Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Use of Estimates

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (GAAP) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results may differ materially from those estimates.

Principles of Consolidation

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Zogenix, Inc. and its wholly owned subsidiary Zogenix Europe, which was incorporated under the laws of England and Wales in June 2010. Also included is Zogenix International Limited, a wholly owned subsidiary of Zogenix Europe. All intercompany transactions and investments have been eliminated in consolidation. Zogenix Europe’s functional currency is the U.S. dollar, the reporting currency of its parent.

Acquisitions

The Company measures all assets acquired and liabilities assumed, including contingent consideration, at fair value as of the acquisition date. Contingent purchase considerations to be settled in cash are remeasured to estimated fair value at each reporting period with the change in fair value recorded in operating expenses. In addition, the Company capitalizes in-process research and development (IPR&D) and either amortizes it over the life of the product upon commercialization, or impairs it if the carrying value exceeds the fair value or if the project is abandoned. Post-acquisition adjustments in deferred tax liabilities are recorded in current period income tax expense in the period of the adjustment.

Discontinued Operations

On April 24, 2015, the Company sold its Zohydro ER business. As a result of this sale, the Company's Zohydro ER activity has been excluded from continuing operations for all periods herein and reported as discontinued operations. See Note 5, Sale of Zohydro ER business, for additional information on the divestiture.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

The Company considers cash equivalents to be only those investments which are highly liquid, readily convertible to cash and have an original maturity of three months or less when purchased.

Restricted Cash

In connection with its sale of the Zohydro ER business in April 2015, the Company has $10,002,000 of cash in escrow as of December 31, 2015 to fund potential indemnification claims for a period of 12 months from the closing date of the sale.

In connection with its sale of the Sumavel DosePro business in May 2014, the Company had $8,500,000 of cash in escrow as of December 31, 2014 to fund potential indemnification claims for a period of 12 months from the closing date of the sale. The Company received the full amount from escrow in May 2015.

The Company classifies these cash flows as an investing activity in the consolidated statements of cash flows as the source of the restricted cash is related to the sales of the Zohydro ER and Sumavel DosePro businesses.

Short-term Investments

Short-term investments consisted of shares of Pernix Therapeutics common stock received as partial consideration for the sale of the Zohydro ER business in April 2015. Management classified these short-term investments as available-for-sale when acquired and evaluated such classification as of each balance sheet date until sold. Short-term investments were carried at fair value, with the unrealized gains and losses, net of tax, reported in other comprehensive loss, a component of stockholders’ equity. Realized gains and losses and declines in fair value considered to be other-than-temporary are included in loss on sale of short-term investments on the consolidated statements of operations and a new accounting cost basis for the investment is established.

The Company evaluated its short-term investments to assess whether any unrealized loss position is other than temporarily impaired. Factors considered in determining whether a loss was other-than-temporary included the length of time and extent to which fair value was less than the cost basis, the financial condition and near-term prospects of the issuer, and the Company’s intent and ability to hold the investment for a period of time sufficient to allow for any anticipated recovery in market value. During 2015, the Company liquidated all of its short-term investments and recognized a loss totaling $5,746,000 in the consolidated statements of operations for the period. Also, the Company had a $498,000 receivable from unsettled sales of the short-term investments which was included in other current assets at December 31, 2015 and received cash in 2016.

Accounts Receivable

Trade accounts receivable are recorded at the invoice amount net of allowances for uncollectible accounts. The Company evaluates the collectability of its accounts receivable based on a variety of factors including the length of time the receivables are past due, the financial health of the customer and historical experience. The Company reserves specific receivables if collectability is no longer reasonably assured. The Company reviews the reserves on a regular basis and adjusts its reserves as needed. Once a receivable is deemed to be uncollectible, the balance is charged against the reserve. Based upon the review of these factors, the Company did not record an allowance for uncollectible accounts at December 31, 2015 or 2014.

