Effective January 1, 2018, we adopted the Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2014-09, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606)” as discussed further below in this Note 2. All amounts and disclosures set forth in this Form 10-K in these consolidated financial statements have been updated to comply with the new standard, including previously reported amounts, which are labeled “as adjusted” in these consolidated financial statements and related notes. Certain prior period amounts reported in our consolidated financial statements and notes thereto, such as Notes 10 and 17, have been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation.

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make certain estimates and assumptions. These estimates and assumptions affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements, as well as reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Such management estimates and assumptions include, but are not limited to, the stand-alone selling price (SSP) for each distinct performance obligation included in customer contracts with multiple performance obligations, the period of benefit for deferred commissions, purchase price allocation for business combinations, stock-based compensation expenses, the assessment of the useful life and recoverability of our property and equipment, goodwill and identifiable intangible assets, fair value of convertible notes, income taxes and legal contingencies. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

The functional currencies for our foreign subsidiaries are primarily their local currencies. Assets and liabilities of the wholly-owned foreign subsidiaries are translated into U.S. Dollars at exchange rates in effect at each period end. Amounts classified in stockholders’ equity are translated at historical exchange rates. Revenues and expenses are translated at the average exchange rates during the period. The resulting translation adjustments are recorded in accumulated other comprehensive loss as a component of stockholders’ equity. Foreign currency transaction gains and losses are included in interest income and other income (expense), net within the consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss), and have not been material for all periods presented.

We use derivative financial instruments to manage foreign currency risks. These derivative contracts consist of forward contracts entered into with various counterparties and are not designated as hedging instruments under applicable accounting guidance. As such, all changes in the fair value of these derivative contracts are recorded in Interest income and other income (expense), net on the consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss), and are intended to offset the foreign currency gains or losses associated with the underlying monetary assets and liabilities. Changes in the related derivative assets and liabilities balances are classified as operating activities in the consolidated statement of cash flows.

Subscription revenues are primarily comprised of subscription fees that give customers access to the ordered subscription service, related support and updates, if any, to the subscribed service during the subscription term. We recognize subscription revenues ratably over the contract term beginning on the commencement date of each contract, which is the date we make our services available to our customers. Our contracts with customers typically include a fixed amount of consideration and are generally non-cancelable and without any refund-type provisions. We typically invoice our customers annually in advance for our subscription services upon execution of the initial contract or subsequent renewal, and our invoices are typically due within 30 days from the invoice date.

Subscription revenues also include revenues from self-hosted offerings in which customers deploy, or we grant customers the option to deploy without significant penalty, our subscription service internally or contract with a third party to host the software. For these contracts, we account for the software element and the related support and updates separately as they are distinct performance obligations. Refer to the discussion below related to contracts with multiple performance obligations for further details. The transaction price is allocated to separate performance obligations on a relative SSP basis. Transaction price allocated to the software element is recognized upon delivery, which is when transfer of control of the software to the customer is complete. The transaction price allocated to the related support and updates are recognized ratably over the contract term.

Our professional services arrangements are primarily on a time-and-materials basis, and revenues on these arrangements are recognized as the services are delivered. We typically invoice our customers monthly in arrears for these professional services based on actual hours and expenses incurred, and our invoices are typically due within 30 days from the invoice date. Some of our professional services arrangements are on a fixed fee or subscription basis, under which we recognize revenues on a proportional performance basis or ratably over the contract term. In instances where certain milestones are required to be met before revenues are recognized, we defer professional services revenues and the associated costs until milestone criteria have been met. Other revenues consist of fees from customer training delivered on-site or through publicly available classes.

We enter into contracts that can include various combinations of products and services, which are generally capable of being distinct and accounted for as separate performance obligations. We evaluate the terms and conditions included within our customer contracts to ensure appropriate revenue recognition, including whether products and services are considered distinct performance obligations that should be accounted for separately versus together. For contracts with multiple performance obligations, the transaction price is allocated to the separate performance obligations on a relative SSP basis. We determine SSP by considering the historical selling price of these performance obligations in similar transactions as well as other factors, including, but not limited to, competitive pricing of similar products, other software vendor pricing, industry publications and current pricing practices.

