NOTE 18: GOODWILL AND INTANGIBLE ASSETS

Acquired identifiable intangible assets are classified into three categories: (1) goodwill, (2) intangible assets with finite lives subject to amortization and (3) intangible assets with indefinite lives. Goodwill and intangible assets with indefinite lives are not amortized; rather, they are reviewed for impairment at least annually. For additional information regarding our policies on impairment reviews, see Note 1 under the captions “Goodwill and Goodwill Impairment,” and “Impairment of Long-lived Assets excluding Goodwill.”

GOODWILL

Goodwill is recognized when the consideration paid for a business exceeds the fair value of the tangible and identifiable intangible assets acquired. Goodwill is allocated to reporting units for purposes of testing goodwill for impairment. There were no charges for goodwill impairment in the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012.

We have four reportable segments organized around our principal product lines: Aggregates, Asphalt Mix, Concrete and Calcium (formerly Cement). Changes in the carrying amount of goodwill by reportable segment for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012 are summarized below:



in thousands	Aggregates	Asphalt Mix	Concrete	Calcium 1	Total
Goodwill
Total as of December 31, 2011	$ 2,995,083	$ 91,633	$ 0	$ 0	$ 3,086,716
Total as of December 31, 2012	$ 2,995,083	$ 91,633	$ 0	$ 0	$ 3,086,716
Goodwill of divested businesses 2	(5,195)	0	0	0	(5,195)
Total as of December 31, 2013	$ 2,989,888	$ 91,633	$ 0	$ 0	$ 3,081,521
Goodwill of acquired businesses 2	13,303	0	0	0	13,303
Total as of December 31, 2014	$ 3,003,191	$ 91,633	$ 0	$ 0	$ 3,094,824


1	The goodwill for the Calcium (formerly Cement) segment of $252,664 thousand was fully impaired in 2008.
2	Refer to Note 19 for additional details.

We test goodwill for impairment on an annual basis or more frequently if events or circumstances change in a manner that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of a reporting unit below its carrying value. A decrease in the estimated fair value of one or more of our reporting units could result in the recognition of a material, noncash write-down of goodwill.

INTANGIBLE ASSETS

Intangible assets acquired in business combinations are stated at their fair value determined as of the date of acquisition. Costs incurred to renew or extend the life of existing intangible assets are capitalized. These capitalized renewal/extension costs were immaterial for the years presented. Intangible assets consist of contractual rights in place (primarily permitting and zoning rights), noncompetition agreements, favorable lease agreements, customer relationships and trade names and trademarks. Intangible assets acquired individually or otherwise obtained outside a business combination consist primarily of permitting, permitting compliance and zoning rights and are stated at their historical cost less accumulated amortization.

See Note 19 for the details of the intangible assets acquired in business acquisitions during 2014, 2013 and 2012. Amortization of finite-lived intangible assets is computed based on the estimated life of the intangible assets. Contractual rights in place associated with aggregates reserves are amortized using the unit-of-production method based on estimated recoverable units. Other intangible assets are amortized principally by the straight-line method. Intangible assets are reviewed for impairment when events or circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable. There were no charges for impairment of intangible assets in the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012.

The gross carrying amount and accumulated amortization by major intangible asset class for the years ended December 31 are summarized below:



in thousands	2014	2013
Gross Carrying Amount
Contractual rights in place 1	$ 812,373	$ 737,619
Noncompetition agreements	2,550	1,200
Favorable lease agreements	16,677	16,677
Customer relationships 2	3,555	14,393
Trade names and trademarks 2	0	5,006
Other	512	2,014
Total gross carrying amount	$ 835,667	$ 776,909
Accumulated Amortization
Contractual rights in place 1	$ (72,289)	$ (65,461)
Noncompetition agreements	(119)	(925)
Favorable lease agreements	(3,489)	(3,053)
Customer relationships 2	(1,459)	(7,275)
Trade names and trademarks 2	0	(2,587)
Other	(68)	(30)
Total accumulated amortization	$ (77,424)	$ (79,331)
Total Intangible Assets Subject to Amortization, net	$ 758,243	$ 697,578
Intangible Assets with Indefinite Lives	0	0
Total Intangible Assets, net	$ 758,243	$ 697,578
Amortization Expense for the Year	$ 10,966	$ 11,732


1	Includes costs to obtain permitting, permitting compliance and zoning rights – both in a business combination or outside a business combination.
2	All trade names and trademarks and a majority of our customer relationship intangibles were associated with our Florida cement and concrete businesses which were sold in 2014 (see Note 19).

Estimated amortization expense for the five years subsequent to December 31, 2014 is as follows:



in thousands
Estimated Amortization Expense for Five Subsequent Years
2015	$ 15,881
2016	15,992
2017	15,001
2018	15,876
2019	16,619