UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

x ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018

OR

o TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from      to

Commission file number 001-33493

Greenlight Capital Re, Ltd.

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)

Cayman Islands	N/A
(State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

65 Market Street, Suite 1207, Jasmine Court, Camana Bay

P.O. Box 31110

Grand Cayman, KY1-1205

Cayman Islands

(Address of Principal Executive Offices)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: 345-943-4573

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of Class	Name of Exchange on Which Registered
Class A ordinary shares, $0.10 par value per share	The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:  None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.  Yes o No x

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes o    No x

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes x No o

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. x

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of ‘‘large accelerated filer,’’ ‘‘accelerated filer,’’ ‘‘smaller reporting company’’ and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer o Accelerated filer x  Non-accelerated filer o  Smaller reporting company o

Emerging Growth Company o

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes o No x

The aggregate market value of voting and non-voting Class A ordinary shares held by non-affiliates of the registrant as of June 30, 2018 was $419,435,127 based on the closing price of the registrant’s Class A ordinary shares reported on the Nasdaq Global Select Market on June 30, 2018, the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter. Solely for the purpose of this calculation and for no other purpose, the non-affiliates of the registrant are assumed to be all shareholders of the registrant other than (i) directors of the registrant, (ii) executive officers of the registrant who are identified as ‘‘named executives’’ pursuant to Item 11 of this Form 10-K, (iii) any shareholder that beneficially owns 10% or more of the registrant’s common shares and (iv) any shareholder that has one or more of its affiliates on the registrant’s board of directors. Such exclusion is not intended, nor shall it be deemed, to be an admission that such persons are affiliates of the registrant.

Class A Ordinary Shares, $0.10 par value	30,130,214
Class B Ordinary Shares, $0.10 par value	6,254,715
(Class)	Outstanding as of February 22, 2019

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE 

Portions of the proxy statement for the registrant’s 2019 annual meeting of shareholders, to be filed subsequently with the Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC, pursuant to Regulation 14A, under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, relating to the registrant’s annual general meeting of shareholders scheduled to be held on May 2, 2019 are incorporated by reference in Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

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GREENLIGHT CAPITAL RE, LTD.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

		Page
PART I		3
ITEM 1.	BUSINESS	4
	GLOSSARY OF SELECTED REINSURANCE TERMS	18
ITEM 1A.	RISK FACTORS	21
ITEM 1B.	UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS	45
ITEM 2.	PROPERTIES	45
ITEM 3.	LEGAL PROCEEDINGS	45
ITEM 4.	MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES	45
PART II		45
ITEM 5.	MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES	45
ITEM 6.	SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA	48
ITEM 7.	MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS	50
ITEM 7A.	QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK	75
ITEM 8.	FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA	78
ITEM 9.	CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE	78
ITEM 9A.	CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES	78
ITEM 9B.	OTHER INFORMATION	79
PART III		79
ITEM 10.	DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE	79
ITEM 11.	EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION	79
ITEM 12.	SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS	80
ITEM 13.	CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE	80
ITEM 14.	PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES	80
PART IV		81
ITEM 15.	EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES	81
SIGNATURES		82

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PART I

Special Note About Forward-Looking Statements

Certain statements in Management’s Discussion and Analysis, other than purely historical information, including estimates, projections, statements relating to our business plans, objectives and expected operating results, and the assumptions upon which those statements are based, are “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933 and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). These forward-looking statements generally are identified by the words “believe,” “project,” “predict,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “estimate,” “intend,” “plan,” “may,” “should,” “will,” “would,” “will be,” “will continue,” “will likely result,” and similar expressions. Forward-looking statements are based on current expectations and assumptions that are subject to risks and uncertainties which may cause actual results to differ materially from the forward-looking statements. A detailed discussion of risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results and events to differ materially from such forward-looking statements is included in the section entitled “Risk Factors” (refer to Part I, Item 1A) and include but are not limited to:

● Our results of operations will likely fluctuate from period to period and may not be indicative of our long-term prospects; 

● Rating agencies may downgrade or withdraw either of our ratings; 

● Under our investment management structure, we have limited control over Solasglas Investments, LP (“SILP”);

● SILP may be concentrated in a few large positions, which could result in large losses;

● Competitors with greater resources may make it difficult for us to effectively market our products or offer our products at a profit;

● If our losses and loss adjustment expenses greatly exceed our loss reserves, our financial condition may be significantly and negatively affected;

● We may face risks from future strategic transactions such as acquisitions, dispositions, mergers or joint ventures;

● The effect of emerging claim and coverage issues on our business is uncertain;

● The property and casualty reinsurance market may be affected by cyclical trends; 

● Loss of key executives could adversely impact our ability to implement our business strategy; and 

● Currency fluctuations could result in exchange rate losses and negatively impact our business.   

We caution that the foregoing list of important factors is not intended to be and is not exhaustive. We undertake no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events, or otherwise and all subsequent written and oral forward-looking statements attributable to us or individuals acting on our behalf are expressly qualified in their entirety by this paragraph. If one or more risks or uncertainties materialize, or if our underlying assumptions prove to be incorrect, actual results may vary materially from what we projected. Any forward-looking statements in this Form 10-K reflect our current view with respect to future events and are subject to these and other risks, uncertainties and assumptions relating to our operations, results of operations, growth, strategy and liquidity. Readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on the forward-looking statements which speak only to the dates on which they were made.

We intend to communicate certain events that we believe may have a material adverse impact on our operations or financial position, including property and casualty catastrophic events and material losses in our investment portfolio, in a timely manner through a public announcement. Other than as required by the Exchange Act, we do not intend to make public announcements regarding reinsurance or investments events that we do not believe, based on management’s estimates and current information, will have a material adverse impact on our operations or financial position.

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Item 1. BUSINESS

Unless otherwise indicated or unless the context otherwise requires, all references in this annual report on Form 10-K to “the Company,” “we,” “us,” “our” and similar expressions are references to Greenlight Capital Re, Ltd. and its consolidated subsidiaries. Unless otherwise indicated or unless the context otherwise requires, all references in this annual report to entity names are as set forth in the following table:

Reference	Entity’s legal name
Greenlight Capital Re	Greenlight Capital Re, Ltd.
Greenlight Re	Greenlight Reinsurance, Ltd.
GRIL	Greenlight Reinsurance Ireland, Designated Activity Company
Verdant	Verdant Holding Company, Ltd.

We have included a Glossary of Selected Reinsurance Terms at the end of “Part 1, Item 1. Business” of this Form 10-K.

Company Overview

Greenlight Capital Re is a holding company that was incorporated in July 2004 under the laws of the Cayman Islands. In August 2004, we raised gross proceeds of $212.2 million from private placements of Greenlight Capital Re’s Class A ordinary shares and Class B ordinary shares, or, collectively, the ordinary shares. On May 24, 2007, Greenlight Capital Re raised proceeds of $208.3 million, net of underwriting fees, in an initial public offering of Class A ordinary shares, as well as an additional $50.0 million from a private placement of Class B ordinary shares.

We are a Cayman Islands headquartered global property and casualty reinsurer with a reinsurance and investment strategy that we believe differentiates us from most of our competitors. We conduct our reinsurance operations through two licensed and regulated reinsurance entities: Greenlight Re, based in the Cayman Islands, and GRIL, based in Dublin, Ireland. Greenlight Re provides multi-line property and casualty reinsurance globally, while GRIL focuses mainly on the European market and primarily serves clients located in Europe. Our goal is to build long-term shareholder value by providing risk management products and services to the insurance, reinsurance and other risk marketplaces. We focus on delivering risk solutions to clients and brokers who value our expertise, analytics and customer service offerings.

We aim to complement our underwriting results with a non-traditional investment approach in order to achieve higher rates of return over the long term than reinsurance companies that employ more traditional investment strategies. Our investments are managed according to a value-oriented philosophy, which holds long positions in perceived undervalued securities and short positions in perceived overvalued securities. In addition, from time to time, we make long-term strategic investments in insurance companies and general agents to complement our strategy and strengthen our client relationships. To facilitate such strategic investments, we formed Verdant, which, among other activities, has made and may make strategic investments in a select group of property and casualty insurers and general agents in the United States.

Because we endeavor to adapt our portfolio over time in response to market conditions and our risk appetite, period-to-period comparisons of our underwriting results may not be meaningful. In addition, our historical investment results may not necessarily be indicative of future performance. Due to the nature of our reinsurance and investment strategies, our operating results will likely fluctuate from period to period.

Description of Business

Greenlight Re is licensed and regulated by the Cayman Islands Monetary Authority (“CIMA”) to write property and casualty reinsurance business as well as long term business (e.g., life insurance, long term disability, long term care, etc.); however, to date, we have not written any long term business. GRIL is licensed and regulated by the Central Bank of Ireland (“CBI”) to write property and casualty reinsurance business. Currently, we manage our business on the basis of one operating segment: property and casualty reinsurance. Within that segment, we employ a two-pillar strategy:

1. Underwriting traditional property and casualty reinsurance

We offer excess of loss and quota share products across a range of classes in the property and casualty market. Our underwriting approach varies by class and type of opportunity:

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● where we have domain-specific expertise and a high level of market access, we may seek to act as the lead underwriter to achieve greater influence in negotiating pricing, terms and conditions;

● where our expertise is sufficient to thoroughly evaluate the risk, we will generally seek to participate on syndicated placements that have been negotiated and priced by another party that we judge to have market-leading expertise in the class, or as a quota share retrocessionaire of a market-leading reinsurer.

2. Risk innovation and strategic partnerships

We seek to develop a range of risk products, via strategic partnerships and other methods, with the objective of providing fee income, access to a stream of underwriting business, and/or the potential for investment upside.

Our initiatives in this space generally aim to meet at least one of several criteria:

● the value we add to a partnership primarily comes from application of our risk expertise, not solely capital or reinsurance support;

● the partnership adds expertise to our company, in specific risk areas, technology, product innovation, and/or other areas;

● the partnership provides access to a pool of capital, to products and/or to distribution;

● overall, the partnership creates a combined effort that generates durable strategic and/or competitive position in one or more markets, and increases our opportunity for revenue growth and margin expansion.

Our investment strategy, like our reinsurance strategy, is designed to maximize returns over the long term while minimizing the risk of capital loss. Unlike the investment strategies of many of our traditional competitors, which invest primarily in fixed-income securities either directly or through fixed-fee arrangements with one or more investment managers, our investment strategy is to invest (directly or indirectly) in long and short positions primarily in publicly-traded equity and corporate debt instruments.

Prior to September 1, 2018, substantially all of our investable assets were invested through a joint venture arrangement in which DME Advisors, LLC (“DME”) acted as the investment advisor. We were party to a joint venture agreement (the “venture agreement”) with DME Advisors, LP (“DME Advisors”) and DME under which the Company, its reinsurance subsidiaries and DME were participants in a joint venture (the “Joint Venture”) for the purpose of managing certain jointly held assets. On September 1, 2018, the Company and DME entered into a termination agreement (the “Termination Agreement”) for the Joint Venture.

On September 1, 2018, we entered into an amended and restated exempted limited partnership agreement (the “SILP LPA”) of Solasglas Investments, LP (“SILP”), with DME Advisors II, LLC (“DME II”), as General Partner, Greenlight Re, GRIL and the initial limited partner (each, a “Partner”). The SILP LPA, in conjunction with a participation agreement, replaced the venture agreement and assigned and/or transferred Greenlight Re’s and GRIL’s net invested assets in the Joint Venture to SILP. Pursuant to the Termination Agreement, the Joint Venture terminated on January 2, 2019 and substantially all investments were transferred to SILP. The investment in SILP is recorded on the consolidated balance sheets under the caption “Investment in related party investment fund”.

On February 26, 2019, effective as of September 1, 2018, we entered into Amendment No. 1 to the SILP LPA. The

amendment was intended to revise the mechanics for calculating the Carryforward Account and Performance Allocation (as

defined in the SILP LPA) to take into account withdrawals from and subsequent recontributions of capital to SILP, consistent

with the treatment under the Joint Venture.

On September 1, 2018, SILP entered into a SILP investment advisory agreement (the “IAA”) with DME Advisors, with an initial term ending on August 31, 2023 subject to automatic extensions for successive three-year terms. DME Advisors is compensated with a fixed annual fee based on assets under management while DME II is compensated on the positive performance of the portfolio, subject to a loss carry forward. DME Advisors is a value-oriented investment advisor that analyzes companies’ available financial data, business strategies and prospects in an effort to identify undervalued and overvalued securities. DME Advisors and DME II are controlled by David Einhorn, the Chairman of our Board of Directors and the President of Greenlight Capital, Inc. DME Advisors has the contractual right to manage substantially all of our investable assets, and is required to follow our investment guidelines and to act in a manner that is fair and equitable in allocating investment opportunities to SILP. However, DME Advisors is not otherwise restricted with respect to the nature or timing of making investments for SILP .

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We measure our success by long-term growth in book value per share, which we believe is the most comprehensive gauge of the performance of our business. Accordingly, our incentive compensation plans are designed to align employee and shareholder interests. Compensation under our cash bonus plan is largely dependent on the ultimate underwriting returns of our business measured over a multi-year period, rather than premium targets or estimated underwriting profitability for the year in which we initially underwrite the business.

We seek to grow and diversify our portfolio. Our allocation of risk will vary based on our perception of the opportunities available in each line of business at each point in time. As our focus on certain lines fluctuates based upon market conditions, we may only offer or underwrite a limited number of lines in any given period. We seek to:  

● target markets and lines of business where we believe an appropriate risk/reward profile exists;

● attract and retain clients with expertise in their respective lines of business;

● employ strict underwriting discipline; and

● select reinsurance opportunities with anticipated favorable returns on capital over the life of the contract.

The following table sets forth our gross premiums written by line of business, further broken down by class of business:

	Year ended December 31
	2018				2017				2016
	($ in thousands)
Property
Commercial	$	10,487	1.8	%	$	12,256	1.8	%	$	9,419	1.8	%
Motor	76,425		13.5		71,188		10.2		38,428		7.2
Personal	14,118		2.5		49,491		7.2		46,327		8.6
Total Property	101,030		17.8		132,935		19.2		94,174		17.6
Casualty
General Liability	1,429		0.3		4,753		0.7		11,746		2.2
Motor Liability	291,690		51.4		281,551		40.6		223,620		41.7
Professional Liability	3,068		0.5		8,703		1.3		11,036		2.1
Workers' Compensation	24,101		4.3		24,803		3.6		8,743		1.6
Multi-line *	57,497		10.1		123,340		17.8		95,055		17.7
Total Casualty	377,785		66.6		443,150		64.0		350,200		65.3
Other
Accident & Health	69,605		12.2		66,800		9.6		52,114		9.6
Financial	16,611		2.9		48,380		7.0		34,034		6.4
Marine	394		0.1		—		—		1,496		0.3
Other Specialty	2,106		0.4		1,386		0.2		4,054		0.8
Total Other	88,716		15.6		116,566		16.8		91,698		17.1
	$	567,531	100.0	%	$	692,651	100.0	%	$	536,072	100.0	%

(*) Our multi-line business predominantly relates to casualty reinsurance.

Prior to 2018, we analyzed and discussed our underwriting operations using two categories: frequency and severity. Effective from 2018, we analyze our business based on the lines of business shown above. The prior period comparative information has been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation.

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The following table sets forth our gross premiums written by the geographic area of the risk insured:

	Year ended December 31
	2018					2017					2016
	($ in thousands)
U.S. and Caribbean	$	507,705		89.5	%	$	606,510		87.6	%	$	432,144		80.6	%
Worldwide (1)	59,366			10.5		86,714			12.5		97,810			18.2
Europe (2)	506			—		(612		)	(0.1	)	6,250			1.2
Asia (2)	(46		)	—		39			—		(132		)	—
	$	567,531		100.0	%	$	692,651		100.0	%	$	536,072		100.0	%

(1)	“Worldwide” is composed of contracts that reinsure risks in more than one geographic area and do not specifically exclude the U.S.
(2)	The negative balances represent the reversal of premiums due to premium adjustments, termination of contracts and/or premium returned upon novation or commutation of contracts.

Additional information about our business is set forth in “Item 7 — Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and Note 17 to our consolidated financial statements included herein.

Marketing and Distribution

Business transacted using intermediaries

A majority of our business is sourced through reinsurance brokers. Brokerage distribution channels provide us with access to an efficient, variable cost and global distribution system without the significant time and expense that would be incurred in creating a wholly-owned distribution network. In addition to distribution, many intermediaries also provide valuable services including risk analytics, processing and clearing.

We aim to build and strengthen long-term relationships with global reinsurance brokers. Our management team has significant relationships with most of the primary and specialty broker intermediaries in the reinsurance marketplace. We believe that by maintaining close relationships with brokers we will be able to continue to obtain access to a broad range of reinsurance clients and opportunities.

We seek to strengthen our broker relationships and become the preferred choice of brokers and clients by providing, where applicable:

● customized solutions that address the specific business needs of our clients;  

● demonstrated expertise in the underlying reinsured exposures and in the operation of the contracts;

● rapid response to risk submissions; 

● timely payment of claims;  

● financial security; and 

● clear indication of risks we will and will not underwrite.

We focus on the quality and financial strength of any brokerage firm with which we do business. Brokers do not have the authority to bind us to any reinsurance contract. Reinsurance brokers receive a brokerage commission that is usually a percentage of gross premiums written.

The following table sets forth the premiums sourced from brokers who each accounted for more than 10% of our gross written premiums:  

	Year ended December 31
	2018				2017				2016
	($ in thousands)
Guy Carpenter	$	376,696	66.4	%	$	366,390	52.9	%	$	274,816	51.3	%
Aon Benfield	70,554		12.4		125,320		18.1		104,684		19.5
	$	447,250	78.8	%	$	491,710	71.0	%	$	379,500	70.8	%

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We meet frequently in the Cayman Islands, Ireland and elsewhere with brokers and senior representatives of clients and prospective clients. All contract submissions are received, reviewed and approved in our offices in the Cayman Islands or Ireland. Due to our dependence on brokers, the inability to obtain business from them could adversely affect our business strategy. See “Item 1A. Risk Factors — Risks Related to Our Business — The inability to obtain business provided from brokers could adversely affect our business strategy and results of operations.” In addition, we may assume a degree of the credit risk of our reinsurance brokers. See “Item 1A. Risk Factors — Risks Related to Our Business — We are subject to the credit risk of our brokers, cedents and agents.”

Underwriting and Risk Management

We have established an underwriting platform composed of experienced underwriters and actuaries. We have underwriting operations in two locations, Cayman Islands and Dublin, Ireland that respectively provide proximity to key markets in the U.S. and Europe. Our experienced team allows us to deploy our capital in a variety of lines of business and to capitalize on opportunities that we believe offer favorable returns on equity over the long term. Our underwriters and actuaries have expertise in multiple lines of business, and we also look to outside consultants on a fee-for-service basis to help us with niche areas of expertise when we deem it appropriate. We generally apply the following underwriting and risk management principles:

Economics of Results

Our primary underwriting goal is to build a reinsurance portfolio that maximizes economic results within certain risk and volatility constraints. In pricing our products, we assume investment returns that approximate the risk-free rate, which we review and adjust, if necessary, on an annual basis.

Analysis Approach

Our analysis approach to underwriting begins at the class-of-business level. We endeavor to understand the risks and dynamics of each market in which we underwrite business. This analysis includes identification and assessment of structural drivers of risk and emerging trends in loss, as well as attempts to understand the market participants and results, capacity conditions for supply and demand, and other factors. In building our views on individual classes, we organize our underwriting professionals into teams that generally specialize by line of business and are supported by quantitative professionals. Combined with cross-line management and insights, we believe this approach allows the building and deployment of deeper expertise and more thorough insight into the risk dynamics of the line and on external risk factors that will affect each transaction.

Our teams carefully underwrite each individual transaction within the overall line-of-business view. Each transaction is assigned to a deal team composed of underwriting and quantitative professionals to evaluate underwriting, pricing and structuring. Prior to committing capital to any transaction, the deal team must obtain approval from the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Underwriting Officer. This presentation addresses key components of the proposed transaction, including assumptions and threats, market and individual deal risk factors, market capacity dynamics, transaction structure and pricing, maximum downside, and other factors.

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We spend a significant amount of time with our current and prospective clients and brokers to understand the risks associated with each potential transaction and structure each contract on the basis of this understanding. Where necessary, we conduct or contract for on-site audits or reviews of the clients’ underwriting files, systems and operations. We usually obtain significant amounts of data from our clients to conduct a thorough actuarial modeling analysis. As part of our pricing and underwriting process, we assess, among other factors:

● the client’s and industry’s historical loss data;

● the expected duration for claims to fully develop;

● the client’s pricing and underwriting strategies;

● the geographic areas in which the client is doing business and its market share;

● the reputation and financial strength of the client and its management and underwriting teams;

● the reputation and expertise of the broker;

● the likelihood of establishing a long-term relationship with the client and the broker; and

● reports provided by independent industry specialists.

We have developed and use proprietary quantitative models, and also use several commercially available tools to price our business. Our models consider conventional underwriting and risk metrics, and incorporate various class specific and/or market specific aspects from our line of business analyses. In using quantitative models, we consider the quality and predictive power of the quantitative work, including explicit assessment of the data quality, and we place greater weight on scenarios that result in greater losses. We price each transaction based on our view of the merits and structure of the transaction.  

Underwriting Authorities

The Underwriting Committee of our Board of Directors, which we refer to as the Underwriting Committee, sets parameters for aggregate property catastrophic caps and limits for maximum loss potential under any individual contract. The Underwriting Committee must approve any exceptions to the established limits. The maximum underwriting authorities, as set by our Underwriting Committee, may be amended from time to time, including as and when our capital base changes. Our underwriting authorities are designed to ensure that the premium we receive is appropriate on a risk-adjusted basis.

Retrocessional Coverage

We purchase retrocessional coverage for one or more of the following reasons: to manage our overall catastrophe events exposure, to reduce our net liability on individual risks, to obtain additional underwriting capacity and/or to balance our underwriting portfolio.

The amount of retrocessional coverage that we purchase varies based on numerous factors, some of which include the inherent volatility and risk accumulation of the portfolio of business we write and the level of our capital base. Our portfolio, and by extension our gross risk position will change in size from year to year depending on market opportunities, so it is not possible to predict the level of retrocessional coverage that we will purchase in any future year. 

We generally purchase uncollateralized retrocessional coverage only from reinsurers with a minimum financial strength ratings of “A- (Excellent)” from A.M. Best Company, Inc. (“A.M. Best”) or an equivalent rating from a recognized rating service. For lower rated or non-rated reinsurers, we endeavor to obtain and monitor collateral in the form of cash, funds withheld, letters of credit, regulatory trusts or other collateral in the form of guarantees. As of December 31, 2018, the aggregate amount due from reinsurers from retrocessional coverages represents 9.1% (2017: 6.3%) of our gross loss reserves. For further details please see Note 9 to the consolidated financial statements. We regularly evaluate the financial condition of our reinsurers to assess their ability to honor their obligations. At December 31, 2018 and 2017, no provision for uncollectible losses recoverable was considered necessary.

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Claims Management

Our claims management process begins upon receipt of claims notifications from our clients or third-party administrators. Reserving and settlement authority are reviewed in accordance with the requirements of the individual contract and, as necessary, discussed with the underwriter. Our in-house claims officer is responsible for overseeing the review of claims and providing approval for complex or large claim settlements. Claims in excess of the claims officer’s authority are referred to the general counsel, together with the claims officer’s recommendations, for secondary approval. Claim payments above a certain threshold, must be approved by our Chief Executive Officer. We believe that this process ensures that we pay claims consistently within the terms and conditions of each contract.

Where necessary, we conduct or contract for on-site claims audits at cedents and third-party administrators, particularly for large accounts and for those whose performance differs from our expectations. Through these audits, we evaluate and monitor the third-party administrators’ and ceding companies’ claims-handling practices, including the organization of their claims departments, their fact-finding and investigation techniques, their loss notifications, the adequacy of their reserves, their negotiation and settlement practices and their adherence to claims-handling guidelines.

We recognize that fair interpretation of our reinsurance agreements with our clients and timely payment of covered claims are valuable services to our clients.

Reserves

Our reserving philosophy is to set reserves that represent our best estimate of the ultimate future liabilities arising from the risks we have underwritten. Our actuaries perform quarterly reviews of our portfolio and provide reserving estimates in line with our stated reserving philosophy. In doing so, our actuaries split our portfolio of business into reserving analysis segments based primarily on homogeneity considerations. Currently, this process involves analysis at the individual client or transaction level.

We engage independent external actuaries who review and provide an opinion on these reserve estimates at least once a year. Due to the use of different assumptions and loss experience, the amount we establish as reserves with respect to individual risks, clients, transactions or classes of business may be greater or less than those established by our clients or ceding companies. Reserves include claims reported but not yet paid, claims incurred but not reported and claims in the process of settlement. Additional underwriting liabilities include unearned premiums, premium deposits and profit commissions earned but not yet paid.

Reserves do not represent an exact quantification of the ultimate future liability that will emerge on our portfolio. Rather, reserves represent our best estimate of the expected cost of the ultimate settlement and administration of the business on our books. Although the methods for establishing reserves are well tested, many of the assumptions about anticipated loss emergence patterns are subject to unanticipated fluctuation. We base our estimates on our assessment of facts and circumstances known at the time of the estimate, as well as estimates of future trends in claim severity and frequency, judicial theories of liability and other factors, including the actions of third parties, which are beyond our control. See Note 8 of the accompanying consolidated financial statements for a reconciliation of claims reserves, loss development tables by accident year and for explanations of significant prior period loss development movements. See “Item 1A. Risk Factors — Risks Relating to Our Business — If our losses and loss adjustment expenses greatly exceed our loss reserves, our financial condition may be materially and adversely affected.

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Collateral Arrangements and Letter of Credit Facilities

We are licensed and admitted as an insurer only in the Cayman Islands and the European Economic Area. Many jurisdictions, such as the United States, do not permit clients to take credit for reinsurance on their statutory financial statements if such reinsurance is obtained from unlicensed or non-admitted insurers, without appropriate collateral. As a result, we anticipate that all of our U.S. clients and a portion of our non-U.S. clients will require us to provide collateral for the contracts we bind with them. This collateral can be provided as funds withheld, trust arrangements or letters of credit. As of December 31, 2018, we had two letter of credit facilities with an aggregate capacity of $414.9 million (2017: $600.0 million). On September 26, 2017, we provided a notice of cancellation to JP Morgan Chase Bank N.A. to terminate a letter of credit facility of $100.0 million. The termination was effective on January 27, 2018. Additionally, effective November 30, 2018, we amended the Butterfield Bank letter of credit facility to reduce the facility limit from $50.0 million to $14.9 million. As of December 31, 2018, we had issued letters of credit totaling $208.3 million (2017: $188.5 million) to clients. Additionally, as of December 31, 2018, we had pledged $463.4 million (2017: $377.9 million) as collateral through trust arrangements. The failure to maintain, replace or increase our letter of credit facilities and trust arrangements on commercially acceptable terms may significantly and negatively affect our ability to implement our business strategy. See “Item 1A. Risk Factors — Risks Relating to Our Business — Our failure to maintain sufficient collateral arrangements or to increase our collateral capacity on commercially acceptable terms as we grow could significantly and negatively affect our ability to implement our business strategy. ”

Competition

The reinsurance industry is highly competitive. We compete with major reinsurers, most of which are well established, have significant operating histories and strong financial strength ratings, and have developed long-standing client relationships.

Our competitors vary according to the individual market and situation, but generally include Arch, Axis, Everest Re, Hamilton Re, Hannover Re, Partner Re, Renaissance Re and Third Point Re as well as smaller companies, other niche reinsurers and Lloyd’s syndicates and their related entities. Although we seek to provide coverage where capacity and alternatives are limited, we directly compete with these and other larger companies due to the breadth of their coverage across the property and casualty market in substantially all lines of business. See "Item 1A – Risk Factors – Risks Relating to Our Business – Competitors with greater resources may make it difficult for us to effectively market our products or offer our products at a profit.”

Ratings

Currently, our reinsurance subsidiaries, Greenlight Re and GRIL are both rated “A- (Excellent)” by A.M. Best. The “A- (Excellent)” rating from A.M. Best is the fourth highest of 13 ratings. We believe that a strong rating is an important factor in the marketing of reinsurance products to clients and brokers. These ratings reflect the rating agency’s opinion of our reinsurance subsidiaries’ financial strength, operating performance and ability to meet obligations. It is not an evaluation directed toward the protection of investors or a recommendation to buy, sell or hold our Class A ordinary shares.

The failure to maintain a strong rating may significantly and negatively affect our ability to implement our business strategy. See “Item 1A. Risk Factors — Risks Relating to Our Business —“A downgrade or withdrawal of either of our A.M. Best ratings may significantly and negatively affect our ability to implement our business strategy successfully.”

Regulations

Cayman Islands Insurance Regulation

The legislative framework for conducting insurance and reinsurance business in and from within the Cayman Islands is composed of The Insurance Law, 2010 (as amended) and underlying regulations thereto (the “Law”) which was brought into force in the Cayman Islands effective as of November 1, 2012.

Greenlight Re holds a Class D insurer license issued in accordance with the terms of the Law and is subject to regulation by CIMA.

As the holder of a Class D insurer license, Greenlight Re is permitted to carry on reinsurance business from the Cayman Islands, but, except with the prior written approval of CIMA, may not carry on any insurance or reinsurance business where the underlying risk originates and resides in the Cayman Islands.

Greenlight Re is required to comply with the following principal requirements under the Law: 

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●	to maintain capital and a margin of solvency in accordance with the capital and solvency requirements prescribed by the Law;
●	to carry on its business in accordance with the terms of the license application submitted to CIMA and to seek the prior approval of CIMA for any proposed change thereto;
●	to maintain adequate arrangements for the management of risks and a system of governance as approved by CIMA;
●	to maintain a minimum of at least two directors and to seek the prior approval of CIMA in respect of the appointment of directors and officers and to provide CIMA with information in connection therewith and notification of any changes thereto;
●	to have a place of business in the Cayman Islands and to maintain such resources, including staff and facilities, books and records as CIMA considers appropriate having regard for the nature and scale of the business of Greenlight Re;
●	to submit to CIMA an annual return in the prescribed form together with:
	- financial statements prepared in accordance with any internationally recognized accounting standards, audited by an independent auditor approved by CIMA;
	- an actuarial valuation of Greenlight Re’s assets and liabilities, certified by an actuary approved by CIMA;
	- certification of solvency prepared by a person approved by CIMA in accordance with the prescribed requirements;
	- confirmation that the information contained in Greenlight Re’s license application, as modified by any subsequent changes, remains correct;
	- such other information as may be prescribed by CIMA; and
●	to pay an annual license fee.

It is the duty of CIMA: 

● to maintain a general review of insurance practices in the Cayman Islands;

● to examine the affairs or business of any licensee or other person carrying on, or who has carried on, insurance business in order to ensure that the Law has been complied with and that the licensee is in a sound financial position and is carrying on its business in a fit and proper manner;

● to examine and report on the annual returns delivered to CIMA in terms of the Law; and

● to examine and make recommendations with respect to, among other things, proposals for the revocation of licenses and cases of suspected insolvency of licensed entities.

Greenlight Re is also required to comply with the Rule on Corporate Governance for Insurers and the Rule on Risk Management for Insurers. Respectively, these rules require regulated insurers to establish and maintain (a) a corporate governance framework which provides for the sound and prudent management and oversight of the insurer's business, including outsourcing and internal controls, and which adequately recognizes and protects the interests of its policyholders, and (b) a risk management framework that is capable of promptly identifying, measuring, assessing, reporting, monitoring and controlling all sources of risks that could have a material impact on its operations in a timely manner.

Where CIMA believes that a licensee is committing, or is about to commit or pursue, an act that is an unsafe or unsound business practice, CIMA may direct the licensee to cease or refrain from committing the act or pursuing the offending course of conduct. Failure to comply with such a CIMA direction may be punishable on summary conviction by a fine of up to 100,000 Cayman Islands dollars (which is approximately US$120,000) or to imprisonment for a term of five years or to both, and on conviction on indictment to a fine of 500,000 Cayman Islands dollars (which is approximately US$600,000) or to imprisonment for a term of ten years or to both and to an additional 10,000 Cayman Islands dollars (which is approximately US$12,000) for every day after conviction that the breach continues.

In addition, CIMA may impose fines and penalties on a licensee in certain circumstances, ranging from a fixed fine of 5,000 Cayman Islands dollars (which is approximately US$6,000) or a discretionary fine depending on the severity of the breach. Regulations passed under the Monetary Authority Law determine the circumstances under which CIMA can impose administrative fines. Under the current regulations, administrative fines can only be imposed for breaches of the Cayman Islands anti-money laundering regime (the "AML regime") and, as a reinsurance business, the AML regime does not apply to Greenlight Re. However, the circumstances in which fines can be imposed may be expanded in future years.

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Whenever CIMA believes that a licensee is or may become unable to meet its obligations as they fall due, is carrying on business in a manner likely to be detrimental to the public interest or to the interest of its creditors or policyholders, has contravened the terms of the Law or has otherwise behaved in such a manner so as to cause CIMA to call into question the licensee’s fitness, CIMA may take one of a number of steps, including requiring the licensee to take steps to rectify the matter, suspending the license of the licensee, revoking the license, imposing conditions upon the license and amending or revoking any such condition, requiring the substitution of any director, manager or officer of the licensee, at the expense of the licensee, appointing a person to advise the licensee on the proper conduct of its affairs and to report to CIMA thereon, at the expense of the licensee, appointing a person to assume control of the licensee’s affairs or otherwise requiring such action to be taken by the licensee as CIMA considers necessary. To date, we have not been subject to any such actions from CIMA. 

Other Regulations in the Cayman Islands

As Cayman Islands exempted companies, Greenlight Capital Re and Greenlight Re may not carry on business or trade locally in the Cayman Islands except in furtherance of their business outside the Cayman Islands, and are prohibited from soliciting the public of the Cayman Islands to subscribe for any of their securities or debt. We are further required to file a return with the Registrar of Companies in January of each year and to pay an annual registration fee at that time.

The Cayman Islands has no exchange controls restricting dealings in currencies or securities.

Ireland Insurance Regulations

Our Irish subsidiary, GRIL, is authorized as a non-life reinsurance undertaking by the CBI in accordance with the European Union (Insurance and Reinsurance) Regulations 2015 (the "Irish Regulations"). The Irish Regulations give effect in Ireland to EU Directive 2009/138/EC (known as "Solvency II"), which introduced a new European regulatory regime for insurers and reinsurers with effect from January 1, 2016. Solvency II is supplemented by the European Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2015/35, other European Commission “delegated acts” and binding technical standards, and guidelines issued by the European Insurance and Occupational Pensions Authority (“Delegated Acts and Guidelines”). GRIL is required to comply at all times with the Irish Regulations, the Irish Insurance Acts 1909 to 2018, regulations relating to insurance business or reinsurance business promulgated under the European Communities Act 1972, the Irish Central Bank Acts 1942 to 2015 as amended, regulations promulgated thereunder and directions, guidelines and codes of conduct issued by CBI (collectively the “Irish Insurance Acts and Regulations”). In addition, GRIL is required to comply with the Delegated Acts and Guidelines and must meet risk-based solvency requirements imposed under Solvency II on insurers and reinsurers across all member states, including Ireland. Solvency II and the Delegated Acts and Guidelines set out classification and eligibility requirements, including the characteristics which capital, including any capital contribution, must display to qualify as regulatory capital.

GRIL is also required to comply with the European Union (Insurance Distribution) Regulations 2018 (the "2018 Regulations") which apply to distributors of insurance and reinsurance products (including insurers and reinsurers). The 2018 Regulations give effect in Ireland to Directive (EU) 2016/97 (known as the "IDD") and strengthen the regulatory regime applicable to distribution activities through increased transparency, information and conduct requirements. As of 25 May 2018, the General Data Protection Regulation (the "GDPR") came into force across the EU. The GDPR significantly increases the obligations and responsibilities for organizations in how they collect, use and protect personal data. Organizations in breach of the GDPR may incur sizable financial penalties.

Overview of Investments

Our investment portfolio is managed by DME Advisors, a value-oriented investment advisor that analyzes companies’ available financial data, business strategies and prospects in an effort to identify undervalued and overvalued securities. DME Advisors is controlled by David Einhorn, the Chairman of our Board of Directors and the President of Greenlight Capital, Inc. Effective January 1, 2017, we entered into the venture agreement wherein the Company, Greenlight Re, GRIL, and DME became participants in the Joint Venture for the purposes of managing certain jointly held assets. Simultaneously with the venture agreement, we entered into an amended and restated investment advisory agreement (the “advisory agreement”) with DME Advisors to provide discretionary advisory services relating to the assets and liabilities of the venture. The advisory agreement term period mirrored that of the venture agreement.

On September 1, 2018, we entered into the SILP LPA whereby DME II is the General Partner and Greenlight Re and GRIL are the limited partners. The SILP LPA, in conjunction with a participation agreement, replaced the venture agreement and transferred Greenlight Re’s and GRIL’s invested assets from the Joint Venture to SILP. The Joint Venture was terminated on January 2, 2019.

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On September 1, 2018, SILP entered into the IAA with DME Advisors with an initial term ending on August 31, 2023, subject to automatic extensions for successive three-year terms. Pursuant to the SILP LPA and the IAA, DME Advisors has the exclusive right to manage substantially all of our investable assets, subject to the investment guidelines adopted by the respective Boards of Directors of Greenlight Re and GRIL. DME Advisors receives a monthly management fee at an annual rate of 1.5% of each limited partner’s Investment Portfolio, as provided in the SILP LPA. In addition, DME II receives a performance allocation based on the positive performance change of each limited partner’s capital account equal to 20% of net profits calculated per annum, subject to a loss carry forward provision.

The loss carry forward provision allows DME II to earn a reduced performance allocation of 10% on net profits in any year subsequent to the year in which a limited partner’s capital accounts incurs a loss, until all the losses are recouped and an additional amount equal to 150% of the loss is earned. DME II is not entitled to a performance allocation in a year in which a capital account incurs a loss.

DME Advisors is required to follow our investment guidelines and act in a manner that it considers fair and equitable in allocating investment opportunities to us and SILP, but the IAA does not otherwise impose any specific obligations or requirements concerning the allocation of time, effort or investment opportunities to us and SILP or any restrictions on the nature or timing of investments for our or SILP’s account, or other accounts that DME Advisors or its affiliates may manage. In addition, DME Advisors can outsource to sub-advisors without our consent or approval. In the event that DME Advisors and any of its affiliates attempt to simultaneously invest in the same opportunity, the opportunity may be allocated pro-rata as reasonably determined by DME Advisors and its affiliates. Affiliates of DME Advisors presently serve as general partner or investment advisor of Greenlight Capital, L.P., Greenlight Capital Qualified, L.P., Greenlight Capital Offshore, Ltd., Greenlight Capital Offshore Qualified, Ltd., Greenlight Capital Offshore Partners, Greenlight Capital Investors, L.P., Greenlight Capital Offshore Investors, Ltd., Greenlight Capital Offshore Master, Ltd., Greenlight Masters, L.P., Greenlight Masters Qualified, L.P., Greenlight Masters Offshore, Ltd., Greenlight Masters Offshore I, Ltd., Greenlight Masters Offshore Partners and Greenlight Masters Partners (collectively, the “Greenlight Funds”). 

We have agreed to use commercially reasonable efforts to cause all of our current and future subsidiaries to enter into the SILP LPA. Under the SILP LPA, we are contractually obligated to use commercially reasonable efforts to cause substantially all investable assets of Greenlight Re and GRIL, with limited exceptions, to be contributed to SILP.

We have agreed to release DME, DME II and DME Advisors and their affiliates from, and to indemnify and hold them harmless against, any liability arising out of the venture agreement and the advisory agreement, subject to certain exceptions. Furthermore, DME, DME II and DME Advisors and their affiliates have agreed to indemnify us against any liability incurred in connection with certain actions. 

In accordance with the SILP LPA, either of the GLRE Limited Partners may voluntarily withdraw all or part of its Capital Account for its operating needs by giving DME II at least 3 business days notice. In addition, either of the GLRE Limited Partners may withdraw as a partner and fully withdraw all of its Capital Account from SILP on 3 business days notice if the Board of the limited partner declares that a cause for withdrawal exists as per the SILP LPA.

Investment Strategy

DME Advisors implements a value-oriented investment strategy by taking long positions in perceived undervalued securities and short positions in perceived overvalued securities. DME Advisors aims to achieve high absolute rates of return while minimizing the risk of capital loss. DME Advisors attempts to determine the risk/return characteristics of potential investments by analyzing factors such as the risk that expected cash flows will not be obtained, the volatility of the cash flows, the leverage of the underlying business and the security’s liquidity, among others.

Our Board of Directors conducts reviews of our investment portfolio activities and oversees our investment guidelines to meet our investment objectives. We believe our investment approach, while less predictable than traditional fixed-income portfolios, complements our reinsurance business and will achieve higher rates of return over the long term than reinsurance companies that invest predominantly in fixed-income securities. Our investment guidelines are designed to maintain adequate liquidity to fund our reinsurance operations and to protect against unexpected events.

DME Advisors, which is contractually obligated to adhere to our investment guidelines, makes investment decisions on our behalf, which may include buying publicly listed equity securities and corporate debt, selling securities short and investing in private placements, futures, currencies, commodities, credit default swaps, interest rate swaps, sovereign debt, derivatives and other instruments. As of December 31, 2018, DME Advisors was in compliance with our investment guidelines.

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Investment Guidelines

The investment guidelines adopted by the respective Boards of Directors of Greenlight Re and GRIL, which may be amended or modified from time to time, take into account restrictions imposed on us by regulators, our liability mix, requirements to maintain an appropriate claims paying rating by ratings agencies and requirements of lenders.

As of the date hereof, Greenlight Re’s investment guidelines, which may be amended by the board of directors of Greenlight Re at any time, are as follows:

●	Composition of Investments: At least 80% of the assets in its Investment Portfolio (as defined in the Limited Partnership Agreement) will be held in debt or equity securities (including swaps) of publicly-traded companies (or their subsidiaries), governments of the Organization of Economic Co-operation and Development high income countries, cash, cash equivalents and gold. No more than 10% of the assets in its Investment Portfolio will be held in private equity securities.
●	Concentration of Investments: Other than cash, cash equivalents, United States government obligations and gold, no single investment in its Investment Portfolio will constitute more than 20% of the Investment Portfolio.
●	Liquidity: Assets will be invested in such fashion that Greenlight Re has a reasonable expectation that it can meet any of its liabilities as they become due. Greenlight Re will review with the Investment Advisor the liquidity of the portfolio on a periodic basis.
●	Monitoring: Greenlight Re will require the Investment Advisor to re-evaluate each position in its Investment Portfolio and to monitor changes in intrinsic value and trading value and provide monthly reports on its Investment Portfolio to Greenlight Re as Greenlight Re may reasonably determine.
●	Leverage: Greenlight Re’s Investment Portfolio may not employ greater than 15% indebtedness for borrowed money, including net margin balances, for extended time periods. The Investment Advisor may employ, in the normal course of business, up to 30% indebtedness for periods of less than 30 days.
Currency hedging activities are excluded from leverage calculations. Where the Investment Advisor enters into a secondary investment with the primary purpose of reducing the risk of another existing investment then the investment advisor may exclude the secondary investment from the calculation of leverage provided that the Investment Advisor receives approval from Greenlight Re’s Chief Financial Officer. Such authority is limited such that no more than 10% of indebtedness may be excluded from leverage calculations for such secondary investments.

The investment guidelines for GRIL are identical to Greenlight Re’s except for Concentration of Investments and Leverage, which for GRIL are as follows:

● Concentration of Investments:Other than cash, cash equivalents and United States government obligations, (1) no single investment in its Investment Portfolio will constitute more than 10% of its Investment Portfolio, (2) the 10 largest investments shall not constitute greater than 50% of its total Investment Portfolio, and (3) its Investment Portfolio shall at all times be composed of a minimum of 50 debt or equity securities of publicly traded companies (or their subsidiaries).

● Leverage: GRIL’s Investment Portfolio may not employ greater than 5% indebtedness for borrowed money, including net margin balances, for extended time periods. The Investment Advisor may use, in the normal course of business, an aggregate of up to 20% net margin leverage for periods of less than 30 days.

Additionally, GRIL's investment guidelines prohibit the sale of credit default swaps.

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Investment Results

Composition

The following table represents the fair value of the investments as reported in the consolidated financial statements: 

	December 31
	2018				2017
	($ in thousands)
Investment in related party investment fund, at fair value	$	235,612	79.9	%	$	—		—	%
Debt instruments	—		—		7,180			0.5
Equities – listed	36,908		12.5		1,203,672			86.4
Commodities	—		—		121,502			8.7
Private investments and unlisted equity funds	6,405		2.2		30,630			2.2
Equity method investment	5,003		1.7		—			—
	283,928		96.3		1,362,984			97.8
Funds and cash held with brokers and swap counterparties	10,920		3.7		39,383			2.8
Financial contracts, net	—		—		(9,329		)	(0.6	)
Total long investments	$	294,848	100.0	%	$	1,393,038		100.0	%

The following table represents the fair value of our total short positions as reported in the consolidated financial statements: 

	December 31
	2018				2017
	($ in thousands)
Equities – listed	$	—	—	%	$	812,652	89.0	%
Sovereign debt – Non U.S.	—		—		100,145		11.0
Total short investments	$	—	—	%	$	912,797	100.0	%

    DME Advisors also reports the composition of SILP’s portfolio on a delta adjusted basis, which it believes is the appropriate manner in which to assess the exposure and profile of investments and is the way in which it manages the portfolio. The delta of an option is the sensitivity of the option price to the underlying stock (or commodity) price. The delta adjusted basis is the number of shares underlying the option multiplied by the delta and the underlying stock (or commodity) price.

This exposure analysis does not include cash (U.S. dollar and foreign currencies), gold and other commodities, credit default swaps, sovereign debt, foreign currency derivatives, interest rate options and other macro positions. In addition, under this methodology, the exposure for total return swaps is reported at its full notional amount. Options are reported at their delta adjusted basis.

The following table represents the composition of our investments in SILP as of December 31, 2018 and the Joint Venture’s composition as of December 31, 2017:

	December 31
	2018				2017
	Long %		Short %		Long %		Short %
Debt instruments	0.4	%	(1.7	)%	0.1	%	—	%
Equities & related derivatives	78.0		(50.0	)	98.5		(67.2	)
Private and unlisted equity securities	5.3		—		2.1		—
Total	83.7	%	(51.7	)%	100.7	%	(67.2	)%

As of December 31, 2018, SILP’s exposure to gold on a delta adjusted basis was 18.3% (2017: 9.8% exposure to gold in the Joint Venture).

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The following table represents the composition of our investments in SILP by industry sector, as of December 31, 2018: 

Sector	Long %		Short %		Net %
Communication Services	6.3	%	(6.9	)%	(0.6	)%
Consumer Discretionary	28.7		(15.3	)	13.4
Consumer Staples	0.5		(0.5	)	—
Energy	10.9		(0.4	)	10.5
Financial	23.9		(4.2	)	19.7
Healthcare	1.7		(7.6	)	(5.9	)
Industrials	6.1		(12.0	)	(5.9	)
Materials	1.5		—		1.5
Technology	4.0		(4.8	)	(0.8	)
Utilities	0.1		—		0.1
Total	83.7	%	(51.7	)%	32.0	%

The following table represents the composition of our investments in SILP, by the market capitalization of the underlying security, as of December 31, 2018: 

Capitalization	Long %		Short %		Net %
Mega Cap Equity (≥$25 billion)	22.4	%	(27.9	)%	(5.5	)%
Large Cap Equity (≥$5 billion and <$25 billion)	12.7		(15.4	)	(2.7	)
Mid Cap Equity (≥$1 billion and <$5 billion)	33.7		(6.1	)	27.6
Small Cap Equity (<$1 billion)	9.2		(0.6	)	8.6
Debt Instruments	0.4		(1.7	)	(1.3	)
Other Investments	5.3		—		5.3
Total	83.7	%	(51.7	)%	32.0	%

Investment Returns

In accordance with the SILP LPA, DME Advisors constructs a levered investment portfolio as agreed with the Company (the “Investment Portfolio” as defined in the SILP LPA). Effective from September 1, 2018, the investment return is calculated by dividing the investment income or loss (net of fees and expenses) by the Investment Portfolio. Our investment return is based on the total assets in our Investment Portfolio. Investment returns, net of all fees and expenses, by quarter and for the last five years are as follows: ⁽¹⁾ 

Quarter	2018		2017		2016		2015		2014
1st	(11.8	)%	0.9	%	2.5	%	(1.8	)%	(0.7	)%
2nd	(3.8	)	(3.4	)	(3.4	)	(1.5	)	8.1
3rd	(8.4	)	5.5		3.1		(14.2	)	(3.7	)
4th	(10.2	)	(1.3	)	5.0		(4.0	)	5.3
Full Year	(30.3	)%	1.5	%	7.2	%	(20.2	)%	8.7	%

    ⁽¹⁾    Investment returns are calculated monthly based on cash flows into and out of the investment accounts and compounded to calculate the quarterly and annual returns generated by our Investment Portfolio. Past performance is not necessarily indicative of future results.

DME Advisors and its affiliates manage and expect to manage other client accounts besides SILP’s, some of which may have objectives similar to SILP’s. Further, DME Advisors and its affiliates provide their clients, including us, with results of their respective investment portfolios on the last day of each month. In order to ensure that other clients of DME Advisors do not indirectly have access to material non-public information regarding SILP’s investment performance, we present, prior to the start of trading on the first business day of each month, SILP’s largest disclosed long positions, a summary of our consolidated net investment returns, information on SILP’s long and short exposures and from time to time certain other material information relating to SILP’s investment portfolio, on our website, www.greenlightre.com. DME Advisors may choose not to disclose

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certain positions to its clients in order to protect its investment strategy. Therefore, we present on our website the largest positions held by SILP that are disclosed by DME Advisors or its affiliates to their other clients.

Internal Risk Management

Our Chief Risk Officer is responsible for the construction and review of our internal risk management function. A primary objective of our risk management function is to ensure that our underwriting efforts comply with explicitly stated underwriting appetites. These appetites, in turn, are designed to balance our risk position size with our expertise and the available margins, while containing the cost of being wrong. In doing so, our risk management function designs, implements and oversees a range of operational and underwriting controls to support the organization. We frequently review our investment and underwriting portfolios to assess the impact to capital under stressed scenarios. With the assistance of DME Advisors, we analyze both our investment assets and liabilities including the numerous components of risk in our portfolio, such as concentration risk and liquidity risk.

Information Technology

Our information technology infrastructure is primarily housed in Grand Cayman, Cayman Islands. We have implemented backup procedures to ensure that data is saved on a daily basis and can be restored in an appropriate time frame as needed.

We have a disaster recovery plan with respect to our information technology infrastructure that includes data and systems replication between our Cayman Islands office and Dublin office and other off-site locations. We believe we can access our core systems with insignificant outages and restore operation of our secondary systems in the event that our primary systems are unavailable due to a disaster or otherwise.

Employees

As of December 31, 2018, we had 36 full-time employees, 28 who were based in Grand Cayman, Cayman Islands and 8 who were based in Dublin, Ireland. We believe that our employee relations are good. None of our employees are subject to collective bargaining agreements, and we are not aware of any current efforts to implement such agreements.

