UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, DC 20549

FORM 10-Q

☑  QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE

ACT OF 1934

For the Quarterly Period Ended June 30, 2024

OR

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE

ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from ____  to ____

Commission file number: 001-33245

EMPLOYERS HOLDINGS, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Nevada		04-3850065
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)		(I.R.S. Employer Identification Number)
2340 Corporate Circle, Suite 200
Henderson,	Nevada	89074
(Address of principal executive offices and zip code)

(888) 682-6671

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, $0.01 par value per share	EIG	New York Stock Exchange

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☑ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☑ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer	☑	Accelerated filer	☐	Non-accelerated filer	☐	Smaller reporting company	☐
						Emerging growth company	☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☑

As of July 30, 2024, there were 24,836,585 shares of the registrant's common stock outstanding.

		Page No.
PART 1 – FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1	Consolidated Financial Statements
	Consolidated Balance Sheets as of June 30, 2024 (Unaudited) and December 31, 2023	2
	Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the Three and Six Months Ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 (Unaudited)	4
	Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity for the Three and Six Months Ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 (Unaudited)	5
	Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Three and Six Months Ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 (Unaudited)	7
	Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)	9
Item 2	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Consolidated Financial Condition and Results of Operations	27
Item 3	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	39
Item 4	Controls and Procedures	40
	PART II – OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1	Legal Proceedings	42
Item 1A	Risk Factors	42
Item 2	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	42
Item 3	Defaults Upon Senior Securities	42
Item 4	Mine Safety Disclosures	42
Item 5	Other Information	42
Item 6	Exhibits	43
Signatures		44

PART I – FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1.  Consolidated Financial Statements

Employers Holdings, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Balance Sheets
(in millions, except share data)
	As of		As of
	June 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Assets	(unaudited)
Investments:
Fixed maturity securities at fair value (amortized cost $2,136.6 at June 30, 2024 and $2,048.0 at December 31, 2023, less CECL allowance of $1.9 at June 30, 2024 and $2.7 at December 31, 2023)	$	2,009.4	$	1,936.3
Equity securities at fair value (cost $134.4 at June 30, 2024 and $125.9 at December 31, 2023)	232.6		211.2
Equity securities at cost	5.7		6.0
Other invested assets (cost $86.5 at June 30, 2024 and $82.5 at December 31, 2023)	97.5		91.5
Short-term investments at fair value (amortized cost $30.9 at June 30, 2024 and $33.1 at December 31, 2023)	30.9		33.1
Total investments	2,376.1		2,278.1
Cash and cash equivalents	95.5		226.4
Restricted cash and cash equivalents	0.2		0.2
Accrued investment income	16.7		16.3
Premiums receivable (less CECL allowance of $18.8 at June 30, 2024 and $17.9 at December 31, 2023)	399.8		359.4
Reinsurance recoverable for:
Paid losses	6.3		6.3
Unpaid losses (less CECL allowance of $0.9 at June 30, 2024 and $0.9 at December 31, 2023)	417.4		427.5
Deferred policy acquisition costs	62.3		55.6
Deferred income tax asset, net	42.1		43.4
Property and equipment, net	6.7		6.5
Operating lease right-of-use assets	4.4		5.1
Intangible assets, net	13.6		13.6
Goodwill	36.2		36.2
Contingent commission receivable—LPT Agreement	14.6		14.2
Cloud computing arrangements	21.2		28.0
Other assets	36.9		33.6
Total assets	$	3,550.0	$	3,550.4
Liabilities and stockholders’ equity
Claims and policy liabilities:
Unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses	$	1,850.9	$	1,884.5
Unearned premiums	419.4		379.7
Commissions and premium taxes payable	65.2		66.0
Accounts payable and accrued expenses	18.7		26.1
Deferred reinsurance gain—LPT Agreement	95.3		99.2
Operating lease liability	5.1		5.9
Non-cancellable obligations	12.1		17.0
Other liabilities	60.4		58.1
Total liabilities	$	2,527.1	$	2,536.5
Commitments and contingencies

2

Employers Holdings, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Balance Sheets
(in millions, except share data)
	As of		As of
	June 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Stockholders’ equity:	(unaudited)
Common stock, $0.01 par value; 150,000,000 shares authorized; 58,167,193 and 58,055,968 shares issued and 24,896,116 and 25,369,753 shares outstanding at June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively	$	0.6	$	0.6
Preferred stock, $0.01 par value; 25,000,000 shares authorized; none issued	—		—
Additional paid-in capital	420.9		419.8
Retained earnings	1,429.4		1,384.3
Accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax	(99.0)		(86.0)
Treasury stock, at cost (33,271,077 shares at June 30, 2024 and 32,686,215 shares at December 31, 2023)	(729.0)		(704.8)
Total stockholders’ equity	1,022.9		1,013.9
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	3,550.0	$	3,550.4

See accompanying unaudited notes to the consolidated financial statements.

3

Employers Holdings, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss)
(in millions, except per share data)
	Three Months Ended				Six Months Ended
	June 30,				June 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
Revenues	(unaudited)				(unaudited)
Net premiums earned	$	187.8	$	177.1	$	372.6	$	349.8
Net investment income	26.9		26.8		53.8		54.4
Net realized and unrealized gains on investments	2.2		11.3		13.6		17.7
Other income (loss)	0.1		—		0.1		(0.2)
Total revenues	217.0		215.2		440.1		421.7
Expenses
Losses and loss adjustment expenses	108.8		90.5		225.3		197.9
Commission expense	26.8		23.6		52.3		47.1
Underwriting and general and administrative expenses	41.4		46.0		87.2		90.3
Interest and financing expenses	—		1.9		—		4.2
Other expenses	—		9.4		—		9.4
Total expenses	177.0		171.4		364.8		348.9
Net Income before income taxes	40.0		43.8		75.3		72.8
Income tax expense	8.3		8.9		15.3		14.3
Net Income	$	31.7	$	34.9	$	60.0	$	58.5
Comprehensive income
Unrealized AFS investment (losses) gains arising during the period, net of tax benefit (expense) of $1.4 and $4.1 for the three months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and $4.4 and $(1.9) for the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively	$	(4.9)	$	(15.5)	$	(16.5)	$	7.1
Reclassification adjustment for realized AFS investment losses in net income, net of tax benefit of $(0.7) for the three months ended June 30, 2024, and $(0.9) and $(0.4) for the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively	2.8		0.1		3.5		1.3
Other comprehensive (loss) income, net of tax	(2.1)		(15.4)		(13.0)		8.4
Total Comprehensive income	$	29.6	$	19.5	$	47.0	$	66.9
Earnings per common share (Note 13):
Basic	$	1.25	$	1.31	$	2.37	$	2.17
Diluted	$	1.25	$	1.30	$	2.36	$	2.16
Cash dividends declared per common share and eligible plan awards	$	0.30	$	0.28	$	0.58	$	0.54

See accompanying unaudited notes to the consolidated financial statements.

4

Employers Holdings, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity
For the Three Months Ended June 30, 2024 and 2023
(Unaudited)
	Common Stock			Additional Paid-In Capital		Retained Earnings		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss, Net		Treasury Stock at Cost		Total Stockholders’ Equity
	Shares Issued	Amount
	(in millions, except share data)
Balance, April 1, 2024	58,152,792	$	0.6	$	419.5	$	1,405.4	$	(96.9)	$	(709.7)	$	1,018.9
Stock-based obligations	—	—		1.4		—		—		—		1.4
Vesting of RSUs and PSUs, net of shares withheld to satisfy tax withholdings	14,401	—		—		—		—		—		—
Acquisition of common stock(1)	—	—		—		—		—		(19.3)		(19.3)
Dividends declared	—	—		—		(7.7)		—		—		(7.7)
Net income for the period	—	—		—		31.7		—		—		31.7
Change in net unrealized losses on AFS investments, net of taxes of $0.7	—	—		—		—		(2.1)		—		(2.1)
Balance, June 30, 2024	58,167,193	$	0.6	$	420.9	$	1,429.4	$	(99.0)	$	(729.0)	$	1,022.9
Balance, April 1, 2023	57,985,389	$	0.6	$	415.6	$	1,312.1	$	(115.1)	$	(639.1)	$	974.1
Stock-based obligations	—	—		1.5		—		—		—		1.5
Vesting of RSUs and PSUs, net of shares withheld to satisfy tax withholdings	12,096	—		—		—		—		—		—
Acquisition of common stock(1)	—	—		—		—		—		(35.8)		(35.8)
Dividends declared	—	—		—		(7.6)		—		—		(7.6)
Net income for the period	—	—		—		34.9		—		—		34.9
Change in net unrealized losses on AFS investments, net of taxes of $4.1	—	—		—		—		(15.4)		—		(15.4)
Balance, June 30, 2023	57,997,485	$	0.6	$	417.1	$	1,339.4	$	(130.5)	$	(674.9)	$	951.7
(1) Amount includes applicable excise tax as imposed by the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (See Note 7).
See accompanying unaudited notes to the consolidated financial statements.

5

Employers Holdings, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity
For the Six Months Ended June 30, 2024 and 2023
(Unaudited)
	Common Stock			Additional Paid-In Capital		Retained Earnings		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss, Net		Treasury Stock at Cost		Total Stockholders’ Equity
	Shares Issued	Amount
	(in millions, except share data)
Balance, January 1, 2024	58,055,968	$	0.6	$	419.8	$	1,384.3	$	(86.0)	$	(704.8)	$	1,013.9
Stock-based obligations	—	—		2.8		—		—		—		2.8
Vesting of RSUs and PSUs, net of shares withheld to satisfy tax withholdings	111,225	—		(1.7)		—		—		—		(1.7)
Acquisition of common stock(1)	—	—		—		—		—		(24.2)		(24.2)
Dividends declared	—	—		—		(14.9)		—		—		(14.9)
Net income for the period	—	—		—		60.0		—		—		60.0
Change in net unrealized losses on AFS investments, net of taxes of $3.5	—	—		—		—		(13.0)		—		(13.0)
Balance, June 30, 2024	58,167,193	$	0.6	$	420.9	$	1,429.4	$	(99.0)	$	(729.0)	$	1,022.9
Balance, January 1, 2023	57,876,287	$	0.6	$	414.6	$	1,295.6	$	(138.9)	$	(627.7)	$	944.2
Stock-based obligations	—	—		3.2		—		—		—		3.2
Stock options exercised	23,500	—		0.7		—		—		—		0.7
Vesting of RSUs and PSUs, net of shares withheld to satisfy tax withholdings	97,698	—		(1.4)		—		—		—		(1.4)
Acquisition of common stock(1)	—	—		—		—		—		(47.2)		(47.2)
Dividends declared	—	—		—		(14.7)		—		—		(14.7)
Net income for the period	—	—		—		58.5		—		—		58.5
Change in net unrealized losses on AFS investments, net of taxes of $(2.3)	—	—		—		—		8.4		—		8.4
Balance, June 30, 2023	57,997,485	$	0.6	$	417.1	$	1,339.4	$	(130.5)	$	(674.9)	$	951.7
(1) Amount includes applicable excise tax as imposed by the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (See Note 7).
See accompanying unaudited notes to the consolidated financial statements.

6

Employers Holdings, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
(in millions)
	Six Months Ended
	June 30,
	2024		2023
Operating activities	(unaudited)
Net income	$	60.0	$	58.5
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization	1.9		2.7
Stock-based compensation	2.8		3.2
Amortization of cloud computing arrangements	7.3		8.4
Amortization of discounts and premiums on investments, net	(0.7)		1.8
Allowance for expected credit losses	0.9		2.4
Deferred income tax (benefit) expense	4.8		4.9
Net realized and unrealized gains on investments	(13.6)		(17.7)
Asset impairment and related charges	—		2.6
Noncash operating lease term adjustment	—		(1.0)
Change in operating assets and liabilities:
Premiums receivable	(41.3)		(48.8)
Reinsurance recoverable on paid and unpaid losses	10.1		9.2
Cloud computing arrangements	(0.4)		(2.2)
Operating lease right-of-use assets	0.7		6.9
Current federal income taxes	(4.6)		(11.9)
Unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses	(33.6)		(33.5)
Unearned premiums	39.7		39.0
Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities	(2.4)		(5.6)
Deferred reinsurance gain—LPT Agreement	(3.9)		(4.0)
Contingent commission receivable—LPT Agreement	(0.4)		—
Operating lease liabilities	(0.8)		(7.2)
Non-cancellable obligations	(4.9)		(5.7)
Other	(9.3)		(5.5)
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities	12.3		(3.5)
Investing activities
Purchases of fixed maturity securities	(274.7)		(157.8)
Purchases of equity securities	(22.0)		(22.6)
Purchases of short-term investments	(17.7)		(24.5)
Purchases of other invested assets	(4.1)		(20.6)
Proceeds from sale of fixed maturity securities	84.7		125.5
Proceeds from sale of equity securities	17.1		32.5
Proceeds from maturities and redemptions of fixed maturity securities	96.5		63.8
Proceeds from maturities of short-term investments	20.2		127.3
Net change in unsettled investment purchases and sales	0.7		(3.6)
Capital expenditures and other	(2.3)		(0.6)
Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities	(101.6)		119.4
Financing activities
Acquisition of common stock	(24.4)		(46.1)
Cash transactions related to stock-based compensation	(1.7)		(0.7)
Dividends paid to stockholders	(15.4)		(15.2)
Repayments on FHLB advances	—		(76.8)
Payments on finance leases	(0.1)		(0.1)
Net cash used in financing activities	(41.6)		(138.9)
Net decrease in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	(130.9)		(23.0)
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at the beginning of the period	226.6		89.4
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at the end of the period	$	95.7	$	66.4

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The following table presents our cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash by category within the Consolidated Balance Sheets:

	As of		As of
	June 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
	(unaudited)
	(in millions)
Cash and cash equivalents	$	95.5	$	226.4
Restricted cash and cash equivalents supporting reinsurance obligations	0.2		0.2
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	$	95.7	$	226.6

See accompanying unaudited notes to the consolidated financial statements.