Deferred revenue, which is a contract liability, consists primarily of payments received in advance of revenue recognition from our contracts with customers and is recognized as the revenue recognition criteria are met. Once our services are available to customers, we record amounts due in accounts receivable and in deferred revenue. To the extent we bill customers in advance of the billing period commencement date, the accounts receivable and corresponding deferred revenue amounts are netted to zero on our consolidated balance sheets, unless such amounts have been paid as of the balance sheet date.

Deferred commissions are the incremental selling costs that are associated with acquiring customer contracts and consist primarily of sales commissions paid to our sales force and referral fees paid to independent third-parties. Capitalized sales commissions also include the associated payroll taxes and fringe benefit costs associated with payments to our sales employees to the extent they are incremental. Commissions and referral fees earned upon the execution of initial and expansion contracts are primarily deferred and amortized over a period of benefit that we have determined to be five years. Commissions earned upon the renewal of customer contracts are deferred and amortized over the average renewal term. Additionally, for self-hosted offerings, consistent with the recognition of subscription revenue for self-hosted offerings, a portion of the commission cost is expensed upfront when the self-hosted offering is made available. We determine the period of benefit by taking into consideration our customer contracts, our technology life cycle and other factors. We include amortization of deferred commissions in sales and marketing expense in our consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss). There was no impairment loss in relation to the incremental selling costs capitalized for all periods presented.

We apply fair value accounting for all financial assets and liabilities and non-financial assets and liabilities that are recognized in the financial statements on a non-recurring basis or disclosed at fair value in the financial statements on a recurring basis. Fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. We use a fair value hierarchy that is based on three levels of inputs, of which the first two are considered observable and the last unobservable. The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are as follows:

Level 2—Inputs other than Level 1 that are directly or indirectly observable, such as quoted prices for identical or similar assets and liabilities, quoted prices in markets that are not active, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities, such as interest rates, yield curves and foreign currency spot rates; and

Investments consist of commercial paper, corporate notes and bonds, certificates of deposit and U.S. government and agency securities. We classify investments as available-for-sale at the time of purchase and re-evaluate such classification as of each balance sheet date. All investments are recorded at estimated fair value. Unrealized gains and losses for available-for-sale securities are included in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), a component of stockholders’ equity. We evaluate our investments to assess whether those with unrealized loss positions are other than temporarily impaired. We consider impairments to be other than temporary if they are related to deterioration in credit risk or if it is likely we will sell the securities before the recovery of their cost basis. Realized gains and losses and declines in value judged to be other than temporary are determined based on the specific identification method and are reported in interest income and other income (expense), net in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss).

Our strategic investments consist of debt and non-marketable equity investments in privately-held companies in which we do not have a controlling interest or significant influence. Debt investments in privately-held companies are classified as available-for-sale and are recorded at their estimated fair value with changes in fair value recorded through accumulated other comprehensive income (loss). We have elected to apply the measurement alternative for equity investments that do not have readily determinable fair values, measuring them at cost, less any impairment, plus or minus adjustments resulting from observable price changes in orderly transactions for the identical or a similar investment of the same issuer. An impairment loss is recorded when event or circumstance indicates a decline in value has occurred. We include these strategic investments in “Other assets” on the consolidated balance sheets.

When assets are sold, or otherwise disposed of, the cost and related accumulated depreciation are removed and any gain or loss is included in cost of revenues or operating expenses depending on whether the asset sold is being used in our provision of services to our customers. Repairs and maintenance expenses are charged to our statements of comprehensive income (loss) as incurred.

Software development costs for software to be sold, leased, or otherwise marketed are expensed as incurred until the establishment of technological feasibility, at which time those costs are capitalized until the product is available for general release to customers and amortized over the estimated life of the product. Technological feasibility is established upon the completion of a working prototype that has been certified as having no critical bugs and is a release candidate. To date, costs and time incurred between the establishment of technological feasibility and product release have not been significant, and all software development costs have been charged to research and development expense in our consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss).

Leases are reviewed and classified as capital or operating at their inception. Some of our lease agreements contain rent escalation, rent holidays, lease incentives and renewal options. Rent escalation and rent holidays are included in the determination of rent expenses to be recorded on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Unless determined to be landlord assets, lease incentives to pay for our costs or assets are recognized as a reduction of rent expense on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease. Renewals are not assumed in the determination of the lease term unless they are deemed to be reasonably assured at the inception of the lease. We begin recognizing rent expense on the date that we obtain the legal right to use and control the leased space. The difference between rent payments and straight-line rent expense is recorded as deferred rent in the consolidated balance sheets. Deferred rent that will be recognized during the ensuing 12-month period is recorded as the current portion of deferred rent included in “Accrued expenses and other current liabilities” and the remainder is recorded as long term deferred rent included in “Other long-term liabilities”.