Additional Information

Our website address is www.greenlightre.com and we make available, free of charge, on or through our website, links to our annual reports on Form 10-K and quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and other documents we file with or furnish to the SEC, as soon as reasonably practicable after such material is electronically filed with or furnished to the SEC. In order to comply with Regulation FD, our investment returns are posted on our website on a monthly basis. Additionally, our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics is available on our website. 

Glossary of Selected Reinsurance Terms

Acquisition costs	Ceding commission, profit commissions, brokerage fees, premium taxes and other direct expenses relating directly to the production of premiums.
Acquisition cost ratio	The acquisition cost ratio is calculated by dividing net acquisition costs by net premiums earned.
Actuary	A person professionally trained in the mathematical and technical aspects of insurance and related fields particularly in the calculation of premiums, loss reserves and other values.
Broker	An intermediary who negotiates contracts of insurance or reinsurance, receiving a commission for placement and other services rendered, between (1) a policyholder and a primary insurer, on behalf of the policyholder, (2) a primary insurer and a reinsurer, on behalf of the primary insurer, or (3) a reinsurer and a retrocessionaire, on behalf of the reinsurer.
Capacity	Capacity is the percentage of surplus, that an insurer or reinsurer is willing or able to place at risk or the dollar amount of exposure it is willing to assume. Capacity may apply to a single risk, a program, a line of business or an entire book of business. Capacity may be constrained by legal restrictions, corporate restrictions, or indirect financial restrictions such as capital adequacy requirements.

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Casualty clash	Casualty clash primarily covers a single third party event that can affect multiple casualty policies. For example, a collapse of a building could give rise to a multiple claims under Engineering Errors and Omissions, Architect’s Errors and Omissions, and General Liability policies. The combined losses for all affected policies could give rise to a casualty clash loss.
Casualty reinsurance	Casualty reinsurance is primarily concerned with the losses caused by injuries to third persons (persons other than the policyholder) and the legal liability imposed on the policyholder resulting therefrom. This includes, but is not limited to workers’ compensation, automobile liability, and general liability. A greater degree of unpredictability is generally associated with casualty risks known as ‘‘long-tail risks,’’ where losses take time to become known and a claim may be separated from the circumstances that caused it by several years. An example of a long-tail casualty risk includes the use of certain drugs that may cause cancer or birth defects. There tends to be greater delay in the reporting and settlement of casualty reinsurance claims due to the long-tail nature of the underlying casualty risks and their greater potential for litigation.
Catastrophe	A severe loss, typically involving multiple claimants. Common perils include earthquakes, hurricanes, tsunamis, hailstorms, tornados, severe winter weather, floods, fires, explosions, volcanic eruptions and other natural or man-made disasters. Catastrophe losses may also arise from acts of war, acts of terrorism and political instability.
Cede; cedent	When a party reinsures its liability to another party, it ‘‘cedes’’ business to the reinsurer and is referred to as the ‘‘client.’’
Claim	Request by an insured or reinsured for indemnification by an insurance or reinsurance company for loss incurred from an insured peril or event.
Client	A party whose liability is reinsured by a reinsurer. Also known as a cedent.
Combined ratio	The combined ratio is the sum of the loss ratio, acquisition cost ratio and underwriting expense ratio.
Composite ratio	The composite ratio is the ratio of underwriting losses incurred, loss adjustment expenses and acquisition costs, excluding underwriting related general and administrative expenses, to net premiums earned, or equivalently, the sum of the loss ratio and acquisition cost ratio.
Co-participation	The payment by the insured of a predetermined proportion of all losses above the predetermined amount.
Corporate expenses	Corporate expenses include those costs associated with operating as a publicly listed entity as well as an allocation of other general and administrative expenses.
Development	The difference between the amount of reserves for losses and loss adjustment expenses initially estimated by an insurer or reinsurer and the amount re-estimated in an evaluation at a later date.
Excess of loss reinsurance	Reinsurance that indemnifies the reinsured against all or a specified portion of losses in excess of a specified dollar or percentage loss ratio amount.
Financial strength rating	The opinion of rating agencies regarding the financial ability of an insurance or reinsurance company to meet its financial obligations under its policies.
Frequency business	Insurance/reinsurance that is characterized by contracts containing a potential large number of smaller losses emanating from multiple events.
Gross premiums written	Total premiums for assumed reinsurance during a given period.
Health insurance	Insurance against loss by illness or bodily injury. Health insurance provides coverage for medicine, visits to the doctor or emergency room, hospital stays and other medical expenses.
Incurred but not reported (IBNR)	Reserves for estimated loss and loss adjustment expenses that have been incurred by insureds and reinsureds but not yet reported to the insurer or reinsurer, including unknown future developments on loss and loss adjustment expenses which are known to the insurer or reinsurer.
Internal expense ratio	A ratio calculated by dividing general and administrative expenses by premiums earned.
Loss adjustment expenses (LAE)	The expenses of settling claims, including legal and other fees and the portion of general expenses allocated to claim settlement costs. Also known as claim adjustment expenses.
Loss ratio	The loss ratio is calculated by dividing net loss and loss adjustment expenses incurred by net premiums earned.

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Loss reserves and loss adjustment expense reserves	Liabilities established by insurers and reinsurers to reflect the estimated cost of claims payments and the related expenses that the insurer or reinsurer will ultimately be required to pay in respect of insurance or reinsurance contracts it has written. Reserves are established for losses and for loss adjustment expenses, and consist of reserves established with respect to individual reported claims and incurred but not reported losses.
Medical malpractice insurance	Medical malpractice insurance provides an indemnity to physicians and their employees for losses related to patient injuries arising from medical advice rendered or procedures performed.
Multi-line	Contracts that cover more than one line of business.
Net financial impact	The net impact of prior period loss development after taking into account net losses and loss expenses incurred, earned reinstatement premiums assumed and ceded, and adjustments to assumed and ceded acquisition costs and profit commissions.
Net premiums written	An insurer’s gross premiums written less premiums ceded to reinsurers.
Non-admitted insurers	An insurer not licensed to do business in the jurisdiction in question. Also known as an unauthorized insurer and unlicensed insurer.
Premiums; written, earned and unearned	Premiums represent the cost of insurance that is paid by the cedent or insured to the insurer or reinsurer. Written represents the complete amount of premiums received, and earned represents the amount recognized as income over a period of time. Unearned is the difference between written and earned premiums.
Probable maximum loss (PML)	PML is the anticipated loss, taking into account contract terms and limits, caused by a natural catastrophe affecting a broad geographic area, such as that caused by an earthquake or hurricane.
Professional liability insurance	Professional liability insurance protects a company and its representatives against legal claims arising from error or misconduct in providing or failing to provide professional services. This type of coverage includes errors and/or omissions policies, directors and officers coverage and specialty coverage like employment practices liability insurance.
Profit commission	A commission paid by a reinsurer to a ceding insurer based on a predetermined percentage of the profit realized by the reinsurer on the ceded business.
Property insurance	Property insurance covers a business’s building and its contents—money and securities, records, inventory, furniture, machinery, supplies and even intangible assets such as trademarks—when damage, theft or loss occurs.
Property catastrophe reinsurance	Property catastrophe reinsurance contracts are typically ‘‘all risk’’ in nature, meaning that they protect against losses from natural and/or man-made catastrophes. Losses on these contracts typically stem from direct property damage and business interruption.
Proportional reinsurance	All forms of reinsurance in which the reinsurer shares a proportional part of the original premiums and losses of the reinsured. In proportional reinsurance, the reinsurer generally pays the client a ceding commission. The ceding commission generally is based on the client’s cost of acquiring the business being reinsured (including commissions, premium taxes, assessments and miscellaneous administrative expenses) and also may include a profit component. Frequently referred to as quota-share reinsurance.
Quota-share reinsurance	A form of proportional reinsurance in which the reinsurer assumes an agreed percentage of each underlying insurance contract being reinsured.
Regulation 114 trusts	A three way investment trust agreement involving a cedent or client, a financial institution and a non-admitted reinsurer governed by Regulation 114 of the Official Compilation of Codes, Rules and Regulations (11 NYCRR4) of the New York State Insurance Department. Regulation 114 Trusts, also known as Reg 114 Trusts, must be maintained in the United States in an approved financial institution. Securities used to collateralize the trust are limited to cash and cash equivalents, U.S. Treasury securities, and fixed income securities rated ‘‘A’’ or higher.
Reinstatement premium	A Premium charged for the reinstatement of the amount of reinsurance coverage to its full amount reduced as a result of a reinsurance loss payment.

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Reinsurance	An arrangement in which a reinsurer agrees to indemnify an insurance company, the client, against all or a portion of the insurance risks underwritten by the client under one or more policies. Reinsurance can provide a client with several benefits, including a reduction in net liability on individual risks and catastrophe protection from large or multiple losses. Reinsurance also provides a client with additional underwriting capacity by permitting it to accept larger risks and write more business than would be possible without a related increase in capital and surplus, and facilitates the maintenance of acceptable financial ratios by the client. Reinsurance does not legally discharge the client from its liability with respect to its obligations to the insured.
Reinsurer	An insurance company that assumes part of the risk in exchange for part of the premium to a primary insurer.
Retrocession; retrocessional coverage	A transaction whereby a reinsurer cedes to another reinsurer, commonly referred to as the retrocessionaire, all or part of the reinsurance that the first reinsurer has assumed. Retrocessional reinsurance does not legally discharge the ceding reinsurer from its liability with respect to its obligations to the reinsured.
Risk-free rate	The interest rate on a riskless, or safe, asset, usually taken to be a short-term U.S. government security.
Risk transfer	The shifting of all or a part of a risk to another party.
Self-insured retention (SIR)	A potential loss retained by an organization, i.e. not insured. The self-insured retention differs from a deductible because the insured performs all the functions normally undertaken by an insurance company for losses within the SIR, including claims adjusting and audits, funding and paying claims, and complying with applicable state and federal laws and regulations.
Severity business	Insurance/reinsurance that is characterized by contracts containing the potential for significant losses emanating from one event.
Surety and fidelity insurance	Surety and fidelity includes (1) insurance guaranteeing the fidelity of persons holding positions of public or private trust; (2) insurance guaranteeing the performance of contracts, other than insurance policies, and guaranteeing and executing bonds, undertakings and contracts of suretyship; and (3) insurance indemnifying banks, bankers, brokers, financial or moneyed corporations or associations against loss.
Underwriter	An employee of an insurance or reinsurance company who examines, accepts or rejects risks and classifies risks in order to charge an appropriate premium for each accepted risk.
Underwriting	The process of evaluating, defining, and pricing reinsurance risks including, where appropriate, the rejection of such risks, and the acceptance of the obligation to pay the reinsured under the terms of the contract.
Underwriting expense	Underwriting expenses include those expenses directly related to underwriting activities which are not eligible to be capitalized, as well as an allocation of other general and administrative expenses.
Underwriting expense ratio	The underwriting expense ratio includes those expenses directly related to underwriting activities as well as an allocation of other general and administrative expenses. Therefore, the underwriting expense ratio is the ratio of underwriting expenses to net premiums earned. In addition, the underwriting expense ratio includes any gain or loss resulting from deposit accounted contracts as well as any amortized cost of weather derivative swaps entered into as part of our underwriting activities
Workers’ compensation insurance	Workers’ compensation insurance provides medical, disability and lost-wage benefits to employees for injuries and illness sustained in the course of their employment.

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS

Any of these factors could result in a significant or material adverse effect on our results of operations or financial condition. Additional risk factors not presently known to us or that we currently deem immaterial may also impair our business or results of operations.

Risks Relating to Our Business

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Our results of operations will likely fluctuate from period to period and may not be indicative of our long-term prospects.

The performance of our operations will likely fluctuate from period to period. Fluctuations in our results of operations will result from a variety of factors, including: 

● our assessment of the quality of available reinsurance opportunities;

● loss experience on our reinsurance liabilities;

● reinsurance contract pricing;

● the volume and mix of reinsurance products we underwrite;

● the performance of our investment portfolio; and

● our ability to assess and integrate our risk management strategy properly.

In particular, we seek attractive opportunities to underwrite products and make investments to achieve favorable returns on equity over the long term. Our investment strategy to invest primarily in long and short positions in publicly-traded equity and debt instruments is subject to market volatility and is likely to be more volatile than traditional fixed-income portfolios that are composed primarily of investment grade bonds. In addition, our differentiated strategy and focus on long-term growth in book value will result in fluctuations in total premiums written from period to period as we concentrate on underwriting contracts that we believe will generate better long-term, rather than short-term, results. Additionally, if actual renewals do not meet expectations or if we choose not to write on a renewal basis because of pricing conditions, our premiums written in future years and our future operations could be materially adversely affected. Accordingly, our short-term results of operations may not be indicative of our long-term prospects. 

A downgrade in our ratings below specified levels or a significant decrease in our capital or surplus could enable certain clients to terminate reinsurance agreements or to require additional collateral.

Certain of our assumed reinsurance contracts contain provisions that permit our clients to cancel the contract or require additional collateral in the event of a downgrade in our ratings below specified levels or a reduction of our capital or surplus below specified levels over the course of the agreement. We expect that similar provisions will also be included in some contracts in the future. Whether a client would exercise such cancellation rights would likely depend, among other things, on the reason the provision is triggered, the prevailing market conditions, the degree of unexpired coverage and the pricing and availability of replacement reinsurance coverage.

The decrease in our surplus during 2018 triggered, in certain contracts, our client’s right to terminate and/or request additional collateral. During 2018 we increased the amount of collateral provided to certain clients. We cannot predict how many of our clients would ultimately exercise such rights. The exercise of such rights in aggregate could have a significant effect on our financial condition, results of operations and our underwriting capacity.

A downgrade or withdrawal of either of our A.M. Best ratings may significantly and negatively affect our ability to implement our business strategy successfully.

Companies, insurers and reinsurance brokers use ratings from independent rating agencies as an important means of assessing the financial strength and quality of reinsurers. These ratings reflect the rating agency’s opinion of our reinsurance subsidiaries’ financial strength, operating performance and ability to meet obligations. They are not evaluations directed toward the protection of investors or a recommendation to buy, sell or hold our Class A ordinary shares. Greenlight Re’s A.M. Best rating of “A- (Excellent)” is the fourth highest of 13 ratings that A.M. Best issues. A.M. Best periodically reviews our ratings and may revise one or more of our ratings downward or revoke them at its sole discretion based primarily on its analysis of our balance sheet strength, operating performance and business profile. Factors that may affect such an analysis include: 

● if A.M. Best alters its capital adequacy assessment methodology in a manner that would adversely affect the rating of our reinsurance entities;

● if our actual losses significantly exceed our loss reserves;

● if unfavorable financial or market trends impact us;

● if we change our business practices from our organizational business plan in a manner that no longer supports our A.M. Best ratings;

● if we are unable to retain our senior management and other key personnel; or

● if our investments incur significant losses.

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If A.M. Best downgrades or withdraws either of our ratings, we could be severely limited or prevented from writing any new reinsurance contracts, which would significantly and negatively affect our ability to implement our business strategy. Additionally, if A.M. Best downgrades our ratings, we cannot provide assurance that our regulators, Cayman Islands Monetary Authority and the Central Bank of Ireland, would continue to authorize our current investment strategy.

Competitors with greater resources may make it difficult for us to effectively market our products or offer our products at a profit.

The reinsurance industry is highly competitive. We compete with major reinsurers, many of which have substantially greater financial, marketing and management resources than we do. Competition in the types of business that we underwrite is based on many factors, including: 

● the general reputation and perceived financial strength of the reinsurer;

● ratings assigned by independent rating agencies;

● relationships with reinsurance brokers;

● pricing;

● ability to obtain terms and conditions appropriate with the risk being assumed and in accordance with our underwriting guidelines;

● actual and perceived speed with which we pay claims; and

● the experience and reputation of the members of our underwriting team in the particular lines of reinsurance we seek to underwrite.

Additionally, although the members of our underwriting deal teams have experience across many property and casualty lines, they may not have the requisite or specialized experience or expertise to compete for all transactions that fall within our strategy at times and in markets where capacity and alternatives may be limited.

Our competitors vary according to the individual market and situation, but generally include Arch, Axis, Everest Re, Hamilton Re, Hannover Re, Partner Re, Renaissance Re and Third Point Re as well as smaller companies, other niche reinsurers and Lloyd’s syndicates and their related entities. Although we seek to provide coverage where capacity and alternatives are limited, we directly compete with these and other larger companies due to the breadth of their coverage across the property and casualty market in substantially all lines of business that we write.

Further, our ability to compete may be harmed if insurance industry participants continue to consolidate. Consolidated entities may try to use their enhanced market power to negotiate price reductions for our products and services. If competitive pressures reduce our prices, we would expect to write less business. If and when the insurance industry further consolidates, competition for customers may become more intense, and the importance of acquiring and properly servicing each customer may become greater. We could incur greater expenses relating to customer acquisition and retention, further reducing our operating margins. In addition, insurance companies that merge may be able to spread their risks across a consolidated, larger capital base so that they require less reinsurance. The number of companies offering retrocessional reinsurance may decline. Reinsurance intermediaries could also consolidate, potentially adversely impacting our ability to access business and distribute our products. We could also experience more robust competition from larger, better capitalized competitors. Any of the foregoing could significantly, and negatively, affect our business or our results of operations.

We cannot provide assurance that we will be able to compete successfully in the reinsurance market. Our failure to compete effectively could significantly and negatively affect our financial condition and results of operations and may increase the likelihood that we may be deemed to be a passive foreign investment company or an investment company. See “Item 1A. Risk Factors - Risks Relating to Taxation - United States persons who own Class A ordinary shares may be subject to United States federal income taxation on our undistributed earnings and may recognize ordinary income upon disposition of Class A ordinary shares.” and “Item 1A. Risk Factors - Risks Relating to Insurance and Other Regulations — We are subject to the risk of possibly becoming an investment company under U.S. federal securities law.”

If our losses and loss adjustment expenses greatly exceed our loss reserves, our financial condition may be materially and adversely affected.

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Our results of operations and financial condition depend upon our ability to accurately assess the potential losses and loss adjustment expenses associated with the risks we reinsure. Reserves are estimates at a given time of claims an insurer ultimately expects to pay, based upon facts and circumstances then known, predictions of future events, estimates of future trends in claim severity and other variable factors. The inherent uncertainties associated with estimating loss reserves are generally greater for reinsurance companies than for primary insurance companies primarily due to:

● the reporting delays that occur between the occurrence of an event or claim, its reporting to the primary insurance company and subsequent reporting to the reinsurance company by the primary insurance company;

● the settlement delays associated with the reporting delays;

● the diversity of development patterns among different types of reinsurance treaties; and

● the necessary reliance on the client for information regarding claims.

Our estimation of reserves may be less reliable than the reserve estimations of a reinsurer with a greater volume of business and an established loss history. Actual losses and loss adjustment expenses paid may deviate substantially from the estimates of our loss reserves contained in our financial statements and could negatively affect our results of operations. If we determine our loss reserves to be inadequate, we will increase our loss reserves with a corresponding reduction in our net income and capital in the period in which we identify the deficiency, and such a reduction would also negatively affect our results of operations. If our losses and loss adjustment expenses greatly exceed our loss reserves, our financial condition may be significantly and negatively affected. For a summary of the effects of reserve re-estimation on prior year reserves and net income, see “Part II. Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Critical Accounting Estimates, Loss and Loss Adjustment Expense Reserves.”

We may face risks arising from future strategic transactions such as acquisitions, dispositions, mergers or joint ventures.

We may pursue strategic transactions in the future, which could involve acquisitions or dispositions of businesses or assets. Any strategic transactions could have an adverse impact on our reputation, business, results of operation or financial condition. We face a number of risks arising from these types of transactions, including financial, accounting, tax and regulatory challenges; difficulties with integration, business retention, execution of strategy, unforeseen liabilities or market conditions; and other managerial or operating risks and challenges. Any future transactions could also subject us to risks such as failure to obtain appropriate value, post-closing claims being levied against us and disruption to our other businesses during the negotiation or execution process or thereafter. Accordingly, these risks and difficulties may prevent us from realizing the expected benefits from such strategic transactions. For example, businesses that we acquire or our strategic alliances or joint ventures may underperform relative to the price paid or resources committed by us; we may not achieve anticipated cost savings; or we may otherwise be adversely affected by transaction-related charges.

Through strategic transactions, we may also assume unknown or undisclosed business, operational, tax, regulatory and other liabilities, fail to properly assess known contingent liabilities, or assume businesses with internal control deficiencies. Risk-mitigating provisions that we put in place in the course of negotiating and executing these transactions, such as due diligence efforts and indemnification provisions, may not be sufficient to fully address these liabilities and contingencies.

The effect of emerging claim and coverage issues on our business is uncertain.

As industry practices and legal, judicial and regulatory conditions change, unexpected issues related to claims and coverage may emerge. Various provisions of our contracts, such as limitations or exclusions from coverage or choice of forum, may be difficult to enforce in the manner we intend, due to, among other things, disputes relating to coverage and choice of legal forum. These issues may adversely affect our business by either extending coverage beyond the period that we intended or by increasing the number or size of claims. In some instances, these changes may not manifest themselves until many years after we have issued insurance or reinsurance contracts that are affected by these changes. As a result, we may not be able to ascertain the full extent of our liabilities under our insurance or reinsurance contracts for many years following the issuance of our contracts. The effects of unforeseen development or substantial government intervention could adversely impact our ability to adhere to our goals. 

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The property and casualty reinsurance market may be affected by cyclical trends.

We write reinsurance in the property and casualty markets, which are subject to pricing cycles. Primary insurers’ underwriting results, prevailing general economic and market conditions, liability retention decisions of companies and primary insurers and reinsurance premium rates influence the demand for property and casualty reinsurance. Prevailing prices and available surplus to support assumed business influence reinsurance supply. Supply may fluctuate in response to changes in return on capital realized in the reinsurance industry, the frequency and severity of losses and prevailing general economic and market conditions.

As a result, the reinsurance business historically has been a cyclical industry characterized by periods of intense price competition due to high levels of available underwriting capacity as well as periods when shortages of capacity have permitted favorable premium levels and changes in terms and conditions. The supply of available reinsurance capital has increased over the past several years and may increase further, either as a result of capital provided by new entrants or by the commitment of additional capital by existing insurers or reinsurers.

Continued increases in the supply of reinsurance may have consequences for the reinsurance industry generally and for us, including fewer contracts written, lower premium rates, increased expenses for customer acquisition and retention, less favorable policy terms and conditions and/or lower premium volume.

Unpredictable developments, including courts granting increasingly larger awards for certain damages, natural disasters (such as catastrophic hurricanes, windstorms, tornadoes, earthquakes, wildfires and floods), fluctuations in interest rates, changes in the investment environment that affect market prices of investments and inflationary pressures, affect the industry’s profitability. The effects of cyclicality could significantly and negatively affect our financial condition and results of operations.

Global economic downturns and any significant weakness in the U.S. economy could harm our business, our liquidity and financial condition and our stock price.

Weak economic conditions may adversely affect (among other aspects of our business) the demand for and claims made under our products, the ability of customers, counterparties and others to establish or maintain their relationships with us, our ability to access and efficiently use internal and external capital resources and our investment performance. Volatility in the U.S. and other securities markets may adversely affect our investment portfolio and our stock price.

Operational risks, including human or systems failures, are inherent in our business.

Operational risks and losses can result from, among other things, fraud, errors, failure to document transactions properly or to obtain proper internal authorization, failure to comply with regulatory requirements, information technology failures or external events.

We believe that our modeling, underwriting and information technology and application systems are critical to our business. We utilize modeling tools to facilitate our pricing, reserving, and risk management tools to manage risks in our reinsurance portfolio. These models help us to control risk accumulation, inform management and other stakeholders of capital requirements and to improve the risk/return profile or minimize the amount of capital required to cover the risks in each reinsurance contract. However, given the inherent uncertainty of modeling techniques and the application of such techniques, these models and databases may not accurately address the emergence of a variety of matters which might be deemed to impact certain of our coverages. These models have been developed internally and in some cases they make use of third party software. The construction of these models and the selection of assumptions requires significant actuarial judgment. Furthermore, these models typically rely on either cedent or industry data, both of which may be incomplete or may be subject to errors. Accordingly, these models may understate the exposures we are assuming and our financial results may be adversely impacted, perhaps significantly.

Moreover, our information technology and application systems have been an important part of our underwriting process and our ability to compete successfully. We have also licensed certain systems and data from third parties. We cannot be certain that we will have access to these, or comparable, service providers, or that our information technology or application systems will continue to operate as intended. Like all companies, our information technology and application systems may be vulnerable to data breaches,interruptions or failures due to events that may be beyond our control, including, but not limited to, natural disasters, theft, terrorist attacks, malicious cyber-attacks, computer viruses, hackers and general technology failures. A major defect or failure in our internal controls or information technology and application systems could result in management distraction, a violation of applicable privacy or other laws, harm our reputation, cause a loss of customers or give rise to monetary fines or penalties or otherwise increase expenses. We believe appropriate controls and mitigation procedures are in

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place to prevent significant risk of data breaches, interruptions or failures in, information technology and application systems, but internal controls provide only a reasonable, not absolute, assurance as to the absence of errors or irregularities and any ineffectiveness of such controls and procedures could have a material adverse effect on our business.

The inability to obtain business provided from brokers could adversely affect our business strategy and results of operations.

Substantially all of our business is placed through brokered transactions, which involve a limited number of reinsurance brokers which exposes us to concentration risk. Our two largest brokers each accounted for more than 10% of our gross written premiums, and in the aggregate they accounted for approximately 78.8% and 71.0% of our gross premiums written in 2018 and 2017, respectively. Because broker-produced business is concentrated with a small number of brokers, we are exposed to concentration risk. To lose or fail to expand all or a substantial portion of the business provided through brokers, could significantly and negatively affect our business and results of operations.

We may need additional capital in the future in order to operate our business, and such capital may not be available to us or may not be available to us on favorable terms.

We may need to raise additional capital in the future through public or private equity or debt offerings or otherwise in order to: 

● fund liquidity needs caused by underwriting or investment losses;

● meet rating agency capital requirements;

● replace capital lost in the event of significant reinsurance losses or adverse reserve developments or significant investment losses;

● satisfy collateral requirements that may be imposed by our clients or by regulators;

● meet applicable statutory jurisdiction requirements; or

● respond to competitive pressures. 

Additional capital may not be available on terms favorable to us, or at all. Further, any additional capital raised through the sale of equity could dilute existing ownership interest in our company and may cause the market price of our Class A ordinary shares to decline. Additional capital raised through the issuance of debt may result in creditors having rights, preferences and privileges senior or otherwise superior to those of our Class A ordinary shares.

Our property and property catastrophe reinsurance operations make us vulnerable to losses from catastrophes and may cause our results of operations to vary significantly from period to period.

Certain of our reinsurance operations expose us to claims arising out of unpredictable catastrophic events, such as hurricanes, hailstorms, tornadoes, windstorms, severe winter weather, earthquakes, floods, droughts, fires, explosions, volcanic eruptions and other natural or man-made disasters such as acts of war or terrorism, cyber attacks, major aircraft crashes, riots or political unrest. The incidence and severity of catastrophes are inherently unpredictable, and there may be increases in the frequency and severity of natural catastrophes and the losses that result from them. Further, such catastrophes could impact the affordability and availability of homeowners insurance, which could have an impact on pricing. We monitor and adjust our risk management models to reflect our judgment of how to interpret current developments and information. We believe that factors including increases in the value and geographic concentration of insured property, particularly along coastal regions, the possibility of an increase in the frequency and/or severity of extreme weather events, and the effects of inflation may increase the severity of claims from catastrophic events in the future.

Claims from catastrophic events could reduce our earnings and cause substantial volatility in our results of operations for any fiscal quarter or year and adversely affect our financial condition. Corresponding reductions in our surplus levels could impact our ability to write new reinsurance policies.

Catastrophic losses are a function of the insured exposure in the affected area and the severity of the event. Because accounting regulations do not permit reinsurers to reserve for catastrophic events until they occur, claims from catastrophic events could cause substantial volatility in our financial results for any fiscal quarter or year and could significantly and negatively affect our financial condition and results of operations.

We depend on our clients’ evaluations of the risks associated with their insurance underwriting, which may subject us to reinsurance losses.

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In our proportional reinsurance business, in which we assume an agreed percentage of each underlying insurance contract being reinsured, or quota share contracts, we do not expect to separately evaluate each of the original individual risks assumed under these reinsurance contracts. Therefore, we are largely dependent on the original underwriting decisions made by ceding companies. We are subject to the risk that the clients may not have adequately evaluated the insured risks and that the premiums ceded may not adequately compensate us for the risks we assume. We also do not separately evaluate each of the individual claims made on the underlying insurance contracts under quota share contracts. Therefore, we are dependent on the claims decisions made by our clients.

We could face unanticipated losses from political instability which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

We could be exposed to unexpected losses on our reinsurance contracts resulting from political instability and other politically driven events globally. These risks are inherently unpredictable and it is difficult to predict the timing of these events or to estimate the amount of loss that any given occurrence will generate. To the extent that losses from these risks occur, our financial condition and results of operations could be significantly and negatively affected.

Our failure to maintain sufficient collateral arrangements or to increase our collateral capacity on commercially acceptable terms as we grow could significantly and negatively affect our ability to implement our business strategy.

We are not licensed or admitted as a reinsurer in any jurisdiction other than the Cayman Islands and the European Economic Area. Certain jurisdictions, including the United States, do not permit insurance companies to take credit for reinsurance obtained from unlicensed or non-admitted insurers on their statutory financial statements unless appropriate security measures are implemented. Consequently, certain clients will require us to provide collateral often in the form of a letter of credit, a trust agreement or funds withheld. When we provide collateral, we are customarily required to provide collateral to the letter of credit provider or beneficiary of the trust agreement. Our ability to provide collateral, and the costs at which we provide collateral, are primarily dependent on the composition of our investment portfolio.

Typically, letters of credit are collateralized and trust agreements are funded with fixed-income securities or cash. Banks may be willing to accept our investment portfolio as collateral, but on terms that may be less favorable to us than reinsurance companies that invest solely or predominantly in fixed-income securities. The inability to renew, maintain or obtain letters of credit collateralized by our investment portfolio or to fund trust agreements may significantly limit the amount of reinsurance we can write or require us to modify our investment strategy. 

Our access to funds under our existing credit facilities is dependent on the ability of the banks that are parties to the facilities to meet their funding commitments. Those banks may not be able to meet their funding commitments if they experience shortages of capital and liquidity or if they experience excessive volumes of borrowing requests within a short period of time, and we might be forced to replace credit sources in a difficult market.

Any significant consolidation in the financial industry could lead to increased reliance on and exposure to particular institutions. If we cannot obtain adequate capital or sources of credit on favorable terms, or at all, our business, operating results and financial condition could be adversely affected. It is possible that, in the future, rating agencies may reduce our existing ratings. If one or more of our ratings were downgraded, we could incur higher borrowing costs and our ability to access the capital markets could be impacted. Our inability to obtain adequate capital could have a significant and negative effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We may need additional collateral capacity as we grow, and if we are unable to renew, maintain or increase our collateral facilities or are unable to do so on commercially acceptable terms we may need to liquidate all or a portion of our investment portfolio and invest in a fixed-income portfolio or other forms of investment acceptable to our clients and banks as collateral, which could significantly and negatively affect our ability to implement our business strategy.

Our failure to comply with restrictive covenants contained in our current or future credit facilities could trigger prepayment obligations, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Each of our credit facilities requires us and/or certain of our subsidiaries to comply with certain covenants, including restrictions on our ability to place a lien or charge on pledged assets, issue debt and in certain circumstances on the payment of dividends. Our failure to comply with these or other covenants could result in an event of default under one or more credit facilities or any credit facility we may enter into in the future, which, if not cured or waived, could result in us being required to repay the amounts outstanding under these facilities prior to maturity. As a result, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be significantly and negatively affected.

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If we lose or are unable to retain our senior management and other key personnel and are unable to attract qualified personnel, our ability to implement our business strategy could be delayed or hindered, which, in turn, could significantly and negatively affect our business.

Our future success depends, to a significant extent, on the efforts of our senior management and other key personnel to implement our business strategy. We believe there are only a limited number of available, qualified executives with substantial experience in our industry. We could face challenges attracting and retaining personnel in the Cayman Islands and/or in Dublin, Ireland. Accordingly, the loss of the services of one or more of the members of our senior management or other key personnel, or our inability to hire and retain other key personnel, could prevent us from continuing to implement our business strategy and, consequently, significantly and negatively affect our business.

We do not currently maintain key man life insurance with respect to any of our senior management, including our Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer, Chief Underwriting Officer or General Counsel. If any member of senior management dies or becomes incapacitated, or leaves the Company to pursue employment opportunities elsewhere, we would be solely responsible for locating an adequate replacement for such senior management and for bearing any related cost. To the extent that we are unable to locate an adequate replacement or are unable to do so within a reasonable period of time, our business may be significantly and negatively affected.

Our ability to implement our business strategy could be adversely affected by Cayman Islands employment restrictions.

Under Cayman Islands law, persons who are not Caymanian, do not possess Caymanian status, or are not otherwise entitled to reside and work in the Cayman Islands pursuant to provisions of the Immigration Law (2015 Revision) of the Cayman Islands, which we refer to as the Immigration Law, may not engage in any gainful occupation in the Cayman Islands without an appropriate governmental work permit. Such a work permit may be granted or extended on a continuous basis for a maximum period of nine years (after having been legally and ordinarily resident in the Cayman Islands for a period of eight years a person may apply for permanent residence in accordance with the provisions of the Immigration Law) upon showing that, after proper public advertisement, no Caymanian or person of Caymanian status, or other person legally and ordinarily resident in the Cayman Islands who meets the minimum standards for the advertised position is available. The failure of these work permits to be granted or extended could prevent us from continuing to implement our business strategy.

We are subject to the credit risk of our brokers, cedents and agents.

In accordance with industry practice, we frequently pay amounts owed on claims under our policies to reinsurance brokers, and these brokers, in turn, remit these amounts to the ceding companies that have reinsured a portion of their liabilities with us. In some jurisdictions, if a broker fails to make such a payment, we might remain liable to the client for the deficiency notwithstanding the broker’s obligation to make such payment. Conversely, in certain jurisdictions, when the client pays premiums for policies to reinsurance brokers for payment to us, these premiums are considered to have been paid and the client will no longer be liable to us for these premiums, whether or not we have actually received them. Consequently, we assume a degree of credit risk associated with brokers around the world.

In addition, we are also exposed to the credit risk of our cedents and agents, who, pursuant to their contracts with us, may be required to pay us profit commission, additional premiums, reinstatement premiums, and adjustments to ceding commissions over a period of time, which in some cases may extend beyond the initial period of risk coverage. Insolvency, liquidity problems, distressed financial condition or the general effects of an economic recession may increase the risk that our cedents or agents may not pay a part of or the full amount of their obligations to us. To the extent our cedents or agents become unable to pay us, we would be required to recognize a downward adjustment to our premiums receivable or reinsurance recoverables, as applicable, in our financial statements. While we generally seek to mitigate this risk through, among other things, collateral agreements, funds withheld, corporate guarantees and right of offset of receivables against any losses payable, an increased inability of customers to fulfill their obligations to us could have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

Our reinsurance balances receivable at December 31, 2018 totaled $300.3 million, which included premiums and ceding commissions receivable, a majority of which are not collateralized. We cannot provide assurance that such receivables will be collected or that valuation allowances or write downs for uncollectible recoverable amounts will not be required in future periods.

We may be unable to purchase reinsurance for the liabilities we reinsure, and if we successfully purchase such reinsurance, we may be unable to collect, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

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We purchase reinsurance for certain liabilities we reinsure, which we refer to as retrocessional coverage, in order to mitigate the effect of a potential concentration of losses upon our financial condition. The insolvency or inability or refusal of a retrocessionaire to make payments under the terms of its agreement with us could have an adverse effect on us because we remain liable to our client. From time to time, market conditions have limited, and in some cases have prevented, reinsurers from obtaining the types and amounts of retrocessional coverage that they consider necessary for their business needs. Accordingly, we may not be able to obtain our desired amounts of retrocessional coverage or negotiate terms that we deem appropriate or acceptable or obtain retrocessional coverage from entities with satisfactory creditworthiness. Our failure to establish adequate retrocessional arrangements or the failure of our retrocessional arrangements to protect us from overly concentrated risk exposure could significantly and negatively affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The failure of any risk management and loss limitation methods we employ,as well as an unexpected accumulation of attritional losses, could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

We seek to limit our loss exposure in a variety of ways, including by writing many of our reinsurance contracts on an excess of loss basis, adhering to maximum limitations on policies written in defined geographical zones, limiting program size for each client, establishing per risk and per occurrence limitations for each event, employing coverage restrictions and following prudent underwriting guidelines for each program written. In the case of proportional treaties, we generally seek per occurrence limitations or loss ratio caps to limit the impact of losses from any one event. We also seek to limit our loss exposure through geographic diversification. Notwithstanding these loss limitation techniques, one or more future catastrophic or other events could result in claims that substantially exceed our expectations in ways limiting the applicability of these techniques, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.  

Non-compliance with laws, regulations and taxation regarding transactions with international counter-parties may adversely affect our business.

As we provide reinsurance on a worldwide basis, we are subject to an expanding legal, regulatory and tax environment intended to help detect and prevent anti-trust activity, money laundering, terrorist financing, fraud, tax avoidance and other illicit activity. These requirements include, among others,  regulations promulgated and administered by CIMA, the U.S. Department of the Treasury's Office of Foreign Assets Control, The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, the Iran Freedom and Counter-Proliferation Act of 2012 and the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act. These and other programs prohibit or restrict dealings with certain countries, their governments and, in certain circumstances, their nationals and may require detailed reporting to various administrative parties. Non-compliance with any of these regulations could have a material adverse effect on our ability to conduct our business.

Currency fluctuations could result in exchange rate losses and negatively impact our business.

Our functional currency is the U.S. dollar. However, we expect that we will write a portion of our business and receive premiums and pay claims in currencies other than the U.S. dollar. We may incur foreign currency exchange gains or losses as we ultimately receive premiums and settle claims in foreign currencies. In addition, DME Advisors may invest a portion of our portfolio in securities or cash denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar. Consequently, we may experience exchange rate losses to the extent any of our foreign currency exposure is not hedged, which could significantly and negatively affect our business. If we do seek to hedge our foreign currency exposure through the use of forward foreign currency exchange contracts or currency swaps, we will be subject to the risk that our counterparties to the arrangements fail to perform.

There are differences under Cayman Islands corporate law and Delaware corporate law with respect to interested party transactions which may benefit certain of our shareholders at the expense of other shareholders.

Under Cayman Islands corporate law, a director may vote on a contract or transaction where the director has an interest as a shareholder, director, officer or employee provided such interest is disclosed. None of our contracts will be deemed to be void because any director is an interested party in such transaction and interested parties will not be held liable for monies owed to the Company.

Under Delaware law, interested party transactions are voidable.

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Risks Relating to Insurance and Other Regulations

Any suspension or revocation of our reinsurance license would materially impact our ability to do business and implement our business strategy.

We are presently licensed as a reinsurer only in the Cayman Islands and the European Economic Area. The suspension or revocation of our licenses to do business as a reinsurance company in either of these jurisdictions for any reason would mean that we would not be able to enter into any new reinsurance contracts in that jurisdiction until the suspension ended or we became licensed in another jurisdiction. The process of obtaining licenses is time consuming and costly, and we may not be able to become licensed in another jurisdiction in the event we chose to.Any such suspension or revocation of our license would negatively impact our reputation in the reinsurance marketplace and could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.

CIMA and CBI may take a number of actions, including suspending or revoking a reinsurance license whenever the regulatory body believes that a licensee is or may become unable to meet its obligations, is carrying on business in a manner likely to be detrimental to the public interest or to the interest of its creditors or policyholders, has contravened the terms of the Law or has otherwise behaved in such a manner so as to cause such regulatory body to call into question the licensee’s fitness.

Further, based on statutes, regulations and policies in their respective jurisdictions, CIMA and CBI may suspend or revoke our license if:

● we cease to carry on reinsurance business;

● the direction and management of our reinsurance business has not been conducted in a fit and proper manner;

● a person holding a position as a director, manager or officer is not a fit and proper person to hold the respective position; or

● we become bankrupt or go into liquidation or we are wound up or otherwise dissolved.

Similarly, if CIMA suspended or revoked our license, we could lose our exemption under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the “Investment Company Act”) (See “— We are subject to the risk of possibly becoming an investment company under U.S. federal securities law.”)

Our reinsurance subsidiaries are subject to minimum capital and surplus requirements, and our failure to meet these requirements could subject us to regulatory action.

The Insurance (Capital and Solvency) (Classes B, C, and D Insurers) Regulations, (2018 Revision) (the “Capital and Solvency Regulations”) impose on Greenlight Re a minimum capital requirement of US$50 million, a prescribed capital requirement of US$191.9 million and a requirement to maintain solvency equal to or in excess of the total prescribed capital requirement (the “Capital Requirements”). As of December 31, 2018, Greenlight Re was in compliance with the Capital Requirements.

Under the prudential regime applying prior to the introduction of Solvency II, GRIL, our Irish subsidiary, was required to maintain statutory reserves, particularly in respect of underwriting liabilities. Effective January 1, 2016, Solvency II introduced risk-based solvency requirements which GRIL is required to comply with, including calculating and maintaining a minimum capital requirement and solvency capital requirement. As of December 31, 2018, GRIL’s minimum capital requirement and solvency capital requirement was approximately $5.9 million and $23.6 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2018, GRIL has been in compliance with the capital requirements required under the Irish Insurance Acts and Regulations.

Any failure to meet applicable requirements or minimum statutory capital requirements could subject us to further examination or action by regulators, including restrictions on dividend payments, limitations on our writing of additional business or engaging in financial or other activities, enhanced supervision, financial or other penalties or liquidation. Further, any changes in existing risk based capital requirements or minimum statutory capital requirements may require us to increase our statutory capital levels, which we might be unable to do.

We are a holding company that depends on the ability of our subsidiaries to pay dividends.

We are a holding company and do not have any significant operations or assets other than our ownership of the shares of our subsidiaries. Dividends and other permitted distributions from our subsidiaries are our primary source of funds to meet ongoing cash requirements, including future debt service payments, if any, and other expenses, and to pay dividends to our shareholders if we choose to do so. Some of our subsidiaries are subject to significant regulatory restrictions limiting their

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ability to declare and pay dividends.  The inability of our subsidiaries to pay dividends in an amount sufficient to enable us to meet our cash requirements at the holding company level could have an adverse effect on our operations and our ability to pay dividends to our shareholders if we choose to do so and/or meet our debt service obligations, if any.

To the extent any of our subsidiaries located in jurisdictions other than the Cayman Islands consider declaring dividends, such subsidiaries are required to comply with restrictions set forth under applicable law and regulations in such other jurisdictions. These restrictions could adversely impact the Company.

We are subject to the risk of possibly becoming an investment company under U.S. federal securities law.

In the United States, the Investment Company Act regulates certain companies that invest in or trade securities. We rely on an exemption under the Investment Company Act for an entity organized and regulated as a foreign insurance company which is engaged primarily and predominantly in the reinsurance of risks on insurance agreements. The law in this area is subjective and there is a lack of guidance as to the meaning of “primarily and predominantly” under the relevant exemption to the Investment Company Act. For example, there is no standard for the amount of premiums that need to be written relative to the level of an entity’s capital in order to qualify for the exemption. If this exemption were deemed inapplicable, we would have to register under the Investment Company Act as an investment company. Registered investment companies are subject to extensive, restrictive and potentially adverse regulation relating to, among other things, operating methods, management, capital structure, leverage, dividends and transactions with affiliates. Registered investment companies are not permitted to operate their business in the manner in which we operate our business, nor are registered investment companies permitted to have many of the relationships that we have with our affiliated companies. Accordingly, we likely would not be permitted to engage DME Advisors as our investment advisor, unless we obtained board and shareholder approvals under the Investment Company Act. If DME Advisors were not our investment advisor, we would seek to identify and retain another investment advisor with a value-oriented investment philosophy. If we could not identify or retain such an advisor, we would be required to make substantial modifications to our investment strategy. Any such changes to our investment strategy could significantly and negatively impact our investment results, financial condition and our ability to implement our business strategy.

If at any time it were established that we had been operating as an investment company in violation of the registration requirements of the Investment Company Act, there would be a risk, among other material adverse consequences, that we could become subject to monetary penalties or injunctive relief, or both, or that we would be unable to enforce contracts with third parties or that third parties could seek to obtain rescission of transactions with us undertaken during the period in which it was established that we were an unregistered investment company.

To the extent that the laws and regulations change in the future so that contracts we write are deemed not to be reinsurance contracts, we will be at greater risk of not qualifying for the Investment Company Act exception. Additionally, it is possible that our classification as an investment company would result in the suspension or revocation of our reinsurance license.

Insurance regulations to which we are, or may become, subject, and potential changes thereto, could have a significant and negative effect on our business.

We currently are admitted to do business in the Cayman Islands and the European Economic Area.  Our operations in each of these jurisdictions are subject to varying degrees of regulation and supervision. The laws and regulations of the jurisdictions in which our subsidiaries are domiciled require that, among other things, these subsidiaries maintain minimum levels of statutory or regulatory capital, surplus and liquidity, meet solvency standards, submit to periodic examinations of their financial condition and restrict payments of dividends and reductions of capital. Statutes, regulations and policies that our subsidiaries are subject to may also restrict the ability of these subsidiaries to write insurance and reinsurance policies, make certain investments and distribute funds.

More specifically with respect to our Irish subsidiary, European legislation known as “Solvency II”, was introduced with effect from January 1, 2016 and governs the prudential regulation of insurers and reinsurers, and requires insurers and reinsurers in Europe to meet risk-based solvency requirements. It also imposes group solvency and governance requirements on groups with insurers and/or reinsurers operating in the European Economic Area. A number of European Commission delegated acts and technical standards have been adopted, which set out more detailed requirements based on the overarching provisions of the Solvency II Directive. However, further delegated acts, technical standards and guidance are likely to be published on an ongoing basis.

   Although we do not presently expect that we will be admitted to do business in any other jurisdiction other than the Cayman Islands and the European Economic Area, we cannot provide assurance that insurance regulators in the United States or elsewhere will not review our activities and claim that we are subject to such jurisdiction’s licensing requirements. In

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addition, we are subject to indirect regulatory requirements imposed by jurisdictions that may limit our ability to provide reinsurance. For example, our ability to write reinsurance may be subject, in certain cases, to arrangements satisfactory to applicable regulatory bodies, and proposed legislation and regulations may have the effect of imposing additional requirements upon, or restricting the market for, non-U.S. reinsurers such as Greenlight Re and GRIL, with whom domestic companies may place business. We do not know of any such proposed legislation pending at this time.

We may not be able to comply fully with, or obtain desired exemptions from, revised statutes, regulations and policies that currently, or may in the future, govern the conduct of our business. Failure to comply with, or to obtain desired authorizations and/or exemptions under, any applicable laws could result in restrictions on our ability to do business or undertake activities that are regulated in one or more of the jurisdictions in which we operate and could subject us to fines and other sanctions.

In addition, governmental authorities worldwide have become increasingly interested in potential risks posed by the insurance industry as a whole, and to the commercial and financial systems in general. While we cannot predict the exact nature, timing or scope of possible governmental initiatives, there may be increased regulatory intervention in our industry in the future. Changes in the laws or regulations to which our subsidiaries are subject or may become subject, or in the interpretations thereof by enforcement or regulatory agencies, could have a material adverse effect on our business. 

The vote by the U.K. to leave the EU could impact our business.

Negotiations to determine the terms of the U.K.’s withdrawal from the EU and its future relationship with the EU are ongoing (“Brexit”). As a result, we face risks associated with the potential uncertainty and consequences that may follow Brexit, including with respect to volatility in financial markets, exchange rates and interest rates. These uncertainties could increase the volatility of, or reduce, our investment results in particular periods or over time.

Brexit could adversely affect European or worldwide political, regulatory, economic or market conditions and could contribute to instability in global political institutions and regulatory agencies. Brexit could also lead to legal uncertainty and differing laws and regulations between the U.K. and the EU, and could impair or adversely affect the ability of the Lloyd’s market and the wider London market to transact business in EU countries.

These uncertainties could affect the operations, strategic position or results of insurers or reinsurers on whom we ultimately rely to access underlying insured coverages. Any of these potential effects of Brexit, and others we cannot anticipate, could adversely affect our results of operations or financial condition.

Risks Relating to Our Investment Strategy and Our Investment Advisor

Our investment management structure could subject us to various risks and uncertainties, any of which could impact our investment results and could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

On September 1, 2018, each of GLRE, Greenlight Re and GRIL entered into the SILP LPA with DME II as general partner. Commencing on September 1, 2018, all new investments to be made on behalf of Greenlight Re and GRIL have been made through SILP, pursuant to the SILP LPA, and not through the Joint Venture.

In accordance with the SILP LPA, substantially all the assets and related liabilities that comprise our investment portfolio have been transferred to SILP as of January 2, 2019. However, assets required to provide collateral for underwriting activities were not transferred to SILP but rather were transferred to accounts designated by each of Greenlight Re and GRIL for use by the companies to operate their respective businesses.

As a result of the change in our investment management structure, we may derive a significant portion of our income from our investment in SILP. Our operating results will, therefore, depend in part on the performance of SILP and on DME Advisors as the investment advisor of SILP. SILP is not, and is not expected to be, registered as an “investment company” under the Investment Company Act of 1940 or any comparable regulatory requirements. Therefore, investors in SILP, including Greenlight Re and GRIL, will not have the benefit of the protections afforded by such registration and regulation. In addition, we will be subject to various existing and new risks and uncertainties, some of which we may not be able to identify at this time.

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SILP may be concentrated in a few large positions, which could result in large losses.

Our investment guidelines provide that SILP may commit up to 20% of Greenlight Re’s capital account (10% for GRIL) to any one investment. In addition, GRIL’s investment guidelines require that the 10 largest investments shall not constitute more than 50% of the total investment portfolio and GRIL’s investment portfolio shall at all times be composed of a minimum of 50 debt or equity securities of publicly traded companies. From time to time SILP may hold a few, relatively large security positions in relation to our capital accounts. Since SILP may not be widely diversified by security or by industry, it may be subject to more rapid changes in value than would be the case if our investment portfolio were required to maintain a wide diversification among companies, securities industries and types of securities.

Under the SILP LPA, we are contractually obligated to invest substantially all our assets in SILP with certain exceptions. SILP’s performance depends on the ability of DME Advisors to select and manage appropriate investments.

In connection with the SILP LPA, DME Advisors acts as the exclusive investment advisor for our investment portfolio. Pursuant to the SILP LPA, we are contractually obligated to use commercially reasonable efforts to cause substantially all investable assets of Greenlight Re and GRIL, with limited exceptions, to be contributed to SILP. Additionally, we are restricted from making additional contributions of assets that would cause the capital account balances of Greenlight Re and GRIL to represent more than 90% of the aggregate capital account balances of all of the partners of SILP. Although DME Advisors is contractually obligated to follow the investment guidelines of both Greenlight Re and GRIL, we cannot provide assurance as to how DME Advisors will allocate our investable assets to different investment opportunities. DME Advisors may allocate our capital accounts to long and short equity positions, debt and derivatives, which could increase the level of risk to which our investment portfolio will be exposed.

