Apex Flourish Group Limited (“Apex”), which is an independent third party with interests in real estate and forestry products. Apex previously purchased Honesty Group Holdings Limited, TROOPS’s prior manufacturing business, on November 15, 2011. The Company considers December 31, 2014 as the disposal effective date since the operational and management control over SGOCO (Fujian) was shifted from TROOPS to Apex on December 31, 2014. The Sale of SGOCO (Fujian) allowed TROOPS to reform the business and reduce the reliance of traditional flat panel LED and LCD monitor products. It provided greater flexibility and scalability for the Company’s business model, which enables the Company to focus on finding new business acquisition opportunities and exploring new products.

The sales price for all the equity of SGOCO (Fujian) is equivalent to the net asset value of SGOCO (Fujian) on December 31, 2014. The final amount is $11.00 million.

On December 28, 2015, SGOCO International entered into a Share Sale and Purchase Agreement for the Sale and Purchase of the Entire Issued Share Capital of Boca International Limited (the “Agreement”) with Richly Conqueror Limited, a company incorporated under the laws of the British Virgin Islands (the “Vendor”). Pursuant to the Agreement, SGOCO International acquired 100% of the issued share capital of Boca International Limited (“Boca”), a private company incorporated in Hong Kong, from its sole legal and beneficial owner - Richly Conqueror Limited at a consideration of $52.00 million in cash, plus up to 19.9% or 3.40 million newly issued ordinary shares (the “Shares”) of the Company. In March, 2016, the acquisition of Boca completed and SGOCO International fully paid $52.00 million plus 1,162,305 post-split shares of common stock of the Company and received 100% ownership of Boca.

Boca designs, develops and manufactures Phase Change Material (PCM-TES) storage system and applies them on cooling and heating system. Boca’s PCM-TES storage system (the “System”) applies real-time electricity demand peak management which shifts on-peak chiller plant load to off-peak and increases chiller efficiency by optimization controls at any time. The System could reduce electricity consumption by approximately 50% during all running time and decrease 2/3 of central air conditioning running cost due to lower tariff rate during off-peak and higher efficiency at all time. The System can be used in all existing and new buildings and is environmentally friendly with a life of more than ten years. The System fully supports energy saving to help control the greenhouse effect and achieve maximum economic benefit for customers.

The Company has effected a 1-for-4 reverse stock split of the Company’s authorized ordinary shares, accompanied by a corresponding decrease in the Company’s issued and outstanding shares of ordinary shares and an increase of the par value of each ordinary share from $0.001 to $0.004 on January 19, 2016.

On August 10, 2016, the shareholders of the Company approved an increase of the authorized ordinary shares of the Company from 12,500,000 shares to 50,000,000 shares at the annual shareholders meeting.

On April 23, 2017, SGOGO International (HK) Limited, a wholly-owned subsidiary of TROOPS, entered into a Share Sale and Purchase Agreement with Full Linkage Limited pursuant to which SGOCO International acquired all the issued and outstanding capital stock of CSL, a company incorporated in Hong Kong at a consideration of $32,600,000 plus 1,500,000 of the Company ordinary shares. The acquisition of CSL was completed on May 10, 2017. CSL is principally engaged in Virtual Reality device and technologies research and development. Its development centre and main researchers are in Shenzhen China

On December 15, 2017, TROOPS formed Giant Connection Limited, a limited liability company registered in the Republic of Seychelles.

On December 22, 2017, Giant Connection Limited, a wholly-owned subsidiary of TROOPS, completed the acquisition of GCL contemplated by the Share Exchange Agreement entered into by and between the parties in consideration for HK$19.60 million ($2.35 million), which was satisfied by the allotment and issuance of 2,220,283 ordinary shares of the Company. The principal activity of GCL is money lending in Hong Kong. GCL is a Hong Kong incorporated company which has a Money Lenders License for carrying on money lending business in Hong Kong. GCL has been providing high-quality personal loans and corporate loans to its customers since 2016.

F-12

On March 8, 2018, the Company’s wholly-owned subsidiary, Giant Connection closed a Share Exchange Agreement with Vagas Lane Limited for the purchase and sale of 11 Hau Fook Street in consideration for HK$26.10 million ($3.35 million), which was satisfied by the allotment and issuance of 2,935,222 ordinary shares. 11 Hau Fook Street is an investment holding company which owns two properties located at No. 11 Hau Fook Street, Tsim Sha Tsui, Kowloon, Hong Kong.

On May 17, 2018, the Company entered into a Sale and Purchase Agreement to sell its 100% ownership interest in SGOCO Shenzhen to Realm Valley Limited, a company incorporated in British Virgin Islands, for $1 in total consideration.

On June 7, 2018, the Company’s wholly-owned subsidiary, Giant Connection closed a Share Exchange Agreement for the entire issued share capital of Paris Sky. In consideration for (1) the allotment of 3,889,050 ordinary shares of the Company to Leung Iris Chi Yu (“Ms. Leung”), at an initial agreed value of HK$30.33 million ($3.89 million), the fair value of the 3,889,050 ordinary shares was $4.78 million, which was calculated based on the stock price of $1.23 per share on June 7, 2018, (2) the transfer of a 49% interest in CSL at an agreed value of HK$126.13 million ($16.17 million), (3) the transfer of a 49% interest in Boca at an agreed value of HK$184.84 million ($23.70 million), and (4) the issuance of a promissory note to Ms. Leung in the principal amount of HK$27.10 million ($3.47 million), bearing a 8% interest per annum, by Giant Connection, the Company acquired 100% of the issued share capital of Paris Sky, an investment holding company which, through its wholly owned subsidiary, Suns Tower, owns a property located at No. 8 Fui Yiu Kok Street, Tsuen Wan, New Territories, Hong Kong. The fair value of this property was $53.00 million on June 7, 2018. The Company repaid the promissory note in full on August 22, 2018. In the fourth quarter of 2018, management committed a plan to dispose of its remaining 51% equity interests in CSL and initiated efforts to locate buyers. On April 25, 2019, the Company entered into a Letter of Intent to sell to another individual, Ho Pui Lung 5,100 shares in the share capital of CSL, at a consideration of HK$99.45 million ($12.75 million). On September 20, 2019, the Company entered into a Share Exchange Agreement for the disposal of 5,100 shares in the share capital of CSL, being 51% of its entire issued share capital, and its fully owned subsidiary - Shen Zhen Provizon Technology Co., Limited, to Ho Pui Lung at an agreed value of HK$99.45 million ($12.75 million). Upon the satisfactory completion of the closing conditions contained in the Agreement, the operational and management control over CSL were shifted from TROOPS to Ho Pui Lung on December 31, 2019.

On June 26, 2018, the shareholders of the Company approved to increase the authorized share capital of the Company from $201,000 divided into 50,000,000 ordinary shares of par value $0.004 and 1,000,000 preferred shares of par value $0.001 each to $2,010,000 by the creating of 450,000,000 ordinary shares of par value $0.004 each and 9,000,000 preferred shares of par value $0.001 each such that the share capital of the Company shall be divided into 500,000,000 ordinary shares of par value $0.004 and 10,000,000 preferred shares of par value $0.001 each.

On February 5, 2019, the Company’s wholly-owned subsidiary, Paris Sky entered into a Share Exchange Agreement with Kwok Man Yee Elvis for the entire issued share capital of Vision Lane for an initial consideration of $12,428,205 to be satisfied by (1) the allotment of 4,519,347 ordinary shares of the Company to Kwok Man Yee Elvis, at $1.10 per share and (2) the payment of the remaining balance of $7.50 million in cash. The fair value of the 4,519,347 ordinary shares was $5.24 million, which was calculated based on the stock price of $1.16 per share on March 8, 2019, and the final consideration was $12.70 million. Vision Lane is a private company incorporated in the British Virgin Islands and engages in property investment and money lending services in Hong Kong. On March 12, 2019, Paris Sky closed its acquisition of Vision Lane (Note 6(e)).

On December 23, 2019, the Company entered into a Share Exchange Agreement with Victor Or (“Mr. Or”) for the purchase and sale of GFS. GFS is a private company incorporated in Samoa provides an online financial marketplace connecting financial institutions and users worldwide via its unique mobile application which features state-of-the-art functions to boost financial accessibility to financial and insurance products and services. At the heart of its digital platform is the Company’s dedication to drive innovation, create value to businesses and individual users alike by (i) minimizing transaction risks, (ii) lowering transaction costs, (iii) reducing and detecting fraud, (iv) saving time, (v) increasing access and equality. The Company intends to integrate GFS into its existing platform to support its current business lines. The total consideration to be paid for GFS is $64.34 million, which shall be satisfied by (a) the allotment of 15,992,000 shares of the Company to be issued to Mr. Or on the closing date, representing 19.9% of the total issued and outstanding shares of the Company as of the date of the Agreement, (b) the payment of $21.79 million in cash, and (c) the balance satisfied by issuance of a promissory note to Mr. Or. On January 31, 2020, TROOPS, Inc. closed its acquisition of GFS (Note 6(f)). By March 30, 2021, the Company repaid the promissory note in full by several payments.

F-13

On August 31, 2020, the Company’s wholly-owned subsidiary, SGOCO International entered into a Sale and Purchase Agreement for the disposal of 94 shares in the share capital of Boca International Limited, being 51% of its entire issued share capital. Upon the satisfactory completion of the closing conditions contained in the Agreement, the disposal shall be consummated in consideration for the transfer of a 51% interest in Boca International Limited to Wong Yiu Tong at an agreed value of HK$1.46 million ($0.19 million).

On September 28, 2020, the Company’s wholly-owned subsidiary, GFS closed a Share Exchange Agreement for the entire issued share capital of Apiguru. The acquisition was consummated in consideration for a total of AUD0.70 million ($0.59 million), which was satisfied by the allotment and issuance of 559,581 ordinary shares of the Company. Apiguru is a technology consulting company specialising in Application Programming Interface (API) strategy and implementation enabling state-of-the-art market fit hypothesis that drives businesses forward. Through providing API consulting services, Apiguru helps businesses increasing effectivity, optimizing productivity, and developing integration channels that leverage opportunities for generating new revenue sources.

GFS aims to serve clients from different sectors with distinctive needs.  Along together with API specialization, Apiguru helps GFS to integrate with various global platforms to expand customer base.

Note 2 – Summary of significant accounting policies

Basis of presentation and principle of consolidation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) and include the financial statements of the Company and all its majority-owned subsidiaries that require consolidation. Intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in the consolidation. The following entities were consolidated as of December 31, 2023:

	Place incorporated	Ownership percentage
TROOPS, Inc.	Cayman Islands	Parent Company
SGOCO International (HK) Limited	Hong Kong	100	%
Beijing SGOCO Image Technology Co., Ltd.	Beijing, China	100	%
Giant Financial Services Limited (“GFS”)	Samoa	100	%
Apiguru Pty Ltd. (“Apiguru”)	Australia	100	%
Giant Connection Limited	Republic of Seychelles	100	%
Giant Credit Limited (“GCL”)	Hong Kong	100	%
11 Hau Fook Street Limited	Hong Kong	100	%
Paris Sky Limited	Marshall Islands	100	%
Vision Lane Limited	British Virgin Islands	100	%
Suns Tower Limited
(Formerly known as First Asia Tower Limited) (“Suns Tower”)	Hong Kong	100	%
First Asia Finance Limited (“FAF”)	Hong Kong	100	%

Use of estimates

Preparing consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions affecting the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. The more significant areas requiring the use of management’s estimates and assumptions include, but are not limited to, revenue recognition, the collectability of its receivables, the fair value and accounting treatment of certain financial instruments, the valuation and recognition of share-based compensation arrangements, fair value of assets and liabilities acquired in business combination, useful life of intangible assets, assessment of impairment of long-lived assets, intangible assets and goodwill , deferred tax liability and deferred tax valuation allowance. Management bases its estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. Accordingly, actual results may differ significantly from these estimates.

