The Company and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

The Company

We design, manufacture and sell a range of wireless networking solutions and services to mobile and fixed telephone service providers, private network operators, government agencies, transportation and utility companies, public safety agencies and broadcast system operators across the globe. Our products include broadband wireless access base stations and customer premises equipment for fixed and mobile, point-to-point digital microwave radio systems for access, backhaul, trunking and license-exempt applications, supporting new network deployments, network expansion, and capacity upgrades.

On January 28, 2010, we changed our corporate name from Harris Stratex Networks, Inc. to Aviat Networks, Inc. (“Aviat Networks”, “we,” “us,” and “our”) to more effectively reflect our business and communicate our brand identity to customers. Additionally, the change of our corporate name was to comply with the termination of the Harris Corporation (“Harris”) trademark licensing agreement resulting from the spin-off by Harris of its interest in our stock to its stockholders in May 2009.

Basis of Presentation

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Aviat Networks and its wholly-owned and majority owned subsidiaries. Significant intercompany transactions and accounts have been eliminated.

Our fiscal year ends on the Friday nearest calendar June 30. This was June 29 for fiscal 2012, July 1 for fiscal 2011 and July 2 for fiscal 2010. All fiscal years presented each included 52 weeks. In these notes to consolidated financial statements, we refer to our fiscal years as "fiscal 2012", “fiscal 2011” and “fiscal 2010.”

Reclassifications

Certain amounts in the fiscal 2011 and 2010 financial statements have been reclassified to conform with the fiscal 2012 presentation. At June 29, 2012, based on the management's intent not to repay the demand borrowings within the next year, the $6.0 million demand borrowings were classified as long-term debt. Accordingly, we reclassified the fiscal 2011 balance of $6.0 million from short-term debt to long-term debt to conform with the fiscal 2012 presentation.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”) requires us to make estimates, assumptions and judgments affecting the amounts reported and related disclosures. Estimates are based upon historical factors, current circumstances and the experience and judgment of our management. We evaluate our estimates and assumptions on an ongoing basis and may employ outside experts to assist us in making these evaluations. Changes in such estimates, based on more accurate information, or different assumptions or conditions, may affect amounts reported in future periods. Such estimates affect significant items, including revenue recognition, provision for doubtful accounts, inventory valuation, fair value of goodwill and intangible assets, valuation allowances for deferred tax assets, uncertainties in income taxes, restructuring obligations, product warranty obligations, share-based awards, contingencies and useful lives of intangible assets, property, plant and equipment.

Cash, Cash Equivalents and Short-Term Investments

We consider all highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less at the date of purchase to be cash equivalents. Cash and cash equivalents are carried at amortized cost, which approximates fair value due to the short-term nature of these investments. Amortization or accretion of premium or discount is included in interest income on the consolidated statements of operations. We hold cash and cash equivalents at several major financial institutions, which often significantly exceed Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation insured limits. However, a substantial portion of the cash equivalents is invested in prime money market funds which are backed by the securities in the fund. Historically, we have not experienced any losses due to such concentration of credit risk.

We invest our excess cash in high-quality marketable debt securities to ensure that cash is readily available for use in our current operations. Investments with original maturities greater than three months but less than one year are accounted for as short-term and are classified as such at the time of purchase. Marketable securities are classified as “available-for-sale” and are classified as short-term because we view our entire portfolio as available for use in our current operations.

As of June 29, 2012 and July 1, 2011, all of our high-quality marketable debt securities were classified as cash equivalents. Realized gains and losses on short-term investments are recorded in selling and administrative expenses and were not significant during fiscal 2012, 2011 and 2010.

Accounts Receivable, Major Customers and Other Significant Concentrations

We typically invoice our customers for the sales order (or contract) value of the related products delivered at various milestones, including order receipt, shipment, installation and acceptance and for services when rendered. Our trade receivables are derived from sales to customers located in North America, Africa, Europe, the Middle East, Russia, Asia-Pacific and Latin America.

