rng-10q_20170630.htm

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer”, “smaller reporting company”, and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

As of August 2, 2017, there were 63,899,687 shares of Class A Common Stock issued and outstanding and 12,733,998 shares of Class B Common Stock issued and outstanding.

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains forward-looking statements that are based on our management’s beliefs and assumptions and on information currently available to our management. The forward-looking statements are contained principally in, but not limited to, the sections titled “Risk Factors” and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations”. Forward-looking statements include all statements that are not historical facts and can be identified by terms such as “anticipates”, “believes”, “could”, “seeks”, “estimates”, “expects”, “intends”, “may”, “plans”, “potential”, “predicts”, “projects”, “should”, “will”, “would” or similar expressions and the negatives of those terms. Forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements about:

Forward-looking statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause our actual results, performance, or achievements to be significantly different from any future results, performance, or achievements expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. We discuss these risks in greater detail in the section entitled “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Given these uncertainties, you should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements. Also, forward-looking statements represent our management’s beliefs and assumptions only as of the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. You should read this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q completely and with the understanding that our actual future results may be significantly different from what we expect.

Except as required by law, we assume no obligation to update these forward-looking statements publicly, or to update the reasons actual results could differ significantly from those anticipated in these forward looking statements, even if new information becomes available in the future.

	June 30,			December 31,
	2017			2016
Assets
Current assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$	167,015		$	160,355
Accounts receivable, net		33,264			30,243
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		17,936			15,313
Total current assets		218,215			205,911
Property and equipment, net		36,613			31,994
Goodwill		9,393			9,393
Acquired intangibles, net		1,763			2,244
Other assets		2,633			3,087
Total assets	$	268,617		$	252,629
Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity
Current liabilities
Accounts payable	$	5,556		$	7,810
Accrued liabilities		49,720			48,322
Current portion of capital lease obligation		—			181
Current portion of long-term debt		—			14,528
Deferred revenue		53,367			45,159
Total current liabilities		108,643			116,000
Long-term debt		—			312
Sales tax liability		3,077			3,077
Other long-term liabilities		3,175			3,199
Total liabilities		114,895			122,588

Commitments and contingencies (Note 8)

Stockholders' equity
Common stock		8			7
Additional paid-in capital		404,742			366,800
Accumulated other comprehensive income		2,815			2,737
Accumulated deficit		(253,843	)		(239,503	)
Total stockholders' equity		153,722			130,041
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity	$	268,617		$	252,629

	Three Months Ended						Six Months Ended
	June 30,						June 30,
	2017			2016			2017			2016
Revenues
Software subscriptions	$	110,413		$	86,067		$	214,100		$	166,045
Other		9,023			5,777			17,127			12,337
Total revenues		119,436			91,844			231,227			178,382
Cost of revenues
Software subscriptions		21,795			18,173			42,058			34,896
Other		7,766			4,191			14,809			9,208
Total cost of revenues		29,561			22,364			56,867			44,104
Gross profit		89,875			69,480			174,360			134,278
Operating expenses
Research and development		18,617			16,681			35,704			31,607
Sales and marketing		60,794			45,662			119,688			87,490
General and administrative		18,007			13,441			33,812			27,465
Total operating expenses		97,418			75,784			189,204			146,562
Loss from operations		(7,543	)		(6,304	)		(14,844	)		(12,284	)
Other income (expense), net
Interest expense		(9	)		(193	)		(88	)		(409	)
Other income (expense), net		578			(1,217	)		700			(1,584	)
Other income (expense), net		569			(1,410	)		612			(1,993	)
Loss before income taxes		(6,974	)		(7,714	)		(14,232	)		(14,277	)
Provision for income taxes		57			57			108			107
Net loss	$	(7,031	)	$	(7,771	)	$	(14,340	)	$	(14,384	)
Net loss per common share
Basic and diluted	$	(0.09	)	$	(0.11	)	$	(0.19	)	$	(0.20	)
Weighted-average number of shares used in computing net loss per share
Basic and diluted		75,867			72,649			75,278			72,380

	Three Months Ended						Six Months Ended
	June 30,						June 30,
	2017			2016			2017			2016
Net loss	$	(7,031	)	$	(7,771	)	$	(14,340	)	$	(14,384	)
Other comprehensive loss
Foreign currency translation adjustments		47			1,134			78			1,676
Comprehensive loss	$	(6,984	)	$	(6,637	)	$	(14,262	)	$	(12,708	)

	Six Months Ended
	June 30,
	2017			2016
Cash flows from operating activities
Net loss	$	(14,340	)	$	(14,384	)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization		7,842			6,953
Share-based compensation		19,562			14,214
Foreign currency remeasurement (gain) loss		(463	)		1,708
Provision for bad debt		1,003			388
Deferred income taxes		(12	)		(4	)
Other		113			113
Changes in assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable		(4,024	)		(5,395	)
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		(2,623	)		(452	)
Other assets		501			131
Accounts payable		(1,427	)		(3,911	)
Accrued liabilities		3,136			11,492
Deferred revenue		8,208			5,448
Other liabilities		(24	)		(1,620	)
Net cash provided by operating activities		17,452			14,681
Cash flows from investing activities
Purchases of property and equipment		(8,814	)		(6,056	)
Capitalized internal-use software		(3,488	)		(961	)
Restricted investments		530			—
Net cash used in investing activities		(11,772	)		(7,017	)
Cash flows from financing activities
Proceeds from issuance of stock in connection with stock plans		17,449			6,168
Payment of holdback from Glip acquisition		—			(1,500	)
Taxes paid related to net share settlement of equity awards		(1,118	)		—
Repayment of debt		(14,840	)		(1,875	)
Repayment of capital lease obligations		(181	)		(177	)
Net cash provided by financing activities		1,310			2,616
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents		(330	)		(77	)
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents		6,660			10,203
Cash and cash equivalents
Beginning of period		160,355			137,588
End of period	$	167,015		$	147,791
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow data
Cash paid for interest	$	116		$	407
Cash paid for income taxes	$	188		$	168
Non-cash investing and financing activities
Change in liability for unvested exercised options	$	—		$	3
Equipment and capitalized internal-use software purchased and unpaid at period end	$	1,175		$	1,212
Issuance of common stock for achievement of Glip related matters	$	1,760		$	—

RingCentral, Inc. (the “Company”) is a provider of software-as-a-service (“SaaS”) solutions for business communications and collaboration. The Company was incorporated in California in 1999 and was reincorporated in Delaware on September 26, 2013.

The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes of the Company reflect all adjustments (all of which are normal, recurring in nature and those discussed in these notes) that are, in the opinion of management, necessary for a fair presentation of the interim periods presented. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. The results of operations for the interim periods presented are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for any subsequent quarter or for the entire year ending December 31, 2017. Certain information and note disclosures normally included in annual consolidated financial statements prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) have been condensed or omitted under the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”).

The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the Company’s audited consolidated financial statements and related notes included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2016.

The preparation of condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the condensed consolidated financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. The significant estimates made by management affect revenues, the allowance for doubtful accounts, goodwill, share-based compensation, capitalization of internally developed software, return reserves, provision for income taxes, uncertain tax positions, loss contingencies, sales tax liabilities, and accrued liabilities. Management periodically evaluates these estimates and will make adjustments prospectively based upon the results of such periodic evaluations. Actual results could differ from these estimates.

In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606), which will replace numerous requirements in U.S. GAAP and provide companies with a single revenue recognition model for recognizing revenue from contracts with customers. The core principle of the new standard is that a company should recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the company expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. In addition, the standard requires disclosure of the nature, amount, timing, and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from contracts with customers. The two permitted transition methods under the new standard are the full retrospective method, in which case the standard would be applied to each prior reporting period presented and the cumulative effect of applying the standard would be recognized at the earliest period shown, or the modified retrospective method, in which case the cumulative effect of applying the standard would be recognized at the date of initial application. In July 2015, the FASB approved the deferral of the new standard's effective date by one year. The new standard is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017. The FASB will permit companies to adopt the new standard early, but not before the original effective date of annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016.

The Company continues to evaluate the potential changes from adopting the new standard on its financial statements and disclosures. The Company is in the process of implementing appropriate changes to its business processes, systems and controls to support revenue recognition and disclosures under the new standard. Based on this evaluation, the Company will adopt the requirements of the new standard in the first quarter of 2018 and anticipates using the modified retrospective transition method. Additionally, as the Company continues to assess the new standard along with industry trends and internal progress, the Company may adjust its implementation plan and methodology to use the full retrospective method accordingly.

Under the new standard, the Company expects in some cases to recognize revenue earlier for subscription plans with free periods and products sold at discounts. The impact of adopting the new standard on the Company’s total revenues is not expected to be material. The Company anticipates the most significant impact of adopting the new standard primarily relates to the deferral of sales commissions due to capitalization of certain sales commissions, which previously were expensed as incurred and to the incremental disclosure requirements. Under the new standard, certain commissions will be capitalized and amortized over the expected period of benefit.

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842), which requires that lessees recognize a right-of-use asset and a lease liability on the balance sheet for all leases with the exception of short-term leases. Both capital and operating leases will need to be recognized on the balance sheet. The standard is effective for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018, with early adoption permitted. The standard must be adopted using a modified retrospective approach for all leases that existed or are entered into after the beginning of the earliest comparative period in the financial statements. The Company is currently evaluating the timing of adoption and the impact that the standard will have on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-15, Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments, which clarifies the presentation and classification in the statement of cash flows. The guidance addresses eight specific cash flow issues with the objective of reducing the existing diversity in practice for certain cash receipts and cash payments. The standard is effective for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, with early adoption permitted. The adoption of this amendment is not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements or disclosures.

In October 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-16, Intra-Entity Transfers of Assets Other Than Inventory, which requires entities to recognize at the transaction date the income tax effects for intra-entity transfers of assets other than inventory. The standard is effective for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, with early adoption permitted. The adoption of this amendment is not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements or disclosures.

In November 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-18, Restricted Cash, which clarifies the presentation of restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents in the statements of cash flows. The standard requires restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents be included with cash and cash equivalents when reconciling the beginning-of-period and end-of-period total amounts presented on the statements of cash flows. The standard is effective for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017 using a retrospective adoption method, with early adoption permitted. The adoption of this amendment is not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements or disclosures.

In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-04, Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment, which modifies the goodwill impairment test and requires an entity to write down the carrying value of goodwill up to the amount by which the carrying amount of a reporting unit exceeds its fair value. The standard is effective for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2019, with early adoption permitted. The adoption of this amendment is not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements or disclosures.

In May 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-09, Scope of Modification Accounting, which amends the scope of modification accounting for share-based payment arrangements. The amendments in the update provide guidance on the types of changes to the terms or conditions of share-based payment awards that would require application of modification accounting under ASC 718, Compensation-Stock Compensation. The standard is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, with early adoption permitted. The adoption of this amendment is not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements or disclosures.

Certain immaterial items previously reported have been reclassified to conform to the current year’s reporting presentation.

In January 2016, the Company entered into a sales agency agreement with Westcon Group, Inc. (“Westcon”), a global distributor of communications devices, to provide the phones purchased by customers. Under this agreement, the Company was an agent of Westcon and received a commission for its services, which primarily included referring phone sales to Westcon. Westcon provided phones directly to the Company’s customers instead of the Company purchasing phones from third-party vendors and reselling the phones to the Company’s customers. Commission revenues from the arrangement were recorded as the Company was the agent for these sales. The Company completed its transition of direct phone sales to Westcon during the three months ended June 30, 2016, which excluded carriers’ phone sales. The Company did not transition the carrier partners to the agency model as the billing relationships to these customers are through the carriers.

The Company’s sales of phones that are provided free or significantly discounted to customers were not part of the sales agency agreement with Westcon. The Company recognizes revenue and costs from these sales as the Company is the primary obligor and has latitude in determining pricing.

In December 2016, the Company terminated the Westcon sales agency agreement and entered into a reseller (direct sale) agreement with Westcon. Effective January 1, 2017, the Company switched from the agency model to the direct sale model whereby the Company will no longer serve as an agent for referring phone sales to Westcon and will no longer receive commissions for its services. Under the reseller agreement, the Company will purchase phones directly from Westcon for resale to its customers and will recognize revenues and costs for phone sales based on the following criteria:

For the three and six months ended June 30, 2017 and 2016, the majority of other revenues consisted of product revenues from sales of phones. Product revenues were $6.1 million and $3.2 million for the three months ended June 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively, and $12.2 million and $7.8 million for the six months ended June 30, 2017 and 2016. Product cost of revenues were $6.1 million and $3.7 million for the three months ended June 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively, and $12.0 million and $8.2 million for the six months ended June 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

Prepaid expenses and other current assets consisted of the following (in thousands):

				June 30, 2017				December 31, 2016
	Estimated Lives	Cost		Accumulated Amortization		Acquired Intangibles, Net		Accumulated Amortization		Acquired Intangibles, Net
Customer relationships	2 years	$	840	$	840		—	$	660	$	180
Developed technology	5 years		3,010		1,247		1,763		946		2,064
Total acquired intangible assets		$	3,850	$	2,087	$	1,763	$	1,606	$	2,244

Amortization expense from acquired intangible assets for the three months ended June 30, 2017 and 2016 was $0.2 million and $0.3 million, respectively. Amortization expense from acquired intangible assets was $0.5 million for both the six months ended June 30, 2017 and 2016. Amortization of developed technology is included in cost of revenues and amortization of customer relationships is included in sales and marketing expenses in the condensed consolidated statements of operations. At June 30, 2017, the weighted average amortization period for developed technology was approximately 2.9 years.

Estimated amortization expense for acquired intangible assets for the following five fiscal years and thereafter is as follows (in thousands):

Fair value is based on the price that would be received from selling an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The Company measures and reports certain cash equivalents, including money market funds and certificates of deposit, at fair value in accordance with the provisions of the authoritative accounting guidance that addresses fair value measurements. This guidance establishes a hierarchy for inputs used in measuring fair value that maximizes the use of observable inputs and minimizes the use of unobservable inputs by requiring that the most observable inputs be used when available. The hierarchy is broken down into three levels based on the reliability of the inputs as follows:

The financial assets carried at fair value were determined using the following inputs (in thousands):

	Balance at
	December 31, 2016		(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)
Cash equivalents:
Money market funds	$	119,447	$	119,447	$	—	$	—
Other assets:
Certificates of deposit	$	530	$	—	$	530	$	—

The Company’s other financial instruments, including accounts receivable, accounts payable, and other current liabilities, are carried at cost, which approximates fair value due to the relatively short maturity of those instruments.

On February 10, 2017, the Company paid off its debt in full, which was held by Silicon Valley Bank.

At December 31, 2016, the Company estimated the fair value of its debt using an expected present value technique, which was based on observable market inputs using interest rates available to companies of similar credit standing for similar terms and remaining maturities. The estimated fair value of the Company’s current and non-current debt obligations was $14.9 million at December 31, 2016, compared to its carrying amount of $14.8 million at that date. If the debt was measured at fair value in the condensed consolidated balance sheets, the Company’s current and non-current debt would have been classified in Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.

In June 2015, the Company acquired Glip, Inc. (“Glip”), a cloud messaging and collaboration company based in Boca Raton, Florida. Glip is a provider of team messaging services, integrated with project management, group calendars, notes, annotations, and file sharing. The consideration for the acquisition, net of cash acquired, which also included the fair value of contingent consideration payable upon achievement of certain earn out milestones and the fair value of common stock issuable to the sellers, was $11.9 million. Of this total consideration, $1.5 million of cash was held back by the Company upon closing as security for certain indemnification obligations of such sellers. In June 2016, the Company paid the $1.5 million in full.

The initial fair value of the milestone based earn out liability was determined to be $2.3 million using various estimates, including probabilities of achievement and discount rates. During the year ended December 31, 2016, the Company issued 45,893 shares of the Company’s Class A common stock to settle certain milestones achieved. Based on the completion of milestones for the six months ended June 30, 2017 and the estimated probability of completing the remaining milestones, the estimated fair value of the milestones based earn out liability was $1.9 million at June 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, which is classified as a current liability in the condensed consolidated balance sheets.

Additionally, under the terms of the acquisition, the Company may also pay up to $2.0 million in payments at the end of a two-year period to certain Glip employees, who continue to be employees of the Company, which are accounted for as a post-combination expense. The Company paid the bonus in full during the three months ended June 30, 2017. At December 31, 2016, the contingent payment liability was $1.4 million and was classified as a current liability in the condensed consolidated balance sheet.

As of December 31, 2016, the Company’s debt was comprised of borrowings under the Third Amended and Restated Loan and Security Agreement dated March 30, 2015 (“SVB Agreement”), as amended, with Silicon Valley Bank (“SVB”). Under the SVB Agreement, the Company had one outstanding growth capital term loan (“2013 Term Loan”) and a revolving line of credit. On February 10, 2017, the Company paid off its 2013 Term Loan and revolving line of credit balances of $14.8 million to SVB. Upon repayment, the SVB Agreement was terminated.

The Company had pledged substantially all of its assets, excluding intellectual property, as collateral to secure its obligations under the SVB Agreement. With the repayment of the debt, the lien on the assets has been removed.

The Company leases facilities for office space under non-cancelable operating leases for its U.S. and international locations. In addition, the Company leases space from third-party datacenter hosting facilities under co-location agreements to support its cloud infrastructure. The Company leases space for its corporate headquarters in Belmont, California through July 2021.

The Company regularly increases its sales and marketing activities in various states within the U.S., which may create nexus in those states to collect sales taxes on sales to customers. Although the Company is diligent in collecting and remitting such taxes, there is uncertainty as to what constitutes sufficient in-state presence for a state to levy taxes, fees, and surcharges for sales made over the Internet. As of June 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, the Company had a long-term sales tax liability of $3.1 million at both period ends, based on its best estimate of the probable liability for the loss contingency incurred as of those dates. The Company’s estimate of a probable outcome under the loss contingency is based on analysis of its sales and marketing activities, revenues subject to sales tax, and applicable regulations in each state in each period. No significant adjustments to the long-term sales tax liability have been recognized in the accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements for changes to the assumptions underlying the estimate. However, changes in management’s assumptions may occur in the future as the Company obtains new information which can result in adjustments to the recorded liability. Increases and decreases to the long-term sales tax liability are recorded as general and administrative expense.

The Company recorded a current sales tax liability for non-contingent amounts expected to be remitted in the next twelve months of $7.0 million and $6.0 million as of June 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively, which is included in accrued liabilities in the condensed consolidated balance sheets.

From time to time, the Company may be involved in a variety of claims, lawsuits, investigations, and proceedings relating to contractual disputes, intellectual property rights, employment matters, regulatory compliance matters, and other litigation matters relating to various claims that arise in the normal course of business.

The Company determines whether an estimated loss from a contingency should be accrued by assessing whether a loss is deemed probable and can be reasonably estimated. The Company assesses its potential liability by analyzing specific litigation and regulatory matters using reasonably available information. The Company develops its views on estimated losses in consultation with inside and outside counsel, which involves a subjective analysis of potential results and outcomes, assuming various combinations of appropriate litigation and settlement strategies. The results of complex legal proceedings are difficult to predict and the Company's view of these matters may change in the future as the litigation and events related thereto unfold. Legal fees are expensed in the period in which they are incurred.

On April 21, 2016, Supply Pro Sorbents, LLC (“SPS”) filed a putative class action against the Company in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California, alleging common law conversion and violations of the federal Telephone Consumer Protection Act (“TCPA”) arising from fax cover sheets used by the Company’s customers when sending facsimile transmissions over the Company’s system (“Lawsuit”). SPS seeks statutory damages, costs, attorneys’ fees and an injunction in connection with its TCPA claim, and unspecified damages and punitive damages in connection with its conversion claim. On July 6, 2016, the Company filed a Petition for Expedited Declaratory Ruling before the Federal Communications Commission (“FCC”), requesting that the FCC issue a ruling clarifying certain portions of its regulations promulgated under TCPA at issue in the Lawsuit (“Petition”). The Petition remains pending. On July 8, 2016, the Company filed a motion to dismiss the Lawsuit in its entirety, along with a collateral motion to dismiss or stay the Lawsuit pending a ruling by the FCC on the Company’s Petition. On October 7, 2016, the Court granted the Company’s motion to dismiss and gave SPS 20 days to amend its complaint. The Court concurrently dismissed the Company’s motion to dismiss or stay as moot. Plaintiff filed its amended complaint on October 27, 2016, alleging essentially the same theories and claims. On November 21, 2016, the Company filed a motion to dismiss the amended complaint, along with a renewed motion to dismiss or stay the case pending resolution of the FCC Petition. On July 17, 2017, the Court granted the Company’s motion to dismiss with prejudice and concurrently dismissed the Company’s motion to dismiss or stay as moot. SPS filed a notice of appeal to the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals on July 28, 2017. SPS’s opening brief on appeal must be filed by November 6, 2017, the Company’s opposition brief must be filed by December 5, 2017, and SPS’s optional reply brief must be filed within 21 days of the Company’s opposition brief. It is too early to predict the outcome of this Lawsuit. Based on the information known by the Company as of the date of this filing and the rules and regulations applicable to the preparation of the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements, it is not possible to provide an estimated amount of any such loss or range of loss that may occur.

On April 25, 2017, Uniloc USA, Inc. and Uniloc Luxembourg, S.A. filed in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Texas two actions against the Company alleging infringement of U.S. Patent Nos. 7,804,948; 7,853,000; and 8,571,194 by RingCentral’s Glip unified communications application. The plaintiffs seek a declaration that the Company has infringed the patents, damages according to proof, injunctive relief, as well as their costs, attorney’s fees, expenses and interest. This litigation is still in its earliest stages. Based on the information known by the Company as of the date of this filing and the rules and regulations applicable to the preparation of the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements, it is not possible to provide an estimated amount of any such loss or range of loss that may occur. The Company intends to vigorously defend against this lawsuit.

