EX-2.2 2 ex2_2.htm EXHIBIT 2.2

Exhibit 2.2

DESCRIPTION OF THE REGISTRANT’S SECURITIES
REGISTERED PURSUANT TO SECTION 12 OF THE
SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
 
As of December 31, 2019, Fly Leasing Limited (“we,” “us” or “our”) had the following series of securities registered under Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”): (i) our common shares, par value $0.001 per share (the “common shares”) and (ii) our American Depositary Shares (the “American Depositary Shares”).
 
DESCRIPTION OF COMMON SHARES
 
Our authorized share capital consists of $500,000 divided into 499,999,900 common shares and 100 manager shares, par value $0.001 each. Pursuant to our amended and restated bye-laws (“bye-laws”), subject to any resolution of the shareholders to the contrary, our board of directors is authorized to issue any of our authorized but unissued shares.
 
Holders of common shares have no pre-emptive, redemption, conversion or sinking fund rights. Holders of common shares are entitled to one vote per share on all matters submitted to a vote of holders of common shares. Unless a different majority is required by law or by our bye-laws, resolutions to be approved by holders of common shares require approval by a simple majority of votes cast at a meeting at which a quorum is present. There are no limitations on the right of non-Bermudians or non-residents of Bermuda to hold or vote our shares except as described herein.
 
In the event of our liquidation, dissolution or winding up, the holders of common shares are entitled to share equally and ratably in our assets, if any, remaining after the payment of all of our debts and liabilities, subject to any liquidation preference on any issued and outstanding preference shares.
 
Dividend Rights
 
Pursuant to Bermuda law, we are restricted from declaring or paying a dividend if there are reasonable grounds for believing that (1) we are, or would after the payment be, unable to pay our liabilities as they become due, or (2) the realizable value of our assets would thereby be less than our liabilities.
 
There are no restrictions on our ability to transfer funds (other than funds denominated in Bermuda dollars) in and out of Bermuda or to pay dividends to U.S. residents who are holders of our common shares.
 
Variation of Rights
 
If at any time we have more than one class of shares, the rights attaching to any class, unless otherwise provided for by the terms of issue of the relevant class, may be varied either: (1) with the consent in writing of the holders of 50% of the issued shares of that class; or (2) with the sanction of a resolution passed by a majority of the votes cast at a general meeting of the relevant class of shareholders at which a quorum consisting of at least two persons holding or representing two-thirds of the issued shares of the relevant class is present. Our bye-laws specify that the creation or issue of shares ranking equally with existing shares will not, unless expressly provided by the terms of issue of existing shares, vary the rights attached to existing shares. In addition, the creation or issue of preference shares ranking prior to common shares will not be deemed to vary the rights attached to common shares or, subject to the terms of any other series of preference shares, to vary the rights attached to any other series of preference shares.
 
Election and Removal of Directors
 
Our bye-laws provide that our board shall consist of not less than two and not more than 15 directors as the board may from time to time determine. Our board of directors currently consists of seven directors, each of whom serves a term commencing on their election or appointment and continuing until the next annual general meeting or until their successors are elected or appointed or their office is otherwise vacated. Our bye-laws provide that persons standing for election as directors at a duly constituted and quorate annual general meeting are appointed by shareholders holding shares carrying a plurality of the votes cast on the resolution. Notwithstanding the foregoing, pursuant to our management agreement and our bye-laws, so long as our manager, Fly Leasing Management Co. Limited, or the Manager, holds any of our manager shares, our Manager has the right to appoint the whole number of directors on our board of directors that is nearest to but not more than 3/7th of the number of directors on our board of directors at the time. These directors are not required to stand for election by shareholders other than our Manager.


Any shareholder holding at least five percent of the Companys common shares may propose for election as a director someone who is not an existing director or is not proposed by our board by giving notice of the intention to propose the person for election. Where a person is to be proposed for election as a director at an annual general meeting by a shareholder, that notice must be given not less than 90 days nor more than 120 days before the anniversary of the last annual general meeting prior to the giving of the notice or, in the event the annual general meeting is called for a date that is not 25 days before or after such anniversary the notice must be given not later than ten days following the earlier of the date on which notice of the annual general meeting was posted to shareholders or the date on which public disclosure of the date of the annual general meeting was made.
 
A director (other than a director appointed by the Manager pursuant to its appointment right described above) may be removed with or without cause by a resolution including the affirmative vote of shareholders holding shares carrying at least 80% of the votes of all shares then issued and entitled to vote on the resolution, provided that notice of the shareholders meeting convened to remove the director is given to the director. The notice must contain a statement of the intention to remove the director and must be served on the director not less than 14 days before the meeting. The director is entitled to attend the meeting and be heard on the motion for his removal. A director appointed by the Manager pursuant to its appointment right described above may be removed with or without cause by the Manager upon notice from the Manager.
 
Anti-Takeover Provisions
 
The following is a summary of certain provisions of our bye-laws that may be deemed to have an anti-takeover effect and may delay, deter or prevent a tender offer or takeover attempt that a shareholder might consider to be in its best interest, including those attempts that might result in a premium over the market price for the shares held by shareholders.
 
Pursuant to our bye-laws, our preference shares may be issued from time to time, and the board of directors is authorized to determine the rights, preferences, privileges, qualifications, limitations and restrictions.
 
The authorized but unissued common shares and our preference shares will be available for future issuance by the board of directors, subject to any resolutions of the shareholders. These additional shares may be utilized for a variety of corporate purposes, including future public offerings to raise additional capital, corporate acquisitions and employee benefit plans. The existence of authorized but unissued common shares and preference shares could render more difficult or discourage an attempt to obtain control over us by means of a proxy contest, tender offer, amalgamation or otherwise.
 
Our bye-laws provide that if a competitor of BBAM LP acquires beneficial ownership of 15% or more of our common shares, then we have the option, but not the obligation, within 90 days of the acquisition of such threshold beneficial ownership, to require that shareholder to tender for all of our remaining common shares, or to sell such number of common shares to us or to third parties at fair market value as would reduce its beneficial ownership to less than 15%. In addition, our bye-laws provide that the vote of each common share held by a competitor of BBAM LP that beneficially owns 15% or more, but less than 50%, of our common shares will be reduced to three-tenths of a vote per share on all matters upon which shareholders may vote.
 