The allocation of the purchase price in a business combination requires us to make significant estimates in determining the fair value of acquired assets and assumed liabilities, especially with respect to intangible assets. These estimates are based upon a number of factors, including historical experience, market conditions and information obtained from the management of the acquired company. Critical estimates in valuing certain intangible assets included, but are not limited to, cash flows that an asset is expected to generate in the future, discount rates, the time and expense that would be necessary to recreate the assets and the profit margin a market participant would receive.

Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price in a business combination over the fair value of the net tangible and intangible assets acquired. We evaluate and test the recoverability of goodwill for impairment at least annually, during the fourth quarter, or more frequently if circumstances indicate that goodwill may not be recoverable. We perform the impairment testing by first assessing qualitative factors to determine whether the existence of events or circumstances leads to a determination that it is more likely than not that the fair value of its reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. If, after assessing the totality of events or circumstances, we determine it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, we perform a goodwill impairment test. To calculate any potential impairment, we compare the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount, including goodwill. Any excess of the carrying amount of the reporting unit’s goodwill over its fair value is recognized as an impairment loss, and the carrying value of goodwill is written down. For purposes of goodwill impairment testing, we have one reporting unit.

We periodically review the carrying amounts of long-lived assets, such as property and equipment, and purchased intangible assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the assets may not be recoverable. We measure the recoverability of these assets by comparing the carrying amount of each asset to the future undiscounted cash flows we expect the asset to generate. If we consider any of these assets to be impaired, the impairment to be recognized equals the amount by which the carrying value of the asset exceeds its fair value. In addition, we periodically evaluate the estimated remaining useful lives of long-lived assets to determine whether events or changes in circumstances warrant a revision to the remaining period of depreciation or amortization. Our intangible assets are amortized over their useful lives ranging from four years to ten years.

Advertising costs, excluding costs related to our annual Knowledge user conference and other user forums, are expensed as incurred and are included in sales and marketing expense. These costs for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 were $65.2 million, $43.3 million and $32.0 million, respectively. Costs, net of proceeds related to our annual Knowledge user conference and other user forums, are deferred and expensed when the respective events occur.

In May and June 2017, we issued an aggregate of $782.5 million of 0% convertible senior notes (the 2022 Notes) and in November 2013, we issued $575.0 million of 0% convertible senior notes (the 2018 Notes, and together with the 2022 Notes, the Notes). In accounting for the issuance of the Notes, we separated the Notes into liability and equity components. The carrying cost of the liability component was calculated by measuring the fair value of a similar liability that does not have an associated convertible feature. The carrying amount of the equity component representing the conversion option was determined by deducting the fair value of the liability component from the par value of the Notes. The difference between the principal amount of the Notes and the proceeds allocated to the liability component, or the debt discount, is amortized to interest expense using the effective interest method over the term of the respective Notes. The equity component is not remeasured as long as it continues to meet the conditions for equity classification. In accounting for the transaction costs related to the issuance of the Notes, we allocated the total amount incurred to the liability and equity components based on their relative fair values. Transaction costs attributable to the liability component are being amortized to interest expense over the respective terms of the Notes, and transaction costs attributable to the equity component were netted with the equity component of the Notes in stockholders’ equity. To the extent we receive note conversion requests prior to the maturity of the Notes, the difference between the fair value and the amortized book value of the Notes is recorded as a gain or loss on early note conversion. The fair value of the Notes is measured based on a similar liability that does not have an associated convertible feature, based on the remaining term of the Notes.

From time to time, we are a party to litigation and other legal proceedings in the ordinary course of business. We accrue for loss contingencies when we can reasonably estimate the amount of loss or range of loss and when, based on the advice of counsel, we believe it is probable that we will incur the loss. Because of uncertainties related to these matters, we base our estimate on the information available at the time of our assessment. As additional information becomes available, we reassess our potential liability and may revise our estimate.

