UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

☑ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2023

OR

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from                      to        

Commission file number 001-33977

VISA INC.

(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware		26-0267673
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)		(IRS Employer Identification No.)
P.O. Box 8999		94128-8999
San Francisco,	California
(Address of principal executive offices)		(Zip Code)

(650) 432-3200

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class	Trading Symbol	Name of each exchange on which registered
Class A Common Stock, par value $0.0001 per share	V	New York Stock Exchange
1.500% Senior Notes due 2026	V26	New York Stock Exchange
2.000% Senior Notes due 2029	V29	New York Stock Exchange
2.375% Senior Notes due 2034	V34	New York Stock Exchange

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.  Yes  ☑    No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).  Yes  ☑    No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer	☑	Accelerated filer	☐
Non-accelerated filer	☐	Smaller reporting company	☐
		Emerging growth company	☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).  Yes  ☐ No  ☑

As of April 19, 2023, there were 1,618,223,392 shares outstanding of the registrant’s class A common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, 245,513,385 shares outstanding of the registrant’s class B common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, and 9,580,212 shares outstanding of the registrant’s class C common stock, par value $0.0001 per share.

VISA INC.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

 

		Page
PART I.	Financial Information	4
Item 1.	Financial Statements (Unaudited)	4
	Consolidated Balance Sheets—March 31, 2023 and September 30, 2022	4
	Consolidated Statements of Operations—Three and Six Months Ended March 31, 2023 and 2022	5
	Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income—Three and Six Months Ended March 31, 2023 and 2022	6
	Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity—Three and Six Months Ended March 31, 2023 and 2022	7
	Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows—Six Months Ended March 31, 2023 and 2022	11
	Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)	12
Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	28
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	38
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	39
PART II.	Other Information	40
Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	40
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	40
Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	41
Item 3.	Defaults Upon Senior Securities	41
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	41
Item 5.	Other Information	41
Item 6.	Exhibits	42
	Signatures	43

3

PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

ITEM 1. Financial Statements (Unaudited)

VISA INC.

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(UNAUDITED)

	March 31, 2023		September 30, 2022
	(in millions, except per share data)
Assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$	13,842	$	15,689
Restricted cash equivalents—U.S. litigation escrow	1,616		1,449
Investment securities	2,752		2,833
Settlement receivable	1,942		1,932
Accounts receivable	2,122		2,020
Customer collateral	2,739		2,342
Current portion of client incentives	1,477		1,272
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	2,167		2,668
Total current assets	28,657		30,205
Investment securities	2,840		2,136
Client incentives	3,737		3,348
Property, equipment and technology, net	3,359		3,223
Goodwill	18,078		17,787
Intangible assets, net	26,574		25,065
Other assets	3,510		3,737
Total assets	$	86,755	$	85,501
Liabilities
Accounts payable	$	280	$	340
Settlement payable	3,069		3,281
Customer collateral	2,739		2,342
Accrued compensation and benefits	998		1,359
Client incentives	6,783		6,099
Accrued liabilities	3,626		3,726
Current maturities of debt	—		2,250
Accrued litigation	1,602		1,456
Total current liabilities	19,097		20,853
Long-term debt	20,606		20,200
Deferred tax liabilities	5,462		5,332
Other liabilities	3,025		3,535
Total liabilities	48,190		49,920
Equity
Series A, Series B and Series C convertible participating preferred stock (preferred stock), $0.0001 par value: 25 shares authorized and 5 (Series A less than one, Series B 2, Series C 3) shares issued and outstanding	1,885		2,324
Class A, Class B and Class C common stock and additional paid-in capital, $0.0001 par value: 2,003,341 shares authorized (Class A 2,001,622, Class B 622, Class C 1,097); 1,874 (Class A 1,619, Class B 245, Class C 10) and 1,890 (Class A 1,635, Class B 245, Class C 10) shares issued and outstanding	20,095		19,545
Right to recover for covered losses	(35)		(35)
Accumulated income	17,610		16,116
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net:
Investment securities	(66)		(106)
Defined benefit pension and other postretirement plans	(161)		(169)
Derivative instruments	(268)		418
Foreign currency translation adjustments	(495)		(2,512)
Total accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net	(990)		(2,369)
Total equity	38,565		35,581
Total liabilities and equity	$	86,755	$	85,501

See accompanying notes, which are an integral part of these unaudited consolidated financial statements.

4

VISA INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

(UNAUDITED)

	Three Months Ended March 31,				Six Months Ended March 31,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
	(in millions, except per share data)
Net revenues	$	7,985	$	7,189	$	15,921	$	14,248
Operating Expenses
Personnel	1,515		1,226		2,852		2,351
Marketing	309		314		641		594
Network and processing	179		190		357		380
Professional fees	130		125		239		225
Depreciation and amortization	234		207		461		405
General and administrative	282		325		604		567
Litigation provision	—		—		341		148
Total operating expenses	2,649		2,387		5,495		4,670
Operating income	5,336		4,802		10,426		9,578
Non-operating Income (Expense)
Interest expense	(142)		(134)		(279)		(268)
Investment income (expense) and other	84		(126)		108		129
Total non-operating income (expense)	(58)		(260)		(171)		(139)
Income before income taxes	5,278		4,542		10,255		9,439
Income tax provision	1,021		895		1,819		1,833
Net income	$	4,257	$	3,647	$	8,436	$	7,606
Basic Earnings Per Share
Class A common stock	$	2.04	$	1.70	$	4.03	$	3.54
Class B common stock	$	3.26	$	2.76	$	6.45	$	5.74
Class C common stock	$	8.15	$	6.82	$	16.10	$	14.16
Basic Weighted-average Shares Outstanding
Class A common stock	1,624		1,654		1,627		1,662
Class B common stock	245		245		245		245
Class C common stock	10		10		10		10
Diluted Earnings Per Share
Class A common stock	$	2.03	$	1.70	$	4.02	$	3.54
Class B common stock	$	3.25	$	2.75	$	6.44	$	5.73
Class C common stock	$	8.14	$	6.81	$	16.09	$	14.15
Diluted Weighted-average Shares Outstanding
Class A common stock	2,093		2,142		2,098		2,150
Class B common stock	245		245		245		245
Class C common stock	10		10		10		10

See accompanying notes, which are an integral part of these unaudited consolidated financial statements.

5

VISA INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

(UNAUDITED)

	Three Months Ended March 31,				Six Months Ended March 31,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
	(in millions)
Net income	$	4,257	$	3,647	$	8,436	$	7,606
Other comprehensive income (loss):
Investment securities:
Net unrealized gain (loss)	36		(40)		51		(50)
Income tax effect	(8)		8		(11)		10
Defined benefit pension and other postretirement plans:
Net unrealized actuarial gain (loss) and prior service credit (cost)	3		(2)		5		(1)
Income tax effect	—		—		(1)		—
Reclassification adjustments	3		1		4		2
Derivative instruments:
Net unrealized gain (loss)	(75)		77		(191)		191
Income tax effect	17		(13)		31		(35)
Reclassification adjustments	6		(33)		(1)		(39)
Income tax effect	(3)		4		(7)		4
Foreign currency translation adjustments	290		(335)		1,499		(923)
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax	269		(333)		1,379		(841)
Comprehensive income	$	4,526	$	3,314	$	9,815	$	6,765

See accompanying notes, which are an integral part of these unaudited consolidated financial statements.

6

VISA INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN EQUITY

(UNAUDITED)

	Three Months Ended March 31, 2023
	Preferred Stock				Common Stock and Additional Paid-in Capital				Right to Recover for Covered Losses		Accumulated Income		Accumulated Other Comprehensive  Income (Loss), Net		Total Equity
	Shares		Amount		Shares		Amount
	(in millions, except per share data)
Balance as of December 31, 2022	5		$	1,981	1,881		$	19,827	$	(28)	$	16,403	$	(1,259)	$	36,924
Net income											4,257				4,257
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax													269		269
VE territory covered losses incurred									(7)						(7)
Conversion to class A common stock upon sales into public market	—	(1)	(96)		2		96								—
Share-based compensation, net of forfeitures							223								223
Stock issued under equity plans					1		62								62
Restricted stock and performance-based shares settled in cash for taxes					—	(1)	(6)								(6)
Cash dividends declared and paid, at a quarterly amount of $0.45 per class A common stock											(941)				(941)
Repurchase of class A common stock					(10)		(107)				(2,109)				(2,216)
Balance as of March 31, 2023	5		$	1,885	1,874		$	20,095	$	(35)	$	17,610	$	(990)	$	38,565

(1)Increase or decrease is less than one million shares.

See accompanying notes, which are an integral part of these unaudited consolidated financial statements.

7

VISA INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN EQUITY—(Continued)

(UNAUDITED)

	Six Months Ended March 31, 2023
	Preferred Stock					Common Stock and Additional Paid-in Capital				Right to Recover for Covered Losses		Accumulated Income		Accumulated Other Comprehensive  Income (Loss), Net		Total Equity
	Shares		Amount			Shares		Amount
	(in millions, except per share data)
Balance as of September 30, 2022	5		$	2,324	(1)	1,890		$	19,545	$	(35)	$	16,116	$	(2,369)	$	35,581
Net income												8,436				8,436
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax														1,379		1,379
VE territory covered losses incurred										(15)						(15)
Recovery through conversion rate adjustment			(14)							15						1
Conversion to class A common stock upon sales into public market	—	(2)	(425)			7		425								—
Share-based compensation, net of forfeitures								400								400
Stock issued under equity plans						3		118								118
Restricted stock and performance-based shares settled in cash for taxes						—	(2)	(118)								(118)
Cash dividends declared and paid, at a quarterly amount of $0.45 per class A common stock												(1,886)				(1,886)
Repurchase of class A common stock						(26)		(275)				(5,056)				(5,331)
Balance as of March 31, 2023	5		$	1,885	(1)	1,874		$	20,095	$	(35)	$	17,610	$	(990)	$	38,565

(1)As of March 31, 2023 and September 30, 2022, the book value of series A preferred stock was $627 million and $1.0 billion, respectively. Refer to Note 4—U.S. and Europe Retrospective Responsibility Plans for the book value of series B and series C preferred stock.

(2)Increase or decrease is less than one million shares.

See accompanying notes, which are an integral part of these unaudited consolidated financial statements.

8

VISA INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN EQUITY—(Continued)

(UNAUDITED)

	Three Months Ended March 31, 2022
	Preferred Stock				Common Stock and Additional Paid-in Capital				Right to Recover for Covered Losses		Accumulated Income		Accumulated Other Comprehensive  Income (Loss), Net		Total Equity
	Shares		Amount		Shares		Amount
	(in millions, except per share data)
Balance as of December 31, 2021	5		$	2,995	1,916		$	18,776	$	(111)	$	14,606	$	(72)	$	36,194
Net income											3,647				3,647
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax													(333)		(333)
VE territory covered losses incurred									(9)						(9)
Conversion to class A common stock upon sales into public market	—	(1)	(8)		—	(1)	8								—
Share-based compensation, net of forfeitures							190								190
Stock issued under equity plans					2		54								54
Restricted stock and performance-based shares settled in cash for taxes					—	(1)	(3)								(3)
Cash dividends declared and paid, at a quarterly amount of $0.375 per class A common stock											(802)				(802)
Repurchase of class A common stock					(15)		(149)				(2,800)				(2,949)
Balance as of March 31, 2022	5		$	2,987	1,903		$	18,876	$	(120)	$	14,651	$	(405)	$	35,989

(1)Increase or decrease is less than one million shares.

See accompanying notes, which are an integral part of these unaudited consolidated financial statements.

9

VISA INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN EQUITY—(Continued)

(UNAUDITED)

	Six Months Ended March 31, 2022
	Preferred Stock				Common Stock and Additional Paid-in Capital				Right to Recover for Covered Losses		Accumulated Income		Accumulated Other Comprehensive  Income (Loss), Net		Total Equity
	Shares		Amount		Shares		Amount
	(in millions, except per share data)
Balance as of September 30, 2021	5		$	3,080	1,932		$	18,855	$	(133)	$	15,351	$	436	$	37,589
Net income											7,606				7,606
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax													(841)		(841)
VE territory covered losses incurred									(16)						(16)
Recovery through conversion rate adjustment			(29)						29						—
Conversion to class A common stock upon sales into public market	—	(1)	(64)		1		64								—
Share-based compensation, net of forfeitures							318								318
Stock issued under equity plans					4		113								113
Restricted stock and performance-based shares settled in cash for taxes					—	(1)	(116)								(116)
Cash dividends declared and paid, at a quarterly amount of $0.375 per class A common stock											(1,611)				(1,611)
Repurchase of class A common stock					(34)		(358)				(6,695)				(7,053)
Balance as of March 31, 2022	5		$	2,987	1,903		$	18,876	$	(120)	$	14,651	$	(405)	$	35,989

(1)Increase or decrease is less than one million shares.

See accompanying notes, which are an integral part of these unaudited consolidated financial statements.

10

VISA INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(UNAUDITED)

	Six Months Ended March 31,
	2023		2022
	(in millions)
Operating Activities
Net income	$	8,436	$	7,606
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities:
Client incentives	5,691		4,865
Share-based compensation	400		318
Depreciation and amortization of property, equipment, technology and intangible assets	461		405
Deferred income taxes	(154)		21
VE territory covered losses incurred	(15)		(16)
(Gains) losses on equity investments, net	196		(104)
Other	(22)		(61)
Change in operating assets and liabilities:
Settlement receivable	147		3
Accounts receivable	(67)		(173)
Client incentives	(5,521)		(4,503)
Other assets	(77)		(291)
Accounts payable	(48)		(75)
Settlement payable	(493)		111
Accrued and other liabilities	(1,047)		(173)
Accrued litigation	144		(212)
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities	8,031		7,721
Investing Activities
Purchases of property, equipment and technology	(459)		(440)
Investment securities:
Purchases	(2,487)		(1,948)
Proceeds from maturities and sales	1,760		1,975
Acquisitions, net of cash and restricted cash acquired	—		(1,945)
Purchases of other investments	(70)		(55)
Settlement of derivative instruments	402		—
Other investing activities	19		81
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities	(835)		(2,332)
Financing Activities
Repurchase of class A common stock	(5,309)		(7,053)
Repayments of debt	(2,250)		—
Dividends paid	(1,886)		(1,611)
Proceeds from issuance of commercial paper	—		300
Cash proceeds from issuance of class A common stock under equity plans	118		113
Restricted stock and performance-based shares settled in cash for taxes	(118)		(116)
Other financing activities	172		—
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities	(9,273)		(8,367)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents	828		(305)
Increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents	(1,249)		(3,283)
Cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents at beginning of period	20,377		19,799
Cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents at end of period	$	19,128	$	16,516
Supplemental Disclosure
Cash paid for income taxes, net	$	2,635	$	2,107
Interest payments on debt	$	293	$	304
Accruals related to purchases of property, equipment and technology	$	148	$	27

See accompanying notes, which are an integral part of these unaudited consolidated financial statements.

11

VISA INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(UNAUDITED)

Note 1—Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Organization. Visa Inc., together with its subsidiaries (Visa or the Company), is a global payments technology company that facilitates global commerce and money movement across more than 200 countries and territories. Visa operates one of the world’s largest electronic payments networks — VisaNet — which provides transaction processing services (primarily authorization, clearing and settlement). The Company offers products, solutions and services that facilitate secure, reliable and efficient money movement for participants in the ecosystem. Visa is not a financial institution and does not issue cards, extend credit or set rates and fees for account holders of Visa products. In most cases, account holder and merchant relationships belong to, and are managed by, Visa’s financial institution clients.

Consolidation and basis of presentation. The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Visa and its consolidated entities and are presented in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (U.S. GAAP). The Company consolidates its majority-owned and controlled entities, including variable interest entities (VIEs) for which the Company is the primary beneficiary. The Company’s investments in VIEs have not been material to its unaudited consolidated financial statements as of and for the periods presented. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions are eliminated in consolidation.

The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements are presented in accordance with U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) requirements for Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q and, consequently, do not include all of the annual disclosures required by U.S. GAAP. Reference should be made to the Visa Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended September 30, 2022 for additional disclosures, including a summary of the Company’s significant accounting policies.

In the opinion of management, the accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements include all normal recurring adjustments necessary for a fair presentation of the Company’s financial position, results of operations and cash flows for the interim periods presented. The results of operations for interim periods are not necessarily indicative of results for the full year.

Use of estimates. The preparation of the accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions about future events. These estimates and assumptions affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the unaudited consolidated financial statements and reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. These estimates may change as new events occur and additional information is obtained, and will be recognized in the period in which such changes occur. Future actual results could differ materially from these estimates.

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncement. In March 2020, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2020-04, which provides optional expedients and exceptions for applying U.S. GAAP to contracts, hedging relationships and other transactions that reference the London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) or another reference rate expected to be discontinued because of reference rate reform. Subsequently, the FASB also issued amendments to this standard. The amendments in the ASU are effective upon issuance through December 31, 2024. During the quarter ended March 31, 2023, the Company adopted certain optional expedients provided in this ASU in relation to contract modifications and hedge accounting. The adoption did not have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements.

12

VISA INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)—(Continued)

Note 2—Revenues

The nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of the Company’s revenues and cash flows and how they are affected by economic factors are most appropriately depicted through the Company’s revenue categories and geographical markets. The following tables disaggregate the Company’s net revenues by revenue category and by geography:

	Three Months Ended March 31,				Six Months Ended March 31,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
	(in millions)
Service revenues	$	3,771	$	3,521	$	7,282	$	6,714
Data processing revenues	3,819		3,480		7,646		7,094
International transaction revenues	2,749		2,208		5,546		4,382
Other revenues	551		474		1,138		923
Client incentives	(2,905)		(2,494)		(5,691)		(4,865)
Net revenues	$	7,985	$	7,189	$	15,921	$	14,248

	Three Months Ended March 31,				Six Months Ended March 31,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
	(in millions)
U.S.	$	3,540	$	3,079	$	7,107	$	6,257
International	4,445		4,110		8,814		7,991
Net revenues	$	7,985	$	7,189	$	15,921	$	14,248

Note 3—Cash, Cash Equivalents, Restricted Cash and Restricted Cash Equivalents

The Company reconciles cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents reported in the consolidated balance sheets that aggregate to the beginning and ending balances shown in the consolidated statements of cash flows as follows:

	March 31, 2023		September 30, 2022
	(in millions)
Cash and cash equivalents	$	13,842	$	15,689
Restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents:
U.S. litigation escrow	1,616		1,449
Customer collateral	2,739		2,342
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	931		897
Cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents	$	19,128	$	20,377

Note 4—U.S. and Europe Retrospective Responsibility Plans

U.S. Retrospective Responsibility Plan

Under the terms of the U.S. retrospective responsibility plan, the Company maintains an escrow account from which settlements of, or judgments in, certain litigation referred to as the “U.S. covered litigation” are paid. The accrual related to the U.S. covered litigation could be either higher or lower than the U.S. litigation escrow account balance. See Note 12—Legal Matters.

13

VISA INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)—(Continued)

The following table presents the changes in the restricted cash equivalents—U.S. litigation escrow account:

	Six Months Ended March 31,
	2023		2022
	(in millions)
Balance at beginning of period	$	1,449	$	894
Deposits into the litigation escrow account	350		250
Payments to opt-out merchants(1), net of interest earned on escrow funds	(183)		(262)
Balance at end of period	$	1,616	$	882

(1)These payments are associated with the interchange multidistrict litigation. See Note 12—Legal Matters.

Europe Retrospective Responsibility Plan

Visa Inc., Visa International and Visa Europe are parties to certain existing and potential litigation relating to the setting of multilateral interchange fee rates in the Visa Europe territory (VE territory covered litigation). Under the terms of the Europe retrospective responsibility plan, the Company is entitled to recover certain losses resulting from VE territory covered litigation (VE territory covered losses) through a periodic adjustment to the class A common stock conversion rates applicable to the series B and C preferred stock. VE territory covered losses are recorded in a contra-equity account referred to as “right to recover for covered losses” within stockholders’ equity before the corresponding adjustment to the applicable conversion rate is effected. Adjustments to the conversion rate may be executed once in any six-month period unless a single, individual loss greater than €20 million is incurred, in which case, the six-month limitation does not apply. When the adjustment to the conversion rate is made, the amount previously recorded in “right to recover for covered losses” as contra-equity is then recorded against the book value of the preferred stock within stockholders’ equity.