8

Employers Holdings, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

 (Unaudited)

1. Basis of Presentation and Summary of Operations

Employers Holdings, Inc. (EHI) is a Nevada holding company. Through its wholly owned insurance subsidiaries, Employers Insurance Company of Nevada (EICN), Employers Compensation Insurance Company (ECIC), Employers Preferred Insurance Company (EPIC), Employers Assurance Company (EAC), and Cerity Insurance Company (CIC), EHI is engaged in the commercial property and casualty insurance industry, specializing in workers’ compensation products and services. Unless otherwise indicated, all references to the “Company” refer to EHI, together with its subsidiaries.

In 1999, the Nevada State Industrial Insurance System (the Fund) entered into a retroactive 100% quota share reinsurance agreement (the LPT Agreement) through a loss portfolio transfer transaction with third party reinsurers. The LPT Agreement, which ceded to the reinsurers substantially all of the Fund's outstanding losses as of June 30, 1999 for claims with original dates of injury prior to July 1, 1995, provides coverage for losses up to $2.0 billion, excluding losses for burial and transportation expenses. The LPT Agreement will remain in effect until: (i) all claims under the covered policies have closed; (ii) the LPT Agreement is commuted or terminated, upon the mutual agreement of the parties; or (iii) the reinsurers’ aggregate maximum limit of liability is exhausted, whichever occurs first. The LPT Agreement does not provide for any additional termination terms. On January 1, 2000, EICN assumed all of the assets, liabilities and operations of the Fund, including the Fund’s rights and obligations associated with the LPT Agreement (See Note 9).

The Company accounts for the LPT Agreement as retroactive reinsurance. Upon entry into the LPT Agreement, an initial deferred reinsurance gain (the Deferred Gain) was recorded as a liability on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company is also entitled to receive a contingent profit commission under the LPT Agreement through June 30, 2024. The contingent profit commission is estimated based on both actual paid results to date and projections of expected paid losses under the LPT Agreement and is recorded as an asset on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Contingent Commission receivable at June 30, 2024 was $14.6 million.

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with United States (U.S.) generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) for interim financial information and with the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (Exchange Act), as amended. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and notes required by GAAP for complete financial statements. In the opinion of management, all adjustments (consisting of normal, recurring adjustments) necessary for a fair presentation of the Company’s consolidated financial position and results of operations for the periods presented have been included. The results of operations for an interim period are not necessarily indicative of the results for an entire year. These financial statements have been prepared consistent with the accounting policies described in the Company’s Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023 (Annual Report).

The Company operates as a single operating segment, Insurance Operations, through its wholly owned subsidiaries. The Company considers an operating segment to be any component of its business whose operating results are regularly reviewed by the Company's chief operating decision maker (CODM) to make decisions about resources to be allocated to the segment and assess its performance based on discrete financial information. Prior to December 31, 2023, the Company operated through two reportable segments: Employers and Cerity. All periods prior to December 31, 2023 have been conformed to the current presentation. Detailed financial information about the Company's single operating segment is presented in Note 14.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. As a result, actual results could differ from these estimates. The most significant areas that require management judgment are the estimate of unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses (LAE), evaluation of reinsurance recoverables, recognition of premium revenue, recoverability of deferred income taxes, and valuation of investments.

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2. New Accounting Standards

Recently Issued Accounting Standards

In November 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280). The amendments in this update improve disclosures about reportable segments and provide more detailed information about a reportable segment's expenses. Specifically, the amendments in this update require that a public entity disclose, on an annual and interim basis: (i) significant segment expenses that are regularly provided to the CODM; (ii) an amount for other segment items by reportable segment and a description on their composition; (iii) all annual disclosures about a reportable segment's profit or loss and assets currently required by Topic 280 in interim periods; (iv) the measures the CODM uses in assessing performance and allocating resources; and (v) the title and position of the CODM. Public entities that have a single reporting segment are also required to provide all the disclosures required by this amendment, along with all existing segment disclosures in Topic 280. This update is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023 and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted. The Company will adopt this standard when it becomes effective.

Recently Adopted Accounting Standards

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740). This update requires public business entities to annually disclose specific categories within the income tax rate reconciliation, and provide additional information for reconciling items that meet a certain quantitative threshold. Additionally, the amendments in this update require entities to disclose certain information about income taxes paid, income tax disaggregation, disclosures around unrecognized tax benefits, and the removal of disclosures related to temporary differences surrounding deferred tax liabilities to enhance the transparency and decision usefulness of income tax disclosures. This update is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024 and early adoption is permitted for financial statements that have not been issued. The Company early adopted this update as of December 31, 2023, and the impact of this standard was not material to its consolidated financial condition or its results of operations.

In March 2020, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848). This update provided optional transition guidance to ease the potential accounting burden associated with transitioning away from the London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR), with optional expedients and exceptions related to the application of US GAAP to contracts, hedging relationships and other transactions affected by reference rate reform. Companies can elect to adopt this ASU through December 31, 2024. The Company has determined that there was no impact of LIBOR transitioning on its existing contracts and investments.

3. Valuation of Financial Instruments

Financial Instruments Carried at Fair Value

The carrying value and the estimated fair value of the Company’s financial instruments at fair value were as follows:

	June 30, 2024				December 31, 2023
	Carrying Value		Estimated Fair Value		Carrying Value		Estimated Fair Value
	(in millions)
Financial assets
Total investments at fair value	$	2,272.9	$	2,272.9	$	2,180.6	$	2,180.6
Cash and cash equivalents	95.5		95.5		226.4		226.4
Restricted cash and cash equivalents	0.2		0.2		0.2		0.2

Assets and liabilities recorded at fair value on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets are categorized based upon the levels of judgment associated with the inputs used to measure their fair value. Level inputs are defined as follows:

•Level 1 - Inputs are unadjusted quoted market prices for identical assets or liabilities in active markets at the measurement date.

•Level 2 - Inputs other than Level 1 prices that are observable for similar assets or liabilities through corroboration with market data at the measurement date.

•Level 3 - Inputs that are unobservable that reflect management’s best estimate of what willing market participants would use in pricing the assets or liabilities at the measurement date.

The Company uses third party pricing services to assist with its investment accounting function. The ultimate pricing source varies depending on the investment security and pricing service used, but investment securities valued on the basis of observable inputs (Levels 1 and 2) are generally assigned values on the basis of actual transactions. Securities valued on the

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basis of pricing models with significant unobservable inputs or non-binding broker quotes are classified as Level 3. The Company performs quarterly analyses on the prices it receives from third parties to determine whether the prices are reasonable estimates of fair value, including confirming the fair values of these securities through observable market prices using an alternative pricing source, as it is ultimately management’s responsibility to ensure that the fair values reflected in the Company’s consolidated financial statements are appropriate. If differences are noted in these analyses, the Company may obtain additional information from other pricing services to validate the quoted price.

The Company bases all of its estimates of fair value for assets on bid prices, when available, as they represent what a third-party market participant would be willing to pay in an arm’s length transaction.

For securities not actively traded, third party pricing services may use quoted market prices of similar instruments or discounted cash flow analyses, incorporating inputs that are currently observable in the markets for similar securities. Inputs that are often used in the valuation methodologies include, but are not limited to, broker quotes, benchmark yields, credit spreads, default rates, and prepayment speed assumptions. There were no material adjustments to the valuation methodology utilized by third party pricing services as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

These methods of valuation only produce an estimate of fair value if there is objectively verifiable information to produce a valuation. If objectively verifiable information is not available, the Company would be required to produce an estimate of fair value using some of the same methodologies, making assumptions for market-based inputs that are unavailable.

As of June 30, 2024, the Company held $59.3 million of fixed maturity securities at fair value that were designated Level 3. These private placement securities were designated as Level 3 securities due to the limited amount of observable market information available.

The following table presents the Company’s investments at fair value and the corresponding fair value measurements.

	June 30, 2024						December 31, 2023
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
	(in millions)
Fixed maturity securities:
U.S. Treasuries	$	—	$	67.6	$	—	$	—	$	58.4	$	—
U.S. Agencies	—		2.2		—		—		2.1		—
States and municipalities	—		185.0		—		—		210.2		—
Corporate securities	—		896.4		45.3		—		863.7		32.1
Residential mortgage-backed securities	—		379.3		—		—		362.2		—
Commercial mortgage-backed securities	—		64.4		—		—		63.8		—
Asset-backed securities	—		163.2		14.0		—		113.9		14.1
Collateralized loan obligations	—		63.5		—		—		91.5		—
Foreign government securities	—		9.8		—		—		10.4		—
Other securities	—		118.7		—		—		113.9		—
Total fixed maturity securities	$	—	$	1,950.1	$	59.3	$	—	$	1,890.1	$	46.2
Equity securities at fair value:
Industrial and miscellaneous	$	202.5	$	—	$	—	$	181.7	$	—	$	—
Other	30.1		—		—		29.5		—		—
Total equity securities at fair value	$	232.6	$	—	$	—	$	211.2	$	—	$	—
Short-term investments	$	9.1	$	21.8	$	—	$	17.6	$	15.5	$	—
Total investments at fair value	$	241.7	$	1,971.9	$	59.3	$	228.8	$	1,905.6	$	46.2

Financial Instruments Carried at Cost

All of the Company's insurance subsidiaries are members of the Federal Home Loan Bank of San Francisco (FHLB). Members are required to purchase stock in the FHLB in addition to maintaining collateral deposits that back any funds advanced and standby letters of credit issued (See Note 10). The Company’s investment in FHLB stock is recorded at cost, which approximates fair value, as purchases and sales of these securities are at par value with the issuer. FHLB stock is considered a restricted security and is periodically evaluated by the Company for impairment based on the estimated ultimate recovery of par value.

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Financial Instruments Carried at Net Asset Value

The Company has investments in private equity limited partnership interests that are included in Other invested assets on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets. These investments do not have readily determinable fair values and are carried at net asset value (NAV) and therefore are excluded from the fair value hierarchy. The Company initially estimates the value of these investments using the transaction price. In subsequent periods, the Company measures these investments using NAV per share provided quarterly by the general partner, based on financial statements that are audited annually. These investments are generally not redeemable by the investees and cannot be sold without approval of the general partner. These investments have a fund term of 3 to 12 years, subject to two or three one-year extensions at the general partner’s discretion. The Company will receive distributions of proceeds from dividends and interest from fund investments, as well as from the disposition of a fund investment, or a portion thereof. The Company expects these distributions from time-to-time during the full course of the fund term. As of June 30, 2024, the Company had unfunded commitments to these private equity limited partnerships totaling $18.3 million.

Additionally, certain cash equivalents, principally money market securities, are measured using NAV, which approximates fair value.

The following table presents cash and investments carried at NAV on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets.

	June 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
	(in millions)
Cash equivalents carried at NAV	$	89.3	$	197.2
Other invested assets carried at NAV	97.5		91.5

The following table provides a reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances that are measured using Level 3 inputs.

	Six Months Ended
	June 30,
	2024		2023
	(in millions)
Balance at the beginning of the year	$	46.2	$	24.2
Purchases	13.6		1.0
Unrealized (losses) gains included in comprehensive income or loss	(0.5)		0.2
Balance at end of period	$	59.3	$	25.4

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4. Investments

The amortized cost, gross unrealized gains, gross unrealized losses, and estimated fair value of the Company’s available-for-sale (AFS) investments were as follows:

	Amortized Cost		Allowance for Current Expected Credit Losses		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Estimated Fair Value
	(in millions)
At June 30, 2024
Fixed maturity securities
U.S. Treasuries	$	70.4	$	—	$	0.2	$	(3.0)	$	67.6
U.S. Agencies	2.3		—		—		(0.1)		2.2
States and municipalities	189.2		—		1.6		(5.8)		185.0
Corporate securities	1,004.1		(0.7)		4.0		(65.7)		941.7
Residential mortgage-backed securities	424.3		—		0.4		(45.4)		379.3
Commercial mortgage-backed securities	70.4		(0.4)		—		(5.6)		64.4
Asset-backed securities	180.7		(0.2)		0.9		(4.2)		177.2
Collateralized loan obligations	63.6		—		—		(0.1)		63.5
Foreign government securities	12.7		—		—		(2.9)		9.8
Other securities(1)	118.9		(0.6)		0.8		(0.4)		118.7
Total fixed maturity securities	$	2,136.6	$	(1.9)	$	7.9	$	(133.2)	$	2,009.4
Short-term investments	30.9		—		—		—		30.9
Total AFS investments	$	2,167.5	$	(1.9)	$	7.9	$	(133.2)	$	2,040.3

At December 31, 2023
Fixed maturity securities
U.S. Treasuries	$	60.3	$	—	$	0.6	$	(2.5)	$	58.4
U.S. Agencies	2.2		—		—		(0.1)		2.1
States and municipalities	212.3		—		3.1		(5.2)		210.2
Corporate securities	952.8		(2.1)		8.3		(63.2)		895.8
Residential mortgage-backed securities	399.3		—		0.9		(38.0)		362.2
Commercial mortgage-backed securities	70.2		—		—		(6.4)		63.8
Asset-backed securities	131.8		—		1.0		(4.8)		128.0
Collateralized loan obligations	92.2		—		—		(0.7)		91.5
Foreign government securities	12.7		—		—		(2.3)		10.4
Other securities(1)	114.2		(0.6)		1.0		(0.7)		113.9
Total fixed maturity securities	$	2,048.0	$	(2.7)	$	14.9	$	(123.9)	$	1,936.3
Short-term investments	33.1		—		—		—		33.1
Total AFS investments	$	2,081.1	$	(2.7)	$	14.9	$	(123.9)	$	1,969.4

(1)Other securities within fixed maturity securities consist of bank loans, which are classified as AFS and reported at fair value.