A summary of share-based compensation expense recognized in the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of operations is as follows (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended				Six Months Ended
	June 30,				June 30,
	2017		2016		2017		2016
Cost of revenues	$	1,038	$	812	$	1,795	$	1,465
Research and development		2,342		1,857		4,201		3,495
Sales and marketing		3,926		2,578		7,451		4,768
General and administrative		3,321		2,230		6,115		4,486
Total share-based compensation expense	$	10,627	$	7,477	$	19,562	$	14,214

A summary of share-based compensation expense by award type is as follows (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended				Six Months Ended
	June 30,				June 30,
	2017		2016		2017		2016
Options	$	1,953	$	2,437	$	4,143	$	4,984
Employee stock purchase plan rights		518		298		979		848
Restricted stock units		8,156		4,742		14,440		8,382
Total share-based compensation expense	$	10,627	$	7,477	$	19,562	$	14,214

As of June 30, 2017, a total of 10,944,284 shares remained available for grant under the 2013 Equity Incentive Plan (“2013 Plan”). A summary of option activity under all of the Company’s equity incentive plans at June 30, 2017 and changes during the period then ended is presented in the following table:

						Weighted-
	Number of			Weighted-		Average		Aggregate
	Options			Average		Contractual		Intrinsic
	Outstanding			Exercise Price		Term		Value
	(in thousands)			Per Share		(in Years)		(in thousands)
Outstanding at December 31, 2016		7,384		$	10.59		5.3	$	74,065
Granted		25			23.99
Exercised		(1,202	)		11.44
Canceled/Forfeited		(326	)		16.16
Outstanding at June 30, 2017		5,881		$	10.17		4.7	$	155,271
Vested and expected to vest as of June 30, 2017		5,738		$	10.00		4.6	$	152,311
Exercisable as of June 30, 2017		4,768		$	8.76		4.6	$	132,495

The weighted average grant date fair value of options granted and the total intrinsic value of options exercised were as follows (in thousands, except weighted average grant date fair value):

The Company estimated the fair values of each option awarded on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes-Merton option pricing model, which requires inputs including the fair value of common stock, expected term, expected volatility, risk-free interest rate, and dividend yield. The weighted-average assumptions used in the option pricing model in the periods presented were as follows:

	Three Months Ended						Six Months Ended
	June 30,						June 30,
	2017			2016			2017			2016
Expected term for employees (in years)		4.4			4.7			4.4			4.7
Expected term for non-employees (in years)		5.0			6.3			5.1			6.2
Risk-free interest rate		1.7	%		1.3	%		1.8	%		1.1	%
Expected volatility		43.1	%		47.9	%		43.7	%		47.3	%
Expected dividend yield		0	%		0	%		0	%		0	%

As of June 30, 2017, there was approximately $6.1 million of unrecognized share-based compensation expense, net of estimated forfeitures, related to non-vested stock option grants, which will be recognized on a straight-line basis over the remaining weighted-average vesting period of approximately 1.8 years.

The 2013 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (“ESPP”) allows eligible employees to purchase shares of the Class A common stock at a discounted price, through payroll deductions of up to the lesser of 15% of their eligible compensation or the IRS allowable limit per calendar year. A participant may purchase a maximum of 3,000 shares during an offering period. The offering periods start on the first trading day on or after May 11th and November 11th of each year. At the end of the offering period, the discounted purchase price is set at the lower of: (i) 90% of the fair value of the Company’s Class A common stock at the beginning of the six month offering period and (ii) 90% of the fair value of the Company’s Class A common stock at the end of the six month offering period.

As of June 30, 2017, there was a total of $0.7 million of unrecognized share-based compensation expense, net of estimated forfeitures, related to ESPP, which will be recognized on a straight-line basis over the remaining weighted-average vesting period of approximately 0.4 years. At June 30, 2017, a total of 2,853,424 shares were available for issuance under the ESPP.

The 2013 Plan provides for the issuance of restricted stock units (“RSUs”) to employees, directors, and consultants. RSUs issued under the 2013 Plan generally vest over four years. A summary of activity of RSUs under the 2013 Plan at June 30, 2017 and changes during the period then ended is presented in the following table:

	Number of			Weighted-
	RSUs			Average		Aggregate
	Outstanding			Grant Date Fair		Intrinsic Value
	(in thousands)			Value Per Share		(in thousands)
Outstanding at December 31, 2016		3,554		$	18.01	$	73,261
Granted		2,162			25.89
Released		(832	)		19.02
Canceled/Forfeited		(385	)		19.82
Outstanding at June 30, 2017		4,499		$	21.44	$	164,455

As of June 30, 2017, there was a total of $71.5 million of unrecognized share-based compensation expense, net of estimated forfeitures, related to restricted stock units, which will be recognized on a straight-line basis over the remaining weighted-average vesting period of approximately 2.9 years.

The Company has determined the chief executive officer is the chief operating decision maker. The Company’s chief executive officer reviews financial information presented on a consolidated basis for purposes of assessing performance and making decisions on how to allocate resources. Accordingly, the Company has determined that it operates in a single reporting segment.

Revenue by geographic location is based on the billing address of the customer. More than 90% of the Company’s revenues were derived from the U.S. during the three and six months ended June 30, 2017 and 2016.

Generally, 74% of the Company’s total billings are collected through credit card payments. The Company’s accounts receivable balance of $33.3 million as of June 30, 2017 primarily consists of receivables due from larger customers and carriers who are billed on invoices at customary payment terms. As the Company moves up-market and acquires larger customers, the Company expects the accounts receivable balance to increase. At June 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, one of the Company’s carriers accounted for 25% and 30% of the Company’s total accounts receivable, respectively.

Long-lived assets by geographic location is based on the location of the legal entity that owns the asset. At June 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, more than 86% and 87% of the Company’s consolidated long-lived assets, respectively, were located in the U.S. with no single country outside of the U. S. representing more than 10% of the Company’s consolidated long-lived assets.

The provision for income taxes for the three months ended June 30, 2017 and 2016, was $57,000 for both periods and consisted primarily of state minimum taxes and foreign income taxes. The provision for income taxes for the six months ended June 30, 2017 and 2016 was $108,000 and $107,000, respectively. For the three months ended June 30, 2017 and 2016, the provision for income taxes differed from the U.S federal statutory rate primarily due to state and foreign taxes currently payable. Additionally, the Company realized no benefit for current year losses due to a full valuation allowance against the U.S. and the foreign net deferred tax assets.

The realization of tax benefits of net deferred tax assets is dependent upon future levels of taxable income, of an appropriate character, in the periods the items are expected to be deductible or taxable. Based on the available objective evidence, the Company does not believe it is more likely than not that the net deferred tax assets will be realizable. Accordingly, the Company has provided a full valuation allowance against the entire domestic and the majority of the foreign net deferred tax assets as of June 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016. The Company intends to maintain the full valuation allowance on the U.S. net deferred tax assets until sufficient positive evidence exists to support a reversal of, or decrease in, the valuation allowance.

During the three and six months ended June 30, 2017, there have been no significant changes to the total amount of unrecognized tax benefits.

Basic net loss per share is computed by dividing the net loss by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period, less the weighted-average unvested shares of common stock subject to repurchase or forfeiture as they are not deemed to be issued for accounting purposes. Diluted net loss per share is computed by giving effect to all potential shares of common stock, stock options, restricted stock units, and ESPP to the extent they are dilutive. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2017 and 2016, all such common stock equivalents have been excluded from diluted net loss per share as the effect to net loss per share would be anti-dilutive.

The following table sets forth the computation of the Company’s basic and diluted net loss per share of common stock (in thousands, except per share data):

	Three Months Ended						Six Months Ended
	June 30,						June 30,
	2017			2016			2017			2016
Numerator
Net loss	$	(7,031	)	$	(7,771	)	$	(14,340	)	$	(14,384	)
Denominator
Weighted-average common shares for basic and diluted net loss per share		75,867			72,649			75,278			72,380
Basic and diluted net loss per share	$	(0.09	)	$	(0.11	)	$	(0.19	)	$	(0.20	)

The following table summarizes the potentially dilutive common shares that were excluded from diluted weighted-average common shares outstanding because including them would have had an anti-dilutive effect (in thousands):

In the ordinary course of business, the Company made purchases from Google Inc. at which one of the Company’s directors serves as President, Americas. Total payables to Google Inc. at June 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016 were $0.8 million and $1.0 million, respectively. Total expenses incurred from Google Inc. were $3.1 million in both the three months ended June 30, 2017 and 2016. Total expenses incurred from Google Inc. were $7.1 million and $6.0 million in the six months ended June 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our condensed consolidated financial statements and related notes appearing elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on February 28, 2017 under the Securities Act of 1934, as amended (the “Securities Act”). As discussed in the section titled “Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements,” the following discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties, as well as assumptions that, if they never materialize or prove incorrect, could cause our results to differ significantly from those expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include, but are not limited to, those identified below, and those discussed in the section titled “Risk Factors” included under Part II, Item 1A below.

We are a leading provider of software-as-a-service, or SaaS, solutions for the way employees communicate and collaborate in business. We believe that our innovative, cloud-based approach disrupts the large market for business communications and collaboration by providing flexible and cost-effective solutions that support distributed workforces, mobile employees, and the proliferation of smart phones and tablets. We enable convenient and effective communications for our customers, across all their locations, all their employees, all the time, thus enabling a more productive and dynamic workforce.

We primarily generate revenues by selling software subscriptions of our RingCentral Office, RingCentral Professional, RingCentral Fax, RingCentral Contact Center, and RingCentral Glip offerings. RingCentral Office, which offers an integrated communications and collaboration solution, is offered at monthly subscription rates, varying by the specific functionalities and services and the number of users. To support multinational enterprise customers, we introduced RingCentral Global Office (“Global Office”) as an expansion of RingCentral Office. Global Office, offered on a monthly subscription, connects workforces across 32 countries, while reducing complexity and high costs of maintaining multiple, legacy on-premise PBX systems with a single cloud solution. RingCentral Professional is inbound call management for mobile professionals offered at monthly subscription rates that vary based on the desired amount of minutes usage and extensions allotted to the plan. RingCentral Fax is offered at monthly subscription rates that vary based on the desired number of pages and phone numbers allotted to the plan. RingCentral Contact Center is a multi-channel hosted contact center solution that integrates with RingCentral Office, offered at a monthly subscription based on three editions with varying features and capabilities. RingCentral Glip is a team messaging and collaboration feature made available to all RingCentral Office customers, and as a stand-alone freemium offering to non-RingCentral users. Seamlessly integrated with RingCentral Office, RingCentral Glip enables a collaborative communications experience, which delivers increased work productivity and better team efficiency. RingCentral CloudConnect is a service that allows enterprises to leverage their dedicated and private connections to exchange data directly with the RingCentral cloud. Customers use their preferred network service provider to connect to the RingCentral cloud through a private data exchange enabling lower latency, greater network reliability and availability, and added security. Recently, RingCentral introduced Rooms and Rooms Connector to bring a cloud web conferencing solution to meeting rooms for a monthly per license add-on fee. We also recently released Business Multimedia Messaging Service (“MMS”) capabilities enabling customers to send and receive images and multimedia files from their RingCentral business numbers, RingCentral Webinar, which is capable of hosting up to 3,000 attendees and 200 presenters, and RingCentral Live Reports which enables RingCentral Office customers to monitor in real time the service quality delivered to their customers, both for a monthly per license add-on fee. We also offer RingCentral Connect Platform, which is an open platform supported by Application Program Interfaces (“APIs”) and Software Development Kits (“SDKs”) that allows developers to integrate our solution with leading business applications or to customize within their own business workflows.

Our subscription plans have historically had monthly or annual contractual terms, although we also have subscription plans with multi-year contractual terms, generally with larger customers. We believe that this flexibility in contract duration is important to meet the different needs of our customers. Generally, most of our fees are billed in advance via credit card or through commercial invoices with customary payment terms. We expect to bill more customers through commercial invoices, thus our level of accounts receivable may increase. As we increase the number of larger customers, we expect our level of prepayments for customers with annual or multi-year contracts to increase and, accordingly, our level of deferred revenue may increase. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2017 and 2016, software subscriptions revenues accounted for more than 90% of our total revenues. The remainder of our revenues has historically been primarily comprised of product revenues from the sale of pre-configured office phones. We do not develop, manufacture, or otherwise touch the delivery of physical phones and offer it as a convenience for a total solution to our customers in connection with subscriptions to our services. We rely on third-party providers to develop and manufacture these devices and fulfillment partners to successfully serve our customers.

In January 2016, we entered into a sales agency agreement with Westcon, a global distributor of communications devices, to provide the phones purchased by customers. Under this agreement, we were an agent and received a commission for our services, which primarily included referring sales to Westcon. Westcon provided phones directly to our customers instead of us purchasing

phones from third-party vendors and reselling the phones to our customers. We recorded commission revenues for this arrangement because we were the agent for these sales. During the three months ended June 30, 2016, we completed our transition of direct phone sales to Westcon, which excluded our carriers’ phone sales. In addition, we had sales in which we provided free or significantly discounted phones to our customers for promotional reasons. As our agency arrangement did not allow for these significant discounts, we were the seller to these customers and recognized the related revenues and costs from the sale. In addition, our carrier partners did not move to the agency model as they wanted to maintain the customer relationship. This resulted in a mixed hardware engagement model and administrative burden to manage the two models. In December 2016, we terminated the Westcon sales agency agreement and entered into a reseller (direct sale) agreement with Westcon. Effective January 1, 2017, we switched from the agency model to the direct sale model whereby we are no longer serving as an agent for referring phone sales to Westcon and we no longer receive commissions for our services. Under the direct sale model, we purchase phones directly from Westcon for resale to our customers. Under this model, we recognize revenues and costs for phone sales as we are the primary obligor for order fulfillment, have latitude in determining pricing, and assume general inventory risk. The shift to the direct sale model resulted in increases in our other revenues and the corresponding costs of other revenues, resulting in decreased gross margin.

We make significant upfront investments to acquire customers. Until 2010, we acquired most of our customer subscriptions through direct transactions on our website driven by online marketing channels. Beginning in 2010, in connection with our introduction of RingCentral Office, we established a direct sales force. Since then, we have continued investing in our direct sales force while also developing indirect sales channels to market our brand and our subscription offerings. Our indirect sales channel consists of a network of over 4,400 sales agents and channel partners who are active in selling our solutions and with whom we have direct relationships, including regional and global master agents such as Intelisys Communications, Inc. (acquired by ScanSource, Inc.), Ingram Micro Inc. (acquired by HNA Group), Sandler Partners and AVANT, Inc., national partners such as, CDW Corporation, Carousel Industries, and SHI International Corp., Strategic partners such as Google, as well as carrier partners including AT&T Inc. (“AT&T”), TELUS Communications Company (“TELUS”), and BT Group plc (“BT”), which we refer to collectively as resellers. Our network of resellers includes master agents who manage other sales agents and resellers, resulting in an even larger reseller network. We intend to continue to foster this network and expand our network with other resellers. We also participate in more traditional forms of media advertising, such as radio and billboard advertising.

Since its launch, our revenue growth has primarily been driven by our flagship RingCentral Office product offering, which has resulted in an increased number of customers, increased average software subscription revenue per customer, and increased retention of our existing customer and user base. We define a “customer” as one individual billing relationship for the subscription to our services, which generally correlates to one company account per customer. In the case of our carrier partners, who resell our product to multiple companies, we consider each reseller to be a single customer. We define a user as one person within a customer who has been granted a subscription license to use our services. As of June 30, 2017, we had customers from a range of industries, including advertising, financial services, healthcare, legal services, non-profit organizations, real estate, retail, technology, insurance, education, waste management, construction, security services, restaurant, software, solar, automotive dealership, managed care, hospitality, and publishing. In October of 2013, we launched our United Kingdom (“U.K.”) operations; however, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2017 and 2016, the vast majority of our total revenues were generated in the U.S. and Canada, although we expect the percentage of our total revenues derived outside of the U.S. and Canada to grow as we expand internationally. In March 2017, we announced the expansion of RingCentral Office in 13 European countries including Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Norway, Spain, Sweden, and Switzerland.

The growth of our business and our future success depend on many factors, including our ability to expand our customer base to medium-sized and larger customers, who have higher life-time value and lower attrition, continue to innovate, grow revenues from our existing customer base, expand our distribution channels, and scale internationally.

While these areas represent significant opportunities for us, they also pose risks and challenges that we must address in order to sustain the growth of our business and improve our operating results. We have experienced significant growth in recent periods, with total revenues of $379.7 million, $296.2 million, and $219.9 million in the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively, generating year-over-year increases of 28% and 35%, respectively. For the six months ended June 30, 2017 and 2016, our total revenues were $231.2 million and $178.4 million, respectively. We have continued to make significant expenditures and investments, including those in sales and marketing, research and development, infrastructure and operations and incurred net losses of $29.3 million, $32.1 million, and $48.3 million in the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively. For the six months ended June 30, 2017 and 2016, our net loss was $14.3 million and $14.4 million, respectively.

In addition to generally accepted accounting principles, or U.S. GAAP, and financial measures such as total revenues, gross margin and cash flows from operations, we regularly review a number of key business metrics to evaluate growth trends, measure our performance, and make strategic decisions. We discuss revenues and gross margin under “Results of Operations” and cash flow from operations under “Liquidity and Capital Resources.” Other key business metrics are discussed below.

We believe that our Annualized Exit Monthly Recurring Subscriptions (“ARR”) is a leading indicator of our anticipated software subscriptions revenues. We believe that trends in revenue are important to understanding the overall health of our business, and we use these trends to formulate financial projections and make strategic business decisions. Our Annualized Exit Monthly Recurring Subscriptions equals our Monthly Recurring Subscriptions multiplied by 12. Our Monthly Recurring Subscriptions equals the monthly value of all customer subscriptions contracted at the end of a given month. For example, our Monthly Recurring Subscriptions at June 30, 2017 was $39.8 million. As such, our Annualized Exit Monthly Recurring Subscriptions at June 30, 2017 was $478.0 million.

We calculate our RingCentral Office Annualized Exit Monthly Recurring Subscriptions (“Office ARR”) in the same manner as we calculate our Annualized Exit Monthly Recurring Subscriptions, except that only customer subscriptions from RingCentral Office customers are included when determining Monthly Recurring Subscriptions for the purposes of calculating this key business metric. RingCentral Office is our flagship product offering. We believe that trends in revenue with respect to RingCentral Office are also important to understanding the overall health of our business, and we use these trends to formulate financial projections and make strategic business decisions. Our RingCentral Office Annualized Exit Monthly Recurring Subscriptions at June 30, 2017 was $398.9 million.

We believe that our Net Monthly Subscription Dollar Retention Rate provides insight into our ability to retain and grow software subscriptions revenues, as well as our customers’ potential long-term value to us. We believe that our ability to retain our customers and expand their use of our solutions over time is a leading indicator of the stability of our revenue base and we use these trends to formulate financial projections and make strategic business decisions. We define our Net Monthly Subscription Dollar Retention Rate as (i) one plus (ii) the quotient of Dollar Net Change divided by Average Dollar Monthly Recurring Subscriptions.

We define Dollar Net Change as the quotient of (i) the difference of our Monthly Recurring Subscriptions at the end of a period minus our Monthly Recurring Subscriptions at the beginning of a period minus our Monthly Recurring Subscriptions at the end of the period from new customers we added during the period, (ii) all divided by the number of months in the period. We define our Average Monthly Recurring Subscriptions as the average of the Monthly Recurring Subscriptions at the beginning and end of the measurement period.

For example, if our Monthly Recurring Subscriptions were $118 at the end of a quarterly period and $100 at the beginning of the period, and $20 at the end of the period from new customers we added during the period, then the Dollar Net Change would be equal to ($0.67), or the amount equal to the difference of $118 minus $100 minus $20, all divided by three months. Our Average Monthly Recurring Subscriptions would equal $109, or the sum of $100 plus $118, divided by two. Our Net Monthly Subscription Dollar Retention Rate would then equal 99.4%, or approximately 99%, or one plus the quotient of the Dollar Net Change divided by the Average Monthly Recurring Subscriptions.

Our key business metrics for the five quarterly periods ended June 30, 2017 were as follows (dollars in millions):

Our software subscriptions revenue is primarily driven by recurring subscription services. Historically, we have acquired more new customers in the first and third quarters of a fiscal year. However, we have seen this trend become less pronounced as our business has grown, sales of RingCentral Office have accounted for a higher percentage of our total revenues, and as we move up-market to target and acquire larger customers.

Operating expenses are primarily driven by employee-related expenses and by sales and marketing programs, and have been relatively consistent as a percentage of revenues. We experience some seasonality in spending on sales and marketing as a percentage of revenue as we spend relatively less on marketing programs in the third and fourth quarters due to the summer and year-end vacation periods and November and December holidays. However, this trend may not continue as we acquire larger customers.