F-14

Business combinations

The Company accounts for its business combinations using the acquisition method of accounting in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 805 “Business Combinations.” The cost of an acquisition is measured as the aggregate of the acquisition date fair values of the assets transferred and liabilities incurred by the Company to the sellers and equity instruments issued. Transaction costs directly attributable to the acquisition are expensed as incurred. Identifiable assets and liabilities acquired or assumed are measured separately at their fair values as of the acquisition date, irrespective of the extent of any non-controlling interests. The excess of (i) the total costs of acquisition, fair value of the non-controlling interests and acquisition date fair value of any previously held equity interest in the acquiree over (ii) the fair value of the identifiable net assets of the acquiree is recorded as goodwill. If the cost of acquisition is less than the fair value of the net assets of the subsidiary acquired, the difference is recognized directly in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income. During the measurement period, which can be up to one year from the acquisition date, the Company may record adjustments to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed with the corresponding offset to goodwill. Upon the conclusion of the measurement period or final determination of the values of assets acquired or liabilities assumed, whichever comes first, any subsequent adjustments are recorded to the consolidated statements of comprehensive income.

In a business combination achieved in stages, the Company re-measures the previously held equity interest in the acquiree immediately before obtaining control at its acquisition-date fair value and the re-measurement gain or loss, if any, is recognized in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income.

When there is a change in ownership interests that result in a loss of control of a subsidiary, the Company deconsolidates the subsidiary from the date control is lost. Any retained non-controlling investment in the former subsidiary is measured at fair value and is included in the calculation of the gain or loss upon deconsolidation of the subsidiary.

For the Company’s majority-owned subsidiaries, a non-controlling interest is recognized to reflect the portion of their equity which is not attributable, directly or indirectly, to the Group. “Net income (loss)” on the consolidated income statements includes the “net loss attributable to non-controlling interests”. The cumulative results of operations attributable to non-controlling interests are also recorded as non-controlling interests in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets.

Plant and equipment

Plant and equipment is stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment losses, if any. Expenditures for maintenance and repairs are charged to earnings as incurred. Major additions are capitalized. When assets are retired or otherwise disposed of, the related cost and accumulated depreciation are removed from the respective accounts, and any gain or loss is included in operations. Depreciation of plant and equipment is provided using the straight-line method for substantially all assets with estimated lives as follows:

Leasehold land and buildings	Leasehold land and buildings are depreciated over the shorter of the unexpired term of lease and their estimated useful lives, being no more than 50 years
Machinery and equipment	4-10 years
Leasehold improvements	5 years
Vehicles and office equipment	4-5 years

Construction in progress represents capital expenditures for direct costs of construction or acquisition and the interest expenses directly related to the construction. Capitalization of these costs ceases and the construction in progress is transferred to the appropriate category of property, plant and equipment when substantially all the activities necessary to prepare the assets for their intended use are completed. Construction in progress is not depreciated.

F-15

Intangible assets

Intangible assets acquired through business acquisitions are recognized as assets separate from goodwill if they satisfy either the “contractual-legal” or “separability” criterion. Purchased intangible assets and intangible assets arising from the acquisitions of subsidiaries are recognized and measured at fair value upon acquisition. Separately identifiable intangible assets that have determinable lives continue to be amortized over their estimated useful lives using the straight-line method as follows:

Trademarks of GFS	10 years
Service Contracts of GFS	1 year
Non-competition agreements of Apiguru	3 years

Separately identifiable intangible assets to be held and used are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of such assets may not be recoverable. Determination of recoverability is based on an estimate of undiscounted future cash flows resulting from the use of the asset and its eventual disposition. Measurement of any impairment loss for identifiable intangible assets is based on the amount by which the carrying amount of the assets exceeds the fair value of the assets.

Goodwill

Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase consideration over the fair value of the identifiable tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed of the acquired entity as a result of the Company’s acquisitions of interests in its subsidiaries. Goodwill is not amortized but is tested for impairment on an annual basis, or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that it might be impaired. The Company first assesses qualitative factors to determine whether it is necessary to perform the two-step quantitative goodwill impairment test. In the qualitative assessment, the Company considers primary factors such as industry and market considerations, overall financial performance of the reporting unit, and other specific information related to the operations. Based on the qualitative assessment, if it is more likely than not that the fair value of each reporting unit is less than the carrying amount, the quantitative impairment test is performed.

The Company annually, or more frequently if the Company believes indicators of impairment exist, reviews the carrying value of goodwill to determine whether impairment may exist.

In performing the two-step quantitative impairment test, the first step compares the fair values of each reporting unit to its carrying amount, including goodwill. If the fair value of each reporting unit exceeds its carrying amount, goodwill is not considered to be impaired and the second step will not be required. If the carrying amount of a reporting unit exceeds its fair value, the second step compares the implied fair value of goodwill to the carrying value of a reporting unit’s goodwill. The implied fair value of goodwill is determined in a manner similar to accounting for a business combination with the allocation of the assessed fair value determined in the first step to the assets and liabilities of the reporting unit. The excess of the fair value of the reporting unit over the amounts assigned to the assets and liabilities is the implied fair value of goodwill. This allocation process is only performed for the purposes of evaluating goodwill impairment and does not result in an entry to adjust the value of any assets or liabilities. An impairment loss is recognized for any excess in the carrying value of goodwill over the implied fair value of goodwill. Application of a goodwill impairment test requires significant management judgment, including the identification of reporting units, assigning assets, liabilities and goodwill to reporting units, and determining the fair value of each reporting unit.

Goodwill arises from our two reporting units: the financial technology solutions and services and the money lending services. The Company performs its annual impairment tests on December 31 of each year.

Warrant liability

For warrants that are not indexed to the Company’s stock, the Company records the fair value of the issued warrants as a liability at each balance sheet date and records changes in the estimated fair value as a non-cash gain or loss in the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive income. The warrant liability is recognized in the balance sheet at the fair value (level 3). The fair value of these warrants has been determined using the Monte-Carlo simulation model. The Monte-Carlo simulation model provides for assumptions regarding volatility, call and put features and risk-free interest rates within the total period to maturity.

F-16

Impairment of long-lived assets other than goodwill

The Company reviews long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Recoverability of assets to be held and used is measured by a comparison of the carrying amount of an asset to the future undiscounted net cash flows expected to be generated by the asset. If such assets are considered to be impaired, the impairment recognized is measured by the amount by which the carrying amount of the assets exceeds the fair value of the assets.

Restricted cash

The Company adopted Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2016-18, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Restricted Cash, (“ASU 2016-18”), effective January 1, 2018 using the retrospective transition method and included all restricted cash with cash and cash equivalent when reconciling beginning-of-period and end-of-period total amounts presented in the consolidated statements of cash flows. The Company has none of restricted cash as of December 31, 2023 and 2022.

Accounts receivable

Receivables include trade accounts due from customers and other receivables such as cash advances to employees, related parties and third parties and advances to suppliers. Management reviews the composition of accounts receivable and analyzes historical bad debts, customer concentration, customer credit worthiness, current economic trends and changes in customer payment patterns to determine if the allowance for doubtful accounts is adequate. An estimate for doubtful accounts is made when collection of the full amount is no longer probable. Delinquent account balances are written-off after management has determined that the likelihood of collection is not probable and known bad debts are written off against the allowance for doubtful accounts when identified. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company determined that no allowance was necessary.

Other receivables , prepayments and deposits

Other receivables and prepayments primarily include rental deposit, utilities deposit, prepaid employees’ compensation. Management reviews the composition of other receivables and prepayment and determines if an allowance for doubtful accounts is needed. A provision for doubtful accounts is made when collection of the full amount is no longer probable. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022 there was $8 and $135 allowance for uncollectible other receivables, prepayments and deposits, respectively. Management believes that the remaining other receivables and prepayments are collectible.

Loans receivables, net

Loans receivable primarily represent loan amounts due from customers. Loans receivable are recorded at unpaid principal balances net of provision that reflects the Company’s best estimate of the amounts that will not be collected. Management anticipates no significant early settlement of loans receivable as of reporting date. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, there was $2,023 and $2,072 allowance for uncollectible loan receivables, respectively. Management believes that the remaining accounts receivable are collectible.

Provision for loan losses

The provision for loan losses is increased by charges to income and decreased by charge offs (net of recoveries). Recoveries represent subsequent collection of amounts previously charged-off. The increase in provision for loan losses is the netting effect of “reversal” and “provision” for both business and personal loans. If the ending balance of the provision for loan losses after any charge offs (net of recoveries) is less than the beginning balance, it will be recorded as a “reversal”; if it is larger, it will be recorded as a “provision” in the provision for loan loss. The netting amount of the “reversal” and the “provision” is presented in the statements of comprehensive loss.

F-17

The provision consists of specific and general components. The specific component consists of the amount of impairment related to loans that have been evaluated on an individual basis, and the general component consists of the amount of impairment related to loans that have been evaluated on a collective basis. Loans are considered impaired when, based on current information and events, it is probable that the Company will be unable to collect all amounts when due according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement. Loans for which the terms have been modified resulting in a concession, and for which the borrower is experiencing financial difficulties, are considered troubled debt restructurings (“TDRs”).

The Company recognizes a charge-off when management determines that full repayment of a loan is not probable. The primary factor in making that determination is the potential outcome of a lawsuit against the delinquent debtor. The Company will recognize a charge-off when the Company loses contact with the delinquent borrower for more than one year or when the court rules against the Company to seize the collateral asset of the delinquent debt from either the guarantor or borrower. In addition, when the recoverability of the delinquent debt is highly unlikely, the senior management team will go through a stringent procedure to approve a charge-off. Management estimates the provision balance required using past loan loss experience, information about specific borrower situations and estimated collateral values, economic conditions, and other factors. Allocations of the provision may be made for specific loans, but the entire provision is available for any loan that, in management’s judgment, should be charged-off.

The provision for loan losses is maintained at a level believed to be reasonable by management to absorb probable losses as of each balance sheet date. The provision is based on factors such as an assessment of individual loans and actual loss. The Company evaluates its provision for loan losses on a quarterly basis or more often as necessary.

Interest receivable

Interest receivable are accrued and credited to income as earned but not received. The Company determines a loan past due status by the number of days that have elapsed since a borrower has failed to make a contractual interest or principal payment. Accrual of interest is generally discontinued when reasonable doubt exists as to the full, timely collection of interest or principal. Additionally, any previously accrued but uncollected interest is reversed. Subsequent recognition of income occurs only to the extent payment is received, subject to management’s assessment of the collectability of the remaining interest and principal. Loans are generally restored to an accrual status when it is no longer delinquent and collectability of interest and principal is no longer in doubt and past due interest is recognized at that time.