We record accounts receivable at net realizable value, which includes an allowance for estimated uncollectible accounts to reflect any loss anticipated on the collection of accounts receivable balances. We calculate the allowance based on our history of write-offs, level of past due accounts and economic status of the customers. The fair value of our accounts receivable approximates their net realizable value.

We regularly require letters of credit from some customers who request extended payment terms of up to one year or more, which we generally discount with various financial institutions. Under these arrangements, collection risk is fully transferred to the financial institutions. We record the cost of discounting these letters of credit as interest expense. Total customer letters of credit being discounted and related interest expense are as follows:



	Fiscal Year
(In millions)	2012		2011		2010
Customer letters of credit being discounted	$	90.7	$	80.6	$	91.1
Interest expense	$	0.3	$	0.4	$	0.7

During fiscal 2012, 2011 and 2010, we had one international customer in Africa (Mobile Telephone Networks Group or MTN Group) that accounted for 17%, 14% and 17%, respectively, of our total revenue. As of June 29, 2012 and July 1, 2011, MTN Group accounted for approximately 7% and 8%, respectively, of our accounts receivable. No other customers accounted for more than 10% of our revenue or accounts receivable for the years presented.

Financial instruments that potentially subject us to a concentration of credit risk consist principally of cash equivalents, marketable debt securities, trade accounts receivable and financial instruments used in foreign currency hedging activities. We invest our excess cash primarily in prime money market funds and certificates of deposit. We are exposed to credit risks related to such instruments in the event of default or decrease in credit-worthiness of the issuers of the investments. We perform ongoing credit evaluations of our customers and generally do not require collateral on accounts receivable, as the majority of our customers are large, well-established companies. However, in certain circumstances, we may require letters of credit, additional guarantees or advance payments. We maintain reserves for potential credit losses, but historically have not experienced any significant losses related to any particular geographic area since our business is not concentrated within any particular geographic region. Our customers are primarily in the telecommunications industry, so our accounts receivable are concentrated within one industry and exposed to concentrations of credit risk within that industry. Accounts receivable are written off when attempts to collect outstanding amounts have been exhausted or there are other indicators that the amounts are no longer collectible.

We rely on sole providers for certain components of our products and rely on a limited number of contract manufacturers and suppliers to provide manufacturing services for our products. The inability of a contract manufacturer or supplier to fulfill our supply requirements could materially impact future operating results.

We have entered into agreements relating to our foreign currency contracts with large, multinational financial institutions. The amounts subject to credit risk arising from the possible inability of any such parties to meet the terms of their contracts are generally limited to the amounts, if any, by which such party’s obligations exceed our obligations to that party.

Inventories

Inventories are valued at the lower of cost or market. Cost is determined using standard cost, which approximates actual cost on a weighted-average basis. We regularly review inventory quantities on hand and record adjustments to reduce the cost of inventory for excess and obsolete inventory based primarily on our estimated forecast of product demand and production requirements. Inventory adjustments are measured as the difference between the cost of the inventory and estimated market value based upon assumptions about future demand and charged to the provision for inventory, which is a component of cost of sales. At the point of the loss recognition, a new, lower-cost basis for that inventory is established, and any subsequent improvements in facts and circumstances do not result in the restoration or increase in that newly established cost basis.

Customer Service Inventories

Our customer service inventories are stated at the lower of cost or market. We carry service parts because we generally provide product warranty for 12 to 24 months and earn revenue by providing enhanced and extended warranty and repair service during and beyond this warranty period. Customer service inventories consist of both component parts, which are primarily used to repair defective units, and finished units, which are provided for customer use permanently or on a temporary basis while the defective unit is being repaired. We record adjustments to reduce the carrying value of customer service inventories to their net realizable value. Factors influencing these adjustments include product life cycles, end of service life plans and volume of enhanced or extended warranty service contracts. Estimates of net realizable value involve significant estimates and judgments about the future, and revisions would be required if these factors differ from our estimates.