The following table presents the activities related to VE territory covered losses in preferred stock and “right to recover for covered losses” within stockholders’ equity:

	Preferred Stock				Right to Recover for Covered Losses
	Series B		Series C
	(in millions)
Balance as of September 30, 2022	$	460	$	812	$	(35)
VE territory covered losses incurred(1)	—		—		(15)
Recovery through conversion rate adjustment(2)	(7)		(7)		15
Balance as of March 31, 2023	$	453	$	805	$	(35)

	Preferred Stock				Right to Recover for Covered Losses
	Series B		Series C
	(in millions)
Balance as of September 30, 2021	$	1,071	$	1,523	$	(133)
VE territory covered losses incurred(1)	—		—		(16)
Recovery through conversion rate adjustment	(26)		(3)		29
Balance as of March 31, 2022	$	1,045	$	1,520	$	(120)

(1)VE territory covered losses incurred reflect settlements with merchants and additional legal costs. See Note 12—Legal Matters.

(2)Adjustment to right to recover for covered losses for the conversion rate adjustment differs from the actual recovered amount due to differences in foreign exchange rates between the time the losses were incurred and the subsequent recovery through the conversion rate adjustment.

14

VISA INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)—(Continued)

The following table presents the as-converted value of the preferred stock available to recover VE territory covered losses compared to the book value of preferred stock recorded in stockholders’ equity within the Company’s consolidated balance sheets:

	March 31, 2023				September 30, 2022
	As-converted Value of Preferred Stock(1),(2)		Book Value of Preferred Stock(1)		As-converted Value of Preferred Stock(1),(3)		Book Value of Preferred Stock(1)
	(in millions)
Series B preferred stock	$	1,654	$	453	$	1,309	$	460
Series C preferred stock	2,586		805		2,044		812
Total	4,240		1,258		3,353		1,272
Less: right to recover for covered losses	(35)		(35)		(35)		(35)
Total recovery for covered losses available	$	4,205	$	1,223	$	3,318	$	1,237

(1)Figures in the table may not recalculate exactly due to rounding. As-converted and book values are based on unrounded numbers.

(2)As of March 31, 2023, the as-converted value of preferred stock is calculated as the product of: (a) 2 million and 3 million shares of the series B and C preferred stock outstanding, respectively; (b) 2.958 and 3.634, the class A common stock conversion rate applicable to the series B and C preferred stock outstanding, respectively; and (c) $225.46, Visa’s class A common stock closing stock price.

(3)As of September 30, 2022, the as-converted value of preferred stock is calculated as the product of: (a) 2 million and 3 million shares of the series B and C preferred stock outstanding, respectively; (b) 2.971 and 3.645, the class A common stock conversion rate applicable to the series B and C preferred stock outstanding, respectively; and (c) $177.65, Visa’s class A common stock closing stock price.

15

VISA INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)—(Continued)

Note 5—Fair Value Measurements and Investments

Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis

	Fair Value Measurements Using Inputs Considered as
	Level 1				Level 2
	March 31, 2023		September 30, 2022		March 31, 2023		September 30, 2022
	(in millions)
Assets
Cash equivalents and restricted cash equivalents:
Money market funds	$	11,548	$	11,736	$	—	$	—
U.S. Treasury securities	—		799		—		—
Investment securities:
Marketable equity securities	327		437		—		—
U.S. government-sponsored debt securities	—		—		1,016		457
U.S. Treasury securities	4,249		4,005		—		—
Other current and non-current assets:
Money market funds	22		22		—		—
Derivative instruments	—		—		158		1,131
Total	$	16,146	$	16,999	$	1,174	$	1,588
Liabilities
Accrued compensation and benefits:
Deferred compensation liability	$	171	$	146	$	—	$	—
Accrued and other liabilities:
Derivative instruments	—		—		389		418
Total	$	171	$	146	$	389	$	418

Level 1 assets and liabilities. Money market funds, U.S. Treasury securities and marketable equity securities are classified as Level 1 within the fair value hierarchy, as fair value is based on unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets. The Company’s deferred compensation liability is measured at fair value based on marketable equity securities held under the deferred compensation plan.

Level 2 assets and liabilities. The fair value of U.S. government-sponsored debt securities, as provided by third-party pricing vendors, is based on quoted prices in active markets for similar, not identical, assets. Derivative instruments are valued using inputs that are observable in the market or can be derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data.

U.S. Government-sponsored Debt Securities and U.S. Treasury Securities

The amortized cost, unrealized gains and losses and fair value of debt securities were as follows:

	March 31, 2023
	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized				Fair Value
			Gains		Losses
	(in millions)
U.S. government-sponsored debt securities	$	1,016	$	1	$	(1)	$	1,016
U.S. Treasury securities	4,332		6		(89)		4,249
Total	$	5,348	$	7	$	(90)	$	5,265

16

VISA INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)—(Continued)

	September 30, 2022
	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized				Fair Value
			Gains		Losses
	(in millions)
U.S. government-sponsored debt securities	$	458	$	—	$	(1)	$	457
U.S. Treasury securities	4,937		—		(133)		4,804
Total	$	5,395	$	—	$	(134)	$	5,261

Debt securities with unrealized losses for less than 12 months and 12 months or greater were as follows:

	March 31, 2023
	Less Than 12 Months				12 Months or Greater
	Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses
	(in millions)
U.S. government-sponsored debt securities	$	179	$	(1)	$	—	$	—
U.S. Treasury securities	882		(11)		2,270		(78)
Total	$	1,061	$	(12)	$	2,270	$	(78)

	September 30, 2022
	Less Than 12 Months
	Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses
	(in millions)
U.S. government-sponsored debt securities	$	408	$	(1)
U.S. Treasury securities	3,507		(133)
Total	$	3,915	$	(134)

The unrealized losses were primarily attributable to changes in interest rates.

The stated maturities of debt securities were as follows:

	March 31, 2023
	(in millions)
Due within one year	$	2,425
Due after 1 year through 5 years	2,840
Total	$	5,265

Equity Securities

The Company’s non-marketable equity securities are investments in privately held companies without readily determinable market values. These investments are measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis and are classified as Level 3 due to the absence of quoted market prices, the inherent lack of liquidity and the fact that inputs used to measure fair value are unobservable and require management’s judgment.

17

VISA INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)—(Continued)

The following table summarizes the total carrying value of the Company’s non-marketable equity securities held as of March 31, 2023 including cumulative unrealized gains and losses:

	March 31, 2023
	(in millions)
Initial cost basis	$	754
Adjustments:
Upward adjustments	829
Downward adjustments (including impairment)	(438)
Carrying amount, end of period	$	1,145

Unrealized gains and losses included in the carrying value of the Company’s non-marketable equity securities still held as of March 31, 2023 and 2022 were as follows:

	Three Months Ended March 31,				Six Months Ended March 31,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
	(in millions)
Upward adjustments	$	2	$	2	$	19	$	226
Downward adjustments (including impairment)	$	(89)	$	(53)	$	(89)	$	(53)

For the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company recognized net unrealized losses of $82 million and $156 million, respectively, on marketable and non-marketable equity securities still held as of quarter end. For the six months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company recognized net unrealized losses of $184 million and net unrealized gains of $16 million, respectively, on marketable and non-marketable equity securities still held as of quarter end.

Other Fair Value Disclosures

Debt. Debt instruments are measured at amortized cost on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. The fair value of the debt instruments, as provided by third-party pricing vendors, is based on quoted prices in active markets for similar, not identical, assets. If measured at fair value in the financial statements, these instruments would be classified as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy. As of March 31, 2023, the carrying value and estimated fair value of debt was $20.6 billion and $18.9 billion, respectively. As of September 30, 2022, the carrying value and estimated fair value of debt was $22.5 billion and $19.9 billion, respectively.

Other financial instruments not measured at fair value. As of March 31, 2023, the carrying values of settlement receivable and payable and customer collateral are an approximate fair value due to their generally short maturities. If measured at fair value in the financial statements, these financial instruments would be classified as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy.

Non-financial assets. Certain non-financial assets such as goodwill, intangible assets and property, equipment and technology are subject to non-recurring fair value measurements if they are deemed to be impaired. The Company performed its annual impairment review of its indefinite-lived intangible assets and goodwill as of February 1, 2023, and concluded there was no impairment as of that date. No recent events or changes in circumstances indicated that impairment existed as of March 31, 2023.

18

VISA INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)—(Continued)

Note 6—Debt

The Company had outstanding debt as follows:

	March 31, 2023		September 30, 2022		Effective Interest Rate(1)
	(in millions, except percentages)
U.S. dollar notes
2.80% Senior Notes due December 2022	$	—	$	2,250	2.89	%
3.15% Senior Notes due December 2025	4,000		4,000		3.26	%
1.90% Senior Notes due April 2027	1,500		1,500		2.02	%
0.75% Senior Notes due August 2027	500		500		0.84	%
2.75% Senior Notes due September 2027	750		750		2.91	%
2.05% Senior Notes due April 2030	1,500		1,500		2.13	%
1.10% Senior Notes due February 2031	1,000		1,000		1.20	%
4.15% Senior Notes due December 2035	1,500		1,500		4.23	%
2.70% Senior Notes due April 2040	1,000		1,000		2.80	%
4.30% Senior Notes due December 2045	3,500		3,500		4.37	%
3.65% Senior Notes due September 2047	750		750		3.73	%
2.00% Senior Notes due August 2050	1,750		1,750		2.09	%
Euro notes
1.50% Senior Notes due June 2026	1,475		1,325		1.71	%
2.00% Senior Notes due June 2029	1,093		982		2.13	%
2.375% Senior Notes due June 2034	710		638		2.53	%
Total debt	21,028		22,945
Unamortized discounts and debt issuance costs	(168)		(173)
Hedge accounting fair value adjustments(2)	(254)		(322)
Total carrying value of debt	$	20,606	$	22,450
Reported as:
Current maturities of debt	$	—	$	2,250
Long-term debt	20,606		20,200
Total carrying value of debt	$	20,606	$	22,450

(1)Effective interest rates disclosed do not reflect hedge accounting adjustments.

