10-Q

UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark one)

☒ Quarterly Report Under Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

For the Quarterly Period Ended June 30, 2020

Or

☐ Transition Report Under Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

Commission File Number 001-33672

SENECA BIOPHARMA, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware	52-2007292
State or other jurisdiction of	(I.R.S. Employer
incorporation or organization	Identification No.)
20271 Goldenrod Lane
Germantown, Maryland	20876
(Address of principal executive offices)	(Zip Code)

(301) 366-4841

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of Class	Trading Symbol	Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered
Common Stock, $0.01 par value	SNCA	Nasdaq Capital Market

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.  ☒Yes     ☐ No 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). ☒Yes     ☐ No 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer ☐	Accelerated filer  ☐
Non-accelerated filer   ☒	Smaller reporting company ☒

Emerging Growth Company ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act)  ☐ Yes ☒ No  

As of July 31, 2020, there were 17,295,703 shares of common stock, $.01 par value, issued and outstanding.

1

Seneca Biopharma, Inc.

Table of Contents

		Page
PART I -	FINANCIAL INFORMATION	3
Item 1.	Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements	3
	Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019	3
	Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss For the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019	4
	Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity For the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019	5
	Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows For the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019	6
	Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements	7
Item 2.	Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	15
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk	27
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	27
PART II -	OTHER INFORMATION	28
Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	28
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	28
Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	36
Item 3.	Defaults Upon Senior Securities	37
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosure	37
Item 5.	Other Information	37
Item 6.	Exhibits	37
	Signatures	44
	Certificates

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PART I

FINANCIAL INFORMATION

ITEM 1. UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Seneca Biopharma, Inc.

Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets

	June 30,			December 31,
	2020			2019
ASSETS
CURRENT ASSETS
Cash and cash equivalents	$	15,834,832		$	5,114,917
Trade and other receivables		16,938			21,064
Prepaid expenses		390,646			510,900
Total current assets		16,242,416			5,646,881
Property and equipment, net		21,698			41,036
Patents, net		630,554			668,936
ROU and other assets		206,994			227,036
Total assets	$	17,101,662		$	6,583,889
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY
CURRENT LIABILITIES
Accounts payable and accrued expenses	$	542,976		$	824,406
Accrued bonuses		98,750			135,686
Short-term note and other current liabilities		34,250			264,665
Total current liabilities		675,976			1,224,757
Warrant liabilities, at fair value		62,623			84,596
Lease liability, net of current portion		128,770			148,543
Total liabilities		867,369			1,457,896
Commitments and contingencies (Note 5)
STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY
Preferred stock, 7,000,000 shares authorized, $0.01 par value; 200,000 shares issued and outstanding at June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019		2,000			2,000
Common stock, $0.01 par value; 300,000,000 shares authorized, 17,295,703 and 3,866,457 shares issued and outstanding at June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively		172,957			38,665
Additional paid-in capital		247,568,205			227,067,058
Accumulated other comprehensive loss		(7,166	)		(6,186	)
Accumulated deficit		(231,501,703	)		(221,975,544	)
Total stockholders' equity		16,234,293			5,125,993
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity	$	17,101,662		$	6,583,889

See accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.    

3

Seneca Biopharma, Inc.

Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss

	Three Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,
	2020			2019			2020			2019
Revenues	$	2,500		$	7,894		$	8,520		$	10,394
Operating expenses:
Research and development expenses		446,032			954,453			1,142,921			2,468,916
General and administrative expenses		1,503,822			971,822			2,803,417			1,916,424
Total operating expenses		1,949,854			1,926,275			3,946,338			4,385,340
Operating loss		(1,947,354	)		(1,918,381	)		(3,937,818	)		(4,374,946	)
Other income (expense):
Interest income		6,915			10,852			20,204			39,852
Interest expense		(7,850	)		(507	)		(10,429	)		(2,524	)
Warrant inducement expense		-			-			(5,620,089	)		-
Gain (loss) on fair value of liability classified warrants		(2,652	)		436,126			21,973			96,011
Other income (expense)		-			34,989			-			(309,306	)
Total other income (expense)		(3,587	)		481,460			(5,588,341	)		(175,967	)
Net loss	$	(1,950,941	)	$	(1,436,921	)	$	(9,526,159	)	$	(4,550,913	)
Net loss per share - basic and diluted	$	(0.15	)	$	(1.45	)	$	(0.92	)	$	(4.78	)
Weighted average common shares outstanding - basic and diluted		12,642,972			993,854			10,391,065			952,567
Comprehensive loss:
Net loss	$	(1,950,941	)	$	(1,436,921	)	$	(9,526,159	)	$	(4,550,913	)
Foreign currency translation adjustment		(18	)		(1,013	)		(980	)		(2,756	)
Comprehensive loss	$	(1,950,959	)	$	(1,437,934	)	$	(9,527,139	)	$	(4,553,669	)

See accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.        

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Seneca Biopharma, Inc.

Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes In Stockholders' Equity

	Preferred Stock Shares			Preferred Stock Amount			Common Stock Shares (see Note 1)		Common Stock Amount		Additional Paid-In Capital			Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)			Accumulated Deficit			Total Stockholders' Equity
Balance at January 1, 2019		1,000,000		$	10,000			910,253	$	9,103	$	219,654,753		$	(413	)	$	(213,623,893	)	$	6,049,550
Share-based payments		-			-			-		-		337,966			-			-			337,966
Foreign currency translation adjustments		-			-			-		-		-			(1,743	)		-			(1,743	)
Net loss		-			-			-		-		-			-			(3,113,992	)		(3,113,992	)
Balance at March 31, 2019		1,000,000			10,000			910,253		9,103		219,992,719			(2,156	)		(216,737,885	)		3,271,781
Share-based payments		-			-			-		-		128,778			-			-			128,778
Issuance of common stock for conversion of Series A Preferred Stock		(465,191	)		(4,652	)		90,419		904		3,748			-			-			-
Issuance of common stock for RSU exercises		-			-			1,126		11		(11	)		-			-			-
Foreign currency translation adjustments		-			-			-		-		-			(1,013	)		-			(1,013	)
Net loss		-			-			-		-		-			-			(1,436,921	)		(1,436,921	)
Balance at June 30, 2019		534,809		$	5,348			1,001,798	$	10,018	$	220,125,234		$	(3,169	)	$	(218,174,806	)	$	1,962,625

	Preferred Stock Shares		Preferred Stock Amount		Common Stock Shares			Common Stock Amount			Additional Paid-In Capital			Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)			Accumulated Deficit			Total Stockholders' Equity
Balance at January 1, 2020		200,000	$	2,000		3,866,457		$	38,665		$	227,067,058		$	(6,186	)	$	(221,975,544	)	$	5,125,993
Share-based payments		-		-		-			-			75,892			-			-			75,892
Issuance of common stock and inducement warrants for warrant exercises		-		-		5,561,554			55,615			12,296,637			-			-			12,352,252
Foreign currency translation adjustments		-		-		-			-			-			(962	)		-			(962	)
Net loss		-		-		-			-			-			-			(7,575,218	)		(7,575,218	)
Balance at March 31, 2020		200,000		2,000		9,428,011			94,280			239,439,587			(7,148	)		(229,550,762	)		9,977,957
Share-based payments		-		-		-			-			241,247			-			-			241,247
Issuance of common stock and warrants from capital raises, net		-		-		5,000,000			50,000			4,384,354			-			-			4,434,354
Issuance of common stock from exercise of warrants		-		-		2,871,296			28,713			3,502,981			-			-			3,531,694
Issuance of common stock from RSU conversions		-		-		563			6			(6	)		-			-			-
Forfeiture of restricted stock awards		-		-		(4,167	)		(42	)		42			-			-			-
Foreign currency translation adjustments		-		-		-			-			-			(18	)		-			(18	)
Net loss		-		-		-			-			-			-			(1,950,941	)		(1,950,941	)
Balance at June 30, 2020		200,000	$	2,000		17,295,703		$	172,957		$	247,568,205		$	(7,166	)	$	(231,501,703	)	$	16,234,293

See accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.                    

5

Seneca Biopharma, Inc.

Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2020			2019
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net loss	$	(9,526,159	)	$	(4,550,913	)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to cash used in operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization		57,705			77,151
Share-based compensation expense		317,139			466,744
Warrant inducement expense		5,620,089			-
Gain on fair value of liability classified warrants		(21,973	)		(96,011	)
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Trade and other receivables		4,126			124,152
Related party receivable		-			362,176
Prepaid expenses		120,560			113,406
ROU and other assets		15,807			41,506
Accounts payable and accrued expenses		(279,926	)		208,472
Accrued bonuses		(36,936	)		-
Other current liabilities		2,315			(56,191	)
Lease and other long term liabilities		(17,918	)		-
Net cash used in operating activities		(3,745,171	)		(3,309,508	)
Cash flows from investing activities:
Net cash provided by investing activities		-			-
Cash flows from financing activities:
Proceeds from sale of common stock, net		4,434,354
Proceeds from warrant exercises		10,263,857			-
Payments of short-term note payable		(232,296	)		(195,869	)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities		14,465,915			(195,869	)
Effects of exchange rates on cash		(829	)		(315	)
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents		10,719,915			(3,505,692	)
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period		5,114,917			5,787,110
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period	$	15,834,832		$	2,281,418
Supplemental disclosure of cash flows information:
Cash paid for interest	$	10,429		$	2,524

See accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

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SENECA BIOPHARMA, INC.

NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

JUNE 30, 2020 AND 2019

Note 1.   Organization, Business and Financial Condition

Nature of Business

In October 2019, we changed our name from Neuralstem, Inc. to Seneca Biopharma, Inc. Seneca Biopharma, Inc. and its subsidiary are referred to as “Seneca,” the “Company,” “us,” or “we” throughout this report. The operations of our wholly-owned and controlled subsidiary located in the People’s Republic of China are consolidated in our condensed consolidated financial statements and all intercompany activity has been eliminated. The Company operates in one business segment.

Seneca Biopharma, Inc., is a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company developing novel treatments for diseases of high unmet medical need. The Company is in the process of transforming the organization through the acquisition and/or in-licensing of new science and technologies with the goal of developing and providing meaningful therapies for patients.

In addition to the anticipated development of in-licensed or acquired technologies, the Company plans to wind down its pre-clinical and clinical programs while seeking to out-license or partner NSI-566 (stem cell) and NSI-189 (small molecule) for further development.

The Company was founded in 1997 and currently has laboratory and office space in Germantown, Maryland and laboratory facilities in the People’s Republic of China. Our operations to date have primarily focused on developing business strategies, raising capital, research and development activities, and conducting pre-clinical testing and human clinical trials of our product candidates.

On July 17, 2019, we effected a 1-for-20 reverse stock split of our common stock. Stockholders’ equity and all references to share and per share amounts in the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been retroactively adjusted to reflect the 1-for-20 reverse stock split for all periods presented.

Liquidity and Going Concern

The Company has incurred losses since its inception and has not demonstrated an ability to generate significant revenues from the sales of its therapies or services and has not yet achieved profitable operations. There can be no assurance that profitable operations will ever be achieved, or if achieved, could be sustained on a continuing basis. In addition, development activities, clinical and pre-clinical testing, and commercialization of our products will require significant additional financing. These factors create substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern beyond one year after the date that the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements are issued. The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments that might be necessary if the Company is unable to continue as a going concern. Accordingly, the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared on a basis that assumes the Company will continue as a going concern and which contemplates the realization of assets and satisfaction of liabilities and commitments in the ordinary course of business.

In making this assessment we performed a comprehensive analysis of our current circumstances including: our financial position at June 30, 2020, our cash flow and cash usage forecasts for the period covering one-year from the issuance date of this Quarterly Report filed on Form 10-Q and our current capital structure including outstanding warrants and other equity-based instruments and our obligations and debts.

We expect that our existing cash and cash equivalents as of June 30, 2020 will be sufficient to enable us to fund our anticipated level of operations based on our current operating plans for more than 12 months after this filing. Accordingly, we will require additional capital to execute our acquisition and/or in-licensing strategy as well as out-licensing initiatives and to fund our operations. We anticipate raising additional capital through the private and public sales of our equity or debt securities, collaborative arrangements, licensing agreements or a combination thereof. Although management believes that such capital sources will be available, there can be no assurance that any such collaborative or licensing arrangements will be entered into or that financing will be available to us when needed in order to allow us to continue our operations, or if available, on terms acceptable to us. If we do not raise sufficient capital in a timely manner, among other things, we may be forced to license our potential products or technologies to third parties on unfavorable terms or materially curtail our operations. We currently do not have any commitments for future funding from any source.

Based upon our out-licensing strategy, we have greatly reduced our spending on the research, development, pre-clinical and clinical testing of our small molecule and stem cell product candidates and have increased our spending on the evaluation of new assets and technologies with the goal of acquisition and/or development. No assurance can be given that we will be successful in our out-licensing strategy or that we will be able to identify and acquire and/or in-license promising new assets or technologies.

7

Note 2.  Significant Accounting Policies and Basis of Presentation

Basis of Presentation

In management’s opinion, the accompanying interim unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include all adjustments, consisting of normal recurring adjustments, which are necessary to present fairly our financial position, results of operations and cash flows. The unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheet at December 31, 2019, has been derived from audited consolidated financial statements as of that date. The interim results of operations are not necessarily indicative of the results that may occur for the full fiscal year. Certain information and note disclosures normally included in the consolidated financial statements prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) have been condensed or omitted pursuant to instructions, rules and regulations prescribed by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). We believe that the disclosures provided herein are adequate to make the information presented not misleading when these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements are read in conjunction with the Financial Statements and Notes included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019, filed with the SEC, and as may be amended.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include significant estimates for the expected economic life and value of our licensed technology and related patents, our net operating loss and related valuation allowance for tax purposes, the fair value of our liability classified warrants and our share-based compensation related to employees and directors, consultants and advisors, among other things. Because of the use of estimates inherent in the financial reporting process, actual results could differ significantly from those estimates.

Fair Value Measurements

The carrying amounts of our short-term financial instruments, which primarily include cash and cash equivalents, trade and other receivables, accounts payable and accrued expenses, approximate their fair values due to their short maturities. The fair values of our liability classified warrants were estimated using Level 3 unobservable inputs. See Note 3 for further details.

Foreign Currency Translation

The functional currency of our wholly owned foreign subsidiary is its local currency.  Assets and liabilities of our foreign subsidiary are translated into United States dollars based on exchange rates at the end of the reporting period; income and expense items are translated at the weighted average exchange rates prevailing during the reporting period.  Translation adjustments for our subsidiary are accumulated in other comprehensive income or loss, a component of stockholders' equity.   Transaction gains or losses are included in the determination of net loss.

Cash, Cash Equivalents and Credit Risk

Cash equivalents consist of investments in low risk, highly liquid money market accounts and certificates of deposit with original maturities of 90 days or less. Cash deposited with banks and other financial institutions may exceed the amount of insurance provided on such deposits. If the amount of a deposit at any time exceeds the federally insured amount at a bank, the uninsured portion of the deposit could be lost, in whole or in part, if the bank were to fail.

Financial instruments that potentially subject us to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash equivalents. Our investment policy, approved by our Board of Directors, limits the amount we may invest in any one type of investment issuer, thereby reducing credit risk concentrations. We attempt to limit our credit and liquidity risks through our investment policy and through regular reviews of our portfolio against our policy. To date, we have not experienced any loss or lack of access to cash in our operating accounts or to our cash equivalents.

Revenue

The Company analyzes contracts to determine the appropriate revenue recognition using the following steps: (i) identification of contracts with customers; (ii) identification of distinct performance obligations in the contract; (iii) determination of contract transaction price; (iv) allocation of contract transaction price to the performance obligations; and (v) determination of revenue recognition based on timing of satisfaction of the performance obligation. The Company recognizes revenues upon the satisfaction of its performance obligation (upon transfer of control of promised goods or services to customers) in an amount that reflects the consideration to which it expects to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services. Deferred revenue results from cash receipts from or amounts billed to customers in advance of the transfer of control of the promised services to the customer and is recognized as performance obligations are satisfied. When sales commissions or other costs to obtain contracts with customers are considered incremental and recoverable, those costs are deferred and then amortized as selling and marketing expenses on a straight-line basis over an estimated period of benefit.

Research and Development

Research and development costs are expensed as they are incurred. Research and development expenses consist primarily of costs associated with the pre-clinical development and clinical trials of our product candidates.  For the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, we recorded approximately $58,100 and $280,000, respectively of cost reimbursements from our grants as an offset to research and development expenses. The Company evaluated the grants and concluded that, based on the specific terms, they represent a cost reimbursement activity as opposed to a revenue generating activity, and are best reflected as an offset to the underlying research and development expense.

8

Income (Loss) per Common Share

Basic income (loss) per common share is computed by dividing total net income (loss) available to common stockholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period.

For periods of net income when the effects are dilutive, diluted earnings per share is computed by dividing net income available to common stockholders by the weighted average number of shares outstanding and the dilutive impact of all dilutive potential common shares. Dilutive potential common shares consist primarily of convertible preferred stock, stock options, restricted stock units and common stock purchase warrants. The dilutive impact of potential common shares resulting from common stock equivalents is determined by applying the treasury stock method. Our unvested restricted shares contain non-forfeitable rights to dividends, and therefore are considered to be participating securities; the calculation of basic and diluted income per share excludes net income attributable to the unvested restricted shares from the numerator and excludes the impact of the shares from the denominator.

For all periods of net loss, diluted loss per share is calculated similarly to basic loss per share because the impact of all dilutive potential common shares is anti-dilutive due to the net losses; accordingly, diluted loss per share is the same as basic loss per share or the three- and six-month periods ended June 30, 2020 and 2019. A total of approximately 5.9 and 0.6 million potential dilutive shares have been excluded in the calculation of diluted net income per share for the three- and six-month periods ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively as their inclusion would be anti-dilutive.

Share-Based Compensation

We account for share-based compensation at fair value; accordingly, we expense the estimated fair value of share-based awards over the requisite service period. Share-based compensation cost for stock options and warrants is generally determined at the grant date using an option pricing model. Option pricing models require us to make assumptions, including expected volatility and expected term of the options. If any of the assumptions we use in the model were to significantly change, share-based compensation expense may be materially different. Share-based compensation cost for restricted stock and restricted stock units is generally determined at the grant date based on the closing price of our common stock on that date. The value of the award is generally recognized as expense on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period.

Intangible and Long-Lived Assets

We assess impairment of our long-lived assets using a "primary asset" approach to determine the cash flow estimation period for a group of assets and liabilities that represents the unit of accounting for a long-lived asset to be held and used. Long-lived assets to be held and used are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. The carrying amount of a long-lived asset is not recoverable if it exceeds the sum of the undiscounted cash flows expected to result from the use and eventual disposition of the asset. No impairment losses were recognized during the six-month periods ended June 30, 2020 or 2019.

Income Taxes

We account for income taxes using the asset and liability approach, which requires the recognition of future tax benefits or liabilities on the temporary differences between the financial reporting and tax bases of our assets and liabilities. A valuation allowance is established when necessary to reduce deferred tax assets to the amounts expected to be realized. We also recognize a tax benefit from uncertain tax positions only if it is “more likely than not” that the position is sustainable based on its technical merits. Our policy is to recognize interest and penalties on uncertain tax positions as a component of income tax expense.

Leases

We determine if an arrangement is or contains a lease at its inception. We have made accounting policy elections whereby we (i) do not recognize right-of-use (“ROU”) assets or lease liabilities for our short-term leases (those with original terms of 12-months or less) and (ii) combine lease and non-lease elements of our operating leases. Operating lease ROU assets are included in other noncurrent assets and operating lease liabilities are included in other current liabilities in our condensed consolidated balance sheets. We do not have any finance leases.

ROU assets represent our right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent our obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Operating lease ROU assets and liabilities are recognized at commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. Rent expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. See Note 5, Commitments and Contingencies, for additional disclosures.

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Significant New Accounting Pronouncements

Recently Adopted Guidance

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-13, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Disclosure Framework—Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement. This ASU addresses the disclosure requirements for fair value measurements. The guidance intends to improve the effectiveness of the disclosures relating to recurring and nonrecurring fair value measurements. The guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019. Portions of the guidance are to be adopted prospectively while other portions are to be adopted retroactively. We adopted this guidance effective January 1, 2020. The adoption did not have a material impact to our consolidated financial statements.

Unadopted Guidance

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses. This ASU relates to measuring credit losses on financial instruments, including trade receivables. The guidance eliminates the probable initial recognition threshold that was previously required prior to recognizing a credit loss on financial instruments. The credit loss estimate can now reflect an entity's current estimate of all future expected credit losses. Under the previous guidance, an entity only considered past events and current conditions. The guidance is effective for smaller reporting companies as defined by the SEC for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022, including interim periods within those fiscal years and early adoption is permitted. The adoption of certain amendments of this guidance must be applied on a modified retrospective basis and the adoption of the remaining amendments must be applied on a prospective basis. We currently expect that the adoption of this guidance will likely change the way we assess the collectability of our receivables and recoverability of other financial instruments. We have not yet begun to evaluate the specific impacts of this guidance nor have we determined the manner in which we will adopt this guidance.

We have reviewed other recent accounting pronouncements and concluded that they are either not applicable to our business, or that no material effect is expected on our condensed consolidated financial statements as a result of future adoption.

Note 3.  Fair Value Measurements

Fair value is the price that would be received from the sale of an asset or paid to transfer a liability assuming an orderly transaction in the most advantageous market at the measurement date. U.S. GAAP establishes a hierarchical disclosure framework which prioritizes and ranks the level of observability of inputs used in measuring fair value. These levels are:

• Level 1 – inputs are based upon unadjusted quoted prices for identical instruments traded in active markets.

• Level 2 – inputs are based upon quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active, and model-based valuation techniques for which all significant inputs are observable in the market or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities. Where applicable, these models project future cash flows and discount the future amounts to a present value using market-based observable inputs including interest rate curves, foreign exchange rates, and forward and spot prices for currencies and commodities.

• Level 3 – inputs are generally unobservable and typically reflect management's estimates of assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability. The fair values are therefore determined using model-based techniques, including option pricing models and discounted cash flow models.

Financial Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis

We have segregated our financial assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis into the most appropriate level within the fair value hierarchy based on the inputs used to determine the fair value at the measurement date.