Income Taxes and Related Uncertainties

We account for income taxes under the asset and liability method. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the estimated future tax effects of temporary differences between the financial statement and tax bases of assets and liabilities, as measured by tax rates at which temporary differences are expected to reverse. Deferred tax expense (benefit) is the result of changes in deferred tax assets and liabilities. A valuation allowance is established to offset any deferred tax assets if, based upon the available information, it is more likely than not that some or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized.

We are required to compute our income taxes in each federal, state, and international jurisdiction in which we operate. This process requires that we estimate the current tax exposure as well as assess temporary differences between the accounting and tax treatment of assets and liabilities, including items such as accruals and allowances not currently deductible for tax purposes. The income tax effects of the differences we identify are classified as current or long-term deferred tax assets and liabilities in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. Our judgments, assumptions, and estimates relative to the current provision for income tax take into account current tax laws, our interpretation of current tax laws, and possible outcomes of current and future audits conducted by foreign and domestic tax authorities. Changes in tax laws or our interpretation of tax laws and the resolution of current and future tax audits could significantly impact the amounts provided for income taxes in our consolidated balance sheets and consolidated statements of operations. We must also assess the likelihood that deferred tax assets will be realized from future taxable income and, based on this assessment, establish a valuation allowance, if required. Our determination of our valuation allowance is based upon a number of assumptions, judgments, and estimates, including forecasted earnings, future taxable income, and the relative proportions of revenue and income before taxes in the various domestic and international jurisdictions in which we operate. To the extent we establish a valuation allowance or change the valuation allowance in a period, we reflect the change with a corresponding increase or decrease to our tax provision in our consolidated statements of operations or to goodwill or intangible assets to the extent that the valuation allowance related to tax attributes of the acquired entities.

We use a two-step process to determine the amount of tax benefit to be recognized. The first step is to evaluate the tax position for recognition by determining if the weight of available evidence indicates that it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained on audit, including resolution of related appeals or litigation processes, if any. The second step requires us to estimate and measure the tax benefit as the largest amount that is more than 50% likely of being realized upon ultimate settlement. It is inherently difficult and subjective to estimate such amounts, as this requires us to determine the probability of various possible outcomes. We reevaluate these uncertain tax positions on a quarterly basis. This evaluation is based on factors including, but not limited to, changes in facts or circumstances, changes in tax law, effectively settled issues under audit, and new audit activity. Such a change in recognition or measurement would result in the recognition of a tax benefit or an additional charge to the tax provision in the period.

Property, Plant and Equipment

Property, plant and equipment are stated on the basis of cost less accumulated depreciation and amortization. We capitalize costs of software, consulting services, hardware and other related costs incurred to purchase or develop internal-use software. We expense costs incurred during preliminary project assessment, research and development, re-engineering, training and application maintenance. Leasehold improvements made either at the inception of the lease or during the lease term are amortized over the remaining current lease term, or estimated life, if shorter.

Depreciation and amortization are calculated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the respective assets. Leasehold improvements are amortized on the straight-line method over the shorter of the remaining lease term or the estimated useful life of the improvements. The useful lives of the assets are generally as follows:



Buildings and leasehold improvements	2 to 45 years
Software	3 to 5 years
Machinery and equipment	2 to 5 years

Expenditures for maintenance and repairs are charged to expense as incurred. Cost and accumulated depreciation of assets sold or retired are removed from the respective property accounts, and any gain or loss is reflected in the consolidated statements of operations.

Impairment of Goodwill, Identifiable Intangible Assets and Long-Lived Assets

We account for business combinations using the purchase method of accounting which means we record the assets acquired and liabilities assumed at their respective fair values at the date of acquisition, with any excess purchase price recorded as goodwill.

Valuation of intangible assets and in-process research and development requires significant estimates and assumptions including, but not limited to, determining the timing and expected costs to complete development projects, estimating future cash flows from product sales, developing appropriate discount rates, estimating probability rates for the successful completion of development projects, continuation of customer relationships and renewal of customer contracts. Intangible assets determined to have finite lives are amortized over their estimated useful lives.