The following tables set forth selected condensed consolidated statements of operations data and such data as a percentage of total revenues. The historical results presented below are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for any future period (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended						Six Months Ended
	June 30,						June 30,
	2017			2016			2017			2016
Revenues
Software subscriptions	$	110,413		$	86,067		$	214,100		$	166,045
Other		9,023			5,777			17,127			12,337
Total revenues		119,436			91,844			231,227			178,382
Cost of revenues
Software subscriptions		21,795			18,173			42,058			34,896
Other		7,766			4,191			14,809			9,208
Total cost of revenues		29,561			22,364			56,867			44,104
Gross profit		89,875			69,480			174,360			134,278
Operating expenses
Research and development		18,617			16,681			35,704			31,607
Sales and marketing		60,794			45,662			119,688			87,490
General and administrative		18,007			13,441			33,812			27,465
Total operating expenses		97,418			75,784			189,204			146,562
Loss from operations		(7,543	)		(6,304	)		(14,844	)		(12,284	)
Other income (expense), net
Interest expense		(9	)		(193	)		(88	)		(409	)
Other income (expense), net		578			(1,217	)		700			(1,584	)
Other income (expense), net		569			(1,410	)		612			(1,993	)
Loss before income taxes		(6,974	)		(7,714	)		(14,232	)		(14,277	)
Provision for income taxes		57			57			108			107
Net loss	$	(7,031	)	$	(7,771	)	$	(14,340	)	$	(14,384	)

	Three Months Ended						Six Months Ended
	June 30,						June 30,
	2017			2016			2017			2016
Revenues
Software subscriptions		92	%		94	%		93	%		93	%
Other		8			6			7			7
Total revenues		100			100			100			100
Cost of revenues
Software subscriptions		18			20			18			20
Other		7			4			6			5
Total cost of revenues		25			24			24			25
Gross profit		75			76			76			75
Operating expenses
Research and development		16			18			15			18
Sales and marketing		51			50			52			49
General and administrative		15			15			15			15
Total operating expenses		82			83			82			82
Loss from operations		(7	)		(7	)		(6	)		(7	)
Other income (expense), net
Interest expense		—			—			—			—
Other income (expense), net		—			(1	)		—			(1	)
Other income (expense), net		—			(1	)		—			(1	)
Loss before income taxes		(7	)		(8	)		(6	)		(8	)
Provision for income taxes		—			—			—			—
Net loss		(7	)%		(8	)%		(6	)%		(8	)%

	Three Months											Six Months
	Ended June 30,											Ended June 30,
(in thousands, except percentages)	2017			2016			$ Change		% Change			2017			2016			$ Change		% Change
Revenues
Software subscriptions	$	110,413		$	86,067		$	24,346		28	%	$	214,100		$	166,045		$	48,055		29	%
Other		9,023			5,777			3,246		56	%		17,127			12,337			4,790		39	%
Total revenues	$	119,436		$	91,844		$	27,592		30	%	$	231,227		$	178,382		$	52,845		30	%
Percentage of revenues
Software subscriptions		92	%		94	%							93	%		93	%
Other		8			6								7			7
Total		100	%		100	%							100	%		100	%

Software subscriptions revenues. Software subscriptions revenues increased by $24.3 million, or 28%, and $48.1 million, or 29%, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2017, respectively, as compared to the respective periods of the prior year primarily due to the acquisition of new customers and upsells of additional offerings to our existing customer base. In addition, our software subscriptions revenues mix contained a higher proportion of RingCentral Office customers for the three and six months ended June 30, 2017 as compared to the respective periods of the prior year, which generally carry a higher monthly subscription rate versus our other product offerings. While the acquisition of new customers and upsells of additional offerings and seats into our existing customer base were the primary reasons for the increase, the short-term trends for user and customer acquisition have varied from period to period as some customers made a small initial user subscription followed by a larger additional user subscription, while other customers purchased a large initial user subscription followed by a smaller additional user subscription. In addition, the period of time between a customer’s initial subscription and the purchase of additional subscriptions varies significantly, ranging from one month to a few years. The overall growth in our customer base was primarily due to our investment in sales and marketing personnel, which resulted in our sales and marketing expenditures increasing by 33% and 37% for the three and six months ended June 30, 2017, respectively, as compared to the respective periods of the prior year, which include advertising and sales personnel expenditures that helped facilitate the increase in customer acceptance of our products.

Other revenues. Other revenues are primarily comprised of product revenue from the sale of pre-configured phones, phone rentals and professional services. On January 1, 2017, we switched from an agency model to a direct phone sale model under which we are recognizing the full sales price and cost of the product instead of receiving a commission for phone sales.

Other revenues increased by $3.2 million, or 56%, and $4.8 million, or 39%, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2017, respectively, as compared to the respective periods of the prior year primarily due to the shift to the direct sale model.

Total revenues. Total revenues were $119.4 million for the second quarter of 2017, up from $91.8 million in the second quarter of 2016, representing 30% growth. Adjusting for the new direct sale model, on a comparable basis, total revenues grew 27% year over year.

	Three Months											Six Months
	Ended June 30,											Ended June 30,
(in thousands, except percentages)	2017			2016			$ Change		% Change			2017			2016			$ Change		% Change
Cost of revenues
Software subscriptions	$	21,795		$	18,173		$	3,622		20	%	$	42,058		$	34,896		$	7,162		21	%
Other		7,766			4,191			3,575		85	%		14,809			9,208			5,601		61	%
Total cost of revenues	$	29,561		$	22,364		$	7,197		32	%	$	56,867		$	44,104		$	12,763		29	%
Gross margins
Software subscriptions		80	%		79	%							80	%		79	%
Other		14	%		27	%							14	%		25	%
Gross margin %		75	%		76	%							75	%		75	%

Cost of software subscriptions revenues. Cost of software subscriptions revenues increased by $3.6 million, or 20%, for the three months ended June 30, 2017 as compared to the respective period of the prior year primarily due to increases in personnel costs of $1.3 million, third-party costs to support our products of $0.8 million, overhead costs to support our products of $0.9 million, professional fees of $0.3 million, and co-location fees of $0.2 million. The increase in personnel costs was driven by an increase of 16% in average headcount and higher share-based compensation expense of $0.2 million.

Cost of software subscriptions revenues increased by $7.2 million, or 21%, for the six months ended June 30, 2017 as compared to the respective period of the prior year primarily due to increases in personnel costs of $2.4 million, third-party costs to support our products of $1.6 million, overhead costs to support our products of $2.1 million, professional fees of $0.5 million, and co-location fees of $0.5 million. The increase in personnel costs was driven by an increase of 16% in average headcount and higher share-based compensation expense of $0.3 million.

The increase in headcount and other expense categories described herein were driven primarily by investments in our infrastructure and capacity to improve the availability of our subscription offerings, while also supporting the growth in new customers and increased usage of our subscriptions by our existing customer base.

Cost of other revenues. Cost of other revenues increased by $3.6 million, or 85%, for the three months ended June 30, 2017 as compared to the respective period of the prior year. This was primarily due to increases in the cost of product sales of $2.5 million, which was driven primarily by the shift to the direct phone sale model in 2017, and the cost of other professional services vendors of $1.0 million. The increase in the cost of professional services was due to an increase in revenues for implementation services.

Cost of other revenues increased by $5.6 million, or 61%, for the six months ended June 30, 2017 as compared to the respective period of the prior year primarily due to increases in the cost of product sales of $3.9 million, which was driven primarily by the shift to the direct phone sale model in 2017, and the cost of other professional services vendors of $1.6 million. The increase in the cost of professional services was due to an increase in revenues for implementation services.

Gross margin. Our gross margin was 75% for both the three and six months periods ended June 30, 2017, and 76% and 75% for the three and six months ended June 30, 2016, respectively. Software subscriptions gross margin improved to 80% in both the three and six months ended June 30, 2017 from 79% in the respective periods in the prior year. The improvement in gross margin for software subscriptions revenues was primarily due to economies of scale obtained in our infrastructure, which includes transport costs and customer support expenses. The gross margin for other revenues was 14% and 27% for the three months ended June 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively, and 14% and 25% for the six months ended June 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The decrease in gross margin for other revenues was due primarily to the transition from the agency model to direct sale model for phones. Adjusting for the new direct model, on a comparable basis, gross margin would have been 1.4% higher year over year.

We expect our software subscription revenues gross margin to remain relatively consistent. We expect a decrease in other revenues gross margin due to transitioning from the agency model to the direct sale model effective January 2017, which resulted in a move from a net to a gross presentation of other revenue and associated costs.

	Three Months											Six Months
	Ended June 30,											Ended June 30,
(in thousands, except percentages)	2017			2016			$ Change		% Change			2017			2016			$ Change		% Change
Research and development	$	18,617		$	16,681		$	1,936		12	%	$	35,704		$	31,607		$	4,097		13	%
Percentage of total revenues		16	%		18	%							15	%		18	%

Research and development expenses increased by $1.9 million, or 12%, for the three months ended June 30, 2017 as compared to the respective period of the prior year primarily due to increases in personnel costs of $1.8 million, overhead costs to support our research and development efforts of $0.1 million, and professional fees of $0.1 million. The increase in personnel cost was primarily due to an increase in average headcount of 23% and higher share-based compensation expense of $0.5 million.

Research and development expenses increased by $4.1 million, or 13%, for the six months ended June 30, 2017 as compared to the respective period of the prior year primarily due to increases in personnel costs of $3.0 million, overhead costs to support our research and development efforts of $0.8 million, and professional fees of $0.2 million. The increase in personnel cost was primarily due to an increase in average headcount of 23% and higher share-based compensation expense of $0.7 million.

The increases for the three and six months ended June 30, 2017 in research and development headcount and other expense categories were driven by continued investment in current and future software development projects for our cloud-based and mobile applications. We expect research and development expenses to continue to increase in absolute dollars as we continue to invest in such development.

	Three Months											Six Months
	Ended June 30,											Ended June 30,
(in thousands, except percentages)	2017			2016			$ Change		% Change			2017			2016			$ Change		% Change
Sales and marketing	$	60,794		$	45,662		$	15,132		33	%	$	119,688		$	87,490		$	32,198		37	%
Percentage of total revenues		51	%		50	%							52	%		49	%

Sales and marketing expenses increased by $15.1 million, or 33%, for the three months ended June 30, 2017 as compared to the respective period of the prior year primarily due to increases in personnel costs of $9.6 million, indirect channel commissions of $3.0 million, overhead costs to support our marketing efforts of $1.4 million, professional fees of $0.7 million, and training and travel costs of $0.7 million. The increase in personnel cost was primarily due to an increase in average headcount of 36% and higher share-based compensation expense of $1.3 million.

Sales and marketing expenses increased by $32.2 million, or 37%, for the six months ended June 30, 2017 as compared to the respective period of the prior year primarily due to increases in personnel costs of $18.8 million, indirect channel commissions of $5.9 million, overhead costs to support our marketing efforts of $2.8 million, advertising and marketing costs of $2.3 million, training and travel costs of $1.9 million, and professional fees of $0.6 million. The increase in personnel cost was primarily due to an increase in average headcount of 33% and higher share-based compensation expense of $2.7 million.

The increases for the three and six months ended June 30, 2017 in sales and marketing headcount and other expense categories were necessary to support our growth strategy to acquire new and larger customers and establish brand recognition to achieve greater penetration into the North American and European markets. Additionally, we expect sales and marketing expenses to continue to increase in absolute dollars as we continue to expand our presence in North America, Europe, and other markets.

	Three Months											Six Months
	Ended June 30,											Ended June 30,
(in thousands, except percentages)	2017			2016			$ Change		% Change			2017			2016			$ Change		% Change
General and administrative	$	18,007		$	13,441		$	4,566		34	%	$	33,812		$	27,465		$	6,347		23	%
Percentage of total revenues		15	%		15	%							15	%		15	%

General and administrative expenses increased by $4.6 million, or 34%, for the three months ended June 30, 2017 as compared to the respective period of the prior year primarily due to increases in personnel costs of $3.3 million, training and travel costs of $0.5 million, and business fees and taxes of $0.2 million. The increase in personnel cost was primarily due to an increase in average headcount of 10% and higher share-based compensation expense of $1.1 million.

General and administrative expenses increased by $6.3 million, or 23%, for the six months ended June 30, 2017 as compared to the respective period of the prior year primarily due to increases in personnel costs of $5.4 million, training and travel costs of $0.9 million, and business fees and taxes of $0.2 million, partially offset by a decrease in professional fees of $0.6 million and overhead costs of $0.2 million. The increase in personnel cost was primarily due to an increase in average headcount of 11% and higher share-based compensation expense of $1.6 million.

We expect general and administrative expenses to continue to increase in absolute dollars as we continue to make additional investments in processes, systems and personnel to support our anticipated revenue growth.

	Three Months											Six Months
	Ended June 30,											Ended June 30,
(in thousands, except percentages)	2017			2016			$ Change		% Change			2017			2016			$ Change		% Change
Interest expense	$	(9	)	$	(193	)	$	184		95	%	$	(88	)	$	(409	)	$	321		78	%
Other income (expense), net		578			(1,217	)		1,795		147	%		700			(1,584	)		2,284		144	%
Other income (expense), net	$	569		$	(1,410	)	$	1,979		140	%	$	612		$	(1,993	)	$	2,605		131	%

Other income (expense), net increased by $2.0 million and $2.6 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2017 as compared to the respective periods of the prior year primarily due to lower interest expense due to the repayment of our debt in February 2017, and foreign currency gains driven by the significant increase in the Canadian dollar relative to the US dollar.

As of June 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, we had $167.0 million and $160.4 million, respectively, of cash and cash equivalents. Since our initial public offering in 2013 and our follow-on offering in early 2014, we have financed our operations primarily through sales to our customers, proceeds from issuance of stock under our stock plans, and proceeds from issuance of debt. We believe that our operations along with existing liquidity sources will satisfy our cash requirements for at least the next 12 months.

Generally, 74% of our total billings are collected through credit card payments received at the beginning of each subscription period, which is monthly for the majority of our customers. As we continue to move up market, the number and size of customers with annual or multi-year contracts is increasing and those who opt for annual invoicing is also increasing. For these customers, we generally invoice only one annual period in advance and all invoicing occurs at the start of the respective subscription period. Therefore, a source of our cash provided by operating activities is our deferred revenue, which is included within our condensed consolidated balance sheet as a liability. Deferred revenue consists of the unearned portion of invoiced fees for our software subscriptions, which we recognize as revenue ratably over the term of agreement. As of June 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, we had deferred revenue of $53.4 million and $45.2 million, respectively.

As of December 31, 2016, the carrying value of our debt totaled $14.8 million, which was paid in full in February 2017 as discussed in Note 7 of the Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Our future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including revenue growth and costs incurred to support customer growth, international expansion, sales and marketing, research and development, litigation, increased general and administrative expenses to support the anticipated growth in our operations, and capital equipment required to support our growing headcount and in support of our co-location data center facilities. Our capital expenditures in future periods are expected to grow in line with our business. To the extent that existing cash and cash equivalents are not sufficient to fund our future operations, we may need to raise additional funds through public or private equity offerings or through additional debt financing. We may in the future make investments in or acquisitions of businesses or technologies, which could also require us to seek additional equity or debt financing. Additional financing sources may not be available on terms favorable to us or at all.

The table below, for the periods indicated, provides selected cash flow information (in thousands):

Net cash provided by operating activities was $17.5 million for the six months ended June 30, 2017. Cash provided by operating activities is influenced by the amount of cash we invest in personnel, marketing, and infrastructure costs to support the anticipated growth of our business, the increase in the number of customers using our cloud-based software, the amount and timing of customer collections, as well as the amount and timing of disbursements to our vendors.

Net cash provided by operating activities resulted from source of cash from operating assets and liabilities of $3.7 million, which was primarily driven by cash receipts and prepayments from customers and carriers, offset by the timing of cash payments to vendors. Additionally, net cash provided by operating activities were driven by $28.0 million of non-cash adjustments, primarily consisting of $19.6 million in share-based compensation, $7.8 million in depreciation and amortization, and $1.0 million of bad debt expense, offset by net loss of $14.3 million.

Net cash provided by operating activities for the six months ended June 30, 2017 increased by $2.8 million as compared to the respective period of the prior year primarily due to an increase in non-cash adjustments of $4.7 million, partially offset by the decrease in changes in operating assets and liabilities of $1.9 million. The $1.9 million decrease in cash resulting from changes in operating assets and liabilities was primarily driven by the timing of cash payments to vendors, and cash receipts and prepayments from customers and carriers.

Our primary investing activities have consisted of capital expenditures, including costs incurred related to internal-use software, that are necessary to support our increasing customer base and headcount levels in all functions of our business.

Net cash used in investing activities was approximately $11.8 million for the six months ended June 30, 2017 as compared to approximately $7.0 million for the six months ended June 30, 2016. For the six months ended June 30, 2017, cash used in investing activities was primarily due to $8.8 million in purchases of property and equipment mainly to expand our leased facilities, $3.5 million of personnel-related costs associated with the development of internal-use software, partially offset by $0.5 million of proceeds received from the release of restricted investments.

Net cash used in investing activities for the six months ended June 30, 2017 increased by $4.8 million as compared to the respective period of the prior year primarily due to purchases of property and equipment and costs associated with the development of internal-use software.

Our primary financing activities have consisted of raising proceeds through the issuance of stock under our stock plans and borrowings under the SVB Agreement.

Net cash provided by financing activities was approximately $1.3 million for the six months ended June 30, 2017 as compared to approximately $2.6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2016. For the six months ended June 30, 2017, cash provided by financing activities was primarily due to $17.4 million in proceeds from the issuance of shares in connection with our stock plans, partially offset by repayment of debt of $14.8 million and capital lease payments of $0.2 million.

Net cash provided by financing activities for the six months ended June 30, 2017 decreased by $1.3 million as compared to the respective period of the prior year primarily due to the repayment of our debt of approximately $13.0 million partially offset by an increase of $11.3 million in proceeds from the issuance of shares in connection with our stock plans.

We have generally signed new customers to contracts that vary in length, from month-to-month to multi-year terms for our subscriptions. The timing of invoicing to our customers is a negotiated term and thus varies among our subscription contracts. Payment terms are generally billed either monthly or on an annual basis. At any point in the contract term, there can be amounts that we have not yet been contractually able to invoice, which constitute backlog. Until such time as these amounts are invoiced, we do not recognize them as revenues, unearned revenues or elsewhere in our consolidated financial statements. Given the variability in our contract length, we believe that fluctuations in backlog are not a reliable indicator of future revenues and we do not utilize backlog as a key management metric internally.

Deferred revenue primarily consists of the unearned portion of invoiced fees for our software subscriptions, which we recognize as revenue in accordance with our revenue recognition policy. As we continue to move up market, the number of customers who opt for multi-year contracts are increasing along with their related contract values. For customers with multi-year contracts, we invoice either monthly or each annual subscription period in advance. Therefore, our deferred revenue balance does not capture the full contract value of such multi-year contracts. Accordingly, we believe that deferred revenue is not a reliable indicator of future revenues and we do not utilize deferred revenue as a key management metric internally.

Except as set forth below and in Note 8 of the Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, there were no significant changes in our commitments under contractual obligations, as disclosed in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2016, other than the repayment of debt as described in Note 7 of the Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

There has been and may be in the future substantial litigation in the areas in which we operate regarding intellectual property rights, including third parties claiming patent infringement. We record a provision for a liability when we believe that it is both probable that a liability has been incurred, and the amount can be reasonably estimated. Significant judgment is required to determine both probability and the estimated amount of loss. Such legal proceedings are inherently unpredictable and subject to significant uncertainties, some of which are beyond our control. Should any of these estimates and assumptions change or prove to be incorrect, it could have a significant impact on our results of operations, financial position, and cash flows.

During the six months ended June 30, 2017 and 2016, we did not have any relationships with unconsolidated organizations or financial partnerships, such as structured finance or special purpose entities that would have been established for the purpose of facilitating off-balance sheet arrangements.

We are exposed to market risk in the ordinary course of our business. Market risk represents the risk of loss that may impact our financial position due to adverse changes in financial market prices and rates. Our market risk exposure is primarily a result of fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates and interest rates. We do not hold or issue financial instruments for trading purposes.

Our functional currency of our foreign subsidiaries is generally the local currency. Most of our sales are denominated in U.S. dollars, and therefore our net revenue is not currently subject to significant foreign currency risk. As part of our European expansion, we have begun to charge customers in Euro and expect to add additional currencies in the future, however, this impact has not been significant in the second quarter of 2017. Our operating expenses are denominated in the currencies of the countries in which our operations are located, which are primarily in the U.S., Canada, the Philippines, Russia, Ukraine, the U.K., Switzerland, the Netherlands, China, Ireland, Singapore, Australia, Italy, Japan, Spain, Brazil, and Hong Kong. Our consolidated results of operations and cash flows are, therefore, subject to fluctuations due to changes in foreign currency exchange rates and may be adversely affected in the future due to changes in foreign exchange rates. To date, we have not entered into any hedging arrangements with respect to foreign currency risk or other derivative financial instruments. In 2016, we entered into long-term intercompany loan agreements with our U.K. subsidiary, resulting in the foreign currency transaction gains and losses generated on remeasurement of our intercompany balances with the U.K. subsidiary being reported in other comprehensive income rather than through net loss. For the six months ended June 30, 2017, the effect of a hypothetical 10% change in foreign currency exchange rates applicable to our business would have had an impact of approximately $0.5 million on our condensed consolidated financial statements. During fiscal 2016, the effect of a hypothetical 10% change in foreign currency exchange rates applicable to our business would have had an impact of approximately $4.5 million on our consolidated financial statements.

We had cash and cash equivalents of $167.0 million and $160.4 million as of June 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively. We hold our cash and cash equivalents for working capital purposes. Our cash and cash equivalents are held in cash and short-term money market funds. Due to the short-term nature of these instruments, we believe that we do not have any material exposure to changes in the fair value of our investment portfolio as a result of changes in interest rates.

As of June 30, 2017, we had no current or long-term debt. Our debt was repaid in full in February 2017. As of December 31, 2016, we had approximately $14.8 million in current and long-term debt. A hypothetical 10% change in interest rates during any of the periods presented would not have had a material impact on our financial statements.

Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of June 30, 2017. The term “disclosure controls and procedures,” as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), means controls and other procedures of a company that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to the company’s management, including its principal executive and principal financial officers, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Based on the evaluation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of June 30, 2017, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that, as of such date, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at the reasonable assurance level.

There was no change in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q that has significantly affected, or is reasonably likely to significantly affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

In designing and evaluating our disclosure controls and procedures, management recognizes that any disclosure controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives. In addition, the design of disclosure controls and procedures must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints and that management is required to apply its judgment in evaluating the benefits of possible controls and procedures relative to their costs.