The performance of our investment portfolio depends to a great extent on the ability of DME Advisors to select and manage appropriate investments for SILP. We cannot provide assurance that DME Advisors will be successful in meeting our investment objectives. The failure of DME Advisors to perform adequately could significantly and negatively affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Our investment performance depends in part on the performance of SILP, and may suffer as a result of adverse financial market developments or other factors that impact our liquidity, which could in turn adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

Our operating results depend in part on the performance of SILP. We cannot provide assurance that DME Advisors on behalf of SILP will successfully structure investments in relation to our liquidity needs or liabilities. Failure to do so could force us to withdraw investments from SILP at a significant loss or at prices that are not optimal, which could significantly and adversely affect our financial results.

The risks associated with the value-oriented investment strategy expected to be employed by SILP may be substantially greater than the risks associated with traditional fixed-income investment strategies. In addition, long equity investments may generate losses if the market declines. Similarly, short equity investments may generate losses in a rising market. The success of the investment strategy may also be affected by general economic conditions. Unexpected market volatility and illiquidity associated with our investment in SILP could significantly and negatively affect our investment results, financial condition or results of operations.

Under our new investment management structure, we have limited control over SILP.

Under the SILP LPA, subject to the investment guidelines and certain other conditions, DME II has complete and exclusive power and responsibility for all investment and investment management decisions to be undertaken on behalf of SILP and for managing and administering the affairs of SILP, and has the power and authority to do all things that it, as the general partner, considers necessary or desirable to carry out its duties thereunder. These broad rights of DME II include the power to delegate its authorities under the SILP LPA. Pursuant to the IAA, DME II has delegated to DME Advisors the authority to direct the investments of SILP and other day-to-day business. In addition, DME II may resign or withdraw from SILP and may admit new limited partners to SILP without our consent, which may cause SILP to be deemed an “investment company” under the Investment Company Act of 1940.

We have no right to remove DME II as general partner of SILP and do not have any right to participate in the conduct or management of SILP, other than by amending our investment guidelines.

The historical performance of DME Advisors and its affiliates should not be considered as indicative of the future results of our investment portfolio or of our future results or of any returns expected on our Class A ordinary shares.

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The historical returns of the funds managed by DME Advisors and its affiliates are not directly linked to our Class A ordinary shares. Results for our investment in SILP could differ from results of the other funds managed by DME Advisors and its affiliates as a result of restrictions imposed by our investment guidelines and other factors.

Even if our investment in SILP generates investment income in a given period, our overall performance could be adversely affected by losses generated by our reinsurance operations. Poor performance of SILP will cause a decline in our revenue and will therefore have a negative effect on our financial performance.

The historical performance of DME Advisors and its affiliates may impact our A.M. Best rating.

The historical performance of DME Advisors and its funds is not necessarily indicative of future results, but losses incurred to date may be taken into account by A.M. Best & Co. and may adversely affect our financial strength rating. See “Item 1A. Risk Factors - Risks Relating to Our Business - “A downgrade or withdrawal of either of our A.M. Best ratings may significantly and negatively affect our ability to implement our business strategy successfully.”.

If A.M. Best downgrades our ratings, we cannot provide assurance that our regulators, Cayman Islands Monetary Authority and the Central Bank of Ireland, would continue to authorize our current investment strategy.

Apart from funds required for collateral purposes, substantially all of our investable assets are or are expected to be invested with SILP and, as a result, we depend upon DME II to implement our investment strategy.

Apart from funds required for collateral purposes, risk management and other operational needs, substantially all of our investable assets are or are expected to be invested with SILP and, as a result, we depend upon DME II to implement our investment strategy. Accordingly, the diminution or loss of the services of DME II could significantly affect SILP and our business. DME II, in turn, is dependent on the talents, efforts and leadership of DME Advisors’ principals. The diminution or loss of the services of DME Advisors’ principals, or diminution or loss of their reputation or any negative market or industry perception arising from that diminution or loss, could have a material adverse effect on our business. In addition, the loss of DME Advisors’ key personnel, or DME Advisors’ inability to hire and retain other key personnel, over which we have no control, could delay or prevent DME Advisors from fulfilling its obligations pursuant to the IAA, which could significantly and negatively affect SILP’s performance and correspondingly our business and financial performance.

Our investment performance may suffer as a result of adverse financial market developments or other factors that impact our liquidity, which could in turn adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

We may derive a significant portion of our income from our investment portfolio. As a result, our operating results depend in part on the performance of our investment portfolio. We strive to structure our investments in a manner that recognizes our liquidity needs for future liabilities. We cannot provide assurance that DME Advisors will successfully structure our investments in relation to our anticipated liabilities. Failure to do so could force us to liquidate investments at a significant loss or at prices that are not optimal, which could significantly and adversely affect our financial results.

The risks associated with DME Advisors’ value-oriented investment strategy may be substantially greater than the risks associated with traditional fixed-income investment strategies. In addition, long equity investments may generate losses if the market declines. Similarly, short equity investments may generate losses in a rising market. The success of our investment strategy may also be affected by general economic conditions. Unexpected market volatility and illiquidity associated with our investments could significantly and negatively affect our investment portfolio results. 

Potential conflicts of interest with DME Advisors may exist that could adversely affect us.

In addition to managing SILP, DME Advisors, its principals and their affiliates may engage in investment and trading activities for their own accounts and/or for the accounts of third parties. None of DME Advisors or its principals, including David Einhorn, Chairman of our Board of Directors and the President of Greenlight Capital, Inc., are obligated to devote any specific amount of time to our investment in SILP. Affiliates of DME Advisors, including Greenlight Capital, Inc., manage and expect to continue to manage other client accounts, some of which have objectives similar to SILP, including collective investment vehicles managed by DME Advisors’ affiliates and in which DME Advisors or its affiliates may have an equity interest. Pursuant to the SILP LPA and the IAA, DME Advisors has the exclusive right to manage SILP and is required to follow our investment guidelines and act in a manner that is fair and equitable in allocating investment opportunities to us, but neither the SILP LPA or the IAA impose any specific obligations or requirements concerning allocation of time, effort or investment opportunities to us or any restriction on the nature or timing of investments for accounts that DME Advisors or its affiliates may manage. If we compete for any investment opportunity with another entity that DME Advisors or its affiliates manage, DME Advisors is not required to afford SILP exclusivity or priority. DME Advisors’ interest and the interests of its

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affiliates, including Greenlight Capital, Inc., may at times conflict, possibly to DME Advisors’ detriment, which, in turn, may potentially adversely affect SILP’s investment opportunities and returns, and correspondingly, our investment portfolio.

Mr. Einhorn, Chairman of our Board of Directors, is not, under Cayman Islands law, legally restricted from participating in making decisions with respect to Greenlight Re’s investment guidelines. Accordingly, his involvement as a member of the Boards of Directors of Greenlight Capital Re, Ltd. and Greenlight Re may lead to a conflict of interest.

DME Advisors and its affiliates may also manage accounts whose advisory fee schedules, investment objectives and policies differ from those of SILP, which may cause DME Advisors and its affiliates to effect trading in one account that may have an adverse effect on another account, including SILP. We do not have the contractual right to inspect the trading records of DME Advisors or its principals.

If DME Advisor’s risk management systems are ineffective, we may be exposed to material unanticipated losses.

DME Advisors continually refines its risk management techniques, strategies and assessment methods. However, its risk management techniques and strategies do not fully mitigate the risk exposure of its funds and managed accounts, including SILP, in all economic or market environments, or against all types of risk, including risks that it might fail to identify or anticipate. Any failures in DME Advisors’ risk management techniques and strategies to accurately quantify risk exposure could limit the risk-adjusted returns of SILP. In addition, any risk management failures could cause losses to be significantly greater than historical measures predict. DME Advisors’ approach to managing those risks could prove insufficient, exposing SILP, and correspondingly our investment portfolio, to material unanticipated or material losses.

We and SILP are exposed to credit risk primarily from the possibility that counterparties may default on their obligations to us.

We and SILP are exposed to credit risk primarily from the possibility that counterparties may default on their obligations to us or it. The amount of the maximum exposure to credit risk is indicated by the carrying value of our and SILP’s financial assets, respectively. In addition, SILP holds the securities of our investment portfolio with prime brokers and have credit risk from the possibility that one or more of them may default on their obligations to SILP. Other than our investment in derivative contracts and corporate debt, if any, and the fact that our investments are held by prime brokers and custodians on our behalf, we have no other significant concentrations of credit risk in our investment portfolio.

Issuers or borrowers whose securities or debt SILP holds, customers, reinsurers, clearing agents, exchanges, clearing houses and other financial intermediaries and guarantors may default on their obligations to us and/or SILP due to bankruptcy, insolvency, lack of liquidity, adverse economic conditions, operational failure, fraud or other reasons. Such defaults could have a significant and negative effect on us and/or SILP, and, correspondingly, our investment portfolio and our results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.

SILP may trade on margin and use other forms of financial leverage, which could potentially adversely affect our revenues.

Our investment guidelines provide SILP with the ability to trade on margin and use other forms of financial leverage. Fluctuations in the market value of our investment in SILP could have a disproportionately large effect in relation to our capital. Any event which may adversely affect the value of positions SILP holds could significantly and negatively affect the net asset value of our investment portfolio and thus our results of operations.

SILP effectuates short sales that subject our capital accounts to unlimited loss potential.

SILP enters into transactions in which it sells a security it does not own, which we refer to as a short sale, in anticipation of a decline in the market value of the security. Short sales for our account theoretically will involve unlimited loss potential since the market price of securities sold short may continuously increase. SILP may mitigate such losses by replacing the securities sold short before the market price has increased significantly but we have no control over such mitigation, if any. Under adverse market conditions, SILP might have difficulty purchasing securities to meet short sale delivery obligations and may have to cover short sales at suboptimal prices.

SILP may transact in derivatives trading, which may increase the risk of our investment portfolio.

Derivative instruments, or derivatives, include futures, options, swaps, structured securities and other instruments and contracts that derive their value from one or more underlying securities, financial benchmarks, currencies, commodities or indices. There are a number of risks associated with derivatives trading. Because many derivatives are leveraged, a relatively small adverse market movement may result in a substantial loss, and may potentially expose us to a loss exceeding the original

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amount invested. Derivatives may also expose SILP, and correspondingly, our investment portfolio, to liquidity risk as there may not be a liquid market within which to close or dispose of outstanding derivative contracts. The counterparty risk lies with each party with whom SILP contracts for the purpose of making derivative investments. In the event of the counterparty’s default, SILP will generally only rank as an unsecured creditor and risk the loss of all or a portion of the amounts SILP is contractually entitled to receive.

The compensation arrangements of SILP may create an incentive to effect transactions that are risky or speculative.

Pursuant to the SILP LPA each of Greenlight Re and GRIL is obligated to pay a performance allocation to DME II at the end of each performance period based on its positive performance change to its capital account, subject to a modified loss carry forward provision.

The loss carry forward provision contained in the SILP LPA allows DME II to earn reduced performance allocation of 10% of profits in any year subsequent to the year in which SILP has incurred a loss, until all losses are recouped and an additional amount equal to 150% of the loss is earned.

While the performance compensation arrangement contained in the SILP LPA provides that losses will be carried forward as an offset against net profits in subsequent periods, DME II and DME Advisors generally will not otherwise be penalized for losses or decreases in the value of our portfolio under the SILP LPA. These performance compensation arrangements may create an incentive for DME Advisors to engage in transactions that focus on the potential for short-term gains rather than long-term growth or that are particularly risky or speculative. The losses incurred under the venture agreement have been carried over to SILP and must be recouped in accordance with the loss carry forward provisions contained in the SILP LPA.

DME Advisors’ representatives’ service on boards and committees may place trading restrictions on our investments and may subject us to indemnification liability.

DME Advisors may from time to time place its or its affiliates’ representatives on creditors’ committees and/or boards of certain companies in which SILP has invested. While such representation may enable DME Advisors to enhance the sale value of SILP’s investments, it may also prevent SILP from freely disposing of our investments and may subject us to indemnification liability. The IAA provides for the indemnification of DME Advisors or any other person designated by DME Advisors for claims arising from such board representation.  

The ability to use “soft dollars” may provide DME Advisors with an incentive to select certain brokers that may take into account benefits to be received by DME Advisors.

DME Advisors is entitled to use so-called “soft dollars” generated by commissions paid in connection with transactions for SILP to pay for certain of DME Advisors’ operating and overhead costs, including the payment of all or a portion of its costs and expenses of operation. “Soft dollars” are a means of paying brokerage firms for their services through commission revenue, rather than through direct payments. DME Advisors only uses soft dollars to pay for expenses that would otherwise be borne by SILP and certain other co-managed funds. However, DME Advisors’ right to use soft dollars may give DME Advisors an incentive to select brokers or dealers for our transactions, or to negotiate commission rates or other execution terms, in a manner that takes into account the soft dollar benefits received by DME Advisors rather than giving exclusive consideration to the interests of our investment portfolio and, accordingly, may create a conflict.

The SILP LPA limits our ability to use another investment manager.

The SILP LPA restricts our ability to manage our investment portfolio outside of SILP. Because the SILP LPA contains exclusivity and limited termination provisions, we are unable to use other investment managers for so long as Greenlight Re and GRIL are limited partners in SILP. Although we may withdraw funds from SILP for operational purposes by giving three days notice, Greenlight Re or GRIL may withdraw as a limited partner upon notice only on the Greenlight Re Relevant Date or the GRIL Relevant Date (as defined in the SILP LPA) or “for cause”, which is defined as:

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● a material violation of applicable law relating to DME II’s or DME Advisors’ advisory business;

● DME II’s or DME Advisors’ gross negligence, willful misconduct or reckless disregard of DME II’s obligations under the SILP LPA or DME Advisors’ obligations under the IAA;

● a material breach by DME II or DME Advisors of Greenlight Re’s or GRIL’s investment guidelines that is not cured within a 15-day period; or

● a material breach by DME II or DME Advisors of its obligations under 5.2 of the SILP LPA, which relate to timely redemption of partnership interests.

In addition, GRIL may withdraw as a limited partner in SILP due to unsatisfactory long term performance of DME II or DME Advisors, as determined solely by the Board of Directors of GRIL at the end of each fiscal year during the term of the SILP LPA. 

Greenlight Re may not withdraw as a limited partner in SILP on the basis of performance. If Greenlight Re becomes dissatisfied with the results of the investment performance of SILP, we will be unable to hire new investment managers unless the SILP LPA is terminated for cause. 

Certain investments made by SILP may have limited liquidity and lack valuation data, which could create a conflict of interest.

Our investment guidelines provide SILP with the flexibility to invest in certain securities with limited liquidity or no public market. This lack of liquidity may adversely affect the ability of SILP to execute trade orders at desired prices and may impact our ability to fulfill our underwriting payment obligations. To the extent that SILP invests in securities or instruments for which market quotations are not readily available, under the terms of the IAA the valuation of such securities and instruments for purposes of compensation will be determined by DME Advisors, whose determination, subject to audit verification, will be conclusive and binding in the absence of bad faith or manifest error. Because the IAA gives DME Advisors the power to determine the value of securities with no readily discernible market value, and because the calculation of DME Advisors’ fee is based on the value of the investment account, a conflict exists as DME Advisors may be incentivized to place a higher valuation on such securities.

In addition, for all securities traded on public exchanges, each exchange typically has the right to suspend or limit trading in all securities it lists. Such a suspension could render it impossible to liquidate positions and thereby expose SILP, and correspondingly us, to losses.

Increased regulation or scrutiny of alternative investment advisors may affect DME II and DME Advisors’ ability to manage SILP or affect our business reputation.

The regulatory environment for investment managers is evolving, and changes in the regulation of managers may adversely affect the ability of DME Advisors to obtain the leverage it might otherwise obtain or to pursue its trading strategies. In addition, the securities and futures markets are subject to comprehensive statutes, regulations and margin requirements. The SEC, other regulators and self-regulatory organizations and exchanges are authorized to take extraordinary actions in the event of market emergencies. The regulation of derivatives transactions and funds that engage in such transactions is an evolving area of law and is subject to modification by government and judicial action. Any future regulatory change could have a significant negative impact on our financial condition and results of operations.

Short sale transactions have been subject to increased regulatory scrutiny, including the imposition of restrictions on short selling certain securities and reporting requirements. Our ability to execute a short selling strategy may be materially and adversely impacted by new temporary and/or permanent rules, interpretations, prohibitions, and restrictions adopted in response to these adverse market events. Temporary restrictions and/or prohibitions on short selling activity may be imposed by regulatory authorities with little or no advance notice and may impact prior and future trading activities of our investment portfolio. Additionally, the SEC, its non-U.S. counterparts, other governmental authorities and/or self-regulatory organizations may at any time promulgate permanent rules or interpretations consistent with such temporary restrictions or that impose additional or different permanent or temporary limitations or prohibitions. The SEC might impose different limitations and/or prohibitions on short selling from those imposed by various non-U.S. regulatory authorities. These different regulations, rules or interpretations might have different effective periods.

Regulatory authorities may, from time-to-time, impose restrictions that adversely affect our ability to borrow certain securities in connection with short sale transactions. In addition, traditional lenders of securities might be less likely to lend securities under certain market conditions. As a result, we may not be able to effectively pursue a short selling strategy due to a limited supply of securities available for borrowing. We may also incur additional costs in connection with short sale

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transactions, including, if SILP is required to enter into a borrowing arrangement in advance of any short sales. Moreover, the ability to continue to borrow a security is not guaranteed and we are subject to strict delivery requirements. The inability to deliver securities within the required time frame may subject us to mandatory close out by the executing broker-dealer. A mandatory close out may subject us to unintended costs and losses. Certain action or inaction by third parties, such as executing broker-dealers or clearing broker-dealers, may materially impact our ability to effect short sale transactions.

SILP may invest in securities based outside the United States which may be riskier than securities of United States issuers.

Under our investment guidelines, SILP may invest in securities of issuers organized or based outside the United States. These investments may be subject to a variety of risks and other special considerations not affecting securities of U.S. issuers. Many foreign securities markets are not as developed or efficient as those in the United States. Securities of some foreign issuers are less liquid and more volatile than securities of comparable U.S. issuers. Similarly, volume and liquidity in many foreign securities markets are less than in the United States and, at times, price volatility can be greater than in the United States. Non-U.S. issuers may be subject to less stringent financial reporting and informational disclosure standards, regulatory oversight, practices and requirements than those applicable to U.S. issuers. 

Risks Relating to our Class A Ordinary Shares

Our level of debt may have an adverse impact on our liquidity, restrict our current and future operations, particularly our ability to respond to business opportunities, and increase our vulnerability to adverse economic and industry conditions.

In August 2018, we sold $100 million of convertible notes. Our level of debt and the provisions of such debt could have significant consequences, which include, but are not limited to, the following:

• limit our ability to obtain additional financing in the future for working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions or other general corporate purposes;

• require a substantial portion of our cash flows to be dedicated to debt service payments instead of other purposes, thereby reducing the amount of cash flows available for working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions and other general corporate purposes;

•discourage an acquisition of us by a third party;

•place us at a competitive disadvantage to competitors carrying less debt; and

• make us more vulnerable to economic downturns and limiting our ability to withstand competitive pressures or take advantage of new opportunities to grow our business.

We may from time to time seek to refinance our indebtedness by issuing additional shares of our common stock in one or more securities offerings. Such securities offerings may dilute our existing shareholders, reduce the value of our common stock, or both. Because our decision to issue securities depends on, among other things, market conditions and other factors beyond our control, we cannot predict or estimate the amount, timing or nature of any future securities offerings. Thus, holders of our common stock bear the risk of our future offerings diluting and potentially reducing the value of our common stock.

Conversion of the notes or future sales or issuances of Class A ordinary shares may dilute the ownership interest of existing shareholders, including holders who have previously converted their notes. Such dilution may adversely affect the trading price of our Class A ordinary shares and the notes and the conversion rate of the notes may not be adjusted for all dilutive events.

We may issue equity securities in the future for a number of reasons, including to finance our operations and business strategy, to acquire assets or companies, to adjust our ratio of debt to equity, or in connection with our incentive and stock option plans. Any issuance of equity securities, including the issuance of shares, if any, upon conversion of the notes, could dilute the interests of our existing shareholders, including holders who have previously received shares upon conversion of their notes, and could substantially affect the trading price of our Class A ordinary shares and the notes. In addition, the anticipated conversion of the notes into our Class A ordinary shares could depress the price of our Class A ordinary shares.

We may not be able to pay interest on the notes or settle conversions of the notes in cash or to repurchase the notes upon a fundamental change, and our future debt, if any, may contain limitations on our ability to pay cash upon conversion or repurchase of the notes.

Holders of notes have the right to require us to repurchase all or a portion of their notes for cash upon the occurrence of a fundamental change under the indenture governing the notes. In addition, upon conversion of the notes, unless we elect to

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deliver solely Class A ordinary shares to settle such conversion (other than paying cash in lieu of delivering any fractional share), we will be required to make cash payments in respect of the notes being converted. However, we may not have enough available cash or be able to obtain financing on favorable terms, if at all, at the time we are required to make repurchases of notes surrendered therefor or pay cash with respect to the notes being converted.

In addition, our ability to make the required repurchase upon a fundamental change may be limited by law or the terms of other debt agreements or securities. Our failure to pay interest on the notes or to make the required cash repurchase or cash payment, as the case may be, would constitute an event of default under the indenture governing the notes which, in turn, could constitute an event of default under other debt agreements or securities, thereby resulting in their acceleration and required prepayment and thereby further restricting our ability to make such interest payments and repurchases. If, due to a default, the repayment of related indebtedness were to be accelerated after any applicable notice or grace periods, we may not have sufficient funds to repay such indebtedness and the notes. We may be required to refinance all or part of our debt, sell important strategic assets at unfavorable prices, incur additional indebtedness or issue common stock or other equity securities, which we may be unable to do on terms acceptable to us, in amounts sufficient to meet our needs or at all.

Our ability to meet the debt service obligations contained in our debt agreements depends on our available cash and our future performance, which will be affected by financial, business, economic and other factors. Our inability to service our debt obligations or refinance our debt could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results and financial condition. Refinancing our indebtedness may also require us to expense previous debt issuance costs or to incur new debt issuance costs.

The accounting method for convertible debt securities that may be settled in cash, such as the notes, could have a material effect on our reported financial results.

Under Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 470-20, Debt with Conversion and Other Options, which we refer to

as ASC 470-20, an entity must separately account for the liability and equity components of the convertible debt instruments (such as the notes) that may be settled entirely or partially in cash upon conversion in a manner that reflects the entity’s economic interest cost. The effect of ASC 470-20 on the accounting for the notes is that the equity component is required to be included in the additional paid-in capital section of shareholders’ equity on our consolidated balance sheet, and the value of the equity component would be treated as original issue discount for purposes of accounting for the debt component of the notes. As a result, we are required to record a greater amount of non-cash interest expense in current periods presented as a result of the amortization of the discounted carrying value of the notes to their face amount over the term of the notes. We report lower net income in our financial results because ASC 470-20 requires interest to include both the current period’s amortization of the debt discount and the instrument’s coupon interest, which could adversely affect our reported or future financial results, the trading price of our Class A ordinary shares and the trading price of the notes.

A shareholder may be required to sell its Class A ordinary shares.

Our Third Amended and Restated Memorandum and Articles of Association, or Articles, provide that we have the option, but not the obligation, to require a shareholder to sell its Class A ordinary shares for their fair market value to us, to other shareholders or to third parties if our Board of Directors determines that ownership of our Class A ordinary shares by such shareholder may result in adverse tax, regulatory or legal consequences to us, any of our subsidiaries or any of our shareholders and that such sale is necessary to avoid or cure such adverse consequences.

Provisions of our Articles, the Companies Law of the Cayman Islands and our corporate structure may each impede a takeover, which could adversely affect the value of our Class A ordinary shares.

Our Articles contain certain provisions that could make it difficult for a third party to acquire us, even if doing so would be beneficial to our shareholders. Our Articles provide that a director may only be removed for “cause” as defined in the Articles, upon the affirmative vote of not less than 50% of the votes cast at a meeting at which more than 50% ofour issued and outstanding Class A ordinary shares are represented. Further, under our Articles, a director may only be removed without cause upon the affirmative vote of not less than 80% of the votes cast at a meeting at which more than 50% ofour issued and outstanding Class A ordinary shares are represented.

Our Articles permit our Board of Directors to issue preferred shares from time to time, with such rights and preferences as they consider appropriate. Our Board of Directors may authorize the issuance of preferred shares with terms and conditions and under circumstances that could have an effect of discouraging a takeover or other transaction, deny shareholders the receipt of a premium on their Class A ordinary shares in the event of a tender or other offer for Class A ordinary shares and have a depressive effect on the market price of the Class A ordinary shares.

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As compared to mergers under corporate law in the United States, it may be more difficult to consummate a merger of two or more companies in the Cayman Islands or the merger of one or more Cayman Islands companies with one or more overseas companies, even if such transaction would be beneficial to our shareholders. Cayman Islands law has statutory provisions that provide for the reconstruction and amalgamation of companies, which are commonly referred to, in the Cayman Islands, as “schemes of arrangement”. The Companies Law (2018 Revision) of the Cayman Islands (the “Companies Law”) provides for the merger or consolidation of two or more companies that are Cayman Islands entities or the merger of one or more Cayman Islands companies with one or more overseas companies, where the surviving entity is either a Cayman Islands company or an overseas company.  Prior to the adoption of certain amendments to the Companies Law, the “scheme of arrangement” was the only vehicle available to consolidate companies and Cayman Islands law did not provide for mergers as that term is understood under corporate law in the United States. Although the current merger provisions have made it faster and easier for companies to merge or consolidate than the “schemes of arrangement” statutory provision, these provisions do not replace the “schemes of arrangement” provision which continues to apply. The procedural and legal requirements necessary to consummate these transactions under the merger provisions of the Companies Law or the “schemes of arrangement” provision may be more rigorous and take longer to complete than the procedures typically required to consummate a merger in the United States.

Under Cayman Islands law and practice, a “scheme of arrangement” must be approved at a shareholders’ meeting by each class of shareholders, in each case, by a majority of the number of holders of each class of an entity’s shares that are present and voting, either in person or by proxy, at such a meeting, which holders must also represent 75% in value of such class issued that are present and voting, either in person or by proxy, at such meeting, excluding the shares owned by the parties to the scheme of arrangement. A merger requires approval by a special resolution of the shareholders of each company (which normally requires, as a minimum, a two thirds majority of shareholders voting together as one class) and such other authorization, if any, as may be specified in such constituent company’s articles of association.

Although a merger under the Companies Law does not require court approval, the convening of these meetings and the terms of an amalgamation under the “schemes of arrangement” provision must be sanctioned by the Grand Court of the Cayman Islands. Although there is no requirement to seek the consent of the creditors of the parties involved in the scheme of arrangement, the Grand Court typically seeks to ensure that the creditors have consented to the transfer of their liabilities to the surviving entity or that the scheme of arrangement does not otherwise materially adversely affect the creditors’ interests. Furthermore, the Grand Court will only approve a scheme of arrangement if it is satisfied that:

● the statutory provisions as to majority vote have been complied with;

● the shareholders have been fairly represented at the meeting in question;

● the scheme of arrangement is such as a businessperson would reasonably approve; and

● the scheme of arrangement is not one that would more properly be sanctioned under some other provision of the Companies Law.

In addition, David Einhorn, Chairman of our Board of Directors, owns all of the outstanding Class B ordinary shares. As a result, we will not be able to enter into a scheme of arrangement without the approval of Mr. Einhorn as the holder of our Class B ordinary shares.

Holders of Class A ordinary shares may have difficulty obtaining or enforcing a judgment against us, and they may face difficulties in protecting their interests because we are incorporated under Cayman Islands law.

Because we are a Cayman Islands company, there is uncertainty as to whether the Grand Court of the Cayman Islands would recognize or enforce judgments of United States courts obtained against us predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the securities laws of the United States or any state thereof, or be competent to hear original actions brought in the Cayman Islands against us predicated upon the securities laws of the United States or any state thereof.

We are incorporated as an exempted company limited by shares under the Companies Law. A significant amount of our assets are located outside of the United States. As a result, it may be difficult for persons purchasing Class A ordinary shares to effect service of process within the United States upon us or to enforce judgments against us or judgments obtained in U.S. courts predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the federal securities laws of the United States or any state of the United States.

Although there is no statutory enforcement in the Cayman Islands of judgments obtained in the United States, the courts of the Cayman Islands will, based on the principle that a judgment by a competent foreign court will impose upon the judgment debtor an obligation to pay the sum for which judgment has been given, recognize and enforce a foreign judgment of a court of

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competent jurisdiction if such judgment is final, for a liquidated sum, not in respect of taxes or a fine or penalty if not inconsistent with a Cayman Islands judgment in respect of the same matters, and was not obtained in a manner, and is not of a kind, the enforcement of which is contrary to the public policy of the Cayman Islands. There is doubt, however, as to whether the courts of the Cayman Islands will, in an original action in the Cayman Islands, recognize or enforce judgments of U.S. courts predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the securities laws of the United States or any state of the United States on the grounds that such provisions are penal in nature.

A Cayman Islands court may stay proceedings if concurrent proceedings are being brought elsewhere.

Unlike many jurisdictions in the United States, Cayman Islands law does not specifically provide for shareholder appraisal rights on a merger or consolidation of an entity. This may make it more difficult for shareholders to assess the value of any consideration they may receive in a merger or consolidation or to require that the offeror give a shareholder additional consideration if he believes the consideration offered is insufficient. Dissenting shareholders to a merger have the right to be paid the fair value of their shares (which, if not agreed between the parties, will be determined by the Cayman Islands court) if they follow the required procedures, subject to certain exceptions.

Shareholders of Cayman Islands exempted companies such as ours have no general rights under Cayman Islands law to inspect corporate records and accounts. Our directors have discretion under our Articles to determine whether or not, and under what conditions, the corporate records may be inspected by shareholders, but are not obligated to make them available to shareholders. This fact may make it more difficult for shareholders to obtain the information needed to establish any facts necessary for a shareholder motion or to solicit proxies from other shareholders in connection with a proxy contest.

Subject to limited exceptions, under Cayman Islands law, a minority shareholder may not bring a derivative action against our Board of Directors.

Provisions of our Articles may reallocate the voting power of our Class A ordinary shares and subject holders of Class A ordinary shares to SEC compliance.

In certain circumstances, the total voting power of our Class A ordinary shares held by any one person will be reduced to less than 9.9% of the total issued and outstanding ordinary shares, and the total voting power of the Class B ordinary shares will be reduced to 9.5% of the total voting power of the total issued and outstanding ordinary shares. In the event a holder of our Class A ordinary shares acquires shares representing 9.9% or more of the total voting power of our total ordinary shares or the Class B ordinary shares represent more than 9.5% of the total voting power of our total outstanding shares, there will be an effective reallocation of the voting power of the Class A ordinary shares or Class B ordinary shares which may cause a shareholder to acquire 5% or more of the voting power of the total ordinary shares.

Such a shareholder may become subject to the reporting and disclosure requirements of Sections 13(d) and (g) of the Exchange Act. Such a reallocation also may result in an obligation to amend previous filings made under Section 13(d) or (g) of the Exchange Act. Under our Articles, we have no obligation to notify shareholders of any adjustments to their voting power. Shareholders should consult their own legal counsel regarding the possible reporting requirements under Section 13 of the Exchange Act.

As of December 31, 2018, David Einhorn owned 17.2% of the issued and outstanding ordinary shares, which given that each Class B share is entitled to ten votes, causes him to exceed the 9.5% limitation imposed on the total voting power of the Class B ordinary shares. Thus, the voting power held by the Class B ordinary shares that is in excess of the 9.5% limitation will be reallocated pro-rata to holders of Class A ordinary shares according to their percentage interest in the Company. However, no shareholder will be allocated voting rights that would cause it to have 9.9% or more of the total voting power of our ordinary shares. The allocation of the voting power of the Class B ordinary shares to a holder of Class A ordinary shares will depend upon the total voting power of the Class B ordinary shares outstanding, as well as the percentage of Class A ordinary shares held by a shareholder and the other holders of Class A ordinary shares. Accordingly, we cannot estimate with precision what multiple of a vote per share a holder of Class A ordinary shares will be allocated as a result of the anticipated reallocation of voting power of the Class B ordinary shares. 

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Risks Relating to Taxation

We may become subject to taxation in the Cayman Islands, which would negatively affect our results.

Under current Cayman Islands law, we are not obligated to pay any taxes in the Cayman Islands on either income or capital gains. The Governor-in-Cabinet of Cayman Islands has granted us an exemption from the imposition of any such tax on us until February 1, 2025. We cannot be assured that after such date we would not be subject to any such tax. If we were to become subject to taxation in the Cayman Islands, our financial condition and results of operations could be significantly and negatively affected.

Greenlight Capital Re, Greenlight Re and/or GRIL may be subject to United States federal income taxation.

Greenlight Capital Re and Greenlight Re are incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands, and GRIL is incorporated under the laws of Ireland. These entities intend to operate in a manner that will not cause us to be treated as engaging in a trade or business within the United States and will not cause us to be subject to current United States federal income taxation on Greenlight Capital Re’s, Greenlight Re’s and/or GRIL’s net income. However, because there are no definitive standards provided by the Internal Revenue Code, regulations or court decisions as to the specific activities that constitute being engaged in the conduct of a trade or business within the United States, and as any such determination is essentially factual in nature, we cannot provide assurance that the United States Internal Revenue Service (the “IRS”), will not successfully assert that Greenlight Capital Re, Greenlight Re and/or GRIL are engaged in a trade or business within the United States.  If the IRS were to successfully assert that Greenlight Capital Re, Greenlight Re, and/or GRIL have been engaged in a trade or business within the United States in any taxable year, various adverse tax consequences could result, including the following: Greenlight Capital Re, Greenlight Re and/or GRIL may become subject to current United States federal income taxation on its net income from sources within the United States; Greenlight Capital Re, Greenlight Re and/or GRIL may be subject to United States federal income tax on a portion of its net investment income, regardless of its source; Greenlight Capital Re, Greenlight Re, and/or GRIL may not be entitled to deduct certain expenses that would otherwise be deductible from the income subject to United States taxation; and Greenlight Capital Re, Greenlight Re and/or GRIL may be subject to United States branch profits tax on profits deemed to have been distributed out of the United States.  

United States persons who own Class A ordinary shares may be subject to United States federal income taxation on our undistributed earnings and may recognize ordinary income upon disposition of Class A ordinary shares.

Passive Foreign Investment Company. Significant potential adverse United States federal income tax consequences, including certain reporting requirements, generally apply to any United States person who owns shares in a passive foreign investment company, or a PFIC. We do not expect that any of Greenlight Capital Re, Greenlight Re, or GRIL will be a PFIC for the current taxable year. However, we cannot provide assurance that none of Greenlight Capital Re, Greenlight Re, or GRIL will be a PFIC for the current taxable year or any future taxable year.

In general, any of Greenlight Capital Re, Greenlight Re or GRIL would be a PFIC for a taxable year if either (i) 75% or more of its income constitutes “passive income” or (ii) 50% or more of its assets produce “passive income”, or are held for the production of passive income. Passive income generally includes interest, dividends and other investment income but does not include income derived in the active conduct of an insurance business by a corporation predominantly engaged in an insurance business. As of January 1, 2018, the active conduct of an insurance business is defined as an insurance company which has applicable insurance liabilities, as reported on its annual financial statement, exceeding 25% of its total assets. Applicable insurance liabilities means, with respect to our property and casualty reinsurance business, reserves for loss and loss adjustment expenses, and excludes unearned premium reserves.

The exception for insurance companies is intended to ensure that a qualifying insurance entity’s income is not treated as passive income, except to the extent such income is attributable to financial reserves in excess of the reasonable needs of the insurance business. We intend to operate our business with financial reserves and applicable insurance liabilities at levels that should not cause us to be deemed PFICs, although we cannot provide assurance that we will be successful in structuring our operations to meet such levels nor can we ensure that the IRS will not successfully challenge our status. If we are unable to underwrite sufficient amount of risks and maintain a sufficient amount of applicable insurance liabilities, any of Greenlight Capital Re, Greenlight Re or GRIL may become a PFIC.

In addition, sufficient risk must be transferred under an insurance entity’s contracts with its insureds in order to qualify for the insurance exception. Whether our insurance contracts possess adequate risk transfer for purposes of determining whether income under our contracts is insurance income, and whether we are predominantly engaged in an insurance business, are subjective in nature and there is little authoritative tax guidance on these issues. We cannot provide assurance that the IRS

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will not successfully challenge our interpretation of the scope of the active insurance company exception and our qualification for the exception. Further, the IRS may issue regulatory or other guidance that causes us to fail to qualify for the active insurance company exception on a prospective or retroactive basis. Therefore, we cannot provide assurance that we will satisfy the exception for insurance companies and will not be treated as PFICs currently or in the future.

Controlled Foreign Corporation. United States persons who, directly or indirectly or through attribution rules, own 10% or more of the total combined voting power or value of our shares, which we refer to as United States 10% shareholders, may be subject to the controlled foreign corporation, or CFC, rules. Under the CFC rules, each United States 10% shareholder must annually include his pro-rata share of the CFC’s “subpart F income” and “global intangible low-tax income” in his or her gross income in the year earned by the CFC, even if no distributions are made. In general, a foreign insurance company will be treated as a CFC only if during the taxable year United States 10% shareholders collectively own more than 25% of the total combined voting power or total value of the entity’s shares. We believe that the dispersion of our Class A ordinary shares among holders and the restrictions placed on transfer, issuance or repurchase of our Class A ordinary shares , will in most cases prevent shareholders who acquire Class A ordinary shares from being United States 10% shareholders. We cannot provide assurance, however, that these rules will not apply to you if you are or become a United States 10% shareholder. In particular, recent changes to the definition of a United States 10% Shareholder, whereby both vote and value are tested, and recent changes to the constructive ownership rules, whereby shares owned by non-United States persons can be attributed to United States persons, may increase the likelihood of these rules applying. If you are a United States person, we strongly urge you to consult your own tax advisor concerning the CFC rules.

Related Person Insurance Income. If: 

● our gross income attributable to insurance or reinsurance policies where the direct or indirect insureds are our direct or indirect United States shareholders or persons related to such United States shareholders equals or exceeds 20% of our gross insurance income in any taxable year; and

● direct or indirect insureds and persons related to such insureds owned directly or indirectly 20% or more of the voting power or value of our stock,

a United States person who owns Class A ordinary shares directly or indirectly on the last day of the taxable year would most likely be required to include their pro-rata share of our related person insurance income for the taxable year in their income. This amount would be determined as if such related person insurance income were distributed proportionally to United States persons at that date. We do not expect that we will knowingly enter into reinsurance agreements in which, in the aggregate, the direct or indirect insureds are, or are related to, owners of 20% or more of the Class A ordinary shares. We do not believe that the 20% gross insurance income threshold will be met. However, we cannot provide assurance that this is or will continue to be the case. Consequently, we cannot provide assurance that a person who is a direct or indirect United States shareholder will not be required to include amounts in its income in respect of related person insurance income in any taxable year.

If a United States shareholder is treated as disposing of shares in a foreign insurance corporation that has related person insurance income and in which United States persons own 25% or more of the voting power or value of the entity’s shares, any gain from the disposition will generally be treated as a dividend to the extent of the United States shareholder’s portion of the corporation’s undistributed earnings and profits that were accumulated during the period that the United States shareholder owned the shares. In addition, the shareholder will be required to comply with certain reporting requirements, regardless of the amount of shares owned by the direct or indirect United States shareholder. Although not free from doubt, we believe these rules should not apply to dispositions of Class A ordinary shares because Greenlight Capital Re is not directly engaged in the insurance business and because proposed United States Treasury regulations applicable to this situation appear to apply only in the case of shares of corporations that are directly engaged in the insurance business. We cannot provide assurance, however, that the IRS will interpret the proposed regulations in this manner or that the proposed regulations will not be promulgated in final form in a manner that would cause these rules to apply to dispositions of Class A ordinary shares.  

United States tax-exempt organizations who own Class A ordinary shares may recognize unrelated business taxable income.

If you are a United States tax-exempt organization you may recognize unrelated business taxable income if a portion of our subpart F insurance income is allocated to you. In general, subpart F insurance income will be allocated to you if we are a CFC as discussed above and you are a United States 10% shareholder or there is related person insurance income and certain exceptions do not apply. Although we do not believe that any United States persons will be allocated subpart F insurance income, we cannot provide assurance that this will be the case. If you are a United States tax-exempt organization, we advise you to consult your own tax advisor regarding the risk of recognizing unrelated business taxable income.

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H.R. 1, the recently passed tax reform bill, is causing us to undertake changes to the manner in which we conduct our business and could subject United States persons who own Class A ordinary shares to United States income taxation on our undistributed earnings. 

On December 22, 2017, H.R. 1, commonly referred to as “the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act,” was signed into law. H.R. 1 provides a bright-line test that a non-U.S. insurance company only will receive the benefit, for passive foreign investment company purposes, of being engaged in the active conduct of an insurance business if its applicable insurance liabilities constitute more than 25% of its total assets. For this purpose, the term “applicable insurance liabilities” does not include unearned premium reserves. One of the H.R. 1’s potential impacts is that this limitation could result in the treatment of offshore insurers or reinsurers that write business on a low frequency/high severity basis, such as property catastrophe companies and financial guaranty companies, as PFICs, as significant reserves for losses may not be recorded until a catastrophic event actually occurs. Accordingly, subject to any future corrections or clarifications that may be made to H.R. 1, or any regulations that may be promulgated thereunder, the Company will be treated as a PFIC for any taxable year in which it does not meet the bright-line applicable insurance liabilities requirement of H.R. 1.

As of December 31, 2018 the Company met the bright-line applicable insurance liabilities test. However, there is still substantial uncertainty regarding the application of the test. The Company cannot guarantee that it will continue to meet the bright-line applicable insurance liabilities test in future periods. In the event that the Company cannot meet this test, shareholders that are United States persons will be subject to United States income taxation on the Company’s undistributed earnings.

Further changes in United States tax regulations and laws could change our status for United States persons who

own Class A ordinary shares

The IRS or Congress may issue additional regulations or legislations regarding the applicable insurance liabilities bright-line test of the PFIC rules.

We are monitoring developments with respect to both the new applicable insurance liabilities test and the IRS proposed regulations. At this time, we cannot predict whether or what, if any, additional regulations will be adopted or additional legislation will be enacted. If regulations are adopted or legislation enacted that cause us to fail to meet the requirements of the insurance company exception, or if we fail to meet the recently enacted applicable insurance liabilities test such failure could have a material adverse effect on the taxation of our shareholders who are U.S. persons. In that event we may undertake further changes to the manner in which we conduct our business, which also could have a material effect on our results of operations.

The tax laws and interpretations regarding whether an entity is engaged in a United States trade or business, is a CFC, has related party insurance income or is a PFIC are subject to change, possibly on a retroactive basis. New regulations or pronouncements interpreting or clarifying such rules may be forthcoming from the IRS. We are not able to predict if, when or in what form such guidance will be provided and whether such guidance will have a retroactive effect.

H.R. 1 may have a detrimental effect on the Company and its assets.

The regulatory and tax environment globally is evolving, and changes in the regulation or taxation of the Company and its assets may materially adversely shareholders. H.R. 1, among other things, makes significant changes to the rules applicable to the taxation of the Company and its assets, such as changing the rules applicable to active insurance income for passive foreign investment company purposes (discussed above), changing rules applicable to controlled foreign investment company purposes, new base erosion rules, changing the general corporate tax rate to a flat 21% rate, modifying the rules regarding limitations on certain deductions, introducing a capital investment deduction in certain circumstances, placing certain limitations on the interest deduction, modifying the rules regarding the usability of certain net operating losses, and the migration from a worldwide system of taxation to a modified territorial system. At this time the ultimate outcome of the new legislation on the Company and its shareholders is uncertain and could be adverse. Shareholders should consult their own tax advisors regarding potential changes in tax laws.

If investments held by GRIL are determined not to be integral to the reinsurance business carried on by GRIL, additional Irish tax could be imposed and our business and financial results could be materially adversely affected.

Based on administrative practice, taxable income derived from investments made by GRIL is generally taxed in Ireland at the rate of 12.5% on the grounds that such investments either form part of the permanent capital required by regulatory authorities, or are otherwise integral to the reinsurance business carried on by GRIL. GRIL intends to operate in such a manner so that the level of investments held by GRIL does not exceed the amount that is integral to the reinsurance businesses carried

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on by GRIL. If, however, investment income earned by GRIL exceeds these thresholds or if the administrative practice of the Irish Revenue Commissioners changes, Irish corporation tax could apply to such investment income at a higher rate (currently 25%) instead of the general 12.5% rate, and our results of operations could be materially adversely affected.

The impact of the initiative of the OECD to eliminate harmful tax practices is uncertain and could adversely affect our tax status in the Cayman Islands.

The OECD has published reports and launched a global dialogue among member and non-member countries on measures to limit harmful tax competition. These measures are largely directed at counteracting the effects of tax neutral jurisdictions and preferential tax regimes in countries around the world. While the Cayman Islands is currently on the list of jurisdictions that have substantially implemented the internationally agreed tax standard, we are not able to predict if additional requirements will be imposed, and if so, whether changes arising from such additional requirements will subject us to additional taxes. 

ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

None.

ITEM 2. PROPERTIES

We currently occupy our office space in Grand Cayman, Cayman Islands under operating lease agreements which expired on June 30, 2018. We are in negotiations with the lessor for renewal of the lease and meanwhile have agreed with the lessor to operate under a monthly lease until June 30, 2019. Additionally, we have an operating lease agreement for office space in Dublin, Ireland which expires in 2031, but provides us an option to terminate the lease in 2021 without any penalty. We believe that for the foreseeable future the office spaces in the Cayman Islands and Ireland will be sufficient for conducting our operations. 

ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

From time to time, in the normal course of business, we may be involved in formal and informal dispute resolution procedures, which may include arbitration or litigation, the outcomes of which determine our rights and obligations under our reinsurance contracts and other contractual agreements. In some disputes, we may seek to enforce our rights under an agreement or to collect funds owing to us. In other matters, we may resist attempts by others to collect funds or enforce alleged rights. While the final outcome of legal disputes cannot be predicted with certainty, we do not believe that any of our existing contractual disputes, when finally resolved, will have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or operating results.

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

Not applicable.

PART II

ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

Market Information

Our Class A ordinary shares began publicly trading on the Nasdaq Global Select Market on May 24, 2007 under the symbol “GLRE”.

Holders

As of January 31, 2019, the number of holders of record of our Class A ordinary shares was approximately 47, not including beneficial owners of shares registered in nominee or street name who represent approximately 96.8% of the Class A ordinary shares issued and outstanding.

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Dividends

Since inception, we have not paid any cash dividends on our Class A ordinary shares or Class B ordinary shares, or collectively, our ordinary shares.

Holders of ordinary shares are entitled to receive dividends when, as and if declared by the Board of Directors in accordance with the provisions of our Articles and the Companies Law. In the event of a liquidation, dissolution or winding-up of the Company, the holders of ordinary shares are entitled to share equally and ratably in our assets, if any remain after the payment of all of our debts and liabilities and the liquidation preference of any outstanding preferred shares.

We currently do not intend to declare and pay dividends on our ordinary shares in the foreseeable future. However, if we decide to pay dividends, we cannot provide assurance that sufficient cash will be available to pay such dividends. In addition, a letter of credit facility prohibits us from paying dividends during an event of default as defined in the letter of credit agreement. Our future dividend policy will also depend on the requirements of any future financing agreements to which we may be a party and other factors considered relevant by our Board of Directors, such as our results of operations and cash flows, our financial position and capital requirements, general business conditions, rating agency guidelines, legal, tax, regulatory and any contractual restrictions on the payment of dividends. Further, any future declaration and payment of dividends is discretionary and our Board of Directors may, at any time, modify or revoke our dividend policy on our ordinary shares. Finally, our ability to pay dividends also depends on the ability of our subsidiaries to pay dividends to us. Although Greenlight Capital Re is not subject to any significant legal prohibitions on the payment of dividends, Greenlight Re and GRIL are subject to regulatory constraints that affect their ability to pay dividends and include minimum net worth requirements. As of December 31, 2018, Greenlight Re and GRIL both exceeded the minimum statutory capital requirements. Any dividends we pay will be declared and paid in U.S. dollars.

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Performance Graph

Presented below is a line graph comparing the yearly change in the cumulative total shareholder return on our Class A ordinary shares for the five year period commencing December 31, 2013 through December 31, 2018 against the total return index for the Russell 2000 Index, or RUT, and the S&P 500 Property & Casualty Insurance Index, or S&P Insurance Index, for the same period. The performance graph assumes $100 invested on December 31, 2013 in the ordinary shares of Greenlight Capital Re, the RUT and the S&P Insurance Index. The performance graph also assumes that all dividends are reinvested.

The performance reflected in the graph above is not necessarily indicative of future performance.

This graph is not “soliciting material,” is not deemed filed with the SEC and is not to be incorporated by reference in any filing by us under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act, whether made before or after the date hereof and irrespective of any general incorporation language in any such filing.

Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers

Our board of directors has adopted a share repurchase plan authorizing the Company to repurchase Class A ordinary shares. From time to time, the repurchase plan has been re-approved or modified at the election of our Board of Directors. On April 25, 2018, our Board of Directors adopted the share repurchase plan, with effect from July 1, 2018 and expiring on June 30, 2019, authorizing the Company to purchase up to 2.5 million Class A ordinary shares or securities convertible into Class A ordinary shares in the open market, through privately negotiated transactions or Rule 10b5-1 stock trading plans. As of December 31, 2018, 1.5 million Class A ordinary shares remained authorized for repurchase under the share repurchase plan. The Company is not required to repurchase any Class A ordinary shares and the repurchase plan may be modified, suspended or terminated at any time without prior notice. During the year ended December 31, 2018, 1,180,000 Class A ordinary shares were repurchased by the Company at an average price of $13.98 per share. No shares were repurchased by the Company during the fourth quarter of the year ended December 31, 2018.

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ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA

The following table sets forth our selected historical consolidated statement of operations data for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, 2016, 2015 and 2014, as well as our selected historical consolidated balance sheet data as of December 31, 2018, 2017, 2016, 2015 and 2014, which are derived from our audited consolidated financial statements. The audited consolidated financial statements are prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) and have been audited by BDO USA, LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm.

These historic results presented below are not necessarily indicative of results for any future period, and should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and related notes thereto contained in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” and “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” included in this filing and all other information appearing elsewhere or incorporated into this filing by reference.