Goodwill and intangible assets deemed to have indefinite lives are not amortized but instead are tested for impairment at the reporting unit level at least annually in the fourth quarter of our fiscal year. In addition, we review the carrying value of our intangible assets and goodwill for impairment whenever events or circumstances indicate that their carrying amount may not be recoverable. Significant negative industry or economic trends, including a lack of recovery in the market price of our common stock, disruptions to our business, unexpected significant changes or planned changes in the use of the intangible assets, and mergers and acquisitions could result in the need to reassess the fair value of our assets and liabilities which could lead to an impairment charge for any of our intangible assets or goodwill. The value of our indefinite lived intangible assets and goodwill could also be impacted by future adverse changes such as any future declines in our operating results, a significant slowdown in the worldwide economy and the microwave industry or any failure to meet the performance projections included in our forecasts of future operating results.

Goodwill is tested for impairment using a two-step process. First, we determine if the carrying amount of any of our reporting units exceeds its fair value (determined using an analysis of a combination of projected discounted cash flows and market multiples based on revenue and earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization), which would indicate a potential impairment associated with that reporting unit. If we determine that a potential impairment exists, we then compare the implied fair value associated with the respective reporting unit, to its carrying amount to determine if there is an impairment loss.

Evaluations of impairment involve management estimates of asset useful lives and future cash flows. Significant management judgment is required in the forecasts of future operating results that are used in the evaluations. It is possible, however, that the plans and estimates used may prove to be inaccurate. If our actual results, or the plans and estimates used in future impairment analysis, are lower than the original estimates used to assess the recoverability of these assets, we could incur additional impairment charges in a future period which could result in charges that are material to our results of operations.

We evaluate other long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of an asset may not be recoverable. Impairment is considered to exist if the total estimated future cash flows on an undiscounted basis are less than the carrying amount of the assets. If impairment exists, the impairment loss is measured and recorded based on discounted estimated future cash flows. In estimating future cash flows, assets are grouped at the lowest levels for which there are identifiable cash flows that are largely independent of cash flows from other asset groups.

Our estimate of future cash flows is based upon, among other things, certain assumptions about expected future operating performance, growth rates and other factors. The actual cash flows realized from these assets may vary significantly from our estimates due to increased competition, changes in technology, fluctuations in demand, consolidation of our customers, reductions in average selling prices and other factors. Assumptions underlying future cash flow estimates are therefore subject to significant risks and uncertainties.

Capitalized Software

Costs for the conceptual formulation and design of new software products are expensed as incurred until technological feasibility has been established (when we have a working model). Once technological feasibility has been established, we capitalize costs to produce the finished software products. Capitalization ceases when the product is available for general release to customers. Costs associated with product enhancements that extend the original product’s life or significantly improve the original product’s marketability are also capitalized once technological feasibility has been established.

Amortization is calculated on a product-by-product basis as the greater of the amount computed using (i) the ratio that current gross revenue for a product bear to the total of current and anticipated future gross revenue for that product; or (ii) the straight-line method over the remaining economic life of the product. At each balance sheet date, the unamortized capitalized cost of each computer software product is compared to the net realizable value of that product. If an amount of unamortized capitalized costs of a computer software product is found to exceed the net realizable value of that asset, such amount will be written off. The net realizable value is the estimated future gross revenue from that product reduced by the estimated future costs of completing and deploying that product, including the costs of performing maintenance and customer support required to satisfy our responsibility set forth at the time of sale.

Our capitalized software related primarily to our NetBoss assets that were disposed in fiscal 2011. Total amortization expense on capitalized software was $0.5 million and $2.8 million in fiscal 2011 and 2010, respectively.