We are subject to certain legal proceedings described below, and from time to time may be involved in a variety of claims, lawsuits, investigations, and proceedings relating to contractual disputes, intellectual property rights, employment matters, regulatory compliance matters, and other litigation matters relating to various claims that arise in the normal course of business. Defending such proceedings is costly and can impose a significant burden on management and employees, we may receive unfavorable preliminary or interim rulings in the course of litigation, and there can be no assurances that favorable final outcomes will be obtained.

We determine whether an estimated loss from a contingency should be accrued by assessing whether a loss is deemed probable and can be reasonably estimated. We assess our potential liability by analyzing specific litigation and regulatory matters using reasonably available information. We develop our views on estimated losses in consultation with inside and outside counsel, which involves a subjective analysis of potential results and outcomes, assuming various combinations of appropriate litigation and settlement strategies. Legal fees are expensed in the period in which they are incurred. As of June 30, 2017, we did not have any accrued liabilities recorded for such loss contingencies.

On April 21, 2016, Supply Pro Sorbents, LLC (“SPS”) filed a putative class action against us in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California, alleging common law conversion and violations of the federal Telephone Consumer Protection Act (“TCPA”) arising from fax cover sheets used by our customers when sending facsimile transmissions over our system (“Lawsuit”). SPS seeks statutory damages, costs, attorneys’ fees and an injunction in connection with its TCPA claim, and unspecified damages and punitive damages in connection with its conversion claim. On July 6, 2016, we filed a Petition for Expedited Declaratory Ruling before the Federal Communications Commission (“FCC”), requesting that the FCC issue a ruling clarifying certain portions of its regulations promulgated under TCPA at issue in the Lawsuit (“Petition”). The Petition remains pending. On July 8, 2016, we filed a motion to dismiss the Lawsuit in its entirety, along with a collateral motion to dismiss or stay the Lawsuit pending a ruling by the FCC on our Petition. On October 7, 2016, the Court granted our motion to dismiss and gave SPS 20 days to amend its complaint. The Court concurrently dismissed our motion to dismiss or stay as moot. Plaintiff filed its amended complaint on October 27, 2016, alleging essentially the same theories and claims. On November 21, 2016, we filed a motion to dismiss the amended complaint, along with a renewed motion to dismiss or stay the case pending resolution of the FCC Petition. On July 17, 2017, the Court granted our motion to dismiss with prejudice and concurrently dismissed our motion to dismiss or stay as moot. SPS filed a notice of appeal to the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals on July 28, 2017. SPS’s opening brief on appeal must be filed by November 6, 2017, our opposition brief must be filed by December 5, 2017, and SPS’s optional reply brief must be filed within 21 days of our opposition brief. It is too early to predict the outcome of this Lawsuit. Based on the information known by us as of the date of this filing and the rules and regulations applicable to the preparation of our condensed consolidated financial statements, it is not possible to provide an estimated amount of any such loss or range of loss that may occur.

On April 25, 2017, Uniloc USA, Inc. and Uniloc Luxembourg, S.A. filed in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Texas two actions against us alleging infringement of US Patent Nos. 7,804,948; 7,853,000; and 8,571,194 by RingCentral’s Glip unified communications application. The plaintiffs seek a declaration that RingCentral has infringed the patents, damages according to proof, injunctive relief, as well as their costs, attorney’s fees, expenses and interest. This litigation is still in its earliest stages. Based on the information known by us as of the date of this filing and the rules and regulations applicable to the preparation of our condensed consolidated financial statements, it is not possible to provide an estimated amount of any such loss or range of loss that may occur. We intend to vigorously defend against this lawsuit.

This Report contains forward-looking statements that are subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those projected. These risks and uncertainties include, but are not limited to, the risk factors set forth below. The risks and uncertainties described in this Report are not the only ones we face. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we currently believe are immaterial may also affect our business. Please see page 3 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for a discussion of the forward-looking statements that are qualified by these risk factors. If any of these known or unknown risks or uncertainties actually occurs and have a material adverse effect on us, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be seriously harmed.

We have incurred significant losses and negative cash flows in the past and anticipate continuing to incur losses for at least the foreseeable future, and we may therefore not be able to achieve or sustain profitability in the future.

We have incurred substantial net losses since our inception, including net losses of $14.3 million for the six months ended June 30, 2017, $29.3 million for fiscal 2016, $32.1 million for fiscal 2015, and $48.3 million for fiscal 2014, and had an accumulated deficit of $253.8 million as of June 30, 2017. Over the past few years, we have spent considerable amounts of time and money to develop new business communications solutions and enhanced versions of our existing business communications solutions to position us for future growth. Additionally, we have incurred substantial losses and expended significant resources upfront to market, promote and sell our solutions and expect to continue to do so in the future. We also expect to continue to invest for future growth, including for advertising, customer acquisition, technology infrastructure, storage capacity, services development and international expansion. In addition, as a public company, we incur significant accounting, legal, and other expenses.

Although our net losses have decreased in recent years, we expect to continue to incur losses for at least the foreseeable future and will have to generate and sustain increased revenues to achieve future profitability. Achieving profitability will require us to increase revenues, manage our cost structure, and avoid significant liabilities. Revenue growth may slow, revenues may decline, or we may incur significant losses in the future for a number of possible reasons, including general macroeconomic conditions, increasing competition (including competitive pricing pressures), a decrease in the growth of the markets in which we compete, in particular the SaaS market, or if we fail for any reason to continue to capitalize on growth opportunities. Additionally, we may encounter unforeseen operating expenses, difficulties, complications, delays, service delivery, and quality problems and other unknown factors that may result in losses in future periods. If these losses exceed our expectations or our revenue growth expectations are not met in future periods, our financial performance will be harmed and our stock price could be volatile or decline.

Our relatively limited operating history makes it difficult to evaluate our current business and future prospects, which may increase the risk of investing in our stock.

Although we were incorporated in 1999, we did not formally introduce RingCentral Office, our current flagship product, until 2009. We have encountered and expect to continue to encounter risks and uncertainties frequently experienced by growing companies in rapidly changing markets. If our assumptions regarding these uncertainties are incorrect or change in reaction to changes in our markets, or if we do not manage or address these risks successfully, our results of operations could differ materially from our expectations, and our business could suffer. Any success that we may experience in the future will depend, in large part, on our ability to, among other things:

Our quarterly and annual results of operations have fluctuated in the past and may continue to do so in the future. As a result, we may fail to meet or to exceed the expectations of research analysts or investors, which could cause our stock price to fluctuate.

Our quarterly and annual results of operations have varied historically from period to period, and we expect that they will continue to fluctuate due to a variety of factors, many of which are outside of our control, including:

Any one of the factors above, or the cumulative effect of some or all of the factors referred to above, may result in significant fluctuations in our quarterly and annual results of operations. This variability and unpredictability could result in our failure to meet our publicly announced guidance or the expectations of securities analysts or investors for any period, which could cause our stock price to decline. In addition, a significant percentage of our operating expenses is fixed in nature and is based on forecasted revenues trends. Accordingly, in the event of revenue shortfalls, we may not be able to mitigate the negative impact on net income (loss) and margins in the short term. If we fail to meet or exceed the expectations of research analysts or investors, the market price of our shares could fall substantially, and we could face costly lawsuits, including securities class-action suits.

We face intense competition in our markets and may lack sufficient financial or other resources to compete successfully.

The cloud-based business communications and collaboration solutions industry is competitive, and we expect competition to increase in the future. We face intense competition from other providers of business communications and collaboration systems and solutions. Our competitors include traditional on-premise, hardware business communications providers such as Alcatel-Lucent Enterprise, Avaya Inc., Cisco Systems, Inc., Mitel Networks Corporation, ShoreTel, Inc. (which recently announced an agreement to be acquired by Mitel Networks Corporation), Siemens Enterprise Networks, LLC, their resellers and others; as well as companies such as BroadSoft, Inc. and their resellers that license their software. In addition, certain of our resellers are also our competitors. AT&T, BT, and TELUS, for example, each serve as resellers to us but they are also competitors for business communications. These companies have significantly greater resources than us and currently, or may in the future, develop and/or host their own or other solutions through the cloud. Such competitors may cease reselling our solutions to their customers and ultimately be able to transition some or all of those customers onto their competing solutions, which could materially and adversely affect our revenues and growth. In this regard, in August 2016, AT&T announced its launch of a competing hosted business communications solution. In recent months, new subscriptions for our solution by AT&T have declined and could continue to decline or cease altogether in the current fiscal year or future periods. In addition, AT&T may transition some or all of its existing customers from our solution. We also face competition from other cloud companies such as 8x8, Inc., Amazon.com, Inc., Dialpad, Inc., Fuze (formerly Thinking Phone Networks), Intermedia.net, Inc., j2 Global, Inc., Jive Communications, Inc., Microsoft Corporation (Skype for Business and Microsoft Teams), Nextiva, Inc., Slack Technologies, Inc., Vonage Holdings Corp., and West Corporation as well as from established communications providers, such as AT&T, Verizon Communications Inc., and Comcast Corporation in the United States, TELUS and

others in Canada, and BT, Vodafone Group plc, and others in the U.K., that resell on-premise hardware, software and hosted solutions, and they may develop and/or host their own solutions. We may also face competition from other large Internet companies, such as Alphabet Inc. (Google), Facebook, Inc., and Oracle Corporation, any of which might launch its own cloud-based business communications services or acquire other cloud-based business communications companies in the future. In addition, in 2016 we began selling a contact center solution. We face competition with respect to this solution from contact center providers such as Amazon.com, Inc., Aspect Software, Inc., Avaya, Inc., Five9, Inc., Genesys Telecommunications Laboratories, Inc., Interactive Intelligence, Inc., and NewVoiceMedia.

Many of our current and potential competitors have longer operating histories, significantly greater resources and name recognition, more diversified product offerings, and larger customer bases than we have. As a result, these competitors may have greater credibility with our existing and potential customers and may be better able to withstand an extended period of downward pricing pressure. In addition, certain of our competitors have partnered with, or been acquired by, and may in the future partner with or acquire, other competitors to offer services, leveraging their collective competitive positions, which makes it more difficult to compete with them and could significantly and adversely affect our results of operations. They also may be able to adopt more aggressive pricing policies and devote greater resources to the development, promotion and sale of their services than we can to ours. Some of these service providers have in the past and may choose in the future to sacrifice revenues in order to gain market share by offering their services at lower prices or for free. Our competitors may also offer bundled service arrangements offering a more complete service offering, despite the technical merits or advantages of our subscriptions. Competition could force us to decrease our prices, slow our growth, increase our customer turnover, reduce our sales, or decrease our market share. The adverse impact of a shortfall in our revenues may be magnified if we are unable to adjust spending adequately to compensate for such shortfall.

To deliver our subscriptions, we rely on third parties for our network connectivity and co-location facilities, and for certain of the features in our subscriptions.

We currently use the infrastructure of third-party network service providers and, in particular, the services of Level 3 Communications, Inc. (pending its acquisition by CenturyLink, Inc. announced in October 2016) and Bandwidth.com, Inc., to deliver our subscriptions over their networks. Our third-party network service providers provide access to their Internet protocol, or IP, networks, and public switched telephone networks, or PSTN, and provide call termination and origination services, including 911 emergency calling in the U.S. and equivalent services in Canada and the U.K., and local number portability for our customers. We expect that we will continue to rely heavily on third-party network service providers to provide these subscriptions for the foreseeable future. We also obtain certain connectivity and network services from our wholly owned subsidiary, RCLEC, Inc., or RCLEC, in certain geographic markets; however RCLEC also uses the infrastructure of third-party network service providers to deliver its services. Historically, our reliance on third-party networks has reduced our operating flexibility and ability to make timely service changes and control quality of service, and we expect that this will continue for the foreseeable future. If any of these network service providers stop providing us with access to their infrastructure, fail to provide these services to us on a cost-effective basis, cease operations, or otherwise terminate these services, the delay caused by qualifying and switching to another third-party network service provider, if one is available, could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

In addition, we currently use and may in the future use third-party service providers to deliver certain features of our subscriptions. For example, we rely on Free Conference Call Global, LLC for some conference calling features, Zoom Video Communications for our HD video and web conferencing and screen sharing features, Layered Communications for our texting capabilities, and inContact, Inc. (acquired by NICE, Ltd.) for our contact center capabilities. We do not, and may not in the future, have long-term contracts with certain of these third-party providers, including Zoom Video Communications and Layered Communications. If any of these service providers elects to stop providing us with access to their services, fails to provide these services to us on a cost-effective basis, ceases operations, or otherwise terminates these services, the delay caused by qualifying and switching to another third-party service provider, if one is available, or building a proprietary replacement solution could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

Finally, if problems occur with any of these third-party network or service providers, it may cause errors or poor call quality in our subscriptions, and we could encounter difficulty identifying the source of the problem. The occurrence of errors or poor call quality in our subscriptions, whether caused by our systems or a third-party network or service provider, may result in the loss of our existing customers, delay or loss of market acceptance of our subscriptions, termination of our relationships and agreements with our resellers or liability for failure to meet service level agreements, and may seriously harm our business and results of operations.

Interruptions or delays in service from our third-party data center hosting facilities and co-location facilities could impair the delivery of our subscriptions, require us to issue credits or pay penalties and harm our business.

We currently serve our North American customers from two data center hosting facilities located in northern California and northern Virginia, where we lease space from Equinix, Inc. We serve our customers in the U.K. and other European countries from two third-party data center hosting facilities in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, and Zurich, Switzerland. We also use third-party co-location facilities in the U.K., Australia, Singapore and Brazil, and we plan to add third-party co-location facilities in Canada and Japan by the end of 2017, to serve our customers in these regions. In addition, RCLEC uses seven third-party co-location facilities to provide us with network services, and we expect RCLEC to use additional third-party co-location facilities in the future. Any damage to, or failure of, these facilities, the communications network providers with whom we or they contract, or with the systems by which our communications providers allocate capacity among their customers, including us, could result in interruptions in our services. Additionally, in connection with the expansion or consolidation of our existing data center facilities, we may move or transfer our data and our customers’ data to other data centers. Despite precautions that we take during this process, any unsuccessful data transfers may impair or cause disruptions in the delivery of our subscriptions. Interruptions in our subscriptions may reduce our revenues, may require us to issue credits or pay penalties, subject us to claims and litigation, cause customers to terminate their subscriptions and adversely affect our renewal rates and our ability to attract new customers. Our ability to attract and retain customers depends on our ability to provide customers with a highly reliable subscription and even minor interruptions in our subscriptions could harm our brand and reputation and have a material adverse effect on our business.

As part of our current disaster recovery arrangements, our North American infrastructure and all of our North American customers’ data is currently replicated in near real-time at our two data center facilities in the U.S., and our European production environment and all of our U.K. and other European customers’ data is also currently replicated in near real-time at our two European data center facilities. We do not control the operation of these facilities or of our other data center facilities or RCLEC’s co-location facilities, and they are vulnerable to damage or interruption from earthquakes, floods, fires, power loss, telecommunications failures, and similar events. They may also be subject to human error or to break-ins, sabotage, acts of vandalism, and similar misconduct. Despite precautions taken at these facilities, the occurrence of a natural disaster, human error, or an act of terrorism or other unanticipated problems at these facilities could result in lengthy interruptions in our subscriptions. Even with the disaster recovery arrangements in place, our subscriptions could be interrupted.

We may also be required to transfer our servers to new data center facilities in the event that we are unable to renew our leases on acceptable terms, if at all, or the owners of the facilities decide to close their facilities, and we may incur significant costs and possible subscription interruption in connection with doing so. In addition, any financial difficulties, such as bankruptcy or foreclosure, faced by our third-party data center operators, or any of the service providers with which we or they contract may have negative effects on our business, the nature and extent of which are difficult to predict. Additionally, if our data centers are unable to keep up with our increasing needs for capacity, our ability to grow our business could be materially and adversely impacted.

Failures in Internet infrastructure or interference with broadband access could cause current or potential users to believe that our systems are unreliable, possibly leading our customers to switch to our competitors or to avoid using our subscriptions.

Unlike traditional communications services, our subscriptions depend on our customers’ high-speed broadband access to the Internet, usually provided through a cable or digital subscriber line, or DSL, connection. Increasing numbers of users and increasing bandwidth requirements may degrade the performance of our subscriptions and applications due to capacity constraints and other Internet infrastructure limitations. As our customer base grows and their usage of communications capacity increases, we will be required to make additional investments in network capacity to maintain adequate data transmission speeds, the availability of which may be limited, or the cost of which may be on terms unacceptable to us. If adequate capacity is not available to us as our customers’ usage increases, our network may be unable to achieve or maintain sufficiently high data transmission capacity, reliability or performance. In addition, if Internet service providers and other third parties providing Internet services have outages or deteriorations in their quality of service, our customers will not have access to our subscriptions or may experience a decrease in the quality of our subscriptions. Furthermore, as the rate of adoption of new technologies increases, the networks on which our subscriptions and applications rely may not be able to sufficiently adapt to the increased demand for these services, including ours. Frequent or persistent interruptions could cause current or potential users to believe that our systems or subscriptions are unreliable, leading them to switch to our competitors or to avoid our subscriptions, and could permanently harm our reputation and brands.

In addition, users who access our subscriptions and applications through mobile devices, such as smartphones and tablets, must have a high-speed connection, such as Wi-Fi, 3G, 4G or LTE, to use our subscriptions and applications. Currently, this access is provided by companies that have significant and increasing market power in the broadband and Internet access marketplace, including incumbent phone companies, cable companies, and wireless companies. Some of these providers offer products and subscriptions that directly compete with our own offerings, which can potentially give them a competitive advantage. Also, these providers could take measures that degrade, disrupt or increase the cost of user access to third-party services, including our subscriptions, by restricting or prohibiting the use of their infrastructure to support or facilitate third-party services or by charging increased fees to third parties or the users of third-party services, any of which would make our subscriptions less attractive to users, and reduce our revenues.

On March 12, 2015, the FCC released an order reclassifying both wired and wireless broadband Internet access as a telecommunications service, subject to certain provisions of Title II of the Communications Act, including most significantly prohibiting unjust or unreasonable practices or discrimination but not regulating rates. The new rules, which went into effect on June 12, 2015, specifically prohibit broadband providers from blocking access to legal content, applications, services or non-harmful devices; impairing or degrading lawful Internet traffic on the basis of content, application, services, or non-harmful devices; and engaging in the practice of paid prioritization, e.g., the favoring of some lawful Internet traffic over other traffic in exchange for higher payments. A number of companies and trade associations filed legal appeals seeking to overturn the new rules. On June 14, 2016, the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit (“DC Circuit”) issued a 2-1 decision upholding the FCC’s order. On July 29, 2016, a number of telecommunications companies and trade associations asked the full DC Circuit to rehear the case. In addition, on May 23, 2017, the FCC issued a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking proposing to reclassify broadband Internet access as an information service, subject to limited regulation by the FCC but increased oversight by the Federal Trade Commission. We cannot predict whether the rules adopted in 2015 will be modified, overturned or vacated by legal action of the court or FCC. If so, broadband internet access providers may be able to charge web-based services such as ours for priority access to customers, which could result in increased costs and a loss of existing users, impair our ability to attract new users, and materially and adversely affect our business and opportunities for growth.

Most of our customers may terminate their subscriptions for our service at any time without penalty, and increased customer turnover, or costs we incur to retain our customers and encourage them to add users and, in the future, to purchase additional functionalities and premium subscription editions, could materially and adversely affect our financial performance.

Although we have recently begun to enter into long-term contracts with larger customers, our customers generally do not have long-term contracts with us and these customers may terminate their subscriptions at any time without penalty or early termination charges. We cannot accurately predict the rate of customer terminations or average monthly subscription cancellations or failures to renew, which we refer to as turnover. Our customers with subscription agreements have no obligation to renew their subscriptions for our service after the expiration of their initial subscription period, which is typically between one and three years. In the event that these customers do renew their subscriptions, they may choose to renew for fewer users, shorter contract lengths, or for a less expensive subscription plan or edition. We cannot predict the renewal rates for customers that have entered into subscription contracts with us.

Customer turnover, as well as reductions in the number of users for which a customer subscribes, each could have a significant impact on our results of operations, as does the cost we incur in our efforts to retain our customers and encourage them to upgrade their subscriptions and increase their number of users. Our turnover rate could increase in the future if customers are not satisfied with our subscriptions, the value proposition of our subscriptions or our ability to otherwise meet their needs and expectations. Turnover and reductions in the number of users for whom a customer subscribes may also increase due to factors beyond our control, including the failure or unwillingness of customers to pay their monthly subscription fees due to financial constraints and the impact of a slowing economy. Due to turnover and reductions in the number of users for whom a customer subscribes, we have to acquire new customers, or acquire new users within our existing customer base, on an ongoing basis simply to maintain our existing level of customers and revenues. If a significant number of customers terminate, reduce, or fail to renew their subscriptions, we may be required to incur significantly higher marketing expenditures than we currently anticipate in order to increase the number of new customers or to upsell existing customers, and such additional marketing expenditures could harm our business and results of operations.

Our future success also depends in part on our ability to sell additional subscriptions and additional functionalities to our current customers. This may require increasingly sophisticated and more costly sales efforts and a longer sales cycle. Any increase in the costs necessary to upgrade, expand and retain existing customers could materially and adversely affect our financial performance. If our efforts to convince customers to add users and, in the future, to purchase additional functionalities are not successful, our business may suffer. In addition, such increased costs could cause us to increase our subscription rates, which could increase our turnover rate.

If we are unable to attract new customers to our subscriptions or upsell to those customers on a cost-effective basis, our business will be materially and adversely affected.