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The cost and estimated fair value of the Company’s equity securities recorded at fair value at June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 were as follows:

	Cost		Estimated Fair Value
	(in millions)
At June 30, 2024
Equity securities at fair value
Industrial and miscellaneous	$	111.5	$	202.5
Other	22.9		30.1
Total equity securities at fair value	$	134.4	$	232.6

At December 31, 2023
Equity securities at fair value
Industrial and miscellaneous	$	104.4	$	181.7
Other	21.5		29.5
Total equity securities at fair value	$	125.9	$	211.2

The Company had Other invested assets totaling $97.5 million and $91.5 million (initial cost of $86.5 million and $82.5 million) at June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, consisting of private equity limited partnerships, which are carried at NAV based on information provided by the general partner. These investments are non-redeemable until conversion and are periodically evaluated by the Company for impairment based on the ultimate recovery of the investment. Changes in the value of these investments are recorded through Net realized and unrealized gains or losses on the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss).

The amortized cost and estimated fair value of the Company’s fixed maturity securities at June 30, 2024, by contractual maturity, are shown below. Expected maturities differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties.

	Amortized Cost		Estimated Fair Value
	(in millions)
Due in one year or less	$	46.3	$	45.6
Due after one year through five years	644.6		622.5
Due after five years through ten years	613.0		571.7
Due after ten years	93.7		85.2
Mortgage and asset-backed securities	739.0		684.4
Total	$	2,136.6	$	2,009.4

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The following is a summary of AFS investments that have been in a continuous unrealized loss position for less than 12 months and those that have been in a continuous unrealized loss position for 12 months or greater in each case as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

	June 30, 2024					December 31, 2023
	Estimated Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses		Number of Issues	Estimated Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses		Number of Issues
	(dollars in millions)
Less than 12 months:
Fixed maturity securities
U.S. Treasuries	$	20.1	$	(0.1)	7	$	11.9	$	(0.1)	5
States and municipalities	33.0		(0.5)		13	39.5		(0.3)		15
Corporate securities	134.6		(1.4)		36	26.1		(0.8)		13
Residential mortgage-backed securities	42.4		(0.3)		25	15.8		(0.2)		15
Asset-backed securities	66.3		(0.4)		22	24.0		(0.1)		15
Collateralized loan obligations	—		—		—	—		—		—
Other securities	23.3		(0.3)		117	12.6		(0.1)		70
Total fixed maturity securities	319.7		(3.0)		220	129.9		(1.6)		133
Total less than 12 months	$	319.7	$	(3.0)	220	$	129.9	$	(1.6)	133
12 months or greater:
Fixed maturity securities
U.S. Treasuries	$	34.8	$	(2.9)	11	$	23.7	$	(2.4)	7
U.S. Agencies	2.2		(0.1)		1	2.2		(0.1)		1
States and municipalities	83.6		(5.3)		36	73.5		(4.9)		32
Corporate securities	666.7		(64.3)		282	684.5		(62.4)		331
Residential mortgage-backed securities	293.6		(45.1)		234	306.6		(37.8)		228
Commercial mortgage-backed securities	52.5		(5.6)		23	53.0		(6.4)		24
Asset-backed securities	48.6		(3.8)		36	47.0		(4.7)		29
Collateralized loan obligations	5.4		(0.1)		3	80.5		(0.7)		21
Foreign government securities	9.8		(2.9)		2	10.4		(2.3)		2
Other securities	3.0		(0.1)		22	10.2		(0.6)		58
Total fixed maturity securities	1,200.2		(130.2)		650	1,291.6		(122.3)		733
Total 12 months or greater	$	1,200.2	$	(130.2)	650	$	1,291.6	$	(122.3)	733

As of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company had an allowance for current expected credit losses (CECL) on AFS investments of $1.9 million and $2.7 million, respectively (See Note 5). Those fixed maturity securities whose total fair value was less than amortized cost at each of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, were those in which the Company had no intent, need or requirement to sell at an amount less than their amortized cost.

Realized gains and losses on investments include the gain or loss on a security at the time of sale compared to its original or adjusted cost (equity securities and other invested assets) or amortized cost (fixed maturity securities). Realized losses on fixed maturity securities are also recognized when securities are written down as a result of an other-than-temporary impairment or for unfavorable changes in CECL. Reversals of previously recognized realized losses on fixed maturity securities can also result when securities are written up for favorable changes in CECL.

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Net realized gains and losses on investments and the change in unrealized gains and losses on the Company’s investments recorded at fair value are determined on a specific-identification basis and were as follows:

	Gross Realized Gains		Gross Realized Losses		Net Decrease  in CECL Allowance		Change in Net Unrealized Gains (Losses)		Changes in Fair Value Reflected in Earnings		Changes in Fair Value Reflected in AOCI (1), before tax
	(in millions)
Three Months Ended June 30, 2024
Fixed maturity securities	$	0.2	$	(5.0)	$	1.3	$	(2.7)	$	(3.5)	$	(2.7)
Equity securities	4.1		(0.4)		—		(0.3)		3.4		—
Other invested assets	—		—		—		2.3		2.3		—
Total investments	$	4.3	$	(5.4)	$	1.3	$	(0.7)	$	2.2	$	(2.7)
Six Months Ended June 30, 2024
Fixed maturity securities	$	0.3	$	(5.5)	$	0.8	$	(16.4)	$	(4.4)	$	(16.4)
Equity securities	4.2		(0.9)		—		12.7		16.0		—
Other invested assets	—		—		—		2.0		2.0		—
Total investments	$	4.5	$	(6.4)	$	0.8	$	(1.7)	$	13.6	$	(16.4)

Three Months Ended June 30, 2023
Fixed maturity securities	$	0.3	$	(2.0)	$	1.6	$	(19.4)	$	(0.1)	$	(19.4)
Equity securities	—		(2.1)		—		11.8		9.7		—
Other invested assets	—		—		—		1.7		1.7		—
Total investments	$	0.3	$	(4.1)	$	1.6	$	(5.9)	$	11.3	$	(19.4)
Six Months Ended June 30, 2023
Fixed maturity securities	$	0.7	$	(2.6)	$	0.2	$	10.7	$	(1.7)	$	10.7
Equity securities	0.1		(3.4)		—		19.6		16.3		—
Other invested assets	—		—		—		3.1		3.1		—
Total investments	$	0.8	$	(6.0)	$	0.2	$	33.4	$	17.7	$	10.7

(1)AOCI means Accumulated other comprehensive income or loss

Proceeds from sales of fixed maturity securities were $52.7 million and $84.7 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, respectively, compared to $80.7 million and $125.5 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, respectively.

Net investment income was as follows:

	Three Months Ended				Six Months Ended
	June 30,				June 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
	(in millions)
Fixed maturity securities	$	23.1	$	23.4	$	45.4	$	47.1
Equity securities	1.7		1.8		3.3		3.6
Other invested assets	1.4		0.9		2.6		1.8
Short-term investments	0.4		0.5		0.9		1.7
Cash equivalents and restricted cash	1.2		0.9		3.5		1.8
Gross investment income	27.8		27.5		55.7		56.0
Investment expenses	(0.9)		(0.7)		(1.9)		(1.6)
Net investment income	$	26.9	$	26.8	$	53.8	$	54.4

The Company is required by various state laws and regulations to support, through securities on deposit or otherwise, its outstanding loss reserves in certain states in which it does business. These laws and regulations govern not only the amount but also the types of securities that are eligible for deposit. As of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, securities having a fair

16

value of $758.6 million and $748.1 million, respectively, were on deposit. Additionally, standby letters of credit from the FHLB were in place in lieu of $70.0 million of securities on deposit as of both June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 (See Note 10).

Certain reinsurance contracts require the Company’s funds to be held in trust for the benefit of the ceding reinsurer to secure the outstanding liabilities assumed by the Company. The fair value of fixed maturity securities and restricted cash and cash equivalents held in trust for the benefit of ceding reinsurers at both June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 was $3.0 million.

5. Current Expected Credit Losses

Premiums Receivable

Premiums receivable balances are all due within one year. The Company currently determines the allowance for premiums receivable based on an internal aging schedule using collectability and historical payment patterns, as well as current and expected future market conditions to determine the appropriateness of the allowance. Historical payment patterns and future market conditions provide the basis for the estimation along with similar risk characteristics and the Company's business strategy, which have not changed significantly over time. Changes in the allowance for CECL are recorded through underwriting and general and administrative expenses.

The table below shows the changes in CECL on premiums receivable.

	Three Months Ended				Six Months Ended
	June 30,				June 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
	(in millions)
Beginning balance of CECL on premiums receivable	$	19.7	$	14.0	$	17.9	$	12.8
Net change in CECL provision	4.3		3.9		10.1		7.2
Write-offs charged against CECL	(3.1)		(0.5)		(5.0)		(1.2)
Recoveries collected	(2.1)		(2.2)		(4.2)		(3.6)
Ending balance of CECL on premiums receivable	$	18.8	$	15.2	$	18.8	$	15.2

Reinsurance Recoverable

In assessing an allowance for reinsurance assets, which includes reinsurance recoverables and contingent commission receivables, the Company considers historical information, financial strength of reinsurers, collateralization amounts, and ratings to determine the appropriateness of the allowance. Historically, the Company has not experienced a credit loss from reinsurance transactions. In assessing future default, the Company evaluated the CECL allowance under the ratings-based method using the A.M. Best's Average Cumulative Net Impairment Rates. Reinsurer ratings are also assessed through this process. Changes in the allowance for CECL are recorded through underwriting and general and administrative expenses.

The table below shows the changes in CECL on reinsurance recoverables.

	Three Months Ended				Six Months Ended
	June 30,				June 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
	(in millions)
Beginning balance of CECL on reinsurance recoverables	$	0.9	$	0.9	$	0.9	$	0.9
Net change in CECL provision	—		—		—		—
Ending balance of CECL on reinsurance recoverables	$	0.9	$	0.9	$	0.9	$	0.9

Investments

The Company assesses all AFS investments in an unrealized loss position for CECL. The Company first assesses whether it intends to sell, or it is more likely than not that it will be required to sell, the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis. If either of the criteria is met, the security's amortized cost basis is written down to its fair value. For AFS investments that do not meet either criteria, the Company evaluates whether the decline in fair value has resulted from credit losses or other factors. In making this assessment, management considers the extent to which fair value is less than amortized cost, any changes to the rating of the security by a rating agency, and adverse conditions specifically related to the security, among other factors. Any impairment that has not been recorded through an allowance for credit losses is recognized in Accumulated other

17

comprehensive loss on the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheets. Changes in the allowance for CECL are recorded as a Realized gain or loss on investments on the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss).

As of June 30, 2024, the Company established an aggregate allowance for CECL in the amount of $1.9 million. For the Company’s investments in fixed maturity debt securities, the allowance for CECL was determined by: (i) observing the credit characteristics of those debt securities that may have demonstrated a credit loss as of that date and by comparing the present value of cash flows expected to be collected to its amortized cost basis; and (ii) observing the credit characteristics of those debt securities that are expected to demonstrate a credit loss in the future by comparing the present value of cash flows expected to be collected to its amortized cost basis. The expected present value of cash flows are calculated using scenario based credit loss models derived from the discounted cash flows under the Comprehensive Capital Analysis Review framework, which is adopted by the Federal Reserve.

As of June 30, 2024, the Company did not intend to sell any of its AFS investments in which its amortized cost exceeded its fair value.

Accrued interest receivable on AFS investments totaled $16.7 million at June 30, 2024 and is excluded from the estimate of credit losses based on historically timely payments.

The table below shows the changes in the allowance for CECL on AFS investments.

	Three Months Ended				Six Months Ended
	June 30,				June 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
	(in millions)
Beginning balance of CECL on AFS investments	$	3.2	$	5.9	$	2.7	$	4.5
Net change in CECL provision	0.5		(1.1)		1.1		0.5
Reductions in allowance from disposals	(1.8)		(0.5)		(1.9)		(0.7)
Write-offs charged against the allowance	—		—		—		—
Recoveries of amounts previously written off	—		—		—		—
Ending balance of CECL on AFS investments	$	1.9	$	4.3	$	1.9	$	4.3

6. Property and Equipment

Property and equipment consists of the following:

	As of June 30,		As of December 31,
	2024		2023
	(in millions)
Furniture and equipment	$	1.8	$	1.8
Leasehold improvements	0.5		0.5
Computers and software	43.3		45.7
Automobiles	0.6		0.6
Property and equipment, gross	46.2		48.6
Accumulated depreciation	(39.5)		(42.1)
Property and equipment, net	$	6.7	$	6.5

Depreciation expenses related to property and equipment for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 were $0.9 million and $1.9 million, respectively, and $4.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. Internally developed software costs that were capitalized were $0.7 million and $1.3 million during the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, respectively, and $1.8 million during the year ended December 31, 2023.

Cloud Computing Arrangements

The Company’s capitalized costs associated with cloud computing arrangements totaled $21.2 million and $28.0 million, which were comprised of service contract fees and implementation costs associated with hosting arrangements as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. Total amortization for hosting arrangements was $4.5 million and $7.3 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, respectively, and $16.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2023.

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Leases

The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at the inception of the transaction. Operating leases for offices are presented as both an Operating lease right-of-use (ROU) asset and an Operating lease liability on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets. Finance leases for automobiles are presented as both Property and equipment and Other liabilities on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets.