Certain Provisions of Bermuda Law
 
We have been designated by the Bermuda Monetary Authority as a non-resident for Bermuda exchange control purposes. This designation allows us to engage in transactions in currencies other than the Bermuda dollar, and there are no restrictions on our ability to transfer funds (other than funds denominated in Bermuda dollars) in and out of Bermuda or to pay dividends to United States residents who are holders of our common shares.

2

The Bermuda Monetary Authority has given its consent for the issue and free transferability of all of the common shares that underlie the American Depositary Shares, or ADSs, that are the subject of this offering to and between non-residents of Bermuda for exchange control purposes, provided our ADSs remain listed on an appointed stock exchange, which includes the NYSE. Approvals or permissions given by the Bermuda Monetary Authority do not constitute a guarantee by the Bermuda Monetary Authority as to our performance or our creditworthiness. Accordingly, in giving such consent or permissions, the Bermuda Monetary Authority shall not be liable for the financial soundness, performance or default of our business or for the correctness of any opinions or statements expressed in this prospectus. Certain issues and transfers of common shares involving persons deemed resident in Bermuda for exchange control purposes may require the specific consent of the Bermuda Monetary Authority.
 
In accordance with Bermuda law, share certificates are only issued in the names of companies, partnerships or individuals. In the case of a shareholder acting in a special capacity (for example as a trustee), certificates may, at the request of the shareholder, record the capacity in which the shareholder is acting. Notwithstanding such recording of any special capacity, we are not bound to investigate or see to the execution of any such trust. We will take no notice of any trust applicable to any of our shares, whether or not we have been notified of such trust.
 
Differences in Corporate Law
 
You should be aware that the Companies Act 1981 (Bermuda), or the Companies Act, which applies to us, differs in certain material respects from laws generally applicable to Delaware corporations and their shareholders. In order to highlight these differences, set forth below is a summary of certain significant provisions of the Companies Act (including modifications adopted pursuant to our bye-laws) and Bermuda common law applicable to us which differ in certain respects from provisions of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware. Because the following statements are summaries, they do not address all aspects of Bermuda law that may be relevant to us and our shareholders or all aspects of Delaware law which may differ from Bermuda law.
 
Duties of Directors
 
Our bye-laws provide that our business is to be managed and conducted by our board of directors. At common law, members of the board of directors of a Bermuda company owe a fiduciary duty to the company to act in good faith in their dealings with or on behalf of the company and exercise their powers and fulfill the duties of their office honestly. This duty includes the following essential elements:
 

a duty to act in good faith in the best interests of the company;

a duty not to make a personal profit from opportunities that arise from the office of director;

a duty to avoid conflicts of interest; and

a duty to exercise powers for the purpose for which such powers were intended.
 
The Companies Act imposes a duty on directors and officers of a Bermuda company:
 

to act honestly and in good faith with a view to the best interests of the company; and

to exercise the care, diligence and skill that a reasonably prudent person would exercise in comparable circumstances.
 
In addition, the Companies Act imposes various duties on directors and officers of a company with respect to certain matters of management and administration of the company.
 
Directors and officers generally owe fiduciary duties to the company, and not to the companys individual shareholders. Our shareholders may not have a direct cause of action against our directors.
 
Under Delaware law, the business and affairs of a corporation are managed by or under the direction of its board of directors. In exercising their powers, directors are charged with a fiduciary duty of care to protect the interests of the corporation and a fiduciary duty of loyalty to act in the best interests of its shareholders. The duty of care requires that directors act in an informed and deliberative manner and inform themselves, prior to making a business decision, of all material information reasonably available to them. The duty of care also requires that directors exercise care in overseeing and investigating the conduct of corporate employees. The duty of loyalty may be summarized as the duty to act in good faith, not out of self-interest, and in a manner which the director reasonably believes to be in the best interests of the shareholders.

3

Delaware law provides that a party challenging the propriety of a decision of a board of directors bears the burden of rebutting the applicability of the presumptions afforded to directors by the business judgment rule. The business judgment rule is a presumption that in making a business decision, directors acted on an informed basis and that the action taken was in the best interests of the company and its shareholders, and accordingly, unless the presumption is rebutted, a boards decision will be upheld unless there can be no rational business purpose for the action or the action constitutes corporate waste. If the presumption is not rebutted, the business judgment rule attaches to protect the directors and their decisions, and their business judgments will not be second guessed. Where, however, the presumption is rebutted, the directors bear the burden of demonstrating the entire fairness of the relevant transaction.
 
Notwithstanding the foregoing, Delaware courts may subject directors conduct to enhanced scrutiny in respect of defensive actions taken in response to a threat to corporate control or the approval of a transaction resulting in a sale of control of the corporation.
 
Interested Directors
 
Bermuda law and our bye-laws provide that if a director has an interest in a material transaction or proposed material transaction with us or any of our subsidiaries or has a material interest in any person that is a party to such a transaction, the director must disclose the nature of that interest at the first opportunity either at a meeting of directors or in writing to the directors. Our bye-laws provide that, after a director has made such a declaration of interest, he is allowed to be counted for purposes of determining whether a quorum is present and to vote on a transaction in which he has an interest, unless disqualified from doing so by the chairman of the relevant board meeting.
 
Under Delaware law, such transaction would not be voidable if (1) the material facts as to such interested directors relationship or interests are disclosed or are known to the board of directors and the board in good faith authorizes the transaction by the affirmative vote of a majority of the disinterested directors, (2) such material facts are disclosed or are known to the shareholders entitled to vote on such transaction and the transaction is specifically approved in good faith by vote of the majority of shares entitled to vote thereon or (3) the transaction is fair as to the company as of the time it is authorized, approved or ratified. Under Delaware law, such interested director could be held liable for a transaction in which such director derived an improper personal benefit.
 