Fair value of financial instruments

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-13, “Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Disclosure Framework-Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement” (“ASU 2018-13”). ASU 2018-13 removes, modifies and adds certain disclosure requirements in Topic 820 “Fair Value Measurement”. ASU 2018-13 eliminates certain disclosures related to transfers and the valuations process, modifies disclosures for investments that are valued based on net asset value, clarifies the measurement uncertainty disclosure, and requires additional disclosures for Level 3 fair value measurements. ASU 2018-13 is effective for the Company for annual and interim reporting periods beginning July 1, 2020. The Company does not believe the adoption of this ASU will have a material effect on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

The Company’s financial instruments primarily consist of cash and cash equivalents, loans receivable, interest receivable, accounts receivable, accounts payable, other receivables, other payables and accrued liabilities, loans, customer deposits and convertible notes.

As of the balance sheet dates, the estimated fair value of these financial instruments were not materially different from their carrying values as presented due to the short maturities of these instruments and that the interest rates on the borrowings approximate those that would have been available for loans for similar remaining maturity and risk profile at the respective reporting periods.

The fair value measurement accounting standard defines fair value, establishes a three-level valuation hierarchy for disclosures of fair value measurement and enhances disclosure requirements for fair value measures. The three levels are defined as follows:

●     Level 1    inputs to the valuation methodology are quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets.

●    Level 2     inputs to the valuation methodology include quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, and inputs that are observable for the assets or liability, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the financial instruments.

F-18

●    Level 3     inputs to the valuation methodology are unobservable and significant to the fair value.

The following table sets forth by level within the fair value hierarchy our financial assets and liabilities that were accounted for at fair value on a recurring basis:

	Carrying Value at
	December 31,		Fair Value Measurement at
	2023		December 31, 2023
			Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Warrant derivative liability	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—

A summary of changes in Warrant derivative liability for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 was as follows:

	Amount
Balance at January 1, 2021	$	249
Change in fair value of warrant derivative liability		(249)
Balance at December 31, 2021	$	—

Comprehensive income

U.S. GAAP generally requires that recognized revenue, expenses, gains and losses be included in net income or loss. Although certain changes in assets and liabilities are reported as separate components of the equity section of the consolidated balance sheet, such items, along with net income, are components of comprehensive income or loss. The components of other comprehensive income or loss consist of foreign currency translation adjustments net of realization of foreign currency translation gain relating to disposal of subsidiaries.

Revenue recognition

The Company adopted Accounting Standards Update (ASU) No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606) (“ASC 606”) from January 1, 2018, using the modified retrospective method. Revenues for the years ended December 31, 2023, and 2022 and 2021 were presented under ASC 606, and revenues for the year ended December 31, 2017 was not adjusted and continue to be presented under ASC Topic 605, Revenue Recognition. There was no impact on the Company’s opening balance of retained earnings as of January 1, 2018. Pursuant to ASC606-10-15-2, the interest income generated by the Company is scoped out of ASC606.

In accordance with ASC 606, revenues are recognized when control of the promised goods or services is transferred to the Company’s customers, in an amount that reflects the consideration the Company expects to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services. In determining when and how much revenue is recognized from contracts with customers, the Company performs the following five-step analysis: (1) identify the contract(s) with a customer; (2) identify the performance obligations in the contract; (3) determine the transaction price; (4) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; (5) recognize revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance obligation.

Revenues are recognized when control of the promised goods or services is transferred to the customers, which may occur at a point in time or over time depending on the terms and conditions of the agreement, in an amount that reflects the consideration the Company expects to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services.

Financial technology solutions and services

The Company provides SaaS and app development service to its customers to deploy the Company’s online platform, which may occur over time depending on the terms and conditions of the agreement, in an amount that reflects the consideration the Company expects to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services. Service income from project-based consulting services is recognized based on the output methods, including surveys of performance completed to date or milestones reached of each phase only when the Company has an enforceable right to payment for performance completed to date. Maintenance and support type service income is recognized separately from the main contract since such service was not treated as performance obligation of the contract.

F-19

Interest on loans receivable

Interest on loans receivable is accrued monthly in accordance with their contractual terms and recorded in accrued interest receivable. The Company does not charge prepayment penalties. Additionally, any previously accrued but uncollected interest is reversed and accrual is discontinued, when reasonable doubt exists as to the full, timely collection of interest or principal. Interest income on impaired loans receivable is recorded when cash payment for interest is received by the Company.

Property lease and management

Minimum contractual rental income related to property leases are recognized on a straight-line basis over the terms of the respective leases. Straight-line rental revenue commences when the tenant assumes control of the leased premises. In accordance with the Company’s standard lease terms, rental payments are generally due on a monthly basis. Tenant recovery revenue includes payments from tenants as reimbursements for management fees and utilities, etc., which are recognized when the related expenses are incurred. Rental from office lease and tenant recovery revenue together is recorded as “Property lease and management.”

Below is the summary presenting the Company’s revenues disaggregated by products and services and timing of revenue recognition:

	Year ended December 31,
Revenue by recognition over time	2023		2022		2021
Revenue by recognition over time	$	3,569	$	3,875	$	3,683
	$	3,569		3,875		3,683

	Year ended December 31,
Revenue by major product line	2023		2022		2021
Interest on loans	$	2,313	$	2,451	$	1,673
Property lease and management		1,069		1,106		1,068
Financial technology solutions and services		187		318		942
	$	3,569		3,875		3,683

Contract Balances

For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company did not have any significant incremental costs of obtaining contracts with customers incurred and/or costs incurred in fulfilling contracts with customers within the scope of ASC Topic 606, that shall be recognized as an asset and amortized to expenses in a pattern that matches the timing of the revenue recognition of the related contract. Other than the interest receivables of the 180-day loans held by the Company which are accrued by the Company but unbilled until the loans mature, amounted to $nil and $nil as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The Company does not have any other contract assets (unbilled receivables) since revenue is recognized when the performance obligation is fulfilled and the payment from customers is not contingent on a future event.

Advances received from customers related to unsatisfied performance obligations are recorded as contract liabilities (advance from customers), which will be recognized as revenues upon the satisfaction of performance obligations through the transfer of related promised goods and services to customers.

F-20

The Company’s contract liabilities consist of rental receipt in advance related to rent paid in advance for leasing office. Below is the summary presenting the movement of the Company’s contract liabilities for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021:

	Rental receipt in advance
Balance as of January 1, 2021	$	3
Revenue recognized from beginning contract liability balance		(3)
Advances received from customers related to unsatisfied performance obligations		7
Balance as of December 31, 2021	$	7
Revenue recognized from beginning contract liability balance		(7)
Advances received from customers related to unsatisfied performance obligations		10
Balance as of December 31, 2022	$	10
Revenue recognized from beginning contract liability balance		(10)
Advances received from customers related to unsatisfied performance obligations		13
Balance as of December 31, 2023	$	13

The contract liabilities were grouped into other payables and accrued liabilities (note 12).

Allocation to Remaining Performance Obligations

The Company has elected to apply the practical expedient in paragraph ASC Topic 606-10-50-14 and did not disclose the information related to transaction price allocated to the performance obligations that are unsatisfied or partially unsatisfied as of December 31, 2023, because either the performance obligation of the Company’s contracts with customers has an original expected duration of one year or less or the Company has a right to consideration from a borrower or a customer in an amount that corresponds directly with the value to the borrower or the customer of the Company’s performance completed to date, therefore the Company may recognize revenue in the amount to which the Company has a right to invoice or collect.

Income taxes

The Company accounts for income taxes in accordance FASB ASC Section 740. The Company is subject to the tax laws of the PRC and Hong Kong (a special administrative region of PRC). The charge for taxation is based on actual results for the year as adjusted for items that are non-assessable or disallowed; and it is calculated using tax rates that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the balance sheet date. The Company is not currently subject to tax in the Cayman Islands or the British Virgin Islands.

Deferred taxes are accounted for using the asset and liability method in respect of temporary differences arising from differences between the carrying amount of assets and liabilities in the Company’s unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and the corresponding tax basis used in the computation of assessable tax profit of loss. In principle, deferred tax liabilities are recognized for all taxable temporary differences. Deferred tax assets are recognized to the extent that it is probable that future taxable income can be utilized with prior net operating loss carry forwards. Deferred tax is calculated using tax rates that are expected to apply to the period when the asset is realized, or the liability is settled. Deferred tax is charged or credited in the statement of operations, except when it is related to items credited or charged directly to equity, in which case the deferred tax is also dealt with in equity. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance when, in the opinion of management, it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. Current income taxes are provided for in accordance with the laws of the relevant taxing authorities.

An uncertain tax position is recognized as a benefit only if it is “more likely than not” that the tax position would be sustained in a tax examination, with a tax examination being presumed to occur. The amount recognized is the largest amount of tax benefit that has a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized on examination. For tax positions not meeting the “more likely than not” test, no tax benefit is recorded. Penalties and interest incurred related to uncertain tax positions are classified in income tax expense in the period incurred. During the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, the Company has not incurred any interest related to income taxes. Our PRC entities did not have tax liability as of December 31, 2023. U.S. GAAP also provides guidance on de-recognition, classification, interest and penalties, accounting in interim periods, disclosures and transition.

Tax returns filed for the years ended December 31, 2018 to 2023 in Hong Kong are subject to examination by the applicable tax authorities.

F-21

Share-based compensation

The Company accounts for equity instruments issued in exchange for the receipt of goods or services from consultants in accordance with the accounting standards regarding accounting for stock-based compensation and accounting for equity instruments that are issued to other than employees for acquiring or in conjunction with selling goods or services. Costs are measured at the estimated fair market value of the consideration received or the estimated fair value of the equity instruments issued, whichever is more reliably determinable. The value of equity instruments issued for consideration other than employee services is determined on the earlier of a performance commitment or completion of performance by the provider of goods or services as defined by these accounting standards. In the case of equity instruments issued to consultants, the fair value of the equity instrument is recognized over the term of the consulting agreement if there is a term.

The Company accounts for equity instruments issued in exchange for the receipt of services from employees in the financial statements based on their fair values at the date of grant. The fair value of awards is amortized over the requisite service period.

Financial guarantee

A provision for possible losses to be absorbed by the Company for financial guarantees it provides is recorded as an accrued liability when the guarantees are made and recorded as “Allowance on guarantee” in the consolidated balance sheets. This accrued liability represents probable losses and is increased or decreased by accruing a “Allowance (reversal of allowance) on financial guarantee” throughout the terms of the guarantees as necessary when additional relevant information becomes available.

The methodology used to estimate the liability for possible guarantee losses considers the guarantee contract amounts and a variety of factors, which include, depending on the counterparty, the latest financial position and performance of the borrowers, actual defaults, estimated future defaults, historical loss experience, estimated value of collateral or guarantees the customers or third parties offered, and other economic conditions, such as economic trends in the area and the country. The estimates are based upon information available at the time the estimates are made. It is possible that prior experience and default history of the borrowers are not indicative of future losses on guarantees made. Any increase or decrease in the provision would affect the Company’s consolidated income statements in future years.