Fair Value Measurements

The carrying amount of financial instruments consisting of cash, restricted cash, trade accounts receivable, prepaid expenses and other current assets, accounts payable, accrued expenses and accrued compensation included in the Company’s consolidated financial statements are reasonable estimates of fair value due to their short maturities. Based on the borrowing rates currently available to the Company for loans with similar terms, management believes the fair value of long-term debt (including the discount on the working capital advance from Endo) approximates the carrying value.

Authoritative guidance establishes a three-tier fair value hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used in measuring fair value as follows:


Level 1:	Observable inputs such as quoted prices in active markets;


Level 2:	Inputs, other than the quoted prices in active markets, that are observable either directly or indirectly; and


Level 3:	Unobservable inputs in which there is little or no market data, which require the reporting entity to develop its own assumptions.

The Company classifies its cash equivalents within Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy because it values its cash equivalents using quoted market prices. The Company classifies its common stock warrant liabilities, contingent purchase consideration and embedded derivative liability within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy because they are valued using valuation models with significant unobservable inputs. Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis at December 31, 2015 and 2014 are as follows (in thousands):



	Fair Value Measurements at Reporting Date Using
	Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)		Total
At December 31, 2015
Assets
Cash equivalents (1)	$	148,588	$	—	$	—	$	148,588
Liabilities
Common stock warrant liabilities (2)	$	—	$	—	$	6,196	$	6,196
Contingent purchase consideration (3)	$	—	$	—	$	51,000	$	51,000

At December 31, 2014
Assets
Cash equivalents (1)	$	8,021	$	—	—		$	8,021
Liabilities
Common stock warrant liability (2)	$	—	$	—	$	5,093	$	5,093
Contingent purchase consideration (3)	$	—	$	—	$	53,000	$	53,000


(1)	Cash equivalents are comprised of money market fund shares and are included as a component of cash and cash equivalents on the consolidated balance sheet.

(2)

Common stock warrant liabilities include liabilities associated with warrants issued in connection with the Company's July 2012 public offering of common stock and warrants (see Note 12) and warrants issued in connection with the financing agreement entered into with Healthcare Royalty Partners (the Healthcare Royalty Financing Agreement) (see Note 10), which are measured at fair value using the Black-Scholes option pricing valuation model. The assumptions used in the Black-Scholes option pricing valuation model for both common stock warrant liabilities were: (a) a risk-free interest rate based on the rates for U.S. Treasury zero-coupon bonds with maturities similar to those of the remaining contractual term of the warrants; (b) an assumed dividend yield of zero based on the Company’s expectation that it will not pay dividends in the foreseeable future; (c) an expected term based on the remaining contractual term of the warrants; and (d) expected volatility based upon the Company's historical volatility. The significant unobservable input used in measuring the fair value of the common stock warrant liabilities associated with the Healthcare Royalty Financing Agreement is the expected volatility. Significant increases in volatility would result in a higher fair value measurement. The following additional assumptions were used in the Black-Scholes option pricing valuation model to measure the fair value of the warrants sold in the July 2012 public offering: (a) management's projections regarding the probability of the occurrence of an extraordinary event and the timing of such event; and for the valuation scenario in which an extraordinary event occurs that is not an all cash transaction or an event whereby a public acquirer would assume the warrants, (b) an expected volatility rate using the Company's historical volatility through the projected date of public announcement of an extraordinary transaction, blended with a rate equal to the lesser of 40% and the 180-day volatility rate obtained from the HVT function on Bloomberg as of the trading day immediately following the public announcement of an extraordinary transaction. The significant unobservable inputs used in measuring the fair value of the common stock warrant liabilities associated with the July 2012 public offering are the expected volatility and the probability of the occurrence of an extraordinary event. Significant increases in volatility would result in a higher fair value measurement and significant increases in the probability of an extraordinary event occurring would result in a significantly lower fair value measurement.