Other Accrued Expenses and Other Assets

No accrued liabilities or expenses within other accrued expenses on our consolidated balance sheets exceeded 5% of our total current liabilities as of June 29, 2012 or July 1, 2011. Other accrued expenses on our consolidated balance sheets primarily includes accruals for sales commissions, warranties and severance. No current assets other than those already disclosed on the consolidated balance sheets exceeded 5% of our total current assets as of June 29, 2012 or July 1, 2011. No assets within the caption “Other assets” on the consolidated balance sheets exceeded 5% of total assets as of June 29, 2012 or July 1, 2011.

Warranties

On product sales we provide for future warranty costs upon product delivery. The specific terms and conditions of those warranties vary depending upon the product sold and country in which we do business. In the case of products sold by us, our warranties generally start from the delivery date and continue for one to two years, depending on the terms.

Our products are manufactured to customer specifications and their acceptance is based on meeting those specifications. Factors that affect our warranty liability include the number of installed units, historical experience and management’s judgment regarding anticipated rates of warranty claims and cost per claim. We assess the adequacy of our recorded warranty liabilities every quarter and make adjustments to the liability as necessary.

Network management software products generally carry a 30-day to 90-day warranty from the date of acceptance. Our liability under these warranties is to provide a corrected copy of any portion of the software found not to be in substantial compliance with the agreed-upon specifications.

Operating Leases

We lease facilities and equipment under various operating leases. These lease agreements generally include rent escalation clauses, and many include renewal periods at our option. We recognize expense for scheduled rent increases on a straight-line basis over the lease term beginning with the date we take possession of the leased space. Leasehold improvements made either at the inception of the lease or during the lease term are amortized over the current lease term, or estimated life, if shorter.

Foreign Currency Translation

The functional currency of our subsidiaries located in the United Kingdom, Singapore, Mexico, Algeria and New Zealand is the U.S. dollar. Determination of the functional currency is dependent upon the economic environment in which an entity operates as well as the customers and suppliers the entity conducts business with. Changes in facts and circumstances may occur which could lead to a change in the functional currency of that entity. Accordingly, all of the monetary assets and liabilities of these subsidiaries are re-measured into U.S. dollars at the current exchange rate as of the applicable balance sheet date, and all non-monetary assets and liabilities are re-measured at historical rates. Income and expenses are re-measured at the average exchange rate prevailing during the period. Gains and losses resulting from the re-measurement of these subsidiaries’ financial statements are included in the consolidated statements of operations.

Our other international subsidiaries use their respective local currency as their functional currency. Assets and liabilities of these subsidiaries are translated at the local current exchange rates in effect at the balance sheet date, and income and expense accounts are translated at the average exchange rates during the period. The resulting translation adjustments are included in accumulated other comprehensive income.

Gains and losses resulting from foreign exchange transactions and translation of monetary assets and liabilities in non-functional currencies are included in cost of product sales and services in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations. Net foreign exchange (losses) gains recorded in our consolidated statements of operations during fiscal 2012, 2011 and 2010 totaled $(1.5) million, $(2.6) million and $0.3 million, respectively.

Retirement Benefits

As of June 29, 2012, we provided retirement benefits to substantially all employees primarily through our defined contribution retirement plans. These plans have matching and savings elements. Contributions by us to these retirement plans are based on profits and employees’ savings with no other funding requirements. We may make additional contributions to the plan at our discretion.

Contributions to retirement plans are expensed as incurred. Retirement plan expense amounted to $2.8 million, $3.3 million and $2.8 million in fiscal 2012, 2011 and 2010, respectively.

Revenue Recognition

We generate substantially all of our revenue from the sales or licensing of our microwave radio and wireless access systems, network management software, and professional services including installation and commissioning and training. Principal customers for our products and services include domestic and international wireless/mobile service providers, original equipment manufacturers, distributors, system integrators, as well as private network users such as public safety agencies, government institutions, and utility, pipeline, railroad and other industrial enterprises that operate broadband wireless networks. Our customers generally purchase a combination of our products and services as part of a multiple element arrangement. Our assessment of which revenue recognition guidance is appropriate to account for each element in an arrangement can involve significant judgment.