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At June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, we had certain common stock purchase warrants that were originally issued in connection with our May 2016 and August 2017 offerings (See Note 4) that are accounted for as liabilities whose fair value was determined using Level 3 inputs. The following table identifies the carrying amounts of such liabilities:

	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Liabilities
Liability classified stock purchase warrants	$	-	$	-	$	84,596	$	84,596
Balance at December 31, 2019	$	-	$	-	$	84,596	$	84,596
Liability classified stock purchase warrants	$	-	$	-	$	62,623	$	62,623
Balance at June 30, 2020	$	-	$	-	$	62,623	$	62,623

The following table presents the activity for those items measured at fair value on a recurring basis using Level 3 inputs:

	Mark-to-market liabilities - stock purchase warrants
Balance at December 31, 2018	$	583,734
Change in fair value - gain		(96,011	)
Balance at June 30, 2019	$	487,723
Balance at December 31, 2019	$	84,596
Change in fair value - gain		(21,973	)
Balance at June 30, 2020	$	62,623

The (gains) losses resulting from the changes in the fair value of the liability classified warrants are classified as other income or expense in the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. The fair value of the common stock purchase warrants is determined based on the Black-Scholes option pricing model or other option pricing models as appropriate and includes the use of unobservable inputs such as the expected term, anticipated volatility and expected dividends. Changes in any of the assumptions related to the unobservable inputs identified above may change the embedded conversion options’ fair value; increases in expected term, anticipated volatility and expected dividends generally result in increases in fair value, while decreases in these unobservable inputs generally result in decreases in fair value.

For the six-month period ended June 30, 2020, the change in fair value of our liability classified warrants was primarily due to changes in the underlying price of our common stock partially offset by the adjustment (decrease) to the warrant exercise price as a result of our May 2020 capital raise. For the six-month period ended June 30, 2019, the changes in fair value of our liability classified warrants are primarily due to changes in the underlying price of our common stock.

Note 4.   Stockholders’ Equity

We have granted share-based compensation awards to employees, board members and service providers. Awards may consist of common stock, restricted common stock, restricted common stock units, common stock purchase warrants, or common stock purchase options. Our common stock purchase options and stock purchase warrants have lives of up to ten years from the grant date. Awards vest either upon the grant date or over varying periods of time. The stock options provide for exercise prices equal to or greater than the fair value of the common stock at the date of the grant. Restricted stock units grant the holder the right to receive fully paid common shares with various restrictions on the holder’s ability to transfer the shares. As of June 30, 2020, we have approximately 6.1 million shares of common stock reserved for issuance upon the granting of awards under our equity incentive plans and the exercise of outstanding equity-linked instruments.

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We typically record share-based compensation expense on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period. Share-based compensation expenses included in our condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss are as follows:

	Three Months Ended June 30,
	2020		2019
Research and development expenses	$	-	$	-
General and administrative expenses		241,247		128,778
Total	$	241,247	$	128,778

	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2020		2019
Research and development expenses	$	-	$	200,337
General and administrative expenses		317,139		266,407
Total	$	317,139	$	466,744

Stock Options

A summary of stock option activity and related information for the six months ended June 30, 2020 follows:

	Number of Options		Weighted-Average Exercise Price		Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual Life (in years)		Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Outstanding at January 1, 2020		271,660	$	61.83		7.8	$	-
Granted		648,724	$	0.62
Exercised		-	$	-			$	-
Forfeited		-	$	-
Outstanding at June 30, 2020		920,384	$	18.69		8.9	$	64,937
Exercisable at June 30, 2020		424,861	$	38.97		8.0	$	18,940

Range of Exercise Prices			Number of Options Outstanding		Weighted-Average Exercise Price		Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual Life (in years)		Aggregate Intrinsic Value
	$0.62			648,724	$	0.62		9.8	$	64,937
$5.90	-	$6.00		55,484	$	5.99		7.4		-
$7.20	-	$8.80		146,972	$	8.51		8.5		-
$22.20	-	$80.60		28,501	$	31.63		4.5		-
$107.40	-	$1,102.40		40,703	$	351.63		2.2		-
				920,384	$	18.69		8.9	$	64,937

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The Company uses the Black-Scholes option pricing model for “plain vanilla” options and other pricing models as appropriate to calculate the fair value of options. The Company generally uses the “simplified method” to estimate expected life. Significant assumptions used in these models include:

	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2020		2019
Annual dividend		-			-
Expected life (in years)		5.2		5.0	-	5.5
Risk free interest rate		0.3%		1.9%	-	2.5%
Expected volatility		110%		97%	-	101%

Options granted in the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, had a weighted average grant date fair value of $0.66 and $6.61 per share, respectively.

Unrecognized compensation cost for unvested stock option awards outstanding at June 30, 2020 was approximately $317,000 to be recognized over approximately 2.6 years.

In 2019, the Company modified certain awards in conjunction with an employee’s termination. The modification provided for the accelerated vesting of all unvested awards and the extension of the post-employment exercise period. The modifications resulted in approximately $102,000 of additional research and development expenses in the six months ended June 30, 2019.

RSUs

We have granted restricted stock units (RSUs) to certain employees and board members that entitle the holders to receive shares of our common stock upon vesting and subject to certain restrictions regarding the exercise of the RSUs. The grant date fair value of RSUs is based upon the market price of the underlying common stock on the date of grant.

We granted 24,000 RSU’s in the six months ended June 30, 2020. No RSU’s were granted in the six months ended June 30, 2019.

RSUs vesting in the six months ended June 30, 2020 had a total value of approximately $19,200. No RSU’s vested in the six months ended June 30, 2019.

At June 30, 2020, we had 28,904 outstanding RSUs with a weighted average grant date fair value of $1.58 and a total intrinsic value of approximately $20,800. Unrecognized compensation cost for unvested RSUs at June 30, 2020 was approximately $13,000 to be recognized over approximately 0.8 years.

In the six months ended June 30, 2020, 563 RSU’s with an intrinsic value of approximately $300 were converted. No RSU’s were converted in the six months ended June 30, 2019.

Restricted Stock

We have granted restricted stock to certain board members that vest quarterly over the grant year. The grant date fair value of the restricted stock is based upon the market price of the common stock on the date of grant.

No restricted stock was granted in either of the six months ended June 30, 2020 or 2019.

Restricted stock vesting in the six months ending June 30, 2020, had a weighted average grant date fair value of $5.90 and a total intrinsic value of approximately $2,600. Restricted stock vesting in the six months ending June 30, 2019, had a weighted average grant date fair value of $22.20 and a total intrinsic value of approximately $8,300.

No restricted stock was outstanding at June 30, 2020.

Stock Purchase Warrants.

We have issued warrants to purchase common stock to certain officers, directors, stockholders and service providers as well as in conjunction with debt and equity offerings and at various times replacement warrants were issued as an inducement for warrant exercises.

In May 2016 and August 2017, we issued a total of 87,309 and 112,500 common stock purchase warrants, respectively in conjunction with our offerings. Such warrants are classified as liabilities due to the existence of certain net cash settlement provisions contained in the warrants. At June 30, 2020, after giving effect to exercises, 149,136 of these common stock purchase warrants remain outstanding and are recorded at fair value as mark-to-market liabilities (see Note 3). The exercise price for these warrants was decreased to $0.90 per share as a result of our May 2020 capital raise in accordance with their terms.

In January 2020, pursuant to the terms of an inducement offer, certain holders of 5,555,554 of our common stock purchase warrants exercised such warrants at an exercise price of $1.36 per share generating approximately $7.6 million of gross proceeds. As an inducement to exercise, we reduced the exercise price on the existing warrants from $2.70 to $1.36 and issued 5,555,554 replacement warrants with an exercise price of $1.23 per share. Of the replacement warrants, 2,777,777 have a two-year term and 2,777,777 have a five-year term. In conjunction with the transaction, we issued to the placement agent 444,445 common stock purchase warrants with an exercise price of $1.70 and a five-year term.

We recognized an expense in the accompanying condensed consolidated statement of operations for the six months ended June 30, 2020 of approximately $5.6 million representing the fair value of the inducement offer. The fair value is comprised of the fair value of the modification of the original warrants (the reduction in exercise price) and the fair value of the replacement warrants. The fair values were calculated using the Black-Scholes option pricing model.

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In conjunction with our May 2020 Offering we issued to the placement agent 400,000 common stock purchase warrants with an exercise price of $1.25 and a five-year term.

A summary of outstanding warrants at June 30, 2020 follows:

Range of Exercise Prices			Number of Warrants Outstanding		Range of Expiration Dates
$0.90	-	$1.25		3,233,407	May 2021	-	May 2025
$1.70	-	$3.38		1,493,999	December 2020	-	January 2025
$6.00	-	$782.60		199,914	July 2020	-	April 2024
				4,927,320

Preferred and Common Stock

We have outstanding 200,000 shares of Series A 4.5% Convertible Preferred Stock issued in December 2016. Shares of the Series A 4.5% Convertible Preferred Stock are convertible into 38,873 shares of the Company’s common. In April and July 2019, 800,000 Series A 4.5% Convertible Preferred Stock shares were converted into 155,496 shares of common stock in accordance with their terms.

In May 2020, we completed a direct offering of 5,000,000 shares of common stock at a price of $1.00 per each share resulting in gross proceeds of $5.0 million. After deducting placement agent and other expenses related to the offering we received approximately $4.4 million. The securities were sold pursuant to a registration statement on Form S-3 (file no. 333- 218608). In connection with the offering, we issued to the placement agent warrants to purchase 400,000 shares of our common stock at an exercise price of $1.25 per share. The warrants are exercisable immediately and expire 5 years from issuance.

Note 5. Commitments and Contingencies

Leases

We currently operate one facility located in the United States and one facility located in China under leases which are both classified as operating leases.

Our corporate offices and primary research facilities are located in Germantown, Maryland, where we lease approximately 1,500 square feet. This lease provides for monthly payments of approximately $5,600 per month. This lease has an initial term of 12 months and expires on December 31, 2020. We did not establish a right of use (“ROU”) asset or lease liability for this short-term lease.

We also lease approximately 11,300 square feet of research facility in the People’s Republic of China. This lease commenced in September 2019, provides for minimum lease payments of approximately $4,400 per month, expires in September 2024 and provides us with a future first right of refusal for extending the lease beyond its expiration. This lease currently represents our lone long-term operating lease.

Our long-term operating lease and related sublease for our San Diego facility both terminated in August 2019. We recognized other income of approximately $59,100 from this sublease for the six months ended June 30, 2019.

We recognized total rent expense of approximately $60,600 and $117,900 in the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Included in the expense is approximately $33,800 and $57,500 in the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively relating to our short-term leases. Lease costs, net of sublease income, for the six months ended June 30 consisted of the following:

	2020		2019
Operating lease cost	$	60,600	$	117,900
Variable lease cost		-		-
Sublease income		-		(59,100	)
Total net lease cost	$	60,600	$	58,800

At June 30, 2020, we have approximately $183,400 of ROU assets included in ROU and Other Assets and approximately $163,000 of lease liability the current portion of which is included in Short-term Notes and Other Current Liabilities and the long-term portion of which is included in Lease Liability, Net of Current Portion in our condensed consolidated balance sheets.

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Future payments under our lone long-term operating lease as of June 30, 2020 are as follows:

Future undiscounted cash flows:
2020	*	$	26,300
2021			53,800
2022			55,400
2023			57,300
2024			13,500
Total			206,300
Discount factor			(43,300	)
Lease liability			163,000
Less current liability			(34,200	)
Non-current lease liability		$	128,800
* reflects the remaining 6 months of 2020

Other

From time to time, we are parties to legal proceedings that we believe to be ordinary, routine litigation incidental to the business. We are currently not a party to any litigation or legal proceeding.

Note 6. Related Party Receivable

On August 10, 2016, we entered into a reimbursement agreement with a former executive officer. Pursuant to the reimbursement agreement, the former officer agreed to repay the Company, over a six-year period, approximately $658,000 in expenses that the Company determined to have been improperly paid under the Company's prior expense reimbursement policies.

The $658,000 non-interest-bearing receivable was recorded net of a $199,000 discount to reflect the net present value of the future cash payments. 

In March 2019, in conjunction with the former executive officer’s termination, we entered into a consulting agreement and release of claims agreement with the former executive officer. As partial consideration for the release, we modified the reimbursement agreement to change the payment terms, extend the maturity and forgive approximately 50% or $229,000 of the outstanding receivable. At June 30, 2020, $229,000 remains outstanding and is due in installments through July 2025. The Company has concluded that this outstanding balance is not recoverable and recorded an allowance against the entire remaining balance.

Note 7. Subsequent Events

None.

ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Statements in this Quarterly Report that are not strictly historical are forward-looking statements and include statements about products in development, results and analyses of pre-clinical studies, clinical trials and studies, research and development expenses, cash expenditures, and alliances and partnerships, among other matters. You can identify these forward-looking statements because they involve our expectations, intentions, beliefs, plans, projections, anticipations, or other characterizations of future events or circumstances. These forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance and are subject to risks and uncertainties that may cause actual results to differ materially from those in the forward-looking statements as a result of any number of factors. These factors include, but are not limited to, risks relating to our: ability to conduct and obtain successful results from ongoing pre-clinical and clinical trials, commercialize our technology, obtain regulatory approval for our product candidates, contract with third parties to adequately test and manufacture our proposed therapeutic products, protect our intellectual property rights and obtain additional financing to continue our operations. Some of these factors are more fully discussed, as are other factors, in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019, as filed with the SEC, in our subsequent filings with the SEC as well as in the section of this Quarterly Report entitled “Risk Factors” and elsewhere herein. We do not undertake to update any of these forward-looking statements or to announce the results of any revisions to these forward-looking statements except as required by law.

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We urge you to read this entire Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, including the “Risk Factors” section, the condensed consolidated financial statements, and related notes. As used in this Quarterly Report, unless the context otherwise requires, the words “we,” “us,” “our,” “the Company” and “Seneca” refers to Seneca Biopharma, Inc. and its subsidiary. Also, any reference to “common shares” or “common stock,” refers to our $.01 par value common stock. Any reference to “Series A Preferred Stock” or “Preferred Stock” refers to our Series A 4.5% Convertible Preferred Stock. The information contained herein is current as of the date of this Quarterly Report (June 30, 2020), unless another date is specified. On July 17, 2019, we completed a 1-for-20 reverse stock split of our common stock. All share and per share information in this report have been adjusted to reflect the reverse stock split. We prepare our interim financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Our financials and results of operations for the three- and six-month periods ended June 30, 2020 are not necessarily indicative of our prospective financial condition and results of operations for the pending full fiscal year ending December 31, 2020. The interim financial statements presented in this Quarterly Report as well as other information relating to our Company contained in this Quarterly Report should be read in conjunction and together with the reports, statements and information filed by us with the SEC.

Our Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations or MD&A is provided, in addition to the accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements and notes, to assist you in understanding our results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. Our MD&A is organized as follows:

• Executive Overview — Discussion of our business and overall analysis of financial and other items affecting the Company in order to provide context for the remainder of MD&A.

• Trends & Outlook — Discussion of what we view as the overall trends affecting our business and overall strategy.

• Critical Accounting Policies — Accounting policies that we believe are important to understanding the assumptions and judgments incorporated in our reported financial results and forecasts.

• Results of Operations — Analysis of our financial results comparing the three- and six-month periods ended June 30, 2020 to the comparable period of 2019.

• Liquidity and Capital Resources — An analysis of cash flows and discussion of our financial condition and future liquidity needs.

Executive Overview

Historically, we have been primarily focused on the research and development of nervous system therapies based on our proprietary human neural stem cells and our small molecule compounds. In early 2019, we also began an in-licensing and acquisition strategy by which we are evaluating novel therapeutics that could benefit from our development experience with the goal of developing such technologies for commercialization as well as an out-licensing initiative to find partners or interested parties to acquire or license NSI-566 (neural stem cell) and NSI-189 (small molecule compounds) and their respective clinical and pre-clinical programs and development.

In-licensing and Acquisition Strategy

We have initiated an in-licensing and/or acquisition strategy to expand our product pipeline. Our in-licensing strategy consists of evaluating novel therapeutics that could benefit from our development experience with the goal of developing such candidates for commercialization. We believe that this element of our corporate strategy could provide new opportunities for product development and diversify risks inherent in focusing on a limited product portfolio and therapeutic areas, thus potentially increasing our probability of commercial success.

Existing Clinical Programs

Historically, we have devoted our efforts and financial resources primarily to the pre-clinical and clinical development of our small molecule compounds and our stem cell therapeutics. At this time we are focused on the out-licensing or sale of these assets as well as winding down our ongoing development efforts.

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NSI - 566 (Stem Cells)

The human central nervous system (CNS) has limited capacity for regeneration following injury or the onset of disease. Traditional therapies have mainly focused on minimizing the progression or symptoms of CNS disease or injury but have not been effective at repairing the underlying cause of such disease. The goal of our cell therapy initiatives is the regeneration of neural function which has been lost to disease or injury. We believe that neuroprotection, neuroregeneration, and/or bridging of damaged neural circuitry may be accomplished by implantation of NSI-566 at the injury site.

Our proprietary technology enables the isolation and large-scale expansion of regionally specific neural stem cells from all areas of the developing human brain and spinal cord and enables the generation of commercially useful quantities of highly characterized allogeneic human neural stem cells that can be transplanted into patients to mitigate the consequences of CNS diseases or injury. We have developed and optimized processes that allow us to manufacture these cells under current Good Manufacturing Practices (cGMP) compliant conditions as required by the United States Food and Drug Administration or FDA for use in clinical trials and have generated cell banks which we believe are sufficient to provide material to meet our requirements through completion of Phase 3 studies. We have exclusive licenses for the manufacturing and use of the surgical platform and cannula that enable administration of the cells to the spinal cord for treatment. Based on our preclinical data, we believe that our human neural stem cells will differentiate into neurons and glia after grafting into the patient and will provide neuroprotection and stimulate neuroregeneration.

Our lead stem cell program is the spinal cord-derived neural stem cell line, NSI-566, which is being tested for treatment of paralysis due to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS, or Lou Gehrig’s disease), ischemic stroke, and spinal cord injury (SCI). To date we have completed Phase 1 and Phase 2 safety and dose escalation studies in subjects with ALS and a Phase 1 safety and dose escalation study in subjects with motor deficits due to ischemic stroke. Each of these studies are currently in their long-term follow-up stage. In August 2018, we initiated a non-GCP (Good Clinical Practice) compliant randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled Phase 2 trial in subjects with chronic ischemic stroke. We are also conducting a Phase 1 open label study to evaluate the safety of implanting NSI-566 in subjects with chronic SCI.

Motor Deficits Due to Ischemic Stroke

Over 700,000 individuals suffer stroke each year in the US, the majority of whom experience long-term functional deficits. Ischemic stroke, which accounts for about 75% of all strokes, occurs as a result of an obstruction within a vessel supplying blood to the brain. Post-stroke motor deficits include paralysis or weakness in arms and legs and speech impairment and can be permanent. In the US, approximately 1.8 million people live with paralysis due to stroke. We believe that NSI-566 may provide an effective treatment for restoring motor deficits resulting from ischemic stroke by creating new circuitry in the area of injury and promoting regeneration of neural tissue damaged by the ischemic event.

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (“ALS”) is a disease of the nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord that control voluntary muscle movement. In 2018 the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reported that between 16,000 and 17,000 Americans have ALS, a prevalence of 5.2 cases per 100,000 people. In ALS, nerve cells (motor neurons) waste away or die and can no longer send messages to muscles. This eventually leads to muscle weakening, twitching, and an inability to move the arms, legs, and body. As the condition progresses, muscles in the chest area stop working, making it difficult or impossible to breathe. NSI-566 is under development as a potential treatment for ALS by providing cells designed to nurture and protect the patient’s remaining motor neurons. We received orphan designation by the FDA for NSI-566 in ALS.

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Chronic Spinal Cord Injury

SCI may result from trauma or disease affecting the spinal cord, and is in many cases a long term, chronic and disabling neurological condition. In the US it is estimated that there are over17,000 new cases of SCI per year, with a prevalence of 250,000-368,000 people. Chronic spinal cord injury (cSCI) refers to the window after recovery has plateaued, beginning approximately 6-12 months after injury. We believe that NSI-566 may provide an effective treatment for cSCI by “bridging the gap” in the spinal cord circuitry created following traumatic spinal cord injury and providing new cells to help transmit the signal from the brain to points at or below the point of injury.

Clinical Experience with NSI-566

Ischemic Stroke

In 2013, we commenced an open label, non-GCP compliant, Phase I safety and dose escalation study to test transplantation of NSI-566 in human subjects for the treatment of motor deficits due to ischemic stroke. The trial was conducted at BaYi Brain Hospital in Beijing, China and sponsored by Suzhou Neuralstem, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Seneca in China. This study was intended to evaluate the safety of direct injections of NSI-566 into the brain and to determine the maximum safe tolerated dose. We completed dosing the final cohort, for a total of nine subjects, in March 2016. Subjects were monitored through a 24-month observational follow-up period. Delivery of NSI-566 cells in this population appeared to be safe and well tolerated at all doses. There were no deaths or serious adverse events related to the treatment (Zhang et al., Stem Cells Transl Med 2019, 8(10):999-1007).

In August 2018, we initiated a non-GCP compliant Phase 2 trial which is designed as a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. A total of 22 subjects were randomized to receive NSI-566 stem cells (72 million cells) or sham-surgery at a 1:1 ratio. All operations were conducted at BaYi Brain Hospital, the site of the Phase 1 study, and all follow-up assessments are being conducted by blinded, independent neurologists at Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital. The final subject was enrolled in this study in August 2019.

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

In January 2010, we commenced a Phase 1 trial of NSI-566 in ALS at Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia. The purpose of the trial was to evaluate the safety of our proposed treatment and procedure in a total of 15 subjects. The dosing of subjects in the Phase 1 trial, as designed, was completed in August of 2012. We commenced a Phase 2 multisite clinical trial in subjects suffering from ALS in September of 2013 to further test the feasibility and safety of the treatment and procedure, and maximum tolerated dose of cells. The Phase 2 dose escalation trial enrolled 15 ambulatory subjects in five different dosing cohorts.

In June 2017, 24-month Phase 2 results and combined Phase 1 and Phase 2 data from our ALS trials were presented at the International Society for Stem Cell Research (ISSCR) Annual Meeting, Approaches to Treating ALS, Boston, Massachusetts, by principal investigator Eva Feldman, MD, PhD, Russell N. DeJong Professor of Neurology and Director of Research of the ALS Clinic at the University of Michigan Health. The data showed that the intraspinal transplantation of the cells was safe and well tolerated. Subjects from both the Phase 1 and Phase 2 continue to be monitored for long-term follow-up evaluations.

Chronic Spinal Cord Injury

In 2013, we received authorization from the FDA to commence a Phase 1 clinical trial to treat chronic spinal cord injury. The trial, which is taking place at The University of California, San Diego or UCSD, commenced in 2014 and the first subject was treated in October 2014. The study enrolled four AIS A classification thoracic spinal cord injury subjects (motor and sensory complete), one to two years’ post-injury at the time of stem cell treatment. In January of 2016, we reported six-month follow-up data on all four subjects. The stem cell treatment was found to be safe and well-tolerated by the subjects enrolled and there were no serious adverse events. In April of 2018, we enrolled the first subject in the second cohort of the trial, which included patients with AIS-A complete, quadriplegic, cervical injuries involving C5-C7 of their spinal cord. The final patient of this cohort was enrolled in March 2019.