Voting Rights and Quorum Requirements
 
Under Bermuda law, the voting rights of our shareholders are regulated by our bye-laws and, in certain circumstances, the Companies Act. Under our bye-laws, at any general meeting, two or more persons present in person at the start of the meeting and representing in person or by proxy shareholders holding shares carrying more than 25% of the votes of all shares entitled to vote on the resolution shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business. Generally, except as otherwise provided in the bye-laws, or the Companies Act, any action or resolution requiring approval of the shareholders may be passed by a simple majority of votes cast except for the election of directors which requires only a plurality of the votes cast.
 
Any individual who is a shareholder of our company and who is present at a meeting may vote in person, as may any corporate shareholder that is represented by a duly authorized representative at a meeting of shareholders. Our bye-laws also permit attendance at general meetings by proxy, provided the instrument appointing the proxy is in the form specified in the bye-laws or such other form as the board may determine. Under our bye-laws, each holder of common shares is entitled to one vote per common share held.
 
Under Delaware law, unless otherwise provided in a companys certificate of incorporation, each stockholder is entitled to one vote for each share of stock held by the stockholder. Delaware law provides that unless otherwise provided in a companys certificate of incorporation or bye-laws, a majority of the shares entitled to vote, present in person or represented by proxy, constitutes a quorum at a meeting of stockholders. In matters other than the election of directors, with the exception of special voting requirements related to extraordinary transactions, and unless otherwise provided in a companys certificate of incorporation or bye-laws, the affirmative vote of a majority of shares present in person or represented by proxy at the meeting entitled to vote is required for stockholder action, and the affirmative vote of a plurality of shares is required for the election of directors.

4

Dividends
 
Pursuant to Bermuda law, a company is restricted from declaring or paying a dividend if there are reasonable grounds for believing that: (1) the company is, or would after the payment be, unable to pay its liabilities as they become due or (2) that the realizable value of its assets would thereby be less than its liabilities. Under our bye-laws, each common share is entitled to dividends if, as and when dividends are declared by our board of directors, subject to any preferred dividend right of the holders of any preference shares.
 
Under Delaware law, subject to any restrictions contained in the companys certificate of incorporation, a company may pay dividends out of surplus or, if there is no surplus, out of net profits for the fiscal year in which the dividend is declared and for the preceding fiscal year. Delaware law also provides that dividends may not be paid out of net profits if, after the payment of the dividend, capital is less than the capital represented by the outstanding stock of all classes having a preference upon the distribution of assets.
 
Amalgamations, Mergers and Similar Arrangements
 
The amalgamation or merger of a Bermuda company with another company or corporation (other than certain affiliated companies) requires the amalgamation agreement to be approved by the companys board of directors and by its shareholders. Unless the companys bye-laws provide otherwise, the approval of 75% of the shareholders voting at such meeting is required to approve the amalgamation agreement, and the quorum for such meeting must be two persons holding or representing more than one-third of the issued shares of the company. Our bye-laws provide that a merger or an amalgamation (other than with a wholly owned subsidiary) that has been approved by the board must only be approved by a majority of the votes cast at a general meeting of the shareholders at which the quorum shall be two or more persons present in person and representing in person or by proxy shareholders holding shares carrying more than 25% of the votes of all shares entitled to vote on the resolution. Any merger or amalgamation not approved by our board must be approved by shareholders holding shares carrying not less than 66% of the votes of all shares entitled to vote on the resolution.
 
Under Bermuda law, in the event of an amalgamation or merger of a Bermuda company with another company or corporation, a shareholder of the Bermuda company who did not vote in favor of the amalgamation or merger and is not satisfied that fair value has been offered for such shareholders shares may, within one month of notice of the shareholders meeting, apply to the Supreme Court of Bermuda to appraise the fair value of those shares.
 
Under Delaware law, with certain exceptions, a merger, consolidation or sale of all or substantially all the assets of a corporation must be approved by the board of directors and a majority of the issued and outstanding shares entitled to vote thereon. Under Delaware law, a shareholder of a corporation participating in certain major corporate transactions may, under certain circumstances, be entitled to appraisal rights pursuant to which such shareholder may receive cash in the amount of the fair value of the shares held by such shareholder (as determined by a court) in lieu of the consideration such shareholder would otherwise receive in the transaction.
 
Takeovers
 
An acquiring party is generally able to acquire compulsorily the common shares of minority holders of a company in the following ways:
 

By a procedure under the Companies Act known as a scheme of arrangement. A scheme of arrangement could be effected by obtaining the agreement of the company and of holders of common shares, representing in the aggregate a majority in number and at least 75% in value of the common shareholders present and voting at a court ordered meeting held to consider the scheme of arrangement. The scheme of arrangement must then be sanctioned by the Bermuda Supreme Court. If a scheme of arrangement receives all necessary agreements and sanctions, upon the filing of the court order with the Registrar of Companies in Bermuda, all holders of common shares could be compelled to sell their shares under the terms of the scheme or arrangement.

5


If the acquiring party is a company by acquiring pursuant to a tender offer 90% of the shares or class of shares not already owned by, or by a nominee for, the acquiring party (the offeror), or any of its subsidiaries. If an offeror has, within four months after the making of an offer for all the shares or class of shares not owned by, or by a nominee for, the offeror, or any of its subsidiaries, obtained the approval of the holders of 90% or more of all the shares to which the offer relates, the offeror may, at any time within two months beginning with the date on which the approval was obtained, require by notice any nontendering shareholder to transfer its shares on the same terms as the original offer. In those circumstances, nontendering shareholders will be compelled to sell their shares unless the Supreme Court of Bermuda (on application made within a one-month period from the date of the offerors notice of its intention to acquire such shares) orders otherwise.

Where the acquiring party or parties hold not less than 95% of the shares or a class of shares of the company, by acquiring, pursuant to a notice given to the remaining shareholders or class of shareholders, the shares of such remaining shareholders or class of shareholders. When this notice is given, the acquiring party is entitled and bound to acquire the shares of the remaining shareholders on the terms set out in the notice, unless a remaining shareholder, within one month of receiving such notice, applies to the Supreme Court of Bermuda for an appraisal of the value of their shares. This provision only applies where the acquiring party offers the same terms to all holders of shares whose shares are being acquired.
 