Revenue from product sales is generated predominately from the sales of products manufactured by third party manufacturers to whom we have outsourced our manufacturing processes. In general, printed circuit assemblies, mechanical housings, and packaged modules are manufactured by contract manufacturing partners, with periodic business reviews of material levels and obsolescence. Product assembly, product testing, complete system integration and system testing may either be performed within our own facilities or at the locations of our third party manufacturers.

Revenue from services includes certain installation, extended warranty, customer support, consulting, training and education. It also can include certain revenue generated from the resale of equipment purchased on behalf of customers for installation service contracts we perform for customers. Such equipment may include towers, antennas, and other related materials.

Under our revenue recognition policy, revenue is recognized when all of the following criteria have been met:


•	Persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists. Contracts and customer purchase orders are generally used to determine the existence of an arrangement.


•	Delivery has occurred. Shipping documents and customer acceptance, when applicable, are used to verify delivery.


•	The fee is fixed or determinable. We assess whether the fee is fixed or determinable based on the payment terms associated with the transaction and whether the sales price is subject to refund or adjustment.


•	Collectibility is reasonably assured. We assess collectibility based primarily on the creditworthiness of the customer as determined by credit checks and analysis, as well as the customer’s payment history.

We often enter into multiple contractual agreements with the same customer. Such agreements are reviewed to determine whether they should be evaluated as one arrangement. If an arrangement, other than a long-term contract, requires the delivery or performance of multiple deliverables or elements, we determine whether the individual elements represent “separate units of accounting”. Based on the terms and conditions of our typical product sales arrangement, we believe that our products and services can be accounted for as separate units because our products and services have value to our customers on a stand-alone basis.

When a sale involves multiple deliverables, the entire fee from the arrangement is allocated to each unit of accounting based on the relative selling price of each deliverable. When applying the relative selling price method, we determine the selling price for each deliverable using vendor-specific objective evidence (“VSOE”) of selling price, if it exists, or third-party evidence (“TPE”) of selling price. If neither VSOE nor TPE of selling price exist for a deliverable, which is typically the case, we use our best estimate of selling price (“ESP”) for that deliverable. Revenue allocated to each element is then recognized when the other revenue recognition criteria are met for each element. Accordingly, services not yet performed at the time of product shipment are deferred based on their relative selling price and recognized as revenue as such services are performed. The relative selling price of any undelivered products is also deferred at the time of shipment and recognized as revenue when these products are delivered. There is generally no customer right of return in our sales agreements. The sequence for typical multiple element arrangements: we deliver our products, perform installation services and then provide post-contract support services.

VSOE of fair value is based on the price charged when the element is sold separately. For multiple element arrangements, if VSOE cannot be established, we establish, where available, the selling price based on TPE. TPE is determined based on evidence of competitor pricing for similar deliverables when sold separately. When we cannot determine VSOE or TPE which is typically the case, we use ESP in our allocation of arrangement consideration. The objective of ESP is to determine the price at which we would typically transact a stand-alone sale of the product or service. ESP is determined by considering a number of factors including our pricing policies, internal costs and gross margin objectives, method of distribution, information gathered from experience in customer negotiations, market research and information, recent technological trends, competitive landscape and geographies. The determination of ESP is approved by our management taking into consideration our pricing strategy. We regularly review VSOE, TPE and ESP and maintain internal controls over the establishment and updating of these estimates.

For our proprietary and OEM products, we determine ESP using a discount off list methodology. Under this approach, reasonably available data points, including deals bid and won in the past rolling four quarters and competitor pricing data, for each part number are gathered . Then similar parts are grouped together and the average net price and the discount off the list price are calculated for each group of products. Since we have determined that pricing varies significantly by geography, the data is further stratified by geography. Within geographies, the data is stratified based on type of customer, distribution channel and estimated deal size or customer volume as larger opportunities with multiple deliverables bundled are more likely to receive preferential pricing. Based on all the available information (pricing practices and trends, competition, market, potential pricing limitations set by the competitors for the similar or identical product, functionality and expected technological life of the product, etc.), the final discount off list percentage is determined. Using the discount off list price percentage, the best estimated selling price for each product is determined.