Foreign currency translation

The reporting and functional currency of the Company is the U.S. Dollar. The functional currencies of its Hong Kong subsidiaries are the Hong Kong Dollar. The functional currency of its PRC subsidiaries is the RMB. The functional currencies of its Australia subsidiaries are the Australian Dollar (“AUD”). Results of operations and cash flow are translated at average exchange rates during the period, and assets and liabilities are translated at the exchange rate at the end of the period. Capital accounts are translated at their historical exchange rates when the capital transaction occurred. Translation adjustments resulting from this process are included in accumulated other comprehensive income. Transaction gains and losses that arise from exchange rate fluctuations on transactions denominated in a currency other than the functional currency are included in the results of operations as incurred.

The balance sheet amounts with the exception of equity were translated using RMB7.08 and RMB6.96 to $1.00 at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The equity accounts were stated at their historical exchange rates. The average translation rates applied to the income and cash flow statement amounts for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 were RMB6.56, RMB6.73, and RMB6.45 to $1.00, respectively.

The balance sheet amounts with the exception of equity were translated using AUD0.68 and AUD0.68 to $1.00 as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The equity accounts were stated at their historical exchange rates. The average translation rate applied to the income statement amounts for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 were AUD0.66, AUD0.70 and AUD0.75 to $1.00, respectively.

F-22

Recently issued accounting pronouncements not yet adopted

In March 2020, the FASB issued ASU No. 2020-03, Codification Improvements to Financial Instruments. The amendments in this Update are effective for all entities as of March 12, 2020 through December 31, 2022. The amendments related to Issue 1 (“Fair Value Option Disclosures”), Issue 2 (“Applicability of Portfolio Exception in Topic 820 to Nonfinancial Items”), Issue 4(“Cross-Reference to Line of-Credit or Revolving-Debt Arrangements Guidance in Subtopic 470-50”), and Issue 5 (“Cross-Reference to Net Asset Value Practical Expedient in Subtopic 820-10”) are conforming amendments. For public business entities, the amendments are effective upon issuance of this final Update. For all other entities, the amendments are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, and interim periods within those fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020. Early application is permitted. The amendment related to Issue 3 (“Disclosures for Depository and Lending Institutions”) is a conforming amendment that affects the guidance in the amendments in Accounting Standards Update 2019-04, Codification Improvements to Topic 326, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses, Topic 815, Derivatives and Hedging, and Topic 825, Financial Instruments. That guidance relates to the amendments in 2016-01, Financial Instruments—Overall (Subtopic 825-10): Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities. The effective date of Update 2019-04 for the amendments to Update 2016-01 is for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim periods within those fiscal years. The amendments of Issues 6 (“Interaction of Topic 842 and Topic 326”) clarify that the contractual term of a net investment in a lease determined in accordance with Topic 842 should be the contractual term used to measure expected credit losses under Topic 326. The amendments of Issues 6 clarify that when an entity regains control of financial assets sold, an allowance for credit losses should be recorded in accordance with Topic 326. For entities that have not yet adopted the amendments related to Update 2016-13, the effective dates and the transition requirements for amendments of Issue 6 and Issue 7 (“Interaction of Topic 326 and Subtopic 860-20”) are the same as the effective date and transition requirements in Update 2016-13. For entities that have adopted the guidance in Update 2016-13, the amendments of Issue 6 and Issue 7 are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim periods within those fiscal years. For those entities, the amendments should be applied on a modified-retrospective basis by means of a cumulative-effect adjustment to opening retained earnings in the statement of financial position as of the date that an entity adopted the amendments in Update 2016-13. The ASU is currently not expected to have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements.

Recent accounting pronouncements

In May 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-05, which is an update to ASU Update No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, which introduced the expected credit losses methodology for the measurement of credit losses on financial assets measured at amortized cost basis, replacing the previous incurred loss methodology. The amendments in ASU 2016-13 added Topic 326, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses, and made several consequential amendments to the Codification. ASU 2016-13 also modified the accounting for available-for-sale debt securities, which must be individually assessed for credit losses when fair value is less than the amortized cost basis, in accordance with Subtopic 326-30, Financial Instruments— Credit Losses—Available-for-Sale Debt Securities. The amendments in this Update address those stakeholders’ concerns by providing an option to irrevocably elect the fair value option for certain financial assets previously measured at amortized cost basis. For those entities, the targeted transition relief will increase comparability of financial statement information by providing an option to align measurement methodologies for similar financial assets. Furthermore, the targeted transition relief also may reduce the costs for some entities to comply with the amendments in ASU 2016-13 while still providing financial statement users with decision-useful information. ASU 2019-05 is effective for the Company for annual and interim reporting periods beginning July 1, 2020. The Company evaluated the impact of ASU 2019 on its consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2023 (Note 20).

In August 2020, the FASB issued ASU No. 2020-06, Debt—Debt with Conversion and Other Options (Subtopic 470-20) and Derivatives and Hedging—Contracts in Entity’s Own Equity (Subtopic 815-40). The ASU simplifies the accounting for certain financial instruments with characteristics of liabilities and equity. The FASB reduced the number of accounting models for convertible debt and convertible preferred stock instruments and made certain disclosure amendments to improve the information provided to users. For public business entities that meet the definition of an SEC filer, excluding entities eligible to be smaller reporting companies as defined by the SEC, the guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2021, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted, but no earlier than fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020, including interim periods within those fiscal years. The Company has elected to adopt the amendments in these ASUs on January 1, 2021, and the adoption of these amendments did not have a material impact on the consolidated financial position and results of operations.

F-23

The Company does not believe other recently issued but not yet effective accounting standards, if currently adopted, would have a material effect on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

Note 3 – Accounts receivable, net

Accounts receivable as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 consisted of the following:

	December 31,
	2023		2022
Accounts receivable	$	2	$	—
Allowance for doubtful accounts		—		—
	$	2	$	—

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, no allowance for doubtful accounts has been established as management believes that amounts outstanding are fully collectible. During the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company did not have any bad debt expense or account write offs.

Note 4- Loans receivable, net

The annualized interest rates on loans issued ranged between 6% and 48% for the year ended December 31, 2023, and ranged between 5% and 42% for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Loans receivable consisted of the following:

	December 31,
	2023		2022
Loans receivable, gross
Personal loans	$	7,099	$	7,622
Corporate loans		14,603		7,000
Subtotal		21,702		14,622
Provision for loan losses (Note 20)		(2,023)		(2,072)
Total loans receivable, net	$	19,679	$	12,550
Less: classified as non-current loans receivable, net		(12,484)		(4,170)
Total current loans receivable, net	$	7,195	$	8,380

F-24

The following is a maturity analysis of the Company’s loans receivable, net as of December 31, 2023:

For the year ending December 31,	Amount
2024	$	7,195
2025		12,482
2026 and thereafter		2
Total loans		19,679

The Company originates loans to customers located primarily in Hong Kong.

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company had 15 and 14 personal loan customers, and 11 and 4 corporate loan customers, respectively. Provision for loan losses is estimated on an annually basis based on an assessment of specific evidence indicating doubtful collection, historical experience, loan balance aging and prevailing economic conditions.

For the year ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, a reversal of provision of $49 and $973 were recognized to the consolidated statement of comprehensive loss. For the year ended 2021, a provision of $1,386 was charged to the consolidated statement of comprehensive loss, and no write-offs against provisions was made.

The following table represents the aging of loans receivable, net as of December 31, 2023 and 2022:

	December 31,
	2023		2022
1‑89 days past due	$	1	$	1
90‑179 days past due		3,105		—
180‑365 days past due		—		—
Over 1 year past due *		—		—
Total past due	$	3,106	$	1
Loans without overdue		16,573		12,449
Total loans, net	$	19,679	$	12,550

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company had loans receivable of $1,154 and $1,154 as aging over 1 year past due. A provision of $1,154 and $1,154 were charged to aging over 1 year past due for the year ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.

The following table summarizes the Company’s loan portfolio by categories as of December 31, 2023 and 2022:

	December 31,
	2023		2022
Installment loans to individuals	$	595	$	421
Real estate backed loan		5,288		6,419
Securities backed loan		1,058		3,035
Commercial loans		12,738		2,675
Total loans, net	$	19,679	$	12,550

Installment loans to individuals

Installment loans to individuals are unsecured loans offered to individual borrowers by assessing their abilities to repay their loans and interest. The factors used to determine the borrower’s ability to repay include the borrower’s current income, current assets, credit history and employment status.

F-25

Real estate backed loans

A real estate backed loan is a loan in which the borrower puts up a real estate under his/her ownership, possession or control, as collateral for the loan. The loan is secured against the collateral and the Company does not take physical possession of the collateral at the time the loan is made. The Company will verify ownership of the collateral and then register the collateral with the appropriate government entities to complete the secured transaction. In the event that the borrower defaults, the Company can then take possession of the collateral and sell it to recover the outstanding balance owed. If the sale proceeds of the collateral is not sufficient to pay off the loan in full, the Company will file a lawsuit against the borrower and seek judgment for the remaining balance.

Securities backed loans

A securities backed loan is a loan in which the borrower puts up securities of public listed companies under his/her ownership as collateral for the loan. The loan is secured against the collateral and the Company obtains physical possession of the original share certificates since the loan is made. The Company verifies ownership of the securities by examining proof of ownership. Both the borrower and the Company have to sign a share pledge agreement to complete the secured transaction. In the event that the borrower defaults, the Company can then take possession and sell securities to recover the outstanding balance owed. If the sale proceeds of securities is not sufficient to pay off the loan in full, the Company will file a lawsuit against the borrower and seek judgment for the remaining balance.

Commercial loans

Commercial loans are unsecured loans offered to corporations by assessing their capacities to make timely principal and interest payments. The factors used to determine the corporations’ ability to repay include state of economy, recent industry performance and financial conditions of the corporations as well as the owners of the corporations.

Note 5- Other receivables, prepayments and deposits

Other receivables, prepayments and deposits as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 consisted of the following:

	December 31,
	2023		2022
Utility deposits	$	15	$	12
Other receivables		63		77
Other prepayments		241		116
Other receivables, prepayments and deposits, net	$	319	$	205

For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, a provision of $8, $3 and $5 was charged to the consolidated statement of comprehensive loss, and no write-offs against provisions was made.

Note 6 - Acquisition of subsidiaries and deposits paid for acquisition of subsidiaries

(a) Acquisition of Boca

On December 28, 2015, SGOCO International entered into a Share Sale and Purchase Agreement (the “SPA”) with Richly Conqueror Limited (the “Vendor”) pursuant to which SGOCO International will acquire all of the issued share capital of Boca International Limited, a company incorporated in Hong Kong (“Boca”). Total consideration of the Sale Shares includes $52.00 million in cash, plus up to 19.9% new shares in TROOPS (as enlarged by the issuance). In December 2015, the Company paid a $52.00 million refundable deposit to the Vendor.

Boca is principally engaged in environmental protection, energy saving technologies, equipment development and applications. Its business involves production and sales of phase change thermal energy storage materials as well as central air conditioning cooling and heating system application engineering.

F-26

The Company and Richly Conqueror Limited entered into a supplemental agreement on February 29, 2016, pursuant to which SGOCO International agreed to issue 1,162,305 ordinary shares of the Company to the Vendor on or before March 15, 2016 and both parties confirmed the closing date of the transaction shall be March 31, 2016. The shares were issued on March 7, 2016, and the fair value of the shares was $3.51 per share on the closing date, March 31, 2016.