	Year ended December 31
	2018			2017			2016			2015			2014
	($ in thousands, except per share and share amounts)
Selected Consolidated Statement of Operations Data
Gross premiums written	$	567,531		$	692,651		$	536,072		$	502,124		$	324,023
Net premiums earned	508,363			626,004			513,118			408,387			354,240
Net investment income (loss)	(323,106		)	20,231			76,183			(281,924		)	122,575
Loss and loss adjustment expenses incurred, net	363,873			502,404			380,815			317,097			234,986
Acquisition costs, net	145,475			161,740			134,534			116,207			107,665
General and administrative expenses	25,173			26,356			25,808			23,434			24,500
Net income (loss) attributable to Greenlight Capital Re, Ltd.	$	(350,054	)	$	(44,952	)	$	44,881		$	(326,425	)	$	109,592
Earnings (Loss) Per Share Data(1)
Basic	$	(9.74	)	$	(1.21	)	$	1.20		$	(8.90	)	$	2.94
Diluted	(9.74		)	(1.21		)	1.20			(8.90		)	2.89
Weighted average number of ordinary shares used in the determination of earnings and loss per share
Basic	35,951,659			37,002,260			37,267,145			36,670,466			37,242,687
Diluted	35,951,659			37,002,260			37,340,018			36,670,466			37,874,387
Underwriting Income (Loss) and Selected Ratios
Underwriting income (loss) *	$	(14,384	)	$	(53,628	)	$	(18,814	)	$	(41,909	)	$	(4,908	)
Loss ratio	71.6		%	80.3		%	74.2		%	77.6		%	66.3		%
Acquisition cost ratio	28.6		%	25.8		%	26.2		%	28.5		%	30.4		%
Underwriting expense ratio	2.6		%	2.5		%	3.2		%	4.2		%	4.7		%
Combined ratio	102.8		%	108.6		%	103.6		%	110.3		%	101.4		%

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	December 31
	2018 #		2017		2016		2015		2014
	($ in thousands, except per share and share amounts)
Selected Consolidated Balance Sheet Data
Total investments	$	283,928	$	1,362,984	$	1,022,537	$	1,064,164	$	1,430,978
Cash and cash equivalents	18,215		27,285		39,858		112,162		12,030
Restricted cash and cash equivalents	685,016		1,503,813		1,202,651		1,236,589		1,296,914
Total assets	1,435,445		3,357,393		2,664,693		2,712,522		2,995,292
Securities sold, not yet purchased, at fair value	—		912,797		859,902		882,906		1,090,731
Due to prime brokers and other financial institutions	—		672,700		319,830		396,453		211,070
Loss and loss adjustment expense reserves ^	482,662		464,380		306,641		305,997		264,243
Unearned premium reserves	211,789		255,818		222,527		211,954		128,736
Total liabilities	955,981		2,505,967		1,773,006		1,863,749		1,801,251
Total equity	477,772		844,257		885,803		836,509		1,179,384
Adjusted book value* (2)	477,287		831,324		874,242		825,391		1,165,151
Diluted adjusted book value* (3)	$	477,287	$	845,183	$	876,362	$	836,944	$	1,184,779
Ordinary shares outstanding
Basic	36,384,929		37,359,545		37,366,327		37,027,467		37,384,543
Diluted (4)	36,431,327		38,039,229		37,489,647		37,744,807		38,516,460
Per Share Data
Basic adjusted book value per share* (5)	$	13.12	$	22.25	$	23.40	$	22.29	$	31.17
Fully diluted adjusted book value per share* (6)	13.10		22.22		23.38		22.17		30.76

(1)	The Company treats its unvested restricted stock awards, which contain non-forfeitable rights to dividends or dividend equivalents, whether paid or unpaid as “participating securities.” Basic earnings (loss) per share is calculated on the basis of the weighted average number of common shares and participating securities outstanding during the period. Diluted earnings (or loss) per share includes the dilutive effect of the following: (i) RSUs issued that would convert to common shares upon vesting, (ii) additional potential common shares issuable when stock options are exercised, determined using the treasury stock method, and (iii) those common shares with the potential to be issued by virtue of convertible debt and other such convertible instruments, determined using the treasury stock method. Diluted earnings (or loss) per share contemplates a conversion to common shares of all convertible instruments only if they are dilutive in nature with regards to earnings per share. In the event of a net loss, all RSUs, stock options outstanding, convertible debt and participating securities are excluded from the calculation of both basic and diluted loss per share since their inclusion would be anti-dilutive.
(2)	Adjusted book value equals total shareholders’ equity minus non-controlling interest in Joint Venture.
(3)	Diluted adjusted book value is the adjusted book value plus the proceeds from the exercise of in-the-money options issued and outstanding at year end.
(4)	Diluted number of shares outstanding is the sum of basic shares outstanding and the in-the-money options and restricted stock units issued and outstanding at year end.
(5)	Basic adjusted book value per share is calculated by dividing adjusted book value by the number of shares and share equivalents issued and outstanding at year end.
(6)	Fully diluted adjusted book value per share is calculated by dividing the diluted adjusted book value by the diluted number of shares outstanding at year end.
#	The movements from 2017 to 2018 in “Total investments”, “Restricted cash and cash equivalents”, “Securities sold, not yet purchased”, and “Due to prime brokers and other financial institutions”, related primarily to the change in our investment structure during the year ended December 31, 2018.
*	Adjusted book value, diluted adjusted book value, basic adjusted book value per share, fully diluted adjusted book value per share and underwriting income (loss) are non-GAAP measures. For a reconciliation of the non-GAAP measures to the most comparable GAAP measures, refer to “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Results of Operations”.
^	For detailed discussion of change in loss and loss adjustment expenses, refer to “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Financial Condition” and Note 8 to the consolidated financial statements.

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ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

References to “we,” “us,” “our,” “our company,”  or “the Company” refer to Greenlight Capital Re, Ltd. (“GLRE”) and our wholly-owned subsidiaries, Greenlight Reinsurance, Ltd, (“Greenlight Re”), Greenlight Reinsurance Ireland, Designated Activity Company (“GRIL”) and Verdant Holding Company, Ltd. (“Verdant”), unless the context dictates otherwise. References to our “Ordinary Shares” refers collectively to our Class A Ordinary Shares and Class B Ordinary Shares.

The following is a discussion and analysis of our results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 and financial condition as of December 31, 2018 and 2017. The following discussion should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes, which appear elsewhere in this filing.

General

We are a global specialty property and casualty reinsurer, headquartered in the Cayman Islands, with a reinsurance and investment strategy that we believe differentiates us from most of our competitors. Our goal is to build long-term shareholder value by providing risk management products and services to the insurance, reinsurance and other risk marketplaces. We focus on delivering risk solutions to clients and brokers who value our expertise, analytics and customer service offerings.

We aim to complement our underwriting results with a non-traditional investment approach in order to achieve higher rates of return over the long term than reinsurance companies that employ more traditional investment strategies. We manage our investment portfolio according to a value-oriented philosophy, in which our investment advisor takes long positions in perceived undervalued securities and short positions in perceived overvalued securities.

Because our portfolio will evolve in response to market conditions and underwriting opportunities, period-to-period comparisons of our underwriting results may not be meaningful. In addition, our historical investment results may not necessarily be indicative of future performance. Due to the nature of our reinsurance and investment strategies, our operating results will likely fluctuate from period to period.

Outlook and Trends

The property and casualty reinsurance industry historically has been cyclical in nature, owing to fluctuations in the supply of capital.  Much of the global property and casualty reinsurance marketplace has experienced an extended period of rate pressure and reductions, and despite some positive rate movement during 2018, this pressure continues along with an increased focus on expenses at all points in the risk placement chain. Certain participants in the industry have attempted to mitigate rate pressure and rate reductions by increasing scale. We believe that throughout the industry there is an ongoing focus on lowering internal expenses as a source of efficiency.

The industry sustained significant natural catastrophe losses during 2017 and 2018, including historically large California wildfires and potentially the largest typhoon loss in Japan. We believe that the losses experienced by the industry from the 2017 and 2018 natural catastrophes and the California wildfires created short term capital impacts that will be offset by capital injections, some of which has already occurred, particularly in the property catastrophe market. As a result, any positive rate impact, to date, has been limited and focused on loss-impacted business. The natural catastrophe and large risk losses of 2018 are also unlikely to have meaningful or sustainable effect on the market dynamics noted above.

From time to time we may purchase retrocessional coverage to manage our overall exposure, reduce our net liability on individual risks, to obtain additional underwriting capacity or to balance our underwriting portfolio. Historically, our retrocession activities have constituted a small part of our overall business, but recently we have increased our use of retrocessional coverage and we may continue to do so in the future. 

Compared to most of our competitors, we are small and have low overhead expenses. We believe that our expense efficiency, agility and existing relationships support our competitive position and will allow us to profitably participate in lines of business that fit within our strategy. Further we believe that the market pressure to contain and reduce internal expenses will continue for the foreseeable future, particularly as the use of unrated collateralized capital extends to classes of business beyond the current significant penetration in property catastrophe classes. Collateralized reinsurance funds are generally less expensive to operate than rated reinsurance companies and may also have access to capital at a lower cost.

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We have successfully begun to expand the classes of business that we underwrite and the client base that we support, as we believe they will generate favorable returns on equity over the long term. In some cases, this expansion involves participation where we are not the lead underwriter.

We expect that technological, analytical, product and delivery mechanism innovations in the insurance and reinsurance industries will have an increasingly significant effect on the markets in which we operate. In light of our expectation, we formed Greenlight Re Innovations, our internal effort to develop and implement product and service innovations with insurance applications. We believe Greenlight Re Innovations will also create new underwriting opportunities for us in the future.

The decrease in our capital base, particularly during 2018, may constrain our capacity to grow our premiums in the short term, although it had minimal impact on our 2019 renewals. We will continue to monitor market conditions to best position ourselves to participate where an appropriate risk reward profile exists. Our underlying results and product line concentrations may vary, perhaps significantly, from one period to the next, and thus our results to date are not necessarily indicative of future portfolio composition and performance.

There are many global economic, investment and political uncertainties that may impact our business and our investment portfolio, including rising interest rates and potential trade disputes. Given the uncertainties, for the foreseeable future we expect to maintain an amount equivalent to our net loss reserves in cash and cash equivalents or high-grade fixed income securities, while investing the excess funds in accordance with our value investing strategy.

Segments

We manage our business on the basis of one operating segment, property and casualty reinsurance. Prior to 2018, we analyzed and discussed our underwriting operations using two categories: frequency and severity. Effective from 2018, we no longer analyze our business based on frequency/severity and instead we analyze our business based on the following categories:

● Property

● Casualty

● Other

Property business covers automobile physical damage, personal lines (including homeowners’ insurance) and commercial lines. Property business includes both catastrophe as well as non-catastrophe coverage. We expect catastrophe business to make up a small proportion of our property business. Property business is generally expected to have losses reported and paid more quickly than casualty business.

Casualty business includes general liability, motor liability, professional liability and workers’ compensation coverage. The Company’s multi-line business predominantly relates to casualty reinsurance and as such all multi-line business is included within the casualty category. Casualty business generally has losses reported and paid over a longer period of time than property business.

Other business mainly includes accident and health, financial lines (including mortgage insurance, surety and trade credit), marine, and to a lesser extent, other specialty business such as aviation, energy, cyber and terrorism.

Revenues

We derive our revenues from two principal sources: 

● premiums from reinsurance on property and casualty business assumed; and

● income from investments.

Premiums written are recognized as revenues, net of of any applicable underlying reinsurance coverage, and are earned over the term of the related policy or contract. Depending on the contract structure, the earnings period could be the same as the reinsurance contract, or based on the terms of the underlying insurance policies.

Income from our investments is primarily composed of income generated by the Joint Venture and SILP, which in turn is generated by interest income, dividends, net realized gains and losses, and changes in unrealized gains and losses on investment securities. We also derive interest income from money market funds and notes receivable.

 In addition, we may from time to time derive other income from gains on deposit accounted contracts, fees generated from advisory services and fees relating to overrides, profit commissions and the early termination of contracts.

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Expenses

Our expenses consist primarily of the following: 

● underwriting losses and loss adjustment expenses;

● acquisition costs;

● general and administrative expenses;

● interest expense; and

● investment-related expenses.

The extent of our loss and loss adjustment expenses is a function of the amount and type of reinsurance contracts we write and of the loss experience of the underlying coverage. As described below, loss and loss adjustment expenses include an actuarially determined estimate of losses incurred, including losses incurred during the period and changes in estimates from prior periods. Depending on the nature of the contract, loss and loss adjustment expenses may be paid over a period of years.

Acquisition costs primarily consist of brokerage fees, ceding commissions, premium taxes, profit commissions, letters of credit and trust fees, and federal excise taxes. We amortize deferred acquisition costs relating to successfully bound reinsurance contracts over the related contract term.

General and administrative expenses consist primarily of salaries and benefits and related costs, including costs associated with our incentive compensation plan, bonuses and stock compensation expenses. General and administrative expenses also include professional fees, travel and entertainment, information technology, rent and other general operating expenses. General and administrative expenses reported on our consolidated statements of operations include both underwriting expenses as well as corporate expenses. Underwriting expenses include those expenses directly related to underwriting activities which are not eligible to be capitalized, as well as an allocation of other general and administrative expenses. Corporate expenses include those costs associated with operating as a publicly listed entity as well as an allocation of other general and administrative expenses.

For stock option expenses, we calculate compensation cost using the Black-Scholes option pricing model and expense stock options over their vesting period, which varies and has historically ranged from zero to six years. For restricted stock awards and restricted stock units, we calculate compensation cost using the grant date fair value of each award and recognize the associated expense of the stock awards over their vesting period, which typically range from one to five years.

Interest expense consists of interest paid and accrued on senior convertible notes as well as the amortization of note issuance expenses and amortization of the note discount.

Investment-related expenses primarily consist of interest expense on borrowings, dividend expense on short sales, management fees and performance compensation that we pay to the investment advisor. We net these expenses against investment income (loss) in our consolidated financial statements.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Our consolidated financial statements contain certain amounts that are inherently subjective in nature and have required management to make assumptions and best estimates to determine reported values. If certain factors, including those described in “Part I. Item IA. — Risk Factors”, cause actual events or results to differ materially from our underlying assumptions or estimates, there could be a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition or liquidity. We believe that the following accounting policies affect the more significant estimates used in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements. The descriptions below are summarized and have been simplified for clarity. A more detailed description of our significant accounting policies as well as recently issued accounting standards are included in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements. 

Premium Revenues and Risk Transfer. Our property and casualty reinsurance premiums are recorded as premiums written based upon contract terms and information received from ceding companies and their brokers. For excess of loss reinsurance contracts, premiums are typically stated as a percentage of the subject premiums written by the client, subject to a minimum and deposit premium. The minimum and deposit premium is typically based on an estimate of subject premiums expected to be written by the client during the contract term. The minimum and deposit premium is reported initially as premiums written and adjusted, if necessary, in subsequent periods once the actual subject premium is known.

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Certain contracts provide for reinstatement premiums in the event of a loss. Reinstatement premiums are written and earned when a triggering loss event occurs.

For each quota share or proportional property and casualty reinsurance contract we underwrite, our client estimates gross premiums written at inception of the contract. We generally account for such premiums using our best estimates and then adjust our estimates based on actual reports provided by our client and based on our expectations of industry developments. As the contract progresses, we monitor actual premiums received in conjunction with correspondence from the client in order to refine our estimate. Variances from initial gross premiums written estimates are generally greater for quota share contracts than for excess of loss contracts. All premiums on quota share contracts are earned over the risk coverage period. Unearned premiums represent the unexpired portion of reinsurance provided.

At the inception of each of our reinsurance contracts, we receive premium estimates from the client, which, together with historical and industry data, are used to estimate what we believe will be the ultimate premium payable pursuant to each contract. We receive actual premiums written by each client as the client reports the actual results of the underlying insurance writings to us on a monthly or quarterly basis (depending on the terms of the contract). We book the actual premiums written when we receive them from our client. Each reporting period we estimate the amount of premiums that are written for stub periods that have not yet been reported to us by the client. For example, for December year-end we may have to estimate December premiums ceded under certain contracts since the client may not be required to report the actual results to us until after we have finalized our audited consolidated financial statements. Typically, premium estimates are only used for unreported stub periods, which accounts for a small percentage of our reported premiums written.

We are able to confirm the accuracy and completeness of premiums reported by our clients by either reviewing the client’s statutory filings and/or performing an audit of the client, as per the terms of the contract. Discrepancies between premiums ceded and reported under a contract are, in our experience, rare. To date, we have not had any material discrepancy in premiums reported by a client that required a dispute resolution process. 

Assessing whether a reinsurance contract meets the conditions for risk transfer requires judgment. The determination of risk transfer is critical to reporting premiums written and is based, in part, on the use of actuarial and pricing models and assumptions. If we determine that a reinsurance contract does not transfer sufficient risk to merit reinsurance accounting treatment, the premium we receive is reported as a deposit liability. Similarly, for ceded contracts that do not transfer sufficient risk to merit reinsurance accounting, the premium we pay is reported as a deposit asset. Any gains or losses on deposit accounted contracts are calculated using the interest method and recorded in the consolidated statements of operations as other income or expense.

Investments. Our investments in debt and equity securities that are classified as “trading securities” are carried at fair value. The fair values of the listed equities are derived based on the last reported price on the balance sheet date as reported by a recognized exchange. The fair values of listed equities that have restrictions on sale or transfer which expire within one year are determined by adjusting the observed market price of the equity using a liquidity discount based on observable market inputs. The fair values of debt instruments are generally derived based on the average of multiple market maker or broker quotes which are considered to be binding. Where quotes are not available, debt instruments are valued using cash flow models using assumptions and estimates that may be subjective and non-observable.

The fair values of our investments in commodities are based on the commodity’s last reported price on the balance sheet date as reported by a recognized commodities exchange. Our investments in private and unlisted equity securities and limited partnerships are generally carried at fair value, based on broker or market maker quotes, or based on management’s assumptions developed from available information, using the services of our investment advisor including the most recent net asset values obtained from the managers of those underlying investments. Private and unlisted equity funds also include private equity securities that do not have readily determinable fair values. The carrying values of these private equity securities are determined based on the original cost, reviewed for impairment and any subsequent changes in the valuation based on periodic third party valuations or recent observable transactions of those securities. Investments in unlisted equity funds are valued based on unadjusted net asset values reported by the funds’ managers.

For securities classified as “trading securities” and “other investments”, any realized and unrealized gains or losses are determined on the basis of specific identification method (by reference to cost or amortized cost, as appropriate) and included in net investment income (loss) in the consolidated statements of operations.

Financial contracts which include total return swaps, credit default swaps, options, futures, currency forwards and other derivative instruments, are recorded at their fair value with any unrealized gains and losses included in net investment income (loss) in the consolidated statements of operations. Fair values on total return swaps are based on the underlying security’s fair value which is obtained from closing prices on a recognized exchange (for equity or commodity swaps), or from market maker

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or broker quotes. Fair values for credit default swaps trading in an active market are based on market maker or broker quotes taking into account credit spreads on identical contracts. Exchange traded option contracts are recorded at fair value based on quoted prices in active markets. For over the counter (“OTC”) options and exchange traded options where a quoted price in an active market is not available, we obtain multiple market maker quotes to determine the fair values. Fair values for other derivative instruments are determined based on multiple broker or market maker quotes taking into account the liquidity and the availability of an active market for the derivative.

Loss and Loss Adjustment Expense Reserves.The process of estimating our loss and LAE reserves involves a considerable degree of judgment and our estimates as of any given date are inherently uncertain. Estimating loss and LAE reserves requires us to make assumptions regarding reporting and development patterns, frequency and severity trends, claims settlement practices, potential changes in legal environments, inflation, loss amplification, foreign exchange movements and other factors. These estimates and judgments are based on numerous considerations and are often revised as: (i) we receive changes in loss amounts reported by ceding companies and brokers; (ii) we obtain additional information, experience or other data; (iii) new or improved methodologies are developed; or (iv) laws change.

Our loss and LAE reserves relating to short-tail property risks are typically reported to us and settled more promptly than those relating to our long-tail risks. However, the timeliness of loss reporting can be affected by such factors as the nature of the event causing the loss, the location of the loss, whether the loss is from policies in force with primary insurers or with reinsurers and where our exposure falls within the cedent’s overall reinsurance program.

Our loss and LAE reserves are comprised of case reserves (which are based on claims that have been reported to us) and IBNR reserves (which are based on losses that we believe to have occurred but for which claims have not yet been reported to us and which may include a provision for expected future development on our case reserves).

Our case reserve estimates are initially determined on the basis of loss reports received. Our IBNR reserve estimates are determined using various actuarial methods as well as a combination of our own historical and current loss experience, insurance industry loss experience, estimates of pricing adequacy trends and our professional judgment. The process we use to estimate our IBNR reserves involves projecting our estimated ultimate loss and LAE reserves and then subtracting paid claims and case reserves as notified by the ceding company, to arrive at our IBNR reserve.

The nature and extent of our judgment in the reserving process depends upon the type of business. Some of our property treaty reinsurance contracts comprise business which has both a low frequency of claims occurrence and a high potential severity of loss, such as claims arising from natural catastrophes. Given the high-severity, low-frequency nature of these events, the losses typically generated therefrom do not lend themselves to traditional actuarial reserving methods, such as statistical calculations of a range of estimates surrounding the best point estimate of our loss and LAE reserves. Therefore, our reserving approach for these types of coverages is to estimate the ultimate cost associated with a single loss event rather than analyzing the historical development patterns of past losses as a means of estimating ultimate losses for an entire accident year. We estimate our reserves for these large events on a contract-by-contract basis by means of a review of policies with known or potential exposure to a particular loss event.

For non-catastrophe losses, we often apply trend-based actuarial methodologies in setting reserves, including paid and incurred loss development, Bornheutter-Ferguson and frequency and severity techniques. We also utilize industry loss ratio and development pattern information in conjunction with our own experience. The weight given to a particular method will depend on many factors, including the homogeneity within the class of business, the volume of losses, the maturity of the accident year and the length of the expected development tail. For example, development methods rely on reported losses, while expected loss ratio methods are typically based on expectations established prior to a notification of loss. Therefore, as an accident year matures, we may migrate from an expected loss ratio method to an incurred development method.

Reserving can prove to be especially difficult should a significant loss take place near the end of a financial reporting period, particularly if the loss involves a catastrophic event. These factors further contribute to the degree of uncertainty in our reserving process.

As a predominantly broker-market reinsurer for both excess-of-loss and proportional contracts, we must rely on loss information reported to brokers by primary insurers who, in turn, must estimate their own losses at the policy level, often based on incomplete and changing information. The information we receive varies by cedent and may include paid losses, estimated case reserves and an estimated provision for IBNR reserves. Reserving practices and the quality of data reporting varies among ceding companies, which adds further uncertainty to the estimation of our ultimate losses. The nature and extent of information received from ceding companies and brokers also varies widely depending on the type of coverage, the contractual reporting terms (which are affected by market conditions and practices) and other factors. Due to the lack of standardization of the terms and conditions of reinsurance contracts, the wide variability of coverage provided to individual clients and the tendency of

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those coverages to change rapidly in response to market conditions, the ongoing economic impact of such uncertainties and inconsistencies cannot always be reliably measured.

Time lags are inherent in loss reporting, especially in the case of excess-of-loss reinsurance contracts. The combined characteristics of low claim frequency and high claim severity make the available data more volatile and less useful for predicting ultimate losses. In the case of proportional contracts, we rely on an analysis of a contract’s historical experience, industry information and the professional judgment of underwriters in estimating reserves for these contracts. In addition, we utilize ultimate loss ratio forecasts when reported by cedents and brokers, which are normally subject to three to six month lag for proportional business. Due to the degree of reliance that we place on ceding companies for claims reporting, our reserve estimates are highly dependent on ceding companies’ management judgment. Furthermore, during the loss settlement period, which may last several years, additional facts regarding individual claims and trends often will become known and case law may change, which can affect ultimate expected losses.

Since we rely on ceding company estimates of case and IBNR reserves in the process of establishing our own loss and LAE reserves, we maintain certain procedures designed to mitigate the risk that such information is incomplete or inaccurate. These procedures may include: (i) comparisons of expected premiums to reported premiums, which helps us to identify delinquent client periodic reports; (ii) ceding company audits to identify inaccurate or incomplete reporting of claims and ensure that claims are actively and appropriately managed in line with agreed protocols and settlement authority limits; and (iii) underwriting reviews to ascertain that the losses ceded are covered as provided under the contract terms. In addition, each subsequent year of loss experience with a given cedent provides additional insight into the accuracy and timeliness of previously reported information. These procedures are incorporated in our internal controls process on an ongoing basis and are regularly evaluated and amended as market conditions, risk factors, and unanticipated areas of exposure develop.

We monitor the development of our prior-year losses during the course of subsequent calendar years by comparing the actual reported losses against expected losses. The analysis of this loss development is an important factor in our ongoing refinement of the assumptions underlying our reserving process.

Estimating loss reserves for our book of longer-tail casualty reinsurance business, which can be written on an excess-of-loss or proportional basis, involves further uncertainties. In addition to the uncertainties inherent in the reserving process referred to above, casualty business can be subject to longer reporting lags than property business and claims often take several years to settle. During this period additional factors and trends will be revealed and, as they become apparent, we may adjust our reserves. There is also the potential for the emergence of new types of losses within our casualty book. Therefore, any factors that extend the time until claims are settled add uncertainty to the reserving process. Furthermore, determining the appropriate level of casualty reserves is largely dependent upon our view of premium rates at any given time. Therefore, overestimating the extent to which premium rates have increased (or decreased) can lead to an understatement (or overstatement) of loss reserves.

The uncertainties inherent in the reserving process, together with the potential for unforeseen developments, including changes in laws and the prevailing interpretation of policy terms, may result in our loss and LAE reserves being materially greater or less than the loss and LAE reserves we initially established. Any adjustments to our loss and LAE reserves are reflected in our financial results during the period in which they are determined. Changes to our prior year loss reserves will impact our current underwriting results by improving our results if the prior year reserves prove to be redundant or impairing our results if the prior year reserves prove to be insufficient.

We believe that our reserves for loss and LAE are sufficient to cover losses that fall within the terms of our policies and agreements with our insured and reinsured customers on the basis of the methodologies used to estimate those reserves. There can be no assurance, however, that actual losses will not (i) be less than or (i) exceed our total established reserves.

Please refer to Note 8 of our consolidated financial statements for a more detailed explanation of our loss reserving methodology and the loss development tables by accident year as required under U.S. GAAP.

Bonus Accruals. Under the Company’s bonus program, most employee’s target bonus consists of two components: a discretionary component based on a qualitative assessment of each employee’s performance and a quantitative component based on the return on deployed equity (“RODE”) for each underwriting year relating to reinsurance operations. The qualitative portion of an employee’s annual bonus is accrued at each employee’s target amount, which may differ significantly from the actual amount awarded. The quantitative portion of each employee’s annual bonus is accrued based on the expected RODE for each underwriting year and adjusted for changes in the expected RODE and actual investment return each quarter until all losses are settled and the underwriting year is declared closed. The quantitative bonus is calculated and paid in annual installments between three to five years from the end of the fiscal year in which the business was underwritten. Any subsequent changes to the quantitative bonus are incorporated into the following open underwriting year. The Compensation Committee of

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our Board of Directors approves all quantitative bonuses prior to being paid. The initial RODE calculation utilizes proprietary models which require significant estimation and judgment. Actual RODE may vary significantly from the expected RODE and any adjustments to the quantitative bonus estimates, which may be material, are recorded in the period in which they are determined. 

Share-Based Payments. We have established a stock incentive plan for directors, employees and consultants. We recognize share-based compensation transactions using the fair value at the grant date of the award. We calculate the compensation for restricted stock awards and restricted stock units (“RSUs”) based on the price of the Company’s common shares at the grant date and recognize the expense, adjusted for estimated forfeitures, over the vesting period. We estimate the forfeiture rate for restricted stock awards and RSUs based on our historical experience and our expectations of future forfeitures. The forfeiture rate reduces the unamortized grant date fair value of unvested outstanding restricted stock awards and RSUs as well as the associated stock compensation expense. As restricted shares and RSUs are forfeited, the number of outstanding restricted shares and RSUs is reduced and the remaining unamortized grant date fair value is compared to the assumed forfeiture levels, and if deemed necessary, true-up adjustments are recorded. For the year ended December 31, 2018, we have assumed a forfeiture rate of 7.0% (2017: 6.0% and 2016: 6.0%) for restricted stock awards and RSUs granted, in order to reflect the anticipated forfeitures and more accurately record the share-based compensation expense.

Share purchase options are expensed over the vesting period on a graded vesting basis. Determining the fair value of share option awards at the grant date requires significant estimation and judgment. We use an option-pricing model (Black-Scholes pricing model) to assist in the calculation of fair value. The estimate of expected volatility is based on the daily historical trading data of our Class A ordinary shares from the date that these shares commenced trading (May 24, 2007) to the grant date.

If actual results differ significantly from these estimates and assumptions, particularly in relation to our estimation of volatility which requires significant judgment, share-based compensation expense, primarily with respect to future share-based awards, could be materially impacted.

Key Financial Measures and Non-GAAP Measures

Management uses certain key financial measures, some of which are not prescribed under U.S. GAAP rules and standards (“non-GAAP financial measures”), to evaluate our financial performance and the change in shareholder value. Generally, a non-GAAP financial measure, as defined in SEC Regulation G, is a numerical measure of a company’s historical or future financial performance, financial position, or cash flows that either excludes or includes amounts that are not normally excluded or included in the most directly comparable measure calculated and presented in accordance with U.S. GAAP. We believe that these measures, which may be calculated or defined differently by other companies, provide a consistent and comparable measure of performance of our business to help shareholders understand performance trends and allow for a more complete understanding of the Company’s business. Non-GAAP financial measures should not be viewed as a substitute for those determined in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The key non-GAAP financial measures used in this report are:

• Basic adjusted book value per share;

• Fully diluted adjusted book value per share;

• Net underwriting income (loss).

These non-GAAP measures are described below.

Basic Adjusted Book Value Per Share and Fully Diluted Adjusted Book Value Per Share

We believe that long-term growth in fully diluted adjusted book value per share is the most relevant measure of our financial performance because it provides management and investors a yardstick by which to monitor the shareholder value generated. In addition, fully diluted adjusted book value per share may be useful to our investors, shareholders and other interested parties to form a basis of comparison with other companies within the property and casualty reinsurance industry.

Basic adjusted book value per share is considered a non-GAAP financial measure because it excludes from the total equity the non-controlling interest in related party joint venture. Fully diluted adjusted book value per share is also considered a non-GAAP financial measure and represents basic adjusted book value per share combined with the impact of dilution of all in-the-money stock options and RSUs issued and outstanding as of any period end. In addition, the fully diluted adjusted book value per share includes the dilutive effect, if any, of ordinary shares to be issued upon conversion of the convertible notes. We adjust the total equity by excluding the non-controlling interest in related party joint venture because it does not reflect the equity attributable

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to our shareholders. Basic adjusted book value per share and fully diluted adjusted book value per share should not be viewed as substitutes for the comparable U.S. GAAP measures.

Our primary financial goal is to increase the long-term value in fully diluted adjusted book value per share.

The following table presents a reconciliation of the non-GAAP financial measures basic adjusted and fully diluted adjusted book value per share to the most comparable U.S. GAAP measure.

	December 31, 2018			December 31, 2017			December 31, 2016
	($ in thousands, except per share and share amounts)
Numerator for basic adjusted and fully diluted adjusted book value per share:
Total equity (U.S. GAAP)	$	477,772		$	844,257		$	885,803
Less: Non-controlling interest in joint venture	(485		)	(12,933		)	(11,561		)
Numerator for basic adjusted book value per share	477,287			831,324			874,242
Add: Proceeds from in-the-money stock options issued and outstanding	—			13,859			2,120
Numerator for fully diluted adjusted book value per share	$	477,287		$	845,183		$	876,362
Denominator for basic adjusted and fully diluted adjusted book value per share:
Ordinary shares issued and outstanding (denominator for basic adjusted book value per share)	36,384,929			37,359,545			37,366,327
Add: In-the-money stock options and RSUs issued and outstanding	46,398			679,684			123,320
Denominator for fully diluted adjusted book value per share	36,431,327			38,039,229			37,489,647
Basic adjusted book value per share	$	13.12		$	22.25		$	23.40
Increase (decrease) in basic adjusted book value per share ($)	(9.13		)	(1.15		)	1.11
Increase (decrease) in basic adjusted book value per share (%)	(41.0		)	(4.9		)	5.0
Fully diluted adjusted book value per share	$	13.10		$	22.22		$	23.38
Change in fully diluted adjusted book value per share ($)	(9.12		)	(1.16		)	1.21
Change in fully diluted adjusted book value per share (%)	(41.0		)	(5.0		)	5.5

Net Underwriting Income (Loss)

One way that we evaluate the Company’s underwriting performance is through the measurement of net underwriting income (loss). We do not use premiums written as a measure of performance. Net underwriting income (loss) is a performance measure used by management as it measures the underlying fundamentals of the Company’s underwriting operations. We believe that the use of net underwriting income (loss) enables investors and other users of the Company’s financial information to analyze our performance in a manner similar to how management analyzes performance. Management also believes that this measure follows industry practice and allows the users of financial information to compare the Company’s performance with its those of our industry peer group.

Net underwriting income (loss) is considered a non-GAAP financial measure because it excludes items used in the calculation of net income before taxes under U.S. GAAP. The measure includes underwriting expenses which are directly related to underwriting activities as well as a portion of general and administrative expenses. Net underwriting income (loss) is calculated as net premiums earned, plus other income (expense) related to underwriting activities, less net loss and loss adjustment expenses, less acquisition costs, and less underwriting expenses. The measure excludes, on a recurring basis: (1) net investment income (loss); (2) foreign exchange gains or losses; (3) corporate general and administrative expenses; (4) interest expense and other income (expense) not related to underwriting, (5) income taxes and (6) income attributable to non-controlling interest. We exclude total investment related income or loss and foreign exchange gains or losses as we believe these items are influenced by market conditions and other factors not related to underwriting decisions. We exclude corporate expenses because these expenses are generally fixed and not incremental to or directly related to our underwriting operations. We believe all of these amounts are largely independent of our underwriting process and including them could hinder the analysis of trends in our underwriting operations. We include other

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income and expense relating to deposit accounted contracts and industry loss warranty contracts, which we consider part of our underwriting operations. Net underwriting income (loss) should not be viewed as a substitute for U.S. GAAP net income.

The reconciliations of net underwriting income (loss) to income (loss) before income taxes (the most directly comparable U.S. GAAP financial measure) on a consolidated basis is shown below:

	Year ended December 31
	2018			2017			2016
	($ in thousands)
Income (loss) before income tax	$	(353,997	)	$	(44,825	)	$	47,209
Add (subtract):
Investment related (income) loss	323,106			(20,231		)	(76,183		)
Other (income) expense	1,943			210			935
Corporate expenses	12,059			11,218			9,225
Interest expense	2,505			—			—
Net underwriting income (loss)	$	(14,384	)	$	(53,628	)	$	(18,814	)

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Results of Operations

The table below summarizes our operating results for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016:

	Year ended December 31,
	2018			2017			2016
	(in thousands, except percentages)
Underwriting revenue
Gross premiums written	$	567,531		$	692,651		$	536,072
Gross premiums ceded	(102,788		)	(56,587		)	(10,015		)
Net premiums written	464,743			636,064			526,057
Change in net unearned premium reserves	43,620			(10,060		)	(12,939		)
Net premiums earned	508,363			626,004			513,118
Underwriting expenses
Loss and LAE incurred, net
Current year	363,871			466,247			345,303
Prior year *	2			36,157			35,512
Loss and LAE incurred, net	363,873			502,404			380,815
Acquisition costs, net	145,475			161,740			134,534
Underwriting expenses	13,114			15,138			16,583
Deposit accounting expense (income)	285			350			—
Underwriting income (loss)	(14,384		)	(53,628		)	(18,814		)
Income (loss) from investment in related party investment fund	(60,573		)	—			—
Net investment income (loss)	(262,533		)	20,231			76,183
Net investment result	$	(323,106	)	$	20,231		$	76,183
Net income (loss)	$	(354,329	)	$	(44,374	)	$	46,700
Net income (loss) attributable to the Company	$	(350,054	)	$	(44,952	)	$	44,881
Loss ratio - current year	71.6		%	74.5		%	67.3		%
Loss ratio - prior year	—		%	5.8		%	6.9		%
Loss ratio	71.6		%	80.3		%	74.2		%
Acquisition cost ratio	28.6		%	25.8		%	26.2		%
Composite ratio	100.2		%	106.1		%	100.4		%
Underwriting expense ratio	2.6		%	2.5		%	3.2		%
Combined ratio	102.8		%	108.6		%	103.6		%

* The net financial impact of changes in the estimate of losses incurred in prior years, which incorporates earned reinstatement premiums assumed and ceded, and adjustments to assumed and ceded acquisition costs, was $7.4 million, $31.5 million, and $28.8 million in 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

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Results of operations for 2018 compared to 2017

For the year ended December 31, 2018, the net loss attributable to the Company was $350.1 million, compared to the net loss attributable to the Company of $45.0 million reported for the year ended December 31, 2017. As a result of these losses, our fully diluted adjusted book value per share decreased by 41.0% and 5.0% during 2018 and 2017, respectively.

The developments that most significantly affected our financial performance during 2018, on a comparative basis to 2017, are provided below:

•Underwriting loss - The underwriting loss for the 2018 fiscal year was $14.4 million, and reflected the combined financial impact of hurricanes Florence and Michael, California wildfires and typhoon Jebi totaling $18.9 million. By comparison, the underwriting loss for the year ended December 31, 2017 was $53.6 million. The net financial impact of the 2017 catastrophe events, which included hurricanes Harvey, Irma and Maria, earthquakes in Mexico and California wildfires, was $42.9 million. Additionally, the net financial impact of prior year loss reserve development amounted to $7.4 million of underwriting loss during 2018, as compared to $31.5 million of net financial impact from adverse reserve development recognized during 2017.

•Investment income and losses - Prior to September 1, 2018, substantially all of our investable assets were invested through a venture arrangement in which DME Advisors acted as investment advisor. Effective September 1, 2018, our operating entities, Greenlight Re and GRIL became limited partners in SILP. DME Advisors acts as investment advisor to SILP. As of December 31, 2018, certain of our assets remained in the Joint Venture and substantially all remaining assets were transferred to SILP on January 2, 2019 and the Joint Venture was terminated.

In accordance with the SILP LPA, DME Advisors is solely responsible for investing the Investment Portfolio. During the third quarter of 2018, we decreased our investment risk by de-leveraging our Investment Portfolio by an amount approximating our net loss reserves.

We reported a total investment related loss of $323.1 million, including a return of (30.3)% on our investments managed by DME Advisors, for the year ended December 31, 2018, compared to investment income of $20.2 million, or a return of 1.5%, for 2017.

Results of operations for 2017 compared to 2016

For the year ended December 31, 2017 the net loss attributable to the Company was $45.0 million, compared to net income attributable to the Company of $44.9 million reported for the year ended December 31, 2016. The fully diluted adjusted book value per share (decreased) increased by (5.0)% and 5.5% during 2017 and 2016, respectively.

The developments that most significantly affected our financial performance during 2017, on a comparative basis to 2016, are provided below:

•Underwriting loss - The underwriting loss for the year ended December 31, 2017 was $53.6 million, compared to an underwriting loss of $18.8 million reported for the year ended December 31, 2016. The underwriting loss for the 2017 fiscal year included catastrophe losses from hurricanes Harvey, Irma and Maria, the Mexican earthquakes and California wildfires of $42.9 million. In addition, the net financial impact of prior year loss reserve development was $31.5 million during 2017, compared to $19.0 million loss from the novation of legacy liabilities during 2016.

•Investment income - Our net investment income was $20.2 million, or a return of 1.5%, for the year ended December 31, 2017, compared to net investment income of $76.2 million, or a return of 7.2%, for the same period in 2016.

Underwriting results

Effective from 2018, we have modified how we present the discussion and analysis of our reinsurance business. Instead of using the previous categories of “frequency” and “severity”, we now analyze our reinsurance business based on “property”, “casualty” and “other” (please also refer to “Segments” above, for further details). We believe the new categories will provide more meaningful information to our shareholders and investors and will be more relevant as our underwriting portfolio continues to develop and evolve.

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Gross Premiums Written

Details of gross premiums written are provided in the following table: 

	Year ended December 31
	2018				2017				2016
	($ in thousands)
Property	$	101,030	17.8	%	$	132,935	19.2	%	$	94,174	17.6	%
Casualty	377,785		66.6		443,150		64.0		350,200		65.3
Other	88,716		15.6		116,566		16.8		91,698		17.1
Total	$	567,531	100.0	%	$	692,651	100.0	%	$	536,072	100.0	%

As a result of our underwriting philosophy, our premiums written may vary significantly from one period to the next. Additionally, the mix of premiums written between property, casualty and other business may vary from period to period depending on the specific market opportunities that we pursue.

For the year ended December 31, 2018, our gross premiums written decreased by $125.1 million, or 18.1%, compared to the same period in 2017. The changes in gross premiums written for the year ended December 31, 2018 were attributable to the following:

Gross Premiums Written
Year ended December 31, 2018
	Increase (decrease) ($ in millions)	% change	Explanation
Property	$(31.9)	(24.0)%	The decrease was primarily due to homeowners’ insurance contracts that were not renewed, partially offset by an increase in gross premiums written relating to private passenger automobile contracts.
Casualty	$(65.4)	(14.8)%	The decrease was primarily due to a multi-line casualty contract renewed in 2018 at a lower share. To a lesser extent the decrease was due to change in premium estimates on another multi-line contract.
Other	$(27.8)	(23.9)%	The decrease was primarily due to commutation of a mortgage reinsurance contract during third quarter of 2018, and certain other mortgage insurance contracts renewed at a lower share compared to the expiring contracts. The decrease was partially offset by an increase relating to medical stop-loss business including some contracts where the underlying volume increased compared to the same period in 2017.

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For the year ended December 31, 2017, our gross premiums written increased by $156.6 million, or 29.2%, compared to the same period in 2016. 

Gross Premiums Written
Year ended December 31, 2017
	Increase (decrease) ($ in millions)	% change	Explanation
Property	$38.8	41.2%	The increase was primarily due to growth in the volume of underlying policies on existing private passenger automobile contracts and new private passenger automobile contracts entered into during 2017 and late 2016. To a lesser extent, the increase in property premiums was also due to new excess of loss catastrophe contracts and reinstatement premiums recorded on those contracts resulting from natural catastrophe losses during the period. The increases were partially offset by a homeowners’ property contract that was commuted during 2017. The comparative period gross premiums written relating to this contract included in-force unearned premiums.
Casualty	$93.0	26.5%	The increase was primarily due to growth in the volume of underlying policies on new and existing private passenger motor contracts. Additionally a new workers’ compensation contract and growth in volume of business written on multi-line contracts also contributed to the increase in casualty premiums written during 2017.
Other	$24.9	27.1%	The increase was partially due to a new transactional liability contract bound during the fourth quarter of 2016, resulting in full year’s premiums being recorded during 2017. Additionally, the increase was partially due to growth in the volume of underlying policies on existing employer medical stop-loss contracts, and to a lesser extent, due to new employer medical stop-loss contracts entered during 2017.

Premiums Ceded

For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, retrocessional premiums ceded were $102.8 million, $56.6 million and $10.0 million, respectively. For the year ended December 31, 2018, the increase in ceded premiums compared to the same period in 2017 was primarily due to quota share retrocession contracts entered into during 2017 and renewed in 2018 in order to cede a portion of our private passenger automobile exposure. Similarly, for the year ended December 31, 2017, the increase in ceded premiums compared to the same period in 2016 was primarily due to the retrocession contracts relating to managing our automobile exposure.

Net Premiums Written

Details of net premiums written are provided in the following table: 

	Year ended December 31
	2018				2017				2016
	($ in thousands)
Property	$	76,200	16.4	%	$	121,368	19.1	%	$	92,939	17.7	%
Casualty	300,503		64.7		398,298		62.6		341,479		64.9
Other	88,040		18.9		116,398		18.3		91,639		17.4
Total	$	464,743	100.0	%	$	636,064	100.0	%	$	526,057	100.0	%

The movement in net premiums written was the net result of the increases or decreases in gross premiums written and premiums ceded as explained in the preceding paragraphs.

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Net Premiums Earned

Details of net premiums earned are provided in the following table: 

	Year ended December 31
	2018				2017				2016
	($ in thousands)
Property	$	84,116	16.6	%	$	134,402	21.5	%	$	92,038	17.9	%
Casualty	321,998		63.3		401,849		64.2		348,119		67.9
Other	102,249		20.1		89,753		14.3		72,961		14.2
Total	$	508,363	100.0	%	$	626,004	100.0	%	$	513,118	100.0	%

Net premiums earned are primarily a function of the amount and timing of net premiums previously written. On occasion, there will be a significant difference between the change in net premiums written compared to the change in net premiums earned. The only such difference that occurred during the periods presented related to the commutation of a mortgage reinsurance contract. As a result, net premiums written within our other line of business decreased by $28.4 million from 2017 to 2018, while net premiums earned increased by $12.5 million during the same period.

Loss and Loss Adjustment Expenses Incurred, Net

Details of net losses incurred are provided in the following table:

	Year ended December 31
	2018				2017				2016
	($ in thousands)
Property	$	63,563	17.5	%	$	126,401	25.1	%	$	61,588	16.2	%
Casualty	243,091		66.8		316,800		63.1		274,569		72.1
Other	57,219		15.7		59,203		11.8		44,658		11.7
Total	$	363,873	100.0	%	$	502,404	100.0	%	$	380,815	100.0	%

Our loss ratio fluctuates based on the mix of business, and any favorable or adverse loss development in our portfolio. The below table summarizes the loss ratios for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016:

	Year ended December 31
	2018		2017		2016
Property	75.6	%	94.0	%	66.9	%
Casualty	75.5	%	78.8	%	78.9	%
Other	56.0	%	66.0	%	61.2	%
Total	71.6	%	80.3	%	74.2	%

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The changes in net losses incurred were attributable to the following:

Year ended December 31, 2018 compared to 2017

	Increase (decrease) ($ in millions)	% change	Explanation
Property	$(62.8)	(49.7)%	The decrease in losses incurred was partially due to lower level of losses relating to natural catastrophes during 2018 of $21.0 million compared to losses incurred of $50.4 million during the same period in 2017. In addition, the lower property losses incurred during the 2018 were partially due to a homeowners’ insurance contract that was commuted at the end of 2017. These developments were also the primary drivers of the 18.4 percentage-point decrease in the property loss ratio.
Casualty	$(73.7)	(23.3)%	The decrease in losses incurred was primarily due to a decrease in casualty exposure, which corresponds with the decrease in net earned premiums as explained above. This decrease in exposure was in part driven by the retrocession of private passenger automobile contracts resulting in increased losses recovered from retrocessionaires. The decrease also reflected the adverse loss development recorded during 2017 on various multi-line and casualty contracts, which did not have comparable loss development during 2018. This decrease in adverse development also drove the 3.3 percentage-point decrease in the loss ratio. Partially offsetting this decrease was an increase in adverse loss development during 2018 relating to professional indemnity, motor liability and general liability contracts.
Other	$(2.0)	(3.4)%	The decrease was primarily driven by favorable loss development on mortgage contracts during 2018, and a decrease in exposure to transactional liability business, which corresponded with a decrease in the associated net premium earned. These decreases were partially offset by an increase in losses incurred on medical stop-loss business, which corresponded with an increase in net premiums earned. The favorable loss development was the primary driver of the 10.0 percentage-point improvement in the loss ratio. The decrease in the loss ratio also reflects improved terms and conditions associated with health business earned during 2018 as compared to 2017.

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Year ended December 31, 2017, compared to 2016

	Increase (decrease) ($ in millions)	% change	Explanation
Property	$64.8	105.2%	The increase was primarily due to catastrophe losses incurred during 2017 of $50.4 million, compared to the catastrophe losses incurred during 2016 of $4.4 million. To a lesser extent, the increase was due to the increased exposure to automobile contracts, which corresponded with an increase in net premiums earned. The increase in natural catastrophe losses in 2017 over 2016 was the primary driver of the 27.1 percentage-point increase in the loss ratio.
Casualty	$42.2	15.4%	The increase primarily resulted from an increased exposure to workers’ compensation and automobile contracts, which corresponded with an increase in net premiums earned. To a lesser extent, the increase was partially related to increase in reserves due to adverse loss development on prior year professional liability and multi-line contracts.
Other	$14.5	32.6%	The increase was primarily related to greater exposure to medical stop-loss contracts (which corresponded with an increase in net premiums earned) as well as increased adverse loss development on the same business. This adverse development was also the primary driver of the 4.8 percentage-point increase in the loss ratio from 2016 to 2017.

See “Part II, Item 7. Summary of Critical Accounting Estimates, Loss and Loss Adjustment Expense Reserves.” and “Note 8. LOSS AND LOSS ADJUSTMENT EXPENSE RESERVES in our Notes to the consolidated financial statements” for additional discussion of our reserving techniques and prior year development of net claims and claim expenses.

Acquisition Costs, Net

Details of acquisition costs are provided in the following table. 

	Year ended December 31
	2018				2017				2016
	($ in thousands)
Property	$	20,190	13.9	%	$	35,852	22.2	%	$	27,492	20.4	%
Casualty	84,279		57.9		95,822		59.2		85,283		63.4
Other	41,006		28.2		30,066		18.6		21,759		16.2
Total	$	145,475	100.0	%	$	161,740	100.0	%	$	134,534	100.0	%

The acquisition cost ratios for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, were as follows:

	Year ended December 31
	2018		2017		2016
Property	24.0	%	26.7	%	29.9	%
Casualty	26.2	%	23.8	%	24.5	%
Other	40.1	%	33.5	%	29.8	%
Total	28.6	%	25.8	%	26.2	%

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The changes in the acquisition cost ratios were attributable to the following:

Year ended December 31, 2018 compared to 2017

	Increase / (decrease) in acquisition cost ratio points	Explanation
Property	(2.7)	The decrease was primarily due to a decrease in the in-force homeowners’ insurance business assumed, which has a higher rate of ceding commission than other property contracts. The decrease was partially offset by a higher acquisition cost ratio on motor business in 2018 primarily due to a change in structure on current contracts that resulted in higher ceding commissions.
Casualty	2.4	The increase was primarily due to (i) the reversal of profit commissions on multi-line and professional liability contracts that experienced adverse development during 2017 and (ii) changes in the structure of certain motor contracts.
Other	6.6	The increase was primarily due to an increase in profit commissions resulting from favorable loss development on mortgage insurance contracts, partially offset by lower ceding commissions on health business.

Year ended December 31, 2017, compared to 2016

	Increase / (decrease) in acquisition cost ratio points	Explanation
Property	(3.2)	The decrease was primarily related to (i) increased reinstatement premiums earned on catastrophe contracts, which generally incorporate low acquisition costs, and (ii) lower ceding commission rates on homeowners’ insurance.
Casualty	(0.7)	The decrease was due primarily to the reversal of a profit commission on a multi-line contract due to an increase in losses incurred during 2017.
Other	3.7	The increase was due primarily to an increase in mortgage business earned during 2017 over 2016. Mortgage premiums generally incorporate a relatively high acquisition cost ratio.

General and Administrative Expenses

Details of general and administrative expenses are provided in the following table:

	Year ended December 31
	2018		2017		2016
	($ in thousands)
Underwriting expenses	$	13,114	$	15,138	$	16,583
Corporate expenses	12,059		11,218		9,225
General and administrative expenses	$	25,173	$	26,356	$	25,808

For the year ended December 31, 2018, the general and administrative expenses decreased by $1.2 million, or 4.5%, compared to the same period in 2017. The underwriting expenses decreased primarily due to lower bonus and recruitment expenses, partially offset by an increase in salaries and other personnel expenses. Corporate expenses increased primarily due to severance costs and expenses related to our innovations initiative during the year ended December 31, 2018, partially offset by lower legal and professional fees compared to the same period in 2017. For the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, the general and administrative expenses included $4.6 million and $4.9 million, respectively, of expenses related to stock compensation granted to employees and directors.