ROU assets represent the right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and the lease liability represents the obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease transaction. Operating lease assets and liabilities are recognized at the commencement date based on the present value of the lease payments over the lease term. The Company uses collateralized incremental borrowing rates to determine the present value of lease payments. ROU assets also include lease payments less any lease incentives within a lease agreement. The Company’s lease terms may include options to extend or terminate a lease. Lease expense for lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. As of June 30, 2024, the Company’s operating leases have remaining terms of one year to five years, with options to extend up to five years with no termination provision. The Company’s finance leases have an option to terminate after one year.

Components of lease expense were as follows:

	Three Months Ended				Six Months Ended
	June 30,				June 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
	(in millions)
Operating lease expense	$	0.2	$	0.5	$	0.5	$	1.1
Finance lease expense	0.1		—		0.1		0.1
Total lease expense	$	0.3	$	0.5	$	0.6	$	1.2

As of June 30, 2024, the weighted average remaining lease term for operating leases was 3.6 years and for finance leases was 1.6 years. The weighted average discount rate was 1.3% and 7.4% for operating and finance leases, respectively.

Maturities of lease liabilities were as follows:

	As of June 30, 2024
	Operating Leases		Finance Leases
	(in millions)
2024	$	0.9	$	—
2025	1.5		0.1
2026	1.2		—
2027	1.2		—
2028	0.4		—
Thereafter	—		—
Total lease payments	5.2		0.1
Less: imputed interest	(0.1)		—
Total	$	5.1	$	0.1

Supplemental balance sheet information related to leases was as follows:

	As of June 30,		As of December 31,
	2024		2023
	(in millions)
Operating leases:
Operating lease right-of-use asset	$	4.4	$	5.1
Operating lease liability	5.1		5.9
Finance leases:
Property and equipment, gross	0.6		0.6
Accumulated depreciation	(0.5)		(0.4)
Property and equipment, net	0.1		0.2
Other liabilities	$	0.1	$	0.2

19

Supplemental cash flow information related to leases was as follows:

	Six Months Ended
	June 30,
	2024		2023
	(in millions)
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities:
Operating cash flows used for operating leases	$	0.5	$	1.1
Financing cash flows used for finance leases	0.1		0.1

Lease Exit and Disposal Costs

During the three months ended June 30, 2023, the Company recorded a non-recurring charge in connection with the early termination of the lease associated with the Company's former corporate headquarters in Reno, Nevada. This charge included a one-time lease termination payment of $7.6 million, a write-off related to remaining leasehold improvements and furniture and equipment of $2.6 million, and estimated miscellaneous expenses associated with exiting the property of $0.2 million. The Company also recognized a lease termination gain pertaining to the elimination of the lease liability, net of an associated ROU asset of $1.0 million, which was included in Other expenses on the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss). The decision to terminate this operating lease was undertaken as part of an ongoing review of the Company's facility needs.

7. Income Taxes

The Company’s effective tax rate for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 was 20.8% and 20.3%, respectively, and the Company’s effective tax rate for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 was 20.3% and 19.6%, respectively. The effective rates during each of the periods presented included income tax benefits and exclusions associated with tax-advantaged investment income, LPT adjustments, and deferred gain amortization.

The Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 imposed a 1% excise tax on stock repurchases by publicly traded companies, effective January 1, 2023. The Company's excise tax obligation during the six months ended June 30, 2024 was $0.2 million and $0.7 million during the year ended December 31, 2023, respectively, which is included in Treasury stock on its Consolidated Balance Sheets.

8. Liability for Unpaid Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses 

The following table represents a reconciliation of changes in the liability for unpaid losses and LAE.

	Three Months Ended				Six Months Ended
	June 30,				June 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
	(in millions)
Unpaid losses and LAE at beginning of period	$	1,874.5	$	1,953.7	$	1,884.5	$	1,960.7
Less reinsurance recoverable, excluding CECL allowance, on unpaid losses and LAE	424.0		440.3		428.4		445.4
Net unpaid losses and LAE at beginning of period	1,450.5		1,513.4		1,456.1		1,515.3
Losses and LAE, net of reinsurance, incurred during the period related to:
Current period	120.0		112.2		238.7		221.8
Prior periods	(9.1)		(19.7)		(9.2)		(19.9)
Total net losses and LAE incurred during the period	110.9		92.5		229.5		201.9
Paid losses and LAE, net of reinsurance, related to:
Current period	24.1		26.5		30.9		32.1
Prior periods	104.7		88.4		222.1		194.1
Total net paid losses and LAE during the period	128.8		114.9		253.0		226.2
Ending unpaid losses and LAE, net of reinsurance	1,432.6		1,491.0		1,432.6		1,491.0
Reinsurance recoverable, excluding CECL allowance, on unpaid losses and LAE	418.3		436.2		418.3		436.2
Unpaid losses and LAE at end of period	$	1,850.9	$	1,927.2	$	1,850.9	$	1,927.2

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Total net losses and LAE included in the above table exclude amortization of the deferred reinsurance gain—LPT Agreement and LPT Contingent Commission Adjustments, which totaled $2.1 million and $2.0 million for the three months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and $4.2 million and $4.0 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively (see Note 9).

The change in incurred losses and LAE attributable to prior periods for the three months ended June 30, 2024, included $9.3 million of net favorable loss reserve development on the Company's voluntary risk business, partially offset by $0.2 million of net unfavorable loss reserve development on the Company's assigned risk business. The change in incurred losses and LAE attributable to prior periods for the six months ended June 30, 2024, included $9.3 million of net favorable loss reserve development on the Company's voluntary risk business, partially offset by $0.1 million of net unfavorable loss reserve development on the Company's assigned risk business.

The favorable prior year loss reserve development on the Company's voluntary business during the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 resulted from continued overall favorable loss experience, which related primarily to accident years 2022 and prior, partially offset by unfavorable prior year loss experience in accident year 2023 associated with certain large claims.

The change in incurred losses and LAE attributable to prior periods for the three months ended June 30, 2023, included $20.0 million of net favorable loss reserve development on the Company's voluntary risk business, partially offset by $0.3 million of net unfavorable loss reserve development on the Company's assigned risk business. The change in incurred losses and LAE attributable to prior periods for the six months ended June 30, 2023, included $20.0 million of net favorable loss reserve development on the Company's voluntary risk business, partially offset by $0.1 million of net unfavorable loss reserve development on the Company's assigned risk business.

The favorable prior year loss reserve development on the Company's voluntary business during the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 resulted from continued overall favorable loss experience, which related primarily to accident years 2020 and prior.

9. LPT Agreement

The LPT Agreement, which ceded to the reinsurers substantially all of the Fund's outstanding losses as of June 30, 1999 for claims with original dates of injury prior to July 1, 1995, provides coverage for losses up to $2.0 billion, excluding losses for burial and transportation expenses. The Company records its estimate of the associated contingent profit commission in its Consolidated Balance Sheets as Contingent commission receivable–LPT Agreement and a corresponding liability is recorded in its Consolidated Balance Sheets in Deferred reinsurance gain–LPT Agreement. The Deferred Gain is being amortized using the recovery method. Amortization is determined by the proportion of actual reinsurance recoveries to total estimated recoveries over the life of the LPT Agreement, except for the contingent profit commission, which is amortized through June 30, 2024, the date through which the Company is entitled to receive a contingent profit commission under the LPT Agreement. The amortization is recorded in losses and LAE incurred in its Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss). Any adjustments to the Deferred Gain are recorded in losses and LAE incurred in its Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss).

The Company amortized $1.9 million and $2.0 million of the Deferred Gain for the three months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and $3.8 million and $4.0 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023. The remaining Deferred Gain was $95.3 million and $99.2 million as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. Additionally, the Company recognized $0.2 million and $0.4 million of favorable LPT Contingent Commission Adjustments for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, respectively. The estimated remaining liabilities subject to the LPT Agreement were $282.6 million and $291.7 million as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. Losses and LAE paid with respect to the LPT Agreement totaled $886.7 million and $877.6 million from inception through June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

10. Financing Arrangements

Credit Agreement

On May 28, 2024, EHI entered into a Credit Agreement (the Credit Agreement) with Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as both administrative agent and issuing lender. The Credit Agreement provides for a $25.0 million, unsecured, three-year revolving credit facility and is guaranteed by certain of EHI’s wholly owned subsidiaries, Employers Group, Inc. (EGI) and Cerity Group, Inc. (CGI). Borrowings under the Credit Agreement may be used for working capital and general corporate purposes of EHI and its subsidiaries. Pursuant to the terms of the Credit Agreement, EHI has an option to request an increase of the credit available under the facility up to a maximum facility amount of $35.0 million, subject to the consent of the lender(s) and the satisfaction of certain conditions.

The interest rates applicable to loans under the Credit Agreement are generally based on either, at EHI's option: (i) a base rate, defined as the higher of the Prime Rate, the Federal Funds Rate plus 1.25% and the Adjusted Term Secured Overnight

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Financing Rate (SOFR) for a one-month tenor plus 1.75%, or (ii) an Adjusted Term SOFR Rate plus 1.75% In addition, EHI is subject to a fee on the lender’s unused commitment, ranging from 0.30% to 0.55%. The applicable margin and the amount of such commitment fee vary based upon the financial strength rating of EHI’s insurance subsidiaries as most recently announced by A.M. Best or EHI’s debt to total capitalization ratio if such financial strength rating is not available. Interest paid and/or fees incurred pursuant to the Credit Agreement, as applicable, was less than $0.1 million for the three months ended June 30, 2024.

The Credit Agreement contains covenants that require EHI and its consolidated subsidiaries to maintain: (i) a minimum consolidated net worth, defined as EHI’s total stockholders’ equity excluding any accumulated other comprehensive income or loss, of no less than $800.0 million; and (ii) a debt to total capitalization ratio of no more than 35%, in each case as determined in accordance with the Credit Agreement. As of June 30, 2024, EHI has remained in compliance with all of the covenants associated with the Credit Agreement since its inception.

EHI incurred $0.2 million in debt issuance costs in connection with the Credit Agreement, which are being amortized over the three-year life in Interest and financing expenses on the Company's Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss). The annual commitment fee on the unused portion of the facility is 0.35%, for a maximum of $87,500. Advances can be repaid at any time without prepayment penalties or additional fees. EHI had no borrowings under the Credit Agreement during the three months ended June 30, 2024.

FHLB

All of the Company's insurance subsidiaries are members of the FHLB. Membership allows the insurance subsidiaries access to collateralized advances, which may be used to support and enhance liquidity management. The amount of advances that may be taken is dependent on statutory admitted assets on a per company basis.

FHLB membership also allows the Company’s insurance subsidiaries access to standby letters of credit (Letter of Credit Agreements). Letter of Credit Agreements issued must be fully secured with eligible collateral at all times and are subject to annual maintenance charges and a fee of 15 basis points on issued amounts. As of both June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, letters of credit totaling $70.0 million, were issued in lieu of securities on deposit with the State of California under these Letter of Credit Agreements. The Letter of Credit Agreements currently in effect expire on March 31, 2025, and will remain evergreen with automatic one-year extensions unless the FHLB notifies the beneficiary at least 60 days prior to the then applicable expiration date of its election not to renew.

As of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, investment securities having a fair value of $265.2 million and $286.4 million, respectively, were pledged to the FHLB by the Company’s insurance subsidiaries in support of the collateralized advance facility and the Letter of Credit Agreements.

11. Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss

Accumulated other comprehensive loss is comprised of unrealized gains and losses on investments classified as AFS, net of deferred taxes. The following table summarizes the components of accumulated other comprehensive loss:

	June 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
	(in millions)
Net unrealized losses on AFS investments, before taxes	$	(125.3)	$	(108.9)
Deferred tax benefit on net unrealized losses	26.3		22.9
Total accumulated other comprehensive loss	$	(99.0)	$	(86.0)

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12. Stock-Based Compensation

The Company awarded restricted stock units (RSUs) and performance share units (PSUs) to certain employees and non-employee Directors of the Company as follows:

	Number Awarded	Weighted Average Fair Value on Date of Grant	Aggregate Fair Value on Date of Grant
			(in millions)
February 2024
RSUs(1)	61,280	46.36	2.8
PSUs(2)	77,360	46.36	3.6
March 2024
RSUs(1)	4,712	45.00	0.2
May 2024
RSUs(3)	17,052	40.00	0.7

(1)These RSUs were awarded to certain employees of the Company on two separate dates and all vest 25% on March 15, 2025 and each of the subsequent three anniversaries of that date.

(2)These PSUs were awarded to certain employees of the Company and have a performance period of three years. The PSU awards are subject to certain performance goals with payouts that range from 0% to 250% of the target awards. The value shown in the table represents the aggregate number of PSUs awarded at the target level.

(3)All RSUs awarded on this date were awarded to non-employee directors of the Company and vest in full on May 23, 2025.

Employees who are awarded RSUs and PSUs are entitled to receive dividend equivalents for eligible awards, payable in cash, when and if, the underlying award vests and becomes payable. If the underlying award does not vest or is forfeited, dividend equivalents with respect to the underlying award fail to become payable and are forfeited.

RSUs and PSUs are subject to accelerated vesting in certain circumstances, including but not limited to: death, disability, retirement, or in connection with a change of control of the Company.

As of June 30, 2024, the Company no longer had any stock options outstanding. During the six months ended June 30, 2023, and the year ended December 31, 2023, there were 23,500 stock options exercised.

As of June 30, 2024, the Company had 231,821 RSUs and 202,494 PSUs (based on the target achievement for the PSUs awarded) outstanding.

13. Earnings Per Common Share

Basic earnings per share is computed by dividing net income by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the period. Diluted earnings per share reflects the potential dilutive impact of all common stock equivalents on earnings per share. Diluted earnings per share includes common shares assumed issued under the “treasury stock method,” which reflects the potential dilution that would occur if outstanding RSUs and PSUs vested.

No outstanding PSUs and RSUs are considered in the Company’s diluted earnings per share computations in any period that involves a net loss because their inclusion would be anti-dilutive.

