NOTE 3: INCOME TAXES

Our book income tax provision and the corresponding annual effective tax rate are based on expected pretax income, statutory tax rates, percentage depletion and tax planning alternatives available in the various jurisdictions in which we operate. For interim financial reporting, except in circumstances as described in the following paragraph, we estimate the annual effective tax rate based on projected taxable income for the full year and record a quarterly tax provision in accordance with the annual effective tax rate. As the year progresses, we refine the estimates of the year’s taxable income as new information becomes available, including year-to-date financial results. This continual estimation process often results in a change to our annual effective tax rate for the year. When this occurs, we adjust the income tax provision during the quarter in which the change in estimate occurs so that the year-to-date income tax provision reflects the annual effective tax rate. Significant judgment is required in determining our annual effective tax rate and in evaluating our tax positions.

When projected pretax income or loss for the full year is small in relation to our operations, the annual effective tax rate becomes volatile and distorts the income tax provision for an interim period due to the size and nature of our permanent differences between book income and tax income. In these circumstances, we calculate the interim income tax provision or benefit using the year-to-date effective tax rate. This method results in an income tax provision or benefit based solely on the year-to-date pretax book income or loss as adjusted for permanent differences on a pro rata basis.

We recorded income tax benefits from continuing operations of $38,818,000 in the first quarter of 2013 compared to $38,397,000 in the first quarter of 2012. In the first quarters of 2013 and 2012, income taxes were calculated based on the year-to-date effective tax rate as discussed above.

We recognize an income tax benefit associated with an uncertain tax position when, in our judgment, it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained upon examination by a taxing authority. For a tax position that meets the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold, we initially and subsequently measure the income tax benefit as the largest amount that we judge to have a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement with a taxing authority. Our liability associated with unrecognized tax benefits is adjusted periodically due to changing circumstances, such as the progress of tax audits, case law developments and new or emerging legislation. Such adjustments are recognized entirely in the period in which they are identified. Our income tax provision includes the net impact of changes in the liability for unrecognized income tax benefits and subsequent adjustments as we consider appropriate.

We recognize deferred tax assets and liabilities based on the differences between the financial statement carrying amounts and the tax basis of assets and liabilities. Deferred tax assets represent items to be used as a tax deduction or credit in future tax returns for which we have already properly recorded the tax benefit in the income statement. On a quarterly basis, we assess all positive and negative evidence to determine the likelihood that the deferred tax asset balance will be realized. We take into account such factors as:

cumulative losses in recent years

taxable income in prior carryback years, if carryback is permitted under tax law

future reversal of existing taxable temporary differences against deductible temporary differences

future taxable income exclusive of reversing taxable temporary differences

the mix of taxable income in the jurisdictions in which we operate

tax planning strategies

Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance if, based on an analysis of the factors above, it is more-likely-than-not that some, or all, of a deferred tax asset will not be realized.