After the completion of the acquisition, Boca became a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company.

The Company completed the valuations necessary to assess the fair values of the tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed, resulting from which the amount of goodwill was determined and recognized as of the respective acquisition date. The following table summarizes the estimated aggregate fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed as of the closing date, March 31, 2016.

Net liabilities acquired (including cash of $1 and other loan of $332)	$	(337)
Amortizable intangible assets
Backlog contract		372
Proprietary technology		26,179
Goodwill		36,504
Deferred tax liabilities		(6,638)
Total	$	56,080
Total purchase price comprised of:
– cash consideration (paid in fiscal 2015 in the form of refundable deposit)	$	52,000
– share-based consideration		4,080
Total	$	56,080

The transaction resulted in a purchase price allocation of $36,504 to goodwill, representing the financial, strategic and operational value of the transaction to the Company. Goodwill is attributed to the premium that the Company paid to obtain the value of the business of Boca and the synergies expected from the combined operations of Boca and the Company, the assembled workforce and their knowledge and experience in provision of products and projects utilizing “green” energy technologies. The total amount of the goodwill acquired is not deductible for tax purposes.

Boca’s revenues for the eight months ended August 31, 2020 of $812 were derived from one single customer, which individually accounted for 100% of the Boca’s revenues. Boca’s revenues for year ended December 31, 2019 of $402 were derived from one single customer, which individually accounted for 98% of the Boca’s revenues.

After June 7, 2018, the Company’s effective equity interest in Boca was reduced to 51% after the completion of the transfer of a 49% interest in Boca International Limited to Ms. Leung (Note 1).

On August 31, 2020, the Company’s wholly-owned subsidiary, SGOCO International entered into a Sale and Purchase Agreement for the disposal of 94 shares in the share capital of Boca International Limited, being 51% of its entire issued share capital. Upon the satisfactory completion of the closing conditions contained in the Agreement, the disposal shall be consummated in consideration for the transfer of a 51% interest in Boca International Limited to Wong Yiu Tong at an agreed value of HK$1.46 million ($0.19 million). The Company considers August 31, 2020 as the disposal effective date since the operational and management control over Boca was shifted from TROOPS to the Purchaser on August 31, 2020.

(b)   Acquisition of CSL

On December 27, 2016, the Company signed a memorandum of understanding (“MOU”) to acquire all of the issued share capital of CSL, a company incorporated in Hong Kong, for a purchase price of $35.00 million in form of cash or new shares in TROOPS, subject to satisfactory due diligence and customary purchase price adjustments. In December 2016, a refundable deposit of $32.00 million was paid to the owner of CSL.

F-27

CSL is principally engaged in Virtual Reality (“VR’) device and technologies research and development. Its development center and main researchers are in Shenzhen China. CSL’s R&D team has extensive experience and expertise in the VR industry. The R&D team cooperated with Razer to develop Open-Source Virtual Reality (“OSVR”) product aimed on VR-Gaming. The OSVR product attended the 2017 US CES exhibition in Las Vegas in January, 2017.

CSL develops VR technology and applies them on VR device. CSL’s VR technology applies on VR Head-mounted display (“HMD”) which can reduce the number of cables needed for a VR signal/data link between HMD and the source unit. It also uses ultrasound to calibrate VR devices’ attitude without user’s intervention.

The Company and Full Linkage Limited entered into a Share Sale and Purchase Agreement on April 23, 2017, pursuant to which SGOCO International agreed to pay $32.60 million and issue 1,500,000 newly issued ordinary shares of the Company to the Vendor on or before May 15, 2017. The shares were issued on May 4, 2017, and the fair value of the shares was $1.55 per share on the closing date, May 10, 2017.

After the completion of the acquisition, CSL became a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company.

The Company completed the valuations necessary to assess the fair values of the tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed, resulting from which the amount of goodwill was determined and recognized as of the respective acquisition date. The following table summarizes the estimated aggregate fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed as of the closing date, May 10, 2017.

Net liabilities acquired (including cash of $1 and accrued liabilities of $68)	$	(67)
Amortizable intangible assets
Technologies		19,682
Goodwill		20,230
Deferred tax liabilities		(4,920)
Total	$	34,925
Total purchase price comprised of:
– cash consideration (paid in fiscal 2016 in the form of refundable deposit)	$	32,600
– share-based consideration		2,325
Total	$	34,925

The transaction resulted in a purchase price allocation of $20,230 to goodwill, representing the financial, strategic and operational value of the transaction to the Company. Goodwill is attributed to the premium that the Company paid to obtain the value of the business of CSL and the synergies expected from the combined operations of CSL and the Company, the assembled workforce and their knowledge and experience in provision of products and projects utilizing VR technologies. The total amount of the goodwill acquired is not deductible for tax purposes.

On June 5, 2017, CSL incorporated a wholly foreign owned subsidiary, Shen Zhen Provizon Technology Co., Limited, for the development of VR technology and application of these technologies on VR device in China. CSL and Shen Zhen Provizon Technology Co., Limited have not generated revenues for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017. The Company took more time to commercialize the VR products than expected.

After June 7, 2018, the Company’s effective equity interest in Boca was reduced to 51% after the completion of the transfer of a 49% interest in CSL to Ms. Leung (Note 1).

On September 20, 2019, the Company wholly-owned subsidiary, SGOCO International entered into a Share Exchange Agreement for the disposal of 5,100 shares in the share capital of CSL, being 51% of its entire issued share capital, and its fully owned subsidiary – Shen Zhen Provizon Technology Co., Limited.

F-28

Upon the satisfactory completion of the closing conditions contained in the Agreement, the disposal shall be consummated in consideration for the transfer of a 51% interest in CSL to Ho Pui Lung at an agreed value of HK$99.45 million ($12.75 million). The Company considers December 31, 2019 as the disposal effective date since the operational and management control over CSL and Shen Zhen Provizon Technology Co., Limited were shifted from TROOPS to the Purchaser on December 4, 2019.

(c) Acquisition of GCL

On December 22, 2017, Giant Connection, a wholly-owned subsidiary of TROOPS, completed the acquisition of GCL contemplated by the Share Exchange Agreement entered into by Luk Lai Ching Kimmy (as vendor) and the Company in consideration for HK$19.60 million ($2.35 million), which was satisfied by the allotment and issuance of 2,220,283 ordinary shares of the Company. GCL holds a Money Lenders License and engages in money lending business in Hong Kong. The fair value of the shares was $1.06 per share on December 26, 2017.

After the completion of the acquisition, GCL became a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company.

The Company completed the valuations necessary to assess the fair values of the tangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed, resulting from which the amount of goodwill was determined and recognized as of the respective acquisition date. The following table summarizes the estimated aggregate fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed as of the closing date, December 22, 2017.

Net assets acquired (including cash of $943, loans receivable of $670, interest receivables of $6, property, plant and equipment of $508 and income tax payable of $14)	$	2,113
Goodwill		248
Deferred tax liabilities		(7)
Total	$	2,354
Total purchase price comprised of:
— share-based consideration	$	2,354
Total	$	2,354

The transaction resulted in a purchase price allocation of $248 to goodwill, representing the financial, strategic and operational value of the transaction to the Company. Goodwill is attributed to the premium that the Company paid to obtain the value of the business of GCL and the synergies expected from the combined operations of GCL and the Company, the assembled workforce and their knowledge and experience in provision of money lending service. The total amount of the goodwill acquired is not deductible for tax purposes.

(d) Acquisition of Paris Sky

On June 7, 2018, the Company’s wholly-owned subsidiary, Giant Connection closed a Share Exchange Agreement for the entire issued share capital of Paris Sky, whose then sole shareholder and sole director were Leung Iris Chi Yu (“Ms. Leung”) and Luk Lai Ching Kimmy (see (c) above, respectively. In consideration for (1) the allotment of 3,889,050 ordinary shares of the Company to Leung Iris Chi Yu (“Ms. Leung”), at an initial agreed value of HK$30.33 million ($3.89 million), the fair value of the 3,889,050 ordinary shares was $4.78 million, which was calculated based on the stock price of $1.23 per share on June 7, 2018, (2) the transfer of a 49% interest in CSL at an agreed value of HK$126.13 million ($16.17 million), (3) the transfer of a 49% interest in Boca at an agreed value of HK$184.84 million ($23.70 million), and (4) the issuance of a promissory note to Ms. Leung in the principal amount of HK$27.10 million ($3.47 million), bearing a 8% interest per annum, by Giant Connection, the Company acquired 100% of the issued share capital of Paris Sky, an investment holding company which, through its wholly owned subsidiary, Suns Tower, owns a property located at No. 8 Fui Yiu Kok Street, Tsuen Wan, New Territories, Hong Kong. The Company repaid the promissory note in full on August 22, 2018.

F-29

As over 95% of the fair value of the gross assets acquired is concentrated in the leasehold property, the acquisition of Paris Sky is considered an asset acquisition.

Net assets acquired
Property, plant and equipment*	$	52,994
Allowance on guarantee		(817)
Other assets acquired (including cash of $1,957, other assets of $50, other payables of $170 and income tax payable of $4)		1,833
Deferred tax assets		116
Deferred tax liabilities		(5,998)
Total	$	48,128
Total purchase price comprised of:
— share-based consideration	$	4,784
— 49% interest in Boca		23,699
— 49% interest in CSL		16,170
— promissory note		3,475
Total	$	48,128

* Property, plant and equipment acquired included leasehold land and buildings with a value of $53.00 million at the date of acquisition which are pledged against the banking facilities of HK$215.32 million ($27.61 million) of a company beneficially owned by Luk Lai Ching Kimmy (see (c) above). The property pledge (allowance on guarantee) was valued on the basis of estimation of the probability that the borrower would be unable to either repay the loan or fulfil the loan contract terms (the default risk) and the amount that would be recovered at events of default (the recovery rate).

(e) Acquisition of Vision Lane

On October 3, 2018, the Company signed a letter of intent (“LOI”) to acquire all of the issued share capital of Vision Lane, a company incorporated in British Virgin Island and engages in property investment in Hong Kong. Vision Lane owns all of the issued share capital of First Asia Finance, a company incorporated in Hong Kong. First Asia Finance holds a Money Lenders License and engages in money lending business in Hong Kong.

On December 31, 2018, a refundable deposit of $6.41 million was paid to the owner of Vision Lane.

On February 5, 2019, the Company’s wholly-owned subsidiary, Paris Sky entered into a Share Exchange Agreement for the entire issued share capital of Vision Lane for an initial consideration of $12.42 million to be satisfied by (1) the allotment of 4,519,347 ordinary shares of the Company to Kwok Man Yee Elvis, at $1.10 per share and (2) the payment of $7.46 million in cash. The fair value of the 4,519,347 ordinary shares was $5.24 million, which was calculated based on the stock price of $1.16 per share on March 8, 2019, and the final consideration was $12.74 million.

On March 12, 2019, Paris Sky closed its acquisition of Vision Lane. After the completion of the acquisition, Vision Lane and First Asia Finance became wholly owned subsidiaries of the Company.

F-30

The Company completed the valuations necessary to assess the fair values of the tangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed, resulting from which the amount of goodwill was determined and recognized as of the respective acquisition date. The following table summarizes the estimated aggregate fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed as of the closing date, March 12, 2019.