We recognize compensation expense related to stock options and restricted stock units (RSUs) with only a service condition on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period, which is generally the vesting term of four years. For RSUs granted with both a service condition and a performance condition, the expenses are recognized on a graded vesting basis over the requisite service period of generally three years, after assessing the probability of achieving requisite performance criteria. This has the impact of greater stock-based compensation expense during the initial years of the vesting period as stock-based compensation cost is recognized over the requisite service period for each separately vesting tranche of the award as though the award were, in substance, multiple awards. We recognize compensation expense related to shares issued pursuant to the employee stock purchase plan (ESPP) on a straight-line basis over the six months offering period. We estimate the fair value of options using the Black-Scholes options pricing model and fair value of RSUs using the fair value of our common stock on the date of grant. We recognize compensation expense net of estimated forfeiture activity, which is based on historical forfeiture rates. In some instances, shares are issued on the vesting dates net of the minimum statutory tax withholding requirements to be paid by us on behalf of our employees. In these instances, we record the liability for withholding amounts to be paid by us as a reduction to additional paid-in capital when paid, and include these payments as a reduction of cash flows from financing activities.

Basic net income (loss) per share attributable to common stockholders is computed by dividing net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period. Diluted net income (loss) per share is computed by dividing net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period, adjusted for the effects of dilutive shares of common stock, which are comprised of outstanding stock options, RSUs, ESPP obligations, Notes and Warrants. Stock awards with performance conditions are included in dilutive shares to the extent the performance condition is met. The dilutive potential common shares are computed using the treasury stock method or the as-if converted method, as applicable. The effects of outstanding stock options, RSUs, ESPP obligations, Notes and Warrants are excluded from the computation of diluted net income (loss) per share in periods in which the effect would be antidilutive.

Financial instruments potentially exposing us to credit risk consist primarily of cash, cash equivalents, derivative contracts, investments and accounts receivable. We hold cash at financial institutions that management believes are high credit, quality financial institutions and invest in securities with a minimum rating of BBB by Standard & Poor’s, Baa2 by Moody’s, or BBB by Fitch to minimize our credit risks. Our derivative contracts expose us to credit risk to the extent that the counterparties may be unable to meet the terms of the arrangement. We mitigate this credit risk by transacting with major financial institutions with high credit ratings and entering into master netting arrangements, which permit net settlement of transactions with the same counterparty. While the contract or notional amount is often used to express the volume of foreign currency derivative contracts, the amounts potentially subject to credit risk are generally limited to the amounts, if any, by which the counterparties’ obligations under the agreements exceed the obligations of the Company to the counterparties. We are not required to pledge, and are not entitled to receive, cash collateral related to these derivative instruments. We are also exposed to credit risk under the convertible note hedge transactions that may result from counterparties’ non-performance.

Credit risk arising from accounts receivable is mitigated due to our large number of customers and their dispersion across various industries and geographies. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, there were no customers that represented more than 10% of our accounts receivable balance. There were no customers that individually exceeded 10% of our total revenues in any of the periods presented. For purposes of assessing concentration of credit risk and significant customers, a group of customers under common control or customers that are affiliates of each other are regarded as a single customer.

We review the composition of the accounts receivable balance, historical write-off experience and the potential risk of loss associated with delinquent accounts to determine if an allowance for doubtful accounts is necessary. Individual accounts receivable are written off when we become aware of a specific customer’s inability to meet its financial obligation, and all collection efforts are exhausted. The following table presents the changes in the allowance for doubtful accounts (in thousands):



	Balance at Beginning of Year		Additions (Deductions): Charged to Operations	Additions (Deductions): Charged to Deferred Revenue		Less: Write-offs	Balance at End of Year
Year ended December 31, 2018
Allowance for doubtful accounts	$	3,115	1,255	1,177		898	$	4,649
Year ended December 31, 2017
Allowance for doubtful accounts	$	2,323	1,688	194		1,090	$	3,115
Year ended December 31, 2016
Allowance for doubtful accounts	$	1,179	2,219	(391	)	684	$	2,323

We have also agreed to indemnify our directors, executive officers and certain other officers for costs associated with any fees, expenses, judgments, fines and settlement amounts incurred by any of these persons in any action or proceeding to which any of those persons is, or is threatened to be, made a party by reason of the person’s service as a director or officer, including any action by us, arising out of that person’s services as a director or officer of our company or that person’s services provided to any other company or enterprise at our request. We maintain director and officer insurance coverage that may enable us to recover a portion of any future amounts paid. The fair values of these obligations are not material as of each balance sheet date.