(2)Represents the fair value of interest rate swap agreements entered into on a portion of the outstanding senior notes.

Senior Notes

During the six months ended March 31, 2023, the Company repaid $2.25 billion of principal upon maturity of its senior notes due December 2022.

Non-derivative Financial Instrument Designated as a Net Investment Hedge

During the six months ended March 31, 2023, the Company designated €1.8 billion of the Euro-denominated fixed-rate senior notes (Euro Notes) issued in June 2022 as a hedge against a portion of the Company’s Euro-denominated net investment in Visa Europe. As of March 31, 2023, all of the €3.0 billion Euro Notes were designated as a net investment hedge.

19

VISA INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)—(Continued)

Note 7—Settlement Guarantee Management

The Company indemnifies its clients for settlement losses suffered due to failure of any other client to fund its settlement obligations in accordance with the Visa operating rules. This indemnification creates settlement risk for the Company due to the difference in timing between the date of a payment transaction and the date of subsequent settlement.

Historically, the Company has experienced minimal losses as a result of its settlement risk guarantee. However, the Company’s future obligations, which could be material under its guarantees, are not determinable as they are dependent upon future events.

The Company’s settlement exposure is limited to the amount of unsettled Visa payment transactions at any point in time, which vary significantly day to day. During the six months ended March 31, 2023, the Company’s maximum daily settlement exposure was $123.5 billion and the average daily settlement exposure was $75.0 billion.

The Company maintains and regularly reviews global settlement risk policies and procedures to manage settlement exposure, which may require clients to post collateral if certain credit standards are not met. The Company held the following collateral to manage settlement exposure:

	March 31, 2023		September 30, 2022
	(in millions)
Restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents	$	2,739	$	2,342
Pledged securities at market value	294		213
Letters of credit	1,638		1,582
Guarantees	1,068		950
Total	$	5,739	$	5,087

20

VISA INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)—(Continued)

Note 8—Stockholders’ Equity

As-converted class A common stock. The number of shares of each series and class, and the number of shares of class A common stock on an as-converted basis, were as follows:

	March 31, 2023					September 30, 2022
	Shares Outstanding		Conversion Rate Into  Class A Common Stock		As-converted Class A Common Stock(1)	Shares Outstanding		Conversion Rate Into Class A Common Stock		As-converted Class A Common Stock(1)
	(in millions, except conversion rate)
Series A preferred stock	—	(2)	100.0000		9	—	(2)	100.0000		16
Series B preferred stock	2		2.9580		7	2		2.9710		7
Series C preferred stock	3		3.6340		11	3		3.6450		12
Class A common stock(3)	1,619		—		1,619	1,635		—		1,635
Class B common stock	245		1.5991	(4)	393	245		1.6059	(4)	394
Class C common stock	10		4.0000		38	10		4.0000		39
Total					2,077					2,103

(1)Figures in the table may not recalculate exactly due to rounding. As-converted class A common stock is calculated based on unrounded numbers.

(2)The number of shares outstanding was less than one million.

(3)Class A common stock shares outstanding reflect repurchases that settled on or before March 31, 2023 and September 30, 2022.

(4)The class B to class A common stock conversion rate is presented on a rounded basis. Conversion calculations for dividend payments are based on a conversion rate rounded to the tenth decimal.

Reduction in as-converted shares. The following table presents the reduction in the number of as-converted class B common stock after deposit into the U.S. litigation escrow account for the six months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022.

	Six Months Ended March 31,
	2023		2022
	(in millions, except per share data)
Reduction in equivalent number of class A common stock	2		1
Effective price per share(1)	$	209.14	$	217.61
Deposits under the U.S. retrospective responsibility plan	$	350	$	250

(1)Effective price per share is calculated using the volume-weighted average price of the Company’s class A common stock over a pricing period in accordance with the Company’s current certificate of incorporation.

The following table presents the reduction in the number of as-converted series B and C preferred stock after the Company recovered VE territory covered losses through conversion rate adjustments:

	Six Months Ended March 31, 2023						Six Months Ended March 31, 2022
	Series B			Series C			Series B			Series C
	(in millions, except per share data)
Reduction in equivalent number of class A common stock	—		(1)	—		(1)	—		(1)	—		(1)
Effective price per share(2)	$	211.34		$	211.34		$	201.68		$	201.68
Recovery through conversion rate adjustment	$	7		$	7		$	26		$	3

(1)The reduction in equivalent number of shares of class A common stock was less than one million shares.

(2)Effective price per share for the quarter is calculated using the volume-weighted average price of the Company’s class A common stock over a pricing period in accordance with the Company’s current certificates of designations for its series B and C preferred stock.

21

VISA INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)—(Continued)

Common stock repurchases. The following table presents share repurchases in the open market:

	Three Months Ended March 31,				Six Months Ended March 31,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
	(in millions, except per share data)
Shares repurchased in the open market(1)	10		15		26		34
Average repurchase cost per share(2)	$	221.32	$	210.18	$	206.88	$	210.26
Total cost(2)	$	2,216	$	2,949	$	5,331	$	7,053

(1)Shares repurchased in the open market reflect repurchases that settled during the three and six months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. All shares repurchased in the open market have been retired and constitute authorized but unissued shares.

(2)Figures in the table may not recalculate exactly due to rounding. Average repurchase cost per share and total cost are calculated based on unrounded numbers and include applicable taxes.

In October 2022, the Company’s board of directors authorized a $12.0 billion share repurchase program. This authorization has no expiration date. As of March 31, 2023, the Company’s repurchase program had remaining authorized funds of $11.9 billion. All share repurchase programs authorized prior to October 2022 have been completed.

Dividends. The Company declared and paid dividends of $941 million and $802 million during the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and $1.9 billion and $1.6 billion during the six months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. On April 25, 2023, the Company’s board of directors declared a quarterly cash dividend of $0.45 per share of class A common stock (determined in the case of class B and C common stock and series A, B and C preferred stock on an as-converted basis), which will be paid on June 1, 2023, to all holders of record as of May 12, 2023.

Note 9—Earnings Per Share

The following table presents earnings per share for the three months ended March 31, 2023:

	Basic Earnings Per Share					Diluted Earnings Per Share
	Income Allocation (A)(1)		Weighted- Average Shares Outstanding (B)	Earnings per Share = (A)/(B)(2)		Income Allocation (A)(1)		Weighted- Average Shares Outstanding (B)		Earnings per Share = (A)/(B)(2)
	(in millions, except per share data)
Class A common stock	$	3,307	1,624	$	2.04	$	4,257	2,093	(3)	$	2.03
Class B common stock	800		245	$	3.26	$	799	245		$	3.25
Class C common stock	79		10	$	8.15	$	79	10		$	8.14
Participating securities	71		Not presented	Not presented		$	71	Not presented		Not presented
Net income	$	4,257

The following table presents earnings per share for the six months ended March 31, 2023:

	Basic Earnings Per Share					Diluted Earnings Per Share
	Income Allocation (A)(1)		Weighted- Average Shares Outstanding (B)	Earnings per Share = (A)/(B)(2)		Income Allocation (A)(1)		Weighted- Average Shares Outstanding (B)		Earnings per Share = (A)/(B)(2)
	(in millions, except per share data)
Class A common stock	$	6,549	1,627	$	4.03	$	8,436	2,098	(3)	$	4.02
Class B common stock	1,584		245	$	6.45	$	1,582	245		$	6.44
Class C common stock	157		10	$	16.10	$	156	10		$	16.09
Participating securities	146		Not presented	Not presented		$	146	Not presented		Not presented
Net income	$	8,436

22

VISA INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)—(Continued)

The following table presents earnings per share for the three months ended March 31, 2022:

	Basic Earnings Per Share					Diluted Earnings Per Share
	Income Allocation (A)(1)		Weighted- Average Shares Outstanding (B)	Earnings per Share = (A)/(B)(2)		Income Allocation (A)(1)		Weighted- Average Shares Outstanding (B)		Earnings per Share = (A)/(B)(2)
	(in millions, except per share data)
Class A common stock	$	2,819	1,654	$	1.70	$	3,647	2,142	(3)	$	1.70
Class B common stock	677		245	$	2.76	$	676	245		$	2.75
Class C common stock	69		10	$	6.82	$	69	10		$	6.81
Participating securities	82		Not presented	Not presented		$	81	Not presented		Not presented
Net income	$	3,647

The following table presents earnings per share for the six months ended March 31, 2022:

	Basic Earnings Per Share					Diluted Earnings Per Share
	Income Allocation (A)(1)		Weighted- Average Shares Outstanding (B)	Earnings per Share = (A)/(B)(2)		Income Allocation (A)(1)		Weighted- Average Shares Outstanding (B)		Earnings per Share = (A)/(B)(2)
	(in millions, except per share data)
Class A common stock	$	5,884	1,662	$	3.54	$	7,606	2,150	(3)	$	3.54
Class B common stock	1,409		245	$	5.74	$	1,407	245		$	5.73
Class C common stock	143		10	$	14.16	$	143	10		$	14.15
Participating securities	170		Not presented	Not presented		$	169	Not presented		Not presented
Net income	$	7,606

(1)The weighted-average number of shares of as-converted class B common stock used in the income allocation was 393 million for the three and six months ended March 31, 2023, and 397 million and 398 million for the three and six months ended March 31, 2022, respectively. The weighted-average number of shares of as-converted class C common stock used in the income allocation was 39 million for the three and six months ended March 31, 2023 and 40 million for the three and six months ended March 31, 2022. The weighted-average number of shares of preferred stock included within participating securities was 10 million and 11 million of as-converted series A preferred stock for the three and six months ended March 31, 2023, respectively, and 6 million of as-converted series A preferred stock for the three and six months ended March 31, 2022, 7 million of as-converted series B preferred stock for the three and six months ended March 31, 2023 and 16 million of as-converted series B preferred stock for the three and six months ended March 31, 2022, and 11 million of as-converted series C preferred stock for the three and six months ended March 31, 2023 and 22 million of as-converted series C preferred stock for the three and six months ended March 31, 2022.

