The components of income before income taxes by U.S. and foreign jurisdictions were as follows for the periods shown (in thousands):

	Fiscal Year Ended January 31,
	2019		2018		2017
United States	$	222,743	$	140,172	$	110,701
Foreign		15,900		25,599		11,654
Total	$	238,643	$	165,771	$	122,355

*	See note 1 of the notes to the consolidated financial statements for a summary of adjustments.

The majority of our revenues from international sales are invoiced from and collected by our U.S. entity and recognized as a component of income before taxes in the United States as opposed to a foreign jurisdiction.

Provision for income taxes consisted of the following for the periods shown (in thousands):

	Fiscal Year Ended January 31,
	2019			2018			2017
Current provision:
Federal	$	5,466		$	5,315		$	36,004
State		4,089			209			4,924
Foreign		7,438			8,022			4,976
Total	$	16,993		$	13,546		$	45,904
Deferred provision:
Federal		(1,910	)		1,681			966
State		(619	)		330			2
Foreign		(5,653	)		(963	)		(2,089	)
Total	$	(8,182	)	$	1,048		$	(1,121	)
Provision for income taxes	$	8,811		$	14,594		$	44,783

*	See note 1 of the notes to the consolidated financial statements for a summary of adjustments.

Provision for income taxes differed from the amount computed by applying the federal statutory income tax rate of 21.0%, 33.8%, and 35.0% for the fiscal years ended January 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017, respectively, to income before income taxes as a result of the following for the periods shown (in thousands):

	Fiscal Year Ended January 31,
	2019			2018			2017
Federal tax statutory tax rate	$	50,115		$	56,047		$	42,824
State taxes		3,139			3,936			4,104
Permanent differences		594			(462	)		(367	)
Tax credits		(21,415	)		(9,409	)		(6,739	)
Domestic manufacturing deduction		—			(1,096	)		(1,678	)
Stock-based compensation		(33,332	)		(37,347	)		4,338
Foreign rate differential		610			(2,207	)		1,042
Valuation allowance		6,666			4,010			1,630
Impact of foreign operations		3,381			4,842			1,891
Others		(947	)		(3,720	)		(2,262	)
Provision for income taxes	$	8,811		$	14,594		$	44,783

*	See note 1 of the notes to the consolidated financial statements for a summary of adjustments.

The tax effects of temporary differences that give rise to significant portions of our deferred tax assets and liabilities related to the following (in thousands):

	January 31,
	2019			2018
Deferred Tax Assets:
Accruals and reserves	$	4,970		$	87
State income taxes		116			2,002
Net operating loss carryforward		2,885			236
Tax credit carryforward		15,411			10,196
Other		435			30
Gross Deferred Tax Assets	$	23,817		$	12,551
Valuation Allowance		(15,385	)		(10,329	)
Total Deferred Tax Assets	$	8,432		$	2,222
Deferred Tax Liabilities:
Property and equipment	$	(822	)	$	(633	)
Intangible assets		(7,159	)		(8,078	)
Expensed internal-use software		(608	)		(595	)
Other		—			(1,643	)
Total Deferred Tax Liabilities	$	(8,589	)	$	(10,949	)
Net Deferred Tax Assets (Liabilities)	$	(157	)	$	(8,727	)

*	See note 1 of the notes to the consolidated financial statements for a summary of adjustments.

In assessing the realizability of deferred tax assets, management considers whether it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. As a result, a valuation allowance was assessed as it is not more likely than not that we will recognize the future benefits on certain tax credits and net California deferred tax asset balances.

As of January 31, 2019, we did not have any net operating loss carryforwards for federal income tax purposes. As of January 31, 2019, the net operating loss carryforwards for state income tax purposes were approximately $4.1 million. The federal net operating losses and the state net operating losses begin to expire in 2033.

As of January 31, 2019, we had federal and California tax credits of $13.1 million and $24.1 million, respectively. The federal tax credits will begin to expire in 2029 if not utilized. The California tax credits can be carried forward indefinitely.

On December 22, 2017, the Tax Act was enacted into law and amended certain provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (IRC). Amendments to the IRC, include, among others, a reduction of the corporate income tax rate from 35% to 21% effective January 1, 2018, a transition tax on accumulated foreign earnings (transition tax), the shift from a worldwide to a territorial tax regime, and a limitation on the deductibility of executive compensation under IRC Section 162(m). Topic 740, requires us to recognize the effect of the Tax Act in the period of enactment, such as remeasuring our U.S. deferred tax assets and liabilities as well as reassessing the net realizability of our deferred tax assets and liabilities.

However, the SEC staff issued Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118, Income Tax Accounting Implications of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (SAB 118), which allows companies the ability to record provisional amounts during a measurement period not to extend more than one year beyond the Tax Act enactment date. As of January 31, 2019, we have completed our calculation of our provision for income tax taking into account the effect of the Tax Act. Future changes in law, interpretations, and facts may impact our provision for income taxes.

We evaluate tax positions for recognition using a more-likely than-not recognition threshold, and those tax positions eligible for recognition are measured as the largest amount of tax benefit that is greater than 50% likely of being realized upon the effective settlement with a taxing authority that has full knowledge of all relevant information. We classify unrecognized tax benefits that are not expected to result in payment or receipt of cash within one year as “other non-current liabilities” in the consolidated balance sheets. As of January 31, 2019, the total amount of gross unrecognized tax benefits was $12.6 million, of which $6.9 million, if recognized, would favorably impact our effective tax rate. The aggregate changes in our total gross amount of unrecognized tax benefits are summarized as follows for the periods shown (in thousands):

	Fiscal Year Ended January 31,
	2019			2018			2017
Beginning balance	$	11,398		$	7,868		$	5,248
Increases related to tax positions taken during the prior period		968			256			24
Increases related to tax positions taken during the current period		2,697			4,032			2,888
Decreases related to tax positions taken during the prior period		(1,754	)		(67	)		—
Audit settlements		(403	)		—			—
Lapse of statute of limitations		(309	)		(691	)		(292	)
Ending balance	$	12,597		$	11,398		$	7,868

Our policy is to classify interest and penalties associated with unrecognized tax benefits as income tax expense. Interest and penalties were not significant during fiscal year ended January 31, 2019.

We file tax returns in the United States for federal, California, and other states. Fiscal years ended January 31, 2016 and forward remain open to examination for federal income tax, and fiscal years ended January 31, 2014 and forward remain open to examination for California and other states. We file tax returns in multiple foreign jurisdictions. The fiscal years ended January 31, 2013 and forward remain open to examination in these foreign jurisdictions.

During the fiscal year ended January 31, 2019, we repatriated funds in certain foreign jurisdictions that we previously designated as indefinitely reinvested outside the United States. This decision had an immaterial impact to our financial statements. For the remaining non-U.S. cash and cash equivalents that have been earmarked for indefinite reinvestment in our operations outside the United States, no U.S. current or deferred taxes have been accrued.