In June 2018, the study investigators published the results of the first cohort in the journal Cell Stem Cell. The results support the potential of transplanted NSI-566 to benefit patients with cSCI. At 18 months to 27 months after surgery, the analysis of motor and sensory function and electrophysiology showed changes in three of the four patients after NSI-566 transplantation. There was no evidence of serious adverse events, suggesting the procedure is well-tolerated.

Pre-Clinical Experience with NSI-566 and other candidates in our stem cell pipeline

Our preclinical studies with NSI-566 have served to provide the foundation for our ongoing clinical trials by demonstrating performance and efficacy of this cell line in animal models for ALS (Hefferan et al., PLoS One 2012, 7(8):e42614; Xu et al., Transplantation 2006, 82(7):865-875; Xu et al., J Comp Neurol 2009, 514(4):297-309; Xu et al., Neurosci Lett 2011, 494(3):222-226; Yan et al., Stem Cells 2006, 24(8):1976-1985), spinal cord injury (Cizkova et al., Neuroscience 2007, 147(2):546-560; Lu et al., Cell 2012, 150(6):1264-1273; van Gorp et al., Stem Cell Res Ther 2013, 4(3):57), and ischemic stroke (Tajiri et al., PLoS One 2014, 9(3):e91408), and demonstrated safety in large animals (Raore et al., Spine 2011, 36(3):E164-E171; Usvald et al., Cell Transplant 2010, 19(9):1103-1122). Additional studies involving NSI-566 or other proprietary cell lines are directed at identifying new therapeutic candidates. These include: 1) an ongoing collaboration with investigators at the Miami Project to Cure Paralysis to evaluate the application of NSI-566 in preclinical animal models for traumatic brain injury (Spurlock et al., J Neurotrauma 2017, 34(11):1981-1995), and 2) evaluation of the ability of NSI-532.IGF1, a human neural stem cell line engineered to express the trophic factor IGF1, to reverse the cognitive impact of neurodegeneration in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s Disease (McGinley et al., Sci Rep 2018, 8(1):14776).

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NSI-189 (Small Molecule Pharmaceutical Compound)

NSI-189 represents a new chemical entity that works through what appears to be a novel mechanism of action to stimulate neurogenesis of stem cells in the hippocampus, as well as generation of new synapses. Because impaired hippocampal neurogenesis has been linked with depression, we conducted clinical trials to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of NSI-189 in patients suffering from Major Depressive Disorder or MDD.

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)

Major depressive disorder (also known as recurrent depressive disorder, clinical depression, major depression, unipolar depression, or unipolar disorder) is a mental disorder characterized by episodes of all-encompassing low mood accompanied by low self-esteem and loss of interest or pleasure in normally enjoyable activities. According to the World Health Organization, MDD is the leading cause of disability in the U.S. for persons age 15 to 44. In 2017, an estimated 17.3 million adults in the United States had at least one major depressive episode in the prior year. This number represented 7.1% of all adults in the US. (https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/major-depression-among-adults.shtml). Treatment of MDD is characterized by a high level of patient turnover due to low efficacy and high side effects. It is estimated that 67% of patients will fail their first line therapy, 75% will then fail their second line prescription and 80% will then fail their third line prescription (Rush et al., Control Clin Trials 2004, 25(1):119-142).

Clinical Experience with NSI-189

In 2011, we commenced a Phase 1A clinical trial to evaluate the safety and pharmacokinetics of NSI-189 in healthy volunteers. The study enrolled 41 healthy male and female subjects into a single ascending dose phase. No dose-limiting toxicity was observed, and no serious adverse events (AE) were noted. This study was followed in 2012 with a Phase 1B randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multiple-dose escalation study to evaluate safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetic (PK), and pharmacodynamic (PD) effects of NSI-189 phosphate in subjects with MDD. Trial data were presented in June 2014 at the American Society of Clinical Psychopharmacology Annual Meeting (ASCP) and published in the journal Molecular Psychiatry (Fava et al., Mol Psychiatry 2016, 21(10):1372-1380). NSI-189 was well tolerated and there were no serious adverse events.

In May of 2016, we initiated an exploratory Phase 2 randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial for the treatment of MDD in an outpatient setting. The study randomized 220 subjects into three cohorts: NSI-189 40 mg twice daily (BID), NSI-189 40 mg once daily (QD), or placebo, and was conducted under the direction of study principal investigator (PI) Maurizio Fava, MD, Executive Vice Chair, Department of Psychiatry and Executive Director, Clinical Trials Network and Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital. The study did not meet its primary efficacy endpoint of a statistically significant reduction in depression symptoms on the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS), compared to placebo. Both doses were well-tolerated with no serious adverse events reported.

On December 5, 2017, we presented an updated analysis – including reports on all secondary scales – from the Phase 2 study of NSI-189 in MDD at the 56th American College of Neuropsychopharmacology (ACNP) Annual Meeting. Three additional patient reported outcomes showed statistically significant improvements in depressive and cognitive symptoms; all three patient reported outcome scales (SDQ, CPFQ, and QIDS-SR) NSI-189 reached statistical significance over placebo.

In addition, we presented data on NSI-189’s effect on cognition as measured by computer-administered objective tests of cognition in the MDD patients. Two different test methods were used: Cogstate® and CogScreen®. Cogstate did not yield statistically significant results. In CogScreen® test, NSI-189 40 mg showed statistically significant improvement (p<0.05) on objective measures of executive functioning, attention, working memory, and memory.

NSI-189 appeared to be safe and well tolerated with no serious adverse events. There were no clinically meaningful changes in body weight or BMI, or in sexual function inventory. The study results have been published (Papakostas et al., Mol Psychiatry 2019, doi: 10.1038/s41380-018-0334-8).

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Preclinical Experience with NSI-189

NSI-189 has shown promise in preclinical studies evaluating its impact in animal models for a number of different disease indications, including:

1.	Ischemic stroke—in 2017 Tajiri and colleagues published a manuscript reporting that NSI-189 ameliorated motor and neurological deficits in a rodent model of ischemic stroke (Tajiri et al., J Cell Physiol 2017, 232(10):2731-2740)
2.	Radiation-induced cognitive dysfunction—in 2018 Allen and colleagues published a manuscript reporting that NSI-189 treatment could reverse cognitive deficits in rats caused by cranial irradiation, a model of cranial radiotherapy in the treatment of brain tumors (Allen et al., Radiat Res 2018, 189(4):345-353).
3.	Angelman syndrome—in 2019 Liu and colleagues published a manuscript reporting that NSI-189 reversed impairments in cognitive and motor deficits in a rodent model of Angelman syndrome and increased synaptic strength in sections of brains taken from these animals (Liu et al., Neuropharmacology 2019, 144:337-344). Angelman syndrome (AS) is a rare congenital genetic disorder caused by a lack of function in the UBE3A gene on the maternal 15th chromosome. It affects approximately one in 15,000 people - about 500,000 individuals globally. Symptoms of AS include developmental delay, lack of speech, seizures, and walking and balance disorders.
4.	Diabetes-associated peripheral neuropathy—in 2019 Jolivalt and colleagues published a manuscript reporting that NSI-189 mitigated or reversed disease-associated central and peripheral neuropathy in two rodent models of diabetes (Jolivalt et al., Diabetes 2019, (11):2143-2154). Improvements resulting from NSI-189 treatment were seen on multiple sensory and cognitive indices.

A common theme emerging from these and other preclinical studies has been the ability of NSI-189 to promote synaptogenesis as well as hippocampal neurogenesis, along with its neuroprotective properties. Due to the favorable safety profile seen in the Phase I and II clinical studies of NSI-189 and the impact on cognitive measures observed in the Phase II trial in MDD patients, we feel that this asset may have potential in treatment of one or more diseases including those described above. On August 9, 2018, NSI-189 received orphan designation for the treatment of Angelman syndrome.

Our Technologies

Stem Cells

From a therapeutic perspective, our stem cell-based technology enables the isolation and large-scale expansion of regionally specific, human neural stem cells from all areas of the developing human brain and spinal cord thus enabling the generation of physiologically relevant human neurons of different types. We believe that our stem cell technology will enable the replacement or supplementation of malfunctioning or dead cells thereby creating a neurotrophic environment that offers protection to neural tissue as a way to treat disease and injury. Many significant and currently untreatable human diseases arise from the loss or malfunction of specific cell types in the body. Our focus is the development of effective methods to generate replacement cells from neural stem cells. We believe that creating a neurotrophic environment by replacing damaged, malfunctioning or dead neural cells with fully functional ones may be a useful therapeutic strategy in treating many diseases and conditions of the central nervous system.

Our Proprietary and Novel Screening Platform

Our human neural stem cell lines form the foundation for functional cell-based assays used to screen for small molecule compounds that can impact biologically relevant outcomes such as neurogenesis, synapse formation, and protection against toxic insults. We have developed over 300 unique stem cell lines representing multiple different regions of the developing brain and spinal cord at multiple different time points in development, enabling the generation of physiologically relevant human neural cells for screening, target validation, and mechanism-of-action studies. This platform provides us with a unique and powerful tool to identify new chemical entities to treat a broad range of nervous system conditions.

Small Molecule Pharmaceutical Compounds.

Utilizing our proprietary stem cell-based screening capability, we have discovered and patented a series of small molecule compounds that includes NSI-189. We believe our low molecular weight organic compounds can efficiently cross the blood/brain barrier. In mice, research indicated that the small molecule compounds both stimulate neurogenesis of the hippocampus and increase its volume. We believe the small molecule compounds may promote synaptogenesis and neurogenesis in the human hippocampus thereby potentially providing therapeutic benefits in indications such as MDD and may also provide clinical benefit in indications such as Angelman Syndrome, Diabetic Neuropathy, Cognition, Stroke and Radiation Induced Cognitive Deficit.

Research and Development

Historically, substantial resources have been devoted to our research and development programs. Based upon our in-licensing and/or acquisition strategy as well as our out-licensing strategy, we have significantly curtailed our research and development efforts. We are currently limiting these efforts to winding down our ongoing pre-clinical and clinical activities, the maintenance of our intellectual property portfolios and the evaluation of new technologies for in-licensing and/or acquisition. We anticipate that if successful in our in-licensing and/or acquisition strategy, our research and development effort will increase as we commence development of such technologies or assets.

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Intellectual Property

We have developed and maintain a portfolio of patents and patent applications that form the proprietary base for our research and development efforts. We own or exclusively license 17 United States issued and pending patents and over 77 foreign issued and pending patents in the field of regenerative medicine, related to our stem cell technologies as well as our small molecule compounds. Our issued patents have expiration dates ranging from 2023 through 2038.

When appropriate, we seek patent protection for inventions in our core technologies and in ancillary technologies that support our core technologies or which we otherwise believe will provide us with a competitive advantage. We accomplish this by filing patent applications for discoveries we make, either alone or in collaboration with scientific collaborators and strategic partners. Typically, although not always, we file patent applications both in the United States and in select international markets. In addition, we plan to obtain licenses or options to acquire licenses to patent filings from other individuals and organizations that we anticipate could be useful in advancing our research, development and commercialization initiatives and our strategic business interests.

In addition to patenting our technologies, we also rely on confidential and proprietary information and take active measures to control access to that information, including the use of confidentiality agreements with our employees, consultants and certain of our contractors.

Our policy is to require our employees, consultants and significant scientific collaborators and sponsored researchers to execute confidentiality and assignment of invention agreements upon the commencement of an employment or consulting relationship with us. These agreements generally provide that all confidential information developed or made known to the individual by us during the course of the individual's or entity’s relationship with us, is to be kept confidential and not disclosed to third parties except in specific circumstances. In the case of employees and consultants, the agreements generally provide that all inventions conceived by the individual or entity in the course of rendering services to us shall be our exclusive property.

Employees

As of June 30, 2020, we had seven (7) full-time employees. We also use the services of several outside consultants in business and scientific matters.

Our Corporate Information

We were incorporated in Delaware in 2001. On October 28, 2019, we changed our name from Neuralstem, Inc. to Seneca Biopharma, Inc. Our principal executive offices are located at 20271 Goldenrod Lane, Germantown, Maryland 20876, and our telephone number is (301) 366-4841. Our website is located at www.senecabio.com.

We have not incorporated by reference into this report the information in, or that can be accessed through, our website and you should not consider it to be a part of this report.

Trends & Outlook

Revenue

We generated no revenues from the sale of our proposed therapies for any of the periods presented.

We have historically generated minimal revenue from the licensing of our intellectual property to third parties as well as payments under a settlement agreement.

On a long-term basis, we anticipate that our revenue will be derived primarily from licensing fees and sales of our products. Because we are at such an early stage in the clinical trials process, we are not yet able to accurately predict when we will have a product ready for commercialization, if ever.

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Research and Development Expenses

Our research and development expenses consist primarily of clinical trial expenses, including payments to clinical trial sites that perform our clinical trials and clinical research organizations (CROs) that help us manage our clinical trials, manufacturing of small molecule drugs and stem cells for both human clinical trials and for pre-clinical studies and research, personnel costs for research and clinical personnel, and other costs including research supplies and facilities. Our 2019 research and development expenses reflect the costs of the technical evaluation of our internal programs as well as the evaluation of certain potential assets we considered for acquisition.

We focus on the development of therapies with potential uses in multiple indications and use employee and infrastructure resources across several projects. Accordingly, many of our costs are not attributable to a specifically identified product and we do not account for internal research and development costs on a project-by-project basis.

We expect that research and development expenses, which include expenses related to our ongoing ischemic stroke clinical trial, will decrease in the future as we seek partners to further the clinical development of our therapeutic programs. This could change if we are successful in our in-licensing and acquisition strategy in which we are evaluating novel therapeutics, our research and development expenditures will be primarily devoted to advancing the acquired programs towards or through later stage clinical trials.

We have a wholly-owned subsidiary in the People’s Republic of China that primarily oversees our current clinical trial to treat motor deficits due to ischemic stroke.

In August 2017, we were awarded a Small Business Innovation Research (“SBIR”) grant by the National Institutes of Health (“NIH”) to evaluate in preclinical studies the potential of NSI-189, a novel small molecule compound, for the prevention and treatment of diabetic neuropathy. The award of approximately $1 million will be paid over a two-year period, if certain conditions are met at mid-term. The award performance period was extended through July 31, 2020 to complete the data collection and report writing. The grant balance was approximately $51,000 at June 30, 2020, we anticipate receiving this amount over the extended performance period. In June 2018, we were awarded a Department of Defense grant related to our efforts involving stem cell therapy for severe traumatic brain injury. The award of approximately $150,000 was received in 2019. The proceeds from the awards are recorded as a reduction of our gross research and development expenses, based on the terms and conditions of the grants.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses are primarily comprised of salaries, benefits and other costs associated with our operations including, finance, human resources, information technology, public relations and costs associated with maintaining a public company listing, legal, audit and compliance fees, facilities and other external general and administrative services.

Going Concern

Our auditors’ report issued in connection with our December 31, 2019 financial statements expressed an opinion that due to recurring losses from operations and an accumulated deficit, there is substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. Our current cash level raises substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern substantially beyond the end of 2021. If we do not obtain additional capital by such time, we may no longer be able to continue as a going concern and may cease operation or seek bankruptcy protection.

COVID-19

The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in quarantines, restrictions on travel and other business and economic disruptions. We have evaluated the impact of the pandemic on our business operations and plans, including but not limited to the impact on access to capital, planned and ongoing clinical trials, cash management and our investment policies regarding cash as well as the long term effects in the medical and drug development fields. Given our present level of operations and liquidity, along with our planned and ongoing clinical trials, we believe it is still too early to predict whether COVID-19 will have a material impact on our short-term operations. From a medium to long term perspective, if we were to initiate additional clinical trials or complete an in-licensing transaction, we may be required to raise additional capital and engagement with third party vendors, CROs and CMOs. If the present business shutdowns continue, we may find it difficult to engage such vendors and the cost of such trials, as well as the time to conduct them, may greatly increase as a result of the inefficiencies inherent in virtual meetings, increases in general costs and a decrease in the number of qualified vendors. Additionally, the pandemic has had a negative impact on the capital markets and accordingly, will likely impact our ability to raise additional capital with which to fund our operations. Although still too early to predict, we believe the mid and long-term effects of COVID-19 may materially impact our business.

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Critical Accounting Policies

Our unaudited consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The preparation of these condensed consolidated financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses. Note 2 of the Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere herein describes the significant accounting policies used in the preparation of the condensed consolidated financial statements. Certain of these significant accounting policies are considered to be critical accounting policies, as defined below.

A critical accounting policy is defined as one that is both material to the presentation of our condensed consolidated financial statements and requires management to make difficult, subjective or complex judgments that could have a material effect on our financial condition and results of operations. Specifically, critical accounting estimates have the following attributes: (1) we are required to make assumptions about matters that are highly uncertain at the time of the estimate; and (2) different estimates we could reasonably have used, or changes in the estimate that are reasonably likely to occur, would have a material effect on our financial condition or results of operations.

Estimates and assumptions about future events and their effects cannot be determined with certainty. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions believed to be applicable and reasonable under the circumstances. These estimates may change as new events occur, as additional information is obtained and as our operating environment changes. These changes have historically been minor and have been included in the financial statements as soon as they became known. Based on a critical assessment of our accounting policies and the underlying judgments and uncertainties affecting the application of those policies, management believes that our condensed consolidated financial statements are fairly stated in accordance with U.S. GAAP and present a meaningful presentation of our financial condition and results of operations. We believe the following critical accounting policies reflect our more significant estimates and assumptions used in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements:

Use of Estimates - The preparation of financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. The condensed consolidated financial statements include significant estimates for the expected economic life and value of our licensed technology and related patents, our net operating loss and related valuation allowance for tax purposes, the fair value of our liability classified warrants and our share-based compensation related to employees and directors, consultants and advisors, among other things. Because of the use of estimates inherent in the financial reporting process, actual results could differ significantly from those estimates.

Long Lived Intangible Assets - Our long-lived intangible assets consist of our intellectual property patents including primarily legal fees associated with the filings and in defense of our patents. The assets are amortized on a straight-line basis over the expected useful life which we define as ending on the expiration of the patent group. These assets are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the asset may not be recoverable. We assess this recoverability by comparing the carrying amount of the asset to the estimated undiscounted future cash flows to be generated by the asset. If an asset is deemed to be impaired, we estimate the impairment loss by determining the excess of the asset’s carrying amount over the estimated fair value. These determinations use assumptions that are highly subjective and include a high degree of uncertainty. During the six-month periods ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, no significant impairment losses were recognized.

Fair Value Measurements - The fair value of our short-term financial instruments, which primarily include cash and cash equivalents, trade and other receivables, accounts payable and accrued expenses, approximate their carrying values due to their short maturities. The fair values of our liability classified warrants are estimated using Level 3 unobservable inputs.

Share-Based Compensation - We account for share-based compensation at fair value; accordingly, we expense the estimated fair value of share-based awards over the requisite service period. Share-based compensation cost for stock options and warrants is generally determined at the grant date using an option pricing model. Option pricing models require us to make assumptions, including expected volatility and expected term of the options. If any of the assumptions we use in the model were to significantly change, share-based compensation expense may be materially different. Share-based compensation cost for restricted stock and restricted stock units is generally determined at the grant date based on the closing price of our common stock on that date. The value of the award is generally recognized as expense on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period.

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Comparison of Three Months June 30, 2020 and 2019

Revenue

During each of the three months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 we recognized revenue of $2,500 related to ongoing fees pursuant to certain licenses of our intellectual property to third parties. In addition, during the three months ended June 30, 2019, we recognized $5,400 of royalty revenue related to a settlement of a prior patent infringement case.

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Operating Expenses

Operating expenses for the three months ended June 30 were as follows:

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Increase (Decrease)
	2020		2019		$			%
Operating Expenses
Research and development expenses	$	446,032	$	954,453	$	(508,421	)		(53	%)
General and administrative expenses		1,503,822		971,822		532,000			55	%
Total operating expenses	$	1,949,854	$	1,926,275	$	23,579			1	%

Research and Development Expenses

The decrease of approximately $508,000 or 53% in research and development expenses was primarily attributable to the continued wind down of clinical activities for our stem cell and small molecule programs in 2020. In 2019, we incurred expenses related to external consulting services engaged in the technical evaluation of our internal programs as well as the evaluation of certain potential assets we considered for acquisition. We expect that research and development expenses, which include expenses related to our ongoing stroke clinical trial, will decrease in the future as we seek partners to further the clinical development. This could change if we are successful in our in-licensing and acquisition strategy in which we are evaluating novel therapeutics, our research and development expenditures will be primarily devoted to advancing the acquired programs towards or through later stage clinical trials.

General and Administrative Expenses

G&A expenses increased approximately $532,000 or 55%. As noted above, we have shifted the Company’s strategy and focus from the development of the stem cell assets and initiated an out-licensing effort to partner these programs while seeking to in license or acquire novel therapeutics with the potential to be complimentary to our current technologies or that could benefit from our development experience with the goal of developing such technologies for commercialization. Associated with this shift in strategic focus our G&A expenses in the 2020 period reflect an enhanced internal management structure including the engagement of two executive officers.

Other income (expense)

Other income (expense), net totaled approximately ($4,000) and $481,000 for the three months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

Other income, net in 2020 consisted primarily of interest income partially offset by interest expense.

Other income, net in 2019 consisted primarily of approximately $436,000 of non-cash gains related to the fair value adjustment of our liability classified stock purchase warrants, $35,000 of sublease income and $11,000 of interest income.

Comparison of Six Months Ended June 30, 2020 and 2019

Revenue

During each of the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 we recognized revenue of $5,000 related to ongoing fees pursuant to certain licenses of our intellectual property to third parties. In addition, during the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 we recognized $3,500 and $5,400 of royalty revenue related to a settlement of a prior patent infringement case.

Operating Expenses

Operating expenses for the six months ended June 30 were as follows:

	Six Months Ended June 30,				Increase (Decrease)
	2020		2019		$			%
Operating Expenses
Research and development expenses	$	1,142,921	$	2,468,916	$	(1,325,995	)		(54	%)
General and administrative expenses		2,803,417		1,916,424		886,993			46	%
Total operating expenses	$	3,946,338	$	4,385,340	$	(439,002	)		(10	%)

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Research and Development Expenses

The decrease of approximately $1,326,000 or 54% in research and development expenses was primarily attributable to the continued wind down of clinical activities for our stem cell and small molecule programs in 2020. In 2019, we incurred expenses related to external consulting services engaged in the technical evaluation of our internal programs as well as the evaluation of certain potential assets we considered for acquisition. We expect that research and development expenses, which include expenses related to our ongoing stroke clinical trial, will decrease in the future as we seek partners to further the clinical development. This could change if we are successful in our in-licensing and acquisition strategy in which we are evaluating novel therapeutics, our research and development expenditures will be primarily devoted to advancing the acquired programs towards or through later stage clinical trials.

General and Administrative Expenses

G&A expenses increased approximately $887,000 or 46%. As noted above, we have shifted the Company’s strategy and focus from the development of the stem cell assets and initiated an out-licensing effort to partner these programs while seeking to in license or acquire novel therapeutics with the potential to be complimentary to our current technologies or that could benefit from our development experience with the goal of developing such technologies for commercialization. Associated with this shift in strategic focus our G&A expenses in the 2020 period reflect an enhanced internal management structure including individual consultants in key roles as well as the engagement of two executive officers in the second quarter of 2020.

Other income (expense)

Other expense, net totaled approximately ($5,588,000) and ($176,000) for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

Other expense, net in 2020 consisted primarily of a non-cash warrant inducement charge of approximately $5,620,000 partially offset by $22,000 of non-cash gains related to the fair value adjustment of our liability classified warrants.

Other expense, net in 2019 consisted primarily of approximately a $368,000 loss related to the write-off of a related party receivable partially offset by a $96,000 of non-cash gain related to the fair value adjustment of our liability classified stock purchase warrants, $59,000 of sublease income and $40,000 of interest income.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Financial Condition

Since our inception, we have financed our operations through the sales of our securities, issuance of long-term debt, the exercise of investor warrants, and to a lesser degree from grants and research contracts as well as the licensing of our intellectual property to third parties.

We had cash and cash equivalents of approximately $16 million at June 30, 2020. In January 2020, we raised approximately $6.7 million of net proceeds from the exercise of certain common stock purchase warrants pursuant to an inducement offer and in May 2020, we raised approximately $4.4 million of net proceeds through the sale of our common stock as well as approximately $3.5 million from the exercise of warrants issued in the January inducement offer.

Based on our expected operating cash requirements, we anticipate our current cash and investments on hand will be sufficient to fund our operations, for more than 12 months after this filing. However, we will require additional capital to execute our acquisition and/or in-licensing strategy as well as out-licensing initiatives and to fund our operations. Despite our ability to secure capital in the past, there can be no assurance that additional equity or debt financing will be available to us when needed or that we may be able to secure funding from any other sources. Consequently, as explained in Note 1 to our condensed consolidated financial statements, management has determined that there is substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern.

We will require additional capital to pursue our acquisition and in-licensing strategy and continue our pre-clinical and clinical development plans. To continue to fund our operations and the development of our product candidates we anticipate raising additional cash through the private and public sales of equity or debt securities, collaborative arrangements, licensing agreements, asset sales or a combination thereof. Although management believes that such funding sources will be available, there can be no assurance that any such collaborative arrangement will be entered into or that financing will be available to us when needed in order to allow us to continue our operations, or if available, on terms acceptable to us. If we do not raise sufficient funds in a timely manner, we may be forced to curtail operations, delay or stop our ongoing clinical trials, cease operations altogether, or file for bankruptcy. We currently do not have commitments for future funding from any source. We cannot assure you that we will be able to secure additional capital or that the expected income will materialize. Several factors will affect our ability to raise additional funding, including, but not limited to market conditions, interest rates and, more specifically, our progress in our exploratory, preclinical and future clinical development programs.

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Cash Flows – 2020 compared to 2019

	Six Months ended June 30,						Favorable (Unfavorable)
	2020			2019			$			%
Net cash used in operating activities	$	(3,745,172	)	$	(3,309,508	)	$	(435,664	)		(13	%)
Net cash provided by investing activities	$	-		$	-		$	-			-	%
Net cash provided by financing activities	$	14,465,916		$	(195,869	)	$	14,661,785			7486	%

Net Cash Used in Operating Activities

Cash used in operating activities for the six months ended June 30, 2020, of approximately $3,745,000 reflects our $9,526,000 loss for the period adjusted for certain non-cash items including: (a) $5,620,000 of expense related to our warrant inducement transaction, (ii) $192,000 of net cash inflows related to changes in operating assets and liabilities, (iii) $317,000 of share-based compensation.

Net Cash (Used in) Provided by Investing Activities

There were no investing activities in either of the six months ended June 30, 2020 or 2019.

Net Cash Used in by Financing Activities

For the six months ended June 30, 2020, cash provided by financing activities consisted of $10.3 million of net proceeds generated from the exercise of warrants and $4.4 million of net proceeds from the sale of our common stock partially offset by payments under our short-term debt used to finance insurance premiums.

For the six months ended June 30, 2019, cash used in financing activities consisted solely of payments on our short-term debt used to finance insurance premiums.

Future Liquidity and Needs

We have incurred significant operating losses and negative cash flows since inception. We have not been able to generate significant revenues nor achieved profitability and may not be able to do so in the future. We do not expect to be profitable in the next several years, but rather expect to incur additional operating losses. We have limited liquidity and capital resources and must obtain significant additional capital resources in order to sustain our product development efforts, for acquisition of technologies and intellectual property rights, for preclinical and clinical testing of our anticipated products, pursuit of regulatory approvals, acquisition of capital equipment, laboratory and office facilities, establishment of production capabilities, for general and administrative expenses and other working capital requirements. We have relied on cash balances and the proceeds from the offering of our securities, exercise of outstanding warrants and grants to fund our operations.

We intend to pursue opportunities to obtain additional funds through the out-license or sale of our existing clinical programs in addition to financing in the future through the sale of our securities and additional research grants. On June 23, 2017, our shelf registration statement (Registration No. 333-218608), which replaced our prior expiring shelf registration statement, was declared effective by the SEC. Under such replacement shelf registration statement, we can offer and sell up to $100 million of our securities. Through June 30, 2020 we have sold approximately $17.6 million of securities under our shelf registration statement. Based on our current market capitalization, we are limited to the use of our shelf registration statement by Item I.B.6 of Form S-3.

In July 2019, we completed a firm commitment underwritten public offering of our securities. The offering resulted in net proceeds of approximately $6.6 million, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses. The securities in this offering were sold pursuant to a registration statement on Form S-1 (file no. 333- 232273).

In January 2020, pursuant to the terms of an inducement offer, certain holders of 5,555,554 of our common stock purchase warrants exercised their warrants at an exercise price of $1.36 per share generating approximately $6.7 million of net proceeds.

In May 2020, we completed an offering 5,000,000 shares of our common stock. The offering resulted in net proceeds of approximately $4.4 million, after deducting placement agent discounts and commissions and offering expenses. The common stock was offered and sold pursuant to our shelf registration statement on Form S-3 (file no. 333-218608).

In May 2020, we received approximately $3.5 million from the exercise of 2,871,296 outstanding common stock warrants at an exercise price of $1.23 per share.

As explained in the notes to our condensed consolidated financial statements, if we are not able to raise additional funds when needed, there would continue to be substantial doubt as to our ability to continue as a going concern. The source, timing and availability of any future financing will depend principally upon market conditions, interest rates and, more specifically, current and future progress in our exploratory, preclinical and clinical development programs. Funding may not be available when needed, at all, or on terms acceptable to us. Lack of necessary funds may require us, among other things, to delay, scale back or eliminate some or all of our research and product development programs, planned clinical trials, and/or our capital expenditures or to license our potential products or technologies to third parties.

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ITEM 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

We are not required to provide the information required by this item as we are considered a smaller reporting company, as defined by Rule 229.10(f)(1).

ITEM 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Disclosure controls and procedures are controls and other procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our reports filed or submitted under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act"), is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission's rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our reports filed under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Based on an evaluation under the supervision and with the participation of the Company’s management, the Company’s principal executive officer and principal financial officer, have concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act were effective as of June 30, 2020, to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Company in reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is (i) recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC rules and forms and (ii) accumulated and communicated to the Company’s management, including its principal executive officer, who is also our principal financial officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. 

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) during the quarter ended June 30, 2020 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Effective April 1, 2020, we appointed Dane Saglio as our Chief Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer.

Inherent Limitations Over Internal Controls

The Company’s internal control over financial reporting is designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”). The Company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that:

(i)          pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the Company’s assets;

(ii)         provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, and that the Company’s receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of the Company’s management and directors; and

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(iii)        provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the Company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Management, including the Company’s principal executive officer and principal financial officer, does not expect that the Company’s internal controls will prevent or detect all errors and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of internal controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, have been detected. Also, any evaluation of the effectiveness of controls in future periods are subject to the risk that those internal controls may become inadequate because of changes in business conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

PART II

OTHER INFORMATION

ITEM 1. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

None.

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS

Investing in our common stock involves a high degree of risk. We have described below a number of uncertainties and risks which, in addition to uncertainties and risks presented elsewhere in this Quarterly Report, may adversely affect our business, operating results and financial condition.  The uncertainties and risks enumerated below as well as those presented elsewhere in this Quarterly Report should be considered carefully when evaluating our company, business and the value of our securities.

Risks Relating to Our Stage of Development, Capital Structure, Acquisition and In-Licensing Strategy and Listing of Our Securities

We may not be able to continue as a going concern if we do not obtain additional financing.

We have incurred losses since our inception and have not demonstrated an ability to generate revenues from the sales of our proposed products.  Our ability to continue as a going concern is dependent on raising capital from the sale of our common stock and/or obtaining debt financing.  Our cash, cash equivalents and short-term investment balance at June 30, 2020 was approximately $15.8 million. On January 17, 2020, we entered into an agreement with certain accredited investors from our July 30, 2019 underwritten offering. Pursuant to the agreement, we agreed to reduce the exercise price of 5,555,554 common stock purchase warrants from $2.70 to $1.36 in consideration for the immediate exercise of the warrants for cash and issued the investors an aggregate of 5,555,554 replacement warrants having an exercise price of $1.23 per share. Of the replacement warrants, 2,777,777 have a term of two years and 2,777,777 have a term of five years. We received approximately $6.7 million in net proceeds. In May 2020, we completed an offering 5,000,000 shares of our common stock. The offering resulted in net proceeds of approximately $4.4 million, after deducting placement agent discounts and commissions and offering expenses. Also in May 2020, we received approximately $3.5 million from the exercise of 2,871,296 common stock purchase warrants.

Based on our current expected level of operating expenditures, we expect to be able to fund our operations for more than 12 months from this filing. Our ability to remain a going concern is wholly dependent upon our ability to continue to obtain sufficient capital to fund our operations.

Despite our ability to secure capital in the past, there can be no assurance that additional equity or debt financing will be available to us when needed or that we may be able to secure funding from any other sources. In the event that we are not able to secure funding, we may be forced to curtail operations, delay or stop ongoing clinical trials, cease operations altogether or file for bankruptcy.

Our auditors have expressed substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern.

Our auditors’ report on our December 31, 2019 consolidated financial statements included an emphasis of matter paragraph that expressed substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. Our current cash level raises substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern for more than 12 months from this filing. If we do not obtain additional capital by such time, we may no longer be able to continue as a going concern and may cease operation or seek bankruptcy protection.

If we are unable to successfully retain and integrate a new management team, our business could be harmed.

Effective January 1, 2019, we appointed Dr. Kenneth Carter as our Executive Chairman. In such role, Dr. Carter is our Principal Executive Officer. Effective April 1, 2020, we appointed Matthew W. Kalnik, Ph.D. as our President and Chief Operating Officer (COO) and Dane R. Saglio as Chief Financial Officer (CFO) and Principal Accounting Officer (PAO). Our success depends largely on the development and execution of our business strategy by our senior management team. We currently have a limited full-time executive team which may adversely affect our business. Additionally, the loss of any members or key personnel would likely harm our ability to implement our business strategy and respond to the rapidly changing market conditions in which we operate. There can be no assurance that we will be able to retain the current members of our management team. Moreover, there may be a limited number of persons with the requisite skills to serve in these positions, and we cannot assure you that we would be able to identify, employ or retain such qualified personnel on acceptable terms, if at all. We cannot assure you that management will succeed in working together as a team. In the event we are unsuccessful, our business and prospects could be harmed.

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If we are unable to execute on our in-licensing and acquisition strategy, our business could be materially impacted.

During 2019, we initiated an in-licensing and acquisition strategy to further expand our product pipeline. Our in-licensing strategy consists of evaluating pre-clinical and clinical stage opportunities in therapeutic areas that can benefit from our current product candidates or core expertise in drug development. Although we believe this strategy could diversify some of the risks inherent in focusing on limited therapeutic areas and could increase our probability of commercial success, it is extremely costly and expensive. At present, we are focusing a majority of our efforts and capital resources on such strategy and have greatly reduced our other development activities. If we are not ability to successfully execute this strategy, our business will be materially impacted.

We may experience intense competition related to the acquisition and/or in-licensing of assets.

We expect to encounter intense competition from other entities undertaking similar acquisition and/or in-licensing strategies. Many of these entities, including venture capital firms, partnerships and corporations, blind pool companies, large industrial and financial institutions, small business investment companies and wealthy individuals, are well-established and have extensive experience in identifying, licensing and/or acquiring therapeutic assets. Many of these competitors possess greater financial, technical, human and other resources than us and there can be no assurance that we will have the ability to compete successfully. Our financial resources will be limited in comparison to those of many of our competitors. This inherent competitive limitation may compel us to select certain less attractive prospects. There can be no assurance that such prospects will permit us to achieve our stated business objectives.

We may be subject to uncertainty in the competitive environment of a target.

In the event that we succeed in completing an acquisition and/or the in-licensing of a therapeutic assets, we will, in all likelihood, become subject to intense competition from competitors developing similar assets and therapies that target the same indication. In particular, certain indications or therapeutic areas with greater market potential frequently attract a large number of competitors, including competitors with greater financial, marketing, technical, human and other resources than the initial competitors in the industry. The degree of competition characterizing the industry of any prospective target asset cannot presently be ascertained. There can be no assurance that, subsequent to a consummation of a transaction, we will have the resources to compete effectively.

We may pursue a target asset outside the United States which would subject us to additional risks relating to doing business in a foreign country

We may effectuate an acquisition and/or in license a target asset from outside the United States. In such event, we may face the significant additional risks associated with doing business in that country. In addition to the language barriers, different presentations of information, different business practices, different regulatory practices and other cultural differences and barriers, may make it difficult to evaluate such a target assets, ongoing business risks may result from the internal political situation, uncertain legal systems and applications of law, prejudice against foreigners, corrupt practices, uncertain economic policies and potential political and economic instability that may be exacerbated in various foreign countries.

Our common stock does not currently meet the continued listing requirements for the Nasdaq Capital Market and accordingly is subject to delisting.

Rule 5550(a)(2) Non-Compliance

On March 30, 2020, we received a written notice from the Nasdaq Stock Market LLC that we are not in compliance with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(a)(2), as the minimum bid price of our common stock had been below $1.00 per share for 30 consecutive business days. In accordance with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5810(c)(3)(A), we had a period of 180 calendar days, or until September 28, 2020, to regain compliance with the minimum bid price requirement. On April 17, 2020, we received a subsequent written notice that the Nasdaq Stock Market LLC filed an immediately effective rule changes with the SEC on April 16, 2020. Pursuant to the rule change, the Nasdaq tolled the compliance period through June 30, 2020. As a result, we now have until December 10, 2020 to regain compliance. To regain compliance, the closing bid price of our common stock must meet or exceed $1.00 per share for at least ten consecutive business days during this period. In the event we do not regain compliance by December 10, 2020, we may be eligible for an additional 180-calendar day grace period if we meet the initial listing standards, with the exception of bid price, for the Nasdaq Capital Market, and provide written notice to Nasdaq of our intention to cure the deficiency during the second compliance period, by effecting a reverse stock split, if necessary.

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Rule 5605(c)(4) Non-Compliance

On April 14, 2020, we received notification from The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC indicating that as a result of the resignations of Sandford Smith and Scott Ogilvie from our Board of Directors, the Company is not in compliance with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5605(c)(2)(A). Nasdaq Listing Rule 5605(c)(2)(A) requires that the audit committee be comprised of at least three (3) independent directors. The resignations of Messrs. Smith and Ogilvie left the Audit Committee with one (1) remaining member, Mary Ann Gray, PhD. Subsequent to such resignations, the Board of Directors appointed David J. Mazzo, PhD to the committee. Accordingly, our audit committee is currently comprised of two (2) independent Board members and is not in compliance with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5605(c)(2)(A). Pursuant to Nasdaq Listing Rule 5605(c)(4)(B), and as stated in the notification we received, the Company is entitled to a cure period to regain compliance with Listing Rule 5605(c)(2)(A), which cure period will expire no later than September 22, 2020. In the event the Company does not regain compliance by such date, Nasdaq will provide the Company notification that its securities will be delisted. At that time, the Company may appeal the delisting determination to a Hearing Panel.

If we do not regain compliance within the respective allotted compliance period, including any extensions that may be granted by Nasdaq, Nasdaq will provide notice that our common stock will be subject to delisting. We will then be entitled to appeal the determination to a Nasdaq Listing Qualifications Panel and request a hearing. We cannot be sure that we will comply with the requirements for continued listing of our shares on the Nasdaq Capital Market in the future or that we will comply with the other continued listing requirements. If our shares lose their status on the Nasdaq Capital Market, we believe that our shares would likely be eligible to be quoted on the inter-dealer electronic quotation and trading system operated by Pink OTC Markets Inc., commonly referred to as the Pink Sheets and now known as the OTCQB market. These markets are generally considered not to be as efficient as, and not as broad as, the Nasdaq Capital Market. If our common stock is delisted, this would, among other things, substantially impair our ability to raise additional funds and could result in a loss of institutional investor interest and fewer development opportunities for us.

 If our common stock were delisted from NASDAQ, the Company would be subject to the risks relating to penny stocks.

If our common stock were to be delisted from trading on the Nasdaq Capital Market and the trading price of our common stock were below $5.00 per share on the date our common stock is delisted, trading in our common stock would also be subject to the requirements of certain rules promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). These rules require additional disclosure by broker-dealers in connection with any trades involving a stock defined as a "penny stock" and impose various sales practice requirements on broker-dealers who sell penny stocks to persons other than established customers and accredited investors, generally institutions. These additional requirements may discourage broker-dealers from effecting transactions in securities that are classified as penny stocks, which could severely limit the market price and liquidity of such securities and the ability of purchasers to sell such securities in the secondary market. A penny stock is defined generally as any non-exchange listed equity security that has a market price of less than $5.00 per share, subject to certain exceptions.

We could become the subject to securities litigation.

Commencing in 2017, we have seen a dramatic decrease in the price of our common stock. More recently, in July of 2019 we effected a 1-for-20 reverse stock split and completed an underwritten public offering of our securities. Commencing from the time our reverse stock split became effective, we have seen an even more drastic decrease in the price of our common stock. Plaintiffs have often initiated securities class action litigation against a company following periods of significant decreases in the market price of the company’s securities. As a result, we may become the target of litigation. Securities litigation could result in substantial costs and liabilities and could divert management’s attention and resources from our operations and business.

We have a history of losses.

Since inception in 1996 through June 30, 2020, we have accumulated losses totaling approximately $232 million. As of June 30, 2020, we had a working capital surplus of approximately $16 million and stockholders’ equity of approximately $16 million. Our net losses for the two most recent fiscal years have been approximately $8.4 million and $4.9 million for 2019 and 2018, respectively.

To date, we have not generated any revenue from the commercial sale of our proposed products. No assurances can be given as to exactly when, if at all, we will be able to fully develop, commercialize, market, sell and/or derive any, let alone material, revenues from our proposed products.

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We will need to raise additional capital to continue operations.

Since our inception, we have funded our operations through the sale of our securities, credit facilities, the exercise of options and warrants, and to a lesser degree, from grants and research contracts and other revenue generating activities such as licensing. As of June 30, 2020, we had cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments on hand of approximately $16 million. We anticipate that based upon our cash position on June 30, 2020, we will be able to fund our operations for more than 12 months after this filing. We cannot assure you that we will be able to secure additional capital through financing transactions, including issuance of debt, licensing agreements or grants. Our inability to license our intellectual property, obtain grants or secure additional financing will materially impact our ability to fund our current and planned operations.

We have spent and expect to continue spending substantial cash in the research, development, clinical and pre-clinical testing of our proposed products with the goal of ultimately obtaining FDA approval and equivalent international approvals to market such products. We will require additional capital to execute our acquisition and/or in-licensing strategy as well as out-licensing initiatives. We cannot assure you that financing will be available if needed. If additional financing is not available, we may not be able to fund our operations, take advantage of business opportunities. If we exhaust our cash reserves and are unable to secure additional financing, we may be unable to meet our obligations which could result in us initiating bankruptcy proceedings or delaying or eliminating some or all our research and product development programs. 

Risks Relating to Our Business

Our business is dependent on the successful development of product candidates that we have yet to acquire or license.

Our business is significantly dependent on the successful development of product candidates that we have yet to acquire or license. If we are successful in in-licensing or acquiring product candidates, the process to approve of such product candidates is time-consuming, involves substantial expenditures of resources, and depends upon a number of factors, including the availability of alternative treatments, and the risks and benefits demonstrated in our clinical trials. Our success will depend on our ability to achieve scientific and technological advances and to translate such advances into FDA-approvable, commercially competitive products on a timely basis. Failure can occur at any stage of the process. If we are not successful in our in-licensing and acquisition strategy, we will have invested substantial amounts of time and money without developing revenue-producing products.

Any product candidates we are able to license or acquire will likely not be commercially available for at least several years, if at all. Our development schedules for our current and future product candidates may be affected by a variety of factors, including difficulties in identifying and in-licensing or acquiring such future products candidates, technological difficulties, clinical trial delays or failures, regulatory hurdles, competitive products, intellectual property challenges and/or changes in governmental regulation, many of which will not be within our control. In light of the long-term nature of these types of projects, the technology potentially involved, and the other factors there can be no assurance that we will be able to successfully complete the development or marketing of any product candidates.

The technologies we intend to out-license may not be able to be commercially developed.

We have allocated most of our resources to the development of our stem cell and small molecule technologies. These are emerging technologies which may be deemed to have limited human application. If potential licensees believe that these technologies have limited human applications, we may not be able to out-license, on acceptable terms or at all our, technologies. Failure to out-license or sell our stem cell or small molecule technologies may materially impact the value of our business. 

We are unable to predict when or if we will be able to earn significant revenues.

Given that we have yet to in-license or acquire new technologies, we cannot predict when, or if ever, we will be able to realize revenues related to our products. Even if in-licensed or acquired, these products are not likely to be commercially available for at least several or more years, if ever. Accordingly, we do not foresee generating any significant revenue during such time. As a result, we will be primarily dependent on our ability to raise capital through the sale of our securities to fund our operations for the foreseeable future.