(2)Figures in the table may not recalculate exactly due to rounding. Basic and diluted earnings per share are calculated based on unrounded numbers.

(3)Weighted-average diluted shares outstanding are calculated on an as-converted basis and include incremental common stock equivalents, as calculated under the treasury stock method. The common stock equivalents are not material for the three and six months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022.

Note 10—Share-based Compensation

The following table presents the equity awards granted to employees and non-employee directors under the amended and restated 2007 Equity Incentive Compensation Plan (EIP) during the six months ended March 31, 2023:

	Granted	Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value		Weighted-Average Exercise Price
Non-qualified stock options	798,017	$	58.56	$	211.09
Restricted stock units	3,091,583	$	210.58
Performance-based shares(1)	551,818	$	221.32

(1)Represents the maximum number of performance-based shares which could be earned.

23

VISA INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)—(Continued)

For the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company recorded share-based compensation cost related to the EIP of $214 million and $181 million, respectively, and for the six months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company recorded share-based compensation cost related to the EIP of $384 million and $302 million, respectively.

Note 11—Income Taxes

For the three and six months ended March 31, 2023, the effective income tax rates were 19% and 18%, respectively, and for the three and six months ended March 31, 2022, the effective income tax rates were 20% and 19%, respectively. The difference in the effective tax rates is primarily due to a $142 million tax benefit related to prior years recognized during the six months ended March 31, 2023 due to the reassessment of an uncertain tax position as a result of new information obtained during an ongoing tax examination.

During the three months ended March 31, 2023, the Company’s gross and net unrecognized tax benefits increased by $86 million and $26 million, respectively. During the six months ended March 31, 2023, the Company’s gross and net unrecognized tax benefits decreased by $22 million and $123 million, respectively. The change in unrecognized tax benefits is related to various tax positions across several jurisdictions. Additionally, for the six month period, the decrease in unrecognized tax benefits is primarily due to the reassessment mentioned above, partially offset by an increase in gross timing differences.

The Company’s tax filings are subject to examination by U.S. federal, state and foreign taxing authorities. The timing and outcome of the final resolutions of the various ongoing income tax examinations are highly uncertain. It is not reasonably possible to estimate the increase or decrease in unrecognized tax benefits within the next twelve months.

Note 12—Legal Matters

The Company is party to various legal and regulatory proceedings. Some of these proceedings involve complex claims that are subject to substantial uncertainties and unascertainable damages. For those proceedings where a loss is determined to be only reasonably possible or probable but not estimable, the Company has disclosed the nature of the claim. Additionally, unless otherwise disclosed below with respect to these proceedings, the Company cannot provide an estimate of the possible loss or range of loss. Although the Company believes that it has strong defenses for the litigation and regulatory proceedings described below, it could, in the future, incur judgments or fines or enter into settlements of claims that could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial position, results of operations or cash flows. From time to time, the Company may engage in settlement discussions or mediations with respect to one or more of its outstanding litigation matters, either on its own behalf or collectively with other parties.

The litigation accrual is an estimate and is based on management’s understanding of its litigation profile, the specifics of each case, advice of counsel to the extent appropriate and management’s best estimate of incurred loss as of the balance sheet date.

The following table summarizes the activity related to accrued litigation:

	Six Months Ended March 31,
	2023		2022
	(in millions)
Balance at beginning of period	$	1,456	$	983
Provision for uncovered legal matters	—		1
Provision for covered legal matters	352		150
Payments for legal matters	(206)		(365)
Balance at end of period	$	1,602	$	769

Accrual Summary—U.S. Covered Litigation

Visa Inc., Visa U.S.A. and Visa International are parties to certain legal proceedings that are covered by the U.S. retrospective responsibility plan, which the Company refers to as the U.S. covered litigation. An accrual for the

24

VISA INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)—(Continued)

U.S. covered litigation and a charge to the litigation provision are recorded when a loss is deemed to be probable and reasonably estimable. In making this determination, the Company evaluates available information, including but not limited to actions taken by the Company’s litigation committee. The total accrual related to the U.S. covered litigation could be either higher or lower than the escrow account balance. See further discussion below under U.S. Covered Litigation and Note 4—U.S. and Europe Retrospective Responsibility Plans.

The following table summarizes the accrual activity related to U.S. covered litigation:

	Six Months Ended March 31,
	2023		2022
	(in millions)
Balance at beginning of period	$	1,441	$	881
Provision for interchange multidistrict litigation	341		145
Payments for U.S. covered litigation	(201)		(262)
Balance at end of period	$	1,581	$	764

During the six months ended March 31, 2023, the Company recorded an additional accrual of $341 million and deposited $350 million into the U.S. litigation escrow account to address claims associated with the interchange multidistrict litigation. The U.S. covered litigation accrual balance is consistent with the Company’s best estimate of its share of a probable and reasonably estimable loss with respect to the U.S. covered litigation. While this estimate is consistent with the Company’s view of the current status of the litigation, the probable and reasonably estimable loss or range of such loss could materially vary based on developments in the litigation. The Company will continue to consider and reevaluate this estimate in light of the substantial uncertainties with respect to the litigation. The Company is unable to estimate a potential loss or range of loss, if any, at trial if negotiated resolutions cannot be reached.

Accrual Summary—VE Territory Covered Litigation

Visa Inc., Visa International and Visa Europe are parties to certain legal proceedings that are covered by the Europe retrospective responsibility plan. Unlike the U.S. retrospective responsibility plan, the Europe retrospective responsibility plan does not have an escrow account that is used to fund settlements or judgments. The Company is entitled to recover VE territory covered losses through periodic adjustments to the conversion rates applicable to the series B and C preferred stock. An accrual for the VE territory covered losses and a reduction to stockholders’ equity will be recorded when the loss is deemed to be probable and reasonably estimable. See further discussion below under VE Territory Covered Litigation and Note 4—U.S. and Europe Retrospective Responsibility Plans.

The following table summarizes the accrual activity related to VE territory covered litigation:

	Six Months Ended March 31,
	2023		2022
	(in millions)
Balance at beginning of period	$	11	$	102
Provision for VE territory covered litigation	11		5
Payments for VE territory covered litigation	(5)		(102)
Balance at end of period	$	17	$	5

25

VISA INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)—(Continued)

U.S. Covered Litigation

Interchange Multidistrict Litigation (MDL) - Putative Class Actions

On March 15, 2023, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit affirmed the final approval of the Amended Settlement Agreement by the district court.

Interchange Multidistrict Litigation (MDL) - Individual Merchant Actions

Visa has reached settlements with a number of merchants representing approximately 70% of the Visa-branded payment card sales volume of merchants who opted out of the Amended Settlement Agreement with the Damages Class plaintiffs.

Consumer Interchange Litigation

On December 30, 2022, a putative class action was filed in California state court against Visa, Mastercard, and certain financial institutions on behalf of all Visa and Mastercard cardholders in California who made a purchase using a Visa-branded or Mastercard-branded payment card in California from January 1, 2004. Plaintiffs primarily allege a conspiracy to fix interchange fees and seek injunctive relief, attorneys’ fees and damages as direct and indirect purchasers based on alleged violations of California law. On January 11, 2023, plaintiffs filed an amended complaint asserting the same claims as asserted in the prior complaint. On January 30, 2023, Visa removed the action to federal court. On February 10, 2023, the Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation issued an order transferring the case to MDL 1720. On March 1, 2023, plaintiffs filed a motion to remand the case to California state court.

VE Territory Covered Litigation

Europe Merchant Litigation

Since July 2013, proceedings have been commenced by more than 1,100 Merchants (the capitalized term “Merchant” when used in this section, means a Merchant together with subsidiary/affiliate companies that are party to the same claim) against Visa Europe, Visa Inc. and other Visa subsidiaries in the UK and other countries primarily relating to interchange rates in Europe and in some cases relating to fees charged by Visa and certain Visa rules. As of the filing date, Visa has settled the claims asserted by over 175 Merchants, and there are approximately 900 Merchants with outstanding claims. In addition, over 30 additional Merchants have threatened to commence similar proceedings. Standstill agreements have been entered into with respect to some of those threatened Merchant claims, several of which have been settled.

Other Litigation

Visa’s motion challenging jurisdiction in the class action regarding interchange on cross-border transactions and the Honor All Cards rule in Israel was denied.

Other Litigation

European Commission Staged Digital Wallets Investigation

On February 16, 2023, the European Commission (EC) notified Visa that the matter has been closed.

EMV Chip Liability Shift

On November 30, 2022, Visa, jointly with other defendants, served a motion for summary judgment regarding the claims in the amended complaint and a motion to decertify the class.

U.S. Department of Justice Civil Investigative Demand (2021)

On January 4, 2023, the Antitrust Division of the U.S. Department of Justice (Division) issued a further Civil Investigative Demand seeking additional documents and information focusing on U.S. debit and competition with other payment methods and networks. Visa is cooperating with the Division in connection with the investigation.

26

VISA INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)—(Continued)

Foreign Currency Exchange Rate Litigation

On December 21, 2022, plaintiffs filed a third amended complaint asserting the same claims as asserted in the prior complaints. On February 3, 2023, Visa filed a motion to dismiss the third amended complaint.

European Commission Client Incentive Agreements Investigation

On December 2, 2022, the EC informed Visa that it had opened a preliminary investigation into Visa’s incentive agreements with clients. Visa is cooperating with the EC in connection with the investigation.

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ITEM 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

This management’s discussion and analysis provides a review of the results of operations, financial condition and liquidity and capital resources of Visa Inc. and its subsidiaries (Visa, we, us, our or the Company) on a historical basis and outlines the factors that have affected recent earnings, as well as those factors that may affect future earnings. The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with our unaudited consolidated financial statements and related notes included in Item 1—Financial Statements of this report.