We use the asset and liability method of accounting for income taxes, in which deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the consolidated financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. We measure deferred tax assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be reversed. We recognize the effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates within the provision for income taxes as income and expense in the period that includes the enactment date. A valuation allowance is established if it is more likely than not that all or a portion of the deferred tax asset will not be realized. In determining the need for a valuation allowance, we consider future growth, forecasted earnings, future taxable income, the mix of earnings in the jurisdictions in which we operate, historical earnings, taxable income in prior years, if carryback is permitted under the law, carryforward periods and prudent and feasible tax planning strategies.

Our tax positions are subject to income tax audits by multiple tax jurisdictions throughout the world. We recognize the tax benefit of an uncertain tax position only if it is more likely than not the position is sustainable upon examination by the taxing authority, based on the technical merits. We measure the tax benefit recognized as the largest amount of benefit which is more likely than not to be realized upon settlement with the taxing authority. We recognize interest accrued and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits in our tax provision.

We calculate the current and deferred income tax provision based on estimates and assumptions that could differ from the actual results reflected in income tax returns filed in subsequent years and record adjustments based on filed income tax returns when identified. The amount of income taxes paid is subject to examination by U.S. federal, state and foreign tax authorities. The estimate of the potential outcome of any uncertain tax issue is subject to management’s assessment of relevant risks, facts and circumstances existing at that time. To the extent the assessment of such tax position changes, we record the change in estimate in the period in which we make the determination.

In August 2018, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued ASU 2018-13, “Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Disclosure Framework—Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement,” which modifies the disclosure requirements on fair value measurements. This new standard is effective for our interim and annual periods beginning January 1, 2020, and earlier adoption is permitted. We early adopted this new standard upon its issuance, and because it only relates to qualitative financial disclosures, it did not impact our previously reported financial statements for periods ended on or prior to December 31, 2017.

In June 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-07, “Compensation—Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Non-employee Share-Based Payment Accounting,” which is intended to reduce cost and complexity and to improve financial reporting for nonemployee share-based payments. Currently, the accounting requirements for nonemployee and employee share-based payment transactions are significantly different. This standard expands the scope of Topic 718 to include share-based payments issued to nonemployees for goods or services, aligning the accounting for share-based payments to nonemployees and employees. This standard is effective for our fiscal year beginning January 1, 2019 and early adoption is permitted. We early adopted this new standard effective January 1, 2018, and the adoption of this standard did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

In February 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-02, “Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220): Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income,” which provides entities the option to reclassify tax effects stranded in accumulated other comprehensive income as a result of the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the Tax Act) to retained earnings. This standard is effective for our fiscal year beginning January 1, 2019 and early adoption is permitted. We early adopted this new standard effective January 1, 2018, with an immaterial amount of cumulative effect adjustment recorded to our opening accumulated deficit as of January 1, 2018.

In December 2017, the SEC staff issued Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118, Income Tax Accounting Implications of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (SAB 118), which allows us to record provisional amounts for the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the Tax Act) during a measurement period not to extend beyond one year of the enactment date, with further clarifications made recently with the issuance of ASU 2018-05. We have completed our accounting for the income tax effects of the Tax Act during the year ended December 31, 2018, and did not have any significant adjustments to our provisional amounts. We have elected to record taxes associated with our global intangible low-taxed income (GILTI) as period costs if and when incurred. We determined that the unremitted earnings of our foreign subsidiaries will no longer be considered indefinitely reinvested, except in certain designated jurisdictions in which the resident entity is a service provider that is not expected to generate substantial amounts of cash in excess of what may be reinvested by the local entity.

In October 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-16, “Income Taxes (Topic 740): Intra-Entity Transfers of Assets Other Than Inventory,” which includes a revision in the accounting for the income tax consequences of intra-entity transfers of assets other than inventory to reduce the complexity in accounting standards. We adopted this new standard as of January 1, 2018 with an immaterial amount of cumulative effect adjustment recorded to our opening accumulated deficit as of January 1, 2018.

In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-01, “Financial Instruments—Overall (Subtopic 825-10): Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities,” which addresses certain aspects of recognition, measurement, presentation, and disclosure of financial instruments, with further clarifications made more recently. This new standard requires equity securities to be measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognized through the statement of operations, which may result in greater variability in our net income (loss). We adopted these new standards as of January 1, 2018 with a cumulative-effect adjustment, net of tax of $7.2 million recorded to our opening accumulated deficit as of January 1, 2018. This adjustment relates to the unrealized gain on our marketable equity securities as of December 31, 2017, which was previously included in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) on our consolidated balance sheet. As part of the adoption, we elected to apply the measurement alternative for our non-marketable equity investments that do not have readily determinable fair values, measuring them at cost, less any impairment, plus or minus adjustments resulting from observable price changes in orderly transactions for the identical or a similar investment of the same issuer. The adoption of these standards did not result in an adjustment for our non-marketable equity investments as our measurement alternative election requires adjustments to be recorded only on a prospective basis.