We may be subject to litigation that will be costly to defend or pursue and uncertain in its outcome.

Our business may bring us into conflict with licensees, licensors, or others with whom we have contractual or other business relationships or with our competitors or others whose interests differ from ours. If we are unable to resolve these conflicts on terms that are satisfactory to all parties, we may become involved in litigation brought by or against such parties. Any litigation is likely to be expensive and may require a significant amount of management's time and attention, at the expense of other aspects of our business. The outcome of litigation is always uncertain, and in some cases, could include judgments against us which could have a materially adverse effect on our business.

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We depend on a limited number of employees and consultants for our continued operations and future success.

We are highly dependent on a limited number of employees and outside consultants.  Although we have entered into employment and consulting agreements with these parties, these agreements can be terminated at any time.  The loss of any of our employees or consultants could adversely affect our opportunities and materially harm our future prospects.  In addition, we anticipate growth and expansion into areas and activities requiring additional expertise, such as clinical testing, regulatory compliance, manufacturing and marketing.  We anticipate the need for additional management personnel as well as the development of additional expertise by existing management personnel. There is intense competition for qualified personnel in the areas of our present and planned activities, and there can be no assurance that we will be able to attract and retain the qualified personnel necessary for the development our business.

We entered into employment contracts with members of our senior management team that contain significant anti-termination provisions which could make future changes in management difficult or expensive.

We have entered into employment agreements with members of our senior management team. These agreements may require the payment of severance in the event one of these employees ceases to be employed. These provisions make the replacement of these employees very costly and could cause difficulty in effecting any required changes in management or a change in control.

Business or economic disruptions or global health concerns could seriously harm our development efforts and increase our costs and expenses.

Broad-based business or economic disruptions could adversely affect our ongoing or planned research and development activities as well as the execution of our acquisition and/or in-licensing strategy. For example, in December 2019 an outbreak of a novel strain of coronavirus originated in Wuhan, China, and has since spread around the world, including to the United States. To date, this outbreak has already resulted in extended shutdowns of many businesses around the world, including in the United States. At this time, the impact on Seneca has been employees who previously worked in our corporate office and who traveled are now limited to home office work and virtual meetings. Global health concerns, such as coronavirus, could also result in social, economic, and labor instability in the countries in which we or the third parties with whom we engage operate. We cannot presently predict the scope, severity and longevity of any potential business shutdowns or disruptions, but if we or any of the third parties with whom we engage or plan to engage, including the suppliers, clinical trial sites, regulators and other third parties with whom we conduct business or plan to conduct business, were to experience shutdowns or other business disruptions, our ability to conduct our business in the manner and on the timelines presently planned could be materially and negatively impacted. It is also possible that global health concerns such as this one could disproportionately impact the hospitals and clinical sites in which we may conduct any of our clinical trials, which could have a material adverse effect on our business and our results of operation and financial condition.

The increasing use of social media platforms presents new risks and challenges.

Social media is increasingly being used to communicate information about our products and the diseases that our therapies are designed to treat. Social media practices in our industry continue to evolve and regulations related to such use are not always clear. This evolution creates uncertainty and risk of noncompliance with regulations applicable to our business. For example, patients and others may use social media channels to comment on the effectiveness of a product or to report an alleged adverse event. When such disclosures occur, we may fail to monitor and comply with applicable adverse event reporting obligations or we may not be able to defend against political and market pressures generated by social media due to restrictions on what we may say about our products. There is also a risk of inappropriate disclosure of sensitive information or negative or inaccurate comments about us on any social networking website. If any of these events were to occur or we otherwise fail to comply with applicable regulations, we could incur liability, face overly restrictive regulatory actions or incur other harm to our business.

Risks Relating to Intellectual Property

We may not be able to withstand challenges to our intellectual property rights.

We rely on our intellectual property, including issued and applied-for patents, as the foundation of our business. Our intellectual property rights may come under challenge. No assurances can be given that our current and potential future patents will survive such challenges. These cases are complex, lengthy, expensive, and could potentially be adjudicated adversely to our interests, removing the protection afforded by an issued patent. The viability of our business would suffer if such patent protection were limited or eliminated. Moreover, the costs associated with defending or settling intellectual property claims would likely have a material adverse effect on our business and future prospects.

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We may not be able to adequately protect against the piracy of the intellectual property in foreign jurisdictions.

We conduct research in countries outside of the U.S., including through our subsidiary in the People’s Republic of China. Several of our competitors are located in these countries and may be able to access our technology or test results. The laws protecting intellectual property in some of these countries may not adequately protect our trade secrets and intellectual property. The misappropriation of our intellectual property may materially impact our position in the market and any competitive advantages, if any, that we may have.

We may infringe the intellectual property rights of others and may not be able to obtain necessary licenses to third-party patents and other rights.

A number of companies, universities and research institutions have filed patent applications or have received patents relating to technologies in our field. We cannot predict which, if any, of these applications will issue as patents or how many of these issued patents will be found valid and enforceable. There may also be existing issued patents on which we would infringe by the commercialization of our product candidates. If so, we may be prevented from commercializing these products unless the third party is willing to grant a license to us. We may be unable to obtain licenses to the relevant patents at a reasonable cost, if at all, and may also be unable to develop or obtain alternative non-infringing technology. If we are unable to obtain such licenses or develop non-infringing technology at a reasonable cost, our business could be significantly harmed. Also, any infringement lawsuits commenced against us may result in significant costs, divert our management’s attention and result in an award against us for substantial damages, or potentially prevent us from continuing certain operations.

Risks Relating to Our Common Stock

The market price for our common shares is particularly volatile.

The market for our common shares is characterized by significant price volatility when compared to seasoned issuers, and we expect that our share price will continue to be more volatile than those of a seasoned issuer. The volatility in our share price is attributable to a number of factors. Mainly however, we are a speculative or “risky” investment due to our limited operating history, lack of significant revenues to date and the uncertainty of FDA approval. By way of example, in July of 2019, we completed a firm commitment underwritten public offering of our securities. During the marketing of the offering and post-closing, the market price or our common stock decreased substantially. As a consequence of this enhanced risk, more risk-adverse investors may, under the fear of losing all or most of their investment in the event of negative news or lack of progress, be more inclined to sell their shares on the market more quickly and at greater discounts than would be the case with the stock of a seasoned issuer. Additionally, in the past, plaintiffs have often initiated securities class action litigation against a company following periods of volatility in the market price of its securities. We may in the future be the target of similar litigation. Securities litigation could result in substantial costs and liabilities and could divert management’s attention and resources.

The following factors may add to the volatility in the price of our common shares: actual or anticipated variations in our quarterly or annual operating results; the results of clinical trials for our product candidates; FDA’s determination with respect to filings for new clinical studies, new drug applications and new indications; government regulations; announcements of significant acquisitions, strategic partnerships or joint ventures; our capital commitments; offerings of our securities and additions or departures of our key personnel. Many of these factors are beyond our control and may decrease the market price of our common shares, regardless of our operating performance. We cannot make any predictions or projections as to what the prevailing market price for our common shares will be at any time, including as to whether our common shares will sustain their current market prices, or as to what effect the sale of shares or the availability of common shares for sale at any time will have on the prevailing market price.

Future sales of our common stock could cause our stock price to fall.

In January 2020, we completed an inducement offering pursuant to which we reduced the exercise price of outstanding warrants in exchange for the holder exercising such warrants for cash. As a result, we issued 5,555,554 shares of common stock, or approximately 61% of our issued and outstanding common stock. Transactions, such as the inducement offering, that result in a large amount of newly issued shares that are readily tradable, or other events that cause current stockholders to sell shares, could place downward pressure on the trading price of our common stock. In addition, the lack of a robust trading market may require a stockholder who desires to sell a large number of shares of common stock to sell the shares in increments over time to mitigate any adverse impact of the sales on the market price of our stock. If our stockholders sell, or the market perceives that our stockholders intend to sell for various reasons, substantial amounts of our common stock in the public market, including shares issued upon the exercise of outstanding options or warrants, the market price of our common stock could fall. Sales of a substantial number of shares of our common stock may make it more difficult for us to sell equity or equity-related securities in the future at a time and price that we deem reasonable or appropriate. We may become involved in securities class action litigation that could divert management’s attention and harm our business.

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Certain of our outstanding common stock purchase warrants contain price protection provisions (anti-dilution protection) in the event that we sell our securities at prices lower than the current exercise price of such warrants, which may have a negative impact on the trading price of our common stock or impair our ability to raise capital.

As of June 30, 2020, we had 149,149 common stock purchase warrants outstanding that were issued in our May 2016 registered offering, May 2016 private placement and August 2017 registered offering that all contain price protection provisions in the event that we sell securities at a price per share below their respective exercise prices (collectively “Price Protection Warrants”). Pursuant to our May 2020 common stock offering, the Price Protection Warrants all had their exercise prices adjusted to $0.90 per share. In the event that we sell securities at a price per share lower than the current exercise price of the Price Protection Warrants, their exercise prices will be further reduced. Any future adjustments to the exercise prices of the Price Protection Warrants may have a negative impact on the trading price of our common stock. Additionally, raising additional capital with new investors may be difficult as a result of the adjustment feature.

Certain of our outstanding common stock purchase options contain provisions (anti-dilution protection) in the event that we issue additional securities, which may have a negative impact on our capital structure and may result in significant dilution to our shareholders or impair our ability to raise capital.

As of July 31, 2020, we had 764,937 outstanding common stock purchase options held by certain members or our senior management team. These options contain provisions which have resulted in the adjustment of the shares underlying such options in order that the holder maintains his proportionate ownership of the Company. Any future adjustments to the number of shares may have a negative impact on our capital structure and dilute our other shareholders. Additionally, raising additional capital with new investors may be difficult as a result of the adjustment feature.

The requirements of being a public company may strain our resources, divert management’s attention and affect our ability to attract and retain qualified board members.

As a public company, we incur significant legal, accounting and other expenses that we would not incur as a private company, including costs associated with public company reporting requirements. We also incur costs associated with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, as amended, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act and related rules implemented or to be implemented by the SEC and the Nasdaq. The expenses incurred by public companies generally for reporting, insurance and corporate governance purposes have been increasing. We expect these rules and regulations to increase our legal and financial compliance costs and to make some activities more time-consuming and costly. These laws and regulations could also make it more difficult or costly for us to obtain certain types of insurance, including director and officer liability insurance, and we may be forced to accept reduced policy limits and coverage or incur substantially higher costs to obtain the same or similar coverage. These laws and regulations could also make it more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified persons to serve on our board of directors, our board committees or as our executive officers and may divert management’s attention. Furthermore, if we are unable to satisfy our obligations as a public company, we could be subject to delisting of our common stock, fines, sanctions and other regulatory action and potentially civil litigation.

We have never paid a cash dividend and do not intend to pay cash dividends on our common stock in the foreseeable future.

We have never paid a cash dividend, nor do we anticipate paying cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Accordingly, any return on your investment will be as a result of the appreciation of our common stock if any.

Our anti-takeover provisions may delay or prevent a change of control, which could adversely affect the price of our common stock.

Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws contain provisions that may make it difficult to remove our board of directors and management and may discourage or delay “change of control” transactions, which could adversely affect the price of our common stock. These provisions include, among others:

• our board of directors is divided into three classes, with each class serving for a staggered three-year term, which prevents stockholders from electing an entirely new board of directors at an annual meeting;

• advance notice procedures that stockholders must comply with in order to nominate candidates to our board of directors and propose matters to be brought before an annual meeting of our stockholders may discourage or deter a potential acquirer from conducting a solicitation of proxies to elect the acquirer’s own slate of directors or otherwise attempting to obtain control of our company; and

• our board of directors may, without stockholder approval, issue series of preferred stock, or rights to acquire preferred stock, that could dilute the interest of, or impair the voting power of, holders of our common stock or could also be used as a method of discouraging, delaying or preventing a change of control.

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If securities or industry analysts do not publish research reports, or publish unfavorable research about our business, the price and trading volume of our common stock could decline.

The trading market for our common stock will depend in part on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us and our business. We currently have limited research coverage by securities and industry analysts. In the event an analyst downgrades our securities the price of our securities would likely decline. If analysts cease to cover us or fails to publish regular reports on us, interest in our securities could decrease, which could cause the price of our common stock and other securities and their trading volume to decline.

Our board of directors has broad discretion to issue additional securities, which might dilute the net tangible book value per share of our common stock for existing stockholders.

We are entitled under our certificate of incorporation to issue up to 300,000,000 shares of common stock and 7,000,000 “blank check” shares of preferred stock. Shares of our blank check preferred stock provide our board of directors with broad authority to determine voting, dividend, conversion, and other rights. As of June 30, 2020, we have issued and outstanding 17,295,703 shares of common stock and we have 6,170,767 shares of common stock reserved for future grants under our equity compensation plans and for issuances upon the exercise or conversion of currently outstanding options, warrants and convertible securities. As of June 30, 2020, we had 200,000 shares of preferred stock issued and outstanding which are convertible into 38,873 shares of our common stock. Accordingly, as of June 30, 2020, we are entitled to issue up to 276,533,530 additional shares of common stock and 6,800,000 additional shares of “blank check” preferred stock. Our board may generally issue those common and preferred shares, or convertible securities to purchase those shares, without further approval by our shareholders. Any preferred shares we may issue will have such rights, preferences, privileges and restrictions as may be designated from time-to-time by our board, including preferential dividend rights, voting rights, conversion rights, redemption rights and liquidation provisions. It is likely that we will be required to issue a large amount of additional securities to raise capital in order to further our development and marketing plans. It is also likely that we will be required to issue a large amount of additional securities to directors, officers, employees and consultants as compensatory grants in connection with their services, both in the form of stand-alone grants or under our various stock plans. The issuance of additional securities may cause substantial dilution to our shareholders.

Risks Related to Government Regulation and Approval of Therapeutic Product Candidates.

The regulatory approval processes of the FDA and comparable foreign authorities are lengthy, time consuming and inherently unpredictable, and our products may not receive regulatory approval.

The time required to obtain approval by the FDA and comparable foreign authorities is inherently unpredictable but typically takes many years following the commencement of clinical trials and depends upon numerous factors, including the substantial discretion of the regulatory authorities. In addition, approval policies, regulations, or the type and amount of clinical data necessary to gain approval may change during the course of a drug candidate’s clinical development and may vary among jurisdictions and countries.

If we are successful in in-licensing or acquiring therapeutic drug candidates, we could fail to receive regulatory approval for many reasons, including the following:

• the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities may disagree with the design or implementation of our clinical trials;

• we may be unable to demonstrate to the satisfaction of the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities that a product candidate is safe and effective for its proposed indication;

• the results of clinical trials may not meet the level of statistical significance required by the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities for approval;

• we may be unable to demonstrate that a product candidate’s clinical and other benefits outweigh its safety risks;

• the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities may disagree with our interpretation of data from preclinical studies or clinical trials;

• the data collected from clinical trials of our product candidates may not be sufficient to support the submission of a BLA, NDA or other submission or to obtain regulatory approval in the United States or elsewhere;

• the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities may fail to approve the manufacturing processes or facilities of third-party manufacturers with which we contract for clinical and commercial supplies; or

• the approval policies or regulations of the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities may significantly change in a manner rendering our clinical data insufficient for approval.

We cannot assure you that we will successfully in-license or acquire any technologies or complete any clinical trials in connection with such technologies.  Further, we cannot predict when we might first submit any product license application (NDA or BLA) for FDA approval or whether any such product license application will be granted on a timely basis, if at all.   Any delay in obtaining, or failure to obtain, such approvals could have a material adverse effect on the marketing of our products and our ability to generate product revenue.

35

Development of therapeutics product candidates is subject to extensive government regulation.

The process of obtaining FDA and other necessary regulatory approvals is lengthy, expensive and uncertain. FDA and other legal and regulatory requirements applicable to our proposed products, both in the U.S. and in foreign countries could substantially change. We may fail to obtain the necessary approvals to commence clinical testing or to manufacture or market our potential products in reasonable time frames, if at all. In addition, the U.S. Congress and other legislative bodies may enact regulatory reforms or restrictions on the development of new therapies that could adversely affect the regulatory environment in which we operate or the development of any products we may develop.

Noncompliance with applicable regulatory requirements can subject us, our third party suppliers and manufacturers and our other collaborators to administrative and judicial sanctions, such as, among other things, warning letters, fines and other monetary payments, recall or seizure of products, criminal proceedings, suspension or withdrawal of regulatory approvals, interruption or cessation of clinical trials, total or partial suspension of production or distribution, injunctions, limitations on or the elimination of claims we can make for our products, refusal of the government to enter into supply contracts or fund research, or government delay in approving or refusal to approve new drug applications.

We cannot predict if or when we will be able to commercialize our products due to regulatory constraints.

Federal, state and local governments and agencies in the U.S. (including the FDA) and governments in other countries have significant regulations in place that govern many of our activities.  We are, or may become, subject to various federal, state and local laws, regulations and recommendations relating to safe working conditions, laboratory and manufacturing practices, the experimental use of animals and the use and disposal of hazardous or potentially hazardous substances used in connection with its research and development work. The preclinical testing and clinical trials of our proposed products are subject to extensive government regulation that may prevent us from creating commercially viable products. In addition, our sale of any commercially viable product will be subject to government regulation from several standpoints, including manufacturing, advertising, marketing, promoting, selling, labeling and distributing.  If, and to the extent that, we are unable to comply with these regulations, our ability to earn revenues, if any, will be materially and negatively impacted.

ITEM 2. UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS

The following information is given with regard to unregistered securities sold during the period covered by this report. The unregistered securities were issued pursuant to section 4(2) of the Securities Act:

• On January 17, 2020, we issued an aggregate 2,777,777 Series P warrants and 2,777,777 Series Q warrants. The warrants were issued as an inducement for holders to exercise the Company’s Series M and N warrants for cash. As a result of the inducement, we received gross proceeds of approximately $7,555,553, not including closing costs and placement agent fees. The Series P Warrants have substantially the same terms as the Series M Warrants (except for provisions customary for an unregistered warrant, including a restricted legend) (i) a term of two (2) years from the date of issuance, and (ii) an exercise price per share of $1.23. The Series Q Warrants have substantially the same terms as the Series N Warrants (except for provisions customary for an unregistered warrant, including a restricted legend) (i) have a term of five (5) years from the date of issuance, and (iv) an exercise price per share of $1.23.

In connection with the transactions we issued H.C. Wainwright & Co., LLC a common stock purchase warrant to purchase 44,444 shares of common stock. The warrants are substantially similar to the Series Q warrants but have an exercise price of $1.70 per share.

• In April 2020, in connection with Dane Saglio’s employment as Chief Financial Officer, we granted an inducement option from the Company’s Inducement Award Stock Option Plan to purchase 70,710 shares of common stock. The Inducement Option has an exercise price of $0.6199 per share, a term of ten (10) years, and vests as follows: (a) one quarter (1/4) of the options vest on the Effective Date, and (ii) the remaining three-quarters (3/4) of the options will vest on a monthly basis over the thirty-six (36) month period following the Effective Date. For a period of nine (9) months, subject to adjustment upon the Company’s issuance of common stock including by virtue of exercise, conversion or exchange of common stock equivalents, the shares underlying the options are subject to adjustment to maintain the percentage ownership that the option grant reflects on the date of grant.

• In April 2020, in connection with Matthew Kalnik, PhD’s employment as President and Chief Operating Officer, we granted an inducement option from the Company’s Inducement Award Stock Option Plan to purchase 282,840 shares of common stock. The Inducement Option has an exercise price of $0.6199 per share, a term of ten (10) years, and vests as follows: (it) one quarter (1/4) of the options vest on the Effective Date, and (ii) the remaining three-quarters (3/4) of the options will vest on a monthly basis over the thirty-six (36) month period following the Effective Date. For a period of nine (9) months, subject to adjustment upon the Company’s issuance of common stock including by virtue of exercise, conversion or exchange of common stock equivalents, the shares underlying the options are subject to adjustment to maintain the percentage ownership that the option grant reflects on the date of grant.

36

• Effective April 2020, Dr. Carter, our Executive Chairman, received a conditional option grant to purchase 471,400 shares of common stock, subject to the receipt of shareholder approval as well as the forfeiture of all of his previously issued vested and unvested grants. The option grant has a term of ten (10) years, and an exercise price of $0.6199. The option vests (i) one quarter (1/4) on the effective date and (ii) three quarters (3/4) on a monthly basis over the thirty-six (36) month period following the effective date, provided Dr. Carter remains a service provider to the Company over such period. For a period of nine (9) months, subject to adjustment upon the Company’s issuance of common stock including by virtue of exercise, conversion or exchange of common stock equivalents, the shares underlying the options are subject to adjustment to maintain the percentage ownership that the option grant reflects on the date of grant.

• Effective April 2020, Dr. Hazel, our Senior Vice President of Research and Development received a conditional option grant to purchase 94,280 shares of common stock, subject to the receipt of shareholder approval as well as the forfeiture of all of his previously issued vested and unvested grants. The option grant has a term of ten (10) years, and an exercise price of $0.6199. The option vests (i) one quarter (1/4) on the effective date and (ii) three quarters (3/4) on a monthly basis over the thirty-six (36) month period following the effective date, provided Dr. Hazel remains a service provider to the Company over such period. For a period of nine (9) months, subject to adjustment upon the Company’s issuance of common stock including by virtue of exercise, conversion or exchange of common stock equivalents, the shares underlying the options are subject to adjustment to maintain the percentage ownership that the option grant reflects on the date of grant.

• On April 3, 2020, we issued an aggregate of 24,000 restricted stock units (6,000 to each of our four current directors) as partial compensation for their service on the board of directors.

• In May 2020, in connection with the registered offering of our common stock, we issued our placement agent, H.C. Wainwright & Co., LLC a common stock purchase warrant to purchase 400,000 shares of common stock. The warrants have an exercise price of $1.25 per share and a term of five (5) years from issuance.