Employees who are awarded RSUs and PSUs are entitled to receive dividend equivalents for eligible awards, payable in cash, when and if, the underlying award vests and becomes payable. Therefore, these awards are not considered participating securities for the purposes of determining earnings per share.

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The following table presents the net income and the weighted average number of shares outstanding used in the earnings per common share calculations.

	Three Months Ended				Six Months Ended
	June 30,				June 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
	(in millions, except share data)
Net income	$	31.7	$	34.9	$	60.0	$	58.5
Weighted average number of shares outstanding—basic	25,278,473		26,691,652		25,312,208		26,932,897
Effect of dilutive securities:
PSUs	47,684		85,691		81,353		113,469
Stock options	—		—		—		4,143
RSUs	37,784		25,997		56,396		46,160
Potential dilutive shares	85,468		111,688		137,749		163,772
Weighted average number of shares outstanding—diluted	25,363,941		26,803,340		25,449,957		27,096,669

Diluted earnings per share excludes outstanding potential dilutive shares in periods where the inclusion of such securities would be anti-dilutive under the treasury stock methodology. Potential dilutive shares of 82,072 and 77,252 for the three months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and potential dilutive shares of 41,036 and 38,626 for the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, were excluded from the Company's diluted earnings per share computations because they were anti-dilutive.

14. Segment Reporting

The Company operates as a single reportable segment, Insurance Operations, through its wholly owned subsidiaries. In the fourth quarter of 2023, the Company developed and executed an integration plan to consolidate its previously segregated direct-to-consumer operations (Cerity) into the Company's mainstream operations, while retaining its digital distribution capabilities. The integration plan, which will allow the Company to operate more efficiently and generate cost savings, resulted in a change in the composition of our reportable segments by eliminating any distinction for reporting purposes, including stand-alone financial statements, among our former segments, which were: Employers and Cerity.

The Insurance Operations segment represents the traditional business offered through its agents, including business originated from the Company's strategic partnerships and alliances and also direct-to-customer business.

The following table summarizes the Company's written premium and components of net income. The prior period has been conformed to current presentation.

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	Insurance Operations		Total
	(in millions)
Three Months Ended June 30, 2024
Gross premiums written	$	207.9	$	207.9
Net premiums written	206.1		206.1
Net premiums earned	187.8		187.8
Net investment income	26.9		26.9
Net realized and unrealized gains on investments	2.2		2.2
Other income	0.1		0.1
Total revenues	217.0		217.0
Losses and loss adjustment expenses	108.8		108.8
Commission expense	26.8		26.8
Underwriting and general and administrative expenses	41.4		41.4
Total expenses	177.0		177.0
Net income before income taxes	40.0		40.0
Income tax expense	8.3		8.3
Net income	$	31.7	$	31.7
Three Months Ended June 30, 2023
Gross premiums written	$	198.4	$	198.4
Net premiums written	196.6		196.6
Net premiums earned	177.1		177.1
Net investment income	26.8		26.8
Net realized and unrealized gains on investments	11.3		11.3
Total revenues	215.2		215.2
Losses and loss adjustment expenses	90.5		90.5
Commission expense	23.6		23.6
Underwriting and general and administrative expenses	46.0		46.0
Interest and financing expenses	1.9		1.9
Other expenses	9.4		9.4
Total expenses	171.4		171.4
Net income before income taxes	43.8		43.8
Income tax expense	8.9		8.9
Net income	$	34.9	$	34.9

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	Insurance Operations		Total
	(in millions)
Six Months Ended June 30, 2024
Gross premiums written	$	418.7	$	418.7
Net premiums written	415.2		415.2
Net premiums earned	372.6		372.6
Net investment income	53.8		53.8
Net realized and unrealized gains on investments	13.6		13.6
Other income	0.1		0.1
Total revenues	440.1		440.1
Losses and loss adjustment expenses	225.3		225.3
Commission expense	52.3		52.3
Underwriting and general and administrative expenses	87.2		87.2
Total expenses	364.8		364.8
Net income before income taxes	$	75.3	$	75.3
Income tax expense	15.3		15.3
Net income	$	60.0	$	60.0
Six Months Ended June 30, 2023
Gross premiums written	$	393.3	$	393.3
Net premiums written	389.7		389.7
Net premiums earned	349.8		349.8
Net investment income	54.4		54.4
Net realized and unrealized gains on investments	17.7		17.7
Other income (loss)	(0.2)		(0.2)
Total revenues	421.7		421.7
Losses and loss adjustment expenses	197.9		197.9
Commission expense	47.1		47.1
Underwriting and general and administrative expenses	90.3		90.3
Interest and financing expenses	4.2		4.2
Other expenses	9.4		9.4
Total expenses	348.9		348.9
Net income before income taxes	72.8		72.8
Income tax expense	14.3		14.3
Net income	$	58.5	$	58.5

Entity-Wide Disclosures

The Company operates solely within the U.S. and does not have revenue from transactions with a single policyholder accounting for 10% or more of its revenues.

In-force premiums represent the estimated annual premium on all policies that are active and in-force on such date. More specifically, in-force premiums include policy endorsements but exclude estimated final audit premiums. When adjusting for estimated final audit premium, our total in-force premiums were $769.3 million, $729.5 million, $684.6 million, and $654.0 million as of June 30, 2024, December 31, 2023, June 30, 2023, and December 31, 2022, respectively. The Company's management focuses on in-force premium because it represents premium that is available for renewal in the future. The

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following table shows our in-force premiums, in-force premiums including estimated final audit premium, and number of policies in-force for each of our largest states and all other states combined for the periods presented:

	June 30, 2024			December 31, 2023			June 30, 2023			December 31, 2022
State	In-force Premiums		Policies In-force	In-force Premiums		Policies In-force	In-force Premiums		Policies In-force	In-force Premiums		Policies In-force
	(dollars in millions)
California	$	328.0	43,965	$	311.5	43,353	$	291.0	43,133	$	279.7	42,876
Florida	58.0		10,490	56.6		10,008	53.0		9,790	49.4		9,417
New York	34.9		7,913	31.9		7,603	30.6		7,552	27.3		7,497
Other (43 states and D.C.)	308.4		66,154	294.6		65,445	278.8		64,373	266.1		61,566
Total in-force	$	729.3	128,522	$	694.6	126,409	$	653.4	124,848	$	622.5	121,356
Estimated audit premium	40.0		—	34.9		—	31.2		—	31.5		—
Total in-force, including estimated audit premium	$	769.3	128,522	$	729.5	126,409	$	684.6	124,848	$	654.0	121,356

Item 2.  Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Consolidated Financial Condition and Results of Operations

You should read the following discussion and analysis in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and the related notes thereto included in Item 1 of Part I. Unless otherwise indicated, all references to "we," "us," "our," "the Company," or similar terms refer to EHI, together with its subsidiaries. In this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, the Company and its management discuss and make statements based on currently available information regarding their intentions, beliefs, current expectations, and projections of, among other things, the Company's future performance, economic or market conditions, including current levels of inflation, changes in interest rates, labor market expectations, catastrophic events or geo-political conditions, legislative or regulatory actions or court decisions, business growth, retention rates, loss costs, claim trends and the impact of key business initiatives, future technologies and planned investments. Certain of these statements may constitute "forward-looking" statements as that term is defined in the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements can be identified by the fact that they do not relate strictly to historical or current facts and are often identified by words such as "may," "will," "could," "would," "should," "expect," "plan," "anticipate," "target," "project," "intend," "believe," "estimate," "predict," "potential," "pro forma," "seek," "likely," or "continue," or other comparable terminology and their negatives. The Company and its management caution investors that such forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance. Risks and uncertainties are inherent in the Company’s future performance. Factors that could cause the Company's actual results to differ materially from those indicated by such forward-looking statements include, among other things, those discussed or identified from time to time in the Company’s public filings with the SEC, including the risks detailed in the Company's Annual Reports on Form 10-K and in the Company's Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q. Except as required by applicable securities laws, the Company undertakes no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events, or otherwise.

General

We are a Nevada holding company. Through our insurance subsidiaries, we provide workers’ compensation insurance coverage to small and select businesses engaged in low-to-medium hazard industries. Workers’ compensation insurance is provided under a statutory system wherein most employers are required to provide coverage for their employees’ medical, disability, vocational rehabilitation, and/or death benefit costs for work-related injuries or illnesses. We provide workers’ compensation insurance throughout most of the United States, with a concentration in California, where 45% of our in-force premiums are generated. Our revenues primarily consist of net premiums earned, net investment income, and net realized and unrealized gains and losses on investments.

The insurance industry is highly competitive, and there is significant competition in the national workers’ compensation industry that is based on price and quality of services. We compete with other specialty workers’ compensation carriers, state agencies, multi-line insurance companies, professional employer organizations, self-insurance funds, and state insurance pools.

We target small businesses, as we believe that this market is traditionally characterized by more attractive pricing, and stronger persistency when compared to the U.S. workers’ compensation insurance industry in general. We believe we can price our policies at levels that are competitive and profitable over the long-term given our expertise in underwriting and claims handling in this market segment. Our underwriting approach is to consistently underwrite small business accounts at appropriate and competitive prices without sacrificing long-term profitability and stability for short-term top-line revenue growth.

We pursue profitable growth opportunities by focusing on disciplined underwriting and claims management, utilizing medical provider networks designed to produce superior medical and indemnity outcomes, establishing and maintaining strong, long-

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term relationships with traditional and specialty insurance agencies, developing important alternative distribution channels, and offering workers' compensation solutions directly to customers.

We believe we have a cost-effective and scalable information technology infrastructure that complements our geographic reach and business model. We continue to invest in technology to automate business processes and further develop our data analytic capabilities, which we believe will enable us to reduce our operating costs over the long-term and set a foundation for our future needs. Our technology saves our insurance agents and brokers, and our policyholders, considerable time and maintains our competitiveness in our target markets.

We also continue to execute a number of ongoing business initiatives, including: achieving internal and customer-facing business process excellence; further diversifying our risk exposure across geographic markets and economic sectors, when appropriate; appetite expansion; and utilizing a multi-company pricing platform and territory-specific pricing.

Overview

Summary Financial Results

Our net income was $31.7 million and $60.0 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, respectively, compared to $34.9 million and $58.5 million for the corresponding periods of 2023. The key factors that affected our financial performance during the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, compared to the same periods of 2023, included:

•Net premiums earned increased 6.0% and 6.5%;

•Losses and LAE increased 20.2% and 13.8%;

•Underwriting and general and administrative expenses decreased 10.0% and 3.4%;

•Underwriting income of $10.8 million and $7.8 million, compared to $17.0 million and $14.5 million;

•Net investment income of $26.9 million and $53.8 million, compared to $26.8 million and $54.4 million; and

•Net realized and unrealized gains on investments of $2.2 million and $13.6 million, compared to $11.3 million and $17.7 million.

Three and Six Months Ended June 30, 2024

Our 2024 underwriting results reflect moderate increases in net premiums earned, compared to the same periods of 2023, due to higher new and renewal business premiums, as well as continued favorable prior year loss reserve development and underwriting and general and administrative expense savings. Our investment results benefited from strong and steady net investment income and moderate net realized and unrealized gains.

Three and Six Months Ended June 30, 2023

Our 2023 underwriting results reflect moderate increases in net premiums earned, compared to the same periods of 2022, due to higher new and renewal business premiums and strong final audit premiums, as well as continued favorable prior year loss reserve development. Our investment results benefited from strong net investment income and favorable net realized and unrealized gains.

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Our consolidated financial results of operations for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 are as follows:

	Three Months Ended				Six Months Ended
	June 30,				June 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
	(in millions)
Gross premiums written	$	207.9	$	198.4	$	418.7	$	393.3
Net premiums written	$	206.1	$	196.6	$	415.2	$	389.7
Net premiums earned	$	187.8	$	177.1	$	372.6	$	349.8
Net investment income	26.9		26.8		53.8		54.4
Net realized and unrealized gains on investments	2.2		11.3		13.6		17.7
Other income (loss)	0.1		—		0.1		(0.2)
Total revenues	217.0		215.2		440.1		421.7
Underwriting expenses:
Losses and LAE	108.8		90.5		225.3		197.9
Commission expense	26.8		23.6		52.3		47.1
Underwriting and general and administrative expenses	41.4		46.0		87.2		90.3
Non-underwriting expenses:
Interest and financing expenses	—		1.9		—		4.2
Other expenses	—		9.4		—		9.4
Total expenses	177.0		171.4		364.8		348.9
Net income before income taxes	40.0		43.8		75.3		72.8
Income tax expense	8.3		8.9		15.3		14.3
Net income	$	31.7	$	34.9	$	60.0	$	58.5

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I.Review of Underwriting Results

Underwriting income or loss is determined by deducting losses and LAE, commission expenses, and underwriting and general and administrative expenses from net premiums earned. Our underwriting results for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 are as follows:

	Three Months Ended						Six Months Ended
	June 30,						June 30,
	2024			2023			2024			2023
	(in millions)
Gross premiums written	$	207.9		$	198.4		$	418.7		$	393.3
Net premiums written	$	206.1		$	196.6		$	415.2		$	389.7
Net premiums earned	$	187.8		$	177.1		$	372.6		$	349.8
Losses and LAE	108.8			90.5			225.3			197.9
Commission expense	26.8			23.6			52.3			47.1
Underwriting and general and administrative expenses	41.4			46.0			87.2			90.3
Total underwriting expenses	177.0			160.1			364.8			335.3
Underwriting income	$	10.8		$	17.0		$	7.8		$	14.5
Total impact of the LPT	2.1			2.0			4.2			4.0
Underwriting income excluding LPT(1)	$	12.9		$	19.0		$	12.0		$	18.5
Loss and LAE ratio	57.9		%	51.1		%	60.5		%	56.6		%
Commission expense ratio	14.3			13.3			14.0			13.5
Underwriting expense ratio	22.0			26.0			23.4			25.8
Combined ratio	94.2		%	90.4		%	97.9		%	95.9		%
Total impact of the LPT	1.2		%	1.1		%	1.1		%	1.1		%
Combined ratio excluding LPT(1)	95.4		%	91.5		%	99.0		%	97.0		%

(1) The LPT Agreement is a non-recurring transaction that does not provide us with any significant ongoing cash benefits. We provide our underwriting income and combined ratios excluding the effects of the LPT because we believe that these measures are useful in providing investors, analysts and other interested parties a meaningful understanding of our ongoing underwriting performance and provides them with a consistent basis for comparison with other companies in our industry. In addition, we believe that these non-GAAP measures, as presented, are helpful to our management in identifying trends in our performance because the LPT has limited significance to our current and ongoing operations.