In order to grow our business, we must continue to attract new customers and expand the number of users in, and services provided to, our existing customer base on a cost-effective basis. We use and periodically adjust the mix of advertising and marketing programs to promote our subscriptions. Significant increases in the pricing of one or more of our advertising channels would increase our advertising costs or may cause us to choose less expensive and perhaps less effective channels to promote our subscriptions. As we add to or change the mix of our advertising and marketing strategies, we may need to expand into channels with significantly higher costs than our current programs, which could materially and adversely affect our results of operations. We will incur advertising and marketing expenses in advance of when we anticipate recognizing any revenues generated by such expenses, and we may fail to otherwise experience an increase in revenues or brand awareness as a result of such expenditures. We have made in the

past, and may make in the future, significant expenditures and investments in new advertising campaigns, and we cannot assure you that any such investments will lead to the cost-effective acquisition of additional customers. If we are unable to maintain effective advertising programs, our ability to attract new customers could be materially and adversely affected, our advertising and marketing expenses could increase substantially, and our results of operations may suffer.

Some of our potential customers learn about us through leading search engines, such as Google, Yahoo!, and Bing. While we employ search engine optimization and search engine marketing strategies, our ability to maintain and increase the number of visitors directed to our website is not entirely within our control. If search engine companies modify their search algorithms in a manner that reduces the prominence of our listing, or if our competitors’ search engine optimization efforts are more successful than ours, or if search engine companies restrict or prohibit us from using their services, fewer potential customers may click through to our website. In addition, the cost of purchased listings has increased in the past and may increase in the future. A decrease in website traffic or an increase in search costs could materially and adversely affect our customer acquisition efforts and our results of operations.

Most of our revenues today come from small and medium-sized businesses, which may have fewer financial resources to weather an economic downturn.

Most of our revenues today come from small and medium-sized businesses. These customers may be materially and adversely affected by economic downturns to a greater extent than larger, more established businesses. These businesses typically have more limited financial resources, including capital-borrowing capacity, than larger entities. As the majority of our customers pay for our subscriptions through credit and debit cards, weakness in certain segments of the credit markets and in the U.S. and global economies has resulted in and may in the future result in increased numbers of rejected credit and debit card payments, which could materially affect our business by increasing customer cancellations and impacting our ability to engage new small and medium-sized customers. If small and medium-sized businesses experience financial hardship as a result of a weak economy, industry consolidation or for any other reason, the overall demand for our subscriptions could be materially and adversely affected.

We face significant risks in our strategy to target medium-sized and larger businesses for sales of our subscriptions and, if we do not manage these efforts effectively, our business and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

Sales to medium-sized and larger businesses continue to grow in both absolute dollars and as a percentage of our total sales. As we continue to target more of our sales efforts to medium-sized and larger businesses, we expect to incur higher costs and longer sales cycles and we may be less effective at predicting when we will complete these sales. In these market segments, the decision to purchase our subscriptions generally requires the approval of more technical personnel and management levels within a potential customer’s organization, and therefore, these types of sales require us to invest more time educating these potential customers about the benefits of our subscriptions. In addition, larger customers may demand more features, integration services, and customization. Our investment in marketing our subscriptions to these potential customers may not be successful, which could significantly and adversely affect our results of operations and our overall ability to grow our customer base. We also have only limited experience in developing and managing sales channels and distribution arrangements for larger businesses. Furthermore, many medium-sized and larger businesses that we target for sales may already purchase business communications and solutions from our larger competitors. As a result of these factors, these sales opportunities may require us to devote greater research and development resources and sales, support to individual customers, resulting in increased costs and could likely lengthen our typical sales cycle, which could strain our limited sales and support resources. Moreover, these larger transactions may require us to delay recognizing the associated revenues we derive from these customers until any technical or implementation requirements have been met. Furthermore, as we have limited experience selling to larger businesses, our investment in marketing our subscriptions to these potential customers may not be successful, which could materially and adversely affect our results of operations and our overall ability to grow our customer base.

We rely significantly on a network of resellers to sell our subscriptions; our failure to effectively develop, manage, and maintain our indirect sales channels could materially and adversely affect our revenues.

Our future success depends on our continued ability to establish and maintain a network of channel relationships, and we expect that we will need to expand our network in order to support and expand our historical base of smaller enterprises as well as attract and support larger customers and expand into international markets. An increasing portion of our revenues are derived from our network of sales agents and resellers, which we refer to collectively as resellers, many of which sell or may in the future decide to sell their own services or services from other business communications providers. We generally do not have long-term contracts with these resellers, and the loss of or reduction in sales through these third parties could materially reduce our revenues. Our competitors may in some cases be effective in causing our current or potential resellers to favor their services or prevent or reduce sales of our subscriptions. Furthermore, while AT&T, BT, and TELUS serve as resellers to us, they are also competitors for business communications. These companies have significantly greater resources than us and currently, or may in the future, develop and/or host their own or other solutions through the cloud. Such competitors may cease reselling our solutions to their customers and ultimately be able to transition some or all of those customers onto their competing solutions, which could materially and adversely affect our

revenues and growth. In this regard, in August 2016, AT&T announced its launch of a competing hosted business communications solution. In recent months, new subscriptions for our solution by AT&T have declined and could continue to decline or cease altogether in the current fiscal year or future periods. In addition, AT&T may transition some or all of its existing customers from our solution. If we fail to maintain relationships with our resellers, fail to develop relationships with new resellers in new markets or expand the number of resellers in our network in existing markets, or fail to manage, train, or provide appropriate incentives to our existing resellers, or if our resellers are not successful in their sales efforts, sales of our subscriptions may decrease and our operating results would suffer. If we are unable to maintain our relationships with AT&T, BT, or TELUS, or if these resellers reduce resources committed to reselling the service, our results of operations may suffer.

Recruiting and retaining qualified resellers in our network and training them in our technology and subscription offerings requires significant time and resources. To develop and expand our indirect sales channels, we must continue to scale and improve our processes and procedures to support these channels, including investment in systems and training. Many resellers may not be willing to invest the time and resources required to train their staff to effectively market our subscriptions.

Support for smartphones and tablets are an integral part of our solutions. If we are unable to develop robust mobile applications that operate on mobile platforms that our customers use, our business and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

Our solutions allow our customers to use and manage our cloud-based business communications solution on smart devices. As new smart devices and operating systems are released, we may encounter difficulties supporting these devices and services, and we may need to devote significant resources to the creation, support, and maintenance of our mobile applications. In addition, if we experience difficulties in the future integrating our mobile applications into smart devices or if problems arise with our relationships with providers of mobile operating systems, such as those of Apple Inc. or Alphabet Inc. (the parent company of Google Inc.), our future growth and our results of operations could suffer.

If we are unable to develop, license, or acquire new services or applications on a timely and cost-effective basis, our business, financial condition, and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

The cloud-based business communications industry is an emerging market that is characterized by rapid changes in customer requirements, frequent introductions of new and enhanced services, and continuing and rapid technological advancement. We cannot predict the effect of technological changes on our business. To compete successfully in this emerging market, we must anticipate and adapt to technological changes and evolving industry standards, and continue to design, develop, manufacture, and sell new and enhanced services that provide increasingly higher levels of performance and reliability at lower cost. Currently, we derive a majority of our revenues from subscriptions to RingCentral Office, and we expect this will continue for the foreseeable future. However, our future success will also depend on our ability to introduce and sell new services, features, and functionality that enhance or are beyond the voice, video, team messaging, collaboration, conferencing, contact center, and fax subscriptions we currently offer, as well as to improve usability and support and increase customer satisfaction. Our failure to develop solutions that satisfy customer preferences in a timely and cost-effective manner may harm our ability to renew our subscriptions with existing customers and create or increase demand for our subscriptions, and may materially and adversely impact our results of operations.

The introduction of new services by competitors or the development of entirely new technologies to replace existing offerings could make our solutions obsolete or adversely affect our business and results of operations. Announcements of future releases and new services and technologies by our competitors or us could cause customers to defer purchases of our existing subscriptions, which also could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. We may experience difficulties with software development, operations, design, or marketing that could delay or prevent our development, introduction, or implementation of new or enhanced services and applications. We have in the past experienced delays in the planned release dates of new features and upgrades, and have discovered defects in new services and applications after their introduction. We cannot assure you that new features or upgrades will be released according to schedule, or that, when released, they will not contain defects. Either of these situations could result in adverse publicity, loss of revenues, delay in market acceptance, or claims by customers brought against us, all of which could harm our reputation, business, results of operations, and financial condition. Moreover, the development of new or enhanced services or applications may require substantial investment, and we must continue to invest a significant amount of resources in our research and development efforts to develop these services and applications to remain competitive. We do not know whether these investments will be successful. If customers do not widely adopt any new or enhanced services and applications, we may not be able to realize a return on our investment. If we are unable to develop, license, or acquire new or enhanced services and applications on a timely and cost-effective basis, or if such new or enhanced services and applications do not achieve market acceptance, our business, financial condition, and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

A cyber attack, information security breach or denial of service could delay or interrupt service to our customers, harm our reputation, or subject us to significant liability.

Our operations depend on our ability to protect our production services from interruption or damage from unauthorized entry, computer viruses or other events beyond our control. We have from time to time been subject to communications fraud and cyber-attacks by malicious actors, and denial of service, or DoS, and we may be subject to similar attacks in the future. We cannot assure you that our backup systems, regular data backups, security protocols and other procedures currently in place, or that may be in place in the future, will be adequate to prevent significant damage, system failure, or data loss. Also, our subscriptions are web-based, the amount of data we store for our users on our servers has been increasing as our business has grown, we now host services, which includes hosting customer data, both in co-located data centers and public cloud services such as Amazon Web Services, and our Glip product allows users to store files, tasks, calendar events, and conversations indefinitely on our service. As a result of maintaining larger volumes of data and user files and/or as a result of our continued move upmarket and acquisition of larger and more recognized customers, we may become a more attractive target for hackers and other malicious actors. In addition, we use third-party vendors which in some cases have access to our data and our customers’ data. Despite the implementation of security measures by us or our vendors, our computing devices, infrastructure or networks, or our vendors’ computing devices, infrastructure or networks may be vulnerable to hackers, computer viruses, worms, other malicious software programs or similar disruptive problems that are caused by or through our or our vendors, customers, employees, business partners, consultants or other Internet users who attempt to invade our or our vendors’ public and private computers, tablets, mobile devices, software, data networks, or voice networks. Further, in some cases we do not have in place disaster recovery facilities for certain ancillary services, such as email delivery of messages. We rely on encryption and authentication technology to ensure secure transmission of and access to confidential information, including customer credit card numbers, debit card numbers, direct debit information, customer communications, and files uploaded by our customers. Advances in computer capabilities, new discoveries in the field of cryptography, discovery of software bugs, social engineering activities, or other developments may result in a compromise or breach of the technology we use to protect our data and our customer data, or of the data itself.

Additionally, third parties have attempted in the past, and may attempt in the future, to fraudulently induce domestic and international employees, consultants, or customers into disclosing sensitive information, such as user names, provisioning data, customer proprietary network information, or CPNI, or other information in order to gain access to our customers’ user accounts or data, or to our data. CPNI includes information such as the phone numbers called by a consumer, the frequency, duration, and timing of such calls, and any services purchased by the consumer, such as call waiting, call forwarding, and caller ID, in addition to other information that may appear on a consumer’s bill. Third parties may also attempt to induce employees, consultants, or customers into disclosing sensitive information regarding our intellectual property and other confidential business information, our customers or customer information, or our information technology systems. In addition, the techniques used to obtain unauthorized access, to perform hacking, phishing and social engineering, or to sabotage systems, change and evolve frequently and may not be recognized until launched against a target. We may be unable to anticipate these techniques or to implement adequate preventative measures. Any system failure or security breach that causes interruptions or data loss in our operations or in the computer systems of our customers or leads to the misappropriation of our or our customers’ confidential or personal information could result in significant liability to us, cause our subscriptions to be perceived as not being secure, cause considerable harm to us and our reputation (including requiring notification to customers, regulators or the media), and deter current and potential customers from using our subscriptions. Any of these events could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

We also maintain sensitive data related to our employees, strategic partners, and customers including intellectual property, proprietary business information and personally identifiable information on our own systems. We employ layered security measures; however, we may face threats and security incidents across our infrastructure including unauthorized access, security breaches, and other system disruptions.

It is critical to our business that our employees’, strategic partners’ and customers’ sensitive information remains secure and that our customers perceive that this information is secure. An information security incident could result in unauthorized access to, loss of, or unauthorized disclosure of such information. A cybersecurity breach could expose us to litigation, indemnity obligations, government investigations and other possible liabilities. Additionally, a cyber attack or other information security incident, whether actual or perceived, could result in negative publicity which could harm our reputation and reduce our customers’ confidence in the effectiveness of our solutions, which could materially and adversely affect our business and operating results. A breach of our security systems could also expose us to increased costs including remediation costs, disruption of operations, or increased cybersecurity protection costs that may have a material adverse effect on our business. In addition, a cybersecurity breach of our customers’ systems can also result in exposure of their authentication credentials, unauthorized access to their accounts, exposure of their account information (including CPNI), and fraudulent calls on their accounts, which can subsequently have similar actual or perceived impacts to us as described above.

Laws, regulations, and enforcement actions relating to security and privacy information continue to evolve. It is possible that, in order to support changes to applicable laws and to support our expansion of sales into new geographies or into new industry segments, we will need to increase or change our cyber security systems and expenditures. Further, it is possible that changes to laws and regulations relating to security and privacy may make it more expensive to operate in certain jurisdictions and may increase the risk of our not being in compliance with such changing laws and regulations.

We rely on third parties, including third parties outside the U.S., for some of our software development, quality assurance, operations, and customer support.

We currently depend on various third parties for some of our software development efforts, quality assurance, operations, and customer support services. Specifically, we outsource some of our software development and design, quality assurance, and operations activities to third-party contractors that have employees and consultants located in St. Petersburg, Russia, Odessa, Ukraine, and Manila, the Philippines. In addition, we outsource a portion of our customer support, inside sales and network operation control functions to third-party contractors located in Manila, the Philippines. Our dependence on third-party contractors creates a number of risks, in particular, the risk that we may not maintain service quality, control or effective management with respect to these business operations. In addition, the political and military events in the Ukraine over the last few years, including political demonstrations, the annexation of the Crimea region of Ukraine by Russia, the hostile relations between Russia and the Ukraine, and disruptions caused by pro-Russian separatists in the Ukraine, could have an adverse impact on our third-party software development and quality assurance operations in Odessa, Ukraine. Further, the deteriorating relations between the U.S. and Russia and sanctions by the U.S. and the European Union, or EU, against Russia could adversely impact our third-party software development and quality assurance operations in St. Petersburg, Russia.

Our agreements with these third-party contractors are either not terminable by them (other than at the end of the term or upon an uncured breach by us) or require at least 60 days’ prior written notice of termination. If we experience problems with our third-party contractors, the costs charged by our third-party contractors increase or our agreements with our third-party contractors are terminated, we may not be able to develop new solutions, enhance or operate existing solutions, or provide customer support in an alternate manner that is equally or more efficient and cost-effective.

We anticipate that we will continue to depend on these and other third-party relationships in order to grow our business for the foreseeable future. If we are unsuccessful in maintaining existing and, if needed, establishing new relationships with third parties, our ability to efficiently operate existing services or develop new services and provide adequate customer support could be impaired, and, as a result, our competitive position or our results of operations could suffer.

We have recently experienced substantial growth in our business. This growth has placed and may continue to place significant demands on our management and our operational and financial infrastructure. As our operations grow in size, scope, and complexity, we will need to increase our sales and marketing efforts and add additional sales and marketing personnel in various regions worldwide, and improve and upgrade our systems and infrastructure to attract, service, and retain an increasing number of customers. For example, we expect the volume of simultaneous calls to increase significantly as our customer base grows. Our network hardware and software may not be able to accommodate this additional simultaneous call volume. The expansion of our systems and infrastructure will require us to commit substantial financial, operational, and technical resources in advance of an increase in the volume of business, with no assurance that the volume of business will increase. Any such additional capital investments will increase our cost base. Continued growth could also strain our ability to maintain reliable service levels for our customers and resellers, develop and improve our operational, financial and management controls, enhance our billing and reporting systems and procedures and recruit, train and retain highly skilled personnel. If we fail to achieve the necessary level of efficiency in our organization as we grow, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be materially and adversely affected.

Accusations of infringement of third-party intellectual property rights could materially and adversely affect our business.

There has been substantial litigation in the areas in which we operate regarding intellectual property rights. For instance, we have recently and in the past been sued by third parties claiming infringement of their intellectual property rights and we may be sued for infringement from time to time in the future. In the past, we have settled infringement litigation brought against us; however, we cannot assure you that we will be able to settle any future claims or, if we are able to settle any such claims, that the settlement will be on terms favorable to us. Our broad range of technology may increase the likelihood that third parties will claim that we infringe their intellectual property rights.

We have in the past received, and may in the future receive, notices of claims of infringement, misappropriation or misuse of other parties’ proprietary rights. Furthermore, regardless of their merits, accusations and lawsuits like these may require significant time and expense to defend, may negatively affect customer relationships, may divert management’s attention away from other aspects of our operations and, upon resolution, may have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition, and cash flows.

Certain technology necessary for us to provide our subscriptions may, in fact, be patented by other parties either now or in the future. If such technology were validly patented by another person, we would have to negotiate a license for the use of that technology. We may not be able to negotiate such a license at a price that is acceptable to us or at all. The existence of such a patent, or our inability to negotiate a license for any such technology on acceptable terms, could force us to cease using the technology and cease offering subscriptions incorporating the technology, which could materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations.

If we were found to be infringing on the intellectual property rights of any third-party, we could be subject to liability for such infringement, which could be material. We could also be prohibited from using or selling certain subscriptions, prohibited from using certain processes, or required to redesign certain subscriptions, each of which could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

Our limited ability to protect our intellectual property rights could materially and adversely affect our business.

We rely, in part, on patent, trademark, copyright, and trade secret law to protect our intellectual property in the U.S. and abroad. We seek to protect our technology, software, documentation and other information under trade secret and copyright law, which afford only limited protection. For example, we typically enter into confidentiality agreements with our employees, consultants, third-party contractors, customers, and vendors in an effort to control access to use and distribution of our technology, software, documentation, and other information. These agreements may not effectively prevent unauthorized use or disclosure of confidential information and may not provide an adequate remedy in the event of such unauthorized use or disclosure, and it may be possible for a third-party to legally reverse engineer, copy or otherwise obtain and use our technology without authorization. In addition, improper disclosure of trade secret information by our current or former employees, consultants, third-party contractors, customers, or vendors to the public or others who could make use of the trade secret information would likely preclude that information from being protected as a trade secret.

We also rely, in part, on patent law to protect our intellectual property in the U.S. and internationally. Our intellectual property portfolio includes 110 issued U.S. patents, which expire between 2026 and 2035. We also have 54 patent applications pending examination in the U.S., and 21 patent applications pending examination in foreign jurisdictions all of which are related to U.S. applications. We cannot predict whether such pending patent applications will result in issued patents or whether any issued patents will effectively protect our intellectual property. Even if a pending patent application results in an issued patent, the patent may be circumvented or its validity may be challenged in various proceedings in United States District Court or before the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, such as Post Grant Review or Inter Partes Review, which may require legal representation and involve substantial costs and diversion of management time and resources. In addition, we cannot assure you that every significant feature of our solutions is protected by our patents, or that we will mark our products with any or all patents they embody. As a result, we may be prevented from seeking injunctive relief or damages, in whole or in part for infringement of our patents.

The unlicensed use of our brand, including domain names, by third parties could harm our reputation, cause confusion among our customers and impair our ability to market our products and subscriptions. To that end, we have registered numerous trademarks and service marks and have applied for registration of additional trademarks and service marks and have acquired a large number of domain names in and outside the U.S. to establish and protect our brand names as part of our intellectual property strategy. If our applications receive objections or are successfully opposed by third parties, it will be difficult for us to prevent third parties from using our brand without our permission. Moreover, successful opposition to our applications might encourage third parties to make additional oppositions or commence trademark infringement proceedings against us, which could be costly and time consuming to defend against. If we are not successful in protecting our trademarks, our trademark rights may be diluted and subject to challenge or invalidation, which could materially and adversely affect our brand.

Despite our efforts to implement our intellectual property strategy, we may not be able to protect or enforce our proprietary rights in the U.S. or internationally (where effective intellectual property protection may be unavailable or limited). For example, we have entered into agreements containing confidentiality and invention assignment provisions in connection with the outsourcing of certain software development and quality assurance activities to third-party contractors located in St. Petersburg, Russia and Odessa, Ukraine. We have also entered into an agreement containing a confidentiality provision with a third-party contractor located in Manila, the Philippines, where we have outsourced a significant portion of our customer support function. We cannot assure you that agreements with these third-party contractors or their agreements with their employees and contractors will adequately protect our proprietary rights in the applicable jurisdictions and foreign countries, as their respective laws may not protect proprietary rights to the same extent as the laws of the U.S. In addition, our competitors may independently develop technologies that are similar or superior to our technology, duplicate our technology in a manner that does not infringe our intellectual property rights or design around any of our patents. Furthermore, detecting and policing unauthorized use of our intellectual property is difficult and resource-intensive. Moreover, litigation may be necessary in the future to enforce our intellectual property rights, to determine the validity and scope of the proprietary rights of others, or to defend against claims of infringement or invalidity. Such litigation, whether successful or not, could result in substantial costs and diversion of management time and resources and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Our future success depends on our ability to significantly increase revenues generated from our cloud-based business communications solutions. The market for cloud-based business communications is evolving rapidly and is characterized by an increasing number of market entrants. As is typical of a rapidly evolving industry, the demand for, and market acceptance of, these applications is uncertain. If the market for cloud-based business communications fails to develop, develops more slowly than we anticipate, or develops in a manner different than we expect, our products could fail to achieve market acceptance, which in turn could materially and adversely affect our business.