ITEM 3. DEFAULT UPON SENIOR SECURITIES

None

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE

Not Applicable

ITEM 5. OTHER INFORMATION

Not Applicable

ITEM 6. EXHIBITS

			Incorporated by Reference
		Filed/
Exhibit		Furnished		Exhibit
No.	Description	Herewith	Form	No.	File No.	Filing Date
3.01(i)	Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Neuralstem, Inc. filed on 1/5/2017		S-1/A	3.01(i)	001-33672	1/6/17
3.01(ii)	Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Neuralstem, Inc. effective on 7/17/2019		8-K	3.01(i)	001-33672	7/18/19

37

3.01(ii)	Amendment to Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Neuralstem, Inc. effective 10/28/19	8-K		3.01	001-33672	10/30/19
3.02(i)	Certificate of Designation of Series A 4.5% Convertible Preferred Stock	8-K		3.01	001-33672	12/12/16
3.03(ii)	Amended and Restated Bylaws of Neuralstem, Inc. adopted on 11/10/2015	8-K		3.01	001-33672	11/16/15
4.01**	Amended and Restated 2005 Stock Plan adopted on 6/28/07	10-QSB		4.2(i)	333-132923	8/14/07
4.02**	Non-qualified Stock Option Agreement between Neuralstem, Inc. and Richard Garr dated 7/28/05	SB-2	/A	4.4	333-132923	6/21/06
4.03**	Non-qualified Stock Option Agreement between Neuralstem, Inc. and Karl Johe dated 7/28/05	SB-2	/A	4.5	333-132923	6/21/06
4.04**	Neuralstem, Inc. 2007 Stock Plan	10-QSB		4.21	333-132923	8/14/07
4.05	Form of Common Stock Purchase Warrant Issued to Karl Johe on 6/5/07	10-KSB		4.22	333-132923	3/27/08
4.06	Form of Placement Agent Warrant Issued to Midtown Partners & Company on 12/18/08	8-K		4.1	001-33672	12/18/08
4.07	Form of Consultant Common Stock Purchase Warrant issued on 1/5/09	S-3/A		10.1	333-157079	02/3/09
4.08	Form of Series D, E and F Warrants	8-K		4.01	001-33672	7/1/09

38

4.09	Form of Placement Agent Warrant	8-K	4.02	001-33672	7/1/09
4.10	Form of Consultant Warrant Issued 1/8/10	10-K	4.20	001-33672	3/31/10
4.11	Form of Replacement Warrant Issued 1/29/10	10-K	4.21	001-33672	3/31/10
4.12	Form of Series C Replacement Warrant Issued March of 2010 and May, June and July of 2013 (Original Ex. Price $2.13 and $1.25)	10-K	4.22	001-33672	3/31/10
4.13	Form of employee and consultant option grant pursuant to our 2007 Stock Plan and 2010 Equity Compensation Plan	10-K	4.23	001-33672	3/31/10
4.14	Form of Warrants dated 6/29/10	8-K	4.01	001-33672	6/29/10

4.15**	Amended Neuralstem 2010 Equity Compensation Plan adopted on June 22, 2017	DEF 14A	Appendix I	001-33672	5/1/17
4.16	Form of Consultant Warrant issued 10/1/09 and 10/1/10	S-3	4.07	333-169847	10/8/10
4.17**	Form of Restricted Stock Award Agreement pursuant to our 2007 Stock Plan and 2010 Equity Compensation Plan	S-8	4.06	333-172563	3/1/11
4.18**	Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement	S-8	4.08	333-172563	3/1/11
4.19	Form of Common Stock Purchase Warrant issued pursuant to February 2012 registered offering	8-K	4.01	001-33672	2/8/12
4.20	Form of Common Stock Purchase Warrant issued to Consultants in June of 2012 and March 19, 2013	10-Q	4.20	001-33672	8/9/12
4.21	Form of Underwriter Warrant issued to Aegis Capital Corp. on 8/20/12	8-K	4.1	001-33672	8/17/12

39

4.22	Form of Placement Agent Warrant issued to Aegis Capital Corp. on 9/13/12	8-K	4.1	001-33672	9/19/12
4.23	Form of Consulting Warrant issued January 2011 and March 2012	S-3	4.01	333-188859	5/24/13
	Form of Replacement Warrant issued January, February and May of 2013 (Original Ex. Prices $3.17 and $2.14)
4.24	Form of Lender Warrant issued March 22, 2013	8-K	4.01	001-33672	3/27/13
4.25	Form of Advisor Warrant issued March 22, 2013	8-K	4.02	001-33672	3/27/13
4.26	Form of Warrant issued June of 2013 and July of 2014 to Legal Counsel	10-Q	4.26	001-33672	8/8/13
4.27	Form of Warrant issued in September 2013 in connection with Issuer’s registered direct offering	8-K	4.01	011-33672	9/10/13
4.28	Form of Warrant issued to strategic advisor in August 2013	10-Q	4.28	001-33672	11/12/13
4.29	Form of Investor Warrant issued January 2014	8-K	4.01	001-33672	1/6/14

4.30	Form of Lender Warrant Issued October 28, 2014	8-K	4.01	001-33672	10/29/14
4.31**	Inducement Stock Option Plan adopted 2/15/2016 and as amended on 12/12/2018, 9/13/2019, and 3/23/20	10-K	4.31	001-33672	3/27/20
4.32**	Form of Inducement Award Non-Qualified Stock Option Grant pursuant to Inducement Stock Option Plan	8-K	4.02	001-33672	2/19/16
4.33	Form of Common Stock Purchase Warrant From May 2016 Public Offering dated May 6, 2016	8-K	4.01	001-33672	5/4/16
4.34	Form of Common Stock Purchase Warrant from May 2016 Private Offering Dated May 12, 2016	8-K	4.01	001-33672	5/13/16
4.35	Form of Series A Preferred Stock Certificate	8-K	4.01	001-33672	9/12/16

40

4.36	Form of Inducement Warrant issued March 20, 2017 and March 31, 2017	8-K	4.01	001-33672	3/20/17
4.37	Form of Common Stock Purchase Warrant from August 2017 Public Offering Dated August 1, 2017	8-K	4.01	001-33672	7/28/17
4.38	Form of Common Stock Purchase Warrant from October 2018 Offering	8-K	4.01	001-33672	10/29/18
4.39	Form of Placement Agent Common Stock Purchase Warrant from October 2018 Offering	8-K	4.02	001-33672	10/29/18
4.40	Consultant Warrant for Hibiscus BioVentures, LLC issued January 2019	10-Q	4.40	001-33672	5/14/19
4.41**	Seneca Biopharma 2019 Equity Incentive Plan	DEF 14A	Appendix I	001-33672	4/29/19
4.42**	Form of Restricted Stock Unit from 2019 Equity Incentive Plan	S-1	4.42	333-232273	6/21/19
4.43**	Form of Restricted Option Grant from 2019 Equity Incentive Plan	S-1	4.43	333-232273	6/21/19
4.44**	Form of Restricted Stock Grant from 2019 Equity Incentive Plan	S-1	4.44	333-232273	6/21/19
4.45	Form of Series M and Series N warrant from July 2019 Offering	S-1/A	4.45	333-232273	7/24/19
4.46	Form of Series O Pre-Funded Warrant from July 2019 Offering	S-1/A	4.46	333-232273	7/24/19
4.47	Form of Series P Replacement Warrant issued in January 2020 Offering	8-K	4.01	001-33672	1/22/20
4.48	Form of Series Q Replacement Warrant issued in January 2020 Offering	8-K	4.02	001-33672	1/22/20
4.49	Form of Placement Agent Warrant issued in January 2020 Offering	8-K	4.03	001-33672	1/22/20

41

4.50	Form of Placement Agent Warrant issued in May 2020 Offering	8-K	4.01	001-33672	5/27/20
4.51**	Seneca Biopharma 2020 Equity Incentive Plan	DEF 14A	Appendix C	001-33672	6/24/20
10.01**	Employment Agreement with Thomas Hazel, Ph.D dated August 11, 2008	10-K/A	10.05	001-33672	10/5/10
10.02**	Employment Agreement with Richard Daly dated February 15, 2016	8-K	10.01	001-33672	2/19/16
10.03**	Employment Agreement with Kenneth Carter dated December 12, 2018	8-K	10.01	001-33672	12/18/18
10.04	Consulting Agreement dated January 2010 between Market Development Consulting Group and the Company and amendments No. 1 and 2.	10-K	10.07	001-33672	3/16/11
10.05**	Renewal of Dr. Tom Hazel Employment Agreement dated 7/25/12	8-K	10.03	001-33672	7/27/12
10.06	Loan and Security Agreement dated March 2013	8-K	10.01	001-33672	3/27/13
10.07	Intellectual Property and Security Agreement dated March 2013	8-K	10.02	001-33672	3/27/13
10.08	At the Market Offering Agreement entered into on October 25, 2013	8-K	10.01	001-33672	10/25/13
10.09	Form of Second Amendment to Loan and Security Agreement dated March of 2013 that was entered into on October 28, 2014	8-K	10.01	001-33672	10/29/14
10.10**	Offer Letter Between Neuralstem, Inc. and Jonathan Lloyd Jones	8-K	10.01	001-33672	5/11/15
10.11**	General Release and Waiver of Claims with I. Richard Garr dated 3/2/2016	8-K	10.01	001-33672	3/4/16
10.12	Form of Securities Purchase Agreement from May 2016 Private Offering	8-K	10.01	001-33672	5/13/16
10.13**	Amendment to General Release and Waiver of claims with I. Richard Garr dated 6/6/16	8-K	10.01	001-33672	6/16/16

42

10.14	Form of Securities Purchase Agreement between Issuer and Tianjin Pharmaceuticals Holdings, Ltd.	8-K	10.01	001-33672	9/12/16
10.15**	Form of Securities Purchase Agreement between Issuer and Jonathan Lloyd Jones	10-Q	10.22	001-33672	11/8/16
10.16	Form of Securities Purchase Agreement between Issuer and Richard Daly	10-Q	10.23	001-33672	11/8/16
10.17	Form of Letter Agreement for Warrant Exercises on March 20, 2017 and March 30, 2017	8-K	10.01	001-33672	3/20/17
10.18**	Form of Separation Agreement and Release with Jonathan Lloyd Jones dated April 30, 2017	8-K	10.01	001-33672	5/4/17
10.19	Form of Securities Purchase Agreement with Investors from October 2018 Offering	8-K	10.01	001-33672	10/29/18
10.20	Form of Engagement Agreement with H.C. Wainwright & Co. Dated October 25, 2018	8-K	10.02	001-33672	10/29/18
10.21**	Sample Confidential Information and Invention Assignment Agreement	8-K	10.02	001-33672	12/12/18
10.22**	Form of Indemnification Agreement for Directors and Officers	8-K	10.03	001-33672	12/12/18
10.23	Letter Agreement from January 2020 Offering	8-K	10.01	001-33672	1/22/20
10.24	Form of Placement Agent Agreement from January 2020 Offering	8-K	10.02	001-33672	1/22/20
10.25	Amendment to Employment Agreement with Kenneth Carter effective April 1,2020	10-K	10.25	001-33672	3/27/20
10.26	Employment Agreement with Dane Saglio	8-K	10.01	001-33672	4/2/20
10.27	Employment Agreement with Matthew Kalnik, PhD	8-K	10.02	001-33672	4/2/20
10.28	Form of Securities Purchase Agreement with Investors from May 2020 Offering	8-K	10.01	001-33672	5/27/20

43

31.1	Certification of the Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002	*
31.2	Certification of the Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002	*

32.1	Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1350	*
32.2	Certification of Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1350	*
101.INS	XBRL Instance Document	*
101.SCH	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema	*
101.CAL	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase	*
101.DEF	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase	*
101.LAB	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase	*
101.PRE	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase	*

* Filed herein

** Management contracts or compensation plans or arrangements in which directors or executive officers are eligible to participate.

SIGNATURES

In accordance with the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has caused this report to be signed by the undersigned hereunto duly authorized.

	SENECA BIOPHARMA, INC.
Date:  August 13, 2020		/s/ Kenneth Carter
		Kenneth Carter, PhD, Executive Chairman

44

EX-31.1

EXHIBIT 31.1

SECTION 302

CERTIFICATION OF THE PRINCIPAL EXECUTIVE OFFICER

I, Kenneth Carter, certify that:

(1)          I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Seneca Biopharma, Inc.;

(2)          Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

(3)          Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

(4)          The registrant's other certifying officer(s) and I am responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

(a)           Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its unconsolidated investments, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b)           Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c)           Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(d)           Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and

(5)          The registrant's other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of the registrant's board of directors:

(a)           All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b)           Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting.

Date:  August 13, 2020	By:	/s/ Kenneth Carter
	Kenneth Carter, PhD, Executive Chairman (Principal Executive Officer)

EX-31.2

EXHIBIT 31.2

SECTION 302

CERTIFICATION OF THE PRINCIPAL FINANCIAL OFFICER

I, Dane Saglio, certify that:

(1)          I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Seneca Biopharma, Inc.;

(2)          Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

(3)          Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

(4)          The registrant's other certifying officer(s) and I am responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

(a)           Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its unconsolidated investments, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b)           Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c)           Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(d)           Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and

(5)          The registrant's other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of the registrant's board of directors:

(a)           All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b)           Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting.

Date:  August 13, 2020	By:	/s/ Dane Saglio
	Dane Saglio, Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer)

EX-32.1

EXHIBIT 32.1

CERTIFICATION OF PRINCIPAL EXECUTIVE OFFICER PURSUANT TO

18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350 AND EXCHANGE ACT RULES 13a-14(b) AND 15d-14(b)

(Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002)

In connection with the Quarterly Report of Seneca Biopharma, Inc. (the “Company”) on Form 10-Q for the period ending June 30, 2020, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, Kenneth Carter certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that, to the best of my knowledge and belief:

(1) The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

(2) The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of the operation of the Company.

/s/ Kenneth Carter

Kenneth Carter, PhD, Executive Chairman (Principal Executive Officer)

August 13, 2020

This certification accompanies the Report pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and shall not, except to the extent required by the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, be deemed filed by the Company for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.

A signed original of this written statement required by Section 906 has been provided to the Company and will be retained by the Company and furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission or its staff upon request.

EX-32.2

EXHIBIT 32.2

CERTIFICATION OF PRINCIPAL EXECUTIVE OFFICER AND PRINCIPAL FINANCIAL OFFICER PURSUANT TO

18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350 AND EXCHANGE ACT RULES 13a-14(b) AND 15d-14(b)

(Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002)

In connection with the Quarterly Report of Seneca Biopharma, Inc. (the “Company”) on Form 10-Q for the period ending June 30, 2020, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, Kenneth Carter certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that, to the best of my knowledge and belief:

(1) The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

(2) The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of the operation of the Company.

/s/ Dane Saglio

Dane Saglio, Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer)

August 13, 2020

This certification accompanies the Report pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and shall not, except to the extent required by the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, be deemed filed by the Company for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.

A signed original of this written statement required by Section 906 has been provided to the Company and will be retained by the Company and furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission or its staff upon request.

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Document And Entity Information - shares	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2020	Jul. 31, 2020
Document Information [Line Items]
Entity Registrant Name	Seneca Biopharma, Inc.
Entity Central Index Key	0001357459
Trading Symbol	snca
Current Fiscal Year End Date	--12-31
Entity Filer Category	Non-accelerated Filer
Entity Current Reporting Status	Yes
Entity Emerging Growth Company	false
Entity Small Business	true
Entity Interactive Data Current	Yes
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding (in shares)		17,295,703
Entity Shell Company	false
Document Type	10-Q
Document Period End Date	Jun. 30, 2020
Document Fiscal Year Focus	2020
Document Fiscal Period Focus	Q2
Amendment Flag	false
Title of 12(b) Security	Common Stock, $0.01 par value

XML

Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets - USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
CURRENT ASSETS
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 15,834,832	$ 5,114,917
Trade and other receivables	16,938	21,064
Prepaid expenses	390,646	510,900
Total current assets	16,242,416	5,646,881
Property and equipment, net	21,698	41,036
Patents, net	630,554	668,936
ROU and other assets	206,994	227,036
Total assets	17,101,662	6,583,889
CURRENT LIABILITIES
Accounts payable and accrued expenses	542,976	824,406
Accrued bonuses	98,750	135,686
Short-term note and other current liabilities	34,250	264,665
Total current liabilities	675,976	1,224,757
Warrant liabilities, at fair value	62,623	84,596
Lease liability, net of current portion	128,770	148,543
Total liabilities	867,369	1,457,896
Commitments and contingencies (Note 5)
STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY
Preferred stock, 7,000,000 shares authorized, $0.01 par value; 200,000 shares issued and outstanding at June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019	2,000	2,000
Common stock, $0.01 par value; 300,000,000 shares authorized, 17,295,703 and 3,866,457 shares issued and outstanding at June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively	172,957	38,665
Additional paid-in capital	247,568,205	227,067,058
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(7,166)	(6,186)
Accumulated deficit	(231,501,703)	(221,975,544)
Total stockholders' equity	16,234,293	5,125,993
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity	$ 17,101,662	$ 6,583,889

XML

Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets (Parentheticals) - $ / shares	Jun. 30, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Preferred stock, shares authorized (in shares)	7,000,000	7,000,000
Preferred stock, par value (in dollars per share)	$ 0.01	$ 0.01
Preferred stock, shares issued (in shares)	200,000	200,000
Preferred stock, shares outstanding (in shares)	200,000	200,000
Common stock, par value (in dollars per share)	$ 0.01	$ 0.01
Common stock, shares authorized (in shares)	300,000,000	300,000,000
Common stock, shares issued (in shares)	17,295,703	3,866,457
Common stock, shares outstanding (in shares)	17,295,703	3,866,457

XML

Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss - USD ($)	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2020	Jun. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2020	Jun. 30, 2019
Revenues	$ 2,500	$ 7,894	$ 8,520	$ 10,394
Operating expenses:
Research and development expenses	446,032	954,453	1,142,921	2,468,916
General and administrative expenses	1,503,822	971,822	2,803,417	1,916,424
Total operating expenses	1,949,854	1,926,275	3,946,338	4,385,340
Operating loss	(1,947,354)	(1,918,381)	(3,937,818)	(4,374,946)
Other income (expense):
Interest income	6,915	10,852	20,204	39,852
Interest expense	(7,850)	(507)	(10,429)	(2,524)
Warrant inducement expense			(5,620,089)
Gain (loss) on fair value of liability classified warrants	(2,652)	436,126	21,973	96,011
Other income (expense)		34,989		(309,306)
Total other income (expense)	(3,587)	481,460	(5,588,341)	(175,967)
Net loss	$ (1,950,941)	$ (1,436,921)	$ (9,526,159)	$ (4,550,913)
Net loss per share - basic and diluted (in dollars per share)	$ (0.15)	$ (1.45)	$ (0.92)	$ (4.78)
Weighted average common shares outstanding - basic and diluted (in shares)	12,642,972	993,854	10,391,065	952,567
Comprehensive loss:
Net loss	$ (1,950,941)	$ (1,436,921)	$ (9,526,159)	$ (4,550,913)
Foreign currency translation adjustment	(18)	(1,013)	(980)	(2,756)
Comprehensive loss	$ (1,950,959)	$ (1,437,934)	$ (9,527,139)	$ (4,553,669)

XML

Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders' Equity - USD ($)	Preferred Stock [Member]	Common Stock [Member]	Additional Paid-in Capital [Member]	AOCI Attributable to Parent [Member]	Retained Earnings [Member]	Total
Balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2018	1,000,000	910,253
Balance at Dec. 31, 2018	$ 10,000	$ 9,103	$ 219,654,753	$ (413)	$ (213,623,893)	$ 6,049,550
Share-based payments			337,966			337,966
Foreign currency translation adjustments				(1,743)		(1,743)
Net loss					(3,113,992)	(3,113,992)
Balance (in shares) at Mar. 31, 2019	1,000,000	910,253
Balance at Mar. 31, 2019	$ 10,000	$ 9,103	219,992,719	(2,156)	(216,737,885)	3,271,781
Balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2018	1,000,000	910,253
Balance at Dec. 31, 2018	$ 10,000	$ 9,103	219,654,753	(413)	(213,623,893)	6,049,550
Net loss						(4,550,913)
Balance (in shares) at Jun. 30, 2019	534,809	1,001,798
Balance at Jun. 30, 2019	$ 5,348	$ 10,018	220,125,234	(3,169)	(218,174,806)	1,962,625
Balance (in shares) at Mar. 31, 2019	1,000,000	910,253
Balance at Mar. 31, 2019	$ 10,000	$ 9,103	219,992,719	(2,156)	(216,737,885)	3,271,781
Share-based payments			128,778			128,778
Foreign currency translation adjustments				(1,013)		(1,013)
Net loss					(1,436,921)	(1,436,921)
Issuance of common stock for conversion of Series A Preferred Stock (in shares)	(465,191)	90,419
Issuance of common stock for conversion of Series A Preferred Stock	$ (4,652)	$ 904	3,748
Issuance of common stock for RSU exercises (in shares)		1,126
Issuance of common stock for RSU exercises		$ 11	(11)
Balance (in shares) at Jun. 30, 2019	534,809	1,001,798
Balance at Jun. 30, 2019	$ 5,348	$ 10,018	220,125,234	(3,169)	(218,174,806)	1,962,625
Balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2019	200,000	3,866,457
Balance at Dec. 31, 2019	$ 2,000	$ 38,665	227,067,058	(6,186)	(221,975,544)	5,125,993
Share-based payments			75,892			75,892
Foreign currency translation adjustments				(962)		(962)
Net loss					(7,575,218)	(7,575,218)
Issuance of common stock and inducement warrants for warrant exercises (in shares)		5,561,554
Issuance of common stock and inducement warrants for warrant exercises		$ 55,615	12,296,637			12,352,252
Balance (in shares) at Mar. 31, 2020	200,000	9,428,011
Balance at Mar. 31, 2020	$ 2,000	$ 94,280	239,439,587	(7,148)	(229,550,762)	9,977,957
Balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2019	200,000	3,866,457
Balance at Dec. 31, 2019	$ 2,000	$ 38,665	227,067,058	(6,186)	(221,975,544)	5,125,993
Net loss						(9,526,159)
Balance (in shares) at Jun. 30, 2020	200,000	17,295,703
Balance at Jun. 30, 2020	$ 2,000	$ 172,957	247,568,205	(7,166)	(231,501,703)	16,234,293
Balance (in shares) at Mar. 31, 2020	200,000	9,428,011
Balance at Mar. 31, 2020	$ 2,000	$ 94,280	239,439,587	(7,148)	(229,550,762)	9,977,957
Share-based payments			241,247			241,247
Foreign currency translation adjustments				(18)		(18)
Net loss					(1,950,941)	(1,950,941)
Issuance of common stock for RSU exercises (in shares)		563
Issuance of common stock for RSU exercises		$ 6	(6)
Issuance of common stock and warrants from capital raises, net (in shares)		5,000,000
Issuance of common stock and warrants from capital raises, net		$ 50,000	4,384,354			4,434,354
Issuance of common stock from exercise of warrants (in shares)		2,871,296
Issuance of common stock from exercise of warrants		$ 28,713	3,502,981			3,531,694
Forfeiture of restricted stock awards (in shares)		(4,167)
Forfeiture of restricted stock awards		$ (42)
Forfeiture of restricted stock awards			42
Balance (in shares) at Jun. 30, 2020	200,000	17,295,703
Balance at Jun. 30, 2020	$ 2,000	$ 172,957	$ 247,568,205	$ (7,166)	$ (231,501,703)	$ 16,234,293

XML

Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows - USD ($)	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2020	Jun. 30, 2019
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net loss	$ (9,526,159)	$ (4,550,913)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to cash used in operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization	57,705	77,151
Share-based compensation expense	317,139	466,744
Warrant inducement expense	5,620,089
Gain on fair value of liability classified warrants	(21,973)	(96,011)
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Trade and other receivables	4,126	124,152
Related party receivable		362,176
Prepaid expenses	120,560	113,406
ROU and other assets	15,807	41,506
Accounts payable and accrued expenses	(279,926)	208,472
Accrued bonuses	(36,936)
Other current liabilities	2,315	(56,191)
Lease and other long term liabilities	(17,918)
Net cash used in operating activities	(3,745,171)	(3,309,508)
Cash flows from investing activities:
Net cash provided by investing activities
Cash flows from financing activities:
Proceeds from sale of common stock, net	4,434,354
Proceeds from warrant exercises	10,263,857
Payments of short-term note payable	(232,296)	(195,869)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities	14,465,915	(195,869)
Effects of exchange rates on cash	(829)	(315)
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents	10,719,915	(3,505,692)
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period	5,114,917	5,787,110
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period	15,834,832	2,281,418
Supplemental disclosure of cash flows information:
Cash paid for interest	$ 10,429	$ 2,524

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Note 1 - Organization, Business and Financial Condition

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2020

Notes to Financial Statements

Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements Disclosure [Text Block]

Note

1.