Gross Premiums Written

Gross premiums written were $207.9 million and $418.7 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, compared to $198.4 million and $393.3 million for the corresponding periods of 2023. The growth in new business premiums we experienced is the result of an increase in new submissions, quotes and binds in the majority of the states in which we operate, which is being largely driven by the expansion in the classes of business that we offer, with these increases being partially offset by lower final audit premiums. As a result of these continued initiatives, we closed another quarter with a record number of policies in-force. In addition, our renewal premiums benefited from continued strong retention rates experienced throughout the first half of 2024.

Net Premiums Written

Net premiums written are gross premiums written less reinsurance premiums ceded. For each of the periods presented, the reinsurance premiums ceded related to our annual reinsurance program as further described herein.

Net premiums written were $206.1 million and $415.2 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, compared to $196.6 million and $389.7 million for the corresponding periods of 2023. Reinsurance premiums ceded were $1.8 million and $3.5 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, compared to $1.8 million and $3.6 million for the corresponding periods of 2023.

Net Premiums Earned

Net premiums earned are primarily a function of the amount and timing of net premiums previously written.

Net premiums earned were $187.8 million and $372.6 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, compared to $177.1 million and $349.8 million for the corresponding periods of 2023.

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Losses and LAE, Commission Expenses, and Underwriting Expenses

The following table presents our calendar year combined ratios.

	Three Months Ended				Six Months Ended
	June 30,				June 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
Loss and LAE ratio excluding LPT	59.1	%	52.2	%	61.6	%	57.7	%
Loss and LAE ratio - LPT	(1.2)		(1.1)		(1.1)	%	(1.1)	%
Commission expense ratio	14.3		13.3		14.0		13.5
Underwriting expense ratio	22.0		26.0		23.4		25.8
Combined ratio	94.2	%	90.4	%	97.9	%	95.9	%
Combined ratio excluding LPT	95.4	%	91.5	%	99.0	%	97.0	%

Losses and LAE represents our largest expense item and includes claim payments made, amortization of the Deferred Gain, LPT Reserve Adjustments, LPT Contingent Commission Adjustments, estimates for future claim payments and changes in those estimates for current and prior periods, and costs associated with investigating, defending, and adjusting claims. The quality of our financial reporting depends in large part on accurately predicting our losses and LAE, which are inherently uncertain as they are estimates of the ultimate cost of individual claims based on actuarial estimation techniques.

Our current accident year loss estimate continues to consider, and benefit from, overall declines in the on-leveled frequency of compensable indemnity claims. We believe that our current accident year loss estimate is adequate; however, ultimate losses will not be known with any certainty for many years. Total claims costs have also been reduced by cost savings associated with our continued focus on accelerating claims settlements.

Loss and LAE Ratio. We analyze our loss and LAE ratios on both a calendar year and accident year basis.

The calendar year loss and LAE ratio is calculated by dividing the losses and LAE recorded during the calendar year, regardless of when the underlying insured event occurred, by the net premiums earned during that calendar year. The calendar year loss and LAE ratio reflects changes made during the calendar year in reserves for losses and LAE established for insured events occurring in the current and prior years. The calendar year loss and LAE ratio for a particular year will not change in future periods.

The accident year loss and LAE ratio is calculated by dividing cumulative losses and LAE for reported events that occurred during a particular year by the net premiums earned for that year. The accident year loss and LAE ratio for a particular year can decrease or increase when recalculated in subsequent periods as the reserves established for insured events occurring during that year fluctuate.

Our calendar year loss and LAE ratio is analyzed to measure profitability in a particular year and to evaluate the adequacy of premium rates charged in a particular year to cover expected losses and LAE from all periods, including development (whether favorable or unfavorable) of reserves established in prior periods. In contrast, our accident year loss and LAE ratios are analyzed to evaluate underwriting performance and the adequacy of the premium rates charged in a particular year in relation to ultimate losses and LAE from insured events occurring during that year. The loss and LAE ratios provided in this report are on a calendar year basis, except where they are expressly identified as accident year loss and LAE ratios.

The table below reflects prior accident year loss and LAE reserve adjustments and the impact to loss ratio.

	Three Months Ended						Six Months Ended
	June 30,						June 30,
	2024			2023			2024			2023
	(dollars in millions)
Current accident year losses and LAE - excluding LPT	$	120.0		$	112.2		$	238.7		$	221.8
Prior accident year favorable loss reserve development, net	(9.1)			(19.7)			(9.2)			(19.9)
Impact of LPT	(2.1)			(2.0)			(4.2)			(4.0)
Calendar year losses and LAE	$	108.8		$	90.5		$	225.3		$	197.9
Current accident year loss and LAE ratio - excluding LPT	63.9		%	63.4		%	64.1		%	63.4		%
Calendar year loss and LAE ratio - excluding LPT	59.1		%	52.2		%	61.6		%	57.7		%
Calendar year loss and LAE ratio	57.9		%	51.1		%	60.5		%	56.6		%

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The increase in our calendar year losses and LAE during the three months ended June 30, 2024, as compared to the same period of 2023, was primarily due to higher earned premium, a higher current accident year loss and LAE estimate, and lower net favorable prior year loss reserve development. Favorable prior year loss reserve development totaled $9.1 million and $19.7 million during the three months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, which included $9.3 million and $20.0 million net favorable loss reserve development on our voluntary risk business, partially offset by $0.2 million and $0.3 million of net unfavorable loss reserve development on our assigned risk business.

The increase in our calendar year losses and LAE during the six months ended June 30, 2024, as compared to the same period of 2023, was primarily due to higher earned premium, a higher current accident year loss and LAE estimate, and lower net favorable prior year loss reserve development. Favorable prior year loss reserve development totaled $9.2 million and $19.9 million during the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, which included $9.3 million and $20.0 million net favorable loss reserve development on our voluntary risk business, each partially offset by $0.1 million of net unfavorable loss reserve development on our assigned risk business.

The favorable prior year loss development on our voluntary business during the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 resulted from continued overall favorable loss experience, which related primarily to accident years 2022 and prior, partially offset by unfavorable prior year loss experience in accident year 2023 associated with certain large claims.

The favorable prior year loss development on our voluntary business during the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 resulted from continued overall favorable loss experience, which related primarily to accident years 2020 and prior.

Our current accident year loss and LAE ratio was 63.9% and 64.1% (64.0% excluding our assigned risk business) for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, compared to 63.4% (63.3% excluding our assigned risk business) for each of the corresponding periods of 2023. Our current accident year loss and LAE ratios continue to reflect the impact of key business initiatives: an emphasis on accelerated settlements of open claims; further diversifying its risk exposure across geographic markets, when appropriate; and leveraging data-driven strategies to target, underwrite, and price profitable classes of business across all of our markets.

Excluding the impact from the LPT Agreement, losses and LAE would have been $110.9 million and $229.5 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, compared to $92.5 million and $201.9 million for the corresponding periods of 2023.

The table below reflects the impact of the LPT on Losses and LAE, which are recorded as a reduction to Losses and LAE incurred on our Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss).

	Three Months Ended				Six Months Ended
	June 30,				June 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
	(in millions)
Amortization of the Deferred Gain related to losses	$	1.5	$	1.6	$	3.0	$	3.2
Amortization of the Deferred Gain related to contingent commission	0.4		0.4		0.8		0.8
LPT contingent commission adjustments	0.2		—		0.4		—
Total impact of the LPT	$	2.1	$	2.0	$	4.2	$	4.0

Commission Expenses Ratio

Commission expenses include direct commissions to our agents and brokers, including our partnerships and alliances, for the premiums that they produce for us, as well as agency incentive payments, other marketing costs, and fees.

Our commission expense ratio was 14.3% and 14.0% for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, respectively, compared to 13.3% and 13.5% for the corresponding periods of 2023, and our commission expenses were $26.8 million and $52.3 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, respectively, compared to $23.6 million and $47.1 million for the corresponding periods of 2023. The increase in our commission expense ratios were primarily related to: (i) an increase in new business writings, which are typically subject to a higher initial commission rate; and (ii) a reduction in commission expense for uncollected premium recorded in the second quarter of 2023.

Underwriting and General and Administrative Expense Ratio

Underwriting and general and administrative expenses represent those costs that we incur to underwrite and maintain the insurance policies we issue, excluding commissions. Variable underwriting expenses, such as premium taxes, policyholder dividends, and those expenses that vary directly with the production of new or renewal business, are recognized as the associated premiums are earned. Fixed underwriting expenses, such as the operating expenses of EHI and its subsidiaries, do not vary directly with the production of new or renewal business and are recognized as incurred.

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Our underwriting and general and administrative expense ratio was 22.0% and 23.4% for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, respectively, compared to 26.0% and 25.8% for the corresponding periods of 2023, and our underwriting expenses were $41.4 million and $87.2 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, respectively, compared to $46.0 million and $90.3 million for the corresponding periods of 2023.

The decrease in underwriting expenses for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, were primarily the result of decreases in: (i) professional fees of $1.8 million and $3.2 million; (ii) marketing and advertising expenses of $0.8 million and $1.8 million; (iii) facilities expenses of $0.4 million and $0.9 million; and (iv) information technology expenses of $0.3 million and $1.9 million, each as compared to the corresponding periods of 2023. The integration plan we executed in the fourth quarter of 2023, which consolidated our previously segregated direct-to-consumer operations (Cerity) into our mainstream operations, was a significant contributor to the expense reductions for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024.

II. Review of Non-Underwriting Results

Net Investment Income and Net Realized and Unrealized Gains and Losses on Investments

We invest in fixed maturity securities, equity securities, other invested assets, short-term investments, and cash equivalents. Net investment income includes interest and dividends earned on our invested assets and amortization of premiums and discounts on our fixed maturity securities, less bank service charges and custodial and portfolio management fees.

Net investment income increased 0.4% and decreased 1.1% for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, compared to the same periods of 2023. The decrease for the six months ended June 30, 2024 was due to a lower invested balance of fixed maturity securities and short-term investments, as measured by amortized cost, resulting primarily from the unwinding of our former FHLB leveraged investment strategy, which was in effect from the first quarter of 2022 to the fourth quarter of 2023. Pursuant to that strategy, certain of our insurance subsidiaries had received aggregate advances under the FHLB Standard Credit Program, the proceeds from which were used to purchase an equivalent amount of high-quality collateralized loan obligation securities.

Realized and unrealized gains and losses on our investments are reported separately from our net investment income. Realized gains and losses on investments include the gain or loss on a security at the time of sale compared to its original or adjusted cost (equity securities) or amortized cost (fixed maturity securities). Realized losses are also recognized for adverse changes in our CECL allowance or when securities are written down because of an other-than-temporary impairment. Changes in the fair value of equity securities and other invested assets are also included in Net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on investments on our Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss).

Net realized and unrealized gains on investments were $2.2 million and $13.6 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, compared to $11.3 million and $17.7 million for the corresponding periods of 2023. The net realized and unrealized gains on investments for the three months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 included $5.7 million and $11.4 million of net realized and unrealized gains on equity securities and other investments, respectively, and $3.5 million and $0.1 million of net realized losses on fixed maturity securities, respectively. The net realized and unrealized gains on investments for the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 included $18.0 million and $19.4 million of net realized and unrealized gains on equity securities and other investments, respectively, and $4.4 million and $1.7 million of net realized losses on fixed maturity securities, respectively.

The net investment gains and losses on our equity securities during the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 were the result of price appreciation for our investments holdings. The net realized investment losses on our fixed maturity securities during the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 were primarily the result of sales associated with the rebalancing of our fixed maturity investment portfolio partially offset by a $1.3 million and $0.8 million decrease in our allowance for CECL, respectively.

The net investment gains on our equity securities during the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 were the result of price appreciation for our investment holdings. The net realized investment losses on our fixed maturity securities during the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 were largely concentrated in certain holdings in the financial and banking sectors, partially offset by a $1.6 million and $0.2 million decrease in our allowance for CECL, respectively.

Additional information regarding our Investments is set forth under “—Liquidity and Capital Resources—Investments.”

Other Income (Loss)

Other income (loss) consists of net gains and losses on fixed assets, non-investment interest, and other miscellaneous income.

Interest and Financing Expenses

Interest and financing expenses include fees and interest associated with our credit facilities, fees and interest associated with our various credit arrangements with the FHLB, finance lease interest, and other financing fees.

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Interest and financing expenses were less than $0.1 million for each of the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, compared to $1.9 million and $4.2 million for the corresponding periods of 2023. The decreases resulted primarily from the unwinding of our former FHLB leveraged investment strategy, which was in effect from the first quarter of 2022 to the fourth quarter of 2023.

Other Expenses

During the three months ended June 30, 2023, we recorded a non-recurring charge in connection with the early termination of the lease associated with our former corporate headquarters in Reno, Nevada. This charge included a one-time lease termination payment of $7.6 million, a write-off related to remaining leasehold improvements and furniture and equipment of $2.6 million, and estimated miscellaneous expenses associated with exiting the property of $0.2 million. We also recognized a lease termination gain pertaining to the elimination of the lease liability, net of an associated ROU asset of $1.0 million, which was included in Other expenses on our Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss). The decision to terminate this operating lease was undertaken as part of an ongoing review of our facility needs.