(3)

Contingent purchase consideration was measured at fair value using the income approach based on significant unobservable inputs including management's estimates of the probabilities and timing of achieving specific net sales levels and development milestones and appropriate risk adjusted discount rates. Significant changes of any of the unobservable input could have a significant effect on the calculation of fair value of the contingent purchase consideration liability.

The following table provides a reconciliation of assets and liabilities measured at fair value using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 (in thousands):



	Short-term investments			Contingent Purchase Consideration			Common Stock Warrant Liability			Embedded Derivative Liabilities
Balance at December 31, 2013	$	—		$	—		$	31,341		$	233
Purchases/additions	—			53,000			—			—
Exercises	—			—			(916		)	—
Derecognition of liability	—			—			—			(247		)
Changes in fair value	—			—			(25,332		)	14
Balance at December 31, 2014	—			53,000			5,093			—
Purchases/additions	11,926			—			—			—
Exercises	—			—			—			—
Sales/dispositions	(6,180		)	—			—			—
Changes in fair value	(5,746		)	(2,000		)	1,103			—
Balance at December 31, 2015	$	—		$	51,000		$	6,196		$	—

Realized changes in fair value of the short-term investments are shown as loss on sale of short-term investments in other income (expense) in the consolidated statements of operations. Changes in fair value of contingent purchase consideration are reflected as operating expenses in the consolidated statements of operations. Changes to the warrant liabilities are recorded through a change in fair value of warrant liabilities and change in fair value of embedded derivatives are recorded in other income (expense) in the consolidated statements of operations.

Concentration of Credit Risk, Significant Customers and Sources of Supply

Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents. The Company maintains accounts in federally insured financial institutions in excess of federally insured limits. The Company also maintains investments in money market funds that are not federally insured. However, management believes the Company is not exposed to significant credit risk due to the financial position of the depository institutions in which these deposits are held and of the money market funds and other entities in which these investments are made. Additionally, the Company has established guidelines regarding the diversification of its investments and their maturities, which are designed to maintain safety and liquidity.

The Company provides contract manufacturing services to one customer in accordance with a supply agreement executed with Endo in conjunction with the sale of the Sumavel Dose Pro business in 2014. Prior to the sale and the sale of the Zohydro ER business, the Company sold its products primarily to established wholesale distributors and retailers in the pharmaceutical industry.

The Company relies on third-party manufacturers for the production of Sumavel DosePro and single source third-party suppliers to manufacture several key components of Sumavel DosePro. If the Company’s third-party manufacturers are unable to continue manufacturing Sumavel DosePro, or if the Company lost one or more of its single source suppliers used in the manufacturing process, the Company may not be able to meet market demand for the product.

Inventory

Inventory is stated at the lower of cost or market. Cost includes amounts related to materials, labor and overhead, and is determined in a manner which approximates the first-in, first-out method. The Company adjusts the carrying value of inventory for potentially excess, dated or product within one year of expiration and obsolete products based on an analysis of inventory on hand and compared to forecasts of future sales.

Property and Equipment, Net

Property and equipment is recorded at cost, net of accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation is calculated on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the respective assets, as follows:



Computer equipment and software		3 years
Furniture and fixtures		3-7 years
Manufacturing equipment and tooling		3-15 years
Leasehold improvements		Shorter of estimated useful life or lease term