Forward-Looking Statements

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the U.S. Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 that relate to, among other things, the impact on our future financial position, results of operations and cash flows as a result of the war in Ukraine; the ongoing effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, including the resumption of international travel; prospects, developments, strategies and growth of our business; anticipated expansion of our products in certain countries; industry developments; anticipated timing and benefits of our acquisitions; expectations regarding litigation matters, investigations and proceedings; timing and amount of stock repurchases; sufficiency of sources of liquidity and funding; effectiveness of our risk management programs; and expectations regarding the impact of recent accounting pronouncements on our consolidated financial statements. Forward-looking statements generally are identified by words such as “anticipates,” “believes,” “estimates,” “expects,” “intends,” “may,” “projects,” “could,” “should,” “will,” “continue” and other similar expressions. All statements other than statements of historical fact could be forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date they are made, are not guarantees of future performance and are subject to certain risks, uncertainties and other factors, many of which are beyond our control and are difficult to predict. We describe risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed in, or implied by, any of these forward-looking statements in our SEC filings, including our Annual Report on Form 10-K, for the year ended September 30, 2022, and any subsequent reports on Forms 10-Q and 8-K. Except as required by law, we do not intend to update or revise any forward-looking statements as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.

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Overview

Visa is a global payments technology company that facilitates global commerce and money movement across more than 200 countries and territories among a global set of consumers, merchants, financial institutions and government entities through innovative technologies. We provide transaction processing services (primarily authorization, clearing and settlement) to our financial institution and merchant clients through VisaNet, our advanced transaction processing network. We offer products and solutions that facilitate secure, reliable and efficient money movement for all participants in the ecosystem.

Financial overview. A summary of our as-reported U.S. GAAP and non-GAAP operating results is as follows:

	Three Months Ended March 31,						Six Months Ended March 31,
	2023		2022		% Change(1)		2023		2022		% Change(1)
	(in millions, except percentages and per share data)
Net revenues	$	7,985	$	7,189	11	%	$	15,921	$	14,248	12	%
Operating expenses	$	2,649	$	2,387	11	%	$	5,495	$	4,670	18	%
Net income	$	4,257	$	3,647	17	%	$	8,436	$	7,606	11	%
Diluted earnings per share	$	2.03	$	1.70	20	%	$	4.02	$	3.54	14	%
Non-GAAP operating expenses(2)	$	2,581	$	2,287	13	%	$	5,020	$	4,402	14	%
Non-GAAP net income(2)	$	4,384	$	3,836	14	%	$	8,965	$	7,737	16	%
Non-GAAP diluted earnings per share(2)	$	2.09	$	1.79	17	%	$	4.27	$	3.60	19	%

(1)Figures in the table may not recalculate exactly due to rounding. Percentage changes are calculated based on unrounded numbers.

(2)For a full reconciliation of our GAAP to non-GAAP financial results, see tables in Non-GAAP financial results below.

Disruption in the Banking Sector. During the quarter ended March 31, 2023, certain financial institutions experienced liquidity issues, which resulted in the failure of two U.S. banks and volatility in the global financial markets. These events did not have an impact on our operating results. We continuously monitor and manage balance sheet and operational risks from clients in our portfolio, including their settlement obligations.

Russia & Ukraine. During the quarter ended March 31, 2022, economic sanctions were imposed on Russia by the U.S., European Union, United Kingdom and other jurisdictions and authorities, impacting Visa and its clients. In March 2022, we suspended our operations in Russia and as a result, are no longer generating revenue from domestic and cross-border activities related to Russia. For the three months ended March 31, 2022, total net revenues from Russia, including revenues driven by domestic as well as cross-border activities, was approximately 4% of our consolidated net revenues.

The continuing effects of the recent liquidity issues at certain financial institutions and the war in Ukraine are difficult to predict due to numerous uncertainties identified in Part I, Item 1A “Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended September 30, 2022. We will continue to evaluate the nature and extent of the impact to our business.

Highlights for the first half of fiscal 2023. For the three and six months ended March 31, 2023, net revenues increased 11% and 12% over the prior-year comparable periods, respectively, primarily due to the growth in nominal cross-border volume, processed transactions and nominal payments volume, partially offset by higher client incentives. During the three and six months ended March 31, 2023, exchange rate movements lowered our net revenues growth by approximately two percentage points. See Results of Operations—Net Revenues below for further discussion.

For the three and six months ended March 31, 2023, GAAP operating expenses increased 11% and 18% over the prior-year comparable periods, respectively, primarily due to higher expenses related to personnel. For the six months ended March 31, 2023, GAAP operating expenses also included higher litigation provision. See Results of Operations—Operating Expenses below for further discussion. During the six months ended March 31, 2023, exchange rate movements lowered our operating expense growth by approximately one percentage point.

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For the three and six months ended March 31, 2023, non-GAAP operating expenses increased 13% and 14% over the prior-year comparable periods, respectively, primarily due to higher expenses related to personnel. For the six months ended March 31, 2023, non-GAAP operating expenses also included higher general and administrative expenses.

Interchange multidistrict litigation. During the six months ended March 31, 2023, we recorded an additional accrual of $341 million to address claims associated with the interchange multidistrict litigation. We also made deposits of $350 million into the U.S. litigation escrow account. See Note 4—U.S. and Europe Retrospective Responsibility Plans and Note 12—Legal Matters to our unaudited consolidated financial statements.

Common stock repurchases. In October 2022, our board of directors authorized a $12.0 billion share repurchase program. During the six months ended March 31, 2023, we repurchased 26 million shares of our class A common stock in the open market for $5.3 billion. As of March 31, 2023, our repurchase programs had remaining authorized funds of $11.9 billion. See Note 8—Stockholders’ Equity to our unaudited consolidated financial statements.

Non-GAAP financial results. We use non-GAAP financial measures of our performance which exclude certain items which we believe are not representative of our continuing operations, as they may be non-recurring or have no cash impact, and may distort our longer-term operating trends. We consider non-GAAP measures useful to investors because they provide greater transparency into management’s view and assessment of our ongoing operating performance.

•Gains and losses on equity investments. Gains and losses on equity investments include periodic non-cash fair value adjustments and gains and losses upon sale of an investment. These long-term investments are strategic in nature and are primarily private company investments. Gains and losses and the related tax impacts associated with these investments are tied to the performance of the companies that we invest in and therefore do not correlate to the underlying performance of our business.

•Amortization of acquired intangible assets. Amortization of acquired intangible assets consists of amortization of intangible assets such as developed technology, customer relationships and brands acquired in connection with business combinations executed beginning in fiscal 2019. Amortization charges for our acquired intangible assets are non-cash and are significantly affected by the timing, frequency and size of our acquisitions, rather than our core operations. As such, we have excluded this amount and the related tax impact to facilitate an evaluation of our current operating performance and comparison to our past operating performance.

•Acquisition-related costs. Acquisition-related costs consist primarily of one-time transaction and integration costs associated with our business combinations. These costs include professional fees, technology integration fees, restructuring activities and other direct costs related to the purchase and integration of acquired entities. These costs also include retention equity and deferred equity compensation when they are agreed upon as part of the purchase price of the transaction but are required to be recognized as expense post-combination. We have excluded these amounts and the related tax impacts as the expenses are recognized for a limited duration and do not reflect the underlying performance of our business.

•Litigation provision. During the six months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, we recorded additional accruals to address claims associated with the interchange multidistrict litigation of $341 million and $145 million, respectively, and related tax benefit of $76 million and $32 million, respectively, determined by applying applicable tax rates. Under the U.S. retrospective responsibility plan, we recover the monetary liabilities related to the U.S. covered litigation through a downward adjustment to the rate at which shares of our class B common stock convert into shares of class A common stock. See Note 4—U.S. and Europe Retrospective Responsibility Plans and Note 12—Legal Matters to our unaudited consolidated financial statements.

•Russia-Ukraine charges. During the three and six months ended March 31, 2022, we recorded a loss within general and administrative expense of $35 million from the deconsolidation of our Russian subsidiary. We also incurred charges of $25 million in personnel expense as a result of steps taken to support our employees in Russia and Ukraine. We have excluded these amounts and the related tax benefit of $4 million, determined by applying applicable tax rates, as they are one-time charges and do not reflect the underlying performance of our business.

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Non-GAAP operating expenses, non-operating income (expense), income tax provision, effective income tax rate, net income and diluted earnings per share should not be relied upon as substitutes for, or considered in isolation from, measures calculated in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The following tables reconcile our as-reported financial measures, calculated in accordance with U.S. GAAP, to our respective non-GAAP financial measures:

	Three Months Ended March 31, 2023
	Operating Expenses		Non-operating Income (Expense)		Income Tax Provision		Effective Income Tax Rate(1)		Net Income		Diluted Earnings Per Share(1)
	(in millions, except percentages and per share data)
As reported	$	2,649	$	(58)	$	1,021	19.3	%	$	4,257	$	2.03
(Gains) losses on equity investments, net	—		90		19				71		0.03
Amortization of acquired intangible assets	(46)		—		10				36		0.02
Acquisition-related costs	(22)		—		2				20		0.01
Non-GAAP	$	2,581	$	32	$	1,052	19.4	%	$	4,384	$	2.09

	Six Months Ended March 31, 2023
	Operating Expenses		Non-operating Income (Expense)		Income Tax Provision		Effective Income Tax Rate(1)		Net Income		Diluted Earnings Per Share(1)
	(in millions, except percentages and per share data)
As reported	$	5,495	$	(171)	$	1,819	17.7	%	$	8,436	$	4.02
(Gains) losses on equity investments, net	—		196		43				153		0.07
Amortization of acquired intangible assets	(89)		—		19				70		0.03
Acquisition-related costs	(45)		—		4				41		0.02
Litigation provision	(341)		—		76				265		0.13
Non-GAAP	$	5,020	$	25	$	1,961	17.9	%	$	8,965	$	4.27

	Three Months Ended March 31, 2022
	Operating Expenses		Non-operating Income (Expense)		Income Tax Provision		Effective Income Tax Rate(1)		Net Income		Diluted Earnings Per Share(1)
	(in millions, except percentages and per share data)
As reported	$	2,387	$	(260)	$	895	19.7	%	$	3,647	$	1.70
(Gains) losses on equity investments, net	—		127		28				99		0.05
Amortization of acquired intangible assets	(20)		—		4				16		0.01
Acquisition-related costs	(20)		—		2				18		0.01
Russia-Ukraine charges	(60)		—		4				56		0.03
Non-GAAP	$	2,287	$	(133)	$	933	19.6	%	$	3,836	$	1.79

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	Six Months Ended March 31, 2022
	Operating Expenses		Non-operating Income (Expense)		Income Tax Provision		Effective Income Tax Rate(1)		Net Income		Diluted Earnings Per Share(1)
	(in millions, except percentages and per share data)
As reported	$	4,670	$	(139)	$	1,833	19.4	%	$	7,606	$	3.54
(Gains) losses on equity investments, net	—		(104)		(14)				(90)		(0.04)
Amortization of acquired intangible assets	(33)		—		7				26		0.01
Acquisition-related costs	(30)		—		4				26		0.01
Litigation provision	(145)		—		32				113		0.05
Russia-Ukraine charges	(60)		—		4				56		0.03
Non-GAAP	$	4,402	$	(243)	$	1,866	19.4	%	$	7,737	$	3.60

(1)Figures in the table may not recalculate exactly due to rounding. Effective income tax rate, diluted earnings per share and their respective totals are calculated based on unrounded numbers.