Income Tax Expense

Income tax expense was $8.3 million and $15.3 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, respectively, compared to $8.9 million and $14.3 million for the corresponding periods of 2023. The effective tax rates were 20.8% and 20.3% for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, respectively, compared to 20.3% and 19.6% for the corresponding periods of 2023. The effective rates during each of the periods presented included income tax benefits and exclusions associated with tax-advantaged investment income, LPT adjustments, and deferred gain amortization.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

We believe that our total capital position remains strong and that the liquidity available to EHI and its subsidiaries remains adequate and will be sufficient for our financing needs in the next 12 months and in the longer term period thereafter. As a result, we do not currently foresee a need to: (i) suspend dividends at either EHI or its insurance subsidiaries; (ii) forego repurchases of EHI's common stock; (iii) seek additional capital; or (iii) seek any material non-investment asset sales, though we may decide to pursue those or other options if our financial circumstances change or it we deem it strategically advantageous to do so.

EHI Liquidity

EHI is a holding company and its ability to fund its operations is contingent upon its existing capital and the ability of its subsidiaries to pay it dividends. Payment of dividends by EHI's insurance subsidiaries is restricted by state insurance laws and regulations, including laws establishing minimum solvency and liquidity thresholds. EHI requires cash to pay dividends to its stockholders, repurchase its common stock, provide additional surplus to its insurance subsidiaries, and fund its operating expenses.

EHI's insurance subsidiaries’ ability to pay dividends and distributions is based on their reported capital, surplus, and dividends paid within the prior twelve months.

During the first quarter of 2024, ECIC made a $23.3 million dividend payment to EGI, which in turn distributed that amount to EHI. As a result of that dividend payment, ECIC cannot pay dividends for the remainder of 2024 without prior regulatory approval.

During the first quarter of 2024, EICN made a $13.7 million dividend payment to EGI, which in turn distributed that amount to EHI. As a result of that dividend payment, EICN cannot pay any dividends for the remainder of 2024 without prior regulatory approval.

During the second quarter of 2024, EPIC declared a $23.2 million dividend payment to EGI, which was paid in July 2024 and subsequently distributed to EHI. As a result of that dividend payment, EPIC cannot pay dividends for the remainder of 2024 without prior regulatory approval.

During the second quarter of 2024, EAC declared a $22.4 million dividend payment to EGI, which was paid in July 2024 and subsequently distributed to EHI. As a result of that dividend payment, EAC cannot pay dividends for the remainder of 2024 without prior regulatory approval.

Total cash and investments at EHI were $38.7 million at June 30, 2024, consisting of $4.0 million of cash and cash equivalents, $10.4 million of fixed maturity securities, and $24.3 million of equity securities.

On May 28, 2024, EHI entered into the Credit Agreement which provides for a $25.0 million, unsecured, three-year revolving credit facility and is guaranteed by EGI and CGI. Borrowings under the Credit Agreement may be used for working capital and general corporate purposes of EHI and its subsidiaries. Pursuant to the terms of the Credit Agreement, EHI has an option to

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request an increase of the credit available under the facility up to a maximum facility amount of $35.0 million, subject to the consent of the lender(s) and the satisfaction of certain conditions.

The interest rates applicable to loans under the Credit Agreement are generally based on, at EHI's option: (i) a base rate, defined as the higher of the Prime Rate, the Federal Funds Rate plus 1.25% and the Adjusted Term SOFR Rate for a one-month tenor plus 1.75%, or (ii) an Adjusted Term SOFR Rate, defined as the applicable Adjusted Term SOFR Rate plus 1.75%. Borrowings under the Credit Agreement may be used for working capital and general corporate purposes of EHI and its subsidiaries. Total interest paid and/or fees incurred pursuant to the Credit Agreement was less than $0.1 million during the three months ended June 30, 2024.

The Credit Agreement contains covenants that require EHI and its consolidated subsidiaries to maintain: (i) a minimum consolidated net worth, defined as EHI’s total stockholders’ equity excluding any accumulated other comprehensive income or loss, of no less than $800.0 million; and (ii) a debt to total capitalization ratio of no more than 35%, in each case as determined in accordance with the Credit Agreement. As of June 30, 2024, EHI has remained in compliance with all of the covenants associated with the Credit Agreement since its inception.

EHI had no borrowings under the Credit Agreement during the three months ended June 30, 2024.

Operating Subsidiaries’ Liquidity

The primary sources of cash for our operating subsidiaries, which include our insurance and other operating subsidiaries, are premium collections, investment income, sales and maturities of investments, and reinsurance recoveries. The primary uses of cash for our operating subsidiaries are payments of losses and LAE, commission expenses, underwriting and general and administrative expenses, ceded reinsurance, investment purchases and dividends paid to their parent.

Total cash and investments held by our operating subsidiaries was $2,433.1 million at June 30, 2024, consisting of $91.7 million of cash and cash equivalents, and restricted cash, $30.9 million of short-term investments, $1,999.0 million of fixed maturity securities, $214.0 million of equity securities, and $97.5 million of other invested assets. Sources of immediate and unencumbered liquidity at our operating subsidiaries as of June 30, 2024 consisted of $91.5 million of cash and cash equivalents, $208.3 million of publicly traded equity securities whose proceeds are available within two business days, $665.3 million of highly liquid fixed maturity securities whose proceeds are available within two business days and $17.9 million of short-term investments whose proceeds are available within two business days. We believe that our subsidiaries’ liquidity needs over the next 12 months and for the longer term period thereafter will be met with cash from operations, investment income, and maturing investments.

All of our insurance subsidiaries are members of the FHLB. Membership allows our subsidiaries access to collateralized advances, which may be used to support and enhance liquidity management. The amount of advances that may be taken is dependent on statutory admitted assets on a per company basis.

FHLB membership also allows our insurance subsidiaries access to standby Letter of Credit Agreements. Letter of Credit Agreements we currently have in effect will expire March 31, 2025 and must be fully secured with eligible collateral at all times (See Note 10).

Various state laws and regulations require us to hold investment securities or letters of credit on deposit with certain states in which we do business. Securities having a fair value of $758.6 million and $748.1 million were on deposit at June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. These laws and regulations govern both the amount and types of investment securities that are eligible for deposit. Additionally, standby letters of credit from the FHLB have been issued in lieu of $70.0 million of securities on deposit at both June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

We purchase reinsurance annually to protect us against the costs of severe claims and certain catastrophic events. On July 1, 2024, we entered into a new reinsurance program that is effective through June 30, 2025. The reinsurance program consists of one treaty covering excess of loss and catastrophic loss events in four layers of coverage. Our reinsurance coverage is $190.0 million in excess of our $10.0 million retention on a per occurrence basis, subject to certain exclusions. We believe that our reinsurance program meets our needs and that we are sufficiently capitalized.

Certain reinsurance contracts require company funds to be held in trust for the benefit of the ceding reinsurer to secure the outstanding liabilities we have assumed. The fair value of fixed maturity securities held in trust for the benefit of our ceding reinsurers was $3.0 million at both June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

Sources of Liquidity

We monitor the cash flows of each of our subsidiaries individually, as well as collectively as a consolidated group. We use trend and variance analyses to project future cash needs, making adjustments to our forecasts as appropriate.

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The table below shows our net cash flows for the six months ended:

	June 30,
	2024		2023
	(in millions)
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash provided by (used in):
Operating activities	$	12.3	$	(3.5)
Investing activities	(101.6)		119.4
Financing activities	(41.6)		(138.9)
Decrease in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash	$	(130.9)	$	(23.0)

For additional information regarding our cash flows, see Item 1, Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.

Operating Activities

Net cash provided by operating activities for the six months ended June 30, 2024, included net premiums received of $372.5 million and investment income received of $52.7 million. The cash provided by these operating activities were largely offset by net claims payments of $252.9 million, underwriting and general and administrative expenses paid of $94.4 million, commissions paid of $51.1 million, and federal income taxes paid of $14.5 million.

Net cash used in operating activities for the six months ended June 30, 2023, included net premiums received of $340.1 million and investment income received of $56.6 million. These operating cash inflows were more than offset by net claims payments of $226.1 million, underwriting and general and administrative expenses paid of $93.9 million, commissions paid of $46.7 million, interest paid of $4.2 million, lease termination and related disposal payments of $7.8 million, and federal income taxes paid of $21.5 million.

Investing Activities

Net cash used in investing activities for the six months ended June 30, 2024, related primarily to investment of premiums received and the reinvestment of funds from invest sales, maturities, redemptions, and interest income. The cash used in these investment activities was partially offset by investment sales, maturities, and redemptions whose proceeds were used to fund claims payments, underwriting and general and administrative expenses, stockholder dividend payments, and common stock repurchases.

Net cash provided by investing activities for the six months ended June 30, 2023, was primarily related to investment sales, maturities, and redemptions whose proceeds were used to fund claims payments, underwriting and general and administrative expenses, stockholder dividend payments, and common stock repurchases. These investing cash inflows were partially offset by the investment of premiums received and reinvestment of funds from investment sales, maturities, redemptions, and interest income.

Financing Activities

Net cash used in financing activities for the six months ended June 30, 2024, related primarily to stockholder dividend payments and common stock repurchases.

Net cash used in financing activities for the six months ended June 30, 2023, related primarily to common stock repurchases, repayments of FHLB advances, and stockholder dividend payments.

Dividends

We paid $15.4 million and $15.2 million in dividends to our stockholders and eligible plan award holders for the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The declaration and payment of future dividends to common stockholders, including any special dividends that may be declared in the future, will be at the discretion of our Board of Directors (Board) and will depend upon many factors including our financial position, capital requirements of our operating subsidiaries, legal and regulatory requirements, and any other factors that our Board deems relevant. On July 31, 2024, the Board declared a quarterly dividend per share of $0.30, which is payable August 28, 2024 to stockholders of record on August 14, 2024.

Stock Repurchases

We repurchased 461,789 shares of our common stock for $19.2 million during the three months ended June 30, 2024. Future repurchases of our common stock will be at the discretion of our Board and will depend upon many factors, including our financial position, capital requirements of our operating subsidiaries, general business and socioeconomic conditions, legal, tax, regulatory, and/or contractual restrictions, and any other factors that our Board deems relevant.

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Capital Resources

As of June 30, 2024, the capital resources available to us consisted of $1,022.9 million of stockholders’ equity and the $95.3 million Deferred Gain.

Contractual Obligations and Commitments

Other than operating expenses, our current and long-term cash requirements include the following contractual obligations and commitments as of June 30, 2024:

Leases

We have entered into lease arrangements for certain equipment and facilities. As of June 30, 2024, we had lease payment obligations totaling $5.3 million, of which $1.8 million is payable within 12 months.

Other Purchase Obligations

We have other purchase obligations that primarily consist of non-cancellable obligations to acquire capital assets, commitments for information technology and related services, software acquisition and license commitments and other legally binding agreements to purchase services that are to be used in our operations. As of June 30, 2024, we had other purchase obligations totaling $12.1 million, of which $4.5 million is payable within 12 months.

Unfunded Investment Commitments

We have investments in private equity limited partnerships that require capital distributions to fund the investments and can be called any time. As of June 30, 2024, we had unfunded investment commitments totaling $18.3 million.

Unpaid Losses and LAE Expenses

We have developed unpaid losses and LAE expense payment patterns that are computed based on historical information. Our calculation of loss and LAE expense payments by period is subject to the same uncertainties associated with determining the level of reserves and to the additional uncertainties arising from the difficulty of predicting when claims (including claims that have not yet been reported to us) will be paid. Actual payments of losses and LAE by period will vary, perhaps materially, to the extent that current estimates of losses and LAE expense vary from actual ultimate claims amounts due to variations between expected and actual payment patterns. As of June 30, 2024, we had unpaid losses and LAE reserves totaling $1,850.9 million, of which $313.9 million is currently expected to be paid within 12 months.

The unpaid losses and LAE expense payment patterns are gross of reinsurance recoverables for unpaid losses. As of June 30, 2024, we had reinsurance recoverables on unpaid losses and LAE totaling $418.3 million, of which $29.9 million is currently expected to be received within 12 months.

Investments

Our investment portfolio is structured to support our need for: (i) optimizing our risk-adjusted total returns; (ii) providing adequate liquidity; (iii) facilitating financial strength and stability; and (iv) ensuring regulatory and legal compliance. These investments provide a steady source of income, which may fluctuate with changes in interest rates and our current investment strategies.

As of June 30, 2024, our investment portfolio consisted of 85% fixed maturity securities which had a duration of 4.4 at June 30, 2024. Our investment strategy balances consideration of duration, yield, and credit risk. Our investment guidelines require that the minimum weighted average quality of our fixed maturity securities portfolio be “A,” using ratings assigned by Standard & Poor’s (S&P) or an equivalent rating assigned by another nationally recognized statistical rating agency. Our fixed maturity securities portfolio had a weighted average quality of “A+” as of June 30, 2024. Other securities within fixed maturity securities consist of bank loans, which are classified as AFS and are reported at fair value.

Our investment portfolio also contains equity securities. We strive to limit the exposure to equity price risk associated with publicly traded equity securities by diversifying our holdings across several industry sectors. These equity securities had a fair value of $232.6 million at June 30, 2024, which represented 10% of our investment portfolio at that time. We also have a $5.7 million investment in FHLB stock which we record at cost. We receive periodic dividends from the FHLB for this investment, when declared, which can vary from period to period.