In May 2014, the FASB issued Topic 606, which supersedes the prior revenue recognition standard (Topic 605). Under Topic 606, revenue is recognized when a customer obtains control of promised goods or services and is recognized in an amount that reflects the consideration which the entity expects to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services. In addition, this standard requires disclosure of the nature, amount, timing, and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from contracts with customers. Topic 606 also includes Subtopic 340-40, Other Assets and Deferred Costs—Contracts with Customers, which requires the deferral of incremental costs of obtaining a contract with a customer.

The Topic 606 standard permits two methods of adoption: retrospectively to each prior reporting period presented (full retrospective method) or retrospectively with the cumulative effect of initially applying the standard recognized at the date of initial application (modified retrospective method). We adopted the requirements of Topic 606 as of January 1, 2018, utilizing a full retrospective method. The most significant impact of the standard relates to the timing of revenue recognition related to self-hosted offerings, in which customers deploy, or we grant customers the option to deploy without significant penalty, our software internally or contract with a third party to host the software, the accounting for incremental selling costs to obtain a contract, and the classification of proceeds for our annual Knowledge user conference and other user forums as a reduction in sales and marketing expenses instead of as professional services and other revenues.

Under Topic 606, for self-hosted offerings, the requirement to have vendor specific objective evidence (VSOE) for undelivered elements was eliminated. As a result, for all periods presented, we have recognized as subscription revenues a portion of the sales price upon delivery of the software, compared to the prior practice under Topic 605 of recognizing the entire sales price ratably over an estimated subscription period due to the lack of VSOE. To the extent the amounts recognized as subscription revenues have not been billed, the revenues are primarily recorded as “unbilled receivables.” In addition, refundable amounts associated with customer contracts are recorded as “customer deposits.”

In addition, under Topic 606, for all periods presented, we have deferred all incremental selling costs (primarily commissions) to obtain customer contracts, including indirect costs that are not tied to a specific contract, for both self-hosted offerings and cloud-based subscription offerings. On initial contracts and contracts for increased purchases with existing customers (expansion contracts), these costs are primarily amortized over a period of benefit that we have determined to be five years. On renewal contracts, these costs are amortized over the renewal term. Additionally, for self-hosted offerings, consistent with the recognition of subscription revenues for self-hosted offerings as described above, a portion of the commission cost is expensed upfront when the self-hosted offering is made available. Our prior policy under Topic 605 was to defer only direct and incremental commission costs to obtain a contract and amortize those costs over the contract term, which was generally 12 to 36 months, for both self-hosted offerings and cloud-based subscription offerings.

As part of our adoption of Topic 606, during the year ended December 31, 2018, we recorded a decrease in sales and marketing expenses and a corresponding increase in our deferred commissions asset of $5.4 million. This adjustment reflects the correction of previously undercapitalized incremental fringe benefit costs associated with sales commissions that were paid since 2012. We concluded that these adjustments were not material to the current period or any previously reported periods presented, as adjusted for the full retrospective adoption of Topic 606.

The direct effect on income taxes resulting from the full retrospective adoption of the above-mentioned changes to revenues and commission expenses resulted in a cumulative income tax expense of $23.3 million recorded in the prior periods through December 31, 2017. The indirect tax benefit of Topic 606 on income taxes associated with intercompany adjustments of $23.1 million, or $0.13 per basic and diluted share for the year ended December 31, 2018, was recorded in the first quarter of adoption during the three months ended March 31, 2018.