For the year ended December 31, 2017, underwriting expenses decreased primarily due to the reversal of bonus accruals driven by the deterioration of results for prior underwriting years. The increase in corporate expenses for the year ended December 31, 2017, compared to the same period in 2016, was mainly due to non-recurring consulting and professional fees.

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Total Investment Related Income (Loss)

A summary of our investment related income (loss) is as follows:

	Year ended December 31
	2018			2017			2016
	($ in thousands)
Realized gains (losses)	$	(236,887	)	$	87,618		$	(113,836	)
Change in unrealized gains and losses	(32,597		)	(41,444		)	209,993
Investment related foreign exchange gains (losses)	938			(7,653		)	2,988
Interest and dividend income, net of withholding taxes	35,468			25,510			23,915
Interest, dividend and other expenses	(17,987		)	(23,937		)	(22,334		)
Investment advisor compensation on joint venture	(11,221		)	(19,863		)	(24,543		)
Income (loss) from equity method investment	(247		)	—			—
Net investment income (loss)	$	(262,533	)	$	20,231		$	76,183
Income (loss) from investments in related party investment fund	$	(60,573	)	$	—		$	—
Total investment related income (loss)	$	(323,106	)	$	20,231		$	76,183

Investment returns relating to our investment portfolio managed by DME Advisors are calculated monthly and compounded to calculate the quarterly and annual returns. The resulting actual investment income (loss) may vary depending on cash flows into and out of the investment account.

For the year ended December 31, 2018, the investment loss, net of fees and expenses, represented a loss of 30.3% on our investments managed by DME Advisors, compared to gains of 1.5% and 7.2% for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The investment loss for the year ended December 31, 2018 was driven by both the long portfolio, which reported an investment loss of 14.4%, and the short portfolio which reported a loss of 13.6% for the year ended December 31, 2018. Additionally, macro positions reported a loss of 0.7%. The most significant contributors to the investment gains for the year ended December 31, 2018 were long positions in Micron Technology (MU) and Twitter (TWTR). The most significant detractors for the year ended December 31, 2018 were long positions in Adient (ADNT), Bayer (Germany: BAYN), Brighthouse Financial (BHF), General Motors (GM) and Green Brick Partners (GRBK) and short positions in Advanced Micro Devices (AMD), DexCom (DXCM), Netflix (NFLX), Marine Harvest (Norway: MHG), Tesla (TSLA) and a group of perceived overpriced momentum driven positions which we refer to, collectively, as the “bubble basket”.

For the year ended December 31, 2017, the investment gain was primarily driven by our long portfolio, which reported an investment gain of 19.5%. The short portfolio reported a loss of 15.1% for the year ended December 31, 2017. Additionally, macro positions reported a loss of 1.0% relating to losses from currency and oil derivatives, partially offset by gains in gold. The most significant contributors to the investment gains for the year ended December 31, 2017 were long positions in AerCap (AER), Apple (AAPL), Chemours (CC), General Motors (GM), Uniper (Germany: UN01) and gold. The most significant detractors for the year ended December 31, 2017 were short positions in Caterpillar (CAT), Netflix (NFLX), Tesla (TSLA) and a group of perceived overpriced momentum driven positions which we refer to, collectively, as the “bubble basket” and a long position in Rite Aid (RAD).

For the year ended December 31, 2018, included in “investment advisor compensation on joint venture” in the above table was $11.2 million (2017: $17.8 million, 2016: $16.3 million) relating to management fees paid to DME Advisors in accordance with the advisory agreement with DME Advisors. For the year ended December 31, 2018, the investment loss from SILP included management fees paid by SILP to DME Advisors of $3.1 million, and is included in the caption, “Income (loss) from investments in related party investment fund” in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations.

Investment advisor compensation on joint venture also includes performance compensation. For the year ended December 31, 2018, no performance compensation was recorded for the period due to the negative investment return (2017: $2.1 million, 2016: $8.2 million).

Due to the investment loss for the year ended December 31, 2018, the performance compensation to DME II for subsequent years is reduced to 10% of net profits until all losses have been recouped and an additional amount equal to 150% of

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the loss is earned. As of December 31, 2018, the reduced performance allocation of 10% is expected to be applied to 198.1% of future net investment returns before reverting to 20%.

For the year ended December 31, 2018, the realized gains and losses and the change in unrealized gains and losses included the impact of the transfer of assets from the Joint Venture to SILP effective September 1, 2018. All unrealized gains and losses relating to the assets that changed legal ownership to SILP were recorded as realized gains and losses in accordance with U.S. GAAP. We expect our investment income (loss), including any change in the net asset value of the investment in SILP and any realized and unrealized gains (or losses), to fluctuate from period to period. Fluctuations in realized and unrealized gains (or losses) are a function of both the market performance of the securities held in the Joint Venture investment account, and the timing of additions to and dispositions of securities in the Joint Venture investment account. Our investment advisor uses its discretion over when a gain (or loss) is realized on a particular investment. We believe that total investment related income, which includes both realized and unrealized gains (or losses), is the best way to assess our investment performance, rather than analyzing the realized gains (or losses) and unrealized gains (or losses) separately.

For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, the gross investment returns on our investments managed by DME Advisors (excluding investment performance allocation) were (30.3)%, 1.7% and 7.8%, respectively, and were composed of the following:

	Year ended December 31
	2018		2017		2016
Long portfolio gains (losses)	(14.4	)%	19.5	%	18.7	%
Short portfolio gains (losses)	(13.6	)%	(15.1	)%	(11.2	)%
Macro gains (losses)	(0.7	)%	(1.0	)%	2.0	%
Other income and expenses 1	(1.6	)%	(1.7	)%	(1.7	)%
Gross investment return	(30.3	)%	1.7	%	7.8	%
Net investment return	(30.3	)%	1.5	%	7.2	%

¹ Excludes performance compensation but includes management fees.

In accordance with the SILP LPA, DME Advisors constructs a levered investment portfolio as agreed with us (the “Investment Portfolio” as defined in the SILP LPA). Effective from September 1, 2018, the investment return is calculated by dividing the investment income/loss (net of fees and expenses) by the Investment Portfolio.

DME Advisors and its affiliates manage and expect to manage other client accounts besides ours, some of which have investment objectives similar to ours. To comply with Regulation FD, our investment returns are posted on our website on a monthly basis. Additionally, our website (www.greenlightre.com) provides the names of the largest disclosed long positions in our investment portfolio as of the last business day of the month of the relevant posting, as well as information on our long and short exposures. Although DME Advisors discloses all investment positions to us, it may choose not to disclose certain positions to its other clients in order to protect its investment strategy. Therefore, we present on our website the relevant largest long positions and exposure information as disclosed by DME Advisors or its affiliates to their other clients.  

Income Taxes

We are not obligated to pay taxes in the Cayman Islands on either income or capital gains. We have been granted an exemption by the Governor-In-Cabinet from any income taxes that may be imposed in the Cayman Islands for a period of 20 years, expiring on February 1, 2025.

GRIL is incorporated in Ireland and, therefore, is subject to the Irish corporation tax. GRIL is expected to be taxed at a rate of 12.5% on its taxable trading income, and 25% on its non-trading income, if any.

Verdant is incorporated in Delaware and, therefore, is subject to taxes in accordance with the U.S. federal rates and regulations prescribed by the Internal Revenue Service. Verdant’s future taxable income is expected to be taxed at a rate of 21% (2016: 35%).

As of December 31, 2018, a gross deferred tax asset of $3.6 million (2017: $1.7 million) was included in other assets on the consolidated balance sheets. As of December 31, 2018, a deferred tax asset valuation allowance of $2.2 million was recorded by the Company. Based on the timing of the reversal of the temporary differences and likelihood of generating sufficient taxable income to realize the future tax benefit, management believes it is more likely than not that the recorded deferred tax asset (net of

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the valuation allowance) will be fully realized in the future. The Company has not taken any other tax positions that management believes are subject to uncertainty or that are reasonably likely to have a material impact to the Company, GRIL or Verdant.

Ratio Analysis

Due to the opportunistic and customized nature of our underwriting operations, we expect to report different loss and expense ratios in both our frequency and severity businesses from period to period.

The following table provides the ratios categorized as Property, Casualty and Other:

	Year ended December 31								Year ended December 31								Year ended December 31
	2018								2017								2016
	Property		Casualty		Other		Total		Property		Casualty		Other		Total		Property		Casualty		Other		Total
Loss ratio	75.6	%	75.5	%	56.0	%	71.6	%	94.0	%	78.8	%	66.0	%	80.3	%	66.9	%	78.9	%	61.2	%	74.2	%
Acquisition cost ratio	24.0		26.2		40.1		28.6		26.7		23.8		33.5		25.8		29.9		24.5		29.8		26.2
Composite ratio	99.6	%	101.7	%	96.1	%	100.2	%	120.7	%	102.6	%	99.5	%	106.1	%	96.8	%	103.4	%	91.0	%	100.4	%
Underwriting expense ratio							2.6								2.5								3.2
Combined ratio							102.8	%							108.6	%							103.6	%

Given that we opportunistically underwrite a concentrated portfolio across several lines of business that have varying expected loss ratios, we can expect there to be significant annual variations in the loss ratios reported from our property, casualty and other business. In addition, the loss ratios for property, casualty and other business can vary depending on the mix of the lines of business written. 

The combined ratio measures the total profitability of our underwriting operations and does not take into account corporate expenses, interest expense, total investment related income or loss and any foreign exchange gain or loss. Given the nature of our unique underwriting strategy, we expect that our combined ratio may also be volatile from period to period.

Financial Condition

Total Investments; Financial Contracts Receivable; Financial Contracts Payable; Due to Related Party Investment Fund; Due to Prime Brokers and Other Financial Institutions

Prior to September 1, 2018, through the Joint Venture, we held various financial instruments, which included listed and unlisted equities, corporate and sovereign debt, commodities and derivatives. Effective September 1, 2018, we transferred a majority of our investments into SILP (see Note 3 of the consolidated financial statements). SILP issued limited partner interests proportionate to and based on the net asset value transferred. At December 31, 2018, certain investments which had not transferred legal ownership to SILP remained in the Joint Venture and were included in our consolidated balance sheet. Pursuant to the Participation Agreement, these assets had transferred the economic rights to SILP and we had a binding obligation to transfer the legal title of these assets to SILP. This obligation was $9.6 million as of December 31, 2018 and is reflected on the consolidated balance sheet under the caption “Due to related party investment fund”. Substantially all of the remaining investments were transferred from the Joint Venture to SILP on January 2, 2019.

Our investment in SILP has been presented on the consolidated balance sheets as an investment in a related party investment fund and included in total investments. The total investments reported in the consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2018, was $283.9 million, compared to $1,363.0 million as of December 31, 2017, a decrease of $1,079.1 million, or 79.2%. The decrease was primarily related to restructuring of our investments, including optimizing our collateral and de-leveraging the investment portfolio by an amount approximating our net loss reserves.

As of December 31, 2018, there were no financial contracts receivable and financial contracts payable since all derivatives were transferred to SILP. Similarly, as a result of the investment restructuring, we had no amounts due to prime brokers and other financial institutions as of December 31, 2018.

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As of December 31, 2018, 77.7% of SILP’s investments were valued based on quoted prices in actively traded markets (Level 1), 16.7% was composed of instruments valued based on observable inputs other than quoted prices (Level 2) and 2.2% was composed of instruments valued based on non-observable inputs (Level 3). As of December 31, 2018, 3.4% of SILP’s investments were private equity funds valued using the funds’ net asset values as a practical expedient. Additionally all equity securities remaining in the Joint Venture as of December 31, 2018, were valued based on quoted prices in actively traded markets (Level 1). Our Level 3 investments were de-minimis as of December 31, 2018.

Restricted cash and cash equivalents

Our restricted cash decreased by $818.8 million, or 54.4%, from $1,503.8 million at December 31, 2017 to $685.0 million, as of December 31, 2018, primarily due to the transfer of derivatives and short investments from the Joint Venture to SILP as discussed above. As of December 31, 2018, the restricted cash and cash equivalents are solely related to trusts and letters of credits issued to our ceding insurers of $685.0 million (December 31, 2017: $551.7 million).

Securities Sold, Not Yet Purchased

As of December 31, 2018, there were no securities sold, not yet purchased, compared to $912.8 million at December 31, 2017, because all securities sold, not yet purchased were transferred to SILP as of December 31, 2018 (see above).

Loss and Loss Adjustment Expense Reserves; Loss and Loss Adjustment Expenses Recoverable;

Reserves for loss and loss adjustment expenses were composed of the following: 

	December 31, 2018						December 31, 2017
	Case Reserves		IBNR		Total		Case Reserves		IBNR		Total
	($ in thousands)
Property	$	57,850	$	30,977	$	88,827	$	59,278	$	29,235	$	88,513
Casualty	133,881		221,212		355,093		101,770		228,696		330,466
Other	20,179		18,563		38,742		17,040		28,361		45,401
Total	$	211,910	$	270,752	$	482,662	$	178,088	$	286,292	$	464,380

During the year ended December 31, 2018, the total loss and loss adjustment expense reserves increased by $18.3 million, or 3.9% to $482.7 million from $464.4 million as of December 31, 2017. The change in property reserves was primarily due to reserves set up relating to 2018 catastrophes and additional reserves from increased private passenger automobile premiums earned, partially offset by favorable loss development relating to the 2017 hurricanes and favorable loss development on prior period property contracts. The increase in casualty reserves was primarily related to an increase in motor liability and multi-line business and partially offset by the restructuring of a professional liability contract. The decrease in other reserves was partially due to favorable loss development on mortgage insurance contracts, as well as a mortgage insurance contract commuted during the period.

During the year ended December 31, 2018, the total loss and loss adjustment expenses recoverable increased by $14.2 million, or 48.4%, to $43.7 million from $29.5 million as of December 31, 2017. The increase primarily related to retroceded private passenger automobile contracts. See Note 9 of the accompanying consolidated financial statements for details on the credit risk of the retrocessionaires.

See Note 8 of the accompanying consolidated financial statements for a reconciliation of claims reserves, loss development tables by accident year and for an explanation of significant prior period loss developments.

For most of our contracts written as of December 31, 2018, our risk exposure is limited by defined limits of liability. Once the loss limit has been reached, we have no further exposure to additional losses from that contract outside of contract failure. However, certain contracts, particularly quota share contracts that relate to first dollar exposure, may not contain aggregate limits. Our property business, and to a lesser extent our casualty and other business, include certain contracts that contain or may contain natural peril loss exposure.

We estimate catastrophe loss exposure in terms of the probable maximum loss (“PML”). We define PML as the anticipated loss, taking into account contract terms and limits, caused by a catastrophe affecting a broad geographic area, such as that caused by an earthquake or hurricane. We anticipate that the PML will vary depending upon the modeled simulated

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losses and the composition of the in-force book of business. The projected severity levels are described in terms of a 1-in-250 year return period. The 1-in-250 year return period PML means that there is a 0.4% chance in any given year that an occurrence of a natural catastrophe will lead to losses exceeding the stated estimate. In other words, it corresponds to a 99.6% probability that the loss from an event will fall below the indicated PML.

PMLs are estimates and as a result, we cannot provide any assurance that any actual event will align with the modeled event or that actual losses from events similar to the modeled events will not vary materially from the modeled event PML. The PML estimate includes all significant exposure from our reinsurance operations. This includes coverage for property, marine and energy, motor and catastrophe workers’ compensation.

As of January 1, 2019, our estimated net PML exposure (net of retrocession and reinstatement premiums) at a 1-in-250 year return period for a single event and in aggregate was $91.5 million and $117.5 million, respectively. The following table provides the PML for single event loss exposure and aggregate loss exposure to natural peril losses for each of the peak zones as of January 1, 2019:

	January 1, 2019
	1-in-250 year return period
Zone	Single Event Loss		Aggregate Loss
	($ in thousands)
United States, Canada and the Caribbean	$	91,483	$	107,635
Europe	43,937		48,848
Japan	23,348		25,584
Rest of the world	24,025		26,500
Maximum	91,483		117,475

Convertible Senior Notes Payable

During 2018 we strengthened our capital position through a private offering of $100 million aggregate principal senior unsecured convertible notes that mature in 2023 with an annual coupon rate of 4.00% The notes are convertible into Ordinary Class A shares. We utilized a portion of the proceeds to repurchase 1.0 million shares at a cost of $13.75 per share. See Note 10 for further disclosures relating to these notes.

Total Equity

Total equity reported on the consolidated balance sheet, which includes non-controlling interest, decreased by $366.5 million to $477.8 million as of December 31, 2018, compared to $844.3 million as of December 31, 2017. Retained earnings decreased primarily due to a net loss of $350.1 million reported for the year ended December 31, 2018. The non-controlling interest decreased by $12.4 million during the year ended December 31, 2018 primarily due to withdrawal by DME of its proportionate share of assets from the Joint Venture in conjunction with the transfer of assets from the Joint Venture to SILP. See Note 15 for additional information regarding non-controlling interests in related party joint venture.

The additional paid-in capital decreased by $3.6 million due to share repurchases for the year ended December 31, 2018, partially offset by an increase related to the issuance of senior unsecured convertible notes and share-based compensation for the period.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

General

Greenlight Capital Re is organized as a holding company with no operations of its own. As a holding company, Greenlight Capital Re has minimal continuing cash needs, most of which are related to the payment of administrative expenses and interest expense. All of our underwriting operations are conducted through our wholly-owned reinsurance subsidiaries, Greenlight Re and GRIL, which underwrite property and casualty reinsurance. There are restrictions on each of Greenlight Re’s and GRIL’s ability to pay dividends, which are described in more detail below. It is our current policy to retain earnings to support the growth of our business. We currently do not expect to pay dividends on our ordinary shares.

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As of December 31, 2018, Greenlight Re and GRIL were each rated “A- (Excellent)” with a stable outlook, by A.M. Best. The ratings reflect A.M. Best’s opinion of our reinsurance subsidiaries’ financial strength, operating performance and ability to meet obligations and it is not an evaluation directed toward the protection of investors or a recommendation to buy, sell or hold our Class A ordinary shares. If A.M. Best downgrades our ratings below “A- (Excellent)” or withdraws our rating, we could be severely limited or prevented from writing any new reinsurance contracts, which would significantly and negatively affect our business. Our A.M. Best ratings may be revised or revoked at the sole discretion of the rating agency. 

Sources and Uses of Funds

Our sources of funds consist primarily of premium receipts (net of brokerage and ceding commissions), investment income (loss) (net of advisory compensation and investment expenses), including realized gains, and other income. We use cash from our operations to pay losses and loss adjustment expenses, profit commissions,interest and general and administrative expenses. As of December 31, 2018, all of our investable assets, excluding strategic investments and funds required for business operations (including reinsurance obligations) and capital risk management, are invested by DME Advisors in accordance with our investment guidelines. We have the ability to redeem funds from SILP at any time for operational purposes by providing three days’ notice to the general partner. As of December 31, 2018, approximately 85% (December 31, 2017: 94%) of our investments managed by DME Advisors were composed of publicly-traded equity securities and other holdings which can be readily liquidated to meet our redemption requests.We record all investment income (loss), included any changes in net asset value of SILP and any unrealized gains and losses in our consolidated statements of operations for each reporting period.    

For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, the net cash provided by (used in) operating activities was $(59.3) million, $94.4 million and $(35.8) million, respectively. Included in the net cash used in and provided by operating activities were investment related expenses, such as investment advisor compensation, and net interest and dividend expenses (income) of $(6.3) million, $18.3 million and $23.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The net cash primarily provided by (used for) our underwriting activities (which excludes investment related expenses) was $(65.6) million, $112.7 million and $(12.8) million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Generally, in a given period if the premiums collected are sufficient to cover claim payments, we would generate cash from our underwriting activities.

For the year ended December 31, 2018, the cash used for our underwriting activities was primarily due to a decrease in premiums written compared to the same period in 2017 and to a lesser extent due to funds returned to cedents upon commutation and restructuring of certain contracts, as well as due to an increase in premiums ceded on retroceded contracts. Due to the inherent nature of our underwriting portfolio, claims are often paid several months or even years after the premiums are collected. The cash used in, and generated from underwriting activities may be volatile from period to period depending on the underwriting opportunities available.

For the year ended December 31, 2018, our investing activities used cash of $845.3 million (2017: provided cash of $201.7 million, 2016: used cash of $67.4 million), driven primarily by de-leveraging of our investments, which resulted in a significant reduction in the margin-borrowing from prime brokers. The decrease in restricted cash primarily related to the securities sold, not yet purchased that were transferred to SILP. While the transfer of these securities was a non-cash transfer, the restricted cash decreased by a corresponding amount. The transfer of securities sold, not yet purchased was netted against the long investments and the net non-cash investments transferred were $124.3 million.

For the year ended December 31, 2018, financing activities included issuance of $100.0 million of senior unsecured convertible notes less issuance costs. The net proceeds from the convertible note issuance was used partially to repurchase 1.0 million Class A ordinary shares and the remainder used for working capital purposes. During the year ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, total cash used for share repurchases was $16.5 million, $2.8 million and nil respectively.

As of December 31, 2018, we believe we have sufficient cash flow from operating and investing activities to meet our foreseeable liquidity requirements. We expect that our operational needs for liquidity will be met by cash, funds generated from underwriting activities and investment income, including withdrawals from SILP, realized gains and the disposition of other investment securities. As of December 31, 2018, we expect to fund our operations for the next twelve months from operating cash flow. However, we may explore various financing alternatives, including capital raising alternatives, to fund our business strategy, improve our capital structure, increase surplus, pay claims or make acquisitions. We can provide no assurances that transactions will occur or, if so, as to the terms of such transactions.

Although GLRE is not subject to any significant legal prohibitions on the payment of dividends, Greenlight Re and GRIL are each subject to regulatory minimum capital requirements and regulatory constraints that affect their ability to pay

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dividends to us. In addition, any dividend payment would have to be approved by the relevant regulatory authorities prior to payment. As of December 31, 2018, Greenlight Re and GRIL both exceeded the regulatory minimum capital requirements. 

Letters of Credit and Trust Arrangements

As of December 31, 2018, neither Greenlight Re nor GRIL was licensed or admitted as a reinsurer in any jurisdiction other than the Cayman Islands and the European Economic Area, respectively. Because many jurisdictions do not permit domestic insurance companies to take credit on their statutory financial statements for loss recoveries or ceded unearned premiums unless appropriate measures are in place for reinsurance obtained from unlicensed or non-admitted insurers, we anticipate that all of our U.S. clients and some of our non-U.S. clients will require us to provide collateral through funds withheld, trust arrangements, letters of credit or a combination thereof.

As of December 31, 2018, we had two letter of credit facilities available with an aggregate capacity of $414.9 million (2017: $600.0 million). See Note 16 of the accompanying consolidated financial statements for details on the available facilities. We provide collateral to cedents in the form of letters of credit and trust arrangements. As of December 31, 2018, the aggregate amount of collateral provided to cedents under such arrangements was $671.6 million (2017: $566.4 million). As of December 31, 2018, the letters of credit and trust accounts were secured by restricted cash and cash equivalents with a total fair value of $685.0 million (2017: secured by equity and debt securities as well as restricted cash and cash equivalents totaling $578.3 million).

Each of the letter of credit facilities contain customary events of default and restrictive covenants, including but not limited to, limitations on liens on collateral, transactions with affiliates, mergers and sales of assets, as well as solvency and maintenance of certain minimum pledged equity requirements, and restricts issuance of any debt without the consent of the letter of credit provider. Additionally, if an event of default exists, as defined in the letter of credit facilities, Greenlight Re would be prohibited from paying dividends to its parent company. The Company was in compliance with all the covenants of each of these facilities as of December 31, 2018.

Capital

Our capital structure currently consists of senior convertible notes and equity issued in two separate classes of ordinary shares. We expect that the existing capital base and internally generated funds will be sufficient to implement our business strategy for the foreseeable future. Consequently, we do not presently anticipate that we will incur any additional material indebtedness in the ordinary course of our business. However, in order to provide us with flexibility and timely access to public capital markets should we require additional capital for working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions or other general corporate purposes, we have filed a Form S-3 registration statement, which expires in July 2021, unless renewed. In addition, as noted above, we may explore various financing alternatives, although there can be no assurance that additional financing will be available on acceptable terms when needed or desired. We did not make any significant commitments for capital expenditures during the year ended December 31, 2018.

On April 25, 2018 the Board of Directors adopted a new share repurchase plan for a one year period, effective July 1, 2018, which expires on June 30, 2019 unless renewed by the Board of Directors. The renewed plan increased the number of shares that may be repurchased to 2.5 million Class A ordinary shares or securities convertible into Class A ordinary shares in the open market, through privately negotiated transactions or Rule 10b5-1 stock trading plans. The Company is not required to repurchase any of the Class A ordinary shares and the repurchase plan may be modified, suspended or terminated at the election of our Board of Directors at any time without prior notice. During the year ended December 31, 2018, 1,180,000 Class A ordinary shares were repurchased by the Company at an average price of $13.98 per share.

On April 26, 2017, our shareholders approved an amendment to our stock incentive plan to increase the number of Class A ordinary shares available for issuance by 1.5 million shares from 3.5 million to 5.0 million. As of December 31, 2018, there were 1,122,170 Class A ordinary shares available for future issuance under the Company’s stock incentive plan. The stock incentive plan is administered by the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors. 

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Contractual Obligations and Commitments

The following table shows our aggregate contractual obligations as of December 31, 2018 by time period remaining: 

	Less than  1 year		1-3 years		3-5 years		More than  5 years		Total
	($ in thousands)
Operating lease obligations (1)	$	169	$	232	$	—	$	—	$	401
Interest and convertible note payable (2)	4,000		8,000		106,400		—		118,400
Loan facility (3)	5,750								5,750
Loss and loss adjustment expense reserves (4)	244,710		132,732		46,818		58,402		482,662
	$	254,629	$	140,964	$	153,218	$	58,402	$	607,213

⁽¹⁾    Reflects our minimum contractual obligations pursuant to the lease agreements as described below.  

⁽²⁾  Includes interest payments due on $100.0 million of senior convertible note payable at 4.0% per annum, starting from February 1, 2019, as well as the payment of principal upon maturity on August 1, 2023.

⁽³⁾  As of December 31, 2018, we had made a commitment to fund $5.8 million under a $6.0 million loan facility (See Note 4). For purposes of the above table, we have assumed that the entire commitment will be made within one year.

⁽⁴⁾    Due to the nature of our reinsurance operations, the amount and timing of the cash flows associated with our reinsurance contractual liabilities will fluctuate, perhaps materially, and, therefore, are highly uncertain.

Greenlight Re has entered into lease agreements for office space in the Cayman Islands. The leases expired on June 30, 2018 and Greenlight Re has the option to renew the leases for a further five year term. The Company is in negotiations with the lessor for renewal of the lease and meanwhile has agreed to a monthly lease until June 30, 2019.

GRIL has entered into a lease agreement for office space in Dublin, Ireland. Under the terms of this lease agreement, GRIL is committed to minimum annual rent payments denominated in Euros approximating €0.1 million until May 2021, and adjusted to the prevailing market rates for each of the two subsequent five-year terms. GRIL has the option to terminate the lease agreement in 2021. The minimum lease payment obligations are included in the above table under operating lease obligations and in Note 16 to the accompanying consolidated financial statements.

On September 1, 2018, SILP entered into a IAA with DME Advisors that entitles DME Advisors to a monthly management fee equal to 0.125% (1.5% on an annual basis) of each limited partner’s Investment Portfolio, as provided in the SILP LPA. The IAA has an initial term ending on August 31, 2023 subject to automatic extension for successive three-year terms. For the year ended December 31, 2018, our investment loss from SILP included management fees paid by SILP to DME Advisors of $3.1 million. Pursuant to the SILP LPA, DME II is entitled to a performance allocation equal to 20% of the net profit, calculated per annum, of each limited partner’s share of the capital account managed by DME Advisors, subject to a loss carry forward provision. DME II is not entitled to earn a performance allocation in a year in which SILP incurs a loss. The loss carry forward provision contained in the SILP LPA allows DME II to earn reduced performance allocation of 10% of net profits in any year subsequent to the year in which the capital accounts of the limited partners incur a loss, until all losses are recouped and an additional amount equal to 150% of the loss is earned. During the year ended December 31, 2018, the loss carry forward amount from the Joint Venture, adjusted for withdrawals relating to our loss reserves, was transferred to SILP.

Pursuant to the venture agreement, we were obligated to pay DME Advisors a monthly management fee of 0.125% on our share of the assets managed by DME Advisors and we provided DME a performance allocation equal to 20% of the net profit, calculated per annum, of the Company’s share of the capital account managed by DME Advisors, subject to a loss carry forward provision. The loss carry forward provision allowed DME to earn a reduced performance allocation of 10% of profits in any year subsequent to the year in which the investment account incurred a loss, until all the losses are recouped and an additional amount equal to 150% of the aggregate investment loss is earned. DME was not entitled to earn a performance allocation in a year in which the investment portfolio incurred a loss. For the year ended December 31, 2018, performance allocation of nil and management fees of $11.2 million were included in net investment loss. The venture agreement was terminated on January 2, 2019.

We have entered into a service agreement with DME Advisors pursuant to which DME Advisors will provide investor relations services to us for compensation of $5,000 per month plus expenses. The service agreement had an initial term of one year, and continues for sequential one-year periods until terminated by us or DME Advisors. Either party may terminate the service agreement for any reason with 30 days prior written notice to the other party.

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Our related party transactions are presented in Note 15 to the accompanying consolidated financial statements.

Off-Balance Sheet Financing Arrangements

We have no obligations, assets or liabilities, other than those derivatives in our investment portfolio that are disclosed in the consolidated financial statements, which would be considered off-balance sheet arrangements. Other than our investments in SILP and AccuRisk Holdings LLC (see Note 4 of the consolidated financial statements), we do not participate in transactions that create relationships with unconsolidated entities or financial partnerships, often referred to as variable interest entities, which would have been established for the purpose of facilitating off-balance sheet arrangements. 

Effects of Inflation

Inflation generally affects the cost of claims and claim expenses, as well as asset values in our investment portfolio. The anticipated effects of inflation on our claim costs are considered in our pricing and reserving models. However, the actual effect of potential increases in claim costs due to inflation cannot be accurately known until claims are ultimately settled, and may differ significantly from our estimate. In addition, the onset, duration and severity of an inflationary period cannot be predicted or estimated with precision.

ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

We believe we are principally exposed to the following types of market risk: 

• equity price risk;

• commodity price risk;

• foreign currency risk;

• interest rate risk;

• credit risk; and

• political risk.

Equity Price Risk

As of December 31, 2018, our investments primarily consisted of an investment in SILP, which holds underlying equity securities and equity-based derivative instruments, as well as equity securities held in the Joint Venture, the carrying values of which are primarily based on quoted market prices. Generally, market prices of common equity securities are subject to fluctuation, which could cause the amount to be realized upon the closing of a position to differ significantly from its current reported value. This risk is partly mitigated by the presence of both long and short equity securities as part of our investment strategy. As of December 31, 2018, a 10% decline in the price of each of the underlying listed equity securities and equity-based derivative instruments would result in a loss of $14.1 million, or 2.8%, of our investments in SILP and the Joint Venture.

Computations of the prospective effects of hypothetical equity price changes are based on numerous assumptions, including the maintenance of the existing level and composition of investment securities and should not be relied on as indicative of future results.

Commodity Price Risk

Generally, market prices of commodities are subject to fluctuation. SILP’s investments periodically include long or short investments in commodities or in derivatives directly impacted by fluctuations in the prices of commodities. As of December 31, 2018, SILP’s investments included unhedged exposure to changes in gold prices, through physical gold holdings and derivative instruments with underlying exposure to changes in the price of gold.

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The following table summarizes the net impact that a 10% increase and decrease in commodity prices would have on the value of our investment in SILP as of December 31, 2018. The below table excludes the indirect effect that changes in commodity prices might have on equity securities in SILP’s investments. 

	10% increase in commodity prices				10% decrease in commodity prices
Commodity	Change in fair value		Change in fair value as % of investments		Change in fair value			Change in fair value as % of investments
	($ in thousands)				($ in thousands)
Gold	$	8,878	1.7	%	$	(8,878	)	(1.7	)%

We, along with DME Advisors, periodically monitor the net exposure to any other commodity price fluctuations and generally do not expect changes in other commodity prices to have a materially adverse impact on our operations.

Foreign Currency Risk

Certain of our reinsurance contracts provide that ultimate losses may be payable or calculated in foreign currencies depending on the country of original loss. Foreign currency exchange rate risk exists to the extent that our foreign currency loss reserves (case reserves and IBNR) are in excess of the corresponding foreign currency cash balances and there is an increase in the exchange rate of that foreign currency. As of December 31, 2018, we had a net unhedged foreign currency exposure on GBP denominated loss reserves (net of funds withheld) of £2.9 million. As of December 31, 2018, a 10% decrease in the U.S. dollar against the GBP (all else being constant) would result in an estimated increase in loss reserves of $0.4 million and a corresponding foreign exchange loss. Alternatively, a 10% increase in the U.S dollar against the GBP, would result in an estimated decrease of $0.4 million in our recorded loss reserves and a corresponding foreign exchange gain.

While we do not seek to specifically match our liabilities under reinsurance policies that are payable in foreign currencies with investments denominated in such currencies, we continually monitor our exposure to potential foreign currency losses and may use foreign currency cash and cash equivalents or forward foreign currency exchange contracts in an effort to mitigate against adverse foreign currency movements.

We are also exposed to foreign currency risk through SILP’s underlying cash, forwards, options and investments in securities denominated in foreign currencies. Foreign currency exchange rate risk is the potential for adverse changes in the U.S. dollar value of investments (long and short), speculative foreign currency derivatives and/or cash positions due to a change in the exchange rate of the foreign currency in which cash and financial instruments are denominated. As of December 31, 2018, some of our currency exposure resulting from foreign denominated securities (longs and shorts) was reduced by offsetting cash balances denominated in the corresponding foreign currencies. 

The following table summarizes the net impact that a 10% increase and decrease in the value of the U.S. dollar against select foreign currencies would have on the value of our investments as of December 31, 2018: 

	10% increase in U.S. dollar					10% decrease in U.S. dollar
Foreign Currency	Change in fair value			Change in fair value as % of investments		Change in fair value			Change in fair value as % of investments
	($ in thousands)
British Pound	$	(138	)	—	%	$	138		—	%
Euro	(243		)	—		243			—
Other	240			—		(240		)	—
Total	$	(141	)	—	%	$	141		—	%

Computations of the prospective effects of hypothetical currency price changes are based on numerous assumptions, including the maintenance of the existing level and composition of investment securities denominated in foreign currencies and related foreign currency instruments, and should not be relied on as indicative of future results.

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Interest Rate Risk

Our investment in SILP includes interest rate sensitive securities, such as corporate and sovereign debt instruments and interest rate swaps. The primary market risk exposure for any debt instrument is interest rate risk. As interest rates rise, the market value of our long fixed-income portfolio falls, and the opposite is also true as interest rates fall. Additionally, some derivative investments may also be sensitive to interest rates and their value may indirectly fluctuate with changes in interest rates. 

The following table summarizes the impact that a 100 basis point increase or decrease in interest rates would have on the value of our investment in SILP as of December 31, 2018:

	100 basis point increase in interest rates				100 basis point decrease in interest rates
	Change in fair value		Change in fair value as % of investments		Change in fair value			Change in fair value as % of investments
	($ in thousands)
Debt instruments	$	221	—	%	$	(229	)	—	%
Interest rate swaps	3,309		0.7		(3,309		)	(0.7	)
Net exposure to interest rate risk	$	3,530	0.7	%	$	(3,538	)	(0.7	)%

For the purposes of the above table, the hypothetical impact of changes in interest rates on debt instruments was determined based on the interest rates applicable to each instrument individually. We, along with DME’s Advisors, periodically monitor the net exposure to interest rate risk and generally do not expect changes in interest rates to have a materially adverse impact on our operations.

Credit Risk

We are exposed to credit risk primarily from the possibility that counterparties may default on their obligations to us. The amount of the maximum exposure to credit risk is indicated by the carrying value of our financial assets including notes receivable. We evaluate the financial condition of our notes receivable counterparties and monitor our exposure to them on a regular basis. We are also exposed to credit risk from our business partners and clients relating to balances receivable under the reinsurance contracts, including premiums receivable, losses recoverable and commission adjustments recoverable. We monitor the financial strength of our counterparties and assess the collectability of these balances on a regular basis and obtain collateral in the form of funds withheld, trusts and letters of credit from our counterparties to mitigate their credit risk.

In addition, the securities, commodities, and cash in SILP’s investment portfolio are held with several prime brokers and derivative counterparties, subjecting SILP, and indirectly us, to the related credit risk from the possibility that one or more of them may default on their obligations. While we have no direct control over SILP, DME Advisors closely and regularly monitors the concentration of credit risk with each counterparty and, if necessary, transfer cash or securities between counterparties or request collateral to diversify and mitigate credit risk. Other than our investment in SILP and the fact that SILP’s investments and majority of cash balances are held by prime brokers, we have no other significant concentrations of credit risk. 

Political Risk

We are exposed to political risk to the extent that we underwrite business from entities located in foreign markets and to the extent that DME Advisors, on behalf of SILP and subject to our investment guidelines, trades securities that are listed on various U.S. and foreign exchanges and markets. The governments in any of these jurisdictions could impose restrictions, regulations or other measures, which may have a material adverse impact on our underwriting operations and investment strategy. We currently do not have any material political risk exposure relating to our reinsurance contracts; however, changes in government laws and regulations may impact our underwriting operations (see “Item 1A. Risk Factors”).

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ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA

Information with respect to this Item is set forth under Part IV Item 15.

ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE

Not applicable.

ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Disclosure Controls and Procedures

As required by Rules 13a-15 and 15d-15 of the Exchange Act, the Company has evaluated, with the participation of management, including the Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer, the effectiveness of its disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in such rules) as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based on such evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures are effective to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Company in reports prepared in accordance with the rules and regulations of the SEC is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified by the SEC’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by an issuer in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to the issuer’s management, including its principal executive officer and principal financial officer, or persons performing similar functions, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, does not expect that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures will prevent all errors and all frauds. A control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within the Company have been detected. These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision-making can be faulty and that breakdowns can occur because of simple error or mistake.

Additionally, controls can be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people, or by management override of the controls. The design of any system of controls also is based, in part, upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions; over time, controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. Because of the inherent limitations in a cost-effective control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected.  

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

There have been no changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting during the fiscal quarter ended December 31, 2018 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. The Company continues to review its disclosure controls and procedures, including its internal controls over financial reporting, and may from time to time make changes aimed at enhancing their effectiveness and to ensure that the Company’s systems evolve with its business.

Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Our internal control system is designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with U.S. GAAP and includes those policies and procedures that:

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● pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the Company;

● provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, and that receipts and expenditures of the Company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the Company; and

● provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the Company’s assets that could have a material effect on its financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, a system of internal control over financial reporting can provide only reasonable assurance and may not prevent or detect misstatements. Further, because of changes in conditions, effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting may vary over time. Our system contains self-monitoring mechanisms, and actions are taken to correct deficiencies as they are identified.

Our management conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of the system of internal control over financial reporting based on the framework in the Internal Control — Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (the 2013 framework). Based on this evaluation, our management concluded that our system of internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2018. The effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting has been audited by BDO USA, LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report, which is included herein.

ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION

Disclosure of Certain Activities Under Section 13(r) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

Section 13(r) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, requires an issuer to disclose in its annual or quarterly reports whether it or an affiliate knowingly engaged in certain activities described in that section, including certain activities related to Iran during the period covered by the report. During 2016, the Office of Foreign Assets Control of the U.S. Department of the Treasury adopted General License H, which authorizes non-U.S. entities that are owned or controlled by a U.S. person to engage in certain activities with Iran so long as they comply with certain specific requirements set forth therein. During 2018, OFAC reimposed certain sanctions on Iran related activities including providing insurance, reinsurance and underwriting services and required such activities to be wound-down by November 4, 2018.

During 2018 we had entered into a reinsurance contract with a non-U.S insurer (the “cedent”) that provides liability insurance on a global basis to shipping vessels navigating into and out of ports worldwide including, potentially, in Iran. In light of recent developments regarding sanctions, the cedent is in regular contact with its insured and the cedent has taken appropriate and necessary steps to wind-down its Iran related activities. The cedent is required to be compliant with the reimposed OFAC sanctions. For the year ended December 31, 2018, our premiums relating to this reinsurance contract were negligible relative to our overall revenues or income.

PART III

ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

This item is omitted because a definitive proxy statement that involves the election of directors will be filed with the SEC not later than 120 days after the close of the fiscal year pursuant to Regulation 14A, which information required by this item set forth in the proxy statement is incorporated by reference.

ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION

This item is omitted because a definitive proxy statement that involves the election of directors will be filed with the SEC not later than 120 days after the close of the fiscal year pursuant to Regulation 14A, which information required by this item set forth in the proxy statement is incorporated by reference.

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ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS

This item is omitted because a definitive proxy statement that involves the election of directors will be filed with the SEC not later than 120 days after the close of the fiscal year pursuant to Regulation 14A, which information required by this item set forth in the proxy statement is incorporated by reference.

ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE

This item is omitted because a definitive proxy statement that involves the election of directors will be filed with the SEC not later than 120 days after the close of the fiscal year pursuant to Regulation 14A, which information required by this item set forth in the proxy statement is incorporated by reference.

ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES

This item is omitted because a definitive proxy statement that involves the election of directors will be filed with the SEC not later than 120 days after the close of the fiscal year pursuant to Regulation 14A, which information required by this item set forth in the proxy statement is incorporated by reference.

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PART IV

ITEM 15. EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES

		Page
(a)(1)	Financial Statements
	Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (on internal control over financial reporting)		F-1
	Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (on the consolidated financial statements)		F-2
	Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (on the financial statements of Solasglas Investments, LP)		F-3
	Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2018 and 2017		F-4
	Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016		F-5
	Consolidated Statements of Shareholders' Equity for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016		F-6
	Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016		F-7
	Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements		F-9
(a)(2)	Financial Statement Schedules
	Schedule I – Summary of Investments — Other Than Investments in Related Parties		F-61
	Schedule II – Condensed Financial Information of Registrant		F-62
	Schedule III – Supplementary Insurance Information		F-64
	Schedule IV – Supplementary Reinsurance Information		F-64
(a)(3)	The exhibits required to be filed by this Item 15. are set forth in the Exhibit Index accompanying this report.

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

	GREENLIGHT CAPITAL RE, LTD.
By:	/s/ Simon Burton
	Simon Burton Chief Executive Officer
	February 27, 2019

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

/s/ DAVID M. EINHORN	/s/ LEONARD GOLDBERG
David M. Einhorn Director	Leonard Goldberg Director
February 27, 2019	February 27, 2019
/s/ FRANK D. LACKNER	/s/ ALAN BROOKS
Frank D. Lackner Director	Alan Brooks Director
February 27, 2019	February 27, 2019
/s/ IAN ISAACS	/s/ JOSEPH P. PLATT
Ian Isaacs Director	Joseph P. Platt Director
February 27, 2019	February 27, 2019
/s/ TIM COURTIS	/s/ BRYAN MURPHY
Tim Courtis Chief Financial Officer (principal financial and accounting officer)	Bryan Murphy Director
February 27, 2019	February 27, 2019
/s/ SIMON BURTON	/s/ HOPE TAITZ
Simon Burton Chief Executive Officer (principal executive officer)	Hope Taitz Director
February 27, 2019	February 27, 2019

82

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

Shareholders and Board of Directors

Greenlight Capital Re, Ltd.

Grand Cayman, Cayman Islands

Opinion on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

We have audited Greenlight Capital Re, Ltd.’s (the “Company’s”) internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (the “COSO criteria”). In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on the COSO criteria.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company and subsidiaries as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the related consolidated statements of operations, shareholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2018, and the related notes and schedules and our report dated February 27, 2019 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

Basis for Opinion

The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying “Item 9A - Controls and Procedures - Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting”. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit of internal control over financial reporting in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

/s/ BDO USA, LLP

Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA

February 27, 2019

F-1

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

Shareholders and Board of Directors

Greenlight Capital Re, Ltd.

Grand Cayman, Cayman Islands

Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Greenlight Capital Re, Ltd. (the “Company”) and subsidiaries as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the related consolidated statements of operations, shareholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2018 and the related notes and schedules (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, based on our audits and the report of the other auditors, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company and subsidiaries at December 31, 2018 and 2017, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2018, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”) and our report dated February 27, 2019 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

We did not audit the financial statements of Solasglas Investments, LP, an equity method investment of the Company, which statements reflect total assets of $557.8 million at December 31, 2018, and total income (loss) of $(70.0) million for the period from September 1, 2018 (commencement of operations) to December 31, 2018. Those statements were audited by other auditors whose report has been furnished to us, and our opinion, insofar as it relates to the amounts included for Solasglas Investments, LP is based solely on the report of the other auditors.

Basis for Opinion

These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud.

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

/s/ BDO USA, LLP

We have served as the Company's auditor since 2006.

Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA

February 27, 2019

F-2

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

The General Partner

Solasglas Investments, LP

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the statement of assets, liabilities and partners’ capital of Solasglas Investments, LP (an equity method investee of Greenlight Capital Re, Ltd.) (the “Partnership”), including the condensed schedule of investments, as of December 31, 2018, and the related statements of operations, changes in partners’ capital and cash flows for the period from September 1, 2018 (commencement of operations) to December 31, 2018, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”) (not presented separately herein). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Partnership at December 31, 2018, and the results of its operations, changes in its partners’ capital and its cash flows for the period from September 1, 2018 (commencement of operations) to December 31, 2018 in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

Basis of Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Partnership’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Partnership’s financial statements based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”) and are required to be independent with respect to the Partnership in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB and in accordance with auditing standards generally accepted in the United States of America. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audit included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audit also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

/s/ Ernst & Young Ltd.

We have served as the Partnership’s auditor since 2018.

Grand Cayman, Cayman Islands

February 27, 2019

F-3

GREENLIGHT CAPITAL RE, LTD.

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

December 31, 2018 and 2017

(expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, except per share and share amounts)

	2018			2017
Assets
Investments
Investment in related party investment fund, at fair value	$	235,612		$	—
Debt instruments, trading, at fair value	—			7,180
Equity securities, trading, at fair value	36,908			1,203,672
Other investments	11,408			152,132
Total investments	283,928			1,362,984
Cash and cash equivalents	18,215			27,285
Restricted cash and cash equivalents	685,016			1,503,813
Financial contracts receivable, at fair value	—			12,893
Reinsurance balances receivable	300,251			301,762
Loss and loss adjustment expenses recoverable	43,705			29,459
Deferred acquisition costs, net	49,929			62,350
Unearned premiums ceded	24,981			25,120
Notes receivable, net	26,861			28,497
Other assets	2,559			3,230
Total assets	$	1,435,445		$	3,357,393
Liabilities and equity
Liabilities
Due to related party investment fund	$	9,642		$	—
Securities sold, not yet purchased, at fair value	—			912,797
Financial contracts payable, at fair value	—			22,222
Due to prime brokers and other financial institutions	—			672,700
Loss and loss adjustment expense reserves	482,662			464,380
Unearned premium reserves	211,789			255,818
Reinsurance balances payable	139,218			144,058
Funds withheld	16,418			23,579
Other liabilities	5,067			10,413
Convertible senior notes payable, net of deferred costs	91,185			—
Total liabilities	955,981			2,505,967
Redeemable non-controlling interest in related party joint venture	1,692			7,169
Equity
Preferred share capital (par value $0.10; authorized, 50,000,000; none issued)	—			—
Ordinary share capital (Class A: par value $0.10; authorized, 100,000,000; issued and outstanding, 30,130,214 (2017: 31,104,830): Class B: par value $0.10; authorized, 25,000,000; issued and outstanding, 6,254,715 (2017: 6,254,715))	3,638			3,736
Additional paid-in capital	499,726			503,316
Retained earnings (deficit)	(26,077		)	324,272
Shareholders’ equity attributable to Greenlight Capital Re, Ltd.	477,287			831,324
Non-controlling interest in related party joint venture	485			12,933
Total equity	477,772			844,257
Total liabilities, redeemable non-controlling interest and equity	$	1,435,445		$	3,357,393

  The accompanying Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements are an

integral part of the Consolidated Financial Statements.

F-4

GREENLIGHT CAPITAL RE, LTD.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

Years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016

(expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, except per share and share amounts)

	2018			2017			2016
Revenues
Gross premiums written	$	567,531		$	692,651		$	536,072
Gross premiums ceded	(102,788		)	(56,587		)	(10,015		)
Net premiums written	464,743			636,064			526,057
Change in net unearned premium reserves	43,620			(10,060		)	(12,939		)
Net premiums earned	508,363			626,004			513,118
Income (loss) from investment in related party investment fund [net of related party expenses of $3,100, $0 and $0, respectively]	(60,573		)	—			—
Net investment income (loss) [net of related party expenses of $11,221, $19,863 and $24,543, respectively]	(262,533		)	20,231			76,183
Other income (expense), net	(2,228		)	(560		)	(935		)
Total revenues	183,029			645,675			588,366
Expenses
Loss and loss adjustment expenses incurred, net	363,873			502,404			380,815
Acquisition costs, net	145,475			161,740			134,534
General and administrative expenses	25,173			26,356			25,808
Interest expense	2,505			—			—
Total expenses	537,026			690,500			541,157
Income (loss) before income tax	(353,997		)	(44,825		)	47,209
Income tax (expense) benefit	(332		)	451			(509		)
Net income (loss)	(354,329		)	(44,374		)	46,700
Loss (income) attributable to non-controlling interest in related party joint venture	4,275			(578		)	(1,819		)
Net income (loss) attributable to Greenlight Capital Re, Ltd.	$	(350,054	)	$	(44,952	)	$	44,881
Earnings (loss) per share
Basic	$	(9.74	)	$	(1.21	)	$	1.20
Diluted	$	(9.74	)	$	(1.21	)	$	1.20
Weighted average number of ordinary shares used in the determination of earnings and loss per share
Basic	35,951,659			37,002,260			37,267,145
Diluted	35,951,659			37,002,260			37,340,018

The accompanying Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements are an

integral part of the Consolidated Financial Statements. 

F-5

GREENLIGHT CAPITAL RE, LTD.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY

Years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016

(expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars)

	Ordinary share capital			Additional paid-in capital			Retained earnings (deficit)			Shareholders’ equity attributable to Greenlight Capital Re, Ltd.			Non-controlling interest in joint venture			Total equity
Balance at December 31, 2015	$	3,703		$	496,401		$	325,287		$	825,391		$	11,118		$	836,509
Issue of Class A ordinary shares, net of forfeitures	34			—			—			34			—			34
Share-based compensation expense, net of forfeitures	—			3,936			—			3,936			—			3,936
Change in non-controlling interest in related party joint venture	—			—			—			—			443			443
Net income (loss) attributable to Greenlight Capital Re, Ltd.	—			—			44,881			44,881			—			44,881
Balance at December 31, 2016	$	3,737		$	500,337		$	370,168		$	874,242		$	11,561		$	885,803
Issue of Class A ordinary shares, net of forfeitures	13			—			—			13			—			13
Repurchase of Class A ordinary shares	(14		)	(1,861		)	(944		)	(2,819		)	—			(2,819		)
Share-based compensation expense, net of forfeitures	—			4,840			—			4,840			—			4,840
Change in non-controlling interest in related party joint venture	—			—			—			—			1,372			1,372
Net income (loss) attributable to Greenlight Capital Re, Ltd.	—			—			(44,952		)	(44,952		)	—			(44,952		)
Balance at December 31, 2017	$	3,736		$	503,316		$	324,272		$	831,324		$	12,933		$	844,257
Issue of Class A ordinary shares, net of forfeitures	20			—			—			20			—			20
Repurchase of Class A ordinary shares	(118		)	(16,090		)	(295		)	(16,503		)	—			(16,503		)
Share-based compensation expense, net of forfeitures	—			4,604			—			4,604			—			4,604
Issuance of convertible notes	—			7,896			—			7,896			—			7,896
Change in non-controlling interest in related party joint venture	—			—			—			—			(12,448		)	(12,448		)
Net income (loss) attributable to Greenlight Capital Re, Ltd.	—			—			(350,054		)	(350,054		)	—			(350,054		)
Balance at December 31, 2018	$	3,638		$	499,726		$	(26,077	)	$	477,287		$	485		$	477,772

The accompanying Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements are an

integral part of the Consolidated Financial Statements. 

F-6

GREENLIGHT CAPITAL RE, LTD.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

Years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016

(expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars)

F-7

	2018			2017			2016
Cash provided by (used in) operating activities
Net income (loss)	$	(354,329	)	$	(44,374	)	$	46,700
Adjustments to reconcile net income or loss to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities
Loss (income) from investments in related party investment fund	60,573			—			—
Loss (income) from equity accounted investment	247			—			—
Net change in unrealized gains and losses on investments and financial contracts	32,597			41,444			(209,993		)
Net realized (gains) losses on investments and financial contracts	236,887			(87,618		)	113,836
Foreign exchange (gains) losses on investments	186			5,292			3,094
Share-based compensation expense, net of forfeitures	4,624			4,853			3,970
Amortization and interest expense	2,505			—			—
Depreciation expense	260			368			390
Net change in
Reinsurance balances receivable	1,511			(82,636		)	(31,186		)
Loss and loss adjustment expenses recoverable	(14,246		)	(26,755		)	664
Deferred acquisition costs, net	12,421			(1,328		)	(1,199		)
Unearned premiums ceded	139			(22,743		)	874
Other assets	411			705			2,171
Loss and loss adjustment expense reserves	18,282			157,739			644
Unearned premium reserves	(44,029		)	33,291			10,573
Reinsurance balances payable	(4,840		)	102,643			23,089
Funds withheld	(7,161		)	17,652			(1,216		)
Other liabilities	(5,346		)	(4,114		)	1,802
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities	(59,308		)	94,419			(35,787		)
Investing activities
Proceeds from redemptions from related party investment fund	96,635			—			—
Contributions to related party investment fund	(268,317		)	—			—
Purchases of investments	(402,244		)	(1,120,549		)	(1,310,837		)
Sales of investments, trading	1,002,374			1,036,665			1,470,118
Payments for financial contracts	(129,907		)	(24,714		)	(60,414		)
Proceeds from financial contracts	44,596			82,789			20,426
Securities sold, not yet purchased	340,693			1,120,506			699,237
Dispositions of securities sold, not yet purchased	(844,379		)	(1,253,176		)	(792,970		)
Change in due to prime brokers and other financial institutions	(672,700		)	352,870			(76,623		)
Change in notes receivable, net	1,636			5,237			(8,588		)
Non-controlling interest contribution into (withdrawal from) related party joint venture, net	(13,650		)	2,079			(7,756		)
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities	(845,263		)	201,707			(67,407		)
Financing activities
Net proceeds from issuance of convertible senior notes payable, net of costs	96,576			—			—
Repurchase of Class A ordinary shares	(16,503		)	(2,819		)	—
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities	80,073			(2,819		)	—
Effect of foreign exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	(3,369		)	(4,718		)	(3,048		)
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	(827,867		)	288,589			(106,242		)
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of the period (see Note 2)	1,531,098			1,242,509			1,348,751
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of the period (see Note 2)	$	703,231		$	1,531,098		$	1,242,509
Supplementary information
Interest paid in cash	$	11,088		$	10,062		$	7,823
Income tax paid in cash	4			—			—
Non-cash transfer of investments (Note 3)	125,008			—			—

The accompanying Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements are an

integral part of the Consolidated Financial Statements. 

F-8

GREENLIGHT CAPITAL RE, LTD.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016

1.   ORGANIZATION AND BASIS OF PRESENTATION

Greenlight Capital Re, Ltd. (“GLRE”) was incorporated as an exempted company under the Companies Law of the Cayman Islands on July 13, 2004. GLRE’s principal wholly-owned subsidiary, Greenlight Reinsurance, Ltd. (“Greenlight Re”), provides global specialty property and casualty reinsurance. Greenlight Re has a Class D insurer license issued in accordance with the terms of The Insurance Law, 2010 and underlying regulations thereto (the “Law”) and is subject to regulation by the Cayman Islands Monetary Authority (“CIMA”), in terms of the Law. Greenlight Re commenced underwriting in April 2006. Verdant Holding Company, Ltd. (“Verdant”), a wholly-owned subsidiary of GLRE, was incorporated in 2008 in the state of Delaware. During 2010, GLRE established Greenlight Reinsurance Ireland, Designated Activity Company (“GRIL”), a wholly-owned reinsurance subsidiary based in Dublin, Ireland. GRIL is authorized as a non-life reinsurance undertaking in accordance with the provisions of the European Union (Insurance and Reinsurance) Regulations 2015 (“Irish Regulations”). GRIL provides multi-line property and casualty reinsurance capacity to the European broker market and provides GLRE with an additional platform to serve clients located in Europe and North America.  As used herein, the “Company” refers collectively to GLRE and its consolidated subsidiaries.

The Company and its reinsurance subsidiaries are party to a joint venture agreement (the “venture agreement”) with DME Advisors, LP (“DME Advisors”) and DME Advisors LLC (“DME”) under which the Company, its reinsurance subsidiaries and DME are participants in a joint venture (the “Joint Venture”) for the purpose of managing certain jointly held assets. The Joint Venture created through the venture agreement has been consolidated in accordance with ASC 810, Consolidation (ASC 810). The Company has recorded DME’s minority interests as “Redeemable non-controlling interests in related party joint venture” and “Non-controlling interests in related party joint venture” in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. DME and DME Advisors are related to the Company and each is an affiliate of David Einhorn, Chairman of the Company’s Board of Directors.

On September 1, 2018, the Company entered into an amended and restated exempted limited partnership agreement (the “SILP LPA”) of Solasglas Investments, LP (“SILP”), with DME Advisors II, LLC (“DME II”), as General Partner, Greenlight Re, GRIL and the initial limited partner (each, a “Partner”). The SILP LPA, in conjunction with a participation agreement, replaced the venture agreement and assigned and/or transferred Greenlight Re’s and GRIL’s invested assets in the Joint Venture to SILP. The Joint Venture was terminated on January 2, 2019 by which date all assets were transferred to SILP (see Note 3 for details).

The Class A ordinary shares of GLRE are listed on Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbol “GLRE”.

These consolidated financial statements are prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”). The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of GLRE and the consolidated financial statements of its wholly owned subsidiaries, Greenlight Re, GRIL, Verdant and the Joint Venture. All significant intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated on consolidation.

Reclassifications and changes in description

Changes in the consolidated statements of operations and statements of cash flows

The Company’s consolidated statements of operations previously used the caption “Net income (loss) including non-controlling interest” to represent the net income (loss) before deducting non-controlling interest. Similarly, the caption “Net income (loss)” was used to represent the net income (loss) available to the Company after deducting non-controlling interest. For the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company amended the captions as follows:

•The caption “Net income (loss) including non-controlling interest” was renamed “Net income (loss)”.

•The caption “Net income (loss)” was renamed “Net income (loss) attributable to Greenlight Capital Re, Ltd.”

In addition, the Company’s consolidated statements of cash flows previously started with net income (loss) excluding income (loss) from non-controlling interest. The net income (loss) from non-controlling interest was presented as a reconciling item to the net cash flow from operating activities. For the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company amended the presentation to start with “Net income (loss)” which includes income from non-controlling interest. The prior period

F-9

comparative has been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation. The reclassification had no impact on the Company’s results of operations, financial position, earnings (loss) per share or net cash provided by (used in) operating activities.

The Company adopted ASU 2016-18, “Statements of Cash Flows - Restricted Cash (Topic 230)” during 2018 which resulted in reclassification of comparative periods presented in the Company’s consolidated statements of cash flows. Please refer to “Recently Issued Accounting Standards Adopted” in Note 2 for further details.

Other reclassification

Effective from the second quarter of 2018, contracts that cover more than one line of business are grouped as “multi-line”. The prior period comparative information in Note 17 has been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation. There was no material impact on the presentation of the Company’s results of operations or financial condition as a result of this reclassification.

2.   SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Use of Estimates

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of income and expenses during the period. Actual results could differ from these estimates. 

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents consist of cash and certain short-term, highly liquid investments with original maturity dates of three months or less.

Restricted Cash and Cash Equivalents

The Company maintains cash in segregated accounts with prime brokers and derivative counterparties. The amount of restricted cash held by prime brokers is primarily used to support the liabilities created from securities sold, not yet purchased and derivatives.

Restricted cash and cash equivalent balances are held to collateralize regulatory trusts and letters of credit issued to cedents (see Notes 5, 7 and 16). The amount of cash encumbered varies depending on the collateral required by those cedents.

The following table reconciles the cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash reported within the consolidated balance sheets to the total presented in the consolidated statements of cash flows:

	December 31, 2018		December 31, 2017
	($ in thousands)
Cash and cash equivalents	$	18,215	$	27,285
Restricted cash and cash equivalents	685,016		1,503,813
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash presented in the consolidated statements of cash flows	$	703,231	$	1,531,098

Premium Revenue Recognition

The Company writes excess of loss contracts and quota share contracts, and estimates the ultimate premiums for the contract period. These estimates are based on information received from the ceding companies and actuarial pricing models used by the Company. For excess of loss contracts, the total ultimate estimated premiums are recorded as premiums written at the inception of the contract. For quota share contracts, the premiums are recorded as written in the same periods in which the underlying insurance contracts are written, and are based on cession statements from cedents. These statements are typically received monthly or quarterly depending on the terms specified in each contract. For any reporting lag, premiums written are estimated based on the portion of the ultimate estimated premiums relating to the risks underwritten during the lag period. 

F-10

Premium estimates are reviewed by management at least quarterly. Such review includes a comparison of actual reported premiums to expected ultimate premiums along with a review of the aging and collection of premiums. Based on management’s review, the appropriateness of the premium estimates is evaluated, and any adjustments to these estimates are recorded in the period in which they are determined. Changes in premium estimates, including premium receivable on both excess of loss and quota share contracts, are not unusual and may result in significant adjustments in any period. A significant portion of amounts included in the caption “Reinsurance balances receivable” in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets represent estimated premiums written, net of commissions and brokerage, and are not currently due based on the terms of the underlying contracts. Additional premiums due on a contract that has no remaining coverage period are earned in full when written.

Certain contracts allow for reinstatement premiums in the event of a loss. Reinstatement premiums are written and earned when a triggering loss event occurs.

Certain contracts may provide for a penalty to be paid if the contract is terminated and canceled prior to its expiration. Cancellation penalties are recognized in the period the notice of cancellation is received and are recorded in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations under the caption “Other income (expense), net”.

Premiums written are generally recognized as earned over the contract period in proportion to the risk covered. Unearned premiums represent the unexpired portion of reinsurance provided.

Reinsurance Premiums Ceded

The Company reduces the risk of future losses on business assumed by reinsuring certain risks and exposures with other reinsurers (retrocessionaires). The Company remains liable to the extent that any retrocessionaire fails to meet its obligations and to the extent the Company does not hold sufficient security for their unpaid obligations.

Ceded premiums are written during the period in which the risks incept and the associated expense is recognized over the contract period in proportion to the protection provided. Unearned premiums ceded represent the unexpired portion of reinsurance obtained.

Acquisition Costs

Policy acquisition costs are costs that vary with, and are directly related to, the successful production of new and renewal business, and consist principally of commissions, taxes and brokerage expenses. Acquisition costs incurred on reinsurance assumed are shown net of commissions earned on reinsurance ceded. However, if the sum of a contract’s expected losses and loss expenses and deferred acquisition costs exceeds associated unearned premiums and investment income, a premium deficiency is determined to exist. In this event, deferred acquisition costs are written off to the extent necessary to eliminate the premium deficiency. If the premium deficiency exceeds deferred acquisition costs then a liability is accrued for the excess deficiency. There were no significant premium deficiency adjustments recognized during the periods presented herein.

Policy acquisition costs also include profit commissions, which are recognized on a basis consistent with our estimate of losses and loss expenses. As of December 31, 2018, $8.5 million (2017: $11.9 million) of profit commission reserves were included in the caption “Reinsurance balances payable” in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. For the year ended December 31, 2018, $18.2 million, (2017: $2.0 million, 2016: $6.5 million) of net profit commission expense was included in the caption “Acquisition costs” in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations.

Funds Withheld

Funds withheld represent reinsurance balances retained as collateral by the Company on retroceded contracts. Any interest expense that the Company incurs while these funds are withheld are included under the caption “Net investment income (loss)” in the consolidated statements of operations.

Loss and Loss Adjustment Expense Reserves and Recoverable

The Company’s loss and loss adjustment expense reserves are composed of: 

● case reserves resulting from claims notified to the Company by its clients; and

● reserves for estimated loss and loss adjustment expenses that have been incurred by insureds and reinsureds but not yet reported to the insurer or reinsurer, including unknown future developments on loss and loss adjustment expenses which are known to the insurer or reinsurer).

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These estimated ultimate reserves are based on the Company’s own actuarial estimates derived from reports received from ceding companies, industry data and historical experience. These estimates are reviewed by the Company’s reserving committee at least quarterly and adjusted as necessary. Since reserves are estimates, the final settlement of losses may vary from the reserves established and any adjustments to the estimates, which may be material, are recorded in the period they are determined.

Loss estimates are based upon actuarial and statistical projections, an assessment of currently available data, predictions of future developments, estimates of future trends and other factors. The final settlement of losses may vary, perhaps materially, from the reserves recorded. All adjustments to the estimates are recorded in the period in which they are determined. U.S. GAAP does not permit establishing loss reserves, which include case reserves and IBNR loss reserves, until the occurrence of an event which may give rise to a claim. As a result, only loss reserves applicable to losses incurred up to the reporting date are established, with no allowance for the establishment of loss reserves to account for expected future loss events.

Loss and loss adjustment expenses recoverable represent the amounts due from retrocessionaires for unpaid loss and loss adjustment expenses on retrocession agreements. Ceded losses incurred but not reported are estimated based on the Company’s actuarial estimates. These estimates are reviewed periodically and adjusted when deemed necessary. The Company may ultimately be unable to recover the loss and loss adjustment expense recoverable amounts due to the retrocessionaires’ inability to pay. The Company regularly evaluates the financial condition of its retrocessionaires and records provisions for uncollectible reinsurance expenses recoverable when recovery is no longer probable.

For natural peril exposed business, loss reserves are generally established based on loss payments and case reserves reported by clients when, and if, received. Estimates for IBNR losses are added to the case reserves as the Company deems appropriate. To establish IBNR loss estimates, the Company uses estimates communicated by ceding companies, industry data and information, knowledge of the business written and management’s judgment.

For all non-natural peril business, initial reserves for each individual contract are determined on the basis of a combination of: (i) the pricing analysis of the expected loss and loss expense ratio performed prior to the contract being bound; (ii) the underwriter’s detailed knowledge of the cedent, its operations and future business plans; and (iii) the professional judgment and recommendation of the Chief Actuary. In the pricing analysis, the Company utilizes information both from the individual client and from industry data. This information typically includes, but is not limited to, data related to premiums, losses, exposure, business mix, industry performance and associated trends covering as much history as deemed appropriate. The level of detail within the data obtained varies greatly depending on the underlying contract, line of business, client and/or coverage provided. In all cases, the Company requests each client to provide data for each reporting period, which, depending on the contract, could be on a monthly or quarterly basis. The exact data reporting requirements are specified in the terms and conditions of each contract. Where practical, historical reserving data that is received from a client is compared to publicly available financial statements of the client to identify, confirm and monitor the accuracy and completeness of the data.

Generally, the Company obtains regular updates of premium and loss related information for the current and historical periods, which are utilized to update the initial expected loss and loss expense ratio. There may be a time lag from when claims are reported by the underlying insured to the Company’s cedent and subsequently when the cedent reports the claims to the Company. This time lag may impact the Company’s loss reserve estimates from period to period. Client reports have pre-determined due dates (for example, fifteen days after each month end). As a result, the time lag in the client’s reporting depends upon the terms of the specific contract. The timing of the reporting requirements is designed so that the Company receives premium and loss information as soon as practicable once the client has closed its books. Accordingly, there should be a short lag in such reporting. Additionally, most of the contracts that have the potential for large single event losses have provisions that such loss notifications are provided to the Company immediately upon the occurrence of an event. Once the updated information is received, the Company uses a variety of standard actuarial methods for its analysis each quarter. Such methods may include the following: 

F-12

● Paid Loss Development Method.  Ultimate losses are estimated by calculating past paid loss development factors and applying them to exposure periods with further expected paid loss development. The paid loss development method assumes that losses are paid in a consistent pattern. It provides an objective test of reported loss projections because paid losses contain no reserve estimates.

● Reported Loss Development Method. Ultimate losses are estimated by calculating past reported loss development factors and applying them to exposure periods with further expected reported loss development. Since reported losses include payments and case reserves, changes in both of these amounts are incorporated in this method.

● Expected Loss Ratio Method. Ultimate losses are estimated by multiplying earned premiums by an expected loss ratio. The expected loss ratio is selected using industry data, historical company data and actuarial professional judgment. This method is typically used for lines of business and contracts where there are no historical losses or where past loss experience is not considered applicable to the current period.

● Bornhuetter-Ferguson Paid Loss Method. Ultimate losses are estimated by modifying expected loss ratios to the extent that paid losses experienced to date differ from what would have been expected to have been paid based upon the selected paid loss development pattern. This method avoids some of the distortions that could result from a large development factor being applied to a small base of paid losses to calculate ultimate losses.

● Bornhuetter-Ferguson Reported Loss Method. Ultimate losses are estimated by modifying expected loss ratios to the extent reported losses experienced to date differ from what would have been expected to have been reported based upon the selected reported loss development pattern. This method avoids some of the distortions that could result from a large development factor being applied to a small base of reported losses to calculate ultimate losses.

● Frequency / Severity Method. Ultimate losses are estimated under this method by multiplying the ultimate number of claims (i.e. the frequency multiplied by the exposure base on which the frequency has been determined), by the estimated ultimate average cost per claim (i.e. the severity). This approach enables trends and patterns in the rates of claims emergence (i.e. reporting) and settlement (i.e. closure), as well as in the average cost of claims, to be analyzed separately.

In addition, the Company may supplement its analysis with other reserving methodologies that are deemed to be relevant to specific contracts.

For each contract, the Company utilizes reserving methodologies that are deemed appropriate to calculate a best, or “point,” estimate of reserves. The decision as to whether to use a single methodology or a combination of multiple methodologies depends upon the segment of the portfolio being analyzed and the judgment of the actuaries. The Company’s reserving methodology does not require a fixed weighting of the various methods used. Certain methods are considered more appropriate than others depending on the type, structure, age, maturity and duration of the expected losses on the contract. For example, the ultimate incurred loss for contracts that are relatively new (and therefore have experienced little paid loss development) may be more appropriately estimated using a Bornhuetter-Ferguson reported loss method than a paid loss development method.

The Company’s gross aggregate reserves are the sum of the point estimate reserves of all portfolio exposures. Generally, IBNR loss reserves are calculated by estimating the ultimate incurred losses at any point in time and subtracting cumulative paid claims and case reserves. Each quarter, the Company’s reserving committee, which is led by the Chief Actuary, meets to assess the adequacy of our loss reserves based on the reserve analysis and recommendations prepared by the Company’s reserving department. The reserving committee reviews, discusses and puts forward a recommendation as to what the booked loss reserves should be for the Company for approval to the Audit Committee.

Additionally, an independent third-party actuarial firm performs a quarterly reserve review and annually opines on the reasonableness and adequacy of the aggregate loss reserves. The Company provides the third-party actuarial firm with its pricing models, reserving analysis and any other data. Additionally, the actuarial firm may inquire as to the various assumptions and estimates used in the reserving analysis. The actuarial firm independently creates its own reserving models based on industry loss information, augmented by specific client loss information as well as its own independent assumptions and estimates. Based on various reserving methodologies that the actuarial firm considers appropriate, it creates a loss reserve estimate for each segment in the portfolio and recommends an aggregate loss reserve, including IBNR. In the event of material differences between the Company's aggregated booked reserves and the actuarial firm's recommended reserves, the reserving committee and Audit Committee would be notified, with the reserves adjusted as deemed appropriate. To date there have been no material differences resulting from the external actuary’s reviews requiring adjustments to the Company’s booked reserves.

We do not typically experience significant claims processing backlogs, although such backlogs may occur following a major catastrophic event. At December 31, 2018 and 2017, we did not have a significant backlog in our claims processing.

There were no significant changes in the actuarial methodology or assumptions relating to the Company’s loss and loss adjustment expense reserves during the year ended December 31, 2018.

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Notes Receivable

Notes receivable represent promissory notes receivable from third parties. These notes are recorded at cost plus accrued interest, if any, which approximates the fair value. Interest income and realized gains or losses on sale of notes receivable are included in the caption “Net investment income (loss)” in the consolidated statements of operations.

The Company regularly reviews all notes receivable individually for impairment and records valuation allowance provisions for uncollectible and non-performing notes. The Company places notes on non-accrual status when the recorded value of the note is not considered impaired but there is uncertainty as to the collection of interest in accordance with the terms of the note. For notes receivable placed on non-accrual status, the notes are presented excluding any accrued interest amount. The Company resumes the accrual of interest on a note when none of the principal or interest remains past due, and the Company expects to collect the remaining contractual principal and interest. Interest collected on notes that are placed on non-accrual status is treated on a cash basis and recorded as interest income when collected, provided that the recorded value of the note is deemed to be fully collectible. Where doubt exists as to the collectability of the remaining recorded value of the notes placed on non-accrual status, any payments received are applied to reduce the recorded value of the notes.

At December 31, 2018, $9.8 million of notes receivable (net of any valuation allowance) were on non-accrual status

(2017: $14.4 million) and payments received were applied to reduce the recorded value of the notes.

At December 31, 2018 and 2017, $0.2 million and $0.1 million, respectively, of accrued interest was included in the caption “Notes receivable” in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. Based on management’s assessment, the recorded values of the notes receivable, net of valuation allowance, at December 31, 2018 and 2017, were assessed to be fully collectible.

Deposit Assets and Liabilities

The Company applies deposit accounting to reinsurance contracts that do not transfer sufficient insurance risk to merit reinsurance accounting. Under deposit accounting, an asset or liability is recognized based on the consideration paid or received. The deposit asset or liability balance is subsequently adjusted using the interest method with a corresponding income or expense recorded in the consolidated statements of income as other income or expense. The Company’s deposit assets and liabilities are recorded in the consolidated balance sheets in the caption “Reinsurance balances receivable” and “Reinsurance balances payable”, respectively. At December 31, 2018, deposit assets and deposit liabilities were $11.9 million and $52.9 million, respectively (2017: $19.4 million and $28.1 million, respectively). For the year ended December 31, 2018, interest income and expense on deposit accounted contracts was $1.5 million and $1.2 million, respectively (2017: interest income and expense of $0.2 million and $0.6 million, respectively).

Equity Method Accounted Investments

Investee companies that are not consolidated, but over which the Company exercises significant influence, are accounted for under the equity method of accounting. Whether the Company exercises significant influence with respect to an investee depends on an evaluation of several factors including, among others, representation on the investee company’s board of directors and ownership level, which is generally a 20% to 50% interest in the voting securities of the investee company. Under the equity method of accounting, an investee company’s accounts are not reflected within the Company’s consolidated balance sheets and statements of operations; however, the Company’s share of the earnings or losses of the investee company is reflected in the caption ‘‘Net investment income (loss)’’ in the Consolidated statements of operations. The Company’s carrying value in an equity method investee company is reflected in the caption ‘‘Other investments’’ in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets.

When the Company’s carrying value in an equity method investee company is reduced to zero, no further losses are recorded in the Company’s consolidated financial statements unless the Company guaranteed the obligations of the investee company or has committed additional funding (see Notes 3 and 4).

Variable Interest Entities

The Company accounts for the investments it makes in certain legal entities in which equity investors do not have (1) sufficient equity at risk for the legal entity to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support, or (2) as a group, the holders of the equity investment at risk do not have either the power, through voting or similar rights, to direct the activities of the legal entity that most significantly impact the entity’s economic performance, or (3) the obligation to absorb the expected losses of the legal entity or the right to receive expected residual returns of the legal entity. These legal entities are referred to as “variable interest entities” or “VIEs.”

F-14

The Company would consolidate the results of any such entity in which it determined that it had a controlling financial interest. The Company would have a “controlling financial interest” in such an entity if the Company had both the power to direct the activities that most significantly affect the VIE’s economic performance and the obligation to absorb the losses of, or right to receive benefits from, the VIE that could be potentially significant to the VIE. On a quarterly basis, the Company reassesses whether it has a controlling financial interest in any such entities.

Financial Instruments

The Company invests in debt instruments and equity securities that are classified as “trading securities” and are carried at fair value.

The Company purchases “other investments” which may include investments in private and unlisted equity securities, limited partnerships and commodities, all of which are carried at fair value.

For securities classified as “trading securities” and “other investments”, any realized and unrealized gains or losses are determined on the basis of the specific identification method (by reference to cost or amortized cost, as appropriate) and included in the caption “Net investment income (loss)” in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations.

Interest income and interest expense are recorded on an accrual basis. Dividend income and expense are recorded on the ex-dividend date. “Ex-dividend” indicates that the quoted price of a share of stock excludes the value of a declared dividend. Investors purchasing shares between the declaration and ex-dividend dates are entitled to receive the dividend, whereas investors purchasing shares on or after the ex-dividend date are not entitled to the dividend.

Derivative Financial Instruments

The Company enters into financial contracts with counterparties as part of its investment strategy. Financial contracts, which include total return swaps, credit default swaps (“CDS”), futures, options, currency forwards and other derivative instruments, are recorded at their fair values with any changes in unrealized gains and losses included in the caption “Net investment income (loss)” in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations. The caption “Financial contracts receivable” in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets represents derivative contracts whereby, based upon the contract’s current fair value, the Company will be entitled to receive payments upon settlement of the contract. The caption “Financial contracts payable” represents derivative contracts whereby, based upon each contract’s current fair value, the Company will be obligated to make payments upon settlement of the contract.

The Company’s derivatives do not qualify as hedges for financial reporting purposes and are recorded in the consolidated balance sheets on a gross basis and not offset against any collateral pledged or received. Pursuant to International Swaps and Derivatives Association (“ISDA”) master agreements, securities lending agreements and other agreements, the Company and its counterparties typically have the ability to net certain payments owed to each other in specified circumstances. In addition, in the event a party to one of the ISDA master agreements, securities lending agreements or other agreements defaults, or a transaction is otherwise subject to termination, the non-defaulting party generally has the right to set off outstanding balances due from the defaulting party against payments owed to the defaulting party or collateral held by the non-defaulting party.

Additionally. the Company may, from time to time, enter into underwriting-related derivatives including industry loss warranty (“ILW”) contracts.

Transfer of Financial Assets

The Company accounts for transfers of financial assets as sales when it has surrendered control over the related assets. Whether control has been relinquished requires, among other things, an evaluation of relevant legal considerations and an assessment of the nature and extent of the Company’s continuing involvement with the assets transferred. Gains and losses stemming from transfers reported as sales, if any, are included as realized gains (losses) within the caption “Net investment income (loss)” in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations.

In instances where a transfer of financial assets does not qualify for sale accounting, the transaction is accounted for as a collateralized borrowing. Accordingly, the related assets remain on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets and continue to be reported and accounted for as if the transfer had not occurred (see Notes 3 and 4).

Share-Based Compensation

The Company has established a stock incentive plan for directors, employees and consultants.

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The Company recognizes share-based compensation costs on the basis of the fair value at the grant date of the award. The Company measures compensation for restricted shares and restricted stock units (“RSUs”) based on the price of the Company’s common shares at the grant date. For restricted shares and RSUs with both service and performance vesting conditions, the expense is recognized based on management’s estimate of the probability of the performance conditions being achieved based on historical results and expectations of future results. If the performance conditions are expected to be met, the expense is attributed to the period for which the requisite service has been rendered. For restricted shares and RSUs with only service vesting conditions, the expense is recognized on a straight line basis over the vesting period, net of any estimated or expected forfeitures.

The forfeiture rate is estimated based on the Company’s historical actual forfeitures relating to restricted shares and RSUs granted to employees. The forfeiture rate is reviewed annually and adjusted as necessary. No forfeiture rate is used for restricted shares granted to directors which vest over a twelve-month period.

Determining the fair value of share purchase options at the grant date requires significant estimation and judgment. The Company uses the Black-Scholes option pricing model to assist in the calculation of fair value for share purchase options. The model requires estimation of various inputs such as estimated term, forfeiture and dividend rates and expected volatility. In determining the grant date fair value, the Company uses the full ten-year life of the options as the estimated term, and assumes no forfeitures and no dividends paid during the life of the options. The estimate of expected volatility is based on the daily historical trading data of the Company’s Class A ordinary shares from the date that these shares commenced trading (May 24, 2007) to the grant date.

For share purchase options issued under the employee stock incentive plan, the compensation cost is calculated and recognized over the vesting periods on a graded vesting basis (see Note 12). 

Convertible Notes

The Company has determined that the senior convertible notes’ cash conversion option represents an embedded derivative, which has therefore been bifurcated from the underlying contract for financial reporting purposes. For the debt component, the Company recorded a liability equivalent to the present value of comparable debt without the conversion features at the time of issuance. The remainder of the proceeds, which represented the embedded derivative, were included in additional paid-in capital, a component of shareholders’ equity.

Costs incurred in issuing the convertible notes consisted primarily of underwriting, legal, accounting and printing fees. The Company allocated the costs associated with the debt and derivative components ratably to the liability and shareholders’ equity balances, respectively. The debt-related portion of these costs has been capitalized and deducted from the principal of senior convertible notes payable in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. These costs are amortized over the term of the debt and are included in the caption “Interest expense” in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations. The issuance costs allocated to the embedded derivative have been deducted from additional paid-in capital.

Foreign Exchange

The reporting and functional currency of the Company and all its subsidiaries is the U.S. dollar. Transactions in foreign currencies are recorded in U.S. dollars at the exchange rates in effect on the transaction date. Monetary assets and liabilities in foreign currencies at the balance sheet date are converted at the exchange rate in effect at the balance sheet date and exchange gains and losses, if any, are included in the caption “Other income (expense), net” in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations. 

Other Assets

Other assets consist primarily of prepaid expenses, fixed assets, other receivables and deferred tax assets.

F-16

Other Liabilities

Other liabilities consist primarily of employee bonus accruals. At December 31, 2018, other liabilities included estimated accrued bonus of $3.3 million (2017: $6.4 million). Under the Company’s bonus program, the majority of employees’ target bonus consists of two components: a discretionary component based on a qualitative assessment of such employee’s performance and a quantitative component based on the return on deployed equity (‘‘RODE”) for each underwriting year relating to reinsurance operations. The qualitative portion of an employee’s annual bonus is accrued at each employee’s target amount, which may differ significantly from the actual amount approved and awarded annually by the Compensation Committee. The quantitative portion of each employee’s annual bonus is accrued based on the expected RODE for each underwriting year and adjusted for changes in the expected RODE and actual investment return each quarter until all losses are settled and the underwriting year is declared closed. The actual quantitative bonus, which requires the approval of the Compensation Committee, is paid in annual installments of three to five years from the end of the year in which the business was underwritten. Any further changes are incorporated into the following open underwriting year. The expected RODE calculation utilizes proprietary models which require significant estimation and judgment. Actual RODE may vary significantly from the RODE initially calculated and any adjustments to the quantitative bonus estimates, which may be material, are recorded in the period in which they are determined. 

Also included in the caption “Other liabilities” are accruals for professional fees and other general expenses.

Comprehensive Income (Loss)

The Company has no comprehensive income or loss, other than the net income or loss disclosed in the consolidated statements of operations.

Earnings (Loss) Per Share

The Company treats its unvested restricted stock awards, which contain non-forfeitable rights to dividends or dividend equivalents, whether paid or unpaid, as “participating securities.” Basic earnings (loss) per share is calculated on the basis of the weighted average number of common shares and participating securities outstanding during the period. Diluted earnings (or loss) per share includes the dilutive effect of the following:

• RSUs issued that would convert to common shares upon vesting;

• additional potential common shares issuable when stock options are exercised, determined using the treasury stock method; and

• those common shares with the potential to be issued by virtue of convertible debt and other such convertible instruments, determined using the treasury stock method.

Diluted earnings (or loss) per share contemplates a conversion to common shares of all convertible instruments only if they are dilutive in nature with regards to earnings per share. In the event of a net loss, all RSUs, stock options outstanding, convertible debt and participating securities are excluded from the calculation of both basic and diluted loss per share as their inclusion would be anti-dilutive.

The table below presents the shares outstanding for the purposes of its calculation of earnings (loss) per share for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016:

	Year ended December 31
	2018	2017	2016
Weighted average shares outstanding - basic	35,951,659	37,002,260	37,267,145
Effect of dilutive employee and director share-based awards	—	—	72,873
Weighted average shares outstanding - diluted	35,951,659	37,002,260	37,340,018
Anti-dilutive stock options outstanding	935,627	358,741	435,991
Participating securities excluded from calculation of loss per share	432,457	331,510	—

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Taxation

Under current Cayman Islands law, no corporate entity, including GLRE and Greenlight Re, is obligated to pay taxes in the Cayman Islands on either income or capital gains. The Company has an undertaking from the Governor-in-Cabinet of the Cayman Islands, pursuant to the provisions of the Tax Concessions Law, as amended, that, in the event that the Cayman Islands enacts any legislation that imposes tax on profits, income, gains or appreciations, or any tax in the nature of estate duty or inheritance tax, such tax will not be applicable to GLRE, Greenlight Re nor their respective operations, or to the Class A or Class B ordinary shares or related obligations, until February 1, 2025.

Verdant is incorporated in Delaware and therefore is subject to taxes in accordance with the U.S. federal rates and regulations prescribed by the U.S. Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”). Verdant’s taxable income is generally expected to be taxed at a marginal rate of 21% (2017: 21%). Verdant’s tax years 2014 and beyond remain open and subject to examination by the IRS.

GRIL is incorporated in Ireland and therefore is subject to the Irish corporation tax rate of 12.5% on its trading income, and 25% on its non-trading income, if any.

Any deferred tax asset is evaluated for recovery and a valuation allowance is recorded to the extent that the Company considers it more likely than not that all or a portion of the deferred tax asset will not be realized in the future. Other than the evaluation of a valuation allowance for deferred tax assets, the Company has not taken any income tax positions that are subject to significant uncertainty that is reasonably likely to have a material impact on the Company. 

Segment Information

The Company manages its business on the basis of one operating segment, Property and Casualty Reinsurance.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Recently Issued Accounting Standards Adopted

In February 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-03, “Technical Corrections and Improvements to Financial Instruments – Overall (Subtopic 825-10): Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities” (“ASU 2018-03”). This guidance made targeted improvements to address certain aspects of the recognition, measurement, presentation, and disclosure of financial instruments. The Company adopted ASU 2018-03 during 2018. There was no material impact on the Company’s results of operations or financial condition upon adoption of the new standard.

In November 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-18, “Statements of Cash Flows - Restricted Cash (Topic 230)” (“ASU 2016-18”) to address diversity in practice that exists in the classification and presentation of changes in restricted cash on the statement of cash flows. ASU 2016-18 requires that a statement of cash flows explain the change during the period in the total of cash, cash equivalents, and amounts generally described as restricted cash or restricted cash equivalents. The Company adopted ASU 2016-18 during 2018 and consequently the Company’s restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents are now included with cash and cash equivalents when reconciling the beginning-of-period and end-of-period total amounts shown on the consolidated statements of cash flows. For comparative purposes, amounts in the prior years have been reclassified to conform to current year presentations. There was no material impact on the Company’s results of operations or financial condition upon adoption of the new standard.

In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-01 "Financial Instruments - Overall (Subtopic 825-10). Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities” (“ASU 2016-01”) in order to enhance the reporting model for financial instruments to provide users of financial statements with more decision-useful information. ASU 2016-01 addresses certain aspects of recognition, measurement, presentation, and disclosure of financial instruments. The Company adopted ASU 2016-01 during 2018. There was no material impact on the Company’s results of operations or financial condition upon adoption of the new standard.

The FASB has issued ASU No. 2014-09, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers”, and related amendments, ASU 2015-14, ASU 2016-10, ASU 2016-12, ASU 2016-20, ASU 2017-05 and ASU 2017-13, (collectively, “Topic 606”). Topic 606 creates a new comprehensive revenue recognition standard that will serve as a single source of revenue guidance for all companies that either enter into contracts with customers to transfer goods or services or enter into contracts for the transfer of non-financial assets, unless those contracts are within the scope of other standards, such as insurance contracts. Topic 606 became effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017, and interim periods within those fiscal years. The Company adopted Topic 606 during 2018, and as the Company’s revenues generally relate to reinsurance contracts and

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investment income, there was no material impact on the Company’s results of operations or financial condition upon adoption of the new standard.

Recently Issued Accounting Standards Not Yet Adopted

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, “Leases (Topic 842)” (“ASU 2016-02”). Under the new guidance, lessees will be required to recognize the following for all leases (with the exception of short-term leases) at the commencement date: a lease liability, which is a lessee’s obligation to make lease payments arising from a lease, measured on a discounted basis; and a right-of-use asset, which is an asset that represents the lessee’s right to use, or control the use of, a specified asset for the lease term. In July 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-11, to add a transition option allowing entities to not apply the new leases standard, including its disclosure requirements, in the comparative periods they present in their financial statements in the year of adoption. ASU 2018-11 and ASU 2016-02 are effective for public companies for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted for any organization in any interim or annual period. The Company currently has operating leases for its office spaces as disclosed in Note 16 of the consolidated financial statements which will be recognized as right-of-use asset upon adoption of ASU 2016-02. The Company is in the process of evaluating the impact of adopting ASU 2016-02 on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and anticipates the adoption of ASU 2018-11 and ASU 2016-02 to have no material impact on the Company’s results of operations or financial condition.

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, “Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurements of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments” (“ASU 2016-13”). ASU 2016-13 amends the guidance on reporting credits losses and affects loans, debt securities, trade receivables, reinsurance recoverables and other financial assets that have the contractual right to receive cash. The amendment is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2019, and interim periods within those annual periods. Early adoption is permitted for any organization for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2018 and interim periods within those annual periods. The Company is in the process of evaluating the impact of the requirements of ASU 2016-13 on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and anticipates implementing ASU 2016-13 during 2020.

3. INVESTMENT IN RELATED PARTY INVESTMENT FUND

Effective September 1, 2018, Greenlight Re and GRIL entered into the SILP LPA with DME II. In accordance with the SILP LPA, DME II serves as the general partner of SILP. Pursuant to the IAA, DME Advisors is the investment manager for SILP. In addition, on September 1, 2018, Greenlight Re and GRIL, together the “GLRE Limited Partners”, and SILP executed a Participation Agreement pursuant to which the GLRE Limited Partners transferred a participation interest in the assets that were subject to the Joint Venture (except for certain assets that were mutually agreed and excluded from participating) to SILP (collectively referred to as the “LP Transaction”). SILP issued limited partner interests to the GLRE Limited Partners proportionate to and based on the net asset value transferred by each such entity effective September 1, 2018. The Joint Venturewas terminated on January 2, 2019, the date by which substantially all assets were transferred to SILP in accordance with the SILP LPA.

As a result of the changes described above, the Company’s investment in SILP has been presented on the consolidated balance sheets in the caption “Investment in related party investment fund”. In assessing the Company’s interest in SILP in accordance with the Company’s accounting policy for variable interest entities, the Company determined whether the GLRE Limited Partners met the power and benefits criterion. The Company determined that DME II serves as SILP’s general partner and has the power of appointing the investment manager. The Company does not have the power to appoint, change or replace the investment manager or the general partner except “for cause.” Neither of the GLRE Limited Partners can participate in the investment decisions of SILP as long as SILP adheres to the investment guidelines provided within the SILP LPA. The Company concluded that since GLRE Limited Partners did not have substantive participating rights or kick-out rights, it did not meet the power criterion. The Company determined that DME II meets the power criterion and further considered whether DME II meets the benefits criterion. DME II holds an interest in excess of 10% of SILP’s net assets which the Company considers to represent an obligation to absorb losses and a right to receive benefits of SILP that are significant to SILP. Consequently, the Company has determined that DME II meets the benefits criterion as well as the power criterion and is therefore SILP’s primary beneficiary.

The Company accounted for the transfer of the investment assets to SILP as a sale. The underlying investment liabilities were extinguished from the Company’s consolidated balance sheet as they were either settled, novated or legally transferred to SILP as part of the LP Transaction. There were no net gains or losses resulting from the transfer of net assets. There was no cash paid or received by the Company as part of the LP Transaction.

F-19

At December 31, 2018, certain assets that were subject to the Participation Agreement for which the GLRE Limited Partners received an interest in SILP had not transferred legal title to SILP. While the rights and privileges relating to those assets had been transferred to SILP, those assets are reported on the consolidated balance sheets until legal title has transferred to SILP. The Company has accounted for those assets as collateralized borrowing and recorded a liability in the caption, “Due to related party investment fund”, relating to the Company’s obligation to transfer those assets to SILP.

The Company’s maximum exposure to loss relating to SILP is limited to the net asset value of the GLRE Limited Partners’ investment in SILP. As of December 31, 2018, the net asset value of the GLRE Limited Partners’ investment in SILP was $235.6 million, representing 84.9% of SILP’s total net assets. The remaining 15.1% of SILP’s total net assets was held by DME II. The investment in SILP is recorded at the GLRE Limited Partners’ share of the net asset value of SILP as reported by SILP’s third party administrator, which approximates fair value. The GLRE Limited Partners can redeem their assets from SILP for operational purposes by providing three business days’ notice to DME II. The majority of SILP’s long investments are composed of publicly-traded equity securities and other holdings, which can be readily liquidated to meet any GLRE Limited Partners’ redemption requests. The Company’s share of change in the net asset value of SILP for the year ended December 31, 2018 was a loss of $60.6 million, and included in the caption “Income (loss) from investment in related party investment fund” in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations.

During the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company transferred the rights to $366.3 million of net investments from Greenlight RE and GRIL’s Joint Venture investment accounts to SILP in exchange for limited partnership interests of the same amount, resulting in no net gain or loss. The transfer of assets included non-cash items as follows:

Non-cash transactions	($ in thousands)
Net investments transferred to related party investment fund (excluding cash and restricted cash)	$	124,344
Participating interest transferred to related party investment fund	664
Total non-cash transfer of assets	$	125,008

The Company has determined that for its fiscal year ended year ended December 31, 2018, the Company’s investment in SILP did not meet the conditions of a significant subsidiary under Rule 1-02(w) of Regulation S-X. The summarized financial statements of SILP are presented below.

F-20

Summarized Statement of Operations of Solasglas Investments, LP

	From September 1, 2018 (commencement of operations) to December 31, 2018
	($ in thousands)
Investment income
Dividend income (net of withholding taxes)	$	2,160
Interest income	1,868
Total Investment income	4,028
Expenses
Management fee	(3,100		)
Interest	(2,627		)
Dividends	(1,608		)
Professional fees and other	(483		)
Total expenses	(7,818		)
Net investment income (loss)	(3,790		)
Realized and change in unrealized gains (losses) on investments
Net realized gain (loss) on investments	(80,996		)
Net change in unrealized appreciation on investments	14,789
Net gain (loss) on investments	(66,207		)
Net income (loss)	$	(69,997	)
GLRE Limited Partners’ share of net income (loss)	$	(60,573	)

F-21

Summarized Statement of Assets and Liabilities of Solasglas Investments, LP

	December 31, 2018
	($ in thousands)
Assets
Investments, at fair value	$	464,461
Due from brokers	77,821
Cash and cash equivalents	13,200
Interest and dividends receivable	2,358
Total assets	557,840
Liabilities and partners’ capital
Liabilities
Investments sold, not yet purchased, at fair value	(225,072		)
Notes Payable	(30,000		)
Due to brokers	(23,951		)
Interest and dividends payable	(1,238		)
Other liabilities	(169		)
Total liabilities	(280,430		)
Net Assets	$	277,410
GLRE Limited Partners’ share of Net Assets	$	235,612

4.     FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS

In the normal course of its business, the Company purchases and sells various financial instruments, which may include listed and unlisted equities, corporate and sovereign debt, commodities, futures, put and call options, currency forwards, other derivatives and similar instruments sold, not yet purchased.

The Company is exposed to credit risk in relation to counterparties that may default on their obligations to the Company. The amount of counterparty credit risk predominantly relates to the value of financial contracts receivable and assets held at counterparties. The Company mitigates its counterparty credit risk by (i) using several counterparties, which decreases the likelihood of any significant concentration of credit risk with any one counterparty and (ii) obtaining collateral from its counterparties based on the value of the financial contracts receivable. In addition, the Company is exposed to credit risk on corporate and sovereign debt instruments to the extent that the debtors may default on their debt obligations.    

The Company is exposed to market risk including interest rate and foreign exchange fluctuations on financial instruments that are valued at market prices. Market movements can be significant and difficult to predict. This volatility may affect the gains or losses ultimately realized by the Company upon the sale of its holdings, as well as the amount of net investment income (loss) reported in the consolidated statements of operations. Management utilizes the services of the Company’s investment advisor to monitor the Company’s positions to reduce the risk of loss due to changes in market values. The investment advisor may be limited in its ability to trade certain investments on behalf of the Company.

Purchases and sales of investments are disclosed in the Company’s consolidated statements of cash flows. The following table summarizes the change in unrealized gains and losses and the realized gains and losses on financial instruments included in the caption “Net investment income (loss)” in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016:

F-22

	Year ended December 31
	2018			2017			2016
	($ in thousands)
Gross realized gains	$	303,674		$	267,904		$	188,700
Gross realized losses	(540,561		)	(180,286		)	(302,536		)
Net realized gains (losses)	$	(236,887	)	$	87,618		$	(113,836	)
Change in unrealized gains and losses	$	(32,597	)	$	(41,444	)	$	209,993

As of December 31, 2018, cash and investments with a fair value of $221.7 million (2017: $200.4 million) have been pledged as security against letters of credit issued, and $463.4 million (2017: $377.9 million) have been pledged as security relating to regulatory trusts.

As of December 31, 2018, the Company’s investments in SILP was in excess of 10% of the Company’s total shareholders’ equity, with fair value of $235.6 million, representing 49.3%, of total shareholders’ equity.

As of December 31, 2017, the Company’s investments in General Motors, Brighthouse Financial Inc, gold and gold derivatives, Bayer AG and Mylan NV were in excess of 10% of the Company’s total shareholders’ equity, with fair values of $205.5 million, or 24.3%, $132.4 million or 15.7%, $121.5 million, or 14.4%, $103.6 million or 12.3% and $84.8 million or 10.0%, respectively, of total shareholders’ equity.

Investments

Debt instruments, trading

At December 31, 2018, the Company held no debt instruments as a result of the LP Transaction discussed in Note 3 above.

At December 31, 2017, the Company held the following debt instruments:

	Cost/  amortized  cost		Unrealized  gains		Unrealized  losses			Fair  value
	($ in thousands)
Corporate debt – U.S.	$	8,508	$	—	$	(7,186	)	$	1,322
Corporate debt – Non U.S.	2,109		—		(2,057		)	52
Municipal debt – U.S.	5,831		—		(25		)	5,806
Total debt instruments	$	16,448	$	—	$	(9,268	)	$	7,180

The maturity distribution for debt instruments held at December 31, 2017, was as follows:

	2017
	Cost/  amortized  cost		Fair  value
Within one year	$	7,557	$	441
From one to five years	—		—
From five to ten years	2,109		52
More than ten years	6,782		6,687
	$	16,448	$	7,180

F-23

Equity securities, trading

At December 31, 2018, the following long positions were included in the caption “Equity securities, trading”: 

	Cost		Unrealized gains		Unrealized losses			Fair value
	($ in thousands)
Equities – listed	$	50,521	$	1,015	$	(14,628	)	$	36,908
Total equity securities	$	50,521	$	1,015	$	(14,628	)	$	36,908

At December 31, 2017, the following long positions were included in the caption “Equity securities, trading”:

	Cost		Unrealized gains		Unrealized losses			Fair value
	($ in thousands)
Equities – listed	$	1,014,426	$	208,350	$	(19,104	)	$	1,203,672
Total equity securities	$	1,014,426	$	208,350	$	(19,104	)	$	1,203,672

Other Investments

“Other investments” include commodities and private securities and unlisted funds and investments accounted for under the equity method which are not significant to present separately on the balance sheet. As of December 31, 2017, all commodities were composed of gold bullion. 

At December 31, 2018, the following securities were included in the caption “Other investments”:

	Cost		Unrealized gains		Unrealized losses			Fair value / carrying value
	($ in thousands)
Private investments and unlisted equity funds	$	6,672	$	—	$	(267	)	$	6,405
Investment accounted for under the equity method	NA		NA		NA			5,003
Total Other Investments								$	11,408

At December 31, 2018, the Company held a 58% interest in AccuRisk Holdings LLC (“AccuRisk”) and had provided a $6.0 million credit facility to AccuRisk. The Company’s involvement in AccuRisk includes providing capital and funding for AccuRisk’s expansion plans and providing reinsurance to business produced by AccuRisk. The Company has determined that AccuRisk is a VIE, of which the Company is not the primary beneficiary. The Company has accounted for its investment in AccuRisk under the equity method and included it under “Other Investments”. The carrying value of AccuRisk is adjusted based on the Company’s share of ownership, including its share of the income (loss) reported in quarterly management accounts by AccuRisk. The Company’s maximum exposure to loss relating to AccuRisk is limited to the carrying amount of its investment in AccuRisk plus any loans outstanding to AccuRisk (see Note 16). For the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company’s share of AccuRisk’s net income (loss) was $(0.2) million which was included in the caption “Net investment income (loss)” in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations.

At December 31, 2017, the following securities were included in the caption “Other investments”: 

	Cost		Unrealized gains		Unrealized losses		Fair value
	($ in thousands)
Commodities	$	101,184	$	20,318	$	—	$	121,502
Private investments and unlisted equity funds	25,316		5,314		—		30,630
	$	126,500	$	25,632	$	—	$	152,132

F-24

Private and unlisted equity funds include private equity securities that did not have readily determinable fair values and the Company applied the measurement alternative under ASU 2016-01 and ASU 2018-03. At December 31, 2018 the carrying value of the private equity securities without readily determinable fair value was $5.7 million (December 31, 2017: $3.9 million). The carrying values of the private equity securities are determined based on the original cost, reviewed for impairment and any subsequent changes in the valuation based on periodic third party valuations or recent observable transactions of those securities. There were no meaningful upward or downward adjustments to the carrying values of the private equity securities for the year ended December 31, 2018.