Our growth depends on the continued use of voice communications by businesses, as compared to email and other data-based methods. A decline in the overall rate of voice communications by businesses would harm our business. Furthermore, our continued growth depends on future demand for and adoption of Internet voice communications systems and services. Although the number of broadband subscribers worldwide has grown significantly in recent years, a small percentage of businesses have adopted Internet voice communications services to date. For demand and adoption of Internet voice communications services by businesses to increase, Internet voice communications networks must improve the quality of their service for real-time communications by managing the effects of and reducing packet loss, packet delay and packet jitter, as well as unreliable bandwidth, so that toll-quality service can be consistently provided. Additionally, the cost and feature benefits of Internet voice communications must be sufficient to cause customers to switch from traditional phone service providers. We must devote substantial resources to educate customers and their end users about the benefits of Internet voice communications solutions, in general, and our subscriptions in particular. If any or all of these factors fail to occur, our business may be materially and adversely affected.

Interruptions in our services caused by undetected errors, failures or bugs in our subscriptions could harm our reputation, result in significant costs to us, and impair our ability to sell our subscriptions.

Due to the fact our subscriptions are complex and we have incorporated a variety of new computer hardware, as well as software that is developed in-house or licensed or acquired from third-party vendors, our subscriptions may have errors or defects that customers identify after they begin using them that could result in unanticipated interruptions of service. Internet-based services frequently contain undetected errors and bugs when first introduced or when new versions or enhancements are released. While the substantial majority of our customers are small and medium-sized businesses, the use of our subscriptions in complicated, large-scale network environments may increase our exposure to undetected errors, failures, or bugs in our subscriptions. Although we test our subscriptions to detect and correct errors and defects before their general release, we have from time to time experienced significant interruptions in our subscriptions as a result of such errors or defects and may experience future interruptions of service if we fail to detect and correct these errors and defects. The costs incurred in correcting such defects or errors may be substantial and could harm our results of operations. In addition, we rely on hardware purchased or leased and software licensed from third parties to offer our subscriptions.

Any defects in, or unavailability of, our or third-party software or hardware that cause interruptions of our subscriptions could, among other things:

If we fail to continue to develop our brand or our reputation is harmed, our business may suffer.

We believe that continuing to strengthen our current brand will be critical to achieving widespread acceptance of our subscriptions and will require continued focus on active marketing efforts. The demand for and cost of online and traditional advertising have been increasing and may continue to increase. Accordingly, we may need to increase our investment in, and devote greater resources to, advertising, marketing, and other efforts to create and maintain brand loyalty among users. Brand promotion activities may not yield increased revenues, and even if they do, any increased revenues may not offset the expenses incurred in building our brand. If we fail to promote and maintain our brand, or if we incur substantial expense in an unsuccessful attempt to promote and maintain our brands, our business could be materially and adversely affected.

Our services, as well as those of our competitors, are regularly reviewed and commented upon by online and social media sources, as well as computer and other business publications. Negative reviews, or reviews in which our competitors’ products and services are rated more highly than our software solutions, could negatively affect our brand and reputation. From time to time, our customers have expressed dissatisfaction with our services, including dissatisfaction with our customer support, our billing policies and the way our subscriptions operate. If we do not handle customer complaints effectively, our brand and reputation may suffer, we may lose our customers’ confidence, and they may choose to terminate, reduce or not to renew their subscriptions. In addition, many of our customers participate in social media and online blogs about Internet-based software solutions, including our subscriptions, and our success depends in part on our ability to minimize negative and generate positive customer feedback through such online channels where existing and potential customers seek and share information. If actions we take or changes we make to our subscriptions upset these customers, their blogging could negatively affect our brand and reputation. Complaints or negative publicity about our subscriptions or customer service could materially and adversely impact our ability to attract and retain customers and our business, financial condition and results of operations.

If we experience excessive fraudulent activity or cannot meet evolving credit card association merchant standards, we could incur substantial costs and lose the right to accept credit cards for payment, which could cause our customer base to decline significantly.

Most of our customers authorize us to bill their credit card accounts directly for service fees that we charge. If people pay for our subscriptions with stolen credit cards, we could incur substantial third-party vendor costs for which we may not be reimbursed. Further, our customers provide us with credit card billing information online or over the phone, and we do not review the physical credit cards used in these transactions, which increases our risk of exposure to fraudulent activity. We also incur charges, which we refer to as chargebacks, from the credit card companies from claims that the customer did not authorize the credit card transaction to purchase our subscription. If the number of chargebacks becomes excessive, we could be assessed substantial fines or be charged higher transaction fees, and we could lose the right to accept credit cards for payment. In addition, credit card issuers may change merchant standards, including data protection and documentation standards, required to utilize their services from time to time. We are compliant with the Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard, or PCI DSS, in the United States, Canada and the U.K. If we fail to maintain compliance with current merchant standards, such as PCI DSS, or fail to meet new standards, the credit card associations could fine us or terminate their agreements with us, and we would be unable to accept credit cards as payment for our subscriptions. If such a failure to comply with relevant standards occurs, we may also face legal liability if we are found to not comply with applicable laws that incorporate, by reference or by adoption of substantially similar provisions, merchant standards, including PCI DSS. Our subscriptions may also be subject to fraudulent usage, including but not limited to revenue share fraud, domestic traffic pumping, subscription fraud, premium text message scams, and other fraudulent schemes. Although our customers are required to set passwords and personal identification numbers, or PINs, to protect their accounts and may configure in which destinations international calling is enabled from their extensions, third parties have in the past and may in the future be able to access and use their accounts through fraudulent means. This usage can result in, among other things, substantial bills to our vendors, for which we would be responsible, for terminating fraudulent call traffic. In addition, third parties may have attempted in the past, and may attempt in the future, to

fraudulently induce domestic and international employees or consultants into disclosing customer credentials and other account information. Communications fraud can result in unauthorized access to customer accounts and customer data, unauthorized use of customers’ services, charges to customers for fraudulent usage and expense that we must pay to carriers. We may be required to pay for these charges and expenses with no reimbursement from the customer, and our reputation may be harmed if our subscriptions are subject to fraudulent usage. Although we implement multiple fraud prevention and detection controls, we cannot assure you that these controls will be adequate to protect against fraud. Substantial losses due to fraud or our inability to accept credit card payments, which could cause our paid customer base to significantly decrease, could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition, and ability to grow our business.

Potential problems with our information systems could interfere with our business and operations.

We rely on our information systems and those of third parties for processing customer orders, distribution of our subscriptions, billing our customers, processing credit card transactions, customer relationship management, supporting financial planning and analysis, accounting functions and financial statement preparation and otherwise running our business. Information systems may experience interruptions, including interruptions of related services from third-party providers, which may be beyond our control. Such business interruptions could cause us to fail to meet customer requirements. All information systems, both internal and external, are potentially vulnerable to damage or interruption from a variety of sources, including without limitation, computer viruses, security breaches, energy blackouts, natural disasters, terrorism, war and telecommunication failures, employee or other theft, and third-party provider failures. In addition, since telecommunications billing is inherently complex and requires highly sophisticated information systems to administer, our billing system may experience errors or we may improperly operate the system, which could result in the system incorrectly calculating the fees owed by our customers for our subscriptions or related taxes and administrative fees. Any such errors in our customer billing could harm our reputation and cause us to violate truth in billing laws and regulations. Any errors or disruption in our information systems and those of the third parties upon which we rely could have a significant impact on our business.

In the future, we intend to implement a billing system or internally develop an enhanced billing system, to replace our current internally developed billing system. We may also implement further and enhanced information systems in the future to meet the demands resulting from our growth and to provide additional capabilities and functionality. The implementation of new systems and enhancements is frequently disruptive to the underlying business of an enterprise, and can be time-consuming and expensive, increase management responsibilities, and divert management attention. Any disruptions relating to our systems enhancements or any problems with the implementation, particularly any disruptions impacting our operations or our ability to accurately report our financial performance on a timely basis during the implementation period, could materially and adversely affect our business. Even if we do not encounter these material and adverse effects, the implementation of these enhancements may be much more costly than we anticipated. If we are unable to successfully implement the information systems enhancements as planned, our financial position, results of operations and cash flows could be negatively impacted.

Our use of open source technology could impose limitations on our ability to commercialize our subscriptions.

We use open source software in our platform on which our subscriptions operate. There is a risk that the owners of the copyrights in such software may claim that such licenses impose unanticipated conditions or restrictions on our ability to market or provide our subscriptions. If such owners prevail in such claim, we could be required to make the source code for our proprietary software (which contains our valuable trade secrets) generally available to third parties, including competitors, at no cost, to seek licenses from third parties in order to continue offering our subscriptions, to re-engineer our technology, or to discontinue offering our subscriptions in the event re-engineering cannot be accomplished on a timely basis or at all, any of which could cause us to discontinue our subscriptions, harm our reputation, result in customer losses or claims, increase our costs or otherwise materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations.

We are in the process of expanding our international operations, which exposes us to significant risks.

To date, we have not generated significant revenues from outside of the U.S., Canada and the U.K. However, we already have significant operations outside these countries, including software development operations in Russia and China, and software development and quality assurance operations in Ukraine, and sales and marketing operations in the Philippines. We have also recently begun selling our solutions to customers in other countries in the EU and we expect to grow our international presence in the future, including through the expansion of our Global Office solution and sales of our solutions to customers internationally. The future success of our business will depend, in part, on our ability to expand our operations and customer base worldwide. Operating in international markets requires significant resources and management attention and will subject us to regulatory, economic, and political risks that are different from those in the U.S. Due to our limited experience with international operations and developing and managing sales and distribution channels in international markets, our international expansion efforts may not be successful. In addition, we will face risks in doing business internationally that could materially and adversely affect our business, including:

Our failure to manage any of these risks successfully could harm our future international operations and our overall business.

Exposure to U.K. political developments, including the outcome of the U.K. referendum on membership in the EU, could have a material adverse effect on us.

On June 23, 2016, a referendum was held on the U.K.’s membership in the EU the outcome of which was a vote in favor of leaving the EU (commonly referred to as “Brexit”). The Brexit vote creates an uncertain political, economic, and regulatory environment in the U.K. and potentially across other EU member states, which may last for a number of months or years.

Article 50 of the Treaty of the EU, or Article 50, allows a member state to decide to withdraw from the EU in accordance with its own constitutional requirements. On March 29, 2017, the U.K. government delivered the Article 50 notice to the European Council. This has started a period of up to two years of negotiations for the U.K. to exit from the EU, although this period can be extended with the unanimous agreement of the European Council (requiring unanimity among all other EU Member States). Without any such extension (and assuming that neither the terms of withdrawal nor any transitional arrangements have already been agreed), the U.K.'s membership in the EU would end automatically on the expiration of that two-year period.

The delivery of the Article 50 notice means that the long-term nature of the U.K.'s relationship with the EU is unclear and that there is considerable uncertainty as to when any such relationship will be agreed and implemented. In the interim, there is a risk of instability for both the U.K. and the EU, which could adversely affect our results, financial condition and prospects.

The U.K. government has commenced negotiations in connection with the U.K.’s exit from the EU. There is, however, considerable uncertainty as to whether the arrangements for the U.K. to leave the EU will be agreed upon within the two-year period and, if not, whether an extension of that time period would be agreed upon. There is also a risk of the U.K.'s exit from the EU being affected without mutually acceptable terms being agreed and that any terms of such exit could adversely affect our operating results, financial condition and prospects.

The political and economic instability created by the Brexit vote has caused and may continue to cause significant volatility in global financial markets and the value of the Pound Sterling currency or other currencies, including the Euro. Depending on the terms reached regarding the U.K.’s exit from the EU, it is possible that there may be adverse practical and/or operational implications on our business.

Brexit has also created uncertainty with regard to the regulation of data protection in the U.K. In the immediate term, the U.K. will remain bound by the European General Data Protection Regulation (“GDPR”) following its exit from the EU since the U.K. government has announced its intention to enact a ‘Repeal Bill’ which enshrines all EU law into domestic U.K. legislation together with a Data Protection Bill that provides for the implementation of the GDPR. While the U.K. Information Commissioner’s Office has announced that there are no plans to dilute U.K. data protection laws, it is less certain how data protection laws or regulations will develop in the medium to longer term, and how data transfers to and from the U.K. will be regulated.

Consequently, no assurance can be given as to the overall impact of the Brexit vote and, in particular, no assurance can be given that our operating results, financial condition and prospects would not be adversely impacted by the result.

Our business could be negatively impacted by changes in the United States political environment.

The 2016 presidential and congressional elections in the United States have resulted in significant uncertainty with respect to, and could result in changes in, legislation, regulation, and government policy at the federal level, as well as the state and local levels. Any such changes could significantly impact our business as well as the markets in which we compete. Specific legislative and regulatory proposals discussed during election campaigns and more recently that might materially impact us include, but are not limited to, changes to existing telecommunications laws and regulations, trade agreements, immigration policy, import and export regulations, tariffs and customs duties, income tax regulations and the federal tax code, public company reporting requirements, and antitrust enforcement. To the extent changes in the political environment have a negative impact on us or on our markets, our business, results of operation, and financial condition could be materially and adversely impacted in the future.

Our subscriptions are subject to regulation, and future legislative or regulatory actions could adversely affect our business and expose us to liability in the U.S. and internationally.

Our business is regulated by the FCC. As a communications services provider, we are subject to existing or potential FCC regulations relating to privacy, disability access, porting of numbers, Federal Universal Service Fund, or USF, contributions, E-911, outage reporting, and other requirements. FCC classification of our Internet voice communications services as telecommunications services could result in additional federal and state regulatory obligations. If we do not comply with FCC rules and regulations, we could be subject to FCC enforcement actions, fines, loss of licenses, and possibly restrictions on our ability to operate or offer certain of our subscriptions. Any enforcement action by the FCC, which may be a public process, would hurt our reputation in the industry, possibly impair our ability to sell our subscriptions to customers and could have a materially adverse impact on our revenues.

Through RCLEC, we also provide competitive local exchange carrier services, or CLEC services, which are regulated by the FCC as traditional telecommunications services. Our CLEC services depend on certain provisions of the Telecommunications Act of 1996 that require incumbent local exchange carriers, or ILECs, to provide us facilities and services that are necessary to provide our services. Over the past several years, the FCC has reduced or eliminated a number of regulations governing ILECs’ wholesale offerings. If ILECs were no longer required by law to provide such services to us, or ceased to provide these services at reasonable rates, terms and conditions, our business could be adversely affected and our cost of providing CLEC services could increase. This could have a materially adverse impact on our results of operations and cash flows.

In addition, the TCPA and FCC rules implementing the TCPA, as amended by the Junk Fax Prevention Act of 2005, prohibit sending unsolicited facsimile advertisements, subject to certain exceptions. The FCC may take enforcement action against persons or entities that send “junk faxes,” and individuals also may have a private cause of action. Although the FCC’s rules prohibiting unsolicited fax advertisements apply to those who “send” the advertisements, fax transmitters or other service providers that have a high degree of involvement in, or actual notice of, unlawful sending of junk faxes and have failed to take steps to prevent such transmissions also face liability under the FCC’s rules. We take significant steps designed to prevent our systems from being used to send unsolicited faxes on a large scale, and we do not believe that we have a high degree of involvement in, or notice of, the use of our systems to broadcast junk faxes. However, because fax transmitters and related service providers do not enjoy an absolute exemption from liability under the TCPA and related FCC rules, we could face FCC inquiry and enforcement or civil litigation, or private causes of action, if someone uses our system for such purposes. If any of these were to occur, we could be required to incur significant costs and management’s attention could be diverted. Further, if we were to be held liable for the use of our service to send unsolicited faxes or to settle any action or proceeding, any judgment, settlement or penalties could cause a material adverse effect on our operations. We have recently been named as defendants to a class action litigation involving alleged violations of the TCPA brought by SPS. For more information about this lawsuit, see Part II, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q entitled “Legal Proceedings.”

Our subscriptions are also subject to a number of other FCC regulations. Among others, we must comply (in whole or in part) with:

If we do not comply with any current or future rules or regulations that apply to our business, we could be subject to substantial fines and penalties, we may have to restructure our service offerings, exit certain markets or raise the price of our subscriptions, any of which could ultimately harm our business and results of operations.

States currently do not regulate our Internet voice communications subscriptions, which are considered to be nomadic because they can be used from any broadband connection. However, a small number of states have ruled that non-nomadic Internet voice communications services may or do fall within the definition of “telecommunications services” and therefore those states assert that they have jurisdiction to regulate the service. No states currently require certification for nomadic Internet voice communications service providers. Even if a state does not require Internet voice communications service providers to be certified, a number of states require us to register as a VoIP provider, contribute to state USF, contribute to E-911 and pay other surcharges and annual fees that fund various utility commission programs, while others are actively considering extending their public policy programs to include the subscriptions we provide. We pass USF, E-911 fees and other surcharges through to our customers, which may result in our subscriptions becoming more expensive or require that we absorb these costs. We expect that state public utility commissions will continue their attempts to apply state telecommunications regulations to Internet voice communications subscriptions like ours.

Our CLEC subsidiary’s services are subject to regulation by the public utility regulatory agency in those states where we provide local telecommunications services. This regulation includes the requirement to obtain a certificate of public convenience and necessity or other similar licenses prior to offering our CLEC services. We may also be required to file tariffs that describe our CLEC’s services and provide rates for those services. We are also required to comply with state regulations that vary from state to state concerning service quality, disconnection and billing requirements. State commissions also have authority to review and approve interconnection agreements between incumbent phone carriers and CLECs such as our subsidiary, and to conduct arbitration of disputes arising in the negotiation of such agreements.

Both we and our CLEC subsidiary are also subject to state consumer protection laws, as well as U.S. state or municipal sales, use, excise, gross receipts, utility user and ad valorem taxes, fees or surcharges.

As we expand internationally, we may be subject to telecommunications, consumer protection, data protection and other laws and regulations in the foreign countries where we offer our subscriptions. Internationally, we currently offer our subscriptions in Canada, the U.K., and several European countries. We have also launched our new Global Office solution, enabling our multinational customers in the U.S., U.K., and Canada to establish local phone solutions in various countries internationally. We may be subject to telecommunications, consumer protection, data protection, and other laws and regulations in additional countries as we continue to expand our Global Office solution internationally.

We are a provider of Internet voice telecommunications subscriptions in Canada. As a provider of Internet voice communications subscriptions, we, directly and through our Canadian subsidiary, are subject to regulation in Canada by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission, or CRTC. We are registered with the CRTC as a reseller of telecommunications services and have been issued a basic international telecommunications services, or BITS, license by the CRTC. As an Internet voice communications provider, we are subject to obligations imposed by the CRTC, including providing access to emergency calling services, providing access to operator assistance, directory information services, number portability, providing minimum customer information, charging customers certain regulatory charges and paying contribution charges. As a holder of a BITS license, we also must comply with various annual reporting requirements. We are also subject to Canadian federal privacy and anti-spam laws and provincial consumer protection legislation.

As a provider of electronic communications services in the U.K., we, through our subsidiary, are subject to regulation in the U.K. by the Office of Communications, or Ofcom. Some of these regulatory obligations include providing access to emergency call services (“E999/112”) without charge; providing access to operator assistance, directories and directory enquiry services, offering contracts with minimum terms, providing and publishing certain information transparently, providing itemized billing, protecting customer information (including personal data); porting phone numbers upon a valid customer request and implementing a code of practice. We are required to comply with laws and matters relating to, among other things, competition law, distance selling, telecommunications, e-commerce, and consumer protection. We must also comply with various reporting and recordkeeping requirements. The requirement to comply with such laws and any future legal or regulatory changes could adversely affect our business and expose us to liability.

In addition, our international operations are potentially subject to country-specific governmental regulation and related actions that may increase our costs or impact our product and service offerings or prevent us from offering or providing our products and subscriptions in certain countries. Certain of our subscriptions may be used by customers located in countries where VoIP and other forms of IP communications may be illegal or require special licensing or in countries on a U.S. embargo list. Even where our products are reportedly illegal or become illegal or where users are located in an embargoed country, users in those countries may be able to continue to use our products and subscriptions in those countries notwithstanding the illegality or embargo. We may be subject to penalties or governmental action if consumers continue to use our products and subscriptions in countries where it is illegal to do so, and any such penalties or governmental action may be costly and may harm our business and damage our brand and reputation. We may be required to incur additional expenses to meet applicable international regulatory requirements or be required to discontinue those subscriptions if required by law or if we cannot or will not meet those requirements.

We process, store, and use personal information and other data, which subjects us and our customers to a variety of evolving international statutes, governmental regulation, industry standards and self-regulatory schemes, contractual obligations, and other legal obligations related to privacy and data protection, which may increase our costs, decrease adoption and use of our products and subscriptions and expose us to liability.

There are a number of federal, state, local and foreign laws and regulations, as well as contractual obligations and industry standards, that provide for certain obligations and restrictions with respect to data privacy and security, and the collection, storage, retention, protection, use, processing, transmission, sharing, disclosure, and protection of personal information and other customer data. We expect that with the implementation of our Global Office solution, we may become subject to additional data privacy regulations in other countries throughout the world. The scope of these obligations and restrictions is changing, subject to differing interpretations, and may be inconsistent among countries or conflict with other rules, and their status remains uncertain.