	Year Ended December 31, 2017
	As Reported			As Adjusted

Assets
Accounts receivable, net	$	434,895		$	437,051
Current portion of deferred commissions	118,690			109,643
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	77,681			95,959
Deferred commissions, less current portion	85,530			224,252
Other assets	49,600			51,832
Liabilities
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities	244,605			253,257
Current portion of deferred revenue	1,280,499			1,210,695
Deferred revenue, less current portion	39,884			36,120
Other long-term liabilities	43,239			65,884
Stockholder’s equity
Accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income	(889		)	5,767
Accumulated deficit	(1,146,520		)	(958,564		)



	Year Ended December 31,
	2017						2016
	As Reported			As Adjusted			As Reported			As Adjusted
Revenues:
Subscription and software	$	1,739,795		$	1,739,500		$	1,221,639		$	1,234,070
Professional services and other	193,231			178,994			168,874			156,915
Total revenues	1,933,026			1,918,494			1,390,513			1,390,985
Cost of revenues:
Professional services and other	184,202			184,292			163,268			163,581
Total cost of revenues	499,772			499,862			398,682			398,995
Gross profit	1,433,254			1,418,632			991,831			991,990
Operating expenses:
Sales and marketing	946,617			894,977			700,464			659,983
Total operating expenses	1,534,668			1,483,028			1,414,639			1,374,158
Loss from operations	(101,414		)	(64,396		)	(422,808		)	(382,168		)
Interest income and other income (expense), net	5,804			4,384			6,035			5,027
Loss before income taxes	(149,004		)	(113,406		)	(450,051		)	(410,419		)
Provision for income taxes	126			3,440			1,753			3,830
Net loss	$	(149,130	)	$	(116,846	)	$	(451,804	)	$	(414,249	)
Net loss per share - basic and diluted	$	(0.87	)	$	(0.68	)	$	(2.75	)	$	(2.52	)
Weighted-average shares used to compute net loss per share - basic and diluted	171,175,577			171,175,577			164,533,823			164,533,823



	Year Ended December 31,
	2017						2016
	As Reported			As Adjusted			As Reported			As Adjusted

Cash flows from operating activities:
Net loss	$	(149,130	)	$	(116,846	)	$	(451,804	)	$	(414,249	)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash provided by operating activities:
Amortization of deferred commissions	115,262			99,105			81,217			69,565
Deferred income tax	(9,078		)	(5,724		)	(3,424		)	(658		)
Changes in operating assets and liabilities, net of effect of business combinations:
Accounts receivable	(98,432		)	(99,693		)	(125,106		)	(126,415		)
Deferred commissions	(174,503		)	(190,246		)	(136,459		)	(151,921		)
Prepaid expenses and other assets	(46,138		)	(34,288		)	(21,500		)	(24,164		)
Deferred revenue	381,562			369,242			300,167			285,139
Accrued expenses and other liabilities	68,344			66,526			82,681			87,560
Net cash provided by operating activities	642,825			642,940			159,921			159,081
Foreign currency effect on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	28,128			28,013			(6,785		)	(5,945		)

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-15, “Intangibles—Goodwill and Other-Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40): Customer’s Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement That Is a Service Contract,” which aligns the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred in a hosting arrangement that is a service contract with the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred to develop or obtain internal-use software. The new standard requires capitalized costs to be amortized on a straight-line basis generally over the term of the arrangement, and the financial statement presentation for these capitalized costs would be the same as that of the fees related to the hosting arrangements. This new standard is effective for our interim and annual periods beginning January 1, 2020 and earlier adoption is permitted. This standard could be applied either retrospectively or prospectively to all implementation costs incurred after the date of adoption. We are evaluating the timing and impact of our pending adoption of this standard on our consolidated financial statements.

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, “Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments,” which requires a financial asset measured at amortized cost basis to be presented at the net amount expected to be collected. For trade receivables, loans, and other financial instruments, we will be required to use a forward-looking expected loss model rather than the incurred loss model for recognizing credit losses which reflects losses that are probable. Credit losses relating to available-for-sale debt securities should be recorded through an allowance for credit losses. This new standard is effective for our interim and annual periods beginning January 1, 2020. We are currently evaluating the impact of the adoption of this standard on our consolidated financial statements.

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, “Leases (Topic 842),” which requires lessees to generally recognize on the balance sheet operating and financing lease liabilities and corresponding right-of-use assets, and to recognize on the income statement the expenses in a manner similar to current practice. This new standard, including related amendments subsequently issued by the FASB, is effective for our interim and annual periods beginning January 1, 2019. We intend to elect the package of transition expedients and the transition option that allows us not to restate the comparative periods in our financial statements in the year of adoption. In addition, for our office facility leases, we intend to elect to account for lease and non-lease components as a single lease component. We also intend to make an accounting policy election not to record leases that, at the lease commencement date, have a lease term of 12 months or less on the balance sheet.