Goodwill, Intangible Assets and Other Long-Lived Assets

Goodwill, which has an indefinite useful life, represents the excess of cost over fair value of net assets acquired. The Company recorded goodwill during the year ended December 31, 2014 as a result of the acquisition of Zogenix International Limited (see Note 7). Goodwill is reviewed for impairment at least annually or more frequently if any indicators of potential impairment are present. In performing its goodwill impairment review, the Company assesses qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of its reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, including goodwill. The qualitative factors include, but are not limited to, macroeconomic conditions, industry and market considerations, and the overall financial performance of the Company. If, after assessing the totality of these qualitative factors, the Company determines that it is not more likely than not that the fair value of its reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, then no additional assessment is deemed necessary. Otherwise, the Company will proceed to perform a two-step test for goodwill impairment. The first step involves comparing the estimated fair value of the reporting unit with its carrying value, including goodwill. If the carrying amount of the reporting unit exceeds its fair value, the Company performs the second step of the goodwill impairment test to determine the amount of impairment, which involves comparing the implied fair value of the goodwill to the carrying value of the goodwill. The Company may also elect to bypass the qualitative assessment in a period and elect to proceed to perform the first step of the goodwill impairment test. The Company performed an impairment assessment for goodwill for the year ended December 31, 2015 and determined that the goodwill was not impaired. The Company did not perform an impairment assessment for goodwill for the year ended December 31, 2014 due to the proximity of the acquisition of Zogenix International Limited to year end.

Intangible assets, which consist of IPR&D purchased in conjunction with the acquisition of Zogenix International Limited (see Note 7) also have an indefinite useful life. IPR&D is reviewed for impairment at least annually, or more frequently if any indicators of potential impairment are present. The IPR&D impairment test requires the Company to assess the fair value of the asset as compared to its carrying value and record an impairment charge if the carrying value exceeds the fair value. The Company performed an impairment assessment for the IPR&D asset for the year ended December 31, 2015 and determined that the IPR&D asset was not impaired. The Company did not perform an impairment assessment for IPR&D for the year ended December 31, 2014 due to the proximity of the acquisition of Zogenix International Limited to year end.

The Company reviews its other long-lived assets, consisting of property and equipment, for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of an asset may not be recoverable. There were no impairment charges recorded related to other long-lived assets during the year ended December 31, 2015. As a result of the sale of its Sumavel DosePro business in May 2014, the Company recorded an impairment charge of $838,000 in the consolidated statement of operations during the year ended December 31, 2014 related to the disposal of construction in progress that will no longer be placed into service.

Warrants for Common Stock

In accordance with accounting guidance for warrants for shares in redeemable securities or warrants that could be settled for cash, the Company classifies warrants for common stock as current liabilities or equity on the consolidated balance sheet as appropriate. The Company adjusts the carrying value of warrants for common stock that can be settled in cash to their estimated fair value at each reporting date with the increases or decreases in the fair value of such warrants recorded as change in fair value of warrant liabilities in the consolidated statements of operations.

Embedded Derivatives

The Company records embedded derivatives in the consolidated balance sheet at fair value. The carrying value of the embedded derivatives are adjusted to their estimated fair value at each reporting date with the increases or decreases in the fair value of such embedded derivatives recorded as change in fair value of embedded derivatives in the consolidated statement of operations. The Company derecognized the balance of embedded derivatives in May 2014 as a result of the early extinguishment of the Healthcare Royalty Financing Agreement (see Note 10).

Revenue Recognition

The Company recognizes revenue from contract manufacturing, service fees earned on collaborative arrangements and the sale of Sumavel DosePro prior to its sale in May 2014. The Company also recognizes revenue from the sale of Zohydro ER, which is included in net income (loss) from discontinued operations in the consolidated statement of operations. Revenue is recognized when (i) persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, (ii) delivery has occurred and title has passed, (iii) the price is fixed or determinable and (iv) collectability is reasonably assured. Revenue from sales transactions where the buyer has the right to return the product is recognized at the time of sale only if (a) the Company’s price to the buyer is substantially fixed or determinable at the date of sale, (b) the buyer has paid the Company, or the buyer is obligated to pay the Company and the obligation is not contingent on resale of the product, (c) the buyer’s obligation to the Company would not be changed in the event of theft or physical destruction or damage of the product, (d) the buyer acquiring the product for resale has economic substance apart from that provided by the Company, (e) the Company does not have significant obligations for future performance to directly bring about resale of the product by the buyer, and (f) the amount of future returns can be reasonably estimated. The Company defers recognition of revenue on product shipments of Zohydro ER until the right of return no longer exists, as the Company was not able to reliably estimate expected returns of the product at the time of shipment given the limited sales history of Zohydro ER.