For services ESP, we also stratify data based on geography, type of customer and estimated deal size. For training and extended support services, we determine ESP using a discount off list methodology as discussed above. For technical and installation services, we determine ESP using an estimated margin methodology. Under this methodology, ESP’s are determined based on estimated margins anticipated. We consider historical margins as well as current pricing trends and market conditions when determining the estimated margin.

Some of our products have both software and non-software components that function together to deliver the product’s essential functionality. We have determined that the software element in our core microwave products is incidental in accordance with the software revenue recognition rules. Accordingly, these products were not within the scope of the software revenue recognition rules, ASC 985-605, Software Revenue Recognition.

In addition to the software in our core microwave product which is not within the scope of the software revenue recognition rules, some of our sales arrangements have multiple deliverables containing software and related software support components. Such sale arrangements are subject to the accounting guidance in ASC 985-605, Software-Revenue Recognition. Under the software revenue recognition guidance, we use the residual method to recognize revenue when a multiple element arrangement includes one or more elements to be delivered at a future date and VSOE of fair value of all undelivered elements exists. If VSOE can be established for the undelivered elements of an arrangement, we recognize revenue following the residual method. If VSOE cannot be established for the undelivered elements of an arrangement, we defer revenue until the earlier of delivery, or fair value of the undelivered element exists, unless the undelivered element is a service, in which the entire arrangement fee is recognized ratably over the period during which the services are expected to be performed.

Revenues related to long-term contracts for customized network solutions are recognized using the percentage-of-completion method. In using the percentage-of-completion method, we generally apply the cost-to-cost method of accounting where sales and profits are recorded based on the ratio of costs incurred to estimated total costs at completion. Contracts are combined when specific aggregation criteria are met including when the contracts are in substance an arrangement to perform a single project with a customer; the contracts are negotiated as a package in the same economic environment with an overall profit objective; the contracts require interrelated activities with common costs that cannot be separately identified with, or reasonably allocated to the elements, phases or units of output and the contracts are performed concurrently or in a continuous sequence under the same project management at the same location or at different locations in the same general vicinity. Recognition of profit on long-term contracts requires estimates of the total contract value, the total cost at completion and the measurement of progress towards completion. Significant judgment is required when estimating total contract costs and progress to completion on the arrangements as well as whether a loss is expected to be incurred on the contract. Amounts representing contract change orders, claims or other items are included in sales only when they can be reliably estimated and realization is probable. When adjustments in contract value or estimated costs are determined, any changes from prior estimates are reflected in earnings in the current period. Anticipated losses on contracts or programs in progress are charged to earnings when identified.

Royalty income is recognized on the basis of terms specified in the contractual agreements.

Cost of Product Sales and Services

Cost of sales consists primarily of materials, labor and overhead costs incurred internally and paid to contract manufacturers to produce our products, personnel and other implementation costs incurred to install our products and train customer personnel, and customer service and third party original equipment manufacturer costs to provide continuing support to our customers. Also included in cost of sales is the amortization of purchased technology intangible assets.

Shipping and handling costs are included as a component of costs of product sales in our consolidated statements of operations because we include in revenue the related costs that we bill our customers.

Presentation of Transactional Taxes Collected from Customers and Remitted to Government Authorities

We present transactional taxes such as sales and use tax collected from customers and remitted to governmental authorities on a net basis.

Share-Based Compensation

We have issued stock options, restricted stock and performance shares under our 2007 Stock Equity Plan and have assumed stock options from the Stratex acquisition. We estimate the grant date fair value of our share-based awards and amortize this fair value to compensation expense over the requisite service period or vesting term.