Within the EU, strict laws already apply in connection with the collection, storage, retention, use, processing, transmission, sharing, disclosure and protection of personal information, and other customer data. The EU model has been replicated substantially or in part in various jurisdictions outside the U.S., including in certain Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation countries. Data protection regulators within the EU and other jurisdictions have the power to fine non-compliant organizations significant amounts and seek injunctive relief, including the cessation of certain data processing activities. With regard to transfers of personal data from our European customers to the U.S., we have taken contractual and other measures designed to ensure adequate protection for the personal data transferred from the European Economic Area (“EEA”) to the U.S., including, where appropriate, the implementation of Model Clause agreements. Historically, RingCentral had self-certified to the U.S.-EU and U.S.-Swiss Safe Harbor Frameworks as agreed to by the U.S. Department of Commerce, and the EU and Switzerland, which established means for legitimizing the transfer of personal data by U.S. companies from the European Economic Area, or EEA, to the U.S. However, as a result of the October 6, 2015 Court of Justice of the European Union, or CJEU, opinion in Case C-362/14 (Schrems v. Data Protection Commissioner) (the “CJEU Ruling”), the U.S.-EU Safe Harbor Framework was deemed an invalid method of compliance with restrictions set forth in EU Directive 95/46/EC (and member states’ implementations thereof) regarding the transfer of personal data outside of the EEA. A new framework was agreed by the EU and U.S. authorities to replace the invalidated Safe Harbor Framework known as “Privacy Shield”. On July 12, 2016, the Privacy Shield was formally adopted by the European Commission. In light of the CJEU Ruling, it is possible that some of the other adequate protection measures we have adopted to legitimize the transfer of personal data may also be vulnerable to challenge in the same vein as those that were applicable to the Safe Harbor Framework. We anticipate engaging in additional measures to ensure compliance with EU law with respect to our transfers of personal data from the EEA to the U.S., and may find it necessary or desirable to make other changes to our personal data handling in light of the CJEU Ruling. These changes may entail, for example, adopting additional measures to ensure that the other adequate protection measures remain compliant. We may be unsuccessful in establishing compliant means for us to transfer such personal data from the EEA or otherwise responding to the CJEU Ruling, and we may experience reluctance or refusal by European or multinational customers to use our solutions as a result of the CJEU Ruling. We may face a risk of enforcement actions taken by EU data protection authorities until the time, if any, that personal data transfers to us and by us from the EU are legitimized under EU Directive 95/46/EC and applicable member states’ implementations thereof.

Additionally, the EU General Data Protection Regulation (“GDPR”) has been implemented and is set to enter into full force in May 2018. The GDPR strengthens the existing data protection regulations in the EU and its provisions include increasing the maximum level of fines that EU regulators may impose for the most serious of breaches to the greater of €20 million or 4% of worldwide annual turnover. Such fines would be in addition to (i) the rights of individuals to sue for damages in respect of any data privacy breach which causes them to suffer harm and (ii) the right of individual member states to impose additional sanctions over and above the administrative fines specified in the GDPR. Following the Brexit vote, the U.K. government invoked Article 50 of the Treaty of Lisbon, thereby triggering the two-year negotiation period for exiting the EU. The U.K. will likely leave the EU on March 29, 2019 and transitional provisions may or may not be put in place to ease the process. While it is impossible to tell exactly how Brexit will impact the regulatory landscape at this point, it may ultimately impact the U.K. business. There is some uncertainty regarding the future of data protection legislation in the U.K. following Brexit. There is likely to be some overlap between the GDPR coming into force and the United Kingdom leaving the EU. The U.K. Government has, however, announced its intention to pass legislation which incorporates all existing EU data protection legislation into the U.K.’s domestic legislation, notwithstanding Brexit, meaning that even after the U.K. has exited the EU, our applicable entities and operations likely will be bound to comply with the provisions of the GDPR. One anticipated consequence of the GDPR coming into force is that the Model Clause agreements that have been approved by the European Commission will need to be updated to reflect the GDPR’s requirements. This means that we may need to revise our existing arrangements to ensure that personal data transfers from the EEA to the U.S. remain compliant, and we may incur additional compliance costs.

The European Commission has also proposed new legislation to enhance privacy protections for users of communications services and to enhance protection for individuals against online tracking technologies. The proposed legislation, the Regulation on Privacy and Electronic Communications (or e-Privacy Regulation), is currently undergoing legislative scrutiny, and the European Commission intends to achieve its adoption and implementation by May 25, 2018. It is not yet clear if this timeline is achievable, but, when introduced, the e-Privacy Regulation is expected to impose greater potential liabilities upon communications service providers,

including potential fines for the most serious of breaches of the greater of €20 million or 4% of worldwide annual turnover. New rules introduced by the e-Privacy Regulation are likely to include enhanced consent requirements for communications service providers in order to use communications content and communications metadata to deliver value added services, and these may affect our future business growth in the EU.

As Internet commerce and communication technologies continue to evolve, thereby increasing online service providers’ and network users’ capacity to collect, store, retain, protect, use, process, and transmit large volumes of personal information, increasingly restrictive regulation by federal, state or foreign agencies becomes more likely. For example, a variety of regulations that would increase restrictions on online service providers in the area of data privacy are currently being proposed, both in the U.S. and in other jurisdictions, and we believe that the adoption of increasingly restrictive regulation in the field of data privacy and security is likely, possibly as restrictive as the EU model. Canadian, anti-spam legislation, or CASL, prescribes certain rules regarding the use of electronic messages for commercial purposes and imposes certain restrictions on a service provider’s ability to electronically automatically update or change software used in a customer’s service without the customer’s consent. Penalties for non-compliance with CASL are considerable, including administrative monetary penalties of up to $10 million, and the CRTC has begun actively enforcing the law and penalization non-compliant organizations. Obligations and restrictions imposed by current and future applicable laws, regulations, contracts, and industry standards may affect our ability to provide all the current features of our products and subscriptions and our customers’ ability to use our products and subscriptions, and could require us to modify the features and functionality of our products and subscriptions. In 2015, Canada’s privacy legislation was amended to implement mandatory data breach notification requirements and fines of up to $100,000 per occurrence for organizations that fail to keep a log of breaches or notify the Office of the Privacy Commissioner or affected individuals. The amendments will not become in force until such time as related regulations are created and approved, which currently is expected as early as fall 2017. Such obligations and restrictions may limit our ability to collect, store, process, use, transmit, and share data with our customers, and to allow our customer to collect, store, retain, protect, use, process, transmit, share, and disclose data with others through our products and subscriptions. In June 2017, the Government of Canada announced the suspension of the coming into force of a private right of action that was included under CASL that was originally scheduled to come into force on July 1, 2017. The Canadian Government’s notice did not indicate if or when the private right of action will come into force in the future. The Canadian Government notice did state the government’s intention to review CASL in the future but no specific start date for the review was provided nor was the scope of the review detailed. Compliance with, and other burdens imposed by, such obligations and restrictions could increase the cost of our operations. Failure to comply with obligations and restrictions related to data privacy and security could subject us to lawsuits, fines, criminal penalties, statutory damages, consent decrees, injunctions, adverse publicity, and other losses that could harm our business.

Our customers can use our subscriptions to store contact and other personal or identifying information, and to process, transmit, receive, store, and retrieve a variety of communications and messages, including information about their own customers and other contacts. Customers are able, and may be authorized under certain circumstances, to use our subscriptions to transmit, receive, and/or store personal information.

There are numerous federal and state laws governing the privacy and security of personal information. In particular, the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 ("HIPAA") establishes privacy and security standards that limit the use and disclosure of individually identifiable health information and requires the implementation of administrative, physical and technical safeguards to protect the privacy of protected health information and ensure the confidentiality, integrity and availability of electronic protected health information. Ring Central acts as a "Business Associate" through our relationships with our customers and is thus directly subject to certain provisions of HIPAA. In addition, if we are unable to protect the privacy and security of protected health information, we could be found to have breached our contracts with customers with whom we have a Business Associate relationship.

Noncompliance with laws and regulations relating to privacy and security of personal information, including HIPAA, or with contractual obligations under any Business Associate Agreement may lead to significant fines, civil and criminal penalties, or liabilities. The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services ("HHS") audits the compliance of Business Associates and enforces HIPAA privacy and security standards. HHS enforcement activity has become more significant over the last few years and HHS has signaled its intent to continue this trend. In addition to HHS, state attorneys general are authorized to bring civil actions seeking either injunctions or damages to the extent violation implicate the privacy of state residents.

We have implemented policies and procedures to assist us to comply with applicable privacy-related laws and regulations and our contractual obligations, but we cannot provide assurance regarding how these regulations will be interpreted as they apply to our operations. Regulation of personal information is evolving and new laws could further impact how we handle personal information or could require us to incur additional compliance costs, either of which could have an adverse impact on our operations.

Further, our actual compliance, our customers’ perception of our compliance, costs of compliance with such regulations and obligations and customer concerns regarding their own compliance obligations (whether factual or in error) may limit the use and adoption of our subscriptions and reduce overall demand. Privacy-related concerns, including the inability or impracticality of

providing advance notice to customers of privacy issues related to the use of our subscriptions, may cause our customers’ customers to resist providing the personal data necessary to allow our customers to use our subscriptions effectively. Even the perception of privacy-related concerns, whether or not valid, may inhibit market adoption of our subscriptions in certain industries.

In addition to government activity, privacy advocacy groups and industry groups have adopted and are considering the adoption of various self-regulatory standards and codes of conduct that, if applied to our or our customers’ businesses may place additional burdens on us and our customers, which may further reduce demand for our subscriptions and harm our business.

While we try to comply with all applicable data protection laws, regulations, standards, and codes of conduct, as well as our own posted privacy policies and contractual commitments to the extent possible, any failure by us to protect our users’ privacy and data, including as a result of our systems being compromised by hacking or other malicious or surreptitious activity, could result in a loss of user confidence in our subscriptions and ultimately in a loss of users, which could materially and adversely affect our business.

Our customers may also accidentally disclose their passwords or store them on a mobile device that is lost or stolen, creating the perception that our systems are not secure against third-party access. Additionally, our third-party contractors in the Philippines, Russia, Ukraine, India, and Poland may have access to customer data. If these or other third-party vendors violate applicable laws or our policies, such violations may also put our customers’ information at risk and could in turn have a material and adverse effect on our business.

Use or delivery of our subscriptions may become subject to new or increased regulatory requirements, taxes, or fees.

The increasing growth and popularity of Internet voice communications heighten the risk that governments will regulate or impose new or increased fees or taxes on Internet voice communications services. To the extent that the use of our subscriptions continues to grow, regulators may be more likely to seek to regulate or impose new or additional taxes, surcharges or fees on our subscriptions. Similarly, advances in technology, such as improvements in locating the geographic origin of Internet voice communications, could cause our subscriptions to become subject to additional regulations, fees or taxes, or could require us to invest in or develop new technologies, which may be costly. In addition, as we continue to expand our user base and offer more subscriptions, we may become subject to new regulations, taxes, surcharges, or fees. Increased regulatory requirements, taxes, surcharges or fees on Internet voice communications services, which could be assessed by governments retroactively or prospectively, would substantially increase our costs, and, as a result, our business would suffer. In addition, the tax status of our subscriptions could subject us to conflicting taxation requirements and complexity with regard to the collection and remittance of applicable taxes. Any such additional taxes could harm our results of operations.

Our emergency and E-911 calling services may expose us to significant liability.

The FCC requires Internet voice communications providers, such as our company, to provide E-911 service in all geographic areas covered by the traditional wire-line E-911 network. Under the FCC’s rules, Internet voice communications providers must transmit the caller’s phone number and registered location information to the appropriate public safety answering point, or PSAP, for the caller’s registered location. Our CLEC services are also required by the FCC and state regulators to provide E-911 service to the extent that they provide services to end users.

In Canada, the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission, or the CRTC, has imposed similar requirements related to the provision of E-911 services in all areas of Canada where the wireline incumbent carrier offers such 911 services. The CRTC also mandates certain customer notification requirements pursuant to which new customers are required to be notified of 911 service limitations and to consent to the same before their service with us commences and we are required to provide annual update notifications to our customers of the 911 limitations of our service.

Additionally, as a provider of electronic communications services in the U.K., we are subject to regulation in the U.K. by Ofcom. Similar to the requirements in the U.S., Ofcom requires electronic communications providers, such as our company, to provide all users access to both 112 (EU-mandated) and 999 (U.K.-mandated) emergency service numbers at no charge. Ofcom also requires us to clearly and transparently inform our users of any emergency service limitations on their device including by way of labels and network announcements.

We provide E-911/999/112 service in compliance with the Ofcom, the CRTC and the FCC’s rules, as applicable, to substantially all of our customers’ interconnected VoIP lines. In some circumstances, 911/999/112 calls may be routed to a national emergency call center that routes the call to the appropriate PSAP. In addition, certain of our Internet voice communications services that work with mobile devices and are accessed through Wi-Fi networks may not be able to complete 911/999/112 calls. The FCC is considering requiring providers of Internet voice communications services on mobile devices and softphones to provide E-911 service, if such service may be used to make calls to the public telephone network. In Canada, the CRTC requires providers of Internet voice

communications services on mobile devices and softphones to provide E-911 service, if such service may be used to make calls to the public telephone network. The adoption of such a requirement in the U.S. could increase our costs and make our service more expensive, which could adversely affect our results of operations.

In connection with the regulatory requirements that we provide E-911/999/112 to all of our interconnected VoIP customers, we must obtain from each customer, prior to the initiation of or changes to service, the physical locations at which the service will first be used for each VoIP line. For subscriptions that can be utilized from more than one physical location, we must provide customers one or more methods of updating their physical location. Because we are not able to confirm that the service is used at the physical addresses provided by our customers, and because customers may provide an incorrect location or use the subscriptions in locations that differ from the registered location without providing us with the updated information, it is possible that E-911/999/112 calls may get routed to the wrong PSAP. If E-911/999/112 calls are not routed to the correct PSAP, and if the delay results in serious injury or death, we could be sued and the damages substantial. We are evaluating measures to attempt to verify and update the addresses for locations where our subscriptions are used. It is possible that in the future the FCC may require interconnected VoIP providers to automatically update subscriber location information, for purposes of routing 911 calls.

We could be subject to enforcement action by the FCC, the CRTC or Ofcom for our customer lines that cannot provide E-911/999/112 service in accordance with regulatory requirements. This enforcement action could result in significant monetary penalties and restrictions on our ability to offer non-compliant subscriptions.

Customers may in the future attempt to hold us responsible for any loss, damage, personal injury, or death suffered as a result of delayed, misrouted, or uncompleted emergency service calls or text messages. The New and Emerging Technologies 911 Improvement Act of 2008 provides that Internet voice communications providers and interconnected text messaging providers have the same protections from liability for the operation of 911 services as traditional wire-line and wireless providers. Limitations on liability for the provision of 911 service are normally governed by state law, but these limitations typically are not absolute. In the U.K., by law we cannot limit our liability for any death or injury arising out of our negligence, including as a result of emergency service calls that are delayed, misrouted or uncompleted due to our negligence. In Canada, the CRTC does not permit any limitation of liability related to the provision of E-911 services that is due to our gross negligence or where negligence on the part of a service provider results in physical injury, death, or damage to the customer's property or premises. In addition, Canadian provincial consumer protection laws may constrain our ability to limit liability to our non-business customers for any liability caused due to the 911 shortfalls inherent in Internet voice communications services.

We rely on third parties to provide the majority of our customer service and support representatives and to fulfill various aspects of our E-911 service. If these third parties do not provide our customers with reliable, high-quality service, our reputation will be harmed, and we may lose customers.

We offer customer support through both our online account management website and our toll-free customer support number. Our customer support is currently provided via a third-party provider located in the Philippines, as well as our employees in the U.S. We currently offer support in English, French, German, and Spanish. Our third-party providers generally provide customer service and support to our customers without identifying themselves as independent parties. The ability to support our customers may be disrupted by natural disasters, inclement weather conditions, civil unrest, strikes, and other adverse events in the Philippines. Furthermore, as we expand our operations internationally, we may need to make significant expenditures and investments in our customer service and support to adequately address the complex needs of international customers, such as support in multiple foreign languages.

We also contract with third parties to provide emergency services calls in the United States, Canada, the U.K., and other jurisdictions in which we provide access to emergency services dialing, including assistance in routing emergency calls and terminating emergency services calls. Our domestic providers operate a national call center that is available 24 hours a day, seven days a week, to receive certain emergency calls and maintain PSAP databases for the purpose of deploying and operating E-911 services. We rely on providers for similar functions in other jurisdictions in which we provide access to emergency services dialing. On mobile devices, we rely on the underlying cellular or wireless carrier to provide emergency services dialing. Interruptions in service from our vendors could cause failures in our customers’ access to E-911/999/112 services and expose us to liability and damage our reputation.

If any of these third parties do not provide reliable, high-quality service, our reputation and our business will be harmed. In addition, industry consolidation among providers of services to us may impact our ability to obtain these services or increase our costs for these services.

We depend largely on the continued services of our senior management and other key employees, the loss of any of whom could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Our future performance depends on the continued services and contributions of our senior management and other key employees to execute on our business plan, and to identify and pursue opportunities and services innovations. The loss of services of senior management or other key employees could significantly delay or prevent the achievement of our development and strategic objectives. In particular, we depend to a considerable degree on the vision, skills, experience, and effort of our co-founder, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, Vladimir Shmunis. None of our executive officers or other senior management personnel is bound by a written employment agreement and any of them may therefore terminate employment with us at any time with no advance notice. The replacement of any of these senior management personnel would likely involve significant time and costs, and such loss could significantly delay or prevent the achievement of our business objectives. The loss of the services of our senior management or other key employees for any reason could adversely affect our business, financial condition, or results of operations.

If we are unable to hire, retain, and motivate qualified personnel, our business will suffer.

Our future success depends, in part, on our ability to continue to attract and retain highly skilled personnel. We believe that there is, and will continue to be, intense competition for highly skilled technical and other personnel with experience in our industry in the San Francisco Bay Area, where our headquarters is located, in Denver, Colorado, where our U.S. sales and customer support office and our network operations center is located, and in other locations, such as Charlotte, North Carolina; Boca Raton, Florida; London, England, and Xiamen, China, where we maintain offices. In addition, changes to U.S. immigration policies, particularly to H-1B and other visa programs, could restrain the flow of technical and professional talent into the U.S. and may inhibit our ability to hire qualified personnel. We must provide competitive compensation packages and a high-quality work environment to hire, retain, and motivate employees. If we are unable to retain and motivate our existing employees and attract qualified personnel to fill key positions, we may be unable to manage our business effectively, including the development, marketing, and sale of existing and new subscriptions, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations. To the extent we hire personnel from competitors, we may be subject to allegations that they have been improperly solicited or divulged proprietary or other confidential information.

Volatility in, or lack of performance of, our stock price may also affect our ability to attract and retain key personnel. Many of our key personnel are, or will soon be, vested in a substantial amount of shares of common stock, stock options, or restricted stock units. Employees may be more likely to terminate their employment with us if the shares they own or the shares underlying their vested options have significantly appreciated in value relative to the original purchase prices of the shares or the exercise prices of the options, or if the exercise prices of the options that they hold are significantly above the market price of our Class A common stock. If we are unable to retain our employees, our business, results of operations, and financial condition will be harmed.

We may expand through acquisitions of, or investments in, other companies, each of which may divert our management’s attention, result in additional dilution to our stockholders, increase expenses, disrupt our operations, and harm our results of operations.

Our business strategy may, from time to time, include acquiring or investing in complementary services, technologies or businesses, such as our acquisition of Glip in 2015. We cannot assure you that we will successfully identify suitable acquisition candidates, integrate or manage disparate technologies, lines of business, personnel and corporate cultures, realize our business strategy or the expected return on our investment, or manage a geographically dispersed company. Any such acquisition or investment could materially and adversely affect our results of operations. The acquisition and integration process is complex, expensive and time-consuming, and may cause an interruption of, or loss of momentum in, product development and sales activities and operations of both companies, and we may incur substantial cost and expense, as well as divert the attention of management. We may issue equity securities which could dilute current stockholders’ ownership, incur debt, assume contingent or other liabilities and expend cash in acquisitions, which could negatively impact our financial position, stockholder equity, and stock price.

Acquisitions and other strategic investments involve significant risks and uncertainties, including:

Any acquisition or investment could expose us to unknown liabilities. Moreover, we cannot assure you that we will realize the anticipated benefits of any acquisition or investment. In addition, our inability to successfully operate and integrate newly acquired businesses appropriately, effectively, and in a timely manner could impair our ability to take advantage of future growth opportunities and other advances in technology, as well as on our revenues, gross margins, and expenses.

We believe we collect state and local sales tax and use, excise, utility user, and ad valorem taxes, fees, or surcharges in all relevant jurisdictions in which we generate sales, based on our understanding of the applicable laws in those jurisdictions. Such tax, fees and surcharge laws and rates vary greatly by jurisdiction. There is uncertainty as to what constitutes sufficient “in state presence” for a state to levy taxes, fees, and surcharges for sales made over the Internet. Therefore, taxing authorities may challenge our position and may decide to audit our business and operations with respect to such taxes, which could result in increased tax liabilities for us or our customers that could materially and adversely affect our results of operations and our relationships with our customers.

The application of other indirect taxes (such as sales and use tax, value added tax, goods and services tax, business tax, and gross receipt tax) to e-commerce businesses, such as ours, is a complex and evolving area. In February 2016, the U.S. federal government enacted legislation permanently extending the moratorium on states and other local authorities imposing access or discriminatory taxes on the Internet. The application of existing, new, or future laws relating to indirect taxes on e-commerce businesses, whether in the U.S. or internationally, could have adverse effects on our business, prospects, and results of operations. There have been, and will continue to be, substantial ongoing costs associated with complying with the various indirect tax requirements in the numerous markets in which we conduct or will conduct business.

Changes in effective tax rates, or adverse outcomes resulting from examination of our income or other tax returns, could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

Our future effective tax rates could be subject to volatility or adversely affected by a number of factors, including:

Any changes in our effective tax rate could adversely affect our results of operations.

We may be unable to use some or all of our net operating loss carryforwards, which could materially and adversely affect our reported financial condition and results of operations.