Revenue arrangements with multiple elements are divided into separate units of accounting if certain criteria are met, including whether the delivered element has stand-alone value to the customer. The consideration received is allocated among the separate units based on their respective fair values, and the applicable revenue recognition criteria are applied to each of the separate units. The application of the multiple element guidance requires subjective determinations, and requires the Company to make judgments about the individual deliverables and whether such deliverables are separable from the other aspects of the contractual relationship. Deliverables are considered separate units of accounting provided that: (1) the delivered item(s) has value to the customer on a stand-alone basis and (2) if the arrangement includes a general right of return relative to the delivered item(s), delivery or performance of the undelivered item(s) is considered probable and substantially in the Company's control. In determining the units of accounting, the Company evaluates certain criteria, including whether the deliverables have stand-alone value, based on the consideration of the relevant facts and circumstances for each arrangement. In addition, the Company considers whether the buyer can use the other deliverable(s) for their intended purpose without the receipt of the remaining element(s), whether the value of the deliverable is dependent on the undelivered item(s), and whether there are other vendors that can provide the undelivered element(s).

Arrangement consideration that is fixed or determinable is allocated among the separate units of accounting using the relative selling price method, and the applicable revenue recognition criteria, as described above, are applied to each of the separate units of accounting in determining the appropriate period or pattern of recognition. The Company determines the estimated selling price for deliverables within each agreement using vendor-specific objective evidence (VSOE) of selling price, if available, third-party evidence (TPE) of selling price if VSOE is not available, or management's best estimate of selling price (BESP) if neither VSOE nor TPE is available. Determining the BESP for a unit of accounting requires significant judgment. In developing the BESP for a unit of accounting, the Company considers applicable market conditions and relevant entity-specific factors, including factors that were contemplated in negotiating the agreement with the customer and estimated costs.

Contract Manufacturing Revenue

The Company and Endo entered into a supply agreement in connection with the sale of the Sumavel DosePro business to Endo in May 2014. Under the terms of the supply agreement, the Company retains the sole and exclusive right and the obligation to manufacture or supply Sumavel DosePro to Endo. The Company recognizes deferred revenue related to its supply of Sumavel DosePro as contract manufacturing revenue when earned on a "proportional performance" basis as product is delivered. The Company recognizes revenue related to its sale of Sumavel DosePro product, equal to the cost of contract manufacturing plus a 2.5% mark-up, upon the transfer of title to Endo. The Company supplies Sumavel DosePro product based on non-cancellable purchase orders. The Company initially defers revenue for any consideration received in advance of services being performed and product being delivered, and recognizes revenue pursuant to the related pattern of performance, based on total product delivered relative to the total estimated product delivery over the minimum eight year term of the supply agreement. The Company continually evaluates the performance period and will adjust the period of revenue recognition if circumstances change.

In addition, the Company follows the authoritative accounting guidance when reporting revenue as gross when the Company acts as a principal versus reporting revenue as net when the Company acts as an agent. For transactions in which the Company acts as a principal, has discretion to choose suppliers, bears credit risk and performs a substantive part of the services, revenue is recorded at the gross amount billed to a customer and costs associated with these reimbursements are reflected as a component of cost of sales for contract manufacturing services.

Product Revenue, Net

The Company sold Sumavel DosePro through May 2014, and sold Zohydro ER through April 2015, in the United States to wholesale pharmaceutical distributors and retail pharmacies, or collectively the Company's customers, subject to rights of return within a period beginning six months prior to, and ending 12 months following, product expiration. The Company recognized Sumavel DosePro product sales at the time title transferred to its customer, and reduced product sales for estimated future product returns and sales allowances in the same period the related revenue was recognized.