Delaware law provides that a parent corporation, by resolution of its board of directors and without any shareholder vote, may merge with any subsidiary of which it owns at least 90% of each class of its capital stock. Upon any such merger, dissenting shareholders of the subsidiary would have appraisal rights.
 
Shareholders’ Suits
 
Class actions and derivative actions are generally not available to shareholders under Bermuda law. The Bermuda courts, however, would ordinarily be expected to permit a shareholder to commence an action in the name of a company to remedy a wrong to the company where the act complained of is alleged to be beyond the corporate power of the company or illegal, or would result in the violation of the companys memorandum of association or bye-laws. Furthermore, consideration would be given by a Bermuda court to acts that are alleged to constitute a fraud against the minority shareholders or, for instance, where an act requires the approval of a greater percentage of the companys shareholders than that which actually approved it.
 
Our bye-laws contain a provision by virtue of which our shareholders waive any claim or right of action that they have, both individually and on our behalf, against any director or officer in relation to any action or failure to take action by such director or officer, except in respect of any fraud or dishonesty of such director or officer. The operation of this provision as a waiver of the right to sue for violations of federal securities laws may be unenforceable in U.S. courts.
 
Class actions and derivative actions generally are available to shareholders under Delaware law for, among other things, breach of fiduciary duty, corporate waste and actions not taken in accordance with applicable law. In such actions, the court generally has discretion to permit the winning party to recover attorneys fees incurred in connection with such action.
 
Indemnification of Directors and Officers
 
Section 98 of the Companies Act provides generally that a Bermuda company may indemnify its directors, officers and auditors against any liability which by virtue of any rule of law would otherwise be imposed on them in respect of any negligence, default, breach of duty or breach of trust, except in cases where such liability arises from fraud or dishonesty of which such director, officer or auditor may be guilty in relation to the company. Section 98 further provides that a Bermuda company may indemnify its directors, officers and auditors against any liability incurred by them in defending any proceedings, whether civil or criminal, in which judgment is awarded in their favor or in which they are acquitted or granted relief by the Supreme Court of Bermuda pursuant to section 281 of the Companies Act.

6

We have adopted provisions in our bye-laws that provide that we shall indemnify our officers and directors in respect of their actions and omissions, except in respect of their fraud or dishonesty. We also have entered into directors service agreements with our directors, pursuant to which we have agreed to indemnify them against any liability brought against them by reason of their service as directors, except in cases where such liability arises from fraud, dishonesty, bad faith, gross negligence, willful default or willful misfeasance. Our bye-laws provide that the shareholders waive all claims or rights of action that they might have, individually or in right of the company, against any of the companys directors or officers for any act or failure to act in the performance of such directors or officers duties, except in respect of any fraud or dishonesty of such director or officer. Section 98A of the Companies Act permits us to purchase and maintain insurance for the benefit of any officer or director in respect of any loss or liability attaching to him in respect of any negligence, default, breach of duty or breach of trust, whether or not we may otherwise indemnify such officer or director. We have purchased and maintain a directors and officers liability policy for such a purpose.
 
Under Delaware law, a corporation may indemnify a director or officer of the corporation against expenses (including attorneys fees), judgments, fines and amounts paid in settlement actually and reasonably incurred in defense of an action, suit or proceeding by reason of such position if (1) such director or officer acted in good faith and in a manner he reasonably believed to be in or not opposed to the best interests of the corporation and (2) with respect to any criminal action or proceeding, such director or officer had no reasonable cause to believe his conduct was unlawful.
 
Inspection of Corporate Records
 
Members of the general public have the right to inspect our public documents available at the office of the Registrar of Companies in Bermuda and our registered office in Bermuda, which will include our memorandum of association (including its objects and powers) and certain alterations to our memorandum of association. Our shareholders have the additional right to inspect our bye-laws, minutes of general meetings and audited financial statements, which must be presented to the annual general meeting of shareholders.
 
The register of members of a company is also open to inspection by shareholders, and by members of the general public without charge. The register of members is required to be open for inspection for not less than two hours in any business day (subject to the ability of a company to close the register of members for not more than 30 days in a year). A company is required to maintain its share register in Bermuda but may, subject to the provisions of the Companies Act, establish a branch register outside of Bermuda. A company is required to keep at its registered office a register of directors and officers that is open for inspection for not less than two hours in any business day by members of the public without charge. Bermuda law does not, however, provide a general right for shareholders to inspect or obtain copies of any other corporate records.
 
Delaware law permits any shareholder to inspect or obtain copies of a corporations shareholder list and its other books and records for any purpose reasonably related to such persons interest as a shareholder.
 
Shareholder Proposals
 
Under Bermuda law, shareholders may, as set forth below and at their own expense (unless the company otherwise resolves), require the company to: (1) give notice to all shareholders entitled to receive notice of the annual general meeting of any resolution that the shareholders may properly move at the next annual general meeting; and/or (2) circulate to all shareholders entitled to receive notice of any general meeting a statement in respect of any matter referred to in the proposed resolution or any business to be conducted at such general meeting. The number of shareholders necessary for such a requisition is either: (1) any number of shareholders representing not less than 5% of the total voting rights of all shareholders entitled to vote at the meeting to which the requisition relates; or (2) not less than 100 shareholders.
 
Delaware law does not include a provision restricting the manner in which nominations for directors may be made by shareholders or the manner in which business may be brought before a meeting although restrictions may be included in a Delaware companys certificate of incorporation or bye-laws.

7

Calling of Special Shareholders’ Meetings
 
Under our bye-laws, a special general meeting may be called by the chairman of the board or the board of directors. Bermuda law also provides that a special general meeting must be called upon the request of shareholders holding not less than 10% of the paid-up capital of the company carrying the right to vote at general meetings.
 
Delaware law permits the board of directors or any person who is authorized under a corporations certificate of incorporation or bye-laws to call a special meeting of shareholders.
 