As of December 31, 2016, we had federal and state net operating loss carryforwards, or NOLs, of $197.6 million and $137.6 million, respectively, available to offset future taxable income, due to prior period losses, which, if not utilized, will begin to expire in 2023 for federal purposes and have started to expire in 2013 for state purposes. We also have federal research tax credit carryforwards

that will begin to expire in 2028. Realization of these net operating loss and research tax credit carryforwards depends on future income, and there is a risk that our existing carryforwards could expire unused and be unavailable to offset future income tax liabilities, which could materially and adversely affect our results of operations.

In addition, under Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or the Code, our ability to utilize net operating loss carryforwards or other tax attributes, such as research tax credits, in any taxable year may be limited if we experience an “ownership change.” A Section 382 “ownership change” generally occurs if one or more stockholders or groups of stockholders, who each own at least 5% of our stock, increase their collective ownership by more than 50 percentage points over their lowest ownership percentage within a rolling three-year period. Similar rules may apply under state tax laws.

Except for an insignificant amount of deferred tax assets recognized in connection with NOLs in the Netherlands and China, no deferred tax assets have been recognized on our consolidated balance sheets related to these NOLs, as they are fully offset by a valuation allowance. If we have previously had, or have in the future, one or more Section 382 “ownership changes,” including in connection with our initial public offering or another offering, or if we do not generate sufficient taxable income, we may not be able to utilize a material portion of our NOLs, even if we achieve profitability. If we are limited in our ability to use our NOLs in future years in which we have taxable income, we will pay more taxes than if we were able to fully utilize our NOLs. This could materially and adversely affect our results of operations.

If our internal control over financial reporting is not effective, it may adversely affect investor confidence in our company.

Pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, our independent registered public accounting firm, KPMG LLP, is required to and has issued an attestation report as of December 31, 2016. While management concluded internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2016, there can be no assurance that material weaknesses will not be identified in the future. A “material weakness” is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. During the evaluation and testing process, if we identify one or more material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting, we will be unable to assert that our internal controls are effective. As a result, we may need to undertake various actions, such as implementing new internal controls and procedures and hiring accounting or internal audit staff. Our remediation efforts may not enable us to avoid a material weakness in the future.

If our independent registered public accounting firm is unable to express an opinion on the effectiveness of our internal controls, we could lose investor confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports, which could cause the price of our Class A common stock to decline, and we may be subject to investigation or sanctions by the Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC.

We may not be successful in continuing to obtain local access services through our CLEC subsidiary.

Through our competitive local exchange carrier subsidiary, RCLEC, we have been able to purchase network services directly from ILECs and from other CLECs in certain geographic markets, at lower prices than we pay for such services through third-party network service providers, such as Level 3 Communications, Inc. (pending its acquisition by CenturyLink, Inc. announced in October 2016) and Bandwidth.com, Inc. Using the services of our CLEC subsidiary has also helped us improve our quality of service. However, the ILECs may favor themselves and their affiliates and may not provide network services to us at lower prices than we could obtain through Level 3 Communications, Inc., Bandwidth.com, Inc., other third-party CLECs, or at all. If we are unable to continue to reduce our pricing as a result of obtaining network services through our subsidiary, we may be forced to rely on other third-party network service providers and be unable to effectively lower our cost of service. In addition, if ILECs or other CLECs do not provide us with any access, we will not be able to use our RCLEC subsidiary as intended to improve the quality of our subscriptions or lower the cost of our subscriptions.

If we are unable to effectively process local number and toll-free number portability provisioning in a timely manner, our growth may be negatively affected.

We support local number and toll-free number portability, which allows our customers to transfer to us and thereby retain their existing phone numbers when subscribing to our services. Transferring numbers is a manual process that can take up to 15 business days or longer to complete. A new customer of our subscriptions must maintain both our subscription and the customer’s existing phone service during the number transferring process. Any delay that we experience in transferring these numbers typically results from the fact that we depend on third-party carriers to transfer these numbers, a process that we do not control, and these third-party carriers may refuse or substantially delay the transfer of these numbers to us. Local number portability is considered an important feature by many potential customers, and if we fail to reduce any related delays, we may experience increased difficulty in acquiring new customers. Moreover, the FCC requires Internet voice communications providers, which are companies like us that provide

subscriptions similar to traditional phone companies, including the ability to make calls to and receive calls from the public phone network, to comply with specified number porting timeframes when customers leave our subscription for the services of another provider. In Canada, the CRTC has imposed a similar number portability requirement on subscription providers like us. Similarly in the U.K., Ofcom requires providers of electronic communications services, like us, to provide number portability as soon as practicable and on reasonable terms. If we, or our third-party carriers, are unable to process number portability requests within the requisite timeframes, we could be subject to fines and penalties, including, in the U.K., compensation payable to our customers. Additionally, in the U.S., both customers and carriers may seek relief from the relevant state public utility commission, the FCC, or in state or federal court for violation of local number portability requirements.

Our business could suffer if we cannot obtain or retain direct inward dialing numbers, or DIDs, are prohibited from obtaining local or toll-free numbers, or are limited to distributing local or toll-free numbers to only certain customers.

Our future success depends on our ability to procure large quantities of local and toll-free DIDs in the U.S. and foreign countries in desirable locations at a reasonable cost and without restrictions. Our ability to procure and distribute DIDs depends on factors outside of our control, such as applicable regulations, the practices of the communications carriers that provide DIDs, the cost of these DIDs, and the level of demand for new DIDs. Due to their limited availability, there are certain popular area code prefixes that we generally cannot obtain. Our inability to acquire DIDs for our operations would make our subscriptions less attractive to potential customers in the affected local geographic areas. In addition, future growth in our customer base, together with growth in the customer bases of other providers of cloud-based business communications, has increased, which increases our dependence on needing sufficiently large quantities of DIDs.

We rely on third-party hardware and software that may be difficult to replace or which could cause errors or failures of our subscriptions.

We rely on purchased or leased hardware and software licensed from third parties in order to offer our subscriptions. In some cases, we integrate third-party licensed software components into our platform. This hardware and software may not continue to be available at reasonable prices or on commercially reasonable terms, or at all. Any loss of the right to use any of this hardware or software could significantly increase our expenses and otherwise result in delays in the provisioning of our subscriptions until equivalent technology is either developed by us, or, if available, is identified, obtained, and integrated. Any errors or defects in third-party hardware or software could result in errors or a failure of our subscriptions which could harm our business.

We may not be able to manage our inventory levels effectively, which may lead to inventory obsolescence that would force us to incur inventory write-downs.

Our vendor-supplied phones have lead times of up to 10 to 20 weeks for delivery and are built to forecasts that are necessarily imprecise. It is likely that from time to time we will have either excess or insufficient product inventory. In addition, because we rely on third-party vendors for the supply of our vendor-supplied phones, our inventory levels are subject to the conditions regarding the timing of purchase orders and delivery dates that are not within our control. Excess inventory levels would subject us to the risk of inventory obsolescence, while insufficient levels of inventory may negatively affect relations with customers. For instance, our customers rely upon our ability to meet committed delivery dates, and any disruption in the supply of our subscriptions could result in loss of customers or harm to our ability to attract new customers. Any reduction or interruption in the ability of our vendors to supply our customers with vendor-supplied phones could cause us to lose revenue, damage our customer relationships, and harm our reputation in the marketplace. Any of these factors could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

We currently depend on three suppliers and one fulfillment agent to configure and deliver the phones that we sell and any delay or interruption in manufacturing, configuring and delivering by these third parties would result in delayed or reduced shipments to our customers and may harm our business.

We rely on Cisco Systems, Inc., Polycom, Inc., and Yealink Network Technology Co., Ltd. to provide phones that we offer for sale to our customers that use our subscriptions, and we rely on Westcon to configure and deliver the phones that we sell to our customers. Accordingly, we could be adversely affected if our suppliers or Westcon fail to maintain competitive phones or configuration services, or fail to continue to make them available on attractive terms, or at all.

If Westcon is unable to deliver phones of acceptable quality, or if there is a reduction or interruption in Westcon’s ability to supply the phones in a timely manner, our ability to bring services to market, the reliability of our subscriptions and our relationships with customers or our overall reputation in the marketplace could suffer, which could cause us to lose revenue. We expect that it could take several months to effectively transition to new third-party manufacturers or fulfillment agents.

If our vendor-supplied phones are not able to interoperate effectively with our own back-end servers and systems, our customers may not be able to use our subscriptions, which could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Phones must interoperate with our back-end servers and systems, which contain complex specifications and utilize multiple protocol standards and software applications. Currently, the phones used by our customers are manufactured by only three third-party providers: Cisco Systems, Inc., Polycom, Inc., and Yealink Network Technology Co, Ltd. If any of these providers changes the operation of their phones, we will be required to undertake development and testing efforts to ensure that the new phones interoperate with our system. These efforts may require significant capital and employee resources, and we may not accomplish these development efforts quickly or cost-effectively, if at all. If our vendor-supplied phones do not interoperate effectively with our system, our customers’ ability to use our subscriptions could be delayed or orders for our subscriptions could be cancelled, which would harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

We may require additional capital to pursue our business objectives and to respond to business opportunities, challenges or unforeseen circumstances. If capital is not available to us, our business, results of operations, and financial condition may be adversely affected.

We intend to continue to make expenditures and investments to support the growth of our business and may require additional capital to pursue our business objectives and respond to business opportunities, challenges, or unforeseen circumstances, including the need to develop new solutions or enhance our existing solutions, enhance our operating infrastructure, and acquire complementary businesses and technologies. Accordingly, we may need to engage in equity or debt financings to secure additional funds. However, additional funds may not be available when we need them on terms that are acceptable to us, or at all. Any debt financing that we secure in the future could involve restrictive covenants, which may make it more difficult for us to obtain additional capital and to pursue business opportunities. In addition, the restrictive covenants in credit facilities we may secure in the future may restrict us from being able to conduct our operations in a manner required for our business and may restrict our growth, which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, or results of operations.

We cannot assure you that we will be able to comply with any such restrictive covenants. In the event that we are unable to comply with these covenants in the future, we would seek an amendment or waiver of the covenants. We cannot assure you that any such waiver or amendment would be granted. In such event, we may be required to repay any or all of our existing borrowings, and we cannot assure you that we will be able to borrow under our existing credit agreements, or obtain alternative funding arrangements on commercially reasonable terms, or at all.

In addition, volatility in the credit markets may have an adverse effect on our ability to obtain debt financing. If we raise additional funds through further issuances of equity or convertible debt securities, our existing stockholders could suffer significant dilution, and any new equity securities we issue could have rights, preferences, and privileges superior to those of holders of our Class A common stock. If we are unable to obtain adequate financing or financing on terms satisfactory to us, when we require it, our ability to continue to pursue our business objectives and to respond to business opportunities, challenges, or unforeseen circumstances could be significantly limited, and our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects could be materially and adversely affected.

The market price of our Class A common stock is likely to be volatile and could decline.

The stock market in general, and the market for SaaS and other technology-related stocks in particular, has been highly volatile. As a result, the market price and trading volume for our Class A common stock has been and may continue to be highly volatile, and investors in our Class A common stock may experience a decrease in the value of their shares, including decreases unrelated to our operating performance or prospects. Factors that could cause the market price of our Class A common stock to fluctuate significantly include:

Any of these factors may result in large and sudden changes in the trading volume and market price of our Class A common stock and may prevent investors from being able to sell their shares at or above the price they paid for their shares of our Class A common stock. Following periods of volatility in the market price of a company’s securities, stockholders often file securities class-action lawsuits against such company. Our involvement in a class-action lawsuit could divert our senior management’s attention and, if adversely determined, could have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Our corporate headquarters, one of our data centers and co-location facilities, our third-party customer service and support facilities, and a research and development facility are located near known earthquake fault zones, and the occurrence of an earthquake, tsunami, or other catastrophic disaster could damage our facilities or the facilities of our contractors, which could cause us to curtail our operations.

Our corporate headquarters, one of our data centers and one of our subsidiary’s co-location facilities are located in California, a number of co-location facilities are located in Asia and Australia, our third-party customer service call centers operated by our contractors are located in the Philippines, and one of our research and development facilities is located on the coast of China. All of these locations are on the Pacific Rim near known earthquake fault zones and, therefore, are vulnerable to damage from earthquakes and tsunamis. Additionally, our China facility, our third-party customer service and support facilities in the Philippines, and our CLEC subsidiary’s co-location facility in Florida are located in areas subject to hurricanes. We and our contractors are also vulnerable to other types of disasters, such as power loss, fire, floods, pandemics, cyber attack, war, political unrest, and terrorist attacks and similar events that are beyond our control. If any disasters were to occur, our ability to operate our business could be seriously impaired, and we may endure system interruptions, reputational harm, loss of intellectual property, delays in our subscriptions development, lengthy interruptions in our services, breaches of data security, and loss of critical data, all of which could harm our future results of operations. In addition, we do not carry earthquake insurance and we may not have adequate insurance to cover our losses resulting from other disasters or other similar significant business interruptions. Any significant losses that are not recoverable under our insurance policies could seriously impair our business and financial condition.

The nature of our business requires the application of complex revenue and expense recognition rules and the current legislative and regulatory environment affecting generally accepted accounting principles is uncertain. Significant changes in current principles could affect our financial statements going forward and changes in financial accounting standards or practices may cause adverse, unexpected financial reporting fluctuations and harm our operating results.

The accounting rules and regulations that we must comply with are complex and subject to interpretation by the FASB, the SEC and various bodies formed to promulgate and interpret appropriate accounting principles. Recent actions and public comments from the FASB and the SEC have focused on the integrity of financial reporting and internal controls. In addition, many companies’ accounting policies are being subject to heightened scrutiny by regulators and the public. Further, the accounting rules and regulations are continually changing in ways that could materially impact our financial statements. For example, in May 2014, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update, or ASU, No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606), as amended, which will supersede nearly all existing revenue recognition guidance. Although the new standard permits early adoption as early as January 1, 2017, the effective date of the new revenue standard is January 1, 2018. The new standard permits adoption either by using (i) a full retrospective approach for all periods presented in the period of adoption or (ii) a modified retrospective approach with the cumulative effect of initially applying the new standard recognized at the date of initial application and providing certain additional disclosures. We will adopt the new revenue guidance in the first quarter of 2018 and anticipate using the modified retrospective approach. We continue to assess the new standard along with industry trends and internal progress and may adjust our implementation plan and methodology to use the full retrospective method. Under the new standard, we expect to capitalize certain sales commission costs and in some cases recognize revenue earlier for subscription plans with free periods and products sold at discounts. The impact of adopting the new standard on our total revenues is not expected to be material. However, we anticipate the most significant impact of adopting the new standard primarily relates to the deferral of sales commissions, which previously were expensed as incurred and to the incremental disclosure requirements. Adoption of this standard will also require changes to our business processes, systems and controls to support the new revenue recognition guidance. We are in the process of implementing such changes.

We cannot predict the impact of future changes to accounting principles or our accounting policies on our financial statements going forward, which could have a significant effect on our reported financial results, and could affect the reporting of transactions completed before the announcement of the change. In addition, if we were to change our critical accounting estimates, including those related to the recognition of subscription revenue and other revenue sources, our operating results could be significantly affected.

The dual class structure of our common stock as contained in our charter documents has the effect of concentrating voting control with a limited number of stockholders that held our stock prior to our initial public offering, including our founders and our executive officers, employees and directors and their affiliates, and venture capital investors, and limiting other stockholders’ ability to influence corporate matters.

Our Class B common stock has 10 votes per share, and our Class A common stock has one vote per share. Stockholders who hold shares of Class B common stock, including our founders, previous investors and our executive officers, employees and directors and their affiliates, together hold approximately 67% of the voting power of our outstanding capital stock, and our founders, including our CEO and Chairman, together hold a majority of such voting power. As a result, for the foreseeable future, our stockholders who acquired their shares prior to the completion of our initial public offering will continue to have significant influence over the management and affairs of our company and over the outcome of all matters submitted to our stockholders for approval, including the election of directors and significant corporate transactions, such as a merger, consolidation or sale of substantially all of our assets.

In addition, the holders of Class B common stock collectively will continue to control all matters submitted to our stockholders for approval even if their stock holdings represent less than 50% of the outstanding shares of our common stock. Because of the ten-to-one voting ratio between our Class B and Class A common stock, the holders of our Class B common stock collectively will continue to control a majority of the combined voting power of our common stock so long as the shares of Class B common stock represent at least 10% of all outstanding shares of our Class A and Class B common stock. This concentrated control will limit your ability to influence corporate matters for the foreseeable future, and, as a result, the market price of our Class A common stock could be adversely affected.

Future transfers by holders of Class B common stock will generally result in those shares converting to Class A common stock, which will have the effect, over time, of increasing the relative voting power of those holders of Class B common stock who retain their shares in the long term. If, for example, Mr. Shmunis retains a significant portion of his holdings of Class B common stock for an extended period of time, he could, in the future, control a majority of the combined voting power of our Class A and Class B common stock. As a board member, Mr. Shmunis owes a fiduciary duty to our stockholders and must act in good faith in a manner he reasonably believes to be in the best interests of our stockholders. As a stockholder, even a controlling stockholder, Mr. Shmunis is entitled to vote his shares in his own interests, which may not always be in the interests of our stockholders generally.

We have never paid cash dividends and do not anticipate paying any cash dividends on our common stock.

We currently do not plan to declare dividends on shares of our common stock in the foreseeable future and plan to, instead, retain any earnings to finance our operations and growth. Because we have never paid cash dividends and do not anticipate paying any cash dividends on our common stock in the foreseeable future, the only opportunity to achieve a return on an investor’s investment in our company will be if the market price of our Class A common stock appreciates and the investor sells its shares at a profit. There is no guarantee that the price of our Class A common stock that will prevail in the market will ever exceed the price that an investor pays.

If research analysts do not publish research or reports about our business, or if they issue unfavorable commentary or downgrade our Class A common stock, our stock price and trading volume may decline.

The trading market for our Class A common stock will depend in part on the research and reports that research analysts publish about us and our business. If we do not maintain adequate research coverage or if one or more analysts who covers us downgrades our stock or publishes inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, the price of our Class A common stock may decline. If one or more of the research analysts ceases coverage of our company or fails to publish reports on us regularly, demand for our Class A common stock may decrease, which could cause our stock price or trading volume to decline.

Anti-takeover provisions in our restated certificate of incorporation and bylaws and under Delaware corporate law could make an acquisition of us more difficult, limit attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management, and limit the market price of our Class A common stock.

Provisions in our certificate of incorporation and bylaws may have the effect of delaying or preventing a change of control or changes in our management. Our certificate of incorporation and bylaws include provisions that:

These provisions may frustrate or prevent any attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management by making it more difficult for stockholders to replace members of our board of directors, which is responsible for appointing the members of our management. In addition, because we are incorporated in Delaware, we are governed by the provisions of Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, which generally prohibits a Delaware corporation from engaging in any of a broad range of business combinations with any “interested” stockholder for a period of three years following the date on which the stockholder became an “interested” stockholder.

The exhibits listed in the accompanying Exhibit Index are filed or incorporated by reference as part of this Quarterly Report.

Exhibit Number	Description	Incorporated by Reference From Form	Incorporated by Reference From Exhibit Number	Date Filed
10.1	Commercial Lease Agreement, dated May 17, 2017, by and between the Company and TG Brothers, LLC.	Filed herewith
10.2+	Offer Letter by and between the Company and Mitesh Dhruv, dated March 1, 2012.	Filed herewith
10.3+	Form of Director and Executive Officer Indemnification Agreement.	Filed herewith
31.1	Certification of the Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.	Filed herewith
31.2	Certification of the Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.	Filed herewith
32.1*	Certification of the Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.	Furnished herewith
32.2*	Certification of the Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.	Furnished herewith
101.INS	XBRL Instance Document	Filed herewith
101.SCH	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document	Filed herewith
101.CAL	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document	Filed herewith
101.DEF	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document	Filed herewith
101.LAB	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document	Filed herewith
101.PRE	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document	Filed herewith

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

Large accelerated filer	☒	Accelerated filer	☐
Non-accelerated filer	☐ (do not check if a smaller reporting company)	Smaller reporting company	☐
Emerging growth company	☐

		Page
PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1.	Financial Statements (unaudited)	5
	Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets at June 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016	5
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations for the three and six months ended June 30, 2017 and 2016	6
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss for the three and six months ended June 30, 2017 and 2016	7
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the six months ended June 30, 2017 and 2016	8
	Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements	9
Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	20
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	30
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	30
PART II. OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	32
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	32
Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	62
Item 3.	Default Upon Senior Securities	62
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	62
Item 5.	Other Information	62
Item 6.	Exhibits	62
Signatures		64

	June 30,			December 31,
	2017			2016
Computer hardware and software	$	66,536		$	61,546
Internal-use software development costs		13,929			9,931
Furniture and fixtures		5,504			4,508
Leasehold improvements		4,138			2,596
Total property and equipment		90,107			78,581
Less: accumulated depreciation and amortization		(53,494	)		(46,587	)
Property and equipment, net	$	36,613		$	31,994

	June 30,		December 31,
	2017		2016
Accrued compensation and benefits	$	14,724	$	14,041
Accrued sales, use and telecom related taxes		7,897		7,220
Accrued marketing		4,994		5,082
Other accrued expenses		22,105		21,979
Total accrued liabilities	$	49,720	$	48,322

2017 (remaining)		301
2018		602
2019		602
2020		258
Total estimated amortization expense	$	1,763

	June 30, 2017		March 31, 2017		December 31, 2016		September 30, 2016		June 30, 2016
Net Monthly Subscription Dollar Retention Rate	>99%		>99%		>99%		>99%		>99%
Annualized Exit Monthly Recurring Subscriptions	$	478.0	$	450.8	$	414.4	$	389.5	$	364.0
RingCentral Office Annualized Exit Monthly Recurring Subscriptions	$	398.9	$	373.0	$	341.5	$	316.8	$	291.9

	RingCentral, Inc.

Date: August 7, 2017	By:	/s/ Mitesh Dhruv
		Mitesh Dhruv
		Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)