Given the limited sales history of Zohydro ER, the Company was not able to reliably estimate expected returns of the product at the time of shipment. Accordingly, the Company deferred recognition of revenue on Zohydro ER product shipments until the right of return no longer exists, which occurs at the earlier of the time Zohydro ER is dispensed through patient prescriptions or expiration of the right of return. The Company estimates Zohydro ER patient prescriptions dispensed using an analysis of third-party syndicated data. Zohydro ER was launched in March 2014 and, accordingly, the Company did not have a significant history estimating the number of patient prescriptions dispensed. If the Company underestimated or overestimated patient prescriptions dispensed for a given period, adjustments to revenue from discontinued operations may be necessary in future periods. The deferred revenue balance does not have a direct correlation with future revenue recognition as the Company records sales deductions at the time the prescription unit was dispensed. In addition, the costs of Zohydro ER associated with the deferred revenue were recorded as deferred costs, which were included in inventory, until the time the related deferred revenue is recognized. The Company is responsible for returns for product sold prior to the sale of the business on April 24, 2015 and for rebates, chargebacks, and related fees for product sold until July 8, 2015 per the terms of the asset purchase agreement. Revenue for Zohydro ER is included in discontinued operations in the consolidated statement of operations.

The Company will continue to recognize Zohydro ER revenue upon the earlier to occur of prescription units dispensed or expiration of the right of return until it can reliably estimate product returns, at which time the Company will record a one-time increase in revenue related to the recognition of revenue previously deferred, net of estimated future product returns and sales allowances. In addition, the costs of Zohydro ER associated with the deferred revenue are recorded as deferred costs, which are included in inventory, until such time the related deferred revenue is recognized, subject to future exchange or product returns.

Product Returns. The Company is responsible for product returns for Sumavel DosePro product distributed by the Company prior to the sale of Sumavel DosePro to Endo in May 2014 up to a maximum per unit amount, as specified in the asset purchase agreement. This estimate of returns requires a high degree of judgment and is subject to change based on the Company's experience and certain quantitative and qualitative factors. Sumavel DosePro's shelf life is determined by the shorter expiry date of its two subassemblies, which is currently approximately 30 months from the date of manufacture. The Company's return policy allows for customers to return unused product that is within six months before and up to one year after its expiration date for a credit at the then-current wholesaler acquisition cost reduced by a nominal fee for processing the return.

The Company has monitored and analyzed actual return history of Sumavel DosePro since product launch. The Company's analysis of actual product return history considers actual product returns on an individual product lot basis since product launch, the dating of the product at the time of shipment into the distribution channel, prescription trends, trends in customer purchases and their inventory management practices, and changes in the estimated levels of inventory within the distribution channel to estimate its exposure for returned product. Because of the shelf life of Sumavel DosePro and the duration of time under which the Company's customers may return product through the Company's return policy, there may be a significant period of time between when the product is shipped and when the Company issues credits on returned product. Based on the Company's analysis of actual product return history, the Company increased its estimate for product returns, resulting in adjustments totaling $3,634,000 in 2013, which resulted in a reduction of net product revenue and an increase in net loss for the year ended December 31, 2013 and increased net loss by $0.24 per share for the year ended December 31, 2013.

Service and Other Product Revenue

Service and other product revenue primarily consists of payments received for the Company's sales efforts under a co-promotion agreement with Valeant Pharmaceuticals North America LLC (Valeant) which was terminated in July 2015, and adjustments to Sumavel returns reserves subsequent to the sale of the business in May 2014. The Company recognizes service and other product revenue at the time services have been rendered or return rights have expired. During the year ended December 31, 2015, service and other product revenue included $1,967,000 of revenue based on adjustment of estimated to actual returns for product whose return period had lapsed.