Amendment of Organizational Documents
 
Bermuda law provides that the memorandum of association of a company may be amended by a resolution passed at a general meeting of shareholders of which due notice has been given. Certain amendments to the memorandum of association may require approval of the Bermuda Minister of Finance, who may grant or withhold approval at his or her discretion.
 
Under Bermuda law, the holders of an aggregate of not less than 20% in par value of a companys issued share capital have the right to apply to the Bermuda courts for an annulment of any amendment of the memorandum of association adopted by shareholders at any general meeting, other than an amendment which alters or reduces a companys share capital as provided in the Companies Act. Where such an application is made, the amendment becomes effective only to the extent that it is confirmed by the Bermuda court. An application for an annulment of an amendment of the memorandum of association must be made within 21 days after the date on which the resolution altering the companys memorandum of association is passed and may be made on behalf of persons entitled to make the application by one or more of their designees as such holders may appoint in writing for such purpose. No application may be made by the shareholders voting in favor of the amendment.
 
Under Delaware law, amendment of the certificate of incorporation, which is the equivalent of a memorandum of association, of a company must be made by a resolution of the board of directors setting forth the amendment, declaring its advisability, and either calling a special meeting of the shareholders entitled to vote or directing that the proposed amendment be considered at the next annual meeting of the shareholders. Delaware law requires that, unless a different percentage is provided for in the certificate of incorporation, a majority of the voting power of the corporation is required to approve the amendment of the certificate of incorporation at the shareholders meeting. If the amendment would alter the number of authorized shares or par value or otherwise adversely affect the rights or preference of any class of a companys stock, the holders of the issued and outstanding shares of such affected class, regardless of whether such holders are entitled to vote by the certificate of incorporation, are entitled to vote as a class upon the proposed amendment. However, the number of authorized shares of any class may be increased or decreased, to the extent not falling below the number of shares then issued and outstanding, by the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority of the stock entitled to vote, if so provided in the companys certificate of incorporation that was authorized by the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority of such class or classes of stock.
 
Amendment of Bye-laws
 
Our bye-laws provide that the bye-laws may only be rescinded, altered or amended upon approval by a resolution of our board of directors and by a resolution of our shareholders, adopted by the affirmative votes of at least a majority of all shares entitled to vote on the resolution. Our bye-laws provide that, notwithstanding the foregoing, at any time that the Manager holds any of our manager shares, rescission, alteration or amendment of the bye-law relating to our ability to terminate the Managers appointment under our management agreement also requires the approval of the holder of our manager shares.
 
Under Delaware law, unless the certificate of incorporation or bye-laws provide for a different vote, holders of a majority of the voting power of a corporation and, if so provided in the certificate of incorporation, the directors of the corporation have the power to adopt, amend and repeal the bye-laws of a corporation. Those bye-laws dealing with the election of directors, classes of directors and the term of office of directors may only be rescinded, altered or amended upon approval by a resolution of the directors and by a resolution of shareholders carrying not less than 66% of all shares entitled to vote on the resolution.

8

DESCRIPTION OF AMERICAN DEPOSITARY SHARES
 
American Depositary Receipts
 
All of our issued and outstanding common shares are held by the depositary, Deutsche Bank Trust Company Americas (the Depositary) in the form of ADSs. The Depositary is a state chartered New York banking corporation and a member of the United States Federal Reserve System, subject to regulation and supervision principally by the United States Federal Reserve Board and the New York State Banking Department. The Depositary was incorporated as a limited liability bank on March 5, 1903 in the State of New York. The registered office of the Depositary is located at 60 Wall Street, New York, NY 10005 and the registered number is BR1026. The principal executive office of the Depositary is located at 60 Wall Street, New York NY 10005.
 
Each ADS represents an ownership interest in one common share which we deposit with the custodian under the deposit agreement among ourselves, the Depositary, and ADS holders. Your ADSs are evidenced by what are known as American Depositary Receipts, or ADRs, in the same way a share is evidenced by a share certificate. Your rights as a holder of ADSs is governed by the deposit agreement and our bye-laws.
 
The following is a summary of the material terms of the deposit agreement. Because it is a summary, it does not contain all the information that may be important to you. For more complete information, you should read the entire deposit agreement and the form of ADR which contains the terms of your ADSs. You can read a copy of the deposit agreement which is filed with the SEC as an exhibit to our registration statement on Form F-6, as filed with the SEC on September 21, 2007, as may be subsequently amended, from the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov. Copies of the deposit agreement and the form of ADR are also available for inspection at the corporate trust office of the Depositary. The Depositary keeps books at its corporate trust office for the registration of ADRs and transfer of ADRs which, at all reasonable times, shall be open for inspection by ADS holders, provided that inspection shall not be for the purposes of communicating with ADS holders in the interest of a business or object other than our business or a matter related to the deposit agreement or the ADSs.
 
Holding the ADSs
 
Unless otherwise agreed among us and the Depositary in accordance with the terms of the deposit agreement, the ADSs are held electronically in book-entry form either directly (by having an ADR registered in your name) or indirectly through your broker or other financial institution. If you hold ADSs directly, you are an ADR holder. This description assumes you hold your ADSs directly. If you hold the ADSs indirectly, you must rely on the procedures of your broker or other financial institution to assert the rights of ADR holders described in this section. You should consult with your broker or financial institution to find out what those procedures are.
 
As an ADR holder, you are not treated as one of our shareholders and you do not have shareholder rights. Bermuda law governs shareholder rights. The Depositary is the holder of the common shares underlying your ADSs, which are registered in its name with Conyers Corporate Services (Bermuda) Limited, the registrar and transfer agent for our common shares. As a holder of ADRs, you have ADR holder rights. A deposit agreement among us, the Depositary and you, as an ADR holder, and the beneficial owners of ADRs sets out ADR holder rights, representations and warranties as well as the rights and obligations of the Depositary. New York law governs the deposit agreement and the ADRs.
 
Fees and Expenses
 
Except as described below, we pay all fees, charges and expenses of the Depositary and any agent of the Depositary pursuant to agreements from time to time between us and the Depositary, except that if you elect to withdraw the common shares underlying your ADRs from the Depositary you will be required to pay the Depositary a fee of up to $5.00 per 100 ADSs surrendered or any portion thereof, together with expenses incurred by the Depositary and any taxes or charges, such as stamp taxes or stock transfer taxes or fees, in connection with the withdrawal. We will not receive any portion of the fee payable to the Depositary upon a withdrawal of shares from the Depositary. The Depositary will not make any payments to us, and we will not receive any portion of any fees collected by the Depositary.
 
Except as specified above in connection with a cancellation of ADSs and withdrawal of common shares from the Depositary, we are required to pay any taxes and other governmental charges incurred by the Depositary or the custodian on any ADR or common share underlying an ADR, including any applicable interest and penalties thereon, any stock transfer or other taxes and other governmental charges in any applicable jurisdiction.

9

Dividends and Other Distributions
 
The Depositary has agreed to pay to you the cash dividends or other distributions it or the custodian receives on common shares or other deposited securities, less any fees described below under –Withholding Taxes, Duties and Other Governmental Charges. You will receive these distributions in proportion to the number of common shares your ADSs represent as of the record date set by the Depositary with respect to the ADSs.
 

Withholding Taxes, Duties and Other Governmental Charges. Before making a distribution, the Depositary will deduct any withholding taxes, duties or other governmental charges that must be paid. Dividends on our shares are subject to deduction of Irish withholding taxes, unless an exemption to withholding is available. U.S. holders of ADSs (including U.S. citizens or residents) are entitled to claim a refund of Irish withholding taxes on dividends. Unless a U.S. holder of ADSs otherwise specifies, a customary fee of $0.005 per ADS will be deducted from each dividend paid to such holder so that such dividend may be paid gross of Irish withholding taxes. Additionally, dividend payments made within the United States with respect to the shares may be subject to possible U.S. backup withholding. Backup withholding will not apply, however, to a holder who furnishes a correct taxpayer identification number and makes any other required certification or who is otherwise exempt from backup withholding.

Shares. The Depositary may distribute additional ADSs representing any common shares we distribute as a dividend or free distribution to the extent permissible by law. If the Depositary does not distribute additional ADRs, the outstanding ADSs will also represent the new common shares.

Elective Distributions in Cash or Shares. If we offer holders of our common shares the option to receive dividends in either cash or common shares, the Depositary will, after consultation with us and to the extent permissible by law and reasonably practicable, offer holders of ADSs the option to receive dividends in either cash or ADSs to the extent permissible under applicable law and in accordance with the deposit agreement.

Rights to Receive Additional Shares. If we offer holders of our common shares any rights to subscribe for additional common shares or any other rights, the Depositary, after consultation with us and to the extent permissible by law and reasonably practicable, will make these rights available to you as a holder of ADSs. If the Depositary makes rights available to you, it will exercise the rights and purchase the common shares on your behalf subject to your payment of applicable fees, taxes, charges and expenses. The Depositary will then deposit the common shares and issue ADSs to you. It will only exercise rights if you pay it the exercise price and any taxes and other governmental charges the rights require you to pay. U.S. securities laws or Bermuda law may restrict the sale, deposit, cancellation, and transfer of the ADSs issued after exercise of rights. Our intent is not to offer holders any rights to subscribe for additional common shares unless the holders of our ADSs would thereby be offered rights to receive ADSs in an offering registered under U.S. securities laws.

Other Distributions. Subject to receipt of timely notice from us with the request to make any such distribution available to you, and provided the Depositary has determined that such distribution is lawful, practicable and feasible and in accordance with the terms of the deposit agreement, the Depositary will send to you anything else we distribute on deposited securities by any means it deems practical in proportion to the number of ADSs held by you, net of any taxes and other governmental charges withheld.
 
The Depositary is not responsible if it decides that it is unlawful or impractical to make a distribution available to any ADR holders. We have no obligation to register ADSs, common shares, rights or other securities under the Securities Act. We also have no obligation to take any other action to permit the distribution of ADRs, common shares, rights or anything else to ADR holders. This means that you may not receive the distributions we make on our shares or any value for them if it is illegal or impractical for us to make them available to you.

10

Deposit and Withdrawal
 
The Depositary delivers ADSs upon deposit of common shares with the custodian. The custodian holds all deposited common shares, including those being deposited by us in connection with the offering to which this prospectus relates, for the account of the Depositary. You thus have no direct ownership interest in the common shares and only have the rights as are set out in the deposit agreement. The custodian also holds any additional securities, property and cash received on, or in substitution for, the deposited common shares. The deposited common shares and any such additional items are all referred to collectively as deposited securities.
 
Upon each deposit of common shares, receipt of related delivery documentation and compliance with the other provisions of the deposit agreement, the Depositary issues an ADR or ADRs in the name of the person entitled thereto evidencing the number of ADSs to which that person is entitled. Alternatively, at your request, risk and expense, the Depositary in its discretion will deliver certificated ADRs at the Depositarys principal New York office or any other location that it may designate as its transfer office.
 
You may surrender your ADRs at the Depositarys office or through instruction provided to your broker. Upon your payment of its fees and charges of, and expenses incurred by, it and of any taxes or charges, such as stamp taxes or stock transfer taxes or fees, the Depositary will deliver the common shares and any other deposited securities underlying the ADR to you or a person you designate at the office of the custodian. Or, at your request, risk and expense, the Depositary will deliver the deposited securities at its principal New York office or any other location that it may designate as its transfer office, if feasible.
 
You have the right to cancel your ADSs and withdraw the underlying common shares at any time subject only to:
 

temporary delays caused by closing of our or the Depositarys transfer books, or the deposit of common shares in connection with voting at a shareholders meeting, or the payment of dividends;

the surrender of ADRs evidencing a number of ADSs representing other than a whole number of common shares;

the payment of fees, charges, taxes and other governmental charges; or

where deemed necessary or advisable by the Depositary or us in good faith due to any requirement of any U.S. or foreign laws, government, governmental body or commission, any securities exchange on which the ADSs or common shares are listed or governmental regulations relating to the ADSs or the withdrawal of the underlying common shares.
 