Net assets acquired (including cash of $1,122, loan receivables of $7,495, interest receivables of $151, property, plant and equipment of $1,095, other receivables of $20, accounts payable of $30, other payables of $607 and income tax payable of $81)	$	9,165
Goodwill		3,658
Deferred tax liabilities		(124)
Total	$	12,699
Total purchase price comprised of:
– cash consideration ($6,410 paid in fiscal 2018 in the form of refundable deposit)	$	7,457
– share-based consideration		5,242
Total	$	12,699

The transaction resulted in a purchase price allocation of $3,658 to goodwill, representing the financial, strategic and operational value of the transaction to the Company. Goodwill is attributed to the premium that the Company paid to obtain the value of the business of Vision Lane and the synergies expected from the combined operations of Vision Lane and the Company, the assembled workforce and their knowledge and experience in provision of money lending service. The total amount of the goodwill acquired is not deductible for tax purposes.

(f) Acquisition of GFS

On December 23, 2019, the Company entered into a Share Exchange Agreement with Victor Or for the purchase and sale of the entire equity interest in GFS. GFS is a private company incorporated in Samoa and provides an online financial marketplace connecting financial institutions and users worldwide via its unique mobile application which features state-of-the-art functions to boost financial accessibility to financial and insurance products and services. At the heart of its digital platform is the Company’s dedication to drive innovation, create value to businesses and individual users alike by (i) minimizing transaction risks, (ii) lowering transaction costs, (iii) reducing and detecting fraud, (iv) saving time, (v) increasing access and equality.

The total consideration to be paid for GFS is $64.34 million, which shall be satisfied by (a) the allotment of 15,992,000 shares of the Company to be issued to Mr. Or on the closing date, representing 19.9% of the total issued and outstanding shares of the Company as of the date of the Agreement, (b) the payment of $21.79 million in cash, and (c) the balance satisfied by issuance of a promissory note to Mr. Or. On January 31, 2020, TROOPS closed its previously announced acquisition of GFS. The Company repaid the promissory note in full on March 30, 2021.

After the completion of the acquisition, GFS became a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company.

F-31

The Company completed the valuations necessary to assess the fair values of the tangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed, resulting from which the amount of goodwill was determined and recognized as of the respective acquisition date. The following table summarizes the estimated aggregate fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed as of the closing date, January 31, 2020.

Net assets acquired (including cash of $981, other receivables and prepayments of $707, property, plant and equipment of $7, accrued liabilities of $29, other payables-related party of $662 and income tax payable of $387)	$	617
Intangible assets (including trademarks of $1,550 and backlog contracts of $2,786)		4,336
Goodwill		60,103
Deferred tax liabilities		(715)
Total	$	64,341
Total purchase price comprised of:
–   cash consideration (paid in fiscal 2019 in the form of deposit)	$	21,795
–   consideration in the form of a promissory note (note)		28,473
–   share-based consideration		14,073
Total	$	64,341

Note: The promissory note was issued to Mr. Or on January 31, 2020. The face value (principal) amount of $28.47 million is repayable by January 31, 2025, and bearing fixed interest at a rate of eight percent (8%) per annum. The Company has repaid the promissory note by several payments during 2020 and 2021, and it was fully settled by March 30, 2021.

The transaction resulted in a purchase price allocation of $60,103 to goodwill, representing the financial, strategic and operational value of the transaction to the Company. Goodwill is attributed to the premium that the Company paid to obtain the value of the business of GFS and the synergies expected from the combined operations of GFS and the Company, the assembled workforce and their knowledge and experience in provision of money lending service. The total amount of the goodwill acquired is not deductible for tax purposes.

(g) Acquisition of Apiguru

On September 28, 2020, the Company’s wholly-owned subsidiary, GFS closed a Share Exchange Agreement for the entire issued share capital of Apiguru. The acquisition was consummated in consideration for a total of AUD695,000 ($0.50 million), which was satisfied by the allotment and issuance of 559,581 ordinary shares of the Company. Apiguru is a technology consulting company specialising in Application Programming Interface (API) strategy and implementation enabling state-of-the-art market fit hypothesis that drives businesses forward. Through providing API consulting services, Apiguru helps businesses increasing effectivity, optimizing productivity, and developing integration channels that leverage opportunities for generating new revenue sources.

GFS aims to serve clients from different sectors with distinctive needs. Along together with API specialization, Apiguru helps GFS to integrate with various global platforms to expand customer base.

The shares were issued on October 12, 2020, and the fair value of the shares was $1.05 per share, and the final consideration was $0.59 million.

On October 8, 2020, GFS closed its acquisition of Apiguru. After the completion of the acquisition, Apiguru became a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company.

F-32

The Company completed the valuations necessary to assess the fair values of the tangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed, resulting from which the amount of goodwill was determined and recognized as of the respective acquisition date. The following table summarizes the estimated aggregate fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed as of the closing date, October 8, 2020.

Net assets acquired (including cash of $28, account payable of $1, other payables of $7)	$	20
Intangible assets - non-competition agreement		39
Goodwill		539
Deferred tax liabilities		(10)
Total	$	588
Total purchase price comprised of:
– share-based consideration	$	588
Total	$	588

The transaction resulted in a purchase price allocation of $539 to goodwill, representing the financial, strategic and operational value of the transaction to the Company. Goodwill is attributed to the premium that the Company paid to obtain the value of the business of Apiguru and the synergies expected from the combined operations of Apiguru and the Company, the assembled workforce and their knowledge and experience in provision of money lending service. The total amount of the goodwill acquired is not deductible for tax purposes.

(h) Deposit paid for acquisition of TROOPS InsurTech, Inc.

On November 11, 2020, the Company signed a letter of intent to acquire all of the issued share capital of TROOPS InsurTech, Inc. (“TROOPS InsurTech”), a company incorporated in the British Virgin Islands which provides innovative solutions to the insurance industry by leveraging artificial intelligence, big data and blockchain technology, machine learning and SaaS. Through both online (mobile application and web-based) and offline platforms, TROOPS InsurTech seeks to provide (i) customized SaaS and workplace solutions to insurance brokers, (ii) blockchain alliance and data analytics services for insurance product design, clients’ needs assessment, market analysis and risk management, (iii) insurance professionals training, recruitment and matching, and (iv) insurance policy management and service matching solutions to agents and clients to enhance customer experience. On November 13, 2020, a refundable deposit of $5 million was paid to the owner of the shares in TROOPS InsurTech. Acquisition of TROOPS InsurTech is still in progress. The deposit shall be refundable upon demand by the Company if the Company is not satisfied with the results of the due diligence review or the acquisition is not completed on or before the mutually agreed date.

On August 2, 2023 a termination notice of letter of intent was entered into between the Company and the owner of the shares in TROOPS InsurTech and the letter of intent was terminated, due to the Company not being satisfied with the results of its legal and financial due diligence with respect to TROOPS InsurTech. On August 9, 2023, the Deposit was fully refunded to the Company.

F-33

Note 7 –Property, plant and equipment

Property, plant and equipment consisted of the following as of December 31, 2023 and 2022:

	December 31,
	2023		2022
Leasehold land and buildings	$	59,186	$	59,065
Leasehold improvements		18		18
Machinery and equipment		19		17
Vehicles and office equipment		469		371
Total		59,692		59,471
Impairment		(1,554)		(1,554)
Less: accumulated depreciation		(11,365)		(9,262)
Plant and equipment, net	$	46,773	$	48,655

Depreciation expense was $2,103, $1,952 and $1,953 for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

During the course of the Company’s strategic review of its operations in the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, the Company assessed the recoverability of the carrying value of certain property, plant and equipment which resulted in impairment losses of approximately $nil, $139 and $nil, respectively.

Note 8 – Intangible assets, net

Intangible assets, net, as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 consisted of the following:

	December 31,
	2023		2022
Trademark	$	1,550	$	1,550
Service Contract		2,786		2,786
Computer Software		37		37
Accumulated amortization		(2,911)		(2,898)
Impairment		(1,432)		(1,432)
Exchange difference		(1)		(1)
Intangible assets, net	$	29	$	42

Amortization expenses of intangible assets were $13, $18 and $181 for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

During the course of the Company’s strategic review of its operations, the Company assessed the recoverability of the carrying value of the Company’s intangible assets. The impairment charge, if any, represented the excess of carrying amounts of the Company’s intangible assets over their fair value, using the expected future discounted cash flows. Impairment on intangible assets were $nil, $nil and $202 for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

As of December 31, 2023, amortization expenses related to intangible assets for future periods are estimated to be as follows:

	For the years ending December 31,
						2029 and
	2024	2025	2026	2027	2028	thereafter
	$	$	$	$	$	$
Amortization expenses	5	5	5	5	5	4

F-34

Note 9 – Goodwill

The movement of the goodwill for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 is as follows:

Balance as of January 1, 2021	$	5,107
Impairment of goodwill in relation to GFS and Apiguru		(4,740)
Exchange difference		18
Balance as of December 31, 2021		385
Impairment of goodwill		—
Balance as of December 31, 2022		385
Impairment of goodwill		—
Balance as of December 31, 2023	$	385

The Company performed goodwill impairment test at the reporting unit level on an annual basis and between annual tests when an event occurs or circumstances change indicating the asset might be impaired.

The Company first assessed qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. For those reporting units where it is determined that it is more likely than not that their fair values are less than the units’ carrying amounts, the Company will perform the first step of a two-step quantitative goodwill impairment test. After performing the assessment, if the carrying amounts of the reporting units are higher than their fair values, the Company will perform the second step of the two-step quantitative goodwill impairment test.

In 2023, 2022 and 2021, the Company performed qualitative assessments for all reporting units. Based on the requirements of ASC 350-20-35-3C through ASC 350-20-35-3G, the Company evaluated all relevant factors, weighed all factors in their totality. As the financial performance of financial technology solutions and services reporting unit were below original expectations, fair value of these reporting units were indicated to be lower than its carrying value. For this reporting unit, where it was determined that it was more likely than not that its fair value was less than the units’ carrying amount after performing the qualitative assessment, as a result, the Company performed the two-step quantitative goodwill impairment test for this reporting unit.

For the two-step goodwill impairment test, the Company estimated the fair value with either income approach or asset approach for specific reporting unit components. With the income approach, the Company estimates the fair value of the reporting units using discounted cash flows. Forecasts of future cash flows are based on the best estimate of future net sales and operating expenses, based primarily on expected expansion, pricing, market share, and general economic conditions. Certain estimates of discounted cash flows involve businesses with limited financial history and developing revenue models. Changes in these forecasts could significantly change the amount of impairment recorded, if any. Asset based approach is used in evaluating the fair value of some specific components which is deemed as the most prudent approach due to the unpredictability of future cash flows.

The result of step one impairment test for the financial technology solutions and services reporting unit failed, with its determined fair value lower than the book value. The Company performed step two impairment test, applying the income approach, resulting an impairment loss of goodwill of $nil, $nil and $4.74 million , being recorded for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

F-35

Note 10 - Warrant derivative liability

Investor Warrants

On April 5, 2017, the Company entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement with certain unrelated investors to sell an aggregate of 434,783 shares of the Company’s ordinary shares and warrants to purchase up to an initial 326,087 of the Company’s ordinary shares with an initial exercise price of $2.75 per share. Warrants to purchase the Company’s ordinary shares were issued to investors in amount equal to 75% of the shares purchased by each investor under the Purchase Agreement.