Our investment portfolio also contains certain other investments, which made up 4% of our investment portfolio as of June 30, 2024 and include private equity limited partnerships. Our investments in private equity limited partnerships totaled $97.5 million at June 30, 2024 and are generally not redeemable by the investees and cannot be sold without prior approval of the general partner. These investments have a fund term of 3 to 12 years, subject to two or three one-year extensions at the general partner’s discretion. We expect to receive distributions of proceeds from dividends and interest from fund investments, as well as from the disposition of a fund investment or portion thereof, from time-to-time during the full course of the fund term. As of June 30, 2024, we had unfunded commitments to these private equity limited partnerships totaling $18.3 million.

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We believe that our current asset allocation meets our strategy to preserve capital for claims and policy liabilities and to provide sufficient capital resources to support and grow our ongoing insurance operations.

The following table shows the estimated fair value, the percentage of the fair value to total invested assets, and the average ending book yield, (each based on the "book value" of each category of invested assets) as of June 30, 2024.

Category	Estimated Fair Value		Percentage of Total		Book Yield
	(in millions, except percentages)
U.S. Treasuries	$	67.6	3.0	%	3.2	%
U.S. Agencies	2.2		0.1		2.9
States and municipalities	185.0		8.1		4.1
Corporate securities	941.7		41.5		3.8
Residential mortgage-backed securities	379.3		16.7		3.6
Commercial mortgage-backed securities	64.4		2.8		3.9
Asset-backed securities	177.2		7.8		5.2
Collateralized loan obligations	63.5		2.8		7.3
Foreign government securities	9.8		0.4		2.8
Other securities	118.7		5.2		8.6
Equity securities	232.6		10.2		3.1
Short-term investments	30.9		1.4		8.0
Total investments at fair value	$	2,272.9	100.0	%
Weighted average book yield					4.3	%

The following table shows the percentage of total estimated fair value of our fixed maturity securities as of June 30, 2024 by credit rating category, using the lower of the ratings assigned by Moody’s Investors Service or S&P.

Rating	Percentage of Total Estimated Fair Value
“AAA”	12.6	%
“AA”	33.1
“A”	32.8
“BBB”	13.9
Below Investment Grade	7.6
Total	100.0	%

Investments that we currently own could be subject to default by the issuer. We regularly assess individual securities as part of our ongoing portfolio management, including the identification of credit related losses. Our assessment includes reviewing the extent of declines in fair value of investments below amortized cost, historical and projected financial performance and near-term prospects of the issuer, the outlook for industry sectors, credit rating, and macro-economic changes. We also make a determination as to whether it is not more likely than not that we will be required to sell the security before its fair value recovers to above cost, or maturity.

In addition to recognizing realized gains and losses upon the disposition of an investment security, we also recognize realized losses and recoveries of previously recorded realized losses on AFS investments for changes in CECL. As of June 30, 2024, we maintained a CECL allowance of $1.9 million on AFS investments. During the six months ended June 30, 2024, we recognized a net $0.8 million decrease to our allowance for CECL on AFS investments. The remaining fixed maturity securities whose total fair value was less than amortized cost at June 30, 2024, were those in which we had no intent, need, or requirement to sell at an amount less than their amortized cost.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We have no off-balance sheet arrangements.

Critical Accounting Estimates

The unaudited interim consolidated financial statements included in this quarterly report include amounts based on the use of estimates and judgments of management for those transactions that are not yet complete. We believe that the estimates and judgments that were most critical to the preparation of the consolidated financial statements involved the reserves for losses and LAE and reinsurance recoverables. These estimates and judgments require the use of assumptions about matters that are highly uncertain and therefore are subject to change as facts and circumstances develop. Our accounting policies are discussed under

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"Critical Accounting Estimates" in Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in our Annual Report.

Item 3.  Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

Market risk is the risk of potential economic loss principally arising from adverse changes in the fair value of financial instruments. The major components of market risk affecting us are credit risk, interest rate risk, and equity price risk.

Credit Risk

Our fixed maturity securities, equity securities, other invested assets and cash equivalents are exposed to credit risk, which we attempt to mitigate through issuer and industry diversification. Our investment guidelines include limitations on the minimum rating of fixed maturity securities and concentrations of a single issuer.

We also bear credit risk with respect to the reinsurers, which can be significant considering that some loss reserves remain outstanding for an extended period of time. We are required to pay losses even if a reinsurer refuses or fails to meet its obligations to us under the applicable reinsurance agreement(s). We continually monitor the financial condition and financial strength ratings of our reinsurers. Additionally, we bear credit risk with respect to premiums receivable, which is generally diversified due to the large number of entities comprising our policyholder base and their dispersion across many different industries and geographies.

The economic disruptions caused by financial market volatility, inflationary pressures, and heightened geo-political conditions, have impacted the credit risk associated with certain of our investment holdings. As of June 30, 2024, we maintained a $1.9 million allowance for CECL on our fixed maturity portfolio. See Note 5 to the consolidated financial statements.

Interest Rate Risk

Investments

The fair value of our fixed maturity portfolio is exposed to interest rate risk, which is the risk of a change in fair value resulting from changes in prevailing interest rates, which we manage through duration. Our fixed maturity investments (excluding cash and cash equivalents) had a duration of 4.4 at June 30, 2024. Our investment strategy balances consideration of duration, yield and credit risk. We continually monitor the changes in interest rates and their impact on our liquidity and ability to meet our obligations.

Sensitivity Analysis

The fair values or cash flows of market sensitive instruments are subject to potential losses in future earnings resulting from changes in interest rates and other market conditions. Our sensitivity analysis applies a hypothetical parallel shift in market rates and reflects what we believe are reasonably possible near-term changes in those rates (covering a period of time going forward up to one year from the date of the consolidated financial statements). Actual results may differ from the hypothetical change in market rates assumed in this disclosure. This sensitivity analysis does not reflect the results of any action that we may take to mitigate such hypothetical losses in fair value.

We use fair values to measure our potential loss in this model, which includes fixed maturity securities and short-term investments. For invested assets, we use modified duration modeling to calculate changes in fair values. Durations on invested assets are adjusted for call, put, and interest rate reset features. Invested asset portfolio durations are calculated on a market value weighted basis, excluding accrued investment income, using holdings as of June 30, 2024. The estimated changes in fair values on our fixed maturity securities and short-term investments, which had an aggregate value of $2,040.3 million as of June 30, 2024, based on specific changes in interest rates are as follows:

Hypothetical Changes in Interest Rates	Estimated Pre-tax Increase (Decrease) in Fair Value
	(in millions, except percentages)
300 basis point rise	$	(238.2)	(11.7)	%
200 basis point rise	(162.3)		(8.0)
100 basis point rise	(81.1)		(4.0)
50 basis point decline	50.0		2.5
100 basis point decline	95.7		4.7
200 basis point decline	188.8		9.3
300 basis point decline	282.3		13.8

The most significant assessment of the effects of hypothetical changes in interest rates on investment income would be based on GAAP guidance related to "Accounting for Nonrefundable Fees and Costs Associated with Originating or Acquiring Loans and Initial Direct Costs of Leases," which requires amortization adjustments for mortgage-backed securities. The rates at which the

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mortgages underlying mortgage-backed securities are prepaid, and therefore the average life of mortgage-backed securities, can vary depending on changes in interest rates (for example, mortgages are prepaid faster and the average life of mortgage-backed securities falls when interest rates decline). Adjustments for changes in amortization are based on revised average life assumptions and would have an impact on investment income if a significant portion of our commercial and residential mortgage-backed securities were purchased at significant discounts or premiums to par value. As of June 30, 2024, the par value of our commercial and residential mortgage-backed securities holdings was $484.9 million, and the amortized cost was 102.0% of par value. Since a majority of our mortgage-backed securities were purchased at a premium that is significant as a percentage of par, an adjustment could have a significant effect on investment income. The commercial and residential mortgage-backed securities portion of the portfolio represented 19.5% of our total investments as of June 30, 2024. Agency-backed residential mortgage pass-throughs represented 81.0% of the residential mortgage-backed securities portion of the portfolio as of June 30, 2024.

Equity Price Risk

Equity price risk is the risk that we may incur losses in the fair value of the equity securities we hold in our investment portfolio. Adverse changes in the market prices of the equity securities we hold in our investment portfolio would result in decreases in the fair value of our total assets on our Consolidated Balance Sheets and in net realized and unrealized gains on our Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss). Economic and market disruptions caused by geo-political conditions, inflationary pressures and credit concerns in certain financial and banking markets, have resulted in volatility in the fair value of our equity securities. We minimize our exposure to equity price risk by investing primarily in the equity securities of mid-to-large capitalization issuers and by diversifying our equity holdings across several industry sectors.

The table below shows the sensitivity of our equity securities at fair value to price changes as of June 30, 2024:

(in millions)	Cost		Fair Value		10% Fair Value Decrease		Pre-tax Impact on Decrease in Total Equity Securities		10% Fair Value Increase		Pre-tax Impact on Increase in Total Equity Securities
Equity securities	$	134.4	$	232.6	$	209.3	$	(23.3)	$	255.9	$	23.3

Effects of Inflation

In recent years, economic slowdowns, financial market volatility, monetary and fiscal policy measures, heightened geo-political tensions and fluctuations in interest rates have contributed to higher levels of inflation and may continue to lead to elevated levels of inflation in future periods.

Higher levels of inflation than we have anticipated could significantly impact our financial statements and results of operations. Our estimates for losses and LAE include assumptions about the timing of closure and future payment of claims and claims handling expenses, such as medical treatments and litigation costs. Inflation is also incorporated in our reserving process through projections supported by historical loss emergence. Under the current elevated inflationary environment, additional inflationary considerations were included in determining the level and adequacy of our reserves, and particular consideration was given to medical and hospital inflation rates as these inflation rates have historically exceeded general inflation rates. To the extent that inflation causes these costs to increase above established reserves, we will be required to increase those reserves for losses and LAE, reducing our earnings in the period in which our assumptions are revised.

Higher levels of wage inflation can specifically impact the payrolls of our insureds, which is the basis for the premiums we charge, as well as amount of future indemnity losses we may incur.

Higher levels of inflation could also impact our operating expenses and, in the case of wage inflation, could impact our payroll expenses.

Increases in market interest rates that have occurred in recent years are intended to aid in the suppression of inflation, negatively impacted the market value of our existing fixed maturity investments while increasing the yields on our new and variable rate fixed maturity investments.

Item 4.  Controls and Procedures

Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, we have evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act), as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based on that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of the end of the period covered by this report.

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There have not been any changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act) during the period covered by this report that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

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PART II – OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1.  Legal Proceedings

From time-to-time, we are involved in pending and threatened litigation in the normal course of business in which claims for monetary damages are asserted. In the opinion of management, the ultimate liability, if any, arising from such pending or threatened litigation is not expected to have a material effect on our results of operations, liquidity, or financial position.

Item 1A.  Risk Factors

We have disclosed in our Annual Report the most significant risk factors that can impact year-to-year comparisons and that may affect the future performance of our business. On a quarterly basis, we review these disclosures and update the risk factors, as appropriate. As of the date of this report, there have been no material changes to the risk factors contained in our Annual Report.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds 

The following table provides information with respect to repurchases of our common stock during the three months ended June 30, 2024:

Period	Total Number of Shares Purchased	Average Price Paid Per Share		Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Program	Approximate Dollar Value of Shares that May Yet be Purchased Under the Program
					(in millions)
April 1 - April 30	—	$	—	—	$	16.2
May 1 - May 31	118,448	41.20		118,448	11.3
June 1 - June 30	343,341	41.65		343,341	47.0
	461,789	$	41.53	461,789

On July 26, 2023, the Board authorized a stock repurchase authorization (the 2023 Program) for up to $50.0 million of repurchases of our common stock from July 31, 2023 through December 31, 2024. On June 10, 2024, the Board of Directors authorized a $50.0 million addition to the 2023 Program, increasing our aggregate purchase authority to $100.0 million, and extended the repurchase authority pursuant to the 2023 Program through July 31, 2025. The 2023 Program provides that shares may be purchased in the open market and/or in privately negotiated transactions from time to time, and that all purchases shall be made in compliance with all applicable provisions of the Nevada Revised Statutes and federal and state securities laws including, but not limited to, Rules 10b5-1 and 10b-18 of the Exchange Act.

Item 3.  Defaults Upon Senior Securities

None.

Item 4.  Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

Item 5.  Other Information

Rule 10b5-1 Trading Plans

During the three months ended June 30, 2024, no director or officer of the Company adopted or terminated a "Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement" or "non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement," as each such term is defined in Item 408(a) of Regulation S-K.

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Item 6.  Exhibits

			Incorporated by Reference Herein
Exhibit No.	Description of Exhibit	Included Herewith	Form	File No.	Exhibit	Filing Date
10.1	Credit Agreement, dated as of May 28, 2024, by and among Employers Holdings, Inc., as Borrower, the lenders referred to therein, and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as Administrative Agent, Swingline Lender and Issuing Lender		8-K	001-33245	10.1	May 29, 2024
31.1	Certification of Katherine H. Antonello Pursuant to Section 302	X
31.2	Certification of Michael S. Paquette Pursuant to Section 302	X
32.1	Certification of Katherine H. Antonello Pursuant to Section 906	X
32.2	Certification of Michael S. Paquette Pursuant to Section 906	X
101.INS	The following financial statements from the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2024, formatted in Inline XBRL: (i) Consolidated Balance Sheets, (ii) Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income, (iii) Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity, (iv) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, and (v) Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, tagged as blocks of text and including detailed tags	X
101.SCH	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document	X
101.CAL	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document	X
101.DEF	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document	X
101.LAB	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document	X
101.PRE	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document	X
104	Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)	X

*Represents management contracts and compensatory plans or arrangements.

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

EMPLOYERS HOLDINGS, INC.

Date:	August 2, 2024	/s/ Michael S. Paquette
		Michael S. Paquette
		Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
		Employers Holdings, Inc.
		(Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)

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