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Payments volume and processed transactions. Payments volume is the primary driver for our service revenues, and the number of processed transactions is the primary driver for our data processing revenues.

Payments volume represents the aggregate dollar amount of purchases made with cards and other form factors carrying the Visa, Visa Electron, V PAY and Interlink brands and excludes Europe co-badged volume. Nominal payments volume is denominated in U.S. dollars and is calculated each quarter by applying an established U.S. dollar/foreign currency exchange rate for each local currency in which our volumes are reported. Processed transactions represent transactions using cards and other form factors carrying the Visa, Visa Electron, V PAY, Interlink and PLUS brands processed on Visa’s networks.

The following table presents nominal payments and cash volume:

	U.S.						International						Visa Inc.
	Three Months Ended December 31,(1)						Three Months Ended December 31,(1)						Three Months Ended December 31,(1)
	2022		2021		% Change(2)		2022		2021		% Change(2)		2022		2021		% Change(2)
	(in billions, except percentages)
Nominal payments volume
Consumer credit	$	569	$	525	8	%	$	696	$	708	(2	%)	$	1,265	$	1,233	3	%
Consumer debit(3)	706		652		8	%	662		732		(10	%)	1,368		1,384		(1	%)
Commercial(4)	248		219		13	%	137		129		7	%	385		348		11	%
Total nominal payments volume(2)	$	1,522	$	1,395	9	%	$	1,495	$	1,569	(5	%)	$	3,018	$	2,964	2	%
Cash volume(5)	150		153		(2	%)	466		514		(9	%)	617		667		(8	%)
Total nominal volume(2),(6)	$	1,673	$	1,548	8	%	$	1,962	$	2,083	(6	%)	$	3,634	$	3,632	—	%
	U.S.						International						Visa Inc.
	Six Months Ended December 31,(1)						Six Months Ended December 31,(1)						Six Months Ended December 31,(1)
	2022		2021		% Change(2)		2022		2021		% Change(2)		2022		2021		% Change(2)
	(in billions, except percentages)
Nominal payments volume
Consumer credit	$	1,120	$	1,005	11	%	$	1,380	$	1,360	2	%	$	2,500	$	2,365	6	%
Consumer debit(3)	1,388		1,292		7	%	1,300		1,425		(9	%)	2,688		2,717		(1	%)
Commercial(4)	494		424		16	%	267		247		8	%	762		671		14	%
Total nominal payments volume(2)	$	3,002	$	2,721	10	%	$	2,947	$	3,031	(3	%)	$	5,949	$	5,752	3	%
Cash volume(5)	305		332		(8	%)	918		1,011		(9	%)	1,223		1,342		(9	%)
Total nominal volume(2),(6)	$	3,307	$	3,053	8	%	$	3,865	$	4,041	(4	%)	$	7,172	$	7,094	1	%

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The following table presents the change in nominal and constant payments and cash volume:

	International				Visa Inc.				International				Visa Inc.
	Three Months Ended December 31, 2022 vs. 2021(1),(2)				Three Months Ended December 31, 2022 vs. 2021(1),(2)				Six Months Ended December 31, 2022 vs. 2021(1),(2)				Six Months Ended December 31, 2022 vs. 2021(1),(2)
	Nominal		Constant(7)		Nominal		Constant(7)		Nominal		Constant(7)		Nominal		Constant(7)
Payments volume growth
Consumer credit growth	(2	%)	10	%	3	%	9	%	2	%	12	%	6	%	12	%
Consumer debit growth(3)	(10	%)	(2	%)	(1	%)	3	%	(9	%)	(1	%)	(1	%)	3	%
Commercial growth(4)	7	%	19	%	11	%	15	%	8	%	22	%	14	%	18	%
Total payments volume growth	(5	%)	5	%	2	%	7	%	(3	%)	7	%	3	%	9	%
Cash volume growth(5)	(9	%)	(3	%)	(8	%)	(3	%)	(9	%)	(3	%)	(9	%)	(4	%)
Total volume growth	(6	%)	3	%	—	%	5	%	(4	%)	5	%	1	%	6	%

(1)Service revenues in a given quarter are assessed based on nominal payments volume in the prior quarter. Therefore, service revenues reported for the three and six months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, were based on nominal payments volume reported by our financial institution clients for the three and six months ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. On occasion, previously presented volume information may be updated. Prior-period updates are not material.

(2)Figures in the table may not recalculate exactly due to rounding. Percentage changes and totals are calculated based on unrounded numbers.

(3)Includes consumer prepaid volume and Interlink volume.

(4)Includes large, medium and small business credit and debit, as well as commercial prepaid volume.

(5)Cash volume generally consists of cash access transactions, balance access transactions, balance transfers and convenience checks.

(6)Total nominal volume is the sum of total nominal payments volume and cash volume. Total nominal volume is provided by our financial institution clients, subject to review by Visa.

(7)Growth on a constant-dollar basis excludes the impact of foreign currency fluctuations against the U.S. dollar.

The following table presents the number of processed transactions:

	Three Months Ended March 31,				Six Months Ended March 31,
	2023	2022	% Change(1)		2023	2022	% Change(1)
	(in millions, except percentages)
Visa processed transactions	50,069	44,807	12	%	102,581	92,366	11	%

(1)Figures in the table may not recalculate exactly due to rounding. Percentage change is calculated based on unrounded numbers. On occasion, previously presented information may be updated. Prior period updates are not material.

Results of Operations

Net Revenues

The following table presents our net revenues earned in the U.S. and internationally:

	Three Months Ended March 31,						Six Months Ended March 31,
	2023		2022		% Change(1)		2023		2022		% Change(1)
	(in millions, except percentages)
U.S.	$	3,540	$	3,079	15	%	$	7,107	$	6,257	14	%
International	4,445		4,110		8	%	8,814		7,991		10	%
Net revenues	$	7,985	$	7,189	11	%	$	15,921	$	14,248	12	%

(1)Figures in the table may not recalculate exactly due to rounding. Percentage changes are calculated based on unrounded numbers.

Net revenues increased during the three and six-month comparable periods primarily due to the growth in nominal cross-border volume, processed transactions and nominal payments volume, partially offset by higher client incentives.

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Our net revenues are impacted by the overall strengthening or weakening of the U.S. dollar as payments volume and related revenues denominated in local currencies are converted to U.S. dollars. During the three and six months ended March 31, 2023, exchange rate movements lowered our net revenues growth by approximately two percentage points.

The following table presents the components of our net revenues:

	Three Months Ended March 31,						Six Months Ended March 31,
	2023		2022		% Change(1)		2023		2022		% Change(1)
	(in millions, except percentages)
Service revenues	$	3,771	$	3,521	7	%	$	7,282	$	6,714	8	%
Data processing revenues	3,819		3,480		10	%	7,646		7,094		8	%
International transaction revenues	2,749		2,208		24	%	5,546		4,382		27	%
Other revenues	551		474		16	%	1,138		923		23	%
Client incentives	(2,905)		(2,494)		16	%	(5,691)		(4,865)		17	%
Net revenues	$	7,985	$	7,189	11	%	$	15,921	$	14,248	12	%

(1)Figures in the table may not recalculate exactly due to rounding. Percentage changes are calculated based on unrounded numbers.

•Service revenues increased primarily due to 2% and 3% growth in nominal payments volume during the three and six-month comparable periods, respectively, despite the impact of our suspension of operations in Russia. Service revenues also increased due to business mix and select pricing modifications.

•Data processing revenues increased primarily due to overall growth in processed transactions of 12% and 11% during the three and six-month comparable periods, respectively, partially offset by our suspension of operations in Russia.

•International transaction revenues increased primarily due to growth in nominal cross-border volumes of 27% and 25% during the three and six-month comparable periods, respectively, excluding transactions within Europe. International transaction revenues also increased due to volatility of a broad range of currencies and select pricing modifications, partially offset by business mix.

•Other revenues increased primarily due to value added services revenues tied to marketing and consulting services. Other revenues also increased due to acquisition-related revenues.

•Client incentives increased primarily due to growth in payments volume during the three and six-month comparable periods. The amount of client incentives we record in future periods will vary based on changes in performance expectations, actual client performance, amendments to existing contracts or the execution of new contracts.

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Operating Expenses

The following table presents the components of our total operating expenses:

	Three Months Ended March 31,						Six Months Ended March 31,
	2023		2022		% Change(1)		2023		2022		% Change(1)
	(in millions, except percentages)
Personnel	$	1,515	$	1,226	24	%	$	2,852	$	2,351	21	%
Marketing	309		314		(2	%)	641		594		8	%
Network and processing	179		190		(6	%)	357		380		(6	%)
Professional fees	130		125		5	%	239		225		7	%
Depreciation and amortization	234		207		13	%	461		405		14	%
General and administrative	282		325		(13	%)	604		567		6	%
Litigation provision	—		—		NM		341		148		131	%
Total operating expenses	$	2,649	$	2,387	11	%	$	5,495	$	4,670	18	%

NM - Not meaningful

(1)Figures in the table may not recalculate exactly due to rounding. Percentage changes are calculated based on unrounded numbers.