  

Organization, Business and Financial Condition

Nature of Business

In

October 2019,

we changed our name from Neuralstem, Inc. to Seneca Biopharma, Inc. Seneca Biopharma, Inc. and its subsidiary are referred to as “Seneca,” the “Company,” “us,” or “we” throughout this report. The operations of our wholly-owned and controlled subsidiary located in the People's Republic of China are consolidated in our condensed consolidated financial statements and all intercompany activity has been eliminated. The Company operates in

one

business segment.

Seneca Biopharma, Inc., is a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company developing novel treatments for diseases of high unmet medical need. The Company is in the process of transforming the organization through the acquisition and/or in-licensing of new science and technologies with the goal of developing and providing meaningful therapies for patients.

In addition to the anticipated development of in-licensed or acquired technologies, the Company plans to wind down its pre-clinical and clinical programs while seeking to out-license or partner NSI-

566

(stem cell) and NSI-

189

(small molecule) for further development.

The Company was founded in

1997

and currently has laboratory and office space in Germantown, Maryland and laboratory facilities in the People's Republic of China. Our operations to date have primarily focused on developing business strategies, raising capital, research and development activities, and conducting pre-clinical testing and human clinical trials of our product candidates.

On

July 17, 2019,

we effected a

1

-for-

20

reverse stock split of our common stock. Stockholders' equity and all references to share and per share amounts in the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been retroactively adjusted to reflect the

1

-for-

20

reverse stock split for all periods presented.

Liquidity and Going Concern

The Company has incurred losses since its inception and has

not

demonstrated an ability to generate significant revenues from the sales of its therapies or services and has

not

yet achieved profitable operations. There can be

no

assurance that profitable operations will ever be achieved, or if achieved, could be sustained on a continuing basis. In addition, development activities, clinical and pre-clinical testing, and commercialization of our products will require significant additional financing. These factors create substantial doubt about the Company's ability to continue as a going concern beyond

one

year after the date that the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements are issued. The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements do

not

include any adjustments that might be necessary if the Company is unable to continue as a going concern.

Accordingly, the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared on a basis that assumes the Company will continue as a going concern and which contemplates the realization of assets and satisfaction of liabilities and commitments in the ordinary course of business.

In making this assessment we performed a comprehensive analysis of our current circumstances including: our financial position at

June 30, 2020,

our cash flow and cash usage forecasts for the period covering

one

-year from the issuance date of this Quarterly Report filed on Form

10

-Q and our current capital structure including outstanding warrants and other equity-based instruments and our obligations and debts.

We expect that our existing cash and cash equivalents as of

June 30, 2020

will be sufficient to enable us to fund our anticipated level of operations based on our current operating plans for more than

12

months after this filing. Accordingly, we will require additional capital to execute our acquisition and/or in-licensing strategy as well as out-licensing initiatives and to fund our operations. We anticipate raising additional capital through the private and public sales of our equity or debt securities, collaborative arrangements, licensing agreements or a combination thereof. Although management believes that such capital sources will be available, there can be

no

assurance that any such collaborative or licensing arrangements will be entered into or that financing will be available to us when needed in order to allow us to continue our operations, or if available, on terms acceptable to us. If we do

not

raise sufficient capital in a timely manner, among other things, we

may

be forced to license our potential products or technologies to

third

parties on unfavorable terms or materially curtail our operations. We currently do

not

have any commitments for future funding from any source.

Based

upon our out-licensing strategy, we have greatly reduced our spending on the research, development, pre-clinical and clinical testing of our small molecule and stem cell product candidates and have increased our spending on the evaluation of new assets and technologies with the goal of acquisition and/or development.

No

assurance can be given that we will be successful in our out-licensing strategy or that we will be able to identify and acquire and/or in-license promising new assets or technologies.

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Note 2 - Significant Accounting Policies and Basis of Presentation

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2020

Notes to Financial Statements

Significant Accounting Policies [Text Block]

Note

2.

  Significant Accounting Policies and Basis of Presentation

Basis of Presentation

In management's opinion, the accompanying interim unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include all adjustments, consisting of normal recurring adjustments, which are necessary to present fairly our financial position, results of operations and cash flows. The unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheet at

December 31, 2019,

has been derived from audited consolidated financial statements as of that date. The interim results of operations are

not

necessarily indicative of the results that

may

occur for the full fiscal year. Certain information and note disclosures normally included in the consolidated financial statements prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) have been condensed or omitted pursuant to instructions, rules and regulations prescribed by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). We believe that the disclosures provided herein are adequate to make the information presented

not

misleading when these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements are read in conjunction with the Financial Statements and Notes included in our Annual Report on Form

10

-K for the year ended

December 

31,

2019,

filed with the SEC, and as

may

be amended.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include significant estimates for the expected economic life and value of our licensed technology and related patents, our net operating loss and related valuation allowance for tax purposes, the fair value of our liability classified warrants and our share-based compensation related to employees and directors, consultants and advisors, among other things. Because of the use of estimates inherent in the financial reporting process, actual results could differ significantly from those estimates.

Fair Value Measurements

The carrying amounts of our short-term financial instruments, which primarily include cash and cash equivalents, trade and other receivables, accounts payable and accrued expenses, approximate their fair values due to their short maturities. The fair values of our liability classified warrants were estimated using Level

3

unobservable inputs. See Note

3

for further details.

Foreign Currency Translation

The functional currency of our wholly owned foreign subsidiary is its local currency.  Assets and liabilities of our foreign subsidiary are translated into United States dollars based on exchange rates at the end of the reporting period; income and expense items are translated at the weighted average exchange rates prevailing during the reporting period.  Translation adjustments for our subsidiary are accumulated in other comprehensive income or loss, a component of stockholders' equity.   Transaction gains or losses are included in the determination of net loss.

Cash, Cash Equivalents and Credit Risk

Cash equivalents consist of investments in low risk, highly liquid money market accounts and certificates of deposit with original maturities of

90

days or less. Cash deposited with banks and other financial institutions

may

exceed the amount of insurance provided on such deposits. If the amount of a deposit at any time exceeds the federally insured amount at a bank, the uninsured portion of the deposit could be lost, in whole or in part, if the bank were to fail.

Financial instruments that potentially subject us to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash equivalents. Our investment policy, approved by our Board of Directors, limits the amount we

may

invest in any

one

type of investment issuer, thereby reducing credit risk concentrations. We attempt to limit our credit and liquidity risks through our investment policy and through regular reviews of our portfolio against our policy. To date, we have

not

experienced any loss or lack of access to cash in our operating accounts or to our cash equivalents.

Revenue

The Company analyzes contracts to determine the appropriate revenue recognition using the following steps: (i) identification of contracts with customers; (ii) identification of distinct performance obligations in the contract; (iii) determination of contract transaction price; (iv) allocation of contract transaction price to the performance obligations; and (v) determination of revenue recognition based on timing of satisfaction of the performance obligation. The Company recognizes revenues upon the satisfaction of its performance obligation (upon transfer of control of promised goods or services to customers) in an amount that reflects the consideration to which it expects to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services. Deferred revenue results from cash receipts from or amounts billed to customers in advance of the transfer of control of the promised services to the customer and is recognized as performance obligations are satisfied. When sales commissions or other costs to obtain contracts with customers are considered incremental and recoverable, those costs are deferred and then amortized as selling and marketing expenses on a straight-line basis over an estimated period of benefit.

Research and Development

Research and development costs are expensed as they are incurred. Research and development expenses consist primarily of costs associated with the pre-clinical development and clinical trials of our product candidates.  For the

six

months ended

June 30, 2020

and

2019,

we recorded approximately

$58,100

and

$280,000,

respectively of cost reimbursements from our grants as an offset to research and development expenses. The Company evaluated the grants and concluded that, based on the specific terms, they represent a cost reimbursement activity as opposed to a revenue generating activity, and are best reflected as an offset to the underlying research and development expense.

Income (Loss) per Common Share

Basic income (loss) per common share is computed by dividing total net income (loss) available to common stockholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period.

For periods of net income when the effects are dilutive, diluted earnings per share is computed by dividing net income available to common stockholders by the weighted average number of shares outstanding and the dilutive impact of all dilutive potential common shares. Dilutive potential common shares consist primarily of convertible preferred stock, stock options, restricted stock units and common stock purchase warrants. The dilutive impact of potential common shares resulting from common stock equivalents is determined by applying the treasury stock method. Our unvested restricted shares contain non-forfeitable rights to dividends, and therefore are considered to be participating securities; the calculation of basic and diluted income per share excludes net income attributable to the unvested restricted shares from the numerator and excludes the impact of the shares from the denominator.

For all periods of net loss, diluted loss per share is calculated similarly to basic loss per share because the impact of all dilutive potential common shares is anti-dilutive due to the net losses; accordingly, diluted loss per share is the same as basic loss per share or the

three

- and

six

-month periods ended

June 30, 2020

and

2019.

A total of approximately

5.9

and

0.6

million potential dilutive shares have been excluded in the calculation of diluted net income per share for the

three

- and

six

-month periods ended

June 30, 2020

and

2019,

respectively as their inclusion would be anti-dilutive.

Share-Based Compensation

We account for share-based compensation at fair value; accordingly, we expense the estimated fair value of share-based awards over the requisite service period. Share-based compensation cost for stock options and warrants is generally determined at the grant date using an option pricing model. Option pricing models require us to make assumptions, including expected volatility and expected term of the options. If any of the assumptions we use in the model were to significantly change, share-based compensation expense

may

be materially different. Share-based compensation cost for restricted stock and restricted stock units is generally determined at the grant date based on the closing price of our common stock on that date. The value of the award is generally recognized as expense on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period.

Intangible and Long-Lived Assets

We assess impairment of our long-lived assets using a "primary asset" approach to determine the cash flow estimation period for a group of assets and liabilities that represents the unit of accounting for a long-lived asset to be held and used. Long-lived assets to be held and used are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset

may

not

be recoverable. The carryin

g amount of a long-lived asset is

not

recoverable if it exceeds the sum of the undiscounted cash flows expected to result from the use and eventual disposition of the asset.

No

impairment losses were recognized during the

six

-month periods ended

June 30, 2020

or

2019.

Income Taxes

We account for income taxes using the asset and liability approach, which requires the recognition of future tax benefits or liabilities on the temporary differences between the financial reporting and tax bases of our assets and liabilities. A valuation allowance is established when necessary to reduce deferred tax assets to the amounts expected to be realized. We also recognize a tax benefit from uncertain tax positions only if it is “more likely than

not”

that the position is sustainable based on its technical merits. Our policy is to recognize interest and penalties on uncertain tax positions as a component of income tax expense.

Leases

We determine if an arrangement is or contains a lease at its inception. We have made accounting policy elections whereby we (i) do

not

recognize right-of-use (“ROU”) assets or lease liabilities for our short-term leases (those with original terms of

12

-months or less) and (ii) combine lease and non-lease elements of our operating leases. Operating lease ROU assets are included in other noncurrent assets and operating lease liabilities are included in other current liabilities in our condensed consolidated balance sheets. We do

not

have any finance leases.

ROU assets represent our right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent our obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Operating lease ROU assets and liabilities are recognized at commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. Rent expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. See Note

5,

Commitments and Contingencies, for additional disclosures.

Significant New Accounting Pronouncements

Recently Adopted Guidance

In

August 2018,

the FASB issued

ASU

2018

-

13,

Fair Value Measurement (Topic

820

): Disclosure Framework—Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement

. This ASU addresses the disclosure requirements for fair value measurements. The guidance intends to improve the effectiveness of the disclosures relating to recurring and nonrecurring fair value measurements. The guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after

December 15, 2019.

Portions of the guidance are to be adopted prospectively while other portions are to be adopted retroactively. We adopted this guidance effective

January 1, 2020.

The adoption did

not

have a material impact to our consolidated financial statements.

Unadopted Guidance

In

June 2016,

the FASB issued

ASU

No.

2016

-

13,

Financial Instruments – Credit Losses

. This ASU relates to measuring credit losses on financial instruments, including trade receivables. The guidance eliminates the probable initial recognition threshold that was previously required prior to recognizing a credit loss on financial instruments. The credit loss estimate can now reflect an entity's current estimate of all future expected credit losses. Under the previous guidance, an entity only considered past events and current conditions. The guidance is effective for smaller reporting companies as defined by the SEC for fiscal years beginning after

December 15, 2022,

including interim periods within those fiscal years and early adoption is permitted. The adoption of certain amendments of this guidance must be applied on a modified retrospective basis and the adoption of the remaining amendments must be applied on a prospective basis. We currently expect that the adoption of this guidance will likely change the way we assess the collectability of our receivables and recoverability of other financial instruments. We have

not

yet begun to evaluate the specific impacts of this guidance nor have we determined the manner in which we will adopt this guidance.

We have reviewed other recent accounting pronouncements and concluded that they are either

not

applicable to our business, or that

no

material effect is expected on our condensed consolidated financial statements as a result of future adoption.

XML

Note 3 - Fair Value Measurements

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2020

Notes to Financial Statements

Fair Value Disclosures [Text Block]

Note

3.

  Fair Value Measurements

Fair value is the price that would be received from the sale of an asset or paid to transfer a liability assuming an orderly transaction in the most advantageous market at the measurement date. U.S. GAAP establishes a hierarchical disclosure framework which prioritizes and ranks the level of observability of inputs used in measuring fair value. These levels are:

• Level 1 – inputs are based upon unadjusted quoted prices for identical instruments traded in active markets.

• Level 2 – inputs are based upon quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active, and model-based valuation techniques for which all significant inputs are observable in the market or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities. Where applicable, these models project future cash flows and discount the future amounts to a present value using market-based observable inputs including interest rate curves, foreign exchange rates, and forward and spot prices for currencies and commodities.

• Level 3 – inputs are generally unobservable and typically reflect management's estimates of assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability. The fair values are therefore determined using model-based techniques, including option pricing models and discounted cash flow models.

Financial Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis

We have segregated our financial assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis into the most appropriate level within the fair value hierarchy based on the inputs used to determine the fair value at the measurement date.

At

June 30, 2020

and

December 31, 2019,

we had certain common stock purchase warrants that were originally issued in connection with our

May 2016

and

August 2017

offerings (See Note

4

) that are accounted for as liabilities whose fair value was determined using Level

3

inputs. The following table identifies the carrying amounts of such liabilities:

	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Liabilities
Liability classified stock purchase warrants	$	-	$	-	$	84,596	$	84,596
Balance at December 31, 2019	$	-	$	-	$	84,596	$	84,596
Liability classified stock purchase warrants	$	-	$	-	$	62,623	$	62,623
Balance at June 30, 2020	$	-	$	-	$	62,623	$	62,623

The following table presents the activity for those items measured at fair value on a recurring basis using Level

3

inputs:

	Mark-to-market liabilities - stock purchase warrants
Balance at December 31, 2018	$	583,734
Change in fair value - gain		(96,011	)
Balance at June 30, 2019	$	487,723
Balance at December 31, 2019	$	84,596
Change in fair value - gain		(21,973	)
Balance at June 30, 2020	$	62,623

The (gains) losses resulting from the changes in the fair value of the liability classified warrants are classified as other income or expense in the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. The fair value of the common stock purchase warrants is determined based on the Black-Scholes option pricing model or other option pricing models as appropriate and includes the use of unobservable inputs such as the expected term, anticipated volatility and expected dividends. Changes in any of the assumptions related to the unobservable inputs identified above

may

change the embedded conversion options' fair value; increases in expected term, anticipated volatility and expected dividends generally result in increases in fair value, while decreases in these unobservable inputs generally result in decreases in fair value.

For the

six

-month period ended

June 30, 2020,

the change in fair value of our liability classified warrants was primarily due to changes in the underlying price of our common stock partially offset by the adjustment (decrease) to the warrant exercise price as a result of our

May 2020

capital raise. For the

six

-month period ended

June 30, 2019,

the changes in fair value of our liability classified warrants are primarily due to changes in the underlying price of our common stock.

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Note 4 - Stockholders' Equity

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2020

Notes to Financial Statements

Stockholders' Equity Note Disclosure [Text Block]

Note

4.

   Stockholders' Equity

We have granted share-based compensation awards to employees, board members and service providers. Awards

may

consist of common stock, restricted common stock, restricted common stock units, common stock purchase warrants, or common stock purchase options. Our common stock purchase options and stock purchase warrants have lives of up to

ten

years from the grant date. Awards vest either upon the grant date or over varying periods of time. The stock options provide for exercise prices equal to or greater than the fair value of the common stock at the date of the grant. Restricted stock units grant the holder the right to receive fully paid common shares with various restrictions on the holder's ability to transfer the shares. As of

June 30, 2020,

we have approximately

6.1

million shares of common stock reserved for issuance upon the granting of awards under our equity incentive plans and the exercise of outstanding equity-linked instruments.

We typically record share-based compensation expense on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period. Share-based compensation expenses included in our condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss are as follows:

	Three Months Ended June 30,
	2020		2019
Research and development expenses	$	-	$	-
General and administrative expenses		241,247		128,778
Total	$	241,247	$	128,778

	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2020		2019
Research and development expenses	$	-	$	200,337
General and administrative expenses		317,139		266,407
Total	$	317,139	$	466,744

Stock Options

A summary of stock option activity and related information for the

six

months ended

June 30, 2020

follows:

	Number of Options		Weighted-Average Exercise Price		Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual Life (in years)		Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Outstanding at January 1, 2020		271,660	$	61.83		7.8	$	-
Granted		648,724	$	0.62
Exercised		-	$	-			$	-
Forfeited		-	$	-
Outstanding at June 30, 2020		920,384	$	18.69		8.9	$	64,937
Exercisable at June 30, 2020		424,861	$	38.97		8.0	$	18,940

Range of Exercise Prices			Number of Options Outstanding		Weighted-Average Exercise Price		Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual Life (in years)		Aggregate Intrinsic Value
	$0.62			648,724	$	0.62		9.8	$	64,937
$5.90	-	$6.00		55,484	$	5.99		7.4		-
$7.20	-	$8.80		146,972	$	8.51		8.5		-
$22.20	-	$80.60		28,501	$	31.63		4.5		-
$107.40	-	$1,102.40		40,703	$	351.63		2.2		-
				920,384	$	18.69		8.9	$	64,937

The Company uses the Black-Scholes option pricing model for “plain vanilla” options and other pricing models as appropriate to calculate the fair value of options. The Company generally uses the “simplified method” to estimate expected life. Significant assumptions used in these models include:

	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2020		2019
Annual dividend		-			-
Expected life (in years)		5.2		5.0	-	5.5
Risk free interest rate		0.3%		1.9%	-	2.5%
Expected volatility		110%		97%	-	101%

Options granted in the

six

months ended

June 30, 2020

and

2019,

had a weighted average grant date fair value of

$0.66

and

$6.61

per share, respectively.

Unrecognized compensation cost for unvested stock option awards outstanding at

June 30, 2020

was approximately

$317,000

to be recognized over approximately

2.6

years.

In

2019,

the Company modified certain awards in conjunction with an employee's termination. The modification provided for the accelerated vesting of all unvested awards and the extension of the post-employment exercise period. The modifications resulted in approximately

$102,000

of additional research and development expenses in the

six

months ended

June 30, 2019.

RSUs

We have granted restricted stock units (RSUs) to certain employees and board members that entitle the holders to receive shares of our common stock upon vesting and subject to certain restrictions regarding the exercise of the RSUs. The grant date fair value of RSUs is based upon the market price of the underlying common stock on the date of grant.

We granted

24,000

RSU's in the

six

months ended

June 30, 2020.

No

RSU's were granted in the

six

months ended

June 30, 2019.

RSUs vesting in the

six

months ended

June 30, 2020

had a total value of approximately

$19,200.

No

RSU's vested in the

six

months ended

June 30, 2019.

At

June 30, 2020,

we had

28,904

outstanding RSUs with a weighted average grant date fair value of

$1.58

and a total intrinsic value of approximately

$20,800.

Unrecognized compensation cost for unvested RSUs at

June 30, 2020

was approximately

$13,000

to be recognized over approximately

0.8

years.

In the

six

months ended

June 30, 2020,

563

RSU's with an intrinsic value of approximately

$300

were converted.

No

RSU's were converted in the

six

months ended

June 30, 2019.

Restricted Stock

We have granted restricted stock to certain board members that vest quarterly over the grant year. The grant date fair value of the restricted stock is based upon the market price of the common stock on the date of grant.

No

restricted stock was granted in either of the

six

months ended

June 30, 2020

or

2019.

Restricted stock vesting in the

six

months ending

June 30, 2020,

had a weighted average grant date fair value of

$5.90

and a total intrinsic value of approximately

$2,600.

Restricted stock vesting in the

six

months ending

June 30, 2019,

had a weighted average grant date fair value of

$22.20

and a total intrinsic value of approximately

$8,300.

No

restricted stock was outstanding at

June 30, 2020.

Stock Purchase Warrants.

We have issued warrants to purchase common stock to certain officers, directors, stockholders and service providers as well as in conjunction with debt and equity offerings and at various times replacement warrants were issued as an inducement for warrant exercises.