On November 15, 2017, the Company consummated a private placement of the Company’s ordinary stock pursuant to a series of Stock Purchase Agreements, dated November 13, 2017. Under the Stock Purchase Agreements, the Company sold shares at a price of $0.80. As such, pursuant to Section 3(b) of the Warrants, the Company has determined that the Investor Warrants exercise price per share of ordinary stock shall be hereby adjusted to $1.00 and the number of shares of ordinary stock subject to the Investor Warrants shall be hereby increased to 896,739 shares, with an expiration date of April 4, 2021.

The Investor Warrants were fully exercised by April 4, 2021.

Placement Agent Warrants

In connected with the offering of the Company’s shares on April 5, 2017 (see above), the Company issued 34,783 warrants (the “Placement Agent Warrants”) to its placement agent (an amount equal to 8% of our ordinary shares sold to investors in the offering).

On November 15, 2017, as a result of the private placement of the Company’s ordinary stock pursuant to a series of Stock Purchase Agreements, and pursuant to Section 3(b) of the Warrants, the Company has determined that the Placement Agent Warrants exercise price per share of ordinary stock shall be hereby adjusted to $1.00 and the number of shares of ordinary stock subject to the Placement Agent Warrants shall be hereby increased to 95,653 shares, with an expiration date of April 4, 2021.

The Investor Warrants were fully exercised by April 4, 2021.

The amount of $nil, $nil and $247 was recognized as “Change in fair value of warrant derivative liability” in the consolidated statements of comprehensive loss for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Note 11 – Convertible notes

On April 18, 2018, the Company entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement with Lin So Chun, an unrelated party, pursuant to which the investor purchased a note for $5,779,602, bearing 2.5% interest per annum (the “2018 Notes”). The 2018 Notes will be matured 5 years from the date of issuance. At any time prior to the earlier of the maturity date or the date on which this 2018 Notes is paid in full, at the option of the Holder, all or any part of Principal Amount (the “Optional Conversion Amount”) may be converted into 3,853,068 Ordinary Shares at $1.50 per share. The 2018 Notes will be automatically converted into ordinary shares of the Company at a conversion price equal to $1.50 per share at maturity. Interest on the 2018 Notes will be paid in cash and cannot be converted into shares of the Company. The 2018 Notes were sold pursuant to an exemption from the registration requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), pursuant Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act and Regulation S promulgated thereunder.

The contractual obligation to pay interest on the 2018 Notes results in an indirect contractual obligation to pay dividends on the base instrument. The present value of the expected dividend (interest) stream of $0.50 million is classified as liability and the difference between the proceeds of the 2018 Notes and the fair value of the liability component is attributable to equity component ($5.30 million).

The issuance of the 2018 Notes did not give rise to a beneficial conversion feature due to the market price of the shares of the Company at the issuance date of $1.07 being less than the effective conversion price was $1.38 per share.

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On April 30, 2020, the 2019 Notes with a principal amount of $3.76 million (comprising liability component of $0.16 million and equity component of $3.60 million) were surrendered to the Company for cancellation in satisfaction of the initial deposit in relation to the disposal of 5,100 shares in the share capital of CSL.

The 2018 Notes was matured on April 17, 2023. As of April 22, 2024, the company had not issued any shares to the Note holder since we are still discussing issuance detail with the Note holder.

Note 12 – Other payables and accrued liabilities

Other payables and accrued liabilities as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 consisted of the following:

		December 31,
	Note	2023		2022
Accrued professional fees		$	268	$	308
Accrued staff costs and staff benefits			26		49
Rental deposits from tenants			189		205
Rental receipt in advance			13		10
Interest receipt in advance			1		—
Advances from unrelated parties	*		538		409
Others			1,243		279
		$	2,278	$	1,260

*  The advances from unrelated parties were unsecured, interest free and have no fixed terms of repayment.

Note 13 - Equity transactions

Preferred stock

On January 29, 2008, the Company amended its articles of association and authorized 1,000,000 preferred shares. No preferred shares were issued or registered in the IPO. There were no preferred shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2023 and 2022.

Issuance of capital stock

2023

None.

2022

None.

2021

During 2021, 422,922 Investor Warrants and 95,653 Placement Agent were exercised. By April 7, 2022, the Company had issued a total of 439,770 shares from cashless exercise of those Warrants.

Share-based compensation

On January 6, 2020, a total of 80,000 shares were issued to certain of the Company’s directors as their compensation for fiscal year of 2019, which vested immediately. The grant date fair value was $1.00 per share as quoted closing price on January 6, 2020.

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Note 14 - Income taxes

	Year ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Income tax expenses	$	(110)	$	(195)	$	(188)
Deferred income tax benefit		250		251		314
	$	140	$	56	$	126

Income is subject to tax in the various countries in which the Company operates.

The Company mainly conducts its operating business through its subsidiaries in Hong Kong.

Other than GCL, the subsidiaries incorporated in Hong Kong are subject to Hong Kong taxation on income derived from their activities conducted in Hong Kong. Hong Kong Profits Tax has been calculated at 16.5% of the estimated assessable profit for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021. The provision for Hong Kong Profits Tax for GCL is calculated at 8.25% for first-tier rate and 16.5% for the second-tier rate of the estimated assessable profits for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021.

The subsidiaries incorporated in mainland China are governed by the Income Tax Law of the PRC concerning foreign invested enterprises and foreign enterprises and various local income tax laws (the Income Tax Laws), and are subject to 25% tax rate throughout the periods presented.

The Income Tax Laws also impose a 10% withholding income tax for dividends distributed by a foreign invested enterprise to its immediate holding company outside China for distribution of earnings generated after January 1, 2008. Under the Income Tax Laws, the distribution of earnings generated prior to January 1, 2008 is exempt from the withholding tax. As our subsidiaries in the PRC will not be distributing earnings to the Company for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, no deferred tax liabilities have been recognized for the undistributed earnings of these PRC subsidiaries at December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021. Total undistributed earnings of the Company’s PRC subsidiaries at December 31, 2023 were $nil (December 31, 2022: $nil).

The following table reconciles the U.S. statutory rates to the Company’s effective tax rate for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021:

	Year ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
U.S. Statutory rates	21.0	%	21.0	%	21.0	%
Foreign income not recognized in USA	(21.0)		(21.0)		(21.0)
China income taxes (including Hong Kong SAR)	7.7		4.1		13.6
Australia income taxes	0.2		(0.6)		1.1
Impact of tax rate in other jurisdictions	(2.1)		(1.3)		(6.4)
Impact of tax reduction of Hong Kong profits tax	—		0.1		—
Tax effect of non-deductible expenses	1.6		(0.4)		(7.9)
Valuation allowance	—		4.2		0.4
Under provision in respect of prior years	0.1		(1.6)		(2.2)
Other (a)	—		0.1		2.9
Effective income taxes	7.5	%	4.6	%	1.5	%

Notes:

(a) There were no other material items affecting the effective income tax for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 except for (i) losses incurred by TROOPS of approximately $976, $970 and $1,156, respectively, where there is no tax in the Cayman Islands; and (ii) under-provision of Hong Kong profits tax as a result of certain non-deductible expenses in prior year.

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Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes. Significant components of deferred income tax assets and liabilities are as follows:

	December 31, 2023		December 31, 2022
Deferred income tax assets:
Net operating loss carry-forward	$	538	$	531
Less: Valuation allowance		(538)		(531)
	$	—	$	—
Deferred tax liabilities
Intangible assets	$	5	$	8
Property, plant and equipment		5,026		5,273
Interest income		12		12
	$	5,043	$	5,293

The deferred income tax assets wholly relate to net tax loss carry forwards. The net operating loss carry forwards derived from the Company’s PRC entity, HK entities and Australia entity.

The net tax loss of the PRC entity, Hong Kong entities and Australia entity of $964 and $917 as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, available for offset against future profits may be carried forward indefinitely. Management believes that the Company will not realize these potential tax benefits as the Company’s operations in these PRC and Hong Kong entities will not generate any operating profits in the foreseeable future. As a result, the full amount of the valuation allowance was provided against the potential tax benefits.

Note 15 - Related party and shareholder transactions

On December 8, 2023, Ms Kwok Kai Kai Clara (the beneficiary owner of Prime Ocean Holdings Limited), a shareholder of the Company loaned $1,923 to Giant Credit Limited. The loan is unsecured, non-interest bearing and repayable on demand. As of December 31, 2023, $nil was repaid and the outstanding amount due to Ms Kwok Kai Kai Clara was $1,923.

Note 16 - Loss per share

The following is a reconciliation of the basic and diluted loss per share computation:

	For the years ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Net loss attributable to ordinary shareholders of TROOPS	$	(1,719)	$	(346)	$	(8,413)
Weighted average shares used in calculating loss per share – basic and diluted		101,597,998		101,597,998		101,563,623
Loss per share – basic and diluted	$	(0.02)	$	(0.01)	$	(0.08)
Net loss per share – basic and diluted	$	(0.02)	$	(0.01)	$	(0.08)

As of December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, all the Company’s outstanding warrants and convertible notes were excluded from the diluted loss per share calculation as they were anti-dilutive.

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Note 17 – Segment information

The Company’s segments are business units that offer different products and services and are reviewed separately by the chief operating decision maker (the “CODM”), or the decision-making group, in deciding how to allocate resources and in assessing performance. The Company’s CODM is the Company’s Chief Executive Officer. During 2017, after the acquisition of Giant Credit, there is one additional money lending segment. During 2018, after the acquisition of 11 Hau Fook Street and Paris Sky, there is one additional segment known as property lease and management. During 2020, after the acquisition GFS and Apiguru, there is one additional segment, consisting of financial technology solutions and services. Effective as of January 1, 2023, the Company completely ceased its business in LCD/LED production. Hence, the segment of LCD/LED products was removed as of December 31, 2023.