To estimate the fair value of our stock option awards, we use the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The determination of the fair value of share-based payment awards on the date of grant using an option-pricing model is affected by our stock price as well as assumptions regarding a number of complex and subjective variables. These variables include our expected stock price volatility over the expected term of the awards, actual and projected employee stock option exercise behaviors, risk-free interest rate and expected dividends. Due to the inherent limitations of option-valuation models, including consideration of future events that are unpredictable and the estimation process utilized in determining the valuation of the share-based awards, the ultimate value realized by our employees may vary significantly from the amounts expensed in our financial statements. For restricted stock and performance share awards, we measure the grant date fair value based upon the market price of our common stock on the date of the grant.

For stock options and restricted stock, we recognize compensation cost on a straight-line basis over the awards’ vesting periods for those awards which contain only a service vesting feature. For awards with a performance condition vesting feature, when achievement of the performance condition is deemed probable we recognize compensation cost on a straight-line basis over the awards’ expected vesting periods.

We estimate forfeitures at the time of grant and revise, if necessary, in subsequent periods if actual forfeitures differ significantly from initial estimates. Share-based compensation expense is recorded net of estimated forfeitures such that expense was recorded only for those share-based awards that are expected to vest.

Cash flows, if any, resulting from the gross benefit of tax deductions related to share-based compensation in excess of the grant date fair value of the related share-based awards are presented as part of cash flows from financing activities. This amount is shown as a reduction to cash flows from operating activities and an increase to cash flow from financing activities.

Net Income (Loss) per Share of Common Stock

We compute net income (loss) per share of common stock using the two-class method. Basic net income (loss) per share is computed using the weighted average number of common shares and participating securities outstanding. Our unvested restricted shares (including restricted stock awards and performance share awards) contain rights to receive non-forfeitable dividends and therefore are considered to be participating securities and would be included in the calculations of net income per basic and diluted common share. However, we incurred a net loss in all periods presented. In accordance with Accounting Standard Codification ("ASC") subtopic 260-10, undistributed losses are not allocated to unvested restricted shares due to the fact that the unvested restricted shares are not contractually obligated to share in the losses of the company.

As we incurred net loss for all periods in fiscal 2012, 2011 and 2010, potential dilutive securities from stock options, restricted shares and stock units have been excluded from the diluted net loss per share computations as their effect was anti-dilutive. Because the exercise prices of the outstanding stock options were greater than the average market price of our shares during the applicable year, the number of option shares excluded from the diluted loss per share calculations determined by applying the treasury stock method were not significant during all periods in fiscal 2012, 2011 and 2010.

Restructuring and Related Expenses

We record a liability for costs associated with an exit or disposal activity when the liability is incurred. We also record (i) liabilities associated with exit and disposal activities measured at fair value; (ii) expenses for one-time termination benefits at the date we notify the employee, unless the employee must provide future service, in which case the benefits are expensed ratably over the future service period; and (iii) liabilities related to an operating lease/contract at fair value and measured when the contract does not have any future economic benefit to the entity (i.e., the entity ceases to utilize the rights conveyed by the contract). We expense all other costs related to an exit or disposal activity as incurred. We record severance benefits provided as part of an ongoing benefit arrangement, and accrue a liability for expected severance costs. Restructuring liabilities and the liability for expected severance costs are shown as “Restructuring liabilities” in current and long-term liabilities on our consolidated balance sheets and the related costs are reflected as operating expenses in the consolidated statements of operations.

Research and Development Costs

Our sponsored research and development costs, which include costs in connection with new product development, improvement of existing products, process improvement, and product use technologies, are charged to operations in the period in which they are incurred.

Recently Issued Accounting Standards

In June 2011, the Financial Accounting Standards Board issued an accounting standards update on the presentation of comprehensive income, which eliminates the current option to report other comprehensive income and its components in the statement of stockholders’ equity. The new guidance requires an entity to present the total of comprehensive income, the components of net income, and the components of other comprehensive income either in a single continuous statement of comprehensive income or in two separate but consecutive statements. This new guidance is to be applied retrospectively and is effective for us beginning in our first quarter of fiscal 2013. The adoption of this new guidance will not impact our consolidated financial position or results of operations, as the guidance relates only to financial statement presentation.