Investments in Securities Sold, Not Yet Purchased

Securities sold, not yet purchased are securities that the Company has sold, but does not own, in anticipation of a decline in the market value of the security. The Company’s risk is that the value of the security will increase rather than decline. Consequently, the settlement amount of the liability for securities sold, not yet purchased may exceed the amount recorded in the consolidated balance sheet as the Company is obligated to purchase the securities in the market at prevailing prices to settle its obligations. To establish a position in a security sold, not yet purchased, the Company needs to borrow the security for delivery to the buyer. On each day the transaction is open, the liability for the obligation to replace the borrowed security is marked to market and an unrealized gain or loss is recorded. At the time the transaction is closed, the Company realizes a gain or loss equal to the difference between the price at which the security was sold and the cost of replacing the borrowed security. While the transaction is open, the Company will also incur an expense for any dividends or interest which will be paid to the lender of the securities.

As a result of the LP Transaction described in Note 3, the Company held no investments in securities sold, not yet purchased at December 31, 2018.

At December 31, 2017, the following securities were included in the caption “Investments in securities sold, not yet purchased”: 

	Proceeds			Unrealized gains		Unrealized losses			Fair value
	($ in thousands)
Equities – listed	$	(643,148	)	$	17,541	$	(187,045	)	$	(812,652	)
Sovereign debt – Non U.S.	(96,231		)	—		(3,914		)	(100,145		)
	$	(739,379	)	$	17,541	$	(190,959	)	$	(912,797	)

Financial Contracts

Prior to the LP Transaction described in Note 3 above, the Company had entered into total return equity swaps, interest rate swaps, commodity swaps, options, warrants, rights, futures and forward contracts with various financial institutions to meet certain investment objectives. Under the terms of each of these financial contracts, the Company was either entitled to receive or was obligated to make payments, which are based on the product of a formula contained within each contract that includes the change in the fair value of the underlying or reference security. As of December 31, 2018, the Company had no remaining financial contracts as a result of the LP Transaction.

At December 31, 2017, the fair values of financial contracts outstanding were as follows: 

F-25

Financial Contracts	Listing currency (1)	Notional amount of underlying instruments	Fair value of net assets (obligations) on financial contracts
		($ in thousands)
Financial contracts receivable
Call options	USD	2,656	$	91
Commodity Swaps	USD	17,833	2,142
Forwards	KRW	41,379	801
Futures	USD	5,874	12
Interest rate swaps	JPY	21,269	479
Put options (2)	USD	155	1
Total return swaps – equities	EUR/GBP/USD	34,965	9,357
Warrants and rights on listed equities	EUR/USD	29	10
Total financial contracts receivable, at fair value			$	12,893
Financial contracts payable
Commodity Swaps	USD	26,795	$	(353	)
Put options	USD	130	(14		)
Total return swaps – equities	EUR/GBP/KRW/RON/USD	60,663	(21,855		)
Total financial contracts payable, at fair value			$	(22,222	)

⁽¹⁾ USD = US Dollar; EUR = Euro; GBP = British Pound; JPY = Japanese Yen; KRW = Korean Won; RON = Romanian New Leu.

⁽²⁾ Includes options on the Japanese Yen and the Chinese Yuan, denominated in U.S. dollars.

The Company includes gains and losses on derivatives in the caption “Net investment income (loss)” in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations. During the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, the Company reported gains and losses on derivatives as follows:

Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments	Gain (loss) on derivatives recognized in income
	Year ended December 31
	2018			2017			2016
	($ in thousands)
Commodity swaps	$	4,402		$	(9,293	)	$	10,474
Forwards	(2,983		)	2,507			(302		)
Futures	(13,339		)	(399		)	376
Interest rate options	(1,771		)	—			—
Interest rate swaps	(255		)	136			218
Options, warrants, and rights	(14,627		)	(18,455		)	10,261
Total return swaps – equities	(10,981		)	2,281			28,612
Total	$	(39,554	)	$	(23,223	)	$	49,639

The Company generally does not enter into derivatives for risk management or hedging purposes. The volume of derivative activities varies from period to period depending on potential investment opportunities.

F-26

For the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company’s volume of derivative activities (based on notional amounts) was as follows:

	Year ended December 31, 2018
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments (notional amounts)	Entered		Exited
	($ in thousands)
Commodity swaps	$	34,792	$	85,669
Forwards	65,819		105,017
Futures	423,374		440,594
Interest rate options (1)	1,783,000		1,783,000
Interest rate swaps	—		28,758
Options, warrants and rights (1)	298,830		225,142
Total return swaps	25,480		157,533
Total	$	2,631,295	$	2,825,713

⁽¹⁾ Exited amount excludes derivatives which expired or were exercised during the period.

For the year ended December 31, 2017, the Company’s volume of derivative activities (based on notional amounts) was as follows:

	Year ended December 31, 2017
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments (notional amounts)	Entered		Exited
	($ in thousands)
Commodity swaps	$	2,025	$	41,830
Forwards	34,652		1,739
Futures	38,207		32,537
Options, warrants and rights (1)	950,811		133,407
Total return swaps	258,874		355,446
Total	$	1,284,569	$	564,959

⁽¹⁾ Exited amount excludes derivatives which expired or were exercised during the period.

The Company does not offset its derivative instruments and presents all amounts in the consolidated balance sheets on a gross basis. The Company has pledged cash collateral to derivative counterparties to support the current value of amounts due to the counterparties on its derivative instruments.

As of December 31, 2018, the Company did not hold any gross or net derivative instruments.

F-27

As of December 31, 2017, the gross and net amounts of derivative instruments and the cash collateral applicable to derivative instruments were as follows:

December 31, 2017	(i)			(ii)		(iii) = (i) - (ii)			(iv) Gross amounts not offset in the balance sheet						(v) = (iii) + (iv)
Description	Gross amounts of recognized assets (liabilities)			Gross amounts offset in the balance sheet		Net amounts of assets (liabilities) presented in the balance sheet			Financial instruments available for offset			Cash collateral (received) pledged			Net amount of asset (liability)
	($ in thousands)
Financial contracts receivable	$	12,893		$	—	$	12,893		$	(5,128	)	$	(1,336	)	$	6,429
Financial contracts payable	(22,222		)	—		(22,222		)	5,128			17,094			—

 Fair Value Hierarchy

The fair value of a financial instrument is the amount that would be received in an asset sale or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between unaffiliated market participants. Assets and liabilities measured at fair value are categorized based on whether the inputs are observable in the market and the degree that the inputs are observable. The categorization of financial instruments within the valuation hierarchy is based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The hierarchy is prioritized into three levels (with Level 3 being the lowest) defined as follows:

• Level 1: Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the entity has the ability to access.

• Level 2: Observable inputs other than prices included in Level 1, such as quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar assets and liabilities in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated with observable market data.

• Level 3: Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets and liabilities. This includes certain pricing models, discounted cash flow methodologies, and similar techniques that use significant unobservable inputs.

The fair values of the Company’s listed equity investments are derived based on Level 1 inputs. The fair values of listed equities that have restrictions on sale or transfer which expire within one year, are determined by adjusting the observed market price of the equity using a liquidity discount based on observable market inputs.

The fair values of most debt instruments are derived based on Level 2 inputs, generally the average of multiple market maker or broker quotes which are considered to be binding. Where quotes are not available, debt instruments are valued using Level 3 inputs including cash flow models using assumptions and estimates that may be subjective and non-observable.

The fair values of commodities are determined based on Level 1 inputs.

The Company maximizes the use of Level 2 inputs when deriving the fair values for “other investments”. For limited partnerships and private and unlisted equity securities, where observable inputs are not available, the fair values are derived based on Level 3 inputs, such as management’s assumptions developed from available information using the services of the investment advisor.

For certain private equity fund investments, the Company has elected to measure the fair value using the net asset value practical expedient, and accordingly these investments are not assigned a Level within the fair value hierarchy.

Exchange-traded futures or options contracts are based on the movement of a particular index, equity security, commodity, currency or interest rate. Where such contracts are traded in an active market, the Company’s obligations or rights on these contracts are valued based on Level 1 or Level 2 inputs. The total return swaps are valued based on Level 2 inputs.

Amounts invested in exchange-traded options and over the counter (“OTC”) options are recorded either as an asset or liability at inception. Subsequent to initial recognition, unexpired exchange traded option contracts are valued based on Level 1 inputs. For OTC options or exchange traded options where a quoted price in an active market is not available, fair values are

F-28

derived based upon Level 2 inputs such as multiple quotes from brokers and market makers, which are considered to be binding.

A CDS trading in an active market is valued at fair value based on broker or market maker quotes for identical instruments in an active market or on the current credit spreads on identical contracts, both Level 2 inputs.

The Company’s financial instruments are carried at fair value, and the net unrealized gains or losses are included in the caption “Net investment income (loss)” in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations.

The following table presents the Company’s investments, categorized by the level of the fair value hierarchy as of December 31, 2018:

	Fair value measurements as of December 31, 2018
Description	Quoted prices in active markets (Level 1)		Significant other observable inputs (Level 2)		Significant unobservable inputs (Level 3)		Total
	($ in thousands)
Assets:
Listed equity securities	$	36,908	$	—	$	—	$	36,908
Private and unlisted equity securities	—		—		664		664
	$	36,908	$	—	$	664	$	37,572
Investment in related party investment fund measured at net asset value (1) (2)							235,612
Equities without readily determinable fair values for which measurement alternative is applied							5,741
Investment accounted for under the equity method							5,003
Total investments							$	283,928

⁽¹⁾ Investments measured at fair value using the net asset value practical expedient have not been classified in the fair value hierarchy. The fair value amounts are presented in the above table to facilitate reconciliation to the consolidated balance sheets.

⁽²⁾See Note 3 “Investment in related party investment fund”.

F-29

The following table presents the Company’s investments, categorized by the level of the fair value hierarchy as of December 31, 2017:

	Fair value measurements as of December 31, 2017
Description	Quoted prices in active markets (Level 1)			Significant other observable inputs (Level 2)			Significant unobservable inputs (Level 3)		Total
	($ in thousands)
Assets:
Debt instruments	$	—		$	6,300		$	880	$	7,180
Listed equity securities	1,181,150			22,522			—		1,203,672
Commodities	121,502			—			—		121,502
Private and unlisted equity securities	—			—			6,108		6,108
	$	1,302,652		$	28,822		$	6,988	$	1,338,462
Unlisted equity funds measured at net asset value (1)									24,522
Total investments									$	1,362,984
Financial contracts receivable	$	22		$	12,871		$	—	$	12,893
Liabilities:
Listed equity securities, sold not yet purchased	$	(812,652	)	$	—		$	—	$	(812,652	)
Debt instruments, sold not yet purchased	—			(100,145		)	—		(100,145		)
Total securities sold, not yet purchased	$	(812,652	)	$	(100,145	)	$	—	$	(912,797	)
Financial contracts payable	$	—		$	(22,222	)	$	—	$	(22,222	)

⁽¹⁾ Investments measured at fair value using the net asset value practical expedient have not been classified in the fair value hierarchy. The fair value amounts are presented in the above table to facilitate reconciliation to the consolidated balance sheets.

The following table presents the reconciliation of the balances for all investments measured at fair value using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) for the year ended December 31, 2018: 

	Fair Value Measurements Using Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
	Year ended December 31, 2018
	Assets
	Debt instruments			Private and unlisted equity securities			Total
	($ in thousands)
Beginning balance	$	880		$	6,108		$	6,988
Sales	(916		)	(1,890		)	(2,806		)
Total realized and unrealized gains (losses) and amortization included in earnings, net	36			(304		)	(268		)
Transfers out of Level 3	—			(3,250		)	(3,250		)
Ending balance	$	—		$	664		$	664

During the year ended December 31, 2018, the sales of debt instruments and private and unlisted equities measured at fair value using Level 3 inputs were the result of the LP Transaction. For the year ended December 31, 2018, the private and unlisted equity securities without readily determinable fair values, for which measurement alternative is applied, were transferred out of Level 3 fair value hierarchy. There were no other transfers between Level 1, Level 2 or Level 3 during the year ended December 31, 2018.

F-30

The following table presents the reconciliation of the balances for all investments measured at fair value using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) for the year ended December 31, 2017:

	Fair Value Measurements Using Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
	Year ended December 31, 2017
	Assets
	Debt instruments		Private and unlisted equity securities			Total
	($ in thousands)
Beginning balance	$	654	$	6,109		$	6,763
Purchases	—		1,750			1,750
Total realized and unrealized gains (losses) and amortization included in earnings, net	226		17			243
Transfers out of Level 3	—		(1,768		)	(1,768		)
Ending balance	$	880	$	6,108		$	6,988

During the year ended December 31, 2017, $1.8 million of the private equity securities were transferred from Level 3 to Level 1 as these securities commenced trading on a listed exchange during the year and the fair value was determined based on the last traded price on an active market. There were no other transfers between Level 1, Level 2 or Level 3 during the year ended December 31, 2017.

For the year ended December 31, 2018, there were $0.1 million net realized losses relating to Level 3 securities (2017: nil).

For Level 3 securities still held as of the reporting date, the change in net unrealized gains (losses) for the year ended December 31, 2018 of $(0.3) million (2017: net unrealized gains $0.2 million), were included in the caption “Net investment income (loss)” in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations.

5.      DUE TO PRIME BROKERS AND OTHER FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS

Amounts due to prime brokers represent margin-borrowing from prime brokers and custodians relating to investments purchased on margin. In addition under term margin agreements with prime brokers and revolving credit facilities with custodians and a letter of credit facility agreement, the Company pledged certain investment securities to borrow cash. The cash borrowed under a letter of credit facility agreement was placed in a custodial account in the name of the Company and this custodial account provided collateral for any letters of credit issued. Similarly for the trust accounts, the Company borrowed cash from prime brokers or custodians which was placed in a trust account for the benefit of the cedent. As there was no legal right of offset, the Company’s liability for the cash borrowed from the prime brokers and custodians was included on the consolidated balance sheets as due to prime brokers and other financial institutions while the cash held in the custodial account and trust accounts were included on the consolidated balance sheets as restricted cash and cash equivalents. 

As of December 31, 2018, as a result of the LP Transaction (see Note 3), there were no amounts borrowed from prime brokers or custodians and no investments were pledged to prime brokers or custodians to fund the letters of credit and trust accounts. As of December 31, 2017, the Company had amounts due to prime brokers and amounts due to other financial institutions of $647.7 million and $25.0 million, respectively.

F-31

6.     CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS

The Company’s cash and cash equivalents as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 were composed of the following:

	December 31, 2018		December 31, 2017
	($ in thousands)
Cash at banks	$	7,295	$	27,239
Cash held with brokers	10,920		46
Total cash and cash equivalents	$	18,215	$	27,285

Due to the short term nature of cash and cash equivalents, the above noted carrying values approximate their fair value. Cash at banks include cash held at non-U.S. financial institutions which are not insured by the FDIC or any other deposit insurance programs.

7.     RESTRICTED CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS

Restricted cash and cash equivalents include amounts held by the Company to provide collateral required by the cedents in the form of trust accounts and letters of credit (see Notes 5 and 16). As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the restricted cash and cash equivalents were composed of the following:

	December 31, 2018		December 31, 2017
	($ in thousands)
Cash held as collateral in trust accounts	$	463,361	$	377,932
Cash collateral relating to letters of credit issued	221,655		173,748
Cash held by prime brokers relating to securities sold, not yet purchased	—		912,796
Cash and cash equivalents held by swap counterparties	—		39,337
Total restricted cash and cash equivalents	$	685,016	$	1,503,813

As of December 31, 2018, as a result of the LP Transaction (see Note 3), there were no restricted cash and cash equivalents held by prime brokers or swap counterparties. As of December 31, 2017, the amount of restricted cash held by prime brokers was primarily used to support the liability created from securities sold, not yet purchased. Cash held by swap counterparties was used to support the current value of amounts that were due to the swap counterparty based on the value of the underlying security.

8.     LOSS AND LOSS ADJUSTMENT EXPENSE RESERVES

At December 31, 2018 and 2017, loss and loss adjustment expense reserves were composed of the following:

	2018		2017
	($ in thousands)
Case reserves	$	211,910	$	178,088
IBNR	270,752		286,292
Total	$	482,662	$	464,380

F-32

A summary of changes in outstanding loss and loss adjustment expense reserves is presented in the table below. 

Consolidated	2018			2017			2016
	($ in thousands)
Gross balance at January 1	$	464,380		$	306,641		$	305,997
Less: Losses recoverable	(29,459		)	(2,704		)	(3,368		)
Net balance at January 1	434,921			303,937			302,629
Incurred losses related to:
Current year	363,871			466,247			345,303
Prior years	2			36,157			35,512
Total incurred	363,873			502,404			380,815
Paid losses related to:
Current year	(160,975		)	(220,298		)	(156,181		)
Prior years	(197,097		)	(154,183		)	(216,489		)
Total paid	(358,072		)	(374,481		)	(372,670		)
Foreign currency revaluation	(1,765		)	3,061			(6,837		)
Net balance at December 31	438,957			434,921			303,937
Add: Losses recoverable	43,705			29,459			2,704
Gross balance at December 31	$	482,662		$	464,380		$	306,641

The rollforward of outstanding loss and loss adjustment expense reserves for health claims is as follows:

Health	2018			2017			2016
	($ in thousands)
Gross balance at January 1	$	22,181		$	18,993		$	21,533
Less: Losses recoverable	—			—			—
Net balance at January 1	22,181			18,993			21,533
Incurred losses related to:
Current year	56,868			44,539			38,726
Prior years	1,508			3,739			(1,477		)
Total incurred	58,376			48,278			37,249
Paid losses related to:
Current year	(34,696		)	(23,814		)	(22,039		)
Prior years	(21,359		)	(21,276		)	(17,750		)
Total paid	(56,055		)	(45,090		)	(39,789		)
Foreign currency revaluation	—			—			—
Net balance at December 31	24,502			22,181			18,993
Add: Losses recoverable	—			—			—
Gross balance at December 31	$	24,502		$	22,181		$	18,993

Loss development

Year ended December 31, 2018

During the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company experienced a modest $2.2 thousand in net adverse development on prior year loss and LAE reserves. This net adverse development resulted primarily from the following:

Adverse developments:

• $11.9 million of adverse loss development on non-standard automobile contracts stemming from industry-wide issues affecting motor liability claims in Florida over accident years 2015 to 2017;

F-33

• $3.8 million of adverse loss development on solicitors professional indemnity contracts resulting primarily from prevalence of several large claims being reported on prior accident years;

• $2.0 million of adverse loss development on general liability contracts, spread over treaty years 2012-2017, resulting from deteriorations in claims experience; and

• $1.8 million of adverse loss development on surety contracts, net of retrocession recoveries, due to deterioration on several previously reported claims for one legacy contract.

Favorable developments:

• $7.5 million of favorable prior period experience on property contracts stemming primarily from accident years 2015 and 2016 where claims experience has been better than expected;

• $5.9 million of favorable loss development, net of retrocession recoveries, relating to 2017 hurricanes as a result of claims experience being better than initially estimated. The favorable loss development was partially offset by $1.6 million of return premiums relating to reinstatement premiums previously recorded; and

• $4.1 million of favorable loss development on prior period mortgage insurance contracts resulting from ongoing favorable claims experience across all prior accident years.

The remaining net favorable development on prior year loss and LAE reserves recognized in 2018 related to several smaller adjustments made across various lines of business.

During the year ended December 31, 2017, the Company experienced $36.2 million in net adverse development on prior year loss and LAE reserves. This net adverse development resulted primarily from the following:

• $10.7 million of adverse loss development associated with various classes of professional liability exposure, driven by additional reporting on individual claims, as well as the Company’s assessment of industry wide loss ratio performance;

• $4.3 million of adverse loss development associated with motor contracts based on re-projection of ultimate losses using client reporting patterns;

• $4.1 million of adverse loss development relating to Florida homeowners’ insurance contracts, largely driven by “assignment of benefits” issues whereby homeowners assign their rights for filing and settling claims to attorneys and public adjusters;

• $3.7 million of adverse loss development associated with specialty health contracts arising from frequency of medical claims reported; and

• $2.2 million of adverse loss development due to large claims reported on a surety contract.

The remaining net adverse development on prior year loss and LAE reserves recognized in 2017 related to several smaller adjustments made across various lines of business.

During the year ended December 31, 2016, the Company experienced $35.5 million in net adverse development on prior year loss and LAE reserves. This net adverse development resulted primarily from the following:

• $19.0 million of losses resulting from the loss portfolio transfer and subsequent novation of legacy construction defect liabilities;

• $7.0 million of adverse loss development relating to our Florida homeowners’ insurance contracts as a result of deterioration of sinkhole claims and an increase in the practice of “assignment of benefits” whereby homeowners assign their rights for filing and settling claims to attorneys and public adjusters;

• $6.7 million of adverse loss development relating to our private passenger motor contracts. While the loss indications are close to our expectations, the volume and frequency of unmerited suits served to the cedent by attorneys and medical clinics has resulted in an increase in loss adjustment expenses to defend such claims; and

• $4.5 million of adverse loss development on an excess of loss contract relating to losses resulting from the U.S. sub-prime crisis.

F-34

The remaining net favorable development on prior year loss and LAE reserves recognized in 2016 related to several smaller adjustments made across various lines of business.

Disclosures about Short Duration Contracts

The Company manages its business on the basis of one operating segment, property & casualty reinsurance. Prior to 2018, management analyzed the underwriting operations using two categories: frequency business and severity business. The Company had previously disclosed the incurred and paid claims development tables in its Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017, whereby the tables were categorized as Frequency - Health; Frequency - Non-Health; and Severity. Effective from 2018, the Company no longer categorizes its business as frequency and severity but instead categorizes its business as Property, Casualty and Other. The loss development tables presented below have been disaggregated by lines of business for the years ended from December 31, 2009 to 2018.

For purposes of the loss development tables, the property business has been further disaggregated into "Property" and "Motor - Physical Damage". The casualty category has been disaggregated into "General Liability", "Motor Liability", "Professional Liability" and "Workers' Compensation". In addition, the incurred and paid claims relating to accident and health business have been presented separately as "Health". Other specialty business including financial, aviation, energy and marine which are individually insignificant to our overall business have been grouped together as "Other". Contracts that cover more than one line of business are grouped as "Multi-line".

For each of the categories, the following tables present the incurred and paid claims development as of December 31, 2018, net of retrocession, as well as the total of incurred but not reported liabilities plus expected development on reported claims included within the net incurred claims amount. Health claims have been disaggregated and presented separately.

The information in the tables below about incurred and paid claims development for the years ended December 31, 2009 to 2017, is presented as unaudited supplementary information.

Health
	Incurred claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance																				December 31, 2018
	For the years ended December 31,																				Total IBNR plus expected development on reported claims
Accident year	2009		2010		2011		2012		2013		2014		2015		2016		2017		2018
	(Unaudited - Supplementary Information)
	($ in thousands)
2009	$	24,939	$	23,889	$	23,327	$	23,355	$	23,356	$	23,356	$	23,355	$	23,355	$	23,355	$	23,355	$	—
2010			36,075		35,924		36,224		36,159		36,159		36,145		36,145		36,145		36,145		—
2011					36,140		36,212		35,821		35,800		35,595		35,595		35,595		35,566		—
2012							24,712		23,088		22,780		22,681		22,671		22,671		22,658		—
2013									30,544		33,841		34,203		33,960		33,945		33,945		—
2014											32,875		30,191		29,514		29,072		29,031		—
2015													34,097		33,530		34,116		33,894		—
2016															37,747		40,889		41,255		—
2017																	45,007		46,455		2,330
2018																			56,868		22,172
																	Total		$	359,172	24,502

F-35

Health
	Cumulative paid claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance
	For the years ended December 31,
Accident year	2009		2010		2011		2012		2013		2014		2015		2016		2017		2018
	(Unaudited - Supplementary Information)
	($ in thousands)
2009	$	8,626	$	23,030	$	23,327	$	23,355	$	23,355	$	23,356	$	23,355	$	23,355	$	23,355	$	23,355
2010			17,826		35,795		36,224		36,159		36,159		36,145		36,145		36,145		36,145
2011					26,979		35,542		35,814		35,800		35,595		35,595		35,595		35,566
2012							14,896		22,691		22,780		22,679		22,671		22,671		22,658
2013									21,459		33,841		34,024		33,957		33,945		33,945
2014											19,049		28,515		29,117		29,038		29,031
2015													14,529		31,802		34,044		33,894
2016															21,881		39,988		41,255
2017																	23,834		44,125
2018																			34,696
																	Total		334,670
							All outstanding liabilities before 2009, net of reinsurance												—
			Liabilities for claims and claims adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance (Health)																$	24,502

Multiline
	Incurred claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance																				December 31, 2018
	For the years ended December 31,																				Total IBNR plus expected development on reported claims
Accident year	2009		2010		2011		2012		2013		2014		2015		2016		2017		2018
	(Unaudited - Supplementary Information)
	($ in thousands)
2009	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
2010			—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
2011					—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
2012							—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
2013									—		—		—		—		—		—		—
2014											2,390		2,390		2,390		2,609		2,625		1,539
2015													27,900		28,040		30,461		31,957		15,925
2016															55,635		59,882		60,588		33,635
2017																	81,612		79,253		51,999
2018																			58,537		50,430
																	Total		$	232,960	$	153,528

F-36

Multiline
	Cumulative paid claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance
	For the years ended December 31,
Accident year	2009		2010		2011		2012		2013		2014		2015		2016		2017		2018
	(Unaudited - Supplementary Information)
	($ in thousands)
2009	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
2010			—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
2011					—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
2012							—		—		—		—		—		—		—
2013									—		—		—		—		—		—
2014											—		—		139		560		1,086
2015													28		2,817		9,959		16,032
2016															5,844		16,468		26,953
2017																	9,535		27,253
2018																			8,107
																	Total		79,431
							All outstanding liabilities before 2009, net of reinsurance												—
			Liabilities for claims and claims adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance (Multiline)																$	153,528

General Liability
	Incurred claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance																				December 31, 2018
	For the years ended December 31,																				Total IBNR plus expected development on reported claims
Accident year	2009		2010		2011		2012		2013		2014		2015		2016		2017		2018
	(Unaudited - Supplementary Information)
	($ in thousands)
2009	$	4,424	$	4,121	$	5,024	$	5,652	$	6,147	$	6,664	$	9,952	$	10,113	$	10,124	$	10,124	$	—
2010			12,110		14,327		17,484		19,649		21,664		25,946		28,251		28,251		28,251		—
2011					20,925		30,693		40,756		44,897		61,446		77,105		77,105		77,105		—
2012							12,626		18,133		16,921		29,554		31,145		31,161		31,274		384
2013									3,018		2,689		4,666		4,511		4,510		4,916		265
2014											1,238		1,229		1,174		1,033		1,355		862
2015													1,699		1,690		1,756		1,979		1,432
2016															6,203		6,519		7,124		3,847
2017																	5,433		6,527		5,116
2018																			2,913		2,748
																	Total		$	171,568	$	14,654

F-37

General Liability
	Cumulative paid claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance
	For the years ended December 31,
Accident year	2009		2010		2011		2012		2013		2014		2015		2016		2017		2018
	(Unaudited - Supplementary Information)
	($ in thousands)
2009	$	400	$	1,284	$	2,255	$	3,715	$	4,529	$	5,519	$	5,957	$	10,105	$	10,124	$	10,124
2010			2,107		5,096		9,356		14,051		17,471		19,228		28,251		28,251		28,251
2011					2,873		11,751		20,030		25,018		32,954		77,105		77,105		77,105
2012							1,750		9,926		13,142		15,836		30,667		30,687		30,891
2013									1,371		1,917		2,298		4,191		4,274		4,652
2014											18		146		413		548		492
2015													69		293		532		548
2016															122		1,589		3,277
2017																	136		1,412
2018																			165
																	Total		156,917
							All outstanding liabilities before 2009, net of reinsurance												—
	Liabilities for claims and claims adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance (General Liability)																		$	14,654

F-38

Motor Casualty
	Incurred claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance																				December 31, 2018
	For the years ended December 31,																				Total IBNR plus expected development on reported claims
Accident year	2009		2010		2011		2012		2013		2014		2015		2016		2017		2018
	(Unaudited - Supplementary Information)
	($ in thousands)
2009	$	56,960	$	68,194	$	77,373	$	85,241	$	80,756	$	81,537	$	83,270	$	82,569	$	82,609	$	82,615	$	—
2010			64,264		74,260		86,881		83,496		84,742		88,377		88,022		88,008		88,012		—
2011					53,035		57,498		57,342		62,921		70,880		70,435		70,495		70,495		62
2012							132,284		131,196		131,896		131,202		131,305		131,302		131,302		—
2013									182,833		179,930		174,744		174,782		174,848		174,925		—
2014											93,718		92,844		94,688		94,385		94,147		—
2015													128,199		130,410		129,991		132,853		3,282
2016															166,389		169,294		174,037		3,380
2017																	187,109		188,754		18,597
2018																			150,700		67,048
																	Total		$	1,287,840	$	92,369

Motor Casualty
	Cumulative paid claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance
	For the years ended December 31,
Accident year	2009		2010		2011		2012		2013		2014		2015		2016		2017		2018
	(Unaudited - Supplementary Information)
	($ in thousands)
2009	$	20,779	$	47,225	$	61,955	$	72,168	$	76,020	$	79,058	$	80,235	$	82,569	$	82,609	$	82,615
2010			23,413		44,889		60,630		70,356		79,089		82,266		88,008		88,008		88,012
2011					19,082		36,462		49,569		58,244		65,018		70,433		70,433		70,433
2012							58,585		118,142		126,622		128,913		131,302		131,302		131,302
2013									86,558		159,200		171,855		174,658		174,848		174,925
2014											49,994		86,297		89,687		94,385		94,147
2015													81,093		125,645		129,174		129,571
2016															97,325		157,948		170,658
2017																	115,204		170,157
2018																			83,652
																	Total		1,195,472
							All outstanding liabilities before 2009, net of reinsurance												—
	Liabilities for claims and claims adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance (Motor Casualty)																		$	92,369

F-39

Motor Property
	Incurred claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance																				December 31, 2018
	For the years ended December 31,																				Total IBNR plus expected development on reported claims
Accident year	2009		2010		2011		2012		2013		2014		2015		2016		2017		2018
	(Unaudited - Supplementary Information)
	($ in thousands)
2009	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
2010			560		656		671		684		662		662		667		667		667		—
2011					3,276		3,271		3,343		3,285		3,285		3,306		3,306		3,306		3
2012							36,985		36,129		36,008		35,998		35,922		35,922		35,922		—
2013									46,189		45,629		44,728		44,656		44,695		44,719		244
2014											18,870		18,797		19,056		19,000		19,006		19
2015													22,035		22,516		22,505		23,263		668
2016															27,853		28,279		29,090		481
2017																	39,986		39,621		2,563
2018																			42,336		18,760
																	Total		$	237,930	$	22,738

Motor Property
	Cumulative paid claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance
	For the years ended December 31,
Accident year	2009		2010		2011		2012		2013		2014		2015		2016		2017		2018
	(Unaudited - Supplementary Information)
	($ in thousands)
2009	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
2010			560		620		620		620		620		644		667		667		667
2011					1,418		2,944		3,305		3,285		3,285		3,303		3,303		3,303
2012							16,902		34,588		35,854		35,903		35,922		35,922		35,922
2013									21,112		41,066		44,363		44,431		44,476		44,476
2014											10,305		17,621		18,420		18,981		18,987
2015													13,859		22,013		22,505		22,595
2016															16,725		27,023		28,609
2017																	23,091		37,058
2018																			23,576
																	Total		215,192
							All outstanding liabilities before 2009, net of reinsurance												—
	Liabilities for claims and claims adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance (Motor Property)																		$	22,738

F-40

Other
	Incurred claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance																				December 31, 2018
	For the years ended December 31,																				Total IBNR plus expected development on reported claims
Accident year	2009		2010		2011		2012		2013		2014		2015		2016		2017		2018
	(Unaudited - Supplementary Information)
	($ in thousands)
2009	$	429	$	611	$	547	$	589	$	580	$	580	$	580	$	580	$	580	$	580	$	—
2010			4,008		3,858		4,291		4,130		4,130		4,130		3,955		4,130		3,955		—
2011					7,341		8,014		7,525		7,473		7,470		7,468		7,468		7,468		—
2012							4,090		3,591		3,756		3,773		3,759		3,755		3,782		47
2013									2,492		2,875		2,840		2,821		2,801		2,755		177
2014											4,768		3,525		1,776		1,701		1,084		—
2015													4,794		6,769		6,898		4,519		1,119
2016															8,356		10,396		9,137		3,495
2017																	9,080		6,004		2,922
2018																			6,164		5,202
																	Total		$	45,448	$	12,962

Other
	Cumulative paid claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance
	For the years ended December 31,
Accident year	2009		2010		2011		2012		2013		2014		2015		2016		2017		2018
	(Unaudited - Supplementary Information)
	($ in thousands)
2009	$	151	$	249	$	547	$	589	$	580	$	580	$	580	$	580	$	580	$	580
2010			864		1,593		3,123		3,130		3,406		3,477		3,955		3,955		3,955
2011					1,162		7,544		7,513		7,468		7,468		7,468		7,468		7,468
2012							3,005		3,251		3,676		3,683		3,684		3,688		3,735
2013									213		1,828		2,426		2,339		2,323		2,578
2014											197		659		1,124		1,282		1,084
2015													472		1,387		2,010		3,400
2016															1,472		3,105		5,642
2017																	483		3,082
2018																			962
																	Total		32,486
							All outstanding liabilities before 2009, net of reinsurance												—
			Liabilities for claims and claims adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance (Other)																$	12,962

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Property
	Incurred claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance																				December 31, 2018
	For the years ended December 31,																				Total IBNR plus expected development on reported claims
Accident year	2009		2010		2011		2012		2013		2014		2015		2016		2017		2018
	(Unaudited - Supplementary Information)
	($ in thousands)
2009	$	18,501	$	17,340	$	16,565	$	15,924	$	15,449	$	15,275	$	11,875	$	11,852	$	11,829	$	11,757	$	—
2010			39,106		41,983		51,698		51,483		52,263		52,507		53,723		53,574		53,495		—
2011					73,309		83,261		79,794		80,402		81,894		83,012		83,067		83,006		—
2012							63,961		50,183		50,874		52,812		53,218		53,473		53,737		—
2013									60,949		58,992		61,776		62,495		62,482		62,422		435
2014											41,736		45,150		46,842		47,082		46,871		573
2015													27,861		30,344		31,744		30,946		1,137
2016															25,626		26,101		23,977		2,962
2017																	84,747		78,405		22,024
2018																			28,211		22,848
																	Total		$	472,827	$	49,979

Property
	Cumulative paid claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance
	For the years ended December 31,
Accident year	2009		2010		2011		2012		2013		2014		2015		2016		2017		2018
	(Unaudited - Supplementary Information)
	($ in thousands)
2009	$	4,421	$	10,602	$	11,378	$	11,674	$	11,780	$	11,840	$	11,805	$	11,826	$	11,810	$	11,757
2010			20,611		40,858		42,697		43,406		47,914		48,438		53,408		53,542		53,495
2011					49,441		74,383		77,182		79,022		81,214		82,370		82,655		83,006
2012							32,085		45,887		50,242		52,657		53,211		53,259		53,737
2013									34,807		55,668		58,525		60,344		61,074		61,987
2014											20,230		40,171		43,637		45,208		46,298
2015													12,939		25,451		28,842		29,809
2016															9,941		18,181		21,016
2017																	43,271		56,380
2018																			5,363
																	Total		422,848
							All outstanding liabilities before 2009, net of reinsurance												—
			Liabilities for claims and claims adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance (Property)																$	49,979

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Professional Liability
	Incurred claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance																				December 31, 2018
	For the years ended December 31,																				Total IBNR plus expected development on reported claims
Accident year	2009		2010		2011		2012		2013		2014		2015		2016		2017		2018
	(Unaudited - Supplementary Information)
	($ in thousands)
2009	$	8,484	$	6,310	$	6,293	$	6,293	$	6,592	$	6,592	$	6,771	$	6,771	$	6,831	$	6,831	$	1,905
2010			3,828		3,296		3,526		3,663		3,850		3,878		3,864		3,864		3,864		424
2011					5,818		6,654		7,093		7,764		7,819		7,654		7,892		7,892		352
2012							10,818		10,823		11,347		11,767		11,949		12,643		12,643		1,140
2013									11,973		12,824		14,292		15,881		16,671		16,838		2,528
2014											18,515		17,938		17,902		20,363		21,328		5,492
2015													18,127		18,117		20,628		21,989		10,397
2016															13,630		16,773		17,126		12,309
2017																	10,220		9,908		8,477
2018																			4,477		4,236
																	Total		$	122,896	$	47,260

Professional Liability
	Cumulative paid claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance
	For the years ended December 31,
Accident year	2009		2010		2011		2012		2013		2014		2015		2016		2017		2018
	(Unaudited - Supplementary Information)
	($ in thousands)
2009	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	92	$	128	$	128	$	383	$	383	$	649	$	4,926
2010			—		33		388		805		1,073		1,429		1,566		1,684		3,440
2011					106		1,282		3,543		5,049		6,336		7,014		7,491		7,539
2012							513		3,532		6,155		8,507		9,886		11,342		11,503
2013									684		3,352		7,482		10,760		13,568		14,310
2014											1,319		5,238		9,354		13,646		15,836
2015													1,142		3,227		8,725		11,592
2016															334		2,140		4,817
2017																	225		1,431
2018																			241
																	Total		75,635
							All outstanding liabilities before 2009, net of reinsurance												558
	Liabilities for claims and claims adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance (Professional Liability)																		$	47,817

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Workers' Compensation
	Incurred claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance																				December 31, 2018
	For the years ended December 31,																				Total IBNR plus expected development on reported claims
Accident year	2009		2010		2011		2012		2013		2014		2015		2016		2017		2018
	(Unaudited - Supplementary Information)
	($ in thousands)
2009	$	10,063	$	10,292	$	9,938	$	10,076	$	10,217	$	10,217	$	10,217	$	10,217	$	10,217	$	10,217	$	—
2010			11,181		11,736		12,426		13,108		13,108		13,108		13,108		13,108		13,108		—
2011					14,915		15,233		16,861		16,861		16,861		16,861		16,861		16,861		—
2012							11,763		12,213		12,213		12,213		12,213		12,213		12,213		—
2013									4,751		4,751		4,751		4,751		4,751		4,751		—
2014											—		—		—		3		—		—
2015													1,014		1,010		948		950		263
2016															4,342		4,275		4,266		1,484
2017																	10,884		10,348		4,992
2018																			13,616		9,403
																	Total		$	86,330	$	16,142

Workers' Compensation
	Cumulative paid claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance
	For the years ended December 31,
Accident year	2009		2010		2011		2012		2013		2014		2015		2016		2017		2018
	(Unaudited - Supplementary Information)
	($ in thousands)
2009	$	1,043	$	4,995	$	7,833	$	9,893	$	10,217	$	10,217	$	10,217	$	10,217	$	10,217	$	10,217
2010			3,184		8,170		12,270		13,108		13,108		13,108		13,108		13,108		13,108
2011					5,004		11,175		16,861		16,861		16,861		16,861		16,861		16,861
2012							2,359		12,213		12,213		12,213		12,213		12,213		12,213
2013									4,751		4,751		4,751		4,751		4,751		4,751
2014											—		—		—		—		—
2015													28		251		564		688
2016															613		1,920		2,782
2017																	2,028		5,356
2018																			4,213
																	Total		70,189
							All outstanding liabilities before 2009, net of reinsurance												—
	Liabilities for claims and claims adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance (Workers' Compensation)																		$	16,142

For any incurred and paid claims denominated in a currency other than U.S. dollars, the above tables are presented using the foreign exchange rate in effect as of the current year end date. As a result, all prior year information has been restated

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to reflect the exchange rates as of December 31, 2018. This treatment removes any changes in foreign currency exchange rates from distorting the claims development between the years presented.

For assumed contracts the Company does not generally receive claims information by accident year from the ceding insurers, but instead receives claims information by the treaty year of the contract. Claims reported by the ceding insurer to the Company may have the covered losses occurring in an accident year other than the treaty year. For the purpose of the loss development tables, the incurred and paid claims have been allocated to the accident years based on the proportion of premiums earned for each contract during such accident year.

For example, a one-year treaty incepting on October 1, 2010 (with underlying policies each having a one-year duration), would have a 24-month period over which the premiums would be earned. Therefore, claims would be allocated to accident years 2010, 2011 and 2012 based on the proportion of the premiums earned during each accident year. For illustration of this contract, any claims reported during 2010 would be allocated to the 2010 accident year. For losses reported during 2011, the claims would be allocated between 2010 and 2011 based on the percentage of premiums earned during 2010 and 2011. Similarly, for losses reported during 2012 and thereafter, the losses would be allocated to the 2010, 2011 and 2012 accident years based on the proportion of premiums earned during each of those years. However, natural catastrophe losses are treated separately and losses arising from such events are allocated to the specific accident year in which they occurred.

The reconciliation of the net incurred and paid claims development tables to the liability for claims and claim adjustment expenses in the consolidated balance sheet is as follows:

	December 31, 2018
	($ in thousands)
Net outstanding liabilities
Health	$	24,502
Multiline	153,528
General Liability	14,654
Motor Casualty	92,369
Motor Property	22,738
Other	12,962
Property	49,979
Professional Liability	47,817
Workers' Compensation	16,142
Liabilities for claims and claims adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance	434,691
Add: Reinsurance recoverable on unpaid claims	43,705
Add: Unallocated claims adjustment expenses	4,266
Total gross liabilities for unpaid claims and claim adjustment expense	$	482,662

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The average historical annual percentage payout of net incurred claims (excluding health) as of the year ended December 31, 2018 is as follows:

Years	1		2		3		4		5		6		7		8		9		10
	(Unaudited - Supplementary Information)
Multiline	5.4	%	11.0	%	15.2	%	20.3	%	20.8	%	18.2	%	9.1	%	—	%	—	%	—	%
General Liability	4.7	%	13.1	%	12.3	%	11.8	%	18.8	%	29.3	%	6.0	%	3.2	%	0.8	%	—	%
Motor Casualty	44.9	%	32.6	%	8.7	%	5.2	%	3.5	%	2.1	%	1.9	%	1.1	%	—	%	—	%
Motor Property	53.5	%	40.7	%	5.0	%	0.6	%	0.1	%	0.1	%	—	%	—	%	—	%	—	%
Other	25.9	%	39.4	%	18.5	%	5.3	%	4.5	%	3.7	%	2.7	%	—	%	—	%	—	%
Property	51.9	%	32.5	%	6.3	%	2.6	%	2.8	%	1.0	%	2.6	%	0.3	%	—	%	—	%
Professional Liability	4.2	%	15.6	%	23.2	%	19.0	%	14.2	%	8.1	%	3.9	%	2.2	%	2.3	%	2.3	%
Workers' Compensation	27.0	%	43.2	%	22.8	%	5.7	%	0.8	%	0.5	%	—	%	—	%	—	%	—	%

The historical annual percentage payout pattern for health claims is excluded from the table above because health claims have short settlement periods and including it would skew the results presented.

As a reinsurance entity, the Company does not consistently receive detailed claims frequency information or claims counts from ceding insurers and third party claim handlers. Due to the nature of the reinsurance contracts, the underlying insured reports claims to the insurer who cedes losses to the Company. The Company is contractually obligated to reimburse the ceding insurer for its share of the losses. While the Company has the right to conduct audits of the ceding insurer’s claims files, the insurer is generally not obligated to provide detailed listing of claims counts or other claims frequency information to the Company. Therefore it is impracticable for the Company to present the cumulative number of reported claims by accident year.

9.     RETROCESSION

The Company, from time to time, purchases retrocessional coverage for one or more of the following reasons: to manage its overall exposure, to reduce its net liability on individual risks, to obtain additional underwriting capacity and to balance its underwriting portfolio. Additionally, retrocession can be used as a mechanism to share the risks and rewards of business written and therefore can be used as a tool to align the Company’s interests with those of its counterparties. The Company currently has coverage that provides for recovery of a portion of loss and loss expenses incurred on certain contracts. Loss and loss adjustment expenses recoverable from the retrocessionaires are recorded as assets.

For the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company’s earned ceded premiums were $102.9 million (2017: $33.8 million and 2016: $10.9 million). For the year ended December 31, 2018, loss and loss adjustment expenses incurred of $363.9 million (2017: $502.4 million and 2016: $380.8 million) reported on the Company’s consolidated statements of operations are net of loss and loss expenses recovered and recoverable of $71.0 million (2017: $31.8 million and 2016: $0.9 million).

Retrocession contracts do not relieve the Company of its obligations to the insureds. Failure of retrocessionaires to honor their obligations could result in losses to the Company. At December 31, 2018, the Company’s loss reserves recoverable consisted of (i) $34.3 million (2017: $26.3 million) from unrated retrocessionaires which were secured by cash and collateral held in trust accounts for the benefit of the Company and (ii) $9.4 million (2017: $3.1 million) from retrocessionaires rated A- or above by A.M. Best.

The Company regularly evaluates the financial condition of its retrocessionaires to assess the ability of the retrocessionaires to honor their respective obligations. At December 31, 2018 and 2017, no provision for uncollectible losses recoverable was considered appropriate.

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10. SENIOR CONVERTIBLE NOTES

On August 7, 2018, the Company issued $100.0 million of senior unsecured convertible notes (the “Notes”) which are due on August 1, 2023. The Notes bear interest at 4.0% and interest is payable semi-annually on February 1 and August 1 of each year beginning on February 1, 2019.

Note holders have the option, under certain conditions, to redeem the Notes prior to maturity. If converted at December 31, 2018, the face value of the Notes would be cash settled and conversion settlement would result in no shares issued by the Company due to the share price of the Company at December 31, 2018 being lower than the conversion price of $17.19 per share.

If Notes are converted by the holder, the Company has the option to settle the conversion obligation in cash, ordinary shares of the Company, or a combination thereof pursuant to the terms of the indenture governing the Notes. The Company has therefore bifurcated the Notes into liability and equity components.

The Notes were issued with a discount of $8.2 million, which reflected an effective interest rate of 6.0%. As of December 31, 2018, the unamortized discount was $7.5 million. The Company also incurred issuance costs in connection with the Notes which are being amortized over the term of the Notes. As of December 31, 2018, the unamortized portion of these costs was $2.9 million. The carrying value of the Notes as of December 31, 2018 was $91.2 million, which includes $1.6 million of accrued coupon interest.

For the year ended December 31, 2018, interest expense of $2.5 million was recognized relating to interest coupon, amortization of Notes issuance expense and amortization of the discount.

At December 31, 2018, the equity component of $7.9 million has been included in the caption “Additional paid-in capital” in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. The fair value measurements relating to the allocation of the total proceeds from the issuance of the Notes between liability and equity components were based on observable inputs and therefore were considered to be Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. The Company was in compliance with all covenants relating to the Notes as of December 31, 2018.

11.     SHARE CAPITAL

The holders of all ordinary shares are entitled to share equally in dividends declared by the Board of Directors. In the event of a winding-up or dissolution of the Company, the ordinary shareholders share equally and ratably in the assets of the Company, after payment of all debts and liabilities of the Company and after the liquidation of any issued and outstanding preferred shares. At December 31, 2018, no preferred shares were issued or outstanding. The Board of Directors is authorized to establish the rights and restrictions for preferred shares as they deem appropriate.

The Third Amended and Restated Memorandum and Articles of Association as revised by special resolution on July 10, 2008 (the “Articles”), provide that the holders of Class A ordinary shares generally are entitled to one vote per share. However, except upon unanimous consent of the Board of Directors, no Class A shareholder is permitted to vote an amount of shares which would cause any United States person to own (directly, indirectly or constructively under applicable United States tax attribution and constructive ownership rules) 9.9% or more of the total voting power of all issued and outstanding ordinary shares. The Articles further provide that the holders of Class B ordinary shares generally are entitled to ten votes per share. However, holders of Class B ordinary shares, together with their affiliates, are limited to voting that number of Class B ordinary shares equal to 9.5% of the total voting power of the total issued and outstanding ordinary shares. 

Pursuant to the Shareholders’ Agreement, dated August 11, 2004, by and among the Company and certain of its shareholders (the “Shareholders’ Agreement”), the holders of at least 50% of the outstanding Registrable Securities (as defined in the Shareholders’ Agreement), may, subject to certain conditions, request to have all or part of their Registrable Securities to be registered. The Shareholders’ Agreement requires, among other things, that the Company use its commercially reasonable best efforts to have a registration statement covering such Registrable Securities to be declared effective. The registration rights granted pursuant to the Shareholders’ Agreement are not deemed to be liabilities; therefore, there has been no recognition in the Company’s consolidated financial statements of the registration rights granted pursuant to the Shareholders’ Agreement.

As of December 31, 2018, the Company has an effective Form S-3 registration statement, on file with the SEC, for an aggregate principal amount of $200.0 million in securities.

Shares reserved for issuance are composed of 300,000 (2017: 300,000) Class A ordinary shares in relation to share purchase options granted to a service provider and 5,000,000 (2017: 5,000,000) Class A ordinary shares reserved for the Company’s stock incentive plan for eligible employees, directors and consultants. On April 26, 2017, our shareholders

F-47

approved an amendment to our stock incentive plan to increase the number of Class A ordinary shares available for issuance by 1.5 million shares from 3.5 million to 5.0 million. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, there were no remaining Class A ordinary shares available for future issuance relating to share purchase options granted to the service provider as all options granted to service providers had been exercised. As of December 31, 20181,122,170 (2017: 1,271,154) Class A ordinary shares remained available for future issuance under the Company’s stock incentive plan. The stock incentive plan is administered by the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors. 

The Board has adopted a share repurchase plan. On April 25, 2018, the Board of Directors amended the share repurchase plan, with effect from July 1, 2018 and expiring on June 30, 2019, authorizing the Company to purchase up to 2.5 million of its Class A ordinary shares or securities convertible into Class A ordinary shares in the open market, through privately negotiated transactions or Rule 10b5-1 stock trading plans. The timing of such repurchases and actual number of shares repurchased will depend on a variety of factors including price, market conditions and applicable regulatory and corporate requirements. The share repurchase plan, which expires on June 30, 2019, does not require the Company to repurchase any specific number of shares and may be modified, suspended or terminated at any time without prior notice. During the year ended December 31, 2018, 1.2 million Class A ordinary shares were repurchased by the Company. As of December 31, 2018, 1.5 million shares remained available for repurchase under the share repurchase plan. Under the Companies Law of the Cayman Islands, the Company cannot hold treasury shares; therefore, all ordinary shares repurchased are canceled immediately upon repurchase.