Collaborative Arrangements

The Company records certain transactions between collaborators in the consolidated statement of operations on either a gross or net basis within revenues or operating expenses, depending on the characteristics of the collaboration relationship, and provides for enhanced disclosure of collaborative relationships. The Company evaluates its collaborative agreements for proper classification of shared expenses, license fees, milestone payments and any reimbursed costs within the consolidated statement of operations based on the nature of the underlying activity. If payments to and from collaborative partners are not within the scope of other authoritative accounting literature, the statement of operations classification for the payments is based on a reasonable, rational analogy to authoritative accounting literature that is applied in a consistent manner. For collaborations relating to commercialized products, if the Company acts as the principal in the sale of goods or services, the Company records revenue and the corresponding operating costs in its respective line items within the consolidated statement of operations based on the nature of the shared expenses. Per authoritative accounting guidance, the principal is the party who is responsible for delivering the product to the customer, has latitude with establishing price and has the risks and rewards of providing product to the customer, including inventory and credit risk.

Research and Development Expenses

All costs of research and development are expensed in the period incurred. Research and development costs primarily consist of salaries and related expenses for personnel, stock-based compensation expense, outside service providers, facilities costs, fees paid to consultants, milestone payments prior to FDA approval, license fees prior to FDA approval, professional services, travel costs, dues and subscriptions, depreciation and materials used in clinical trials and research and development. The Company expenses costs relating to the purchase and production of pre-approval inventories as research and development expense in the period incurred until FDA approval is received.

The Company reviews and accrues expenses related to clinical trials based on work performed, which relies on estimates of total costs incurred based on completion of patient studies and other events. The Company follows this method since reasonably dependable estimates of the costs applicable to various stages of a research agreement or clinical trial can be made. Accrued clinical development costs are subject to revisions as trials progress to completion. Revisions are charged to expense in the period in which the facts that give rise to the revision become known.

Advertising Expense

The Company records the cost of its advertising efforts when services are performed or goods are delivered. The Company incurred approximately $6,000, $333,000 and $313,000 in advertising costs in continuing operations for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. There were no capitalized advertising costs at December 31, 2015 or December 31, 2014.

Income Taxes

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the differences between the financial reporting and tax basis of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates which will be in effect when the differences reverse. The Company provides a valuation allowance against net deferred tax assets unless, based upon the available evidence, it is more likely than not that the deferred tax asset will be realized. The Company recognizes the tax benefit from an uncertain tax position only if it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained on examination by the taxing authorities based on the technical merits of the position.

Foreign Currency Transactions

Gains or losses resulting from transactions denominated in foreign currencies are included in other expense in the consolidated statements of operations. The Company recorded losses from foreign currency transactions in other income (expense) of $(127,000), $(145,000) and $(95,000) for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively.

Stock-Based Compensation

Stock-based compensation cost is measured at the grant date, based on the estimated fair value of the award, and is recognized as expense over the employee’s requisite service period or over the estimated period expected to meet the performance condition on a straight-line basis. As of December 31, 2015, there were no outstanding equity awards with market conditions. Equity awards issued to non-employees are recorded at their fair value on the measurement date and are re-measured at each reporting date as the underlying awards vest unless the instruments are fully vested, immediately exercisable and nonforfeitable on the date of grant.

Net Income (Loss) per Share

Basic net income (loss) per share is calculated by dividing the net income (loss) by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the period reduced by weighted average shares subject to repurchase, without consideration for common stock equivalents. Diluted net income (loss) per share is computed by dividing the net income (loss) by the weighted average number of common share equivalents outstanding for the period determined using the treasury-stock method and as-if converted method, as applicable. For purposes of this calculation, stock options, restricted stock units, warrants and common stock subject to repurchase are considered to be common stock equivalents and are only included in the calculation of diluted net loss per share when their effect is dilutive.

The following table presents the computation of basic and diluted net loss per share (in thousands, except per share amounts):



	Year Ended December 31,
	2015					2014					2013
	Continuing operations			Discontinued operations		Continuing operations		Discontinued operations			Continuing operations			Discontinued operations
Numerator
Net income (loss), basic and diluted	(41,704		)	67,848		61,487		(52,900		)	(72,601		)	(8,255		)
Denominator
Weighted average common shares outstanding, basic	21,449			21,449		17,825		17,825			13,571			13,571
Effect of dilutive securities:
Common stock warrants	—			—		30		30			—			—
Weighted average common shares outstanding, diluted	21,449			21,449		17,855		17,855			13,571			13,571
Basic net income (loss) per share	$	(1.94	)	$	3.16	$	3.45	$	(2.97	)	$	(5.35	)	$	(0.61	)
Diluted net income (loss) per share	$	(1.94	)	$	3.16	$	3.44	$	(2.96	)	$	(5.35	)	$	(0.61	)

Potentially dilutive securities not included in the calculation of diluted net loss per share because to do so would be anti-dilutive are as follows (in thousands, of common equivalent shares):



	Year Ended December 31,
	2015	2014	2013
Common stock options and restricted stock units	529	1,244	1,378
Common stock warrants	—	—	1,960
	529	1,244	3,338

Segment Reporting

Management has determined that the Company operates in one business segment, which is the development and commercialization of pharmaceutical products.

Reclassifications

Interest income balances for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013 which were previously discretely presented have been combined as part of interest expense, net in the consolidated statements of operations to conform with the December 31, 2015 presentation.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In April 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued an accounting update that raises the threshold for disposals to qualify as discontinued operations and allows companies to have significant continuing involvement with and continuing cash flows from or to the discontinued operations. This accounting update also requires additional disclosures for discontinued operations and new disclosures for individually material disposal transactions that do not meet the definition of a discontinued operation. This guidance was effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2014, with early adoption permitted. The Company adopted the guidance in the first quarter of 2015.

In May 2014, the FASB issued new accounting guidance related to revenue recognition. This new standard will replace all current GAAP guidance on this topic and eliminate all industry-specific guidance. The new revenue recognition standard provides a unified model to determine when and how revenue is recognized. The core principle is that a company should recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration for which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. On July 9, 2015, the FASB deferred the effective date of this standards update to fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, with early adoption permitted on the original effective date of fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2016. The Company is evaluating the transition method, timing and impact of adopting this new accounting standard on its financial statements and related disclosures.

In April 2015, the FASB issued guidance which requires debt issuance costs related to a recognized debt liability to be presented on the balance sheet as a direct deduction from the debt liability instead of as an asset. The guidance is effective for annual and interim reporting periods beginning on or after December 15, 2016. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is evaluating the timing and impact of adopting this new accounting standard on its financial statements and related disclosures and does not expect that the adoption of the guidance will have a material impact on the Company’s financial statements.

In July 2015, the FASB issued guidance which requires that certain inventory, including inventory measured using the first-in-first-out method, be measured at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Net realizable value is the estimated selling prices in the ordinary course of business, less reasonably predictable costs of completion, disposal, and transportation. The guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2016, including interim periods within those fiscal years. The Company is currently evaluating the timing and impact of adopting this new accounting standard on its financial statements and related disclosures.

In November 2015, the FASB issued guidance simplifying the classification of deferred tax assets and liabilities. The new standard requires that all deferred tax assets and liabilities, along with any related valuation allowance, be classified as noncurrent on the balance sheet. The guidance is effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2016 and early adoption is permitted. The Company adopted the guidance in 2015 on a prospective basis. Adoption of this guidance resulted in a reclassification of our net current deferred tax asset to the net non-current deferred tax asset as of December 31, 2015 balance sheet. No prior periods were retrospectively adjusted.

In February 2016, the FASB issued guidance by requiring lessees to recognize the lease assets and lease liabilities that arise from both capital and operating leases with lease terms of more than 12 months and to disclose qualitative and quantitative information about lease transactions. The guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years. The Company is currently evaluating the timing and impact of adopting this new accounting standard on its financial statements and related disclosures.