U.S. securities laws provide that this right of withdrawal may not be limited by any other provision of the deposit agreement. However, we do not intend to list our common shares for trading on any exchange. Therefore, it may be more difficult to dispose of our common shares than it will be to dispose of our ADSs.
 
Transmission of Notices to Shareholders
 
We will promptly transmit to the Depositary those communications that we make generally available to our shareholders together with annual and other reports prepared in accordance with applicable requirements of U.S. securities laws. Upon our request and at our expense, subject to the distribution of any such communications being lawful and not in contravention of any regulatory restrictions or requirements if so distributed and made available to holders, the Depositary will arrange for the timely mailing of copies of such communications to all ADS holders and will make a copy of such communications available for inspection at the Depositarys Corporate Trust Office, the office of the custodian or any other designated transfer office of the Depositary.
 
Voting Rights
 
As soon as practicable upon receipt of timely notice of any meeting at which the holders of our shares are entitled to vote, or of solicitation of consents or proxies from holders of our shares, the Depositary will fix a record date in respect of such meeting or solicitation of consent or proxy. The Depositary will, if requested by us in writing in a timely manner, mail by regular, ordinary mail delivery (or by electronic mail or as otherwise may be agreed between us and the Depositary from time to time) or otherwise distribute to holders of ADSs as of the record date: (a) such information as is contained in such notice of meeting (or solicitation of consent or proxy) received by the Depositary from us, (b) a statement that holders as of the record date will be entitled, insofar as practicable and permitted under applicable law, the terms of the deposit agreement, the terms and conditions of our common shares and of our bye-laws (and subject to such other requirements as we shall notify the Depositary), to instruct the Depositary as to the exercise of the voting rights (or deemed exercise of voting rights), if any, pertaining to the amount of our common shares represented by their respective ADSs, and (c) a statement as to the manner in which such instructions may be given or may be deemed to have been given as described below if no validly-completed instructions are received by the Depositary from a holder of ADSs by the ADS voting cut-off date set by the Depositary for such purpose. Upon the written request of a holder as of such record date, received on or before the ADS voting cut-off date, the Depositary will endeavor, insofar as practicable, to vote or cause to be voted the amount of our common shares represented by the ADSs in accordance with the instructions set forth in such request.

11

To the extent no such instructions are received by the Depositary on or before the ADS voting cut-off date from holders of a sufficient number of shares so as to enable the Company to meet its quorum requirements with respect to any such meeting of shareholders, the Depositary will, upon our written request and at all times subject to applicable law, the terms of the deposit agreement, the terms and conditions of our common shares and our bye-laws, deem such holder to: (A) have instructed the Depositary to take such action as is necessary to cause the number of underlying shares for which no voting instructions have been received from holders of ADSs so as to meet applicable quorum requirements (currently 25% of our common shares) to be counted for the purposes of satisfying applicable quorum requirements; and (B) have given a power of attorney to the Depositary or the custodian, as its nominee, to cause such equal number of common shares so counted under (A) above being counted for the purposes of establishing a quorum, with respect to any resolution proposed by the Board of Directors of the Company within the agenda set for such meeting, to be voted at any such meeting in proportion to the voting instructions duly-received by the Depositary from holders of ADSs as of the record date by the ADS voting cut-off date; provided, however that, except to the extent we have provided the Depositary with at least 30 days written notice of any such meeting, the common shares shall not be so counted and shall not be so voted (proportionately to the voting instructions received by the Depositary from holders of ADSs as of the record date by the ADS voting cut-off date) with respect to any matter as to which the Depositary informs us that the Depositary reasonably believes that with respect to any such resolution: (i) substantial opposition exists or (ii) it materially affects the rights of holders of common shares. For the purposes of this provision of the deposit agreement, by way of example and not limitation, it is agreed that routine matters, such as appointing auditors and directors (except where a competing director or slate of directors is proposed), and resolutions to approve the public offering or private placement of securities, would not materially affect the rights of holders of common shares.
 
There can be no assurance that holders generally or any holder in particular will receive the notice described above with sufficient time to enable such holder to return voting instructions to the Depositary by the ADS voting cut-off date. In the deposit agreement, we have agreed that we will endeavor to provide at least 30 days prior written notice to the Depositary which will enable the timely notification of holders as to limitations on the ability of the Depositary to vote a particular ADS according to the voting instructions received in regard to such ADS. Common shares which have been withdrawn from the Depositary facility and transferred on our register of members to a person other than the Depositary or its nominee may be voted by the holders thereof in accordance with applicable law and our bye-laws. However, holders or beneficial owners of ADSs may not receive sufficient advance notice of shareholder meetings to enable them to withdraw the common shares and vote at such meetings.
 
Payment of Taxes
 
You will be responsible for any taxes or other governmental charges payable on your ADSs or on the deposited securities underlying your ADRs. The Depositary may refuse to issue ADSs, deliver ADRs, register the transfer, split-up or combination of ADRs, or allow you to withdraw the deposited securities underlying your ADSs until such payment is made including any applicable interest and penalty thereon. We, the custodian or the Depositary may withhold or deduct the amounts of taxes owed from any distributions to you or may sell deposited securities, by public or private sale, to pay any taxes and any applicable interest and penalties owed. You will remain liable if the proceeds of the sale are not enough to pay the taxes. If the Depositary sells deposited securities, it will, if appropriate, reduce the number of ADSs to reflect the sale and pay to you any proceeds, or send to you any property remaining after it has paid the taxes.
 
Unless a U.S. holder of ADSs otherwise specifies, a customary fee of $0.005 per ADS will be deducted from each dividend paid to such holder so that such dividend may be paid gross of Irish withholding taxes.