The following table is a summary of voting ordinary shares issued and outstanding:

	2018			2017				2016
	Class A		Class B	Class A		Class B		Class A	Class B
Balance – beginning of year	31,104,830		6,254,715	31,111,432		6,254,895		30,772,572	6,254,895
Issue of ordinary shares, net of forfeitures	205,384		—	129,530		—		338,860	—
Repurchase of ordinary shares	(1,180,000	)	—	(136,312	)	—		—	—
Class B shares converted to Class A shares	—		—	180		(180	)	—	—
Balance – end of year	30,130,214		6,254,715	31,104,830		6,254,715		31,111,432	6,254,895

Additional paid-in capital includes the premium per share paid by the subscribing shareholders for Class A and B ordinary shares which have a par value of $0.10 each. It also includes share-based awards earned not yet issued.

Statutory Capital and Surplus

Greenlight Re is subject to the Cayman Islands’ Insurance (Capital and Solvency) (Classes B, C, and D Insurers) Regulations, (2018 Revision) (the “Insurance Regulations”). The Insurance Regulations impose a Minimum Capital Requirement (“MCR”) of $50.0 million and a Prescribed Capital Requirement (“PCR”) on Greenlight Re which was $191.9 million as of December 31, 2018 (2017: $329.7 million). As of December 31, 2018, Greenlight Re’s statutory capital and surplus of $514.8 million exceeded the MCR as well as the PCR. For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, Greenlight Re’s net income (loss) was $(330.3) million, $(38.2) million, and $44.8 million, respectively.

Greenlight Re is not required to prepare separate statutory financial statements for filing with CIMA and there were no material differences between Greenlight Re’s GAAP capital, surplus and net income, and its statutory capital, surplus and net income as of December 31, 2018 and 2017.

As of December 31, 2018, the Company was not restricted from payment of dividends to the Company’s shareholders. However, since most of the Company’s capital and retained earnings are invested in its subsidiaries, a dividend from one or more of the Company’s subsidiaries would likely be required in order to fund a dividend to the Company’s shareholders. Any dividends declared and paid from Greenlight Re to the Company would require approval of CIMA. During the year ended December 31, 2018, no dividends (2017: $33.0 million, 2016: nil) were declared or paid by Greenlight Re to the Company. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, $322.8 million and $432.5 million, respectively, of Greenlight Re’s capital and surplus was available for distribution as dividends.

GRIL is obligated to maintain a minimum level of statutory capital. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, GRIL met such requirements. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, GRIL’s statutory capital was $36.6 million and $52.9 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2018, GRIL’s statutory minimum capital required under Solvency II was approximately $5.9 million

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(2017: $9.9 million). GRIL’s statutory net income (loss) was $(15.4) million, $(3.7) million and $3.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The amount of dividends that GRIL is permitted to distribute is limited to its retained earnings and the Central Bank of Ireland has powers to intervene if a dividend payment were to lead to a breach of regulatory capital requirements. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, none of GRIL’s capital and surplus was available for distribution as dividends.

12.   SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION

The Company has a stock incentive plan for directors, employees and consultants as detailed in Note 11 above.

Employee and Director Restricted Shares

For the year ended December 31, 2018, 160,595 (2017: 125,371, 2016: 153,648) Class A ordinary shares were issued to employees pursuant to the Company’s stock incentive plan. The majority of these shares contain certain restrictions relating to, among other things, vesting, forfeiture in the event of termination of employment and transferability. The restricted shares cliff vest after three years from the date of issuance, subject to the grantee’s continued service with the Company. During the vesting period, the holder of the restricted shares retains voting rights and is entitled to any dividends declared by the Company.

For the year ended December 31, 2018, 30,660 (2017: nil, 2016: nil) Class A ordinary shares were issued to the Company’s Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”) pursuant to the Company’s stock incentive plan. These shares contain performance and service conditions and certain restrictions relating to, among other things, vesting, forfeiture in the event of termination of employment and transferability. The restricted shares cliff vest after 5 years from the date of issuance, subject to the performance condition being met and the grantee’s continued service with the Company. During the vesting period, the holder of the restricted shares retains voting rights and is entitled to any dividends declared by the Company. The weighted average grant date fair value of these shares was $15.90 per share. As of December 31, 2018, the performance condition was not expected to be met and no compensation cost was recognized relating to these shares for the year ended December 31, 2018.

For the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company also issued to non-employee directors an aggregate of 54,720 (2017: 41,396, 2016: 39,288) restricted Class A ordinary shares as part of their remuneration for services to the Company. Each of these restricted shares issued to non-employee directors contains similar restrictions to those issued to employees and will vest on the earlier of the first anniversary of the date of the share issuance or the Company’s next annual general meeting, subject to the grantee’s continued service with the Company.

For the year ended December 31, 2018, 44,644 (2017: 46,943, 2016: 11,897) restricted shares were forfeited by employees who left the Company prior to the expiration of the applicable vesting periods. For the year ended December 31, 2018, in accordance with U.S. GAAP, $0.3 million stock compensation expense (2017: nil, 2016: $0.5 million) relating to the forfeited restricted shares was reversed. The restricted shares forfeited during the comparative year ended December 31, 2017 included 46,319 restricted shares relating to the Company’s former Chief Executive Officer (the “former CEO”) who resigned from the Company prior to the expiration of the applicable vesting periods. For the year ended December 31, 2017, no stock compensation expense was reversed relating to the former CEO’s forfeited shares since the stock compensation relating to those restricted shares was reversed during the fourth quarter of 2016, when it was deemed likely that these restricted shares would be forfeited.

The Company recorded $2.9 million of share-based compensation expense, net of the reversal for forfeitures, relating to restricted shares for the year ended December 31, 2018 (2017: $3.3 million, 2016: $3.1 million). As of December 31, 2018, there was $2.6 million (2017: $3.5 million, 2016: $2.9 million) of unrecognized compensation cost relating to non-vested restricted shares which are expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.6 years (2017: 1.6 years, 2016: 1.6 years). For the year ended December 31, 2018, the total fair value of restricted shares vested was $2.8 million (2017: $4.5 million, 2016: $3.1 million).

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The following table summarizes the activity for unvested outstanding restricted share awards during the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017:

	Number of non-vested restricted  shares		Weighted  average grant date fair value
Balance at December 31, 2016	365,432		$	26.76
Granted	166,767		21.60
Vested	(153,746	)	28.97
Forfeited	(46,943	)	24.57
Balance at December 31, 2017	331,510		23.45
Granted	245,975		15.78
Vested	(100,384	)	27.74
Forfeited	(44,644	)	18.77
Balance at December 31, 2018	432,457		$	18.58

Employee and Director Stock Options

For the year ended December 31, 2018, no Class A ordinary share purchase options were granted (2017 and 2016: 480,000 and 57,386, respectively). The Class A ordinary share purchase options granted to the Company’s CEO in 2017 vest 16.7% each on the anniversary thereof in 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022 and 2023, and expire 10 years after the grant date. The grant date fair value of these options was $9.60 per share (2016: $8.71), based on the Black-Scholes option pricing model. In addition, for the year ended December 31, 2017, 42,250 Class A ordinary share purchase options were granted to the Company’s former interim Chief Executive Officer, pursuant to his consulting agreement. These options vested 100% on their grant date. The weighted average grant date fair value of these options was $9.90 per share based on the Black-Scholes option pricing model.

The estimate of expected volatility for options granted during 2017 and 2016 was based on the daily historical trading data of the Company’s Class A ordinary shares from the date that these shares commenced trading on May 24, 2007 to the grant date.

The Company has applied the following weighted average assumptions to the options pricing model:

	2018		2017		2016
Risk free rate	—	%	2.32	%	1.54	%
Estimated volatility	—	%	31.4	%	32.4	%
Expected term (in years)	0		10		10
Dividend yield	—	%	—	%	—	%
Forfeiture rate	—	%	—	%	—	%

The Board of Directors does not currently anticipate that any dividends will be declared during the expected term of the options. The Company uses graded vesting for expensing employee stock options. The total compensation cost expensed for the year ended December 31, 2018 was $1.5 million (2017: $1.3 million, 2016: $0.9 million). At December 31, 2018, the total compensation cost related to non-vested options not yet recognized was $2.2 million (2017: $3.7 million) to be recognized over a weighted average period of 2.9 years (2017: 3.3 years) assuming the grantee completes the service period for vesting of the options.

For the year ended December 31, 2018, no stock options were exercised by directors and employees (2017: 50,000, 2016: 421,000) resulting in no Class A ordinary shares being issued (2017: 5,011, 2016: 156,022, net of shares surrendered as a result of the cashless exercise of stock options). When stock options are granted, the Company reduces the corresponding number from the shares authorized for issuance as part of the Company’s stock incentive plan.

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Employee and director stock option activity during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 was as follows: 

	Number of  options		Weighted  average  exercise  price		Weighted  average  grant date  fair value		Intrinsic value ($ in millions)		Weighted average remaining contractual term
Balance at December 31, 2015	906,991		$	19.78	$	8.53	$	2.6	2.9 years
Granted	57,386		19.87		8.71
Exercised	(421,000	)	12.53		6.44		3.1
Balance at December 31, 2016	543,377		25.40		10.17		0.5		4.7 years
Granted	522,250		21.25		9.63
Exercised	(50,000	)	19.60		10.18		0.1
Balance at December 31, 2017	1,015,627		23.55		9.89		—		6.9 years
Expired	(80,000	)	29.39		8.69
Balance at December 31, 2018	935,627		$	23.05	$	10.00	$	—	6.4 years

The following table summarizes information about options exercisable for the periods indicated:

	December 31, 2018		December 31, 2017		December 31, 2016
Number of options exercisable	535,627		535,627		472,042
Weighted average exercise price	$	24.43	$	25.66	$	25.73
Weighted average remaining contractual term	4.9		4.6		4.1
Intrinsic value ($ in millions)	$	—	$	—	$	0.4

During the year ended December 31, 2018, 80,000 (2017: 113,585, 2016: 42,022) options vested which had a weighted average grant date fair value of $9.60 (2017: $10.29, 2016: $11.90).

Employee Restricted Stock Units

The Company issues restricted stock units (“RSUs”) to certain employees as part of the stock incentive plan.

These shares contain restrictions relating to vesting, forfeiture in the event of termination of employment, transferability and other matters. Each RSU cliff vests after three years from the date of issuance, subject to the grantee’s continued service with the Company. On the vesting date, the Company converts each RSU into one Class A ordinary share and issues new Class A ordinary shares from the shares authorized for issuance as part of the Company’s stock incentive plan. For the year ended December 31, 2018, 28,301 (2017: 11,559, 2016: 7,444) RSUs were issued to employees pursuant to the Company’s stock incentive plan.

The Company recorded $0.2 million of share-based compensation expense (recovery), net of forfeitures, relating to RSUs for the year ended December 31, 2018 (2017: $0.2 million, 2016: $(0.1) million). The recovery for the year ended December 31, 2016 was due to reversal of share-based compensation expense previously recorded on RSUs that were forfeited during 2016.

Employee RSU activity during the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 was as follows:

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	Number of non-vested RSUs		Weighted  average grant date fair value
Balance at December 31, 2016	15,934		$	27.52
Granted	11,559		21.65
Vested	(4,695	)	32.60
Balance at December 31, 2017	22,798		23.50
Granted	28,301		15.90
Vested	(4,053	)	32.21
Forfeited	(648	)	21.65
Balance at December 31, 2018	46,398		$	18.13

For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, the combined stock compensation expense (net of forfeitures), which was included in general and administrative expenses, was $4.6 million, $4.9 million and $4.0 million, respectively.

13.    NET INVESTMENT INCOME (LOSS)

A summary of net investment income (loss) for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 is as follows:

	2018			2017			2016
	($ in thousands)
Realized gains (losses)	$	(236,887	)	$	87,618		$	(113,836	)
Change in unrealized gains and losses	(32,597		)	(41,444		)	209,993
Investment related foreign exchange gains (losses)	938			(7,653		)	2,988
Interest and dividend income, net of withholding taxes	35,468			25,510			23,915
Interest, dividend and other expenses	(17,987		)	(23,937		)	(22,334		)
Investment advisor compensation on joint venture	(11,221		)	(19,863		)	(24,543		)
Income (loss) from equity method investment	(247		)	—			—
Net investment income (loss)	$	(262,533	)	$	20,231		$	76,183
Income (loss) from investments in related party investment fund	$	(60,573	)	$	—		$	—
Total investment related income (loss)	$	(323,106	)	$	20,231		$	76,183

Income (loss) from investments in related party investment fund reflects the equity in earnings (loss) of SILP (see Note 3).

Investment returns are calculated monthly based on cash flows into or out of the investment accounts and compounded to calculate the annual returns generated by the Company’s investments managed by DME Advisors. Effective from September 1, 2018, the investment return is calculated by dividing the investment income or loss (net of fees and expenses) by the Investment Portfolio. For the year ended December 31, 2018, the total investment related loss includes a loss of 30.3% on the investments managed by DME Advisors. This return compares to a gain of 1.5% and a gain of 7.2% reported for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

14.    TAXATION

The Company and Greenlight Re are each domiciled in the Cayman Islands and under current Cayman Islands law, no corporate entity, including the Company and Greenlight Re, is obligated to pay taxes in the Cayman Islands on either income or capital gains. Each of the Company and Greenlight Re intends to conduct all of its operations in a manner that will not cause it to be treated as engaging in a trade or business within the United States and will not cause it to be subject to current U.S. federal income taxation on its net income. However, because there are no definitive standards provided by the Internal Revenue Code, regulations or court decisions as to the specific activities that constitute being engaged in the conduct of a trade or business within the United States, and as any such determination is essentially factual in nature, there can be no assurance that the IRS will not successfully assert that the Company or Greenlight Re is engaged in a trade or business within the U.S.

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Verdant is incorporated in Delaware, and therefore is subject to taxes in accordance with the U.S. federal rates and regulations prescribed by the IRS. Verdant’s taxable income is taxed at a marginal tax rate of 21%. GRIL is incorporated in Ireland and, therefore, is subject to the Irish corporation tax. GRIL is taxed at a rate of 12.5% on its trading income.

As of December 31, 2018, a gross deferred tax asset of $3.6 million (2017: $1.7 million) and a deferred tax asset valuation allowance of $2.2 million (2017: nil) was recorded by the Company. The net deferred tax asset is included in the caption “Other assets” in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. Based on the timing of the reversal of the temporary differences and likelihood of generating sufficient taxable income to realize the future tax benefit, management believes it is more likely than not that the recorded deferred tax asset (net of the valuation allowance) will be fully realized in the future. The Company currently believes that it has no uncertain tax positions which, if challenged, would cause a material change to the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

At December 31, 2018, GRIL had a net operating loss carry forward of $28.6 million (2017: $13.9 million) which can be carried forward indefinitely. At December 31, 2018 and 2017, no taxes recoverable were included in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets.

At December 31, 2018, Verdant had a net operating loss carry forward of $1.7 million which can be carried forward for a period of 20 years from the year the loss occurred and therefore will expire in 2033. The deferred tax asset associated with the net operating loss carried forward, has been offset by a valuation allowance as management does not anticipate that the carried forward amount will be realized.

The following table sets forth our current and deferred income tax benefit (expense) on a consolidated basis for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016:

	2018			2017			2016
	($ in thousands)
Current tax (expense) benefit	$	1,840		$	465		$	(492	)
Deferred tax (expense) benefit	(4		)	(14		)	(17		)
Increase in deferred tax valuation allowance	(2,168		)	—			—
Income tax (expense) benefit	$	(332	)	$	451		$	(509	)

The Company has not taken any tax positions that are subject to uncertainty or that are reasonably likely to have a material impact to the Company, Greenlight Re, GRIL or Verdant.

Federal Excise Taxes

The United States imposes an excise tax on reinsurance premiums paid to non-U.S. insurers or reinsurers with respect to risks located in the United States. The rate of tax, unless exempted or reduced by an applicable U.S. tax treaty, is 1.0% for all reinsurance premiums. The Company incurs federal excise taxes on certain of its reinsurance transactions, including amounts ceded through intercompany transactions. For the years ended 2018, 2017 and 2016, the Company incurred approximately $3.6 million, $5.0 million and $3.9 million, respectively, of federal excise taxes, net of any refunds received. These amounts are included in the caption “Acquisition costs” in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations.

15.    RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS

Investment Advisory Agreement

DME, DME II and DME Advisors are related to the Company and each is an affiliate of David Einhorn, Chairman of the Company’s Board of Directors.

Prior to September 1, 2018, the Company and its reinsurance subsidiaries were party to the venture agreement with DME Advisors under which the Company, its reinsurance subsidiaries and DME were participants of the Joint Venture for the purpose of managing certain jointly held assets. In addition, prior to September 1, 2018, the Company, its reinsurance subsidiaries and DME had entered into a separate investment advisory agreement with DME Advisors (the “advisory agreement”). On September 1, 2018, the Company, DME and DME Advisors entered into the Termination Agreement to terminate the Joint Venture and the advisory agreement on January 2, 2019 .

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On September 1, 2018, the Company entered into the SILP LPA with DME II, as General Partner. DME II receives a performance allocation equal to (with capitalized terms having the meaning provided under the SILP LPA) (a) 10% of the portion of the Positive Performance Change for each limited partner’s capital account that is less than or equal to the positive balance in such limited partner’s Carryforward Account, plus (b) 20% of the portion of the Positive Performance Change for each limited partner’s capital account that exceeds the positive balance in such limited partner’s Carryforward Account. The Carryforward Account for Greenlight Re and GRIL include the amount of losses that were to be recouped under the Joint Venture as well as any loss generated on the assets invested in SILP, subject to adjustments for redemptions. No performance allocation was made for the year ended December 31, 2018 due to the investment losses during the period. The loss carry forward provision contained in the SILP LPA allows DME II to earn reduced performance allocation of 10% of profits in any year subsequent to any years in which SILP has incurred a loss, until all losses are recouped and an additional amount equal to 150% of the loss is earned.

On September 1, 2018, SILP entered into a SILP investment advisory agreement (“IAA”) with DME Advisors which entitles DME Advisors to a monthly management fee equal to 0.125% (1.5% on an annual basis) of each limited partner’s Investment Portfolio. The IAA has an initial term ending on August 31, 2023 subject to an automatic extension for successive three-year terms. For the year ended December 31, 2018, management fees paid by SILP to DME Advisors of $3.1 million were included in the caption “Loss from investment in related party” in the Company’s statement of operations.

Pursuant to the venture agreement, performance allocation equal to 20% of the net investment income of the Company’s share of the Joint Venture was allocated, subject to a loss carry forward provision, to DME’s account. The loss carry forward provision requires DME to earn a reduced performance allocation of 10% on net investment income in any year subsequent to the year in which the investment account incurred a loss, until all the losses were recouped and an additional amount equal to 150% of the aggregate investment loss was earned. DME was not entitled to earn a performance allocation in a year in which the investment portfolio under the Joint Venture incurred a loss. For the year ended December 31, 2018, no performance allocation was deducted due to the investment loss (2017: $2.1 million, 2016: $8.2 million).

Pursuant to the advisory agreement, a monthly management fee, equal to 0.125% (1.5% on an annual basis) of the Company’s investment account managed by DME Advisors, was paid to DME Advisors. Included in the caption “Net investment income (loss)” in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets for the year ended December 31, 2018 were management fees of $11.2 million (2017: $17.8 million, 2016: $16.3 million) relating to the Joint Venture. The management fees have been fully paid as of December 31, 2018.

Pursuant to the venture agreement, advisory agreement, SILP LPA and the IAA, the Company has agreed to indemnify DME, DME II and DME Advisors for any expense, loss, liability, or damage arising out of any claim asserted or threatened in connection with DME Advisors serving as the Company’s or SILP’s investment advisor. The Company will reimburse DME, DME II and DME Advisors for reasonable costs and expenses of investigating and/or defending such claims, provided such claims were not caused due to gross negligence, breach of contract or misrepresentation by DME, DME II or DME Advisors. There were no indemnification amounts incurred by the Company during any of the periods presented.

Non-controlling Interest in Related Party Joint Venture

Non-controlling interests in related party joint venture represents DME’s share of the jointly held assets under the venture agreement. A portion of the non-controlling interest is subject to contractual withdrawal rights whereby DME, at its sole discretion, can withdraw its interest above the minimum capital required to be maintained in its capital accounts. This interest is recorded on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets under the caption “Redeemable non-controlling interest in related party joint venture.” The remaining portion that has no withdrawal rights associated with it, is recorded under the caption “Non-controlling interest in related party joint venture” within the equity section on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet.

The following table is a reconciliation of the beginning and ending carrying amounts of redeemable non-controlling interest in related party, non-controlling interest in related party and total non-controlling interest in related party for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016:

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	Redeemable non-controlling interest in related party joint venture									Non-controlling interest in related party joint venture								Total non-controlling interest in related party joint venture
	Year ended December 31									Year ended December 31								Year ended December 31
	2018			2017		2016				2018			2017		2016			2018			2017		2016
Opening balance	$	7,169		$	5,884	$	12,265		—	$	12,933		$	11,561	$	11,118	—	$	20,102		$	17,445	$	23,383
Income (loss) attributed to non-controlling interest	(2,680		)	201		1,375			—	(1,595		)	378		443		—	(4,275		)	578		1,818
Net contribution into (withdrawal from) non-controlling interest	(2,797		)	1,084		(7,756		)	—	(10,853		)	994		—		—	(13,650		)	2,079		(7,756		)
Ending balance	$	1,692		$	7,169	$	5,884			$	485		$	12,933	$	11,561		$	2,177		$	20,102	$	17,445

Green Brick Partners, Inc.

David Einhorn also serves as the Chairman of the Board of Directors of Green Brick Partners, Inc. (“GRBK”), a publicly traded company. As of December 31, 2018, $25.1 million (2017: $39.2 million) of GRBK listed equities were included on the balance sheet as “equity securities, trading, at fair value”. The Company, along with certain affiliates of DME Advisors, collectively own 47.6% of the issued and outstanding common shares of GRBK. Under applicable securities laws, DME Advisors may be limited at times in its ability to trade GRBK shares on behalf of the Company.

Service Agreement

The Company has entered into a service agreement with DME Advisors, pursuant to which DME Advisors provides certain investor relations services to the Company for compensation of five thousand dollars per month (plus expenses). The agreement is automatically renewed annually until terminated by either the Company or DME Advisors for any reason with 30 days prior written notice to the other party. 

Collateral Assets Investment Management Agreement

Effective January 1, 2019, the Company (and its subsidiaries) entered into a collateral assets investment management agreement (the “CMA”) with DME Advisors, pursuant to which DME Advisors will manage certain assets of the Company that are not subject to the SILP LPA and are held by the Company to provide collateral required by the cedents in the form of trust accounts and letters of credit. In accordance with the CMA, DME Advisors receives no fees and is required to comply with the collateral investment guidelines. The CMA can be terminated by any of the parties upon 30 days’ prior written notice to the other parties.

16.    COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

Letters of Credit and Trusts

At December 31, 2018, the Company had the following letter of credit facilities, which automatically renew each year unless terminated by either party in accordance with the applicable required notice period:

	Facility		Termination Date	Notice period required for termination
	($ in thousands)
Butterfield Bank (Cayman) Limited	14,900		June 30, 2019	90 days prior to termination date
Citibank Europe plc	400,000		October 11, 2019	120 days prior to termination date
	$	414,900

During 2018, the Butterfield Bank facility was decreased from $100.0 million to $14.9 million. As of December 31, 2018, an aggregate amount of $208.3 million (2017: $188.5 million) in letters of credit were issued under the above facilities. As of December 31, 2018, total cash and cash equivalents with a fair value in the aggregate of $221.7 million (2017: equity securities and cash and cash equivalents of $200.4 million) were pledged as collateral against the letters of credit issued and included as “restricted cash and cash equivalents” in the consolidated balance sheets (also see Note 7). Each of the facilities contain customary events of default and restrictive covenants, including but not limited to, limitations on liens on collateral,

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transactions with affiliates, mergers and sales of assets, as well as solvency and maintenance of certain minimum pledged equity requirements, and restricts issuance of any debt without the consent of the letter of credit provider. Additionally, if an event of default exists, as defined in the letter of credit facilities, Greenlight Re will be prohibited from paying dividends to its parent company. The Company was in compliance with all the covenants of each of these facilities as of December 31, 2018 and 2017.

In addition to the letters of credit, the Company has established regulatory trust arrangements for certain cedents. As of December 31, 2018, collateral of $463.4 million (2017: $377.9 million) was provided to cedents in the form of regulatory trust accounts and included as “restricted cash and cash equivalents” in the consolidated balance sheets.

Operating Lease Obligations

Greenlight Re has entered into lease agreements for office space in the Cayman Islands. Under the terms of the lease agreements, Greenlight Re is committed to annual rent payments ranging from $0.3 million at inception to $0.5 million at lease termination. The leases expired on June 30, 2018. The Company is in negotiations with the lessor for renewal of the lease and meanwhile has agreed to a monthly lease until June 30, 2019.

GRIL has entered into a lease agreement for office space in Dublin, Ireland. Under the terms of this lease agreement, GRIL is committed to minimum annual rent payments denominated in Euros approximating €0.1 million until May 2021, and adjusted to the prevailing market rates for each of the two subsequent five-year terms. GRIL has the option to terminate the lease agreement in 2021. Included in the schedule below are the net minimum lease payment obligations relating to this lease as of December 31, 2018.

The total rent expense related to leased office space for the year ended December 31, 2018 was $0.6 million, (2017: $0.6 million, 2016: $0.6 million). 

Loan Facility

From time to time, the Company makes investments in the form of equity or debt in private entities as part of its strategic investments and innovation initiatives. As part of the Company’s participation in such investments, the Company may make funding commitments. As of December 31, 2018, the Company had committed to a loan facility (the “Loan Facility”) of $6.0 million to AccuRisk (see Note 4). As of December 31, 2018, $5.8 million of the Loan Facility was available to AccuRisk. Subsequent to December 31, 2018, AccuRisk borrowed $5.3 million under the Loan Facility (see Note 4). Included in the schedule below is the minimum obligation relating to the Loan Facility as of December 31, 2018 on the assumption that the entire Loan Facility will be drawn by AccuRisk during 2019.

Schedule of Commitments and Contingencies

The following is a schedule of future minimum payments required under the above commitments: 

	2019		2020		2021		2022		2023		Thereafter		Total
	($ in thousands)
Operating lease obligations	$	169	$	169	$	63	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	401
Interest and convertible note payable	4,000		4,000		4,000		4,000		102,400		—		118,400
Loan facility	5,750		—		—		—		—		—		5,750
	$	9,919	$	4,169	$	4,063	$	4,000	$	102,400	$	—	$	124,551

Litigation

From time to time in the normal course of business, the Company may be involved in formal and informal dispute resolution procedures, which may include arbitration or litigation, the outcomes of which determine the rights and obligations under the Company’s reinsurance contracts and other contractual agreements. In some disputes, the Company may seek to enforce its rights under an agreement or to collect funds owing to it. In other matters, the Company may resist attempts by others to collect funds or enforce alleged rights. While the final outcome of legal disputes cannot be predicted with certainty, the Company does not believe that any existing dispute, when finally resolved, will have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, financial condition or operating results.

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17.     SEGMENT REPORTING

The Company manages its business on the basis of one operating segment, Property & Casualty Reinsurance.

Substantially all of the business is sourced through reinsurance brokers. The following table sets forth the premiums sourced from brokers who each accounted for more than 10% of the Company’s gross written premiums:  

	Year ended December 31
	2018				2017				2016
	($ in thousands)
Guy Carpenter	$	376,696	66.4	%	$	366,390	52.9	%	$	274,816	51.3	%
Aon Benfield	70,554		12.4		125,320		18.1		104,684		19.5
	$	447,250	78.8	%	$	491,710	71.0	%	$	379,500	70.8	%

The following tables provide a breakdown of the Company’s gross premiums written by line and class of business, and by geographic area of risks insured for the periods indicated:

Gross Premiums Written by Line of Business

	Year ended December 31
	2018				2017				2016
	($ in thousands)
Property
Commercial	$	10,487	1.8	%	$	12,256	1.8	%	$	9,419	1.8	%
Motor	76,425		13.5		71,188		10.2		38,428		7.2
Personal	14,118		2.5		49,491		7.2		46,327		8.6
Total Property	101,030		17.8		132,935		19.2		94,174		17.6
Casualty
General Liability	1,429		0.3		4,753		0.7		11,746		2.2
Motor Liability	291,690		51.4		281,551		40.6		223,620		41.7
Professional Liability	3,068		0.5		8,703		1.3		11,036		2.1
Workers' Compensation	24,101		4.3		24,803		3.6		8,743		1.6
Multi-line *	57,497		10.1		123,340		17.8		95,055		17.7
Total Casualty	377,785		66.6		443,150		64.0		350,200		65.3
Other
Accident & Health	69,605		12.2		66,800		9.6		52,114		9.6
Financial	16,611		2.9		48,380		7.0		34,034		6.4
Marine	394		0.1		—		—		1,496		0.3
Other Specialty	2,106		0.4		1,386		0.2		4,054		0.8
Total Other	88,716		15.6		116,566		16.8		91,698		17.1
	$	567,531	100.0	%	$	692,651	100.0	%	$	536,072	100.0	%

(*) See Note 1. ORGANIZATION AND BASIS OF PRESENTATION. The prior period comparative information has been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation.

F-57

Gross Premiums Written by Geographic Area of Risks Insured

	Year ended December 31
	2018					2017					2016
	($ in thousands)
U.S. and Caribbean	$	507,705		89.5	%	$	606,510		87.6	%	$	432,144		80.6	%
Worldwide (1)	59,366			10.5		86,714			12.5		97,810			18.2
Europe (2)	506			—		(612		)	(0.1	)	6,250			1.2
Asia (2)	(46		)	—		39			—		(132		)	—
	$	567,531		100.0	%	$	692,651		100.0	%	$	536,072		100.0	%

⁽¹⁾ “Worldwide” is composed of contracts that reinsure risks in more than one geographic area and do not specifically exclude the U.S. 

⁽²⁾  The negative balance represents reversal of premiums due to premium adjustments, termination of contracts or premium returned upon novation or commutation of contracts.

F-58

18.      QUARTERLY FINANCIAL RESULTS (UNAUDITED)

The following table presents the quarterly financial results for each of the quarters ended during 2018:

	2018
	Quarter ended
	March 31			June 30			September 30			December 31
	($ in thousands, except per share amounts)
Revenues
Gross premiums written	$	175,125		$	142,109		$	115,154		$	135,143
Gross premiums ceded	(29,843		)	(27,237		)	(15,456		)	(30,252		)
Net premiums written	145,282			114,872			99,698			104,891
Change in net unearned premium reserves	562			13,944			14,406			14,708
Net premiums earned	145,844			128,816			114,104			119,599
Income (loss) from investment in related party investment fund	—			—			(10,025		)	(50,548		)
Net investment income (loss)	(145,216		)	(40,656		)	(70,851		)	(5,810		)
Other income (expense), net	(487		)	(76		)	(683		)	(982		)
Total revenues	141			88,084			32,545			62,259
Expenses
Loss and loss adjustment expenses incurred, net	95,824			84,815			86,780			96,454
Acquisition costs, net	44,209			34,623			28,331			38,312
General and administrative expenses	5,956			6,958			7,136			5,123
Interest expense	—			—			927			1,578
Total expenses	145,989			126,396			123,174			141,467
Income (loss) before income tax expense	(145,848		)	(38,312		)	(90,629		)	(79,208		)
Income tax (expense) benefit	770			323			355			(1,780		)
Net income (loss)	(145,078		)	(37,989		)	(90,274		)	(80,988		)
Loss (income) attributable to non-controlling interest in related party joint venture	2,326			621			1,159			169
Net income (loss) attributable to Greenlight Capital Re, Ltd.	$	(142,752	)	$	(37,368	)	$	(89,115	)	$	(80,819	)
Earnings (loss) per share
Basic	$	(3.85	)	$	(1.01	)	$	(2.48	)	$	(2.25	)
Diluted	$	(3.85	)	$	(1.01	)	$	(2.48	)	$	(2.25	)
Weighted average number of ordinary shares used in the determination of earnings and loss per share
Basic	37,087,169			36,952,472			35,952,472			35,952,472
Diluted	37,087,169			36,952,472			35,952,472			35,952,472

F-59

The following table presents the quarterly financial results for each of the quarters ended during 2017:

	2017
	Quarter ended
	March 31			June 30			September 30			December 31
	($ in thousands)
Revenues
Gross premiums written	$	197,214		$	174,889		$	181,588		$	138,960
Gross premiums ceded	(3,426		)	(2,523		)	(7,931		)	(42,707		)
Net premiums written	193,788			172,366			173,657			96,253
Change in net unearned premium reserves	(41,886		)	(12,042		)	(964		)	44,832
Net premiums earned	151,902			160,324			172,693			141,085
Net investment income (loss)	11,618			(39,149		)	63,976			(16,214		)
Other income (expense), net	(7		)	303			(520		)	(336		)
Total revenues	163,513			121,478			236,149			124,535
Expenses
Loss and loss adjustment expenses incurred, net	104,812			106,016			168,918			122,658
Acquisition costs, net	43,211			45,429			38,011			35,089
General and administrative expenses	6,743			6,347			8,202			5,064
Total expenses	154,766			157,792			215,131			162,811
Income (loss) before income tax	8,747			(36,314		)	21,018			(38,276		)
Income tax (expense) benefit	(121		)	295			(65		)	342
Net income (loss)	8,626			(36,019		)	20,953			(37,934		)
Loss (income) attributable to non-controlling interest in related party joint venture	(252		)	550			(1,078		)	202
Net income (loss) attributable to Greenlight Capital Re, Ltd.	$	8,374		$	(35,469	)	$	19,875		$	(37,732	)
Earnings (loss) per share
Basic	$	0.22		$	(0.96	)	$	0.53		$	(1.02	)
Diluted	$	0.22		$	(0.96	)	$	0.53		$	(1.02	)
Weighted average number of ordinary shares used in the determination of earnings and loss per share
Basic	37,341,338			37,025,703			37,345,985			37,023,895
Diluted	37,376,649			37,025,703			37,375,273			37,023,895

F-60

SCHEDULE I

GREENLIGHT CAPITAL RE, LTD.

SUMMARY OF INVESTMENTS — OTHER THAN INVESTMENTS IN RELATED PARTIES

AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2018

(expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars)

Type of Investment	Cost		Fair Value		Balance Sheet Value
	($ in thousands)
Equity securities, trading, at fair value
Equities – listed	50,521		36,908		36,908
Total investments, trading	$	50,521	$	36,908	$	36,908
Other investments, at fair value
Private investments and unlisted equity funds	$	6,672	$	6,405	$	6,405
Investment accounted for under the equity method	NA		5,003		5,003
Total other investments, at fair value	6,672		11,408		11,408
Total investments	$	57,193	$	48,316	$	48,316

F-61

SCHEDULE II

GREENLIGHT CAPITAL RE, LTD.

CONDENSED FINANCIAL INFORMATION OF REGISTRANT

CONDENSED BALANCE SHEETS — PARENT COMPANY ONLY

(expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars)

	December 31, 2018			December 31, 2017
	($ in thousands)
Assets
Other investments	$	800		$	—
Cash and cash equivalents	3			84
Investment in subsidiaries	553,323			815,009
Notes receivable, net	21,965			15,355
Due from subsidiaries	—			876
Total assets	$	576,091		$	831,324
Liabilities and equity
Liabilities
Convertible senior notes payable, net of deferred costs	$	91,185		$	—
Due to subsidiaries	7,619			—
Total liabilities	98,804			—
Shareholders’ equity
Share capital	3,638			3,736
Additional paid-in capital	499,726			503,316
Retained earnings (deficit)	(26,077		)	324,272
Total shareholders’ equity	477,287			831,324
Total liabilities and equity	$	576,091		$	831,324

GREENLIGHT CAPITAL RE, LTD.

CONDENSED FINANCIAL INFORMATION OF REGISTRANT

CONDENSED STATEMENT OF OPERATIONS — PARENT COMPANY ONLY

(expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars)

	Year ended December 31
	2018			2017			2016
	($ in thousands)
Revenue
Net investment income	$	1,574		$	34,487		$	952
Total revenues	1,574			34,487			952
Expenses
General and administrative expenses	4,445			4,691			4,042
Interest expense	2,505			—			—
Total expenses	6,950			4,691			4,042
Net income (loss) before equity in earnings of consolidated subsidiaries	(5,376		)	29,796			(3,090		)
Equity in earnings of consolidated subsidiaries	(344,678		)	(74,748		)	47,971
Consolidated net income (loss)	$	(350,054	)	$	(44,952	)	$	44,881

F-62

SCHEDULE II (continued)

GREENLIGHT CAPITAL RE, LTD.

CONDENSED FINANCIAL INFORMATION OF REGISTRANT

CONDENSED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS — PARENT COMPANY ONLY

(expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars)

	Year Ended December 31
	2018			2017			2016
	($ in thousands)
Cash provided by (used in) operating activities
Net income (loss)	$	(350,054	)	$	(44,952	)	$	44,881
Adjustments to reconcile net income or loss to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities
Equity in earnings of consolidated subsidiaries	344,678			74,748			(47,971		)
Share-based compensation expense, net of forfeitures	4,382			4,691			4,042
Amortization and interest expense	2,505			0			0
Net change in
Due from subsidiaries	876			(876		)	—
Due to subsidiaries	7,619			(29,023		)	12,037
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities	10,006			4,588			12,989
Investing activities
Purchase of investments	(800		)	—			—
Change in note receivable	(6,610		)	(191		)	(12,989		)
Contributed surplus to subsidiaries, net	(82,750		)	(1,500		)	—
Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities	(90,160		)	(1,691		)	(12,989		)
Financing activities
Net proceeds from issuance of convertible senior notes payable, net of costs	96,576			—			—
Repurchase of Class A ordinary shares	(16,503		)	(2,819		)	—
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities	80,073			(2,819		)	—
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents	(81		)	78			—
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of the year	84			6			6
Cash and cash equivalents at end of the year	$	3		$	84		$	6
Supplementary information
Non cash consideration from (to) subsidiaries, net	$	(242	)	$	(162	)	$	72

F-63

SCHEDULE III

GREENLIGHT CAPITAL RE, LTD.

SUPPLEMENTARY INSURANCE INFORMATION

AS OF AND FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2018, 2017 AND 2016

(expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars)

Year	Segment	Deferred acquisition costs, net		Reserves for losses and loss adjustment expenses – gross		Unearned premiums – gross		Net premiums earned		Total investment related income (loss)			Net losses, and loss adjustment expenses		Amortization of deferred acquisition costs		Other operating expenses		Gross premiums written
2018	Property & Casualty	$	49,929	$	482,662	$	211,789	$	508,363	$	(323,106	)	$	363,873	$	145,475	$	25,173	$	567,531
2017	Property & Casualty	$	62,350	$	464,380	$	255,818	$	626,004	$	20,231		$	502,404	$	161,740	$	26,356	$	692,651
2016	Property & Casualty	$	61,022	$	306,641	$	222,527	$	513,118	$	76,183		$	380,815	$	134,534	$	25,808	$	536,072

SCHEDULE IV

GREENLIGHT CAPITAL RE, LTD.

SUPPLEMENTARY REINSURANCE INFORMATION

AS OF AND FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2018, 2017 AND 2016

(expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars)

Year	Segment	Direct gross  premiums		Premiums  ceded to  other companies		Premiums assumed from other companies		Net written premiums		Percentage of  amount assumed to net
2018	Property & Casualty	$	—	$	102,788	$	567,531	$	464,743	122	%
2017	Property & Casualty	$	—	$	56,587	$	692,651	$	636,064	109	%
2016	Property & Casualty	$	—	$	10,015	$	536,072	$	526,057	102	%

F-64

EXHIBIT INDEX

Exhibit Number Description of Exhibit

3.1	Third Amended and Restated Memorandum and Articles of Association as revised by special resolution on July 10, 2008 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Company’s Form 10-Q filed on August 7, 2008)
4.1	Form of Specimen Certificate of Class A ordinary shares (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of the Company’s Registration Statement No. 333-139993)
4.2	Share Purchase Option, dated August 11, 2004, by and between the Registrant and First International Capital Holdings, Ltd. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 of the Company’s Registration Statement No. 333-139993)
4.3	Indenture, dated as of August 7, 2018, between Greenlight Capital Re, Ltd. and Wilmington Savings Fund Society, FSB, as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of the Company Form 8-K filed on August 7, 2018)
10.1	Form of Securities Purchase Agreement for Class A ordinary shares by and between the Registrant and each of the subscribers thereto (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Company’s Registration Statement No. 333-139993)
10.2 (1)	Greenlight Capital Re, Ltd. Amended and Restated 2004 Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Appendix A to the Company’s Definitive Proxy Statement filed on March 9, 2017).
10.3 (1)	Form of Restricted Stock Award Agreement by and between the Registrant and the Grantee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 of the Company’s Registration Statement No. 333-139993)
10.4 (1)	Form of Stock Option Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.7 of the Company’s Registration Statement No. 333-139993)
10.5 (1)	Greenlight Capital Re, Ltd. Form of Directors’ Restricted Stock Award (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.20 of the Company’s Registration Statement No. 333-139993)
10.6 (1)	Greenlight Capital Re, Ltd. Form of Employees’ Restricted Stock Award (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.21 of the Company’s Registration Statement No. 333-139993)
10.7	Form of Shareholders’ Agreement, dated August 11, 2004, by and among the Registrant and each of the subscribers (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.8 of the Company’s Registration Statement No. 333-139993)
10.8	Form of Deed of Indemnity between the Registrant and each of its directors and certain of its officers (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.11 of the Company’s Registration Statement No. 333-139993)
10.9 (1)	Amended and Restated Employment Agreement, dated as of December 30, 2008, by and among Greenlight Capital Re, Ltd., Greenlight Reinsurance, Ltd. and Tim Courtis (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on January 2, 2009)
10.10 (1)	Concurrent Private Placement Stock Purchase Agreement for Class B Ordinary Shares, dated January 11, 2007, by and between the Company and David Einhorn (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.16 of the Company’s Registration Statement No. 333-139993)
10.11	Service Agreement, dated as of February 21, 2007, between DME Advisors, LP and Greenlight Capital Re, Ltd. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.17 of the Company’s Registration Statement No. 333-139993)
10.12 (1)	Amendment No. 1, dated February 18, 2009, to the Amended and Restated Employment Agreement, dated as of December 30, 2008, by and among Greenlight Capital Re, Ltd., Greenlight Reinsurance, Ltd. and Tim Courtis (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.26 of the Company’s Form 10-K filed on February 23, 2009)
10.15	Amended and Restated Letter of Credit Agreement, executed June 17, 2010, between Greenlight Reinsurance, Ltd. and Butterfield Bank (Cayman) Limited (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 of the Company’s Form 10-Q filed on August 2, 2010)
10.17	Letter of Understanding, dated June 10, 2010, between Greenlight Reinsurance, Ltd. and Citibank, N.A (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Form 10-Q filed on August 2, 2010)
10.18	Letter of Credit Agreement, dated August 20, 2010, between Greenlight Reinsurance, Ltd. and Citibank Europe plc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Form 10-Q filed on November 2, 2010)
10.19	Master Reimbursement Agreement, dated August 20, 2010, between Greenlight Reinsurance, Ltd. and Citibank Europe plc (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Company’s Form 10-Q filed on November 2, 2010)
10.20	Reinsurance Deposit Agreement, dated August 20, 2010, between Greenlight Reinsurance, Ltd. and Citibank Europe plc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 of the Company’s Form 10-Q filed on November 2, 2010)

10.22	Letter of Credit Agreement, effective as of February 3, 2011, between Greenlight Reinsurance, Ltd. and JPMorgan Chase Bank N.A. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.38 of the Company’s Form 10-K filed on February 22, 2011)
10.23 (1)	Amended and Restated Employment Agreement, dated July 26, 2012, by and among Greenlight Capital Re, Ltd., Greenlight Reinsurance, Ltd. and Barton Hedges (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Form 10-Q filed on July 30, 2012)
10.24 (1)	Employment Agreement, dated August 15, 2006, by and among Greenlight Capital Re, Ltd., Greenlight Reinsurance, Ltd. and Brendan Barry (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.24 of the Company’s Form 10-K filed on February 21, 2012)
10.27	Amended letter of credit agreement, effective as of December 16, 2011, between Greenlight Reinsurance, Ltd. and JPMorgan Chase Bank N.A. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.27 of the Company’s Form 10-K filed on February 21, 2012)
10.30 (1)	Employment Agreement, dated July 31, 2014, by and among Greenlight Reinsurance, Ltd. and James McNichols (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Form 10-Q filed on November 3, 2014)
10.31	Amendment Letter Agreement between Greenlight Reinsurance, Ltd. and Butterfield Bank (Cayman) Limited, effective June 1, 2015, amending the Amended and Restated Letter of Credit Agreement dated June 17, 2010 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Form 10-Q filed on August 3, 2015)
10.32	Amended and Restated Letter of Credit Facility Agreement, dated May 7, 2015 between Greenlight Reinsurance, Ltd. and Bank of America, N.A., amending the Amended Letter of Credit Facility Agreement dated December 16, 2011 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Company’s Form 10-Q filed on August 3, 2015)
10.33	Letter Agreement between Greenlight Capital Re, Ltd., Greenlight Reinsurance, Ltd., Greenlight Reinsurance Ireland, Ltd., DME Advisors, LLC and DME Advisors, LP., dated June 17, 2015 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 of the Company’s Form 10-Q filed on August 3, 2015)
10.34	Third Amended and Restated Agreement by and among Greenlight Reinsurance, Ltd., Greenlight Reinsurance Ireland, a Designated Activity Company, Greenlight Capital Re, Ltd. (for limited purposes), DME Advisors, LLC and DME Advisors, LP (for limited purposes), dated as of September 30, 2016 and effective as of January 1, 2017 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Form 8-K filed on October 6, 2016).
10.35	Amended and Restated Investment Advisory Agreement among DME Advisors, LP, The Venture Among Greenlight Reinsurance, Ltd., Greenlight Reinsurance Ireland, a Designated Activity Company, and DME Advisors, LLC, Greenlight Reinsurance, Ltd., Greenlight Reinsurance Ireland, a Designated Activity Company and DME Advisors, LLC., dated as of September 30, 2016 and effective as of January 1, 2017 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Form 8-K filed on October 6, 2016).
10.36	Deed of Settlement and Release dated December 15, 2016, among Barton Hedges, Greenlight Capital Re, Ltd., and Greenlight Reinsurance, Ltd. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.2 to the Company’s Form 8-K filed on December 19, 2016).
10.37	Consulting agreement dated December 16, 2016, among Greenlight Capital Re, Ltd., Greenlight Reinsurance, Ltd. and Leonard Goldberg (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.3 to the Company’s Form 8-K filed on December 19, 2016).
10.38 (1)	Employment Agreement by and between Greenlight Capital Re, Ltd, Greenlight Reinsurance, Ltd. and Simon Burton dated July 1, 2017 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Form 8-K filed on June 2, 2017).
10.39 (1)	Employment Agreement by and between Greenlight Capital Re, Ltd., Greenlight Reinsurance, Ltd. and Michael Belfatti dated August 15, 2017 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Form 8-K filed on August 16, 2017)
10.40 (1)	Employment Agreement by and between Greenlight Reinsurance Ireland, DAC and Patrick O’Brien dated February 16, 2018 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.40 to the Company’s Form 10-K filed on Feb 20, 2018)
10.41 (1)	Amendment to Employment Agreement by and between Greenlight Reinsurance, Ltd. and Brendan Barry, dated as of March 15, 2018 and effective as of January 1, 2018 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Form 8-K filed on March 21, 2018)
10.42	Amendment No. 1 to Shareholders’ Agreement, dated June 29, 2018, by and between the Registrant and David Einhorn (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Form 8-K filed on June 29, 2018).
10.43	Deed of Settlement and Release, dated July 19, 2018, among Michael Belfatti, Greenlight Capital Re, Ltd and Greenlight Reinsurance, Ltd. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company Form 8-K filed on July 20, 2018)
10.44	Amended and Restated Exempted Limited Partnership Agreement of Solasglas Investments, LP, between DME Advisors II, LLC, as General Partner, Greenlight Reinsurance, Ltd., Greenlight Reinsurance Ireland, Designated Activity Company, Greenlight Capital Re, Ltd. and the initial limited partner, dated as of September 1, 2018 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company Form 8-K filed on September 4, 2018)

10.45	Investment Advisory Agreement among DME Advisors, LP, and Solasglas Investments, LP, dated as of September 1, 2018 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Company Form 8-K filed on September 4, 2018)
10.46	Participation Agreement among Greenlight Reinsurance, Ltd., Greenlight Reinsurance Ireland, Designated Activity Company, DME Advisors II, LLC and Solasglas Investments, LP, dated as of September 1, 2018 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 of the Company Form 8-K filed on September 4, 2018)
10.47	Termination Agreement among Greenlight Reinsurance, Ltd., Greenlight Reinsurance Ireland, Designated Activity Company, Greenlight Capital Re, Ltd., DME Advisors, LLC and DME Advisors, LP, dated as of September 1, 2018 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 of the Company Form 8-K filed on September 4, 2018)
10.48 (1)	Employment Agreement by and between Greenlight Capital Re, Ltd., Greenlight Reinsurance, Ltd. and Neil Greenspan dated December 3, 2018 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company Form 8-K filed on December 7, 2018)
10.49	Collateral Assets Investment Management Agreement among DME Advisors, LP, Greenlight Reinsurance, Ltd. and Greenlight Reinsurance Ireland DAC dated January 1, 2019
10.50 (1)	Stock Option Agreement by and between Greenlight Capital Re, Ltd. and Simon Burton dated July 6, 2017
10.51 (1)	Stock Option Agreements by and between Greenlight Capital Re, Ltd. and Leonard Goldberg dated April 3, 2017 and August 1, 2017
10.52 (1)	Restricted Stock Award Agreement by and between Greenlight Capital Re, Ltd. and Simon Burton dated March 15, 2018
10.53 (1)	Employment Agreement among Greenlight Capital Re, Ltd., Greenlight Reinsurance, Ltd. and Laura Accurso dated October 1, 2017, as amended February 18, 2019
10.54	Amendment No.1 to the Amended and Restated Exempted Limited Partnership Agreement of Solasglas Investments, LP, between DME Advisors II, LLC, as General Partner, Greenlight Reinsurance, Ltd. and Greenlight Reinsurance Ireland, Designated Activity Company, dated Feb 26, 2019, effective as of September 1, 2018.
10.55 (1)	Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement by and between Greenlight Capital Re, Ltd. and Patrick O’Brien dated March 15, 2018
21.1	Subsidiaries of the registrant
23.1	Consent of BDO USA, LLP
23.2	Consent of Ernst & Young Ltd
31.1	Certification of the Chief Executive Officer of Greenlight Capital Re, Ltd. filed herewith pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
31.2	Certification of the Chief Financial Officer of Greenlight Capital Re, Ltd. filed herewith pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
32.1	Certification of the Chief Executive Officer of Greenlight Capital Re, Ltd. furnished herewith pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
32.2	Certification of the Chief Financial Officer of Greenlight Capital Re, Ltd. furnished herewith pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
101	The following materials from the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018, formatted in XBRL (eXtensible Business Reporting Language): (i) the Consolidated Balance Sheets; (ii) the Consolidated Statements of Operations; (iii) the Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity; (iv) the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows; and (v) the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
(1)	Management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.