			Property		Financial
	Money		lease		technology		Corporate
For the year ended	lending		and		solutions		unallocated
December 31, 2023	services		management		and services		(note)		Consolidated
Revenues	$	2,313	$	1,069	$	187	$	—	$	3,569
Gross profit (loss)		1,865		(1,084)		(5)		—		776
Operating expenses		(1,241)		(452)		(31)		(854)		(2,578)
Operating loss		624		(1,536)		(36)		(854)		(1,802)
Other income		10		(65)		(1)		(1)		(57)
Loss before provision for income taxes and non-controlling interests		634		(1,601)		(37)		(855)		(1,859)
Income tax (expense) benefit		(84)		231		(7)		—		140
Net loss		550		(1,370)		(44)		(855)		(1,719)
As of December 31, 2023
Identifiable long-lived assets		562		46,203		36		1		46,802
Total assets		22,157		46,953		583		652		70,345

					Property		Financial
	LCD/		Money		lease		technology		Corporate
For the year ended	LED		lending		and		solutions		unallocated
December 31, 2022	products		services		management		and services		(note)		Consolidated
Revenues	$	—	$	2,451	$	1,106	$	318	$	—	$	3,875
Gross profit (loss)		—		1,862		(1,065)		25		—		822
Operating expenses		(4)		2,165		(497)		(36)		(986)		(1,358)
Operating loss		(4)		2,027		(1,562)		(11)		(986)		(536)
Other income		—		30		107		(1)		(2)		134
Loss before provision for income taxes and non-controlling interests		(4)		2,057		(1,455)		(12)		(988)		(402)
Income tax (expense) benefit		—		(181)		245		(8)		—		56
Net loss		(4)		1,876		(1,210)		(20)		(988)		(346)
As of December 31, 2022
Identifiable long-lived assets		1		517		48,127		52		—		48,697
Total assets		201		14,466		49,071		5,651		297		69,686

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					Property			Financial
	LCD/		Money		lease			technology	Corporate
For the year ended	LED		lending		and			solutions	unallocated
December 31, 2021	products		services		management		and services		(note)		Consolidated
Revenues	$	—	$	1,673	$	1,068	$	942	$	—	$	3,683
Gross profit (loss)		—		1,472		(1,036)		(76)		—		360
Operating expenses		(95)		(2,092)		(576)		(5,080)		(1,322)		(9,165)
Operating loss		(95)		(620)		(1,612)		(5,156)		(1,322)		(8,805)
Other income		—		—		97		7		162		266
Loss before provision for income taxes and non-controlling interests		(95)		(620)		(1,515)		(5,149)		(1,160)		(8,539)
Income tax (expense) benefit		—		(187)		249		64		—		126
Net loss		(95)		(807)		(1,266)		(5,085)		(1,160)		(8,413)
As of December 31, 2021
Identifiable long-lived assets		1		555		50,018		77		—		50,651
Total assets		205		12,986		50,619		6,084		452		70,346

Note:     Corporate expenses include expenses incurred by corporate headquarters which are not allocated to the operating segments.

The geographical location of customers is based on the location at which the services were provided. In accordance with the enterprise-wide disclosure requirements of the accounting standard, the Company’s net revenue from external customers by geographic areas is as follows:

	For the year ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Hong Kong		3,442		3,597		3,489
Australia		127		278		194
Total	$	3,569	$	3,875	$	3,683

Note 18 - Leases

The Company as lessee

The Company determines if a contract contains a lease at inception. US GAAP requires that the Company’s leases be evaluated and classified as operating or finance leases for financial reporting purposes. The classification evaluation begins at the commencement date and the lease term used in the evaluation includes the non-cancellable period for which the Company has the right-to-use the underlying asset, together with renewal option periods when the exercise of the renewal option is reasonably certain or failure to exercise such option would result in an economic penalty.

The Company has the following operating leases:

On March 23, 2022, First Asia Finance entered into a lease agreement for office and warehouse on a two-year term, commencing on March 1, 2022 and expiring on February 29, 2024. The monthly rental payment is HK$15 ($2).

The Company recognized lease liabilities with corresponding right-of-use (“ROU”) assets of the same amount based on the present value of the future minimum rental payments of the lease, using mortgage loan’s borrowing rate of 5.63% (Bank of China (Hong Kong) Limited) based on the duration of the lease terms.

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The following table sets forth the five-year maturity schedule of the Company’s lease liabilities:

For the years ending December 31,	Amount
2024	$	4
2025		—
2026		—
2027		—
2028		—
Total operating lease payments	$	4
Less: imputed interest		(1)
Present value of operating lease liabilities	$	3

Operating lease expense was $178, $167 and $166 for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

The Company as lessor

TROOPS’s operations include the leasing of commercial property located at No. 11 Hau Fook Street, Kowloon and No. 8 Fui Yiu Kok Street, Tsuen Wan, New Territories. The leases thereon expire at various dates through 2024 to 2028. The following is a schedule of minimum future rents on non-cancelable operating leases at December 31, 2023:

	Future Minimum
For the year ending December 31,	Rentals
2024	$	638
2025		325
2026		124
2027		26
2028		—
Total	$	1,113

There are no contingent rentals as of December 31, 2023 and 2022.

Note 19 - Commitments and contingencies

The management is not currently aware of any threatened or pending litigation or legal matters, which would have a significant effect on the Company’s consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2023 and 2022.

Note 20 - Quantitative and qualitative disclosure about market risk

Concentration of credit risk

Credit risk is one of the most significant risks for the Company’s business and arise principally in lending activities.

Credit risk on loans receivable is controlled by the application of credit approvals, limits and monitoring procedures. To minimize credit risk, the Company requires collateral primarily in the form of rights to property.

The provision for loan losses is maintained at a level considered adequate to provide for losses that can be reasonably anticipated. Management performs a quarterly evaluation of the adequacy of the provision. The provision is based on the Company’s past loan loss history, known and inherent risks of the borrower, adverse situations that may affect the borrower’s ability to repay, the estimated value of any underlying collateral, current economic conditions and other relevant factors. This evaluation is inherently subjective as it requires material estimates that may be susceptible to significant revision as more information becomes available.

F-42

The Company originates loans to customers located primarily in Hong Kong. This geographic concentration of credit exposes the Company to a higher degree of risk associated with this economic region. Prior to January 1, 2020, the Company mainly reflects the “probability of default” by the customer on its contractual obligations and considers the current financial position of the customer and the exposures to the customer and its likely future development. For individual customers, the Company uses standard approval procedures to manage credit risk for personal loans.

The Company adopted Accounting Standard Update (ASU) 2016-13, Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (codified as Accounting Standard Codification Topic 326), since January 1, 2020, which requires measurement and recognition of current expected credit losses for financial instruments held at amortized cost. The Company’s loans receivable and interest receivable are within the scope of ASC Topic 326.

The reversal of provision for loan losses of $0.05 million and $0.97 million, provision for loan losses of $1.39 million was recognized for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

The Company’s accounts receivable, loans receivable, interest receivable, other receivables and prepayments and deposit for acquisition of a subsidiary are within the scope of ASC Topic 326.

To estimate expected credit losses as of December 31, 2023, the Company has conducted an assessment of expected credit loss of loan and interest receivables (“Financial Assets”) held by the Company and together with its subsidiaries. The Financial Assets are outstanding loans receivable, net of reversal of provision for loan losses, from the money lending business in a total amount of $19.68 million (“Principal”) and $0.04 million (“Interest”) respectively.

Movement of the provision for loan losses and interest receivable are as follows:

	For the years ended December 31,
	2023		2022
Balance as of January 1	$	2,072	$	3,558
Provisions for doubtful accounts
Personal loans		51		1
Corporate loans		236		1
Write offs		—		(513)
Recoveries of amounts previously charged off		(336)		(975)
Balance as of December 31		2,023		2,072

Movement of the provision for account receivable, other receivables and prepayments, deposit for acquisition of a subsidiary are as follows:

	For the years ended December 31,
	2023		2022
Balance as of January 1	$	135	$	132
Provisions for doubtful accounts		8		3
Write offs		—		—
Recoveries of amounts previously charged off		(135)		—
Changes due to foreign exchange		—		—
Balance as of December 31		8		135

As of December 31, 2023, the loans receivable due from 2 customers accounted for 17% and 21% of total loan receivable. As of December 31, 2023, no other customer accounted for more than 10% of total loan balance.

As of December 31, 2022, the loans receivable due from 4 customers accounted for 11%, 14%, 20% and 23% of total loan receivable. As of December 31, 2022, no other customer accounted for more than 10% of total loan balance.

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Concentration of customer

Revenue from 2 major customers accounted for 23% and 11% of the Company’s total revenues, for the year ended December 31, 2023. No other single customer accounted for more than 10% of the Company’s total revenues, for the year ended December 31, 2023.

Revenue from 2 major customers accounted for 18% and 13% of the Company’s total revenues, for the year ended December 31, 2022. No other single customer accounted for more than 10% of the Company’s total revenues, for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Concentration of geographic area

The Company does not allocate its assets located and expenses incurred outside Hong Kong to its reportable segments because these assets and activities are managed at a corporate level (Note 17).

Geographic area data is based on product shipment destination. In accordance with the enterprise-wide disclosure requirements of the accounting standard, the Company’s net revenue from external customers by geographic areas is as follows:

	For the year ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Hong Kong		3,442		3,595		3,489
Australia		127		278		194
Total	$	3,569	$	3,873	$	3,683

Concentration of supplier

Cost from 1 major supplier accounted for 15% of the Company’s total cost of revenues, for the year ended December 31, 2023. No other single supplier accounted for more than 10% of the Company’s total cost of revenues, for the year ended December 31, 2023.

Cost from 1 major supplier accounted for 14% of the Company’s total cost of revenues, for the year ended December 31, 2022. No other single supplier accounted for more than 10% of the Company’s total cost of revenues, for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Concentration of deposit institution of cash and bank deposit

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, majority of the Company’s cash is deposited in banks located in Hong Kong. In Hong Kong, Deposit Protection Scheme is in place which protects eligible deposits held with banks in Hong Kong. Hong Kong Deposit Protection Board will compensate up to a limit of HKD500,000 to each depositor if the bank which hold eligible deposits fails.

As of March 31, 2024, the Company had $2.28 million cash and bank deposits. The Company held seven bank accounts with total amount of $0.31 million cash deposited in Alpen Baruch Bank Limited which is an international bank situated in Vanuatu. There is no Deposit Protection Scheme in place which protects eligible deposits held with banks in Vanuatu. As of December 31, 2023, the Company had $3.11 million cash and bank deposits. The Company held seven bank accounts with total amount of $0.42 million cash deposited in Alpen Baruch Bank Limited which is an international bank situated in Vanuatu. There is no Deposit Protection Scheme in place which protects eligible deposits held with banks in Vanuatu.

Eligible deposits include all types of ordinary deposits such as current accounts, savings accounts, secured deposits and time deposits with a maturity not exceeding five years. Eligible deposits are protected regardless of the currency in which the deposits are denominated.

F-44

Foreign currency risk

Certain transactions of the Company are denominated in HKD which is different from the functional currency of the Company, and therefore the Company is exposed to foreign currency risk. As the HKD is currently pegged to the USD, management considers that there is no significant foreign currency risk arising from the Company’s monetary assets denominated in USD.

The Company currently does not have a foreign currency hedging policy. However, the management monitors foreign exchange exposure and will consider hedging significant foreign exchange exposure should the need arise.

Note 21 – Employee pension

Regulations in the PRC require the Company to contribute to a defined contribution retirement plan for all permanent employees. The PRC government is responsible for the pension liability to these retired employees. The Company is required to make monthly contributions to the state retirement plan at 20% of the base requirement for all permanent employees. Different geographic locations have different base requirements.

The Company’s subsidiaries incorporated in Hong Kong participated in defined contribution Mandatory Provident Fund (the “MPF Scheme”) under the Mandatory Provident Fund Schemes Ordinance, for all of its employees in Hong Kong. The Company is required to contribute 5% of the monthly salaries for all Hong Kong based employees to the MPF Scheme (subject to a cap).

The Company’s subsidiary incorporated in Australia participated in defined contribution retirement plan for all permanent employees under Superannuation Schemes. The Company is required to contributions 9.5% of the monthly salaries for all Australia based employees to the Superannuation Schemes (subject to a cap).

Total pension expense incurred by the Company was $23, $22 and $32 for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Note 22 – Subsequent events

On January 24, 2024, the Company entered into a letter of intent with LIANTENG LIMITED to acquire all of the issued share capital of Riches Holdings Limited (“Riches”), a company incorporated in the Cayman Islands, which holds several subsidiaries in Hong Kong and China.

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