12

Reclassifications, Recapitalizations and Mergers
 
If we take actions that affect the deposited securities, including (1) any change in par value, split-up, cancellation, consolidation or other reclassification of deposited securities to the extent permitted by any applicable law, (2) any distribution on the common shares that is not distributed to you and (3) any recapitalization, reorganization, merger, consolidation, liquidation or sale of our assets affecting us or to which we are a party resulting in a distribution of cash or securities to our shareholders, then the cash, common shares or other securities received by the Depositary in connection therewith will become deposited securities and be subject to the deposit agreement and any applicable law, evidence the right to receive such additional deposited securities, and the Depositary may choose to:
 

distribute additional ADSs;

call for surrender of outstanding ADSs to be exchanged for new ADSs;

distribute cash, securities or other property it has received in connection with such actions;

sell any securities or property received at public or private sale on an averaged or other practicable basis without regard to any distinctions among holders and distribute the net proceeds as cash; or

treat the cash, securities or other property it receives as part of the deposited securities, and each ADS will then represent a proportionate interest in that property.
 
Amendment and Termination
 
We may agree with the Depositary to amend the deposit agreement and the ADSs without your consent for any reason deemed necessary or desirable. You will be given at least 30 days notice of any amendment that imposes or increases any fees or charges, except for taxes, governmental charges, delivery expenses or other charges specifically payable by ADS holders under the deposit agreement, or which otherwise materially prejudices any substantial existing right of holders or beneficial owners of ADSs. If an ADS holder continues to hold ADSs after being so notified of these changes, that ADS holder is deemed to agree to that amendment and be bound by the ADRs and the agreement as amended. An amendment can become effective before notice is given if necessary to ensure compliance with a new law, rule or regulation.
 
At any time we may instruct the Depositary to terminate the deposit agreement, in which case the Depositary will give notice to you at least 30 days prior to termination. The Depositary may also terminate the deposit agreement if it has told us that it would like to resign or we have removed the Depositary and we have not appointed a new Depositary bank within 90 days, in such instances, the Depositary will give notice to you at least 30 days prior to termination. After termination, the Depositarys only responsibility will be to deliver deposited securities to ADS holders who surrender their ADSs upon payment of any fees, charges, taxes or other governmental charges, and to hold or sell distributions received on deposited securities. After the expiration of six months from the termination date, the Depositary may sell the deposited securities which remain and hold the net proceeds of such sales, uninvested and without liability for interest, for the pro rata benefit of ADS holders who have not yet surrendered their ADSs. After selling the deposited securities, the Depositary has no obligations except to account for those net proceeds and other cash. Upon termination of the deposit agreement, we will be discharged from all obligations except for our obligations to the Depositary.
 
We intend to maintain a Depositary arrangement for so long as it facilitates U.S. holders in benefiting from an exemption to Irish withholding taxes on dividends on our common shares.
 
Limitations on Obligations and Liability
 
The deposit agreement expressly limits our and the Depositarys obligations and liability.
 
We and the Depositary:
 

are only obligated to take the actions specifically set forth in the deposit agreement without gross negligence or bad faith;

are not liable if either of us by law or circumstances beyond our control is prevented from, or delayed in, performing any obligation under the agreement, including, without limitation, requirements of any present or future law, regulation, governmental or regulatory authority or stock exchange of any applicable jurisdiction, any present or future provision of our memorandum of association and bye-laws, on account of possible civil or criminal penalties or restraint, any provisions of or governing the deposited securities, any act of God, war or other circumstances beyond each of our control as set forth in the deposit agreement;

13


are not liable if either of us exercises or fails to exercise the discretion permitted under the deposit agreement, the provisions of or governing the deposited securities or our memorandum of association and bye-laws;

are not liable for any action/inaction on the advice or information of legal counsel, accountants, any person presenting common shares for deposit, holders and beneficial owners (or authorized representatives) of ADRs, or any person believed in good faith to be competent to give such advice or information;

are not liable for the inability of any holder to benefit from any distribution, offering, right or other benefit if made in accordance with the provisions of the deposit agreement;

have no obligation to become involved in a lawsuit or other proceeding related to any deposited securities or the ADSs or the deposit agreement on your behalf or on behalf of any other party;

may rely upon any documents we believe in good faith to be genuine and to have been signed or presented by the proper party; and

shall not incur any liability for any indirect, special, punitive or consequential damages for any breach of the terms of the deposit agreement.
 
The Depositary and its agents shall not incur any liability under the deposit agreement for the failure to carry out any instructions to vote, the manner in which any vote is cast or the effect of any vote or failure to determine that any distribution or action may be lawful or reasonably practicable or allowing any rights to lapse in accordance with the provisions of the deposit agreement, the failure or timeliness of any notice from us, the content of any information submitted to it by us for distribution to you, any investment risk associated with the acquisition of an interest in the deposited securities, the validity or worth of the deposited securities or for any tax consequences that may result from ownership of ADSs, common shares or deposited securities for the creditworthiness of any third party and for any indirect, special, punitive or consequential damage.
 
We have agreed to indemnify the Depositary under certain circumstances. However, the deposit agreement does not limit our liability under federal securities laws. The Depositary may own and deal in any class of our securities and in the ADSs.
 
Requirements for Depositary Actions
 
Before the Depositary issues, delivers or registers a transfer of an ADS, makes a distribution on an ADS, or permits withdrawal of common shares or other property, the Depositary may require:
 

payment of stock transfer or other taxes or other governmental charges and transfer or registration fees charged by third parties for the transfer of any common shares or other deposited securities;

production of satisfactory proof of the identity and genuineness of any signature or other information it deems necessary; and

compliance with regulations it may establish, from time to time, consistent with the deposit agreement, including presentation of transfer documents.
 
The Depositary also may suspend the issuance of ADSs, the deposit of common shares, the registration, transfer, split-up or combination of ADSs or the withdrawal of deposited securities, unless the deposit agreement provides otherwise, if the register for ADSs is closed or if we or the Depositary decide any such action is necessary or advisable.
 
Deutsche Bank Trust Company Americas keeps books for the registration and transfer of ADRs at its offices. You may reasonably inspect such books, except if you have a purpose other than our business or a matter related to the deposit agreement or the ADRs.
 
Disclosure of Interests
 
By purchasing ADSs, you agree to comply with our memorandum of association and bye-laws and the laws of Bermuda, the United States of America and any other relevant jurisdiction regarding any disclosure requirements regarding ownership of common shares, all as if the ADSs were, for this purpose, the common shares they represent.


14