•Personnel expenses increased primarily due to higher number of employees and compensation, reflecting our strategy to invest in future growth, including acquisitions.

•Marketing expenses increased during the six months ended March 31, 2023 primarily due to increased spending in various campaigns, including the FIFA World Cup 2022TM and client marketing. The increase was partially offset by the absence of spending for the Beijing 2022 Olympic Winter Games in the current period.

•Network and processing expenses decreased primarily due to the absence of fees associated with the processing of Russian domestic transactions as a result of our suspension of operations in Russia, partially offset by continued technology and processing network investments to support growth.

•Depreciation and amortization expenses increased primarily due to additional depreciation and amortization from our acquisitions and on-going investments.

•General and administrative expenses decreased during the three months ended March 31, 2023 primarily due to the absence of expenses as a result of the suspension of our operations in Russia. During the six months ended March 31, 2023, expenses increased primarily due to an increase in travel expenses and higher usage of travel related card benefits, partially offset by the absence of expenses as a result of the suspension of our operations in Russia.

•Litigation provision increased during the six months ended March 31, 2023 primarily due to an increase in accrual related to the U.S. covered litigation. See Note 12—Legal Matters to our unaudited consolidated financial statements.

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Non-operating Income (Expense)

The following table presents the components of our non-operating income (expense):

	Three Months Ended March 31,						Six Months Ended March 31,
	2023		2022		% Change(1)		2023		2022		% Change(1)
	(in millions, except percentages)
Interest expense	$	(142)	$	(134)	6	%	$	(279)	$	(268)	4	%
Investment income (expense) and other	84		(126)		(167	%)	108		129		(16	%)
Total non-operating income (expense)	$	(58)	$	(260)	(78	%)	$	(171)	$	(139)	23	%

(1)Figures in the table may not recalculate exactly due to rounding. Percentage changes are calculated based on unrounded numbers.

•Interest expense increased during the three and six months ended March 31, 2023 primarily driven by lower gains from derivative instruments, partially offset by lower interest related to indirect taxes.

•Investment income (expense) and other increased during the three months ended March 31, 2023 primarily due to higher interest income on our cash and investments and lower losses on our equity investments. Investment income and other decreased during the six months ended March 31, 2023 primarily due to losses on our investments, offset by higher interest income on our cash and investments.

Effective Income Tax Rate

The following table presents our effective income tax rates:

	Three Months Ended March 31,				Six Months Ended March 31,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Effective income tax rate	19	%	20	%	18	%	19	%

The difference in the effective tax rates is primarily due to a $142 million tax benefit related to prior years recognized during the six months ended March 31, 2023 due to the reassessment of an uncertain tax position as a result of new information obtained during an ongoing tax examination.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Cash Flow Data

The following table summarizes our cash flow activity for the periods presented:

	Six Months Ended March 31,
	2023		2022
	(in millions)
Total cash provided by (used in):
Operating activities	$	8,031	$	7,721
Investing activities	(835)		(2,332)
Financing activities	(9,273)		(8,367)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents	828		(305)
Increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents	$	(1,249)	$	(3,283)

Operating activities. Cash provided by operating activities for the six months ended March 31, 2023 was higher than the prior-year comparable period primarily due to growth in our underlying business, partially offset by higher incentive payments.

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Investing activities. Cash used in investing activities for the six months ended March 31, 2023 was lower than the prior-year comparable period primarily due to the absence of cash paid for acquisitions, combined with cash received from the settlement of net investment hedge derivative instruments in the current year, partially offset by higher purchases, net of maturities and sales, of investment securities.

Financing activities. Cash used in financing activities for the six months ended March 31, 2023 was higher than the prior-year comparable period primarily due to the principal debt payment upon maturity of our December 2022 senior notes, the absence of proceeds from the issuance of commercial paper and higher dividends paid, partially offset by lower share repurchases. See Note 6—Debt and Note 8—Stockholders’ Equity to our unaudited consolidated financial statements.

Sources of Liquidity

Our primary sources of liquidity are cash on hand, cash flow from our operations, our investment portfolio and access to various equity and borrowing arrangements. Funds from operations are maintained in cash and cash equivalents and short-term or long-term investment securities based upon our funding requirements, access to liquidity from these holdings and the returns that these holdings provide. Based on our current cash flow budgets and forecasts of our short-term and long-term liquidity needs, we believe that our current and projected sources of liquidity will be sufficient to meet our projected liquidity needs for more than the next 12 months. We will continue to assess our liquidity position and potential sources of supplemental liquidity in view of our operating performance, current economic and capital market conditions and other relevant circumstances.

Uses of Liquidity

There has been no significant change to our primary uses of liquidity since September 30, 2022, except as discussed below.

Common stock repurchases. During the six months ended March 31, 2023, we repurchased shares of our class A common stock in the open market for $5.3 billion. As of March 31, 2023, our repurchase programs had remaining authorized funds of $11.9 billion. See Note 8—Stockholders’ Equity to our unaudited consolidated financial statements.

Dividends. During the six months ended March 31, 2023, we declared and paid $1.9 billion in dividends to holders of our common and preferred stock. On April 25, 2023, our board of directors declared a quarterly cash dividend of $0.45 per share of class A common stock (determined in the case of class B and C common stock and series A, B and C convertible participating preferred stock on an as-converted basis). See Note 8—Stockholders’ Equity to our unaudited consolidated financial statements. We expect to continue paying quarterly dividends in cash, subject to approval by the board of directors. All preferred and class B and C common stock will share ratably on an as-converted basis in such future dividends.

Senior notes. During the six months ended March 31, 2023, we repaid $2.25 billion of principal upon maturity of our December 2022 senior notes. See Note 6—Debt to our unaudited consolidated financial statements.

Litigation. During the six months ended March 31, 2023, we deposited $350 million into the U.S. litigation escrow account to address claims associated with the interchange multidistrict litigation. The balance of this account as of March 31, 2023 was $1.6 billion and is reflected as restricted cash in our consolidated balance sheets. See Note 4—U.S. and Europe Retrospective Responsibility Plans and Note 12—Legal Matters to our unaudited consolidated financial statements.

Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted

The Financial Accounting Standards Board has issued certain accounting updates, which we have either determined to be not applicable or not expected to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

ITEM 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

There have been no significant changes to our market risks since September 30, 2022.

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ITEM 4. Controls and Procedures

Evaluation of disclosure controls and procedures. Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of the disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended) of Visa Inc. at the end of the period covered by this report and, based on such evaluation, have concluded that the disclosure controls and procedures of Visa Inc. were effective at the reasonable assurance level as of such date.

Changes in internal control over financial reporting. There have been no changes in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during our second quarter of fiscal 2023 that have materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

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PART II. OTHER INFORMATION

ITEM 1. Legal Proceedings.

Refer to Note 12—Legal Matters to the unaudited consolidated financial statements included in this Form 10-Q for developments concerning the Company’s current material legal proceedings, since the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended September 30, 2022. 

ITEM 1A. Risk Factors.

For a discussion of the Company’s risk factors, see the information under the heading “Risk Factors” in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended September 30, 2022.

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ITEM 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds.

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

The table below presents our purchases of common stock during the three months ended March 31, 2023:

Period	Total Number  of Shares Purchased	Average Purchase Price  per Share(1)		Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs(2)	Approximate Dollar Value of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs(1),(2)
	(in millions, except per share data)
January 1 - 31, 2023	1	$	217.64	1	$	13,790
February 1 - 28, 2023	2	$	224.47	2	$	13,244
March 1 - 31, 2023	7	$	221.86	7	$	11,785
Total	10	$	222.09	10

(1)Includes applicable taxes.

(2)The figures in the table reflect transactions according to the trade dates. For purposes of our unaudited consolidated financial statements included in this Form 10-Q, the impact of these repurchases is recorded according to the settlement dates.

See Note 8—Stockholders’ Equity to our unaudited consolidated financial statements for further discussion on our share repurchase programs.

ITEM 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities.

None.

ITEM 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.

Not applicable.

ITEM 5. Other Information.

None.

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ITEM 6. Exhibits.

EXHIBIT INDEX

		Incorporated by Reference
Exhibit Number	Description of Documents	Schedule/ Form	File Number	Exhibit	Filing Date
10.1+	Form of Visa Inc. 2007 Equity Incentive Compensation Plan Stock Option Award Agreement for awards granted after January 23, 2023
10.2+	Form of Visa Inc. 2007 Equity Incentive Compensation Plan Performance Share Award Agreement for awards granted after January 23, 2023
10.3+	Form of Alternate Visa Inc. 2007 Equity Incentive Compensation Plan Performance Share Award Agreement for awards granted after January 23, 2023
10.4+	Form of Amendment Notification to Stock Option and Performance Share Award Holders
10.5+	First Amendment to Amended and Restated Aircraft Time Sharing Agreement, dated January 30, 2023, between Visa and Alfred F. Kelly, Jr.
10.6+	Aircraft Time Sharing Agreement, effective January 30, 2023, between Visa and Ryan McInerney
31.1+	Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certification of Principal Executive Officer
31.2+	Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certification of Principal Financial Officer
32.1+	Section 1350 Certification of Principal Executive and Financial Officer
101.INS+	Inline XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.
101.SCH+	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL+	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF+	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB+	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE+	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
104+	Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)

+ Filed or furnished herewith.

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

		VISA INC.
Date:	April 26, 2023	By:	/s/ Ryan McInerney
		Name:	Ryan McInerney
		Title:	Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer)
Date:	April 26, 2023	By:	/s/ Vasant M. Prabhu
		Name:	Vasant M. Prabhu
		Title:	Vice Chair, Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer)
Date:	April 26, 2023	By:	/s/ Peter M. Andreski
		Name:	Peter M. Andreski
		Title:	Global Corporate Controller, Chief Accounting Officer (Principal Accounting Officer)

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