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Equity and Equity Compensation Plans (Tables)
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2021
Share-based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]  
Schedule of Reserved Shares of Common Stock
We have reserved shares of common stock for future issuance under our 2017 EIP as follows:
December 31,
20212020
Stock options issued and outstanding4,019,011 5,733,738 
Restricted stock units outstanding4,617,425 4,459,743 
Shares available for future equity grants15,205,854 11,309,377 
Total shares reserved for future issuance23,842,290 21,502,858 
We have reserved shares of common stock for future issuance under our ESPP as follows:
December 31,
20212020
Shares available for issuance at beginning of period4,039,667 3,330,271 
Shares issued during the period(334,248)(320,609)
     Total shares available for issuance at end of period 3,705,419 3,009,662
Schedule of Valuation Assumptions
The weighted-average grant date fair value and the assumptions used in calculating fair values of shares forecasted to be issued pursuant to our ESPP are as follows:
For the Offering Period beginning July 1, 2021For the Offering Period beginning January 1, 2021
Expected life0.5 years0.5 years
Volatility74.50%61.49%
Risk-free interest rate0.05%0.09%
Dividend yield—%—%
Weighted-average grant date fair value$22.79$21.41
Schedule of Stock Option Activity Option activity for the year ended December 31, 2021 was as follows:
Number Of OptionsWeighted-Average Exercise PriceWeighted-Average Remaining Contractual Life (years)Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Outstanding at January 1, 20215,733,738 $7.23 4.39$352,076 
Options exercised(1,709,324)5.34 
Options forfeited or cancelled(5,403)10.80 
Outstanding at December 31, 2021
4,019,011 $8.02 3.73$122,038 
Options exercisable at December 31, 2021
3,869,011 $7.27 3.59$120,404 
Disclosure of Share-based Compensation Arrangements by Share-based Payment Award
The fair value of stock option awards was estimated at the grant date with the following weighted-average assumptions:
December 31,
202120202019
Expected life0 years0 years6.5 years
Volatility—%—%33.76%
Risk-free interest rate—%—%2.12%
Dividend yield—%—%—%
Weighted-average grant date fair value
$—$—$3.22
The fair value of stock options vested and the intrinsic value of stock options exercised are as follows:
Year Ended December 31,
202120202019
Fair value of options vested$793 $2,228 $4,747 
Intrinsic value of options exercised90,920 55,822 20,811 
Schedule of Share-based Compensation, Restricted Stock Units Award Activity Restricted stock unit activity for the year ended December 31, 2021 was as follows:
Restricted Stock UnitsWeighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value
Outstanding at January 1, 20214,459,743 $27.44 
Granted2,424,523 44.82 
Vested(1,559,425)25.70 
Forfeited or canceled(707,416)27.60 
Outstanding or deferred at December 31, 2021(1)
4,617,425 $37.13 

(1) Starting with the restricted stock units granted to them in June 2019, our non-employee directors have the option to defer the issuance of common stock receivable upon vesting of such restricted stock units until 60 days following the day they are no longer providing services to us or, if earlier, upon a change in control transaction. The amount reported as vested excludes restricted stock units that have vested but whose settlement into shares have been deferred. The amount reported as outstanding or deferred as of December 31, 2021 includes these restricted stock units. As no further conditions exist to prevent the issuance of the shares of common stock underlying these restricted stock units, the shares are included in the basic and diluted weighted shares outstanding used to calculate net loss per share attributable to common stock. The amount of shares whose issuance have been deferred is not considered material and is not reported separately from stock-based compensation in our consolidated statements of changes in mezzanine equity and stockholders’ equity.
Schedule of Allocation of Share-based Compensation Costs Stock-compensation expense associated with the PSUs is as follows:
Year Ended December 31,
202120202019
Expense associated with the current period$6,314 $2,664 $894 
Expense due to reassessment of achievement related to prior periods— 190 (610)
Total expense$6,314 $2,854 $284 
The following table details, for each period indicated, (i) our stock-based compensation net of forfeitures, and the amount capitalized in internally developed software and (ii) includes changes to the probability of achieving outstanding performance-based equity awards, each as included in our consolidated statements of comprehensive loss:
Year Ended December 31,
202120202019
Cost of revenue$13,614 $8,844 $6,087 
Technology and development(1)
23,275 16,564 12,362 
Marketing2,350 1,569 1,418 
General and administrative15,483 9,996 7,947 
Total stock-based compensation$54,722 $36,973 $27,814 

(1) Net of $4,059, $2,348 and $1,280 of stock-based compensation expense capitalized for internally developed software for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively.