UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

Form 10-Q

(Mark One)

☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended June 30, 2023

or

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from ___ to ____

Commission File Number: 001-36510

LARIMAR THERAPEUTICS, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware	20-3857670
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
Three Bala Plaza East, Suite 506	19004
Bala Cynwyd, PA	(Zip Code)
(Address of principal executive offices)

(844) 511-9056

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, par value $0.001 per share	LRMR	The Nasdaq Global Market

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer	☐	Accelerated filer	☐
Non-accelerated filer	☒	Smaller reporting company	☒
		Emerging growth company	☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

As of August 7, 2023, there were 43,277,500 shares of the registrant’s Common Stock, $0.001 par value per share, outstanding.

CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

Statements made in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q that are not statements of historical or current facts are “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements discuss our business, operations and financial performance and conditions, as well as our plans, objectives and expectations for our business operations and financial performance and condition. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by terminology such as “aim,” “anticipate,” “assume,” “believe,” “contemplate,” “continue,” “could,” “design,” “due,” “estimate,” “expect,” “goal,” “intend,” “may,” “objective,” “plan,” “predict,” “positioned,” “potential,” “seek,” “should,” “target,” “will,” “would” and other similar expressions that are predictions of or indicate future events and future trends, or the negative of these terms or other comparable terminology. In addition, statements that “we believe” or similar statements reflect our beliefs and opinions on the relevant subject only. These forward-looking statements, which are subject to risks, uncertainties and assumptions about us, may include projections of our future financial performance, our anticipated growth strategies and anticipated trends in our business.

You should understand that the following important factors could affect our future results and could cause those results or other outcomes to differ materially from those expressed or implied in our forward-looking statements:

•uncertainties in obtaining successful non-clinical or clinical results that reliably and meaningfully demonstrate safety, tolerability and efficacy profiles that are satisfactory to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”), European Medicines Agency and other comparable regulatory authorities for marketing approval for CTI-1601 or any other product candidate that we may develop in the future and unexpected costs that may result therefrom;

•delays in patient recruitment for our clinical trials (including as a result of the impact of FDA approval of competitive products for the treatment of Friedreich's ataxia ("FA"), and/or the impact of other clinical trials of competitive products), delays as a result of clinical and non-clinical results and/or FDA's request for additional information or studies, changes in clinical protocols, regulatory restrictions, including additional clinical holds, and milestones for CTI-1601;

•our ability to successfully initiate and complete the 50 mg cohort of our four-week, placebo-controlled, Phase 2 dose exploration trial of CTI-1601 and our ability to initiate the open label extension trial and engage with and satisfactorily respond to questions from the FDA regarding future submissions of data from each such trial, and the FDA’s agreement to allow us to perform additional cohorts and/or initiate other clinical trials for CTI-1601 and the timing and outcomes of such interactions;

•uncertainties associated with the clinical development and regulatory approval for CTI-1601 or any other product candidate that we may develop in the future, including potential delays in the commencement, enrollment and completion of clinical trials;

•the difficulties and expenses associated with obtaining and maintaining regulatory approval for CTI-1601 or any other product candidate we may develop in the future, and the indication and labeling under any such approval;

•our estimates regarding future results of operations, financial position, research and development costs, capital requirements and our access and needs for additional financing;

•how long we can continue to fund our operations with our existing cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities;

•our ability, and the ability of third-party manufacturers we engage, to optimize and scale CTI-1601 or any other product candidate’s manufacturing process and to manufacture sufficient quantities of clinical supplies, and, if approved, commercial supplies of CTI-1601 or any other product candidate that we may develop in the future;

•our ability to realize any value from CTI-1601 and/or any other product candidate we may develop in the future in light of inherent risks and difficulties involved in successfully bringing product candidates to market and the risk that the product candidates, if approved, will not achieve broad market acceptance;

•our ability to comply with regulatory requirements applicable to our business and other regulatory developments in the United States and other countries;

•the size and growth of the potential markets for CTI-1601, if approved, or any other product candidate that we may develop in the future, the rate and degree of market acceptance of CTI-1601 or any other product candidate, if approved, that we may develop in the future and our ability to serve those markets;

•given competing therapies and products for the treatment of FA, our ability to obtain and maintain designations or eligibility for expedited regulatory programs, and to commercialize current and future candidates, if approved, (including the impact of potential barriers to entry if a competitor is able to establish a strong market position before we are able to commercialize our products);

•our ability to obtain and maintain patent protection and defend our intellectual property rights against third-parties;

•the performance and compliance with the rules and regulations of the FDA (and all other regulatory authorities) of third parties upon which we depend, including third-party contract research organizations ("CROs"), consultants, and third-party suppliers, manufacturers, distributors, and logistics providers;

•our ability to maintain our relationships, and contracts with our key vendors and to identify and contract with alternate or secondary key vendors;

•our ability to recruit and retain key scientific, technical, commercial, and management personnel and to retain our executive officers;

•our ability to maintain proper functionality and security of our internal computer and information systems and prevent or avoid cyber-attacks, malicious intrusion, breakdown, destruction, loss of data privacy or other significant disruption;

•the extent to which geopolitical tensions, adverse macroeconomic events, including those due to inflationary pressures, rising interest rates, banking instability and the ability of the U.S. government to manage federal debt limits, health epidemics, unforeseen emergencies and other outbreaks of communicable diseases could disrupt our operations, the operations of third parties on which we rely or the operations of regulatory agencies we interact with in the development of CTI-1601; and

•the potential impact of healthcare reform in the United States, including the Inflation Reduction Act of
2022, and measures being taken worldwide designed to reduce healthcare costs and limit the overall level of government expenditures.

These forward-looking statements are based on management’s current expectations, estimates, forecasts and projections about our business and the industry in which we operate. Management’s beliefs and assumptions are not guarantees of future performance or development and involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that are in some cases beyond our control. In light of the significant uncertainties in these forward-looking statements, you should not rely upon forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. Although we believe the expectations reflected in the forward-looking statements are reasonable, the future results, levels of activity, performance or events and circumstances reflected in the forward-looking statements may not be achieved or occur at all. The factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include, but are not limited to, those discussed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on March 14, 2023 and our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on May 15, 2023. All forward-looking statements are applicable only as of the date on which they were made and, except as required by law, we undertake no obligation to publicly update any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise after the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q or to reflect the occurrence of any unanticipated events. Comparisons of results for current and any prior periods are not intended to express any future trends or indications of future performance, unless expressed as such, and should only be viewed as historical data.

Larimar Therapeutics, Inc.

INDEX

		Page
PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1	Financial Statements (unaudited)	3
	Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022	3
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022	4
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders' Equity for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022	5
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022	6
	Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements	7
Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	19
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	27
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	27
PART II - OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	28
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	28
Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	28
Item 3.	Defaults Upon Senior Securities	28
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	28
Item 5.	Other Information	28
Item 6.	Exhibits	29
Signatures		30

2

PART I-FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Financial Statements

LARIMAR THERAPEUTICS, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(In thousands, except share and per share data)

(Unaudited)

	June 30,			December 31,
	2023			2022
Assets
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	94,321		$	26,825
Marketable securities		9,879			91,603
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		2,278			2,311
Total current assets		106,478			120,739
Property and equipment, net		677			831
Operating lease right-of-use assets		2,578			2,858
Restricted cash		1,339			1,339
Other assets		644			638
Total assets	$	111,716		$	126,405
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	$	2,344		$	1,686
Accrued expenses		4,365			8,408
Operating lease liabilities, current		566			611
Total current liabilities		7,275			10,705
Operating lease liabilities		4,511			4,797
Total liabilities		11,786			15,502
Commitments and contingencies (See Note 8)
Stockholders’ equity:
Preferred stock; $0.001 par value per share; 5,000,000 shares authorized    as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022; no shares issued and    outstanding as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022		—			—
Common stock, $0.001 par value per share; 115,000,000 shares    authorized as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022;    43,269,200 shares issued and outstanding as of    June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022		43			43
Additional paid-in capital		266,372			262,496
Accumulated deficit		(166,497	)		(151,605	)
Accumulated other comprehensive gain (loss)		12			(31	)
Total stockholders’ equity		99,930			110,903
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	111,716		$	126,405

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

3

LARIMAR THERAPEUTICS, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE LOSS

(In thousands, except share and per share data)

(Unaudited)

	Three Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,
	2023			2022			2023			2022
Operating expenses:
Research and development	$	5,875		$	5,644		$	10,437		$	11,450
General and administrative		3,745			3,043			6,820			6,124
Total operating expenses		9,620			8,687			17,257			17,574
Loss from operations		(9,620	)		(8,687	)		(17,257	)		(17,574	)
Other income (expense), net		1,254			20			2,365			(36	)
Net loss	$	(8,366	)	$	(8,667	)	$	(14,892	)	$	(17,610	)
Net loss per share, basic and diluted	$	(0.19	)	$	(0.47	)	$	(0.34	)	$	(0.96	)
Weighted average common shares outstanding, basic and diluted		43,897,603			18,338,853			43,897,603			18,338,853
Comprehensive loss:
Net loss	$	(8,366	)	$	(8,667	)	$	(14,892	)	$	(17,610	)
Other comprehensive gain (loss):
Unrealized gain (loss) on marketable securities		12			(57	)		43			(57	)
Total other comprehensive gain (loss)		12			(57	)		43			(57	)
Total comprehensive loss	$	(8,354	)	$	(8,724	)	$	(14,849	)	$	(17,667	)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

4

LARIMAR THERAPEUTICS, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN

STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

(In thousands, except share data)

(Unaudited)

										Accumulated
					Additional					Other			Total
	Common Stock				Paid-in		Accumulated			Comprehensive			Stockholders’
	Shares		Par Value		Capital		Deficit			Gain (Loss)			Equity
Balances as of December 31, 2022		43,269,200	$	43	$	262,496	$	(151,605	)	$	(31	)	$	110,903
Stock-based compensation expense		—		—		1,833		—			—			1,833
Unrealized gain on marketable securities		—		—		—		—			31			31
Net loss		—		—		—		(6,526	)		—			(6,526	)
Balances as of March 31, 2023		43,269,200	$	43	$	264,329	$	(158,131	)	$	—		$	106,241
Stock-based compensation expense		—		—		2,043		—			—			2,043
Unrealized gain on marketable securities		—		—		—		—			12			12
Net loss		—		—		—		(8,366	)					(8,366	)
Balances as of June 30, 2023		43,269,200	$	43	$	266,372	$	(166,497	)	$	12		$	99,930

										Accumulated
					Additional					Other			Total
	Common Stock				Paid-in		Accumulated			Comprehensive			Stockholders’
	Shares		Par Value		Capital		Deficit			Loss			Equity
Balances as of December 31, 2021		17,710,450	$	18	$	180,645	$	(116,250	)	$	—		$	64,413
Stock-based compensation expense		—		—		1,635		—			—			1,635
Net loss		—		—		—		(8,943	)		—			(8,943	)
Balances as of March 31, 2022		17,710,450	$	18	$	182,280	$	(125,193	)	$	—		$	57,105
Stock-based compensation expense		—		—		1,675		—			—			1,675
Unrealized loss on marketable securities		—		—		—		—			(57	)		(57	)
Net loss		—		—		—		(8,667	)		—			(8,667	)
Balances as of June 30, 2022		17,710,450	$	18	$	183,955	$	(133,860	)	$	(57	)	$	50,056

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

5

LARIMAR THERAPEUTICS, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(In thousands)

(Unaudited)

	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2023			2022
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net loss	$	(14,892	)	$	(17,610	)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Stock-based compensation expense		3,876			3,310
Non-cash lease expense		(51	)		(15	)
Depreciation expense		154			163
Amortization of premium on marketable securities		(645	)		(3	)
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		33			287
Accounts payable		658			(1,235	)
Accrued expenses		(4,043	)		64
Other assets		(6	)		20
Net cash used in operating activities:		(14,916	)		(15,019	)
Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchase of property and equipment		—			(100	)
Purchase of marketable securities		(9,847	)		(35,242	)
Maturities and sales of marketable securities		92,259			—
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities		82,412			(35,342	)
Cash flows from financing activities:		—			—
Net cash provided by financing activities		—			—
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash		67,496			(50,361	)
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period		28,164			71,436
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period	$	95,660		$	21,075

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

6

LARIMAR THERAPEUTICS, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Unaudited)

1.Description of Business and Basis of Presentation

Larimar Therapeutics, Inc., together with its subsidiary (the “Company” or “Larimar”), is a clinical-stage biotechnology company focused on developing treatments for patients suffering from complex rare diseases using its novel cell penetrating peptide technology platform. Larimar's lead product candidate, CTI-1601, is a subcutaneously administered, recombinant fusion protein intended to deliver human frataxin ("FXN"), an essential protein, to the mitochondria of patients with Friedreich’s ataxia ("FA"). FA is a rare, progressive and fatal disease in which patients are unable to produce sufficient FXN due to a genetic abnormality.

The Company has completed two phase 1 studies of CTI-1601 and the first cohort of a Phase 2 in patients with FA. In May 2021, after reporting positive top-line data from the Company’s Phase 1 FA program, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) placed a clinical hold on the Company’s CTI-1601 clinical program after the Company notified the Agency of mortalities at the highest dose levels of a 26-week non-human primate toxicology study that was designed to support extended dosing of patients with CTI-1601. In August 2022, the Company submitted a complete response to the clinical hold, following a Type C Meeting with the FDA, and proposed as CTI-1601’s next clinical trial a Phase 2, four-week, dose exploration study in FA patients starting at the lower dose levels tested in the Company’s Phase 1 multiple-ascending dose clinical trial. In September 2022, the FDA lifted its full clinical hold on the CTI-1601 program and imposed a partial clinical hold.

In May 2023, the Company announced top-line data from its completed a 25 mg cohort of a Phase 2, four-week, dose exploration trial of CTI-1601 in patients with FA and provided a complete response to the FDA in June 2023, which included unblinded safety, pharmacokinetic ("PK"), and pharmacodynamic data from the Phase 2 trial’s completed 25 mg cohort. Data from the completed 25 mg cohort (n = 13) indicated that CTI-1601 was generally well tolerated and showed increases in FXN levels from baseline compared to placebo in all evaluated tissues (skin and buccal cells) at day 14 (the final day of daily dosing in the trial). In June 2023, the Company met with the FDA. Following that meeting, the Company submitted a complete response to the FDA’s partial clinical hold that included unblinded safety, pharmacokinetic (“PK”) and frataxin data from the Phase 2 trial’s completed 25 mg cohort.

In July 2023, the FDA cleared the Company’s four-week, placebo-controlled, Phase 2 dose exploration trial of CTI-1601 in patients with FA to proceed to a 50 mg cohort in which participants will be dosed daily for the first 14 days, and then every other day until day 28. Additionally, the FDA cleared for initiation the Company’s open label extension (“OLE”) trial in which participants will receive 25 mg of CTI-1601 daily. Further dose escalation in the Phase 2 and OLE trials and the initiation of additional U.S. clinical trials evaluating CTI-1601 are contingent on FDA review of results from the Phase 2 trial’s 50 mg cohort in accordance with a partial clinical hold.

The Company is subject to risks and uncertainties common to pre-commercial companies in the biotechnology industry, including, but not limited to, development and commercialization by competitors of new technological innovations, dependence on key personnel, protection of proprietary technology, compliance with governmental regulations, failure to secure regulatory approval for its drug candidates or any other product candidates and the ability to secure additional capital to fund its operations. Product candidates currently under development will require extensive non-clinical and clinical testing and regulatory approval prior to commercialization. These efforts require significant amounts of additional capital, adequate personnel, infrastructure and extensive compliance-reporting capabilities. Even if the Company's drug development efforts are successful, it is uncertain when, if ever, it will realize significant revenue from product sales.
 

Basis of Presentation

The condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Larimar and its wholly owned subsidiary. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated. The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with Generally Accepted Accounting Principles ("GAAP").

The condensed consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2022 was derived from the Company’s audited financial statements but does not include all disclosures required by GAAP. The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements as of June 30, 2023 and for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, have been prepared by the Company pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) for interim financial statements. Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP have been condensed or omitted pursuant to such rules and regulations. However, the Company believes that the disclosures are adequate to make the

7

information presented not misleading. These condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the Company’s audited consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto for the year ended December 31, 2022 included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 14, 2023 and the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the SEC on May 15, 2023.

In the opinion of management, all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring adjustments necessary for a fair statement of the Company’s condensed consolidated financial position as of June 30, 2023, condensed consolidated results of operations for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 and condensed consolidated statement of cash flows for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 have been made. The results of operations for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 are not necessarily indicative of the results of operations that may be expected for the year ending December 31, 2023.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

The Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements have been presented on the basis that it will continue as a going concern, which contemplates the realization of assets and satisfaction of liabilities in the normal course of business.

Since its inception, the Company has incurred significant recurring operating losses and negative cash flows from operations. The Company has incurred net losses of $14.9 million and $17.6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. In addition, as of June 30, 2023, the Company had an accumulated deficit of $166.5 million. The Company expects to continue to generate operating losses for the foreseeable future. As of June 30, 2023, the Company had approximately $104.2 million of cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities available for use to fund its operations and capital requirements.

The Company has funded its operations to date primarily with proceeds from sales of common stock and proceeds from the sale of prefunded warrants for the purchase of common stock, the acquisition in 2020 of cash, cash equivalents, marketable securities and restricted cash upon the merger with Zafgen, Inc. ("Zafgen") and, prior to the 2020 merger with Zafgen, capital contributions from Chondrial Holdings, LLC.

In accordance with Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2014-15, "Disclosure of Uncertainties about an Entity’s Ability to Continue as a Going Concern", the Company has evaluated whether there are certain conditions and events, considered in the aggregate, that raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date that these condensed consolidated financial statements are issued. As of the issuance date of these condensed consolidated financial statements, the Company expects its cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities will be sufficient to fund its forecasted operating expenses and capital expenditure requirements, for at least twelve months from the issuance of these condensed consolidated financial statements. If the timing of the Company's clinical assumptions are delayed or if there are other forecasted assumption changes that negatively impact its operating plan, the Company could reduce expenditures in order to further extend cash resources.

The Company has not yet commercialized any products and does not expect to generate revenue from the commercial sale of any products for several years, if at all. The Company expects that its research and development and general and administrative expenses will continue to increase and, as a result, that it will need additional capital to fund its future operating and capital requirements. Unless and until the Company can generate substantial revenue, management continuously evaluates different strategies to obtain the required funding for future operations. These strategies include seeking additional funding through a combination of public or private equity offerings, debt financings, collaborations and licensing arrangements, strategic partnerships with pharmaceutical and/or larger biotechnology companies, or other sources. The incurrence of indebtedness would result in increased fixed payment obligations and the Company may be required to agree to certain restrictive covenants, such as limitations on its ability to incur additional debt, limitations on its ability to acquire, sell or license intellectual property rights, minimum required cash balances and other operating restrictions that could adversely impact the Company's ability to conduct its business. Any additional fundraising efforts may divert the Company's management from their day-to-day activities, which may adversely affect its ability to develop and commercialize its product candidates.

There can be no assurance that the Company will be able to raise sufficient additional capital on acceptable terms, if at all. If such additional financing is not available on satisfactory terms, or is not available in sufficient amounts, or if the Company does not have sufficient authorized shares, the Company may be required to delay, limit, or eliminate the development of business opportunities and its ability to achieve its business objectives, its competitiveness, and its business, financial condition, and results of operations will be materially adversely affected.

8

The Company could also be required to seek funds through arrangements with collaborative partners or otherwise at an earlier stage than otherwise would be desirable and it may be required to relinquish rights to some of its technologies or product candidates or otherwise agree to terms unfavorable to it, any of which may have a material adverse effect on the Company's business, operating results and prospects. In addition, geopolitical tensions, volatility of capital markets, and other adverse macroeconomic events, including those due to inflationary pressures, rising interest rates, bank instability and the ability of the U.S. government to manage federal debt limits as well as the potential impact of other health crises on the global financial markets may reduce the Company's ability to access capital, which could negatively affect its liquidity and ability to continue as a going concern.

If the Company is unable to obtain sufficient funding when needed and/or on acceptable terms, the Company may be required to significantly curtail, delay or discontinue one or more of its research and development programs, the manufacture of clinical and commercial supplies, product portfolio expansion or pre commercialization efforts, which could adversely affect its business prospects, or the Company may be unable to continue operations.

2.Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Use of Estimates

The preparation of condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of expenses during the reporting period. Significant estimates and assumptions reflected in these condensed consolidated financial statements include, but are not limited to, the accrual of research and development expense, the recording as prepaid expense of payments made in advance of the actual provision of goods or services, valuation of stock-based awards and valuation of leases. Due to inherent uncertainty involved in making estimates, actual results reported in future periods may be affected by changes in these estimates. On an ongoing basis, the Company evaluates its estimates and assumptions.

Research and Development Costs

Costs associated with internal research and development and external research and development services, including drug development, clinical studies and non-clinical studies, are expensed as incurred. Research and development expenses include costs for salaries, employee benefits, subcontractors, stock-based compensation, facility-related expenses, third-party license fees, laboratory supplies, and external costs of outside vendors engaged to conduct discovery, non-clinical and clinical development activities, and clinical trials as well as to manufacture clinical trial materials, depreciation and other costs. The Company recognizes external research and development costs based on an evaluation of the progress to completion of specific tasks using information provided to the Company by its service providers.

Nonrefundable advance payments for goods or services to be received in the future for use in research and development activities are recorded as prepaid expenses. Such prepaid expenses are recognized as an expense when the goods have been delivered or the related services have been performed, or when it is no longer expected that the goods will be delivered, or the services rendered.

Upfront payments, milestone payments and annual maintenance fees under license agreements are currently expensed in the period in which they are incurred.

Patent Costs

All patent-related costs incurred in connection with filing and prosecuting patent applications are expensed as incurred due to the uncertainty about the recovery of the expenditure. Amounts incurred are classified as general and administrative expenses.

Stock-Based Compensation

The Company measures all stock-based awards granted to employees and directors based on the fair value on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. Compensation expense of those awards is recognized over the requisite service period, which is the vesting period of the respective award. Typically, the Company issues awards with only service-based vesting conditions and records the expense for these awards using the straight-line method. The Company accounts for forfeitures as they occur.

The Company classifies stock-based compensation expense in its condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss in the same manner in which the award recipient’s payroll costs are classified or in which the award recipient’s service payments are classified.

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Prior to May 28, 2020, the Company had been a private company and lacked company-specific historical and implied volatility information for its common stock. Prior to January 1, 2023, the Company estimated its expected common stock price volatility solely based on the historical volatility of publicly traded peer companies. Beginning on January 1, 2023, based on the availability of sufficient historical trading data of the Company's own common stock on the Nasdaq Global Market to calculate accurately its volatility, the Company began blending its volatility starting from June 2020 (following its merger with Zafgen in 2020) to the date of each stock-based award, and weighing the volatility of its peer group for the amount of time from May 31, 2020 backwards so that the blended volatility equals the expected term of the related stock-based award. The expected term of the Company’s stock options has been determined utilizing the “simplified” method for awards that qualify as “plain-vanilla” options. The risk-free interest rate is determined by reference to the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant of the award for time periods approximately equal to the expected term of the award. The expected dividend yield considers the fact that the Company has never paid cash dividends on common stock and does not expect to pay any cash dividends in the foreseeable future.

Net Loss Per Share

Basic net loss per share is computed by dividing the net loss attributable to common stockholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the period. Basic shares outstanding includes the weighted average effect of the Company’s prefunded warrants issued in June 2020, the exercise of which requires little or no consideration for the delivery of shares of common stock. Basic and diluted weighted average shares of common stock outstanding for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 includes the weighted average effect of 628,403 prefunded warrants for the purchase of shares of common stock, for which the remaining unfunded exercise price is $0.01 per share.

Diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders is computed by dividing the diluted net loss attributable to common stockholders by the weighted average number of common shares, including potentially dilutive common stock equivalents assuming the dilutive effect of outstanding stock options, outstanding restricted stock units, and unvested restricted common shares, as determined using the treasury stock method. For periods in which the Company has reported net losses (all periods since inception), diluted net loss per common share attributable to common stockholders is the same as basic net loss per common share attributable to common stockholders, since dilutive common stock equivalents are not assumed to have been issued if their effect is antidilutive.

The Company excluded 5,129,327 and 3,130,370 common stock equivalents outstanding as of June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, from the computation of diluted net loss per share for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 because they had an anti-dilutive impact due to the net loss incurred for the periods presented.

Recently Issued and Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

From time to time, new accounting guidance is issued by the FASB or other standard setting bodies that is adopted by us as of the effective date or, in some cases where early adoption is permitted, in advance of the effective date. We have assessed the recently issued guidance that is not yet effective and believe the new guidance will not have a material impact on the condensed consolidated results of operations, cash flows or financial position.

3.Fair Value Measurements and Marketable Securities

Fair Value Measurements

The Company’s assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 are measured in accordance with the standards of ASC 820, "Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures", which establishes a three-level valuation hierarchy for measuring fair value and expands financial statement disclosures about fair value measurements. The valuation hierarchy is based on the transparency of inputs to the valuation of an asset or liability as of the measurement date. The three levels are defined as follows:

Level – 1	Inputs to the valuation methodology are quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets.
Level – 2	Inputs to the valuation methodology include quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, and inputs that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the financial instrument.
Level – 3	Inputs to the valuation methodology are unobservable and significant to the fair value measurement.

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The Company’s financial instruments consist primarily of cash, cash equivalents, marketable securities, accounts payable and accrued liabilities. For accounts payable and accrued liabilities, the carrying amounts of these financial instruments as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 were considered representative of their fair values due to their short term to maturity.

The following tables summarize the Company’s cash equivalents and marketable securities as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

	Total		Quoted Prices in Active Markets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
	(in thousands)
June 30, 2023
Cash equivalents:
Money market funds invested in government securities	$	58,729	$	58,729	$	—	$	—
U.S Treasury bills		25,758		25,758		—		—
Corporate bonds		7,889		—		7,889		—
Total cash equivalents		92,376		84,487		7,889		—
Marketable securities:
U.S Treasury bills		9,879		9,879		—		—
Total marketable securities		9,879		9,879		—		—
Total cash equivalents and marketable securities	$	102,255	$	94,366	$	7,889	$	—
December 31, 2022
Cash equivalents:
Money market funds invested in government securities	$	22,184	$	22,184	$	—	$	—
Total cash equivalents		22,184		22,184		—		—
Marketable securities:
U.S Government and agency securities		91,603		—		91,603		—
Total marketable securities		91,603		—		91,603		—
Total cash equivalents and marketable securities	$	113,787	$	22,184	$	91,603	$	—

The accrued interest receivable related to the Company’s investments was $0.3 million and $0.1 million as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, and is included in prepaid expenses and other current assets on the condensed consolidated balance sheet.
 

The Company classifies its money market funds and U.S. treasury bills, which are valued based on quoted market prices in active markets with no valuation adjustment, as Level 1 assets within the fair value hierarchy.

The Company classifies its investments in U.S. government and agency securities, corporate commercial paper, and corporate bonds, if any, as Level 2 assets within the fair value hierarchy. The fair values of these investments are estimated by taking into consideration valuations obtained from third-party pricing services. The pricing services utilize industry standard valuation models, including both income- and market-based approaches, for which all significant inputs are observable, either directly or indirectly, to estimate fair value. These inputs include reported trades of and broker/dealer quotes on the same or similar securities, issuer credit spreads, benchmark securities, prepayment/default projections based on historical data and other observable inputs.

As of December 31, 2022, the unrealized losses for available-for-sale investments were non-credit related, and the Company does not intend to sell the investments that were in an unrealized loss position, nor will it be required to sell those investments before recovery of their amortized cost basis, which may be maturity. As of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, no allowances for credit losses for the Company’s investments were recorded. During the

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three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, the Company did not recognize any impairment losses related to investments.

Marketable securities

The following table summarizes the Company's marketable securities as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses			Fair Value
	(in thousands)
June 30, 2023
Assets:
U.S Treasury bills	$	9,876	$	3	$	—		$	9,879
Total marketable securities	$	9,876	$	3	$	—		$	9,879
December 31, 2022
Assets:
U.S Government and agency securities	$	91,634	$	12	$	(43	)	$	91,603
Total marketable securities	$	91,634	$	12	$	(43	)	$	91,603

4.Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets

Prepaid expenses and other current assets consisted of the following:

	June 30,		December 31,
	2023		2022
	(in thousands)
Prepaid research and development expenses	$	1,640	$	1,394
Prepaid insurance		152		679
Other prepaid expenses and other assets		486		238
	$	2,278	$	2,311

5.Fixed Assets

Fixed assets, net consisted of the following:

		June 30,			December 31,
	Useful Life	2023			2022
		(in thousands)
Computer equipment	5 years	$	66		$	66
Lab equipment	5 years		1,192			1,192
Furniture and fixtures	7 years		456			456
Leasehold improvements	lease term		31			31
			1,745			1,745
Less: Accumulated depreciation			(1,068	)		(914	)
		$	677		$	831

Depreciation expense was $0.1 million and $0.2 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, respectively. Depreciation expense was $0.1 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, respectively. In addition, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, there was less than $0.1 million and $0.1 million, respectively, of depreciation related to sublet assets recorded as other expense. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, there was less than $0.1 million and $0.1 million, respectively, of depreciation related to sublet assets recorded as other expense.

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6.Accrued Expenses

	June 30,		December 31,
	2023		2022
	(in thousands)
Accrued research and development expenses	$	2,484	$	5,921
Accrued payroll and related expenses		1,046		2,046
Accrued other		835		441
	$	4,365	$	8,408

7.Stockholders’ Equity and Stock Options

Common Stock and Prefunded Warrants

On May 28, 2020, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement with certain accredited investors (the “Purchasers”) for the sale by the Company in a private placement of 6,105,359 shares of the Company’s common stock and prefunded warrants to purchase an aggregate of 628,403 shares of the Company’s common stock, for a price of $11.88 per share of the common stock and $11.87 per prefunded warrant. The prefunded warrants are exercisable at an exercise price of $0.01 and are exercisable indefinitely. The Purchasers may exercise the prefunded warrants on a cashless basis in the event that there is no effective registration statement covering the resale of the shares of common stock underlying the prefunded warrants on the date in which the Company is required to deliver the shares. The private placement closed on June 1, 2020. The aggregate gross proceeds for the issuance and sale of the common stock and prefunded warrants were $80.0 million; transaction costs totaled $4.6 million and resulted in net proceeds of $75.4 million. The Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-3, filed with the SEC on June 26, 2020, registered the resale of 6,105,359 shares of common stock sold and the 628,403 shares of common stock underlying the prefunded warrants. MTS Health Partners served as placement agent to the Company in connection with the private placement. As partial compensation for these services, the Company issued MTS Health Partners 35,260 shares of common stock.

As of June 30, 2023, the Company’s Certificate of Incorporation, as amended and restated, authorized the Company to issue up to 115,000,000 shares of $0.001 par value common stock, of which 43,269,200 shares were issued and outstanding, and up to 5,000,000 shares of $0.001 par value undesignated preferred stock, of which no shares were issued or outstanding. The voting, dividend, and liquidation rights of the holders of the Company’s common stock are subject to and qualified by the rights, powers, and preferences of the holders of the preferred stock, if any. Each share of common stock entitles the holder to one vote on all matters submitted to a vote of the Company’s stockholders. Common stockholders are entitled to receive dividends, as may be declared by the board of directors of the Company (the “Board”), if any. No cash dividends have been declared or paid to date.

In September 2022, the Company sold 25,558,750 shares of common stock at a public offering price of $3.15 per share and received net proceeds, net of underwriting discounts and commissions and offering costs of $75.2 million.
 

2022 ATM Agreement

On November 10, 2022, the Company entered into a sales agreement (the "ATM Agreement") with Guggenheim Securities, LLC in connection with the establishment of an “at-the-market” offering program under which the Company may sell up to an aggregate of $50.0 million of shares of common stock (the “ATM Shares”) from time to time.

Under the ATM Agreement, the Company sets the parameters for the sale of ATM Shares, including the number of ATM Shares to be issued, the time period during which sales are requested to be made, limitations on the number of ATM Shares that may be sold in any one trading day and any minimum price below which sales may not be made. Sales of the ATM Shares, if any, under the ATM Agreement may be made in transactions that are deemed to be “at-the-market offerings” as defined in Rule 415 under the Securities Act. The Company pays its investment bank a commission equal to 3.0% of the gross proceeds of any ATM Shares sold through its investment bank under the ATM Agreement and reimburses the investment bank for certain specified expenses. The ATM Agreement contains customary representations, warranties and agreements by the Company, indemnification obligations of the Company and its investment bank, other customary obligations of the parties and termination provisions. The Company has no obligation to sell any of the ATM Shares and may at any time suspend offers under the ATM Agreement.

The ATM Shares will be offered and sold pursuant to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-3, filed by the Company on November 10, 2022 and effective as of November 21, 2022 (the “Registration Statement”), and the sales agreement prospectus that forms a part of such Registration Statement. As of the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, no ATM Shares have been sold pursuant to the ATM Agreement.

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2020 Equity Incentive Plan

The Board adopted the 2020 Equity Incentive Plan (the "2020 Plan") on July 16, 2020 and the stockholders of the Company approved the 2020 Plan on September 29, 2020. The 2020 Plan replaces the predecessor plans (the "Prior Plans") that the Company assumed following its merger with Zafgen in May 2020. Options outstanding under the Prior Plans will remain outstanding, unchanged, and subject to the terms of the Prior Plans and the respective award agreements, and no further awards will be made under the Prior Plans. However, if any award previously granted under the Prior Plans, expires, terminates, is canceled, or is forfeited for any reason after the approval of the 2020 Plan, the shares subject to that award will be added to the 2020 Plan share pool so that they can be utilized for new grants under the 2020 Plan.

The 2020 Plan provides for the grant of incentive stock options (“ISOs”), nonstatutory stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock awards, restricted stock unit ("RSU") awards, and cash or other stock-based awards. ISOs may be granted only to the Company’s employees, including the Company’s officers, and the Company's employees, as well as officers and employees of its affiliates. All other awards may be granted to the Company’s employees, including the Company’s officers, the Company’s non-employee directors and consultants, and the employees and consultants of the Company’s affiliates.

The maximum number of shares that may be issued in respect of any awards under the 2020 Plan is the sum of: (i) 1,700,000 shares plus (ii) an annual increase on January 1, 2021 and each anniversary of such date thereafter through January 1, 2030, equal to the lesser of (A) 4% of the shares issued and outstanding on the last day of the immediately preceding fiscal year, or (B) such smaller number of shares as determined by the Board (collectively, the “Plan Limit”). The maximum aggregate number of shares that may be issued under the 2020 Plan is 8,000,000 over the ten-year term of the 2020 Plan.

As permitted by the 2020 Plan, the Company added 1,730,768 and 708,418 shares available for grant to the 2020 Plan on January 1, 2023 and January 1, 2022, respectively. As of June 30, 2023, 906,429 shares of common stock were available for grant under the 2020 Plan.

Stock Option Valuation

The following table presents, on a weighted average basis, the assumptions used in the Black-Scholes option-pricing model to determine the grant-date fair value of stock options granted to employees:

	June 30,
	2023
Risk-free interest rate	3.64%
Expected term (in years)	6.23
Expected volatility	94%
Dividend yield	0.00%

Stock Options

The following table summarizes the Company’s stock option activity for the six months ended June 30, 2023 (amounts in millions, except for share, contractual term, and per share data):

				Weighted		Weighted Average		Aggregate
				Average		Remaining		Intrinsic
	Number of			Exercise		Contractual		Value (a)
	Shares			Price		Term (in years)		(in millions)
Outstanding as of December 31, 2022		3,071,528		$	12.13		7.6
Options granted		1,473,200			4.93
Options forfeited/expired		(61,401	)		11.53
Outstanding as of June 30, 2023		4,483,327		$	9.78		7.9	$	0.1
Exercisable as of June 30, 2023		1,965,860		$	13.08		6.5	$	—
Vested and expected to vest as of June 30, 2023		4,483,327		$	9.78		7.9	$	0.1

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(a)The aggregate intrinsic value is calculated as the difference between the exercise price of the underlying options and the fair value of the common stock for the options that were "in the money" at June 30, 2023.

Option Grants

During the six months ended June 30, 2023, the Company granted options to purchase 1,293,200 shares of common stock to employees under the 2020 Plan. The options have an exercise price equal to the closing stock price as of the grant date, and vest over four years, with 25% vesting on the first anniversary of the grant and the remainder vesting in equal monthly installments thereafter. The weighted-average grant date fair value of options granted under the 2020 Plan during the six months ended June 30, 2023 was $3.77.

At December 31, 2022, the aggregate intrinsic value of outstanding options granted under the 2020 Plan was $0.3 million. As noted in the table above, the aggregate intrinsic value of outstanding options at June 30, 2023 was $0.1 million.

As of June 30, 2023, total unrecognized compensation expense related to unvested stock options granted under the 2020 Plan was $12.8 million, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 2.38 years.

Inducement Stock Option Grant

During the six months ended June 30, 2023, the Company granted options to purchase 180,000 shares of common stock granted outside of the 2020 Plan. This grant was made pursuant to the Nasdaq inducement grant exception in accordance with Nasdaq listing rule 5635(c)(4). The options issued under this inducement grant have an exercise price equal to the closing stock price as of the grant date, and vest over four years, with 25% vesting on the first anniversary of the grant and the remainder vesting in equal monthly installments thereafter. The weighted-average grant date fair value of options granted under this inducement grant during the six months ended June 30, 2023 was $4.62.

As of June 30, 2023, total unrecognized compensation expense related to unvested inducement options granted was $0.8 million, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 3.61 years.

Restricted Stock Units

In January 2023, RSUs were granted under the 2020 Plan to the Company's employees in order to maintain retention of key employees. The value of an RSU award is based on the Company's stock price on the date of the grant. The shares underlying the RSUs are not issued until the RSUs vest.

Activity with respect to the Company's RSUs during the six months ended June 30, 2023 was as follows (in millions, except share, contractual term, and per share data):

				Weighted		Weighted Average		Aggregate
				Average		Remaining		Intrinsic
	Number of			Grant Date		Contractual		Value (a)
	Shares			Fair Value		Term (in years)		(in millions)
Outstanding as of December 31, 2022		—		$			—
Restricted stock units granted		650,000			4.94
Restricted stock units forfeited		(4,000	)		4.94
Outstanding as of June 30, 2023		646,000		$	4.94		2.1	$	2.0
Unvested and expected to vest as of June 30, 2023		646,000		$	4.94		2.1	$	2.0

Restricted Stock Unit Grants

The RSUs vest annually over four years and have a weighted-average grant date fair value of $4.94 per unit.

As of June 30, 2023, total unrecognized compensation expense for RSUs was $2.9 million, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 3.59 years.

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Stock-Based Compensation

Stock-based compensation expense was classified in the condensed consolidated statements of operations as follows:

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Research and development	$	864	$	694	$	1,608	$	1,349
General and administrative		1,178		981		2,268		1,961
	$	2,042	$	1,675	$	3,876	$	3,310

8.Commitments and Contingencies

Intellectual Property Licenses

The Company is party to an exclusive License Agreement (the “WFUHS License”), dated November 30, 2016, as amended, with Wake Forest University Health Sciences (“WFUHS”) and an exclusive License Agreement (the “IU License”), dated November 30, 2016, as amended, with Indiana University (“IU”). Such agreements provide for a transferable, worldwide license to certain patent rights regarding technology used by the Company with respect to the development of CTI-1601. Both agreements continue from their effectve date through the last to expire of the applicable agreement's licensed patents unless earlier terminated by either party in accordance with their terms.

In partial consideration for the right and license granted under these agreements, the Company will pay each of WFUHS and IU a royalty of a low single digit percentage of net sales of licensed products depending on whether there is a valid patent covering such products. As additional consideration for these agreements, the Company is obligated to pay each of WFUHS and IU certain milestone payments of up to $2.6 million in the aggregate upon the achievement of certain developmental milestones, which commenced with the enrollment of the first patient in a Phase 1 clinical trial. The Company enrolled the first patient in its SAD trial on December 11, 2019 and paid WFUHS and IU less than $0.1 million. The Company will also pay each of WFUHS and IU sublicensing fees ranging from a high-single digit to a low double-digit percentage of sublicense consideration depending on the Company’s achievement of certain regulatory milestones as of the time of receipt of the sublicense consideration. The Company is also obligated to reimburse WFUHS and IU for patent-related expenses. In the event that the Company disputes the validity of any of the licensed patents, the royalty rate would be tripled during such dispute. The Company is also obligated to pay to IU a minimum annual royalty of less than $0.1 million per annum.

In the event that the Company is required to pay IU consideration, then the Company may deduct 20% of such IU consideration on a dollar-for-dollar basis from the consideration due to WFUHS. In the event that the Company is required to pay WFUHS consideration, then the Company may deduct 60% of such WFUHS consideration on a dollar-for-dollar basis from the consideration due to IU.

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In October 2022, the Company initiated dosing of a phase 2 study. Pursuant to the terms of both the WFUHS License and the IU License, the company recognized milestone expense of $0.3 million within research and development expenses.

Both agreements continue from their effective date through the last to expire of the licensed patents unless earlier terminated by either party in accordance with their terms.

Leases

On November 5, 2018, the Company entered into an operating lease for office and lab space in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, effective as of January 1, 2019, and expiring on December 31, 2020 with an option to extend the lease for two additional years. On August 4, 2020, the Company executed the first option to extend the lease for an additional year, expiring on December 31, 2021. On August 9, 2021, the Company executed the remaining option to extend the lease for an additional year, expiring on December 31, 2022. In January 2023, the Company executed an extension of this lease for an additional year, expiring on December 31, 2023. The Company has determined this lease extension qualifies as a short-term lease and have applied the accounting policy election to not record the related right-of-use asset and lease liabilities.

On August 8, 2019, the Company entered into an operating lease for office space in Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania, effective as of December 15, 2019, for a period of three years and six months with an option to extend the lease for three additional years. Due to required tenant improvements to be completed by the landlord, the Company did not take immediate possession of the leased property and the lease term commenced on February 15, 2020. On March 9, 2023, the Company executed the option to extend the lease for an additional three year term and to lease additional space. The lease term will commence on September 1, 2023 for both the extension of the current lease and the lease of additional operating space, no right of use asset or lease liability will be recorded until the lease commencement date.

On May 28, 2020, the Company acquired a non-cancellable operating lease for approximately 17,705 square feet of office space (the “Premises”). The lease expires on October 30, 2029. As part of the agreement, the Company is required to maintain a letter of credit, which upon signing was $1.3 million and is classified as restricted cash within the condensed consolidated financial statements. In addition to the base rent, the Company is also responsible for its share of operating expenses, electricity and real estate taxes, which costs are not included in the determination of the leases’ right-of-use assets or lease liabilities. The right-of-use asset is being amortized to other income/(expense) over the remaining lease term as a result of the sublease described below.

On October 27, 2020, the Company entered into a sublease agreement (the “Sublease”) with Massachusetts Municipal Association, Inc. (the “Subtenant”), whereby the Company sublet the entire Premises to the Subtenant. The initial term of the Sublease commenced on December 4, 2020 and continues until October 30, 2029. In connection with the Sublease, the Company evaluated the need for impairment under ASC 360 "Impairment Testing: Long-Lived Assets Classified as Held and Used," and determined there was no impairment.

The Sublease provided for an initial annual base rent of $0.8 million, which increases annually up to a maximum annual base rent of $1.0 million. The Subtenant also is responsible for paying to the Company future increases in operating costs (commencing on January 1, 2022), future increases in annual tax costs (commencing July 1, 2021) and all utility costs (commencing March 1, 2021) attributable to the Premises during the term of the Sublease. As part of the Sublease, the subtenant deposited a letter of credit in the amount of $0.8 million to assure their performance under the sublease. If there are no uncured events of default under the sublease, the amount of this security deposit decreases over time to $0.4 million on the sixth anniversary of the Sublease. The Company records sublease income on this sublease on a straight-line basis as a component of other income/(expense).

Expense arising from operating leases was $0.1 million and $0.2 million during the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, respectively. Expense arising from operating leases was $0.1 million and $0.2 million during the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, respectively. For operating leases, the weighted-average remaining lease term for leases at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 was 6.3 and 6.8 years, respectively. For operating leases, the weighted average discount rate for leases at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 was 11.0%. The Company has not entered into any financing leases.

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Maturities of lease liabilities due under these lease agreements as of June 30, 2023 are as follows:

	Operating
(in thousands)	Leases
Six months ending December 31, 2023	$	540
Year ended December 31, 2024		1,065
Year ended December 31, 2025		1,083
Year ended December 31, 2026		1,101
Year ended December 31, 2027		1,118
Thereafter		2,095
Total lease payments		7,002
Less: imputed interest		(1,925	)
Present value of lease liabilities	$	5,077

Legal Proceedings

The Company is not currently a party to any litigation, nor is management aware of any pending or threatened litigation against the Company, that it believes would materially affect the Company's business, operating results, financial condition or cash flows.

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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our condensed consolidated financial statements and related notes appearing elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (the “Quarterly Report”), and the audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto and management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2022 included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) on March 14, 2023 (the "2022 Annual Report") and our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the SEC on May 15, 2023. Some of the information contained in this discussion and analysis or set forth elsewhere in this Quarterly Report, including information with respect to our plans and strategy for our business, includes forward-looking statements that involve risks, uncertainties, and assumptions. These statements are based on our beliefs and expectations about future outcomes and are subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause our actual results to differ materially from anticipated results. We undertake no obligation to publicly update these forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise. You should read the “Risk Factors” section included in our 2022 Annual Report, in addition to the "Risk Factors" and “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” sections of this Quarterly Report for a discussion of important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from the results described in or implied by the forward-looking statements contained in the following discussion and analysis.

Overview

We are a clinical-stage biotechnology company focused on developing treatments for patients suffering from complex rare diseases using our novel cell penetrating peptide ("CPP") technology platform. Our lead product candidate, CTI-1601, is a subcutaneously administered, recombinant fusion protein intended to deliver frataxin ("FXN"), an essential protein, to the mitochondria of patients with Friedreich's ataxia (“FA”). FA is a rare, progressive, and fatal disease in which patients are unable to produce sufficient FXN due to a genetic abnormality. Currently, there are no treatment options that address the core deficit of FA, low levels of FXN. CTI-1601 represents the first potential therapy designed to increase FXN levels in patients with FA.

We believe that our CPP platform, which enables a therapeutic molecule to cross a cell membrane in order to reach intracellular targets, has the potential to enable the treatment of other rare and orphan diseases. We intend to use our proprietary platform to target additional orphan indications characterized by deficiencies in or alterations of intracellular content or activity.

Since our inception, we have devoted substantially all of our resources to developing CTI-1601, building our intellectual property portfolio, developing third-party manufacturing capabilities, business planning, raising capital, and providing general and administrative support for such operations.

CTI-1601 Program Update

We have completed two phase 1 clinical trials of CTI-1601 and the first cohort of a phase 2 trial in patients with FA:

•In May 2021, we reported positive top-line data from our Phase 1 FA program after completing dosing of the single ascending dose ("SAD") trial in December 2020 and of the multiple ascending dose ("MAD") trial in March 2021. Data from these trials demonstrate proof-of-concept by showing that daily subcutaneous injections of CTI-1601 for up to 13 days resulted in dose-dependent increases in FXN levels from baseline compared to placebo in all evaluated tissues (buccal cells, skin, and platelets). FXN levels achieved in peripheral tissues (buccal cells) following daily 50 mg and 100 mg subcutaneous injections of CTI-1601 were at or in excess of FXN levels that would be expected in phenotypically normal heterozygous carriers. There were no serious adverse events associated with either the MAD or SAD trials.

•In May 2023, we reported preliminary unblinded top-line data from the 25 mg cohort of our Phase 2 four-week, placebo-controlled, dose exploration trial of CTI-1601 in FA patients. Data from the cohort indicate CTI-1601 was generally well tolerated and showed increases in FXN levels from baseline compared to placebo in all evaluated tissues (skin and buccal cells) at day 14.

From May 2021 through July 2023, we have had ongoing interactions and discussions with the FDA regarding the clinical development of CTI-1601:

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•In May 2021, the FDA placed a clinical hold on our CTI-1601 clinical program after we notified the agency of mortalities at the highest dose levels of a 26-week non-human ("NHP") toxicology study that was designed to support extended dosing of patients with CTI-1601. At the time the hold was placed, we had no interventional clinical trials with patients enrolling or enrolled.

•In February 2022, in response to the complete response we submitted to the FDA, the FDA stated that it was maintaining the clinical hold and that additional data were needed to resolve the clinical hold. We subsequently submitted a request to the FDA for a Type C meeting, which was granted and held in July 2022. We submitted a complete response incorporating additional information requested by the FDA at the meeting as well as information on the proposed study in August 2022.

•In September 2022, following the Type C meeting and the submission of the Company's complete response, the FDA allowed the 25 mg cohort of a Phase 2, four-week, placebo-controlled, dose exploration trial of CTI-1601 in FA patients discussed above to proceed. In connection with this decision, the FDA lifted its full clinical hold on the CTI-1601 clinical development program and imposed a partial clinical hold.

•In June 2023 we met with the Agency. Following that meeting, we submitted a complete response to the FDA’s partial clinical hold that included unblinded safety, pharmacokinetic (“PK”) and frataxin data from the Phase 2 trial’s completed 25 mg cohort.

•Following the FDA’s review of our complete response, in July 2023, the FDA cleared initiation of a second cohort of our four-week, placebo-controlled, Phase 2 dose exploration trial of CTI-1601 in patients with FA to proceed to a 50 mg cohort in which participants will be dosed daily for the first 14 days, and then every other day until day 28. This second cohort is designed to further characterize CTI-1601’s safety, PK and pharmacodynamic profiles. We expect to report data from the Phase 2 trial’s 50 mg cohort in the first half of 2024. In addition, the FDA cleared for initiation our open label extension (“OLE”) trial in which participants will receive 25 mg of CTI-1601 daily. Participants who complete treatment in the first or second cohort of our Phase 2 dose exploration trial, or who previously participated in and completed a prior phase 1 clinical trial of CTI-1601, are eligible to screen for this OLE trial. The OLE trial is expected to begin in the first quarter of 2024 with interim data expected in the last quarter of 2024. Further dose escalation in the Phase 2 and OLE trials and the initiation of additional U.S. clinical trials evaluating CTI-1601 are contingent on FDA review of results from the Phase 2 trial’s 50 mg cohort in accordance with a partial clinical hold.

CTI-1601 has been granted Orphan Drug (U.S. and Europe), Rare Pediatric Disease (U.S.), Fast Track (U.S.), and PRIME (Europe) designations for FA. We have also begun to engage with regulators and investigators outside the U.S. as we prepare to expand our clinical program to additional geographies. With approximately 75% of individuals with FA living outside the U.S., establishing global clinical trial capabilities is important for addressing the pressing unmet needs of the FA community.
 

Financing Activities

We have funded our operations to date primarily with proceeds from sales of common stock, proceeds from the sale of prefunded warrants for the purchase of common stock, the acquisition in 2020 of cash, cash equivalents, marketable securities and restricted cash upon the merger with Zafgen, Inc. ("Zafgen") and, prior to the 2020 merger with Zafgen, capital contributions from Chondrial Holdings, LLC.

In September 2022, we sold 25,558,750 shares of common stock in an underwritten offering for net proceeds of $75.2 million, after issuance costs.

In November 2022, we entered into a Sales Agreement (the "ATM Agreement") with an investment bank in connection with the establishment of an “at-the-market” offering program providing for the sale of up to an aggregate of $50.0 million of shares of our common stock from time to time through this investment bank as sales agent. To date, we have made no sales under this ATM agreement.

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Financial Operations Overview

Revenue

To date, we have not generated any revenue from product sales, and do not expect to generate any revenue from the sale of products in the foreseeable future. If our development efforts result in clinical success and regulatory approval or collaboration agreements with third parties for our product candidates, we may generate revenue from those product candidates or collaborations.

Operating Expenses

The majority of our operating expenses since inception have consisted primarily of research and development and general and administrative costs.

Research and Development Expenses

Research and development expenses consist primarily of costs associated with our product research and development efforts and are expensed as incurred. Research and development expenses consist primarily of:

•third-party contract costs relating to research, formulation, manufacturing, non-clinical studies, and clinical trial activities;

•employee related costs, including cash compensation, benefits and stock-based compensation expenses for employees engaged in scientific research and development functions;

•external costs of outside consultants and vendors;

•payments made under our third-party licensing agreements;

•laboratory consumables; and

•allocated facility-related costs.

At this time, we cannot reasonably estimate or know the nature, timing and estimated costs of the efforts that will be necessary to complete the clinical and commercial development of CTI-1601 or any other product candidates we may develop. We are also unable to predict when, if ever, material net cash inflows will commence from sales of our product candidates. The duration, costs, and timing of clinical trials and development of CTI-1601 or any other product candidates we develop will depend on a variety of factors, including:

•the scope, rate of progress and expense of clinical trials and other research and development activities;

•clinical trial results;

•uncertainties in clinical trial enrollment rate or design;

•significant and changing government regulation;

•the timing and receipt of any regulatory approvals;

•the influence of the FDA or other regulatory authorities on our clinical trial design and timing;

•our ability to expand or establish new manufacturing capabilities or making arrangements with third-party manufacturers and risks involved with development of manufacturing processes, FDA pre-approval inspection practices and successful completion of manufacturing batches for clinical development and other regulatory purposes;

•liquidity constraints, failure and instability of the U.S. and international banking systems, including possible impacts of a default by the U.S. government on its debt obligation, which could have broad macroeconomic effects that could, among other things, disrupt access to capital markets and deepen recessionary conditions;

•our ability to obtain and maintain patent and trade secret protection and regulatory exclusivity for our product candidates; and

•our ability to recruit and retain key research and development personnel.

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A change in the outcome of any of these variables with respect to the development of a product candidate could significantly change the costs, timing and viability associated with the development of that product candidate. For example, if the FDA or another regulatory authority were to require us to conduct additional non-clinical or clinical trials beyond those that we currently anticipate will be required for clinical development of a product candidate, or if we experience significant delays in enrollment in any of our clinical trials, we could be required to expend significant additional financial resources and time on clinical development.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses consist primarily of personnel costs, composed of cash compensation, related benefits and stock-based compensation, costs related to our executive, finance, information technology, and costs related to other administrative functions. General and administrative expenses also include insurance expenses and professional fees for auditing, tax, and legal services, including legal expenses to pursue patent protection for our intellectual property. We expect that our general and administrative expenses will increase in the foreseeable future as we hire additional employees to implement, improve and scale our operational, financial, commercial and management systems.

Critical Accounting Policies and Significant Judgments and Estimates

Our condensed consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with GAAP. The preparation of our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amount of assets, liabilities, costs and expenses, and related disclosures. We believe that the estimates and assumptions involved in the accounting policies described below may have the greatest potential impact on our consolidated financial statements and, therefore, consider these to be our critical accounting policies. We evaluate these estimates and assumptions on an ongoing basis. Our actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions and conditions.

Research and Development Expense

Costs for certain research and development activities, such as manufacturing, non-clinical studies and clinical trials are generally recognized based on the evaluation of the progress of completion of specific tasks using information and data provided by our vendors and collaborators, and accordingly, are considered an area of significant judgement and management's review of manufacturing, nonclinical and clinical expenses. This process involves reviewing open contracts and purchase orders, communicating with our personnel and outside vendors to identify services that have been performed on our behalf and estimating the level of service performed and the associated costs incurred for the services when we have not yet been invoiced or otherwise notified of the actual costs. We work with vendors and suppliers to ensure that our estimates of our research and development expenses are reasonable. We expect to increase our investment in research and development in order to advance CTI-1601 through additional clinical trials. As a result, we expect that our research and development expenses will increase in the foreseeable future as we pursue clinical development of CTI-1601 and/or any other product candidates we develop.

Stock Compensation Expense

We measure all stock-based awards granted to employees and directors based on the fair value on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The Black-Scholes option-pricing model requires the use of highly subjective assumptions which determine the fair value of stock-based awards. The assumptions used in our option-pricing model represent management’s best estimates. These estimates are complex, involve a number of variables, uncertainties and assumptions and the application of management’s judgment, and thus are inherently subjective. If factors change and different assumptions are used, our stock-based compensation expense could be materially different in the future.

Prior to May 28, 2020, we were a private company and lacked company-specific historical and implied volatility information for our common stock. Prior to January 1, 2023, the Company estimated its expected common stock price volatility solely based on the historical volatility of publicly traded peer companies with comparable characteristics including enterprise value, risk profiles and position within the industry. Beginning on January 1, 2023, the Company began blending it historical data starting in June 2020 (following its merger with Zafgen in 2020) with its historical peer group. We regularly evaluate our peer group to assess changes in circumstances where identified companies may no longer be similar to us, in which case, more suitable companies whose share prices are

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publicly available would be utilized in the calculation. We expect to continue to do so until we have full historical data regarding the volatility of our own traded stock price.

The expected term of our stock options has been determined utilizing the “simplified” method for awards that qualify as “plain-vanilla” options. The risk-free interest rate is determined by reference to the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant of the award for time periods approximately equal to the expected term of the award. The expected dividend yield considers the fact that we have never paid cash dividends on common stock and do not expect to pay any cash dividends in the foreseeable future.

Compensation expense of those awards is recognized over the requisite service period, which is generally the vesting period of the respective award. Typically, we issue awards with only service-based vesting conditions and record the expense for these awards using the straight-line method. We account for forfeitures as they occur.

We classify stock-based compensation expense in our condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss in the same manner in which the award recipient’s payroll costs are classified or in which the award recipient’s service payments are classified.

Results of Operations

Comparison of three months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022

The following table summarizes our results of operations for the three months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022:

	Three Months Ended June 30,
							Increase
	2023			2022			(Decrease)
	(in thousands)
Statement of Operations Data:
Operating expenses:
Research and development	$	5,875		$	5,644		$	231
General and administrative		3,745			3,043			702
Total operating expenses		9,620			8,687			933
Loss from operations		(9,620	)		(8,687	)		(933	)
Other income (expense), net		1,254			20			1,234
Net loss	$	(8,366	)	$	(8,667	)	$	301

Research and development expenses

Research and development expenses for the three months ended June 30, 2023 increased $0.2 million compared to the three months ended June 30, 2022. The increase in research and development expenses was primarily driven by an increase of $0.5 million in test method development and optimization, an increase of $0.4 million in personnel related costs, an increase of $0.2 million in stock-based compensation expense associated with stock option grants made in 2022 and 2023, partially offset by a decrease of $1.1 million in clinical supply manufacturing costs.

General and administrative expenses

General and administrative expenses for the three months ended June 30, 2023 increased $0.7 million compared to the three months ended June 30, 2022. The increase in general and administrative expense was primarily driven by an increase of $0.3 million of professional fees primarily related to increased legal expense, an increase of $0.2 million in stock-based compensation expense associated with stock option grants made in 2022 and 2023 and an increase of $0.2 million in personnel related costs related to increases in headcount.

Other income (expense), net

Other income (expense), net was $1.3 million of income in the three months ended June 30, 2023 compared to less than $0.1 million in the three months ended June 30, 2022. The increase primarily relates to interest income on a higher investment base and higher interest rates on that base during the period.

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Results of Operations

Comparison of six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022

The following table summarizes our results of operations for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022:

	Six Months Ended June 30,
							Increase
	2023			2022			(Decrease)
	(in thousands)
Statement of Operations Data:
Operating expenses:
Research and development	$	10,437		$	11,450		$	(1,013	)
General and administrative		6,820			6,124			696
Total operating expenses		17,257			17,574			(317	)
Loss from operations		(17,257	)		(17,574	)		317
Other income (expense), net		2,365			(36	)		2,401
Net loss	$	(14,892	)	$	(17,610	)	$	2,718

Research and development expenses

Research and development expenses for the six months ended June 30, 2023 decreased $1.0 million compared to the six months ended June 30, 2022. The decrease in research and development expenses was primarily driven by a decrease of $1.5 million in clinical supply manufacturing costs, a decrease in assay development costs of $0.2 million partially offset by an increase of $0.5 million in personnel related costs, an increase of $0.3 million in stock-based compensation expense associated with stock option grants made in 2022 and 2023.

General and administrative expenses

General and administrative expenses for the six months ended June 30, 2023 increased $0.7 million compared to the six months ended June 30, 2022. The increase in general and administrative expense was primarily driven by an increase of $0.3 million in stock-based compensation expense associated with stock option grants made in 2022 and 2023, an increase of $0.3 million of professional fees primarily related to increased legal expense, and an increase of $0.2 million in personnel related costs related to increases in headcount.

Other income (expense), net

Other income (expense), net was $2.4 million of income in the six months ended June 30, 2023 compared to less than $0.1 million of net expense in the six months ended June 30, 2022. The increase primarily relates to interest income on a higher investment base and higher interest rates on that base during the period.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Since our inception, we have not generated any revenue from any sources, including from product sales, and have incurred significant operating losses and negative cash flows from our operations. We have devoted substantially all of our resources to developing CTI-1601, building our intellectual property portfolio, developing third-party manufacturing capabilities, business planning, capital raising, and providing general and administrative support for such operations.

Cash Flows

The following table summarizes our sources and uses of cash for each of the periods presented below:

	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2023			2022
	(in thousands)
Net cash used in operating activities	$	(14,916	)	$	(15,019	)
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities		82,412			(35,342	)
Net cash provided by financing activities		—			—
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	$	67,496		$	(50,361	)

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Net cash used in operating activities

During the six months ended June 30, 2023, operating activities used $14.9 million of cash, resulting from our net loss of $14.9 million, adjusted for noncash expenses of $3.3 million and changes in our operating assets and liabilities utilizing cash of $3.4 million. Our net loss was primarily attributed to research and development activities related to our CTI-1601 program and our general and administrative expenses as described above. Noncash expenses primarily relate to stock-based compensation expenses. The change in operating assets and liabilities was primarily due to a decrease in accrued expenses and offset by an increase in accounts payable.

During the six months ended June 30, 2022, operating activities used $15.0 million of cash, resulting from our net loss of $17.6 million, adjusted for noncash expenses of $3.5 million. Our net loss was primarily attributed to research and development activities related to our CTI-1601 program and our general and administrative expenses as described above. Noncash expenses are primarily stock-based compensation expense. The change in operating assets and liabilities was primarily due to decreases in prepaid expenses and accounts payable.

Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities

During the six months ended June 30, 2023, investing activities provided $82.4 million of cash, including $92.3 million from maturities of marketable securities and partially offset by $9.8 million in purchases of marketable securities.

During the six months ended June 30, 2022, investing activities used $35.3 million of cash, including $35.2 million in purchases of new marketable securities and $0.1 million in purchases of property and equipment.

Net cash provided by financing activities

During the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 there were no financing activities.

Operating Capital Requirements

We have not yet commercialized any products and do not expect to generate revenue from the commercial sale of any products for several years, if at all.

We have to date incurred net losses. We incurred net losses of approximately $14.9 million and $17.6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. As of June 30, 2023, we had an accumulated deficit of $166.5 million and cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities of $104.2 million, excluding restricted cash of $1.3 million.

Losses have resulted principally from costs incurred in connection with research and development activities, and general and administrative costs associated with the development of CTI-1601 and our operations. We expect to incur significant expenses and operating losses for the foreseeable future as we expect to continue to incur expenses in connection with our ongoing activities, if and as we:

•continue to advance the development of CTI-1601 through additional clinical trials;

•seek to identify and advance development of additional product candidates into clinical development and identify additional indications for our product candidates;

•seek to obtain regulatory approvals for CTI-1601 and other potential product candidates;

•identify, acquire or in-license other product candidates and technologies;

•maintain, leverage and expand our intellectual property portfolio; and

•expand our operational, financial, commercial and management systems and personnel, including personnel to support our clinical development and future commercialization efforts and our operations as a public company.

We believe that based on our current operating plan our cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities will be able to fund operating expenses and capital expenditure requirements for at least the next twelve months from the filing of these financial statements with the SEC. If we encounter unexpected delays in our clinical trials or if there are other unanticipated changes to our operating plan from our current assumptions that negatively impact our operations, we may reduce expenditures in order to further extend our existing cash resources. Until we can generate substantial revenue, if ever, we expect to seek additional funding through a combination of public or private equity

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offerings, debt financings, collaborations, strategic alliances and licensing arrangements or other sources. The incurrence of indebtedness would result in increased fixed payment obligations and we may be required to agree to certain restrictive covenants, such as limitations on our ability to incur additional debt, minimum cash balances, limitations on our ability to acquire, sell or license intellectual property rights and other operating restrictions that could adversely impact our ability to conduct our business. Any additional fundraising efforts may divert our management from their day-to-day activities, which may adversely affect our ability to develop and commercialize our product candidates.

There can be no assurance that we will be able to raise sufficient additional capital on acceptable terms, if at all. If such additional financing is not available on satisfactory terms, or is not available in sufficient amounts, or we do not have sufficient authorized shares, we may be required to delay, limit, or eliminate the development of business opportunities and our ability to achieve our business objectives, our competitiveness, and our business, financial condition, and results of operations will be materially adversely affected. We could also be required to seek funds through arrangements with collaborative partners, strategic alliances or otherwise at an earlier stage than otherwise would be desirable and we may be required to relinquish rights to some of our technologies or product candidates or otherwise agree to terms unfavorable to us, any of which may have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results and prospects. In addition, geopolitical tensions, volatility of capital markets, and other adverse macroeconomic events, including those due to inflationary pressures, rising interest rates, bank instability and the ability of the U.S. government to manage federal debt limits, as well as the potential impact of health crises on the global financial markets may reduce our ability to access capital, which could negatively affect our liquidity and ability to continue as a going concern.

If we are unable to obtain sufficient funding when needed and/or on acceptable terms, we may be required to significantly curtail, delay or discontinue one or more of our research and development programs, the manufacture of clinical and commercial supplies, product portfolio expansion and/or pre commercialization efforts, which could adversely affect our business prospects, or we may be unable to continue operations. Certain restrictive covenants, such as limitations on our ability to incur additional debt, limitations on our ability to acquire, sell or license intellectual property rights and other operating restrictions that could adversely impact our ability to conduct our business. Any additional fundraising efforts may divert our management from their day-to-day activities, which may adversely affect our ability to develop and commercialize our product candidates.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

During the periods presented we did not have, and we currently do not have, any off-balance sheet arrangements, as defined under applicable SEC rules, such as relationships with unconsolidated entities or financial partnerships, which are often referred to as structured finance or special purpose entities, established for the purpose of facilitating financing transactions that are not required to be reflected on our balance sheets.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

Please read Note 2 to our condensed consolidated financial statements included in Part I of Item 1 of this Quarterly Report for a description of recent accounting pronouncements applicable to our business, if any.

Other Company Information

None.

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Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

We are a "smaller reporting company" as defined by Rule 12b-2 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act") and are not required to provide the information under this item.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures

We maintain “disclosure controls and procedures,” as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act, that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in SEC rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

The design of disclosure controls and procedures also is based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions.

With respect to the quarter ended June 30, 2023, under the supervision and with the participation of our management, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of the design and operations of our disclosure controls and procedures. Based upon this evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures are effective.

Management does not expect that our internal control over financial reporting will prevent or detect all errors and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control systems are met. Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because of the inherent limitations in a cost-effective control system, no evaluation of internal control over financial reporting can provide absolute assurance that misstatements due to error or fraud will not occur or that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, have been or will be detected.

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) that occurred during the fiscal quarter ended June 30, 2023 which have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

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PART II - OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings

From time to time, we are subject to claims in legal proceedings arising in the normal course of business. To our knowledge, during the three months ended June 30, 2023, there were no, and as of the date of this Quarterly Report, there are no, threatened or pending legal actions that could reasonably be expected to have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

You should carefully consider the risk factors described in our 2022 Annual Report under the caption “Item 1A. Risk Factors.” Except as set forth below, there have been no material changes in our risk factors disclosed in our 2022 Annual Report. The risks described in our 2022 Annual Report are not the only risks facing our company. Additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we currently deem to be immaterial also may materially adversely affect our business, financial condition or future results.

Risks Related to Our Product Development and Regulatory Approvals

Further dose escalation in our Phase 2 and OLE trials and the initiation of additional U.S. clinical trials evaluating CTI-1601 will be contingent on the FDA allowing such trials to proceed following review of data from the 50 mg cohort of our Phase 2 clinical trial; if the FDA does not allow additional trials to proceed, we may be unable to complete our CTI-1601 clinical trials without delays and our business may be adversely affected and our stock price may decline.

In July 2023, the FDA cleared our four-week, placebo-controlled, Phase 2 dose exploration trial of CTI-1601 in patients with FA to proceed to a 50 mg cohort in which participants will be dosed daily for the first 14 days, and then every other day until day 28. Additionally, the FDA cleared for initiation our OLE trial in which participants will receive 25 mg of CTI-1601 daily. Further dose escalation in the Phase 2 and OLE trials and the initiation of additional U.S. clinical trials evaluating CTI-1601 are contingent on FDA review of results from any ongoing clinical trials in accordance with a partial clinical hold. If, following completion of our Phase 2 trial’s 50 mg cohort, we are unable to reach agreement with the FDA to conduct additional clinical trials, we may be unable to complete our CTI-1601 clinical trials without delays in our clinical development plans and anticipated data milestones and additional clinical development costs, any of which could impair our ability, cost or timeline to obtain U.S. regulatory approval for CTI-1601.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

None.

Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities

None.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

Item 5. Other Information

None.

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Item 6. Exhibits

The exhibits filed as part of this Quarterly Report are set forth on the Exhibit Index, which is incorporated herein by reference.

EXHIBIT INDEX

Exhibit No.	Description
10.1*	Employment Agreement dated May 23, 2023, by and between the Company and Russell Clayton
31.1*	Certification of Principal Executive Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) or Rule 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
31.2*	Certification of Principal Financial Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) or Rule 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.1**	Certification of Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
101.INS*	Inline XBRL Instance Document- the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tag re embedded within the Inline XBRL document
101.SCH*	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.
101.CAL*	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Document.
101.DEF*	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.
101.LAB*	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Labels Linkbase Document.
101.PRE*	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Link Document.
104	Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)

* Filed herewith.

** Furnished herewith.

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

	LARIMAR THERAPEUTICS, INC.
Date: August 10, 2023	By:	/s/ Carole S. Ben-Maimon, M.D.
		Carole S. Ben-Maimon, M.D.
		President and Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer)
Date: August 10, 2023	By:	/s/ Michael Celano
		Michael Celano
		Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)

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