In

May 2016

and

August 2017,

we issued a total of

87,309

and

112,500

common stock purchase warrants, respectively in conjunction with our offerings. Such warrants are classified as liabilities due to the existence of certain net cash settlement provisions

contained in the warrants. At

June 30, 2020,

after giving effect to exercises,

149,136

of these common stock purchase warrants remain outstanding and are recorded at fair value as mark-to-market liabilities (see Note

3

). The exercise price for these warrants was decreased to

$0.90

per share as a result of our

May 2020

capital raise in accordance with their terms.

In

January 2020,

pursuant to the terms of an inducement offer, certain holders of

5,555,554

of our common stock purchase warrants exercised such warrants at an exercise price of

$1.36

per share generating approximately

$7.6

million of gross proceeds. As an inducement to exercise, we reduced the exercise price on the existing warrants from

$2.70

to

$1.36

and issued

5,555,554

replacement warrants with an exercise price of

$1.23

per share. Of the replacement warrants,

2,777,777

have a

two

-year term and

2,777,777

have a

five

-year term. In conjunction with the transaction, we issued to the placement agent

444,445

common stock purchase warrants with an exercise price of

$1.70

and a

five

-year term.

We recognized an expense in the accompanying condensed consolidated statement of operations for the

six

months ended

June 30, 2020

of approximately

$5.6

million representing the fair value of the inducement offer. The fair value is comprised of the fair value of the modification of the original warrants (the reduction in exercise price) and the fair value of the replacement warrants. The fair values were calculated using the Black-Scholes option pricing model.

In conjunction with our

May 2020

Offering we issued to the placement agent

400,000

common stock purchase warrants with an exercise price of

$1.25

and a

five

-year term.

A summary of outstanding warrants at

June 30, 2020

follows:

Range of Exercise Prices			Number of Warrants Outstanding		Range of Expiration Dates
$0.90	-	$1.25		3,233,407	May 2021	-	May 2025
$1.70	-	$3.38		1,493,999	December 2020	-	January 2025
$6.00	-	$782.60		199,914	July 2020	-	April 2024
				4,927,320

Preferred and Common Stock

We have outstanding

200,000

shares of Series A

4.5%

Convertible Preferred Stock issued in

December 2016.

Shares of the Series A

4.5%

Convertible Preferred Stock are convertible into

38,873

shares of the Company's common. In

April

and

July 2019,

800,000

Series A

4.5%

Convertible Preferred Stock shares were converted into

155,496

shares of common stock in accordance with their terms.

In

May 2020,

we completed a direct offering of

5,000,000

shares of common stock at a price of

$1.00

per each share resulting in gross proceeds of

$5.0

million. After deducting placement agent and other expenses related to the offering we received approximately

$4.4

million. The securities were sold pursuant to a registration statement on Form S-

3

(file

no.

333

-

218608

). In connection with the offering, we issued to the placement agent warrants to purchase

400,000

shares of our common stock at an exercise price of

$1.25

per share. The warrants are exercisable immediately and expire

5

years from issuance.

XML

Note 5 - Commitments and Contingencies

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2020

Notes to Financial Statements

Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Text Block]

Note

5.

Commitments and Contingencies

Leases

We currently operate

one

facility located in the United States and

one

facility located in China under leases which are both classified as operating leases.

Our corporate offices and primary research facilities are located in Germantown, Maryland, where we lease approximately

1,500

square feet. This lease provides for monthly payments of approximately

$5,600

per month. This lease has an initial term of

12

months and expires on

December 31, 2020.

We did

not

establish a right of use (“ROU”) asset or lease liability for this short-term lease.

We also lease approximately

11,300

square feet of research facility in the People's Republic of China. This lease commenced in

September 2019,

provides for minimum lease payments of approximately

$4,400

per month, expires in

September 2024

and provides us with a future

first

right of refusal for extending the lease beyond its expiration. This lease currently represents our lone long-term operating lease.

Our long-term operating lease and related sublease for our San Diego facility both terminated in

August 2019.

We recognized other income of approximately

$59,100

from this sublease for the

six

months ended

June 30, 2019.

We recognized total rent expense of approximately

$60,600

and

$117,900

in the

six

months ended

June 30, 2020

and

2019,

respectively. Included in the expense is approximately

$33,800

and

$57,500

in the

six

months ended

June 30, 2020

and

2019,

respectively relating to our short-term leases. Lease costs, net of sublease income, for the

six

months ended

June 30

consisted of the following:

	2020		2019
Operating lease cost	$	60,600	$	117,900
Variable lease cost		-		-
Sublease income		-		(59,100	)
Total net lease cost	$	60,600	$	58,800

At

June 30, 2020,

we have approximately

$183,400

of ROU assets included in ROU and Other Assets and approximately

$163,000

of lease liability the current portion of which is included in Short-term Notes and Other Current Liabilities and the long-term portion of which is included in Lease Liability, Net of Current Portion in our condensed consolidated balance sheets.

Future payments under our lone long-term operating lease as of

June 30, 2020

are as follows:

Future undiscounted cash flows:
2020	*	$	26,300
2021			53,800
2022			55,400
2023			57,300
2024			13,500
Total			206,300
Discount factor			(43,300	)
Lease liability			163,000
Less current liability			(34,200	)
Non-current lease liability		$	128,800
* reflects the remaining 6 months of 2020

Other

From time to time, we are parties to legal proceedings that we believe to be ordinary, routine litigation incidental to the business. We are currently

not

a party to any litigation or legal proceeding.

XML

Note 6 - Related Party Receivable

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2020

Notes to Financial Statements

Related Party Transactions Disclosure [Text Block]

Note

6.

Related Party Receivable

On

August 10, 2016,

we entered into a reimbursement agreement with a former executive officer. Pursuant to the reimbursement agreement, the former officer agreed to repay the Company, over a

six

-year period, approximately

$658,000

in expenses that the Company determined to have been improperly paid under the Company's prior expense reimbursement policies.

The

$658,000

non-interest-bearing receivable was recorded net of a

$199,000

discount to reflect the net present value of the future cash payments. 

In

March 2019,

in conjunction with the former executive officer's termination, we entered into a consulting agreement and release of claims agreement with the former executive officer. As partial consideration for the release, we modified the reimbursement agreement to change the payment terms, extend the maturity and forgive approximately

50%

or

$229,000

of the outstanding receivable. At

June 30, 2020,

$229,000

remains outstanding and is due in installments through

July 2025.

The Company has concluded that this outstanding balance is

not

recoverable and recorded an allowance against the entire remaining balance.

XML

Note 7 - Subsequent Events

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2020

Notes to Financial Statements

Subsequent Events [Text Block]

Note

7.

Subsequent Events

None.

XML

Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2020

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Basis of Accounting, Policy [Policy Text Block]

Basis of Presentation

In management's opinion, the accompanying interim unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include all adjustments, consisting of normal recurring adjustments, which are necessary to present fairly our financial position, results of operations and cash flows. The unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheet at

December 31, 2019,

has been derived from audited consolidated financial statements as of that date. The interim results of operations are

not

necessarily indicative of the results that

may

occur for the full fiscal year. Certain information and note disclosures normally included in the consolidated financial statements prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) have been condensed or omitted pursuant to instructions, rules and regulations prescribed by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). We believe that the disclosures provided herein are adequate to make the information presented

not

misleading when these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements are read in conjunction with the Financial Statements and Notes included in our Annual Report on Form

10

-K for the year ended

December 

31,

2019,

filed with the SEC, and as

may

be amended.

Use of Estimates, Policy [Policy Text Block]

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include significant estimates for the expected economic life and value of our licensed technology and related patents, our net operating loss and related valuation allowance for tax purposes, the fair value of our liability classified warrants and our share-based compensation related to employees and directors, consultants and advisors, among other things. Because of the use of estimates inherent in the financial reporting process, actual results could differ significantly from those estimates.

Fair Value Measurement, Policy [Policy Text Block]

Fair Value Measurements

The carrying amounts of our short-term financial instruments, which primarily include cash and cash equivalents, trade and other receivables, accounts payable and accrued expenses, approximate their fair values due to their short maturities. The fair values of our liability classified warrants were estimated using Level

3

unobservable inputs. See Note

3

for further details.

Foreign Currency Transactions and Translations Policy [Policy Text Block]

Foreign Currency Translation

The functional currency of our wholly owned foreign subsidiary is its local currency.  Assets and liabilities of our foreign subsidiary are translated into United States dollars based on exchange rates at the end of the reporting period; income and expense items are translated at the weighted average exchange rates prevailing during the reporting period.  Translation adjustments for our subsidiary are accumulated in other comprehensive income or loss, a component of stockholders' equity.   Transaction gains or losses are included in the determination of net loss.

Cash and Cash Equivalents, Policy [Policy Text Block]

Cash, Cash Equivalents and Credit Risk

Cash equivalents consist of investments in low risk, highly liquid money market accounts and certificates of deposit with original maturities of

90

days or less. Cash deposited with banks and other financial institutions

may

exceed the amount of insurance provided on such deposits. If the amount of a deposit at any time exceeds the federally insured amount at a bank, the uninsured portion of the deposit could be lost, in whole or in part, if the bank were to fail.

Financial instruments that potentially subject us to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash equivalents. Our investment policy, approved by our Board of Directors, limits the amount we

may

invest in any

one

type of investment issuer, thereby reducing credit risk concentrations. We attempt to limit our credit and liquidity risks through our investment policy and through regular reviews of our portfolio against our policy. To date, we have

not

experienced any loss or lack of access to cash in our operating accounts or to our cash equivalents.

Revenue from Contract with Customer [Policy Text Block]

Revenue

The Company analyzes contracts to determine the appropriate revenue recognition using the following steps: (i) identification of contracts with customers; (ii) identification of distinct performance obligations in the contract; (iii) determination of contract transaction price; (iv) allocation of contract transaction price to the performance obligations; and (v) determination of revenue recognition based on timing of satisfaction of the performance obligation. The Company recognizes revenues upon the satisfaction of its performance obligation (upon transfer of control of promised goods or services to customers) in an amount that reflects the consideration to which it expects to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services. Deferred revenue results from cash receipts from or amounts billed to customers in advance of the transfer of control of the promised services to the customer and is recognized as performance obligations are satisfied. When sales commissions or other costs to obtain contracts with customers are considered incremental and recoverable, those costs are deferred and then amortized as selling and marketing expenses on a straight-line basis over an estimated period of benefit.

Research and Development Expense, Policy [Policy Text Block]

Research and Development

Research and development costs are expensed as they are incurred. Research and development expenses consist primarily of costs associated with the pre-clinical development and clinical trials of our product candidates.  For the

six

months ended

June 30, 2020

and

2019,

we recorded approximately

$58,100

and

$280,000,

respectively of cost reimbursements from our grants as an offset to research and development expenses. The Company evaluated the grants and concluded that, based on the specific terms, they represent a cost reimbursement activity as opposed to a revenue generating activity, and are best reflected as an offset to the underlying research and development expense.

Earnings Per Share, Policy [Policy Text Block]

Income (Loss) per Common Share

Basic income (loss) per common share is computed by dividing total net income (loss) available to common stockholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period.

For periods of net income when the effects are dilutive, diluted earnings per share is computed by dividing net income available to common stockholders by the weighted average number of shares outstanding and the dilutive impact of all dilutive potential common shares. Dilutive potential common shares consist primarily of convertible preferred stock, stock options, restricted stock units and common stock purchase warrants. The dilutive impact of potential common shares resulting from common stock equivalents is determined by applying the treasury stock method. Our unvested restricted shares contain non-forfeitable rights to dividends, and therefore are considered to be participating securities; the calculation of basic and diluted income per share excludes net income attributable to the unvested restricted shares from the numerator and excludes the impact of the shares from the denominator.

For all periods of net loss, diluted loss per share is calculated similarly to basic loss per share because the impact of all dilutive potential common shares is anti-dilutive due to the net losses; accordingly, diluted loss per share is the same as basic loss per share or the

three

- and

six

-month periods ended

June 30, 2020

and

2019.

A total of approximately

5.9

and

0.6

million potential dilutive shares have been excluded in the calculation of diluted net income per share for the

three

- and

six

-month periods ended

June 30, 2020

and

2019,

respectively as their inclusion would be anti-dilutive.

Share-based Payment Arrangement [Policy Text Block]

Share-Based Compensation

We account for share-based compensation at fair value; accordingly, we expense the estimated fair value of share-based awards over the requisite service period. Share-based compensation cost for stock options and warrants is generally determined at the grant date using an option pricing model. Option pricing models require us to make assumptions, including expected volatility and expected term of the options. If any of the assumptions we use in the model were to significantly change, share-based compensation expense

may

be materially different. Share-based compensation cost for restricted stock and restricted stock units is generally determined at the grant date based on the closing price of our common stock on that date. The value of the award is generally recognized as expense on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period.

Goodwill and Intangible Assets, Policy [Policy Text Block]

Intangible and Long-Lived Assets

We assess impairment of our long-lived assets using a "primary asset" approach to determine the cash flow estimation period for a group of assets and liabilities that represents the unit of accounting for a long-lived asset to be held and used. Long-lived assets to be held and used are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset

may

not

be recoverable. The carryin

g amount of a long-lived asset is

not

recoverable if it exceeds the sum of the undiscounted cash flows expected to result from the use and eventual disposition of the asset.

No

impairment losses were recognized during the

six

-month periods ended

June 30, 2020

or

2019.

Income Tax, Policy [Policy Text Block]

Income Taxes

We account for income taxes using the asset and liability approach, which requires the recognition of future tax benefits or liabilities on the temporary differences between the financial reporting and tax bases of our assets and liabilities. A valuation allowance is established when necessary to reduce deferred tax assets to the amounts expected to be realized. We also recognize a tax benefit from uncertain tax positions only if it is “more likely than

not”

that the position is sustainable based on its technical merits. Our policy is to recognize interest and penalties on uncertain tax positions as a component of income tax expense.

Lessee, Leases [Policy Text Block]

Leases

We determine if an arrangement is or contains a lease at its inception. We have made accounting policy elections whereby we (i) do

not

recognize right-of-use (“ROU”) assets or lease liabilities for our short-term leases (those with original terms of

12

-months or less) and (ii) combine lease and non-lease elements of our operating leases. Operating lease ROU assets are included in other noncurrent assets and operating lease liabilities are included in other current liabilities in our condensed consolidated balance sheets. We do

not

have any finance leases.

ROU assets represent our right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent our obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Operating lease ROU assets and liabilities are recognized at commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. Rent expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. See Note

5,

Commitments and Contingencies, for additional disclosures.

New Accounting Pronouncements, Policy [Policy Text Block]

Significant New Accounting Pronouncements

Recently Adopted Guidance

In

August 2018,

the FASB issued

ASU

2018

-

13,

Fair Value Measurement (Topic

820

): Disclosure Framework—Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement

. This ASU addresses the disclosure requirements for fair value measurements. The guidance intends to improve the effectiveness of the disclosures relating to recurring and nonrecurring fair value measurements. The guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after

December 15, 2019.

Portions of the guidance are to be adopted prospectively while other portions are to be adopted retroactively. We adopted this guidance effective

January 1, 2020.

The adoption did

not

have a material impact to our consolidated financial statements.

Unadopted Guidance

In

June 2016,

the FASB issued

ASU

No.

2016

-

13,

Financial Instruments – Credit Losses

. This ASU relates to measuring credit losses on financial instruments, including trade receivables. The guidance eliminates the probable initial recognition threshold that was previously required prior to recognizing a credit loss on financial instruments. The credit loss estimate can now reflect an entity's current estimate of all future expected credit losses. Under the previous guidance, an entity only considered past events and current conditions. The guidance is effective for smaller reporting companies as defined by the SEC for fiscal years beginning after

December 15, 2022,

including interim periods within those fiscal years and early adoption is permitted. The adoption of certain amendments of this guidance must be applied on a modified retrospective basis and the adoption of the remaining amendments must be applied on a prospective basis. We currently expect that the adoption of this guidance will likely change the way we assess the collectability of our receivables and recoverability of other financial instruments. We have

not

yet begun to evaluate the specific impacts of this guidance nor have we determined the manner in which we will adopt this guidance.

We have reviewed other recent accounting pronouncements and concluded that they are either

not

applicable to our business, or that

no

material effect is expected on our condensed consolidated financial statements as a result of future adoption.

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Note 3 - Fair Value Measurements (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2020

Notes Tables

Schedule of Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring Basis [Table Text Block]

	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Liabilities
Liability classified stock purchase warrants	$	-	$	-	$	84,596	$	84,596
Balance at December 31, 2019	$	-	$	-	$	84,596	$	84,596
Liability classified stock purchase warrants	$	-	$	-	$	62,623	$	62,623
Balance at June 30, 2020	$	-	$	-	$	62,623	$	62,623

Fair Value, Liabilities Measured on Recurring Basis, Unobservable Input Reconciliation [Table Text Block]

	Mark-to-market liabilities - stock purchase warrants
Balance at December 31, 2018	$	583,734
Change in fair value - gain		(96,011	)
Balance at June 30, 2019	$	487,723
Balance at December 31, 2019	$	84,596
Change in fair value - gain		(21,973	)
Balance at June 30, 2020	$	62,623

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Note 4 - Stockholders' Equity (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2020

Notes Tables

Share-based Payment Arrangement, Expensed and Capitalized, Amount [Table Text Block]

	Three Months Ended June 30,
	2020		2019
Research and development expenses	$	-	$	-
General and administrative expenses		241,247		128,778
Total	$	241,247	$	128,778

	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2020		2019
Research and development expenses	$	-	$	200,337
General and administrative expenses		317,139		266,407
Total	$	317,139	$	466,744

Share-based Payment Arrangement, Option, Activity [Table Text Block]

	Number of Options		Weighted-Average Exercise Price		Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual Life (in years)		Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Outstanding at January 1, 2020		271,660	$	61.83		7.8	$	-
Granted		648,724	$	0.62
Exercised		-	$	-			$	-
Forfeited		-	$	-
Outstanding at June 30, 2020		920,384	$	18.69		8.9	$	64,937
Exercisable at June 30, 2020		424,861	$	38.97		8.0	$	18,940

Share-based Payment Arrangement, Option, Exercise Price Range [Table Text Block]

Range of Exercise Prices			Number of Options Outstanding		Weighted-Average Exercise Price		Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual Life (in years)		Aggregate Intrinsic Value
	$0.62			648,724	$	0.62		9.8	$	64,937
$5.90	-	$6.00		55,484	$	5.99		7.4		-
$7.20	-	$8.80		146,972	$	8.51		8.5		-
$22.20	-	$80.60		28,501	$	31.63		4.5		-
$107.40	-	$1,102.40		40,703	$	351.63		2.2		-
				920,384	$	18.69		8.9	$	64,937

Schedule of Share-based Payment Award, Stock Options, Valuation Assumptions [Table Text Block]

	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2020		2019
Annual dividend		-			-
Expected life (in years)		5.2		5.0	-	5.5
Risk free interest rate		0.3%		1.9%	-	2.5%
Expected volatility		110%		97%	-	101%

Schedule of Share-based Compensation, Warrant Activity [Table Text Block]

Range of Exercise Prices			Number of Warrants Outstanding		Range of Expiration Dates
$0.90	-	$1.25		3,233,407	May 2021	-	May 2025
$1.70	-	$3.38		1,493,999	December 2020	-	January 2025
$6.00	-	$782.60		199,914	July 2020	-	April 2024
				4,927,320

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Note 5 - Commitments and Contingencies (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2020

Notes Tables

Lease, Cost [Table Text Block]

	2020		2019
Operating lease cost	$	60,600	$	117,900
Variable lease cost		-		-
Sublease income		-		(59,100	)
Total net lease cost	$	60,600	$	58,800

Lessee, Operating Lease, Liability, Maturity [Table Text Block]

Future undiscounted cash flows:
2020	*	$	26,300
2021			53,800
2022			55,400
2023			57,300
2024			13,500
Total			206,300
Discount factor			(43,300	)
Lease liability			163,000
Less current liability			(34,200	)
Non-current lease liability		$	128,800
* reflects the remaining 6 months of 2020

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Note 1 - Organization, Business and Financial Condition (Details Textual)		6 Months Ended
	Jul. 17, 2019	Jun. 30, 2020
Number of Operating Segments		1
Reverse Stock Split [Member]
Stockholders' Equity Note, Stock Split, Conversion Ratio	20

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Note 2 - Significant Accounting Policies and Basis of Presentation (Details Textual) - USD ($) shares in Millions	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2020	Jun. 30, 2019
Cost Reimbursements from SBIR Grant as Offset to Research and Development Expenses	$ 58,100	$ 280,000
Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share, Amount (in shares)	5.9	0.6
Asset Impairment Charges, Total	$ 0	$ 0

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Note 3 - Fair Value Measurements - Financial Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis (Details) - Fair Value, Recurring [Member] - USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Fair value of liabilities	$ 62,623	$ 84,596
Stock Purchase Warrants [Member]
Liability classified stock purchase warrants	62,623	84,596
Fair Value, Inputs, Level 1 [Member]
Fair value of liabilities
Fair Value, Inputs, Level 1 [Member] | Stock Purchase Warrants [Member]
Liability classified stock purchase warrants
Fair Value, Inputs, Level 2 [Member]
Fair value of liabilities
Fair Value, Inputs, Level 2 [Member] | Stock Purchase Warrants [Member]
Liability classified stock purchase warrants
Fair Value, Inputs, Level 3 [Member]
Fair value of liabilities	62,623	84,596
Fair Value, Inputs, Level 3 [Member] | Stock Purchase Warrants [Member]
Liability classified stock purchase warrants	$ 62,623	$ 84,596

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Note 3 - Fair Value Measurements - Activity for Items Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis (Details) - Stock Purchase Warrants [Member] - USD ($)	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2020	Jun. 30, 2019
Balance	$ 84,596	$ 583,734
Change in fair value - gain	(21,973)	(96,011)
Balance	$ 62,623	$ 487,723

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Note 4 - Stockholders' Equity (Details Textual) - USD ($)	1 Months Ended				3 Months Ended			4 Months Ended	6 Months Ended
	May 31, 2020	Jan. 31, 2020	Aug. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016	Jun. 30, 2020	Mar. 31, 2020	Jun. 30, 2019	Jul. 31, 2019	Jun. 30, 2020	Jun. 30, 2019	Dec. 31, 2019
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Expiration Period (Year)									10 years
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Number of Shares Available for Grant (in shares)					6,100,000				6,100,000
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Options, Grants in Period, Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value (in dollars per share)									$ 0.66	$ 6.61
Additional Research and Development Expense Due to Modifications										$ 102,000
Proceeds from Warrant Exercises									$ 10,263,857
Warrant Inducement Expense									5,620,089
Proceeds from Issuance of Common Stock, Net									$ 4,434,354
Private Placement [Member]
Conversion of Stock, Shares Converted (in shares)								800,000
Stock Issued During Period, Shares, Conversion of Convertible Securities (in shares)								155,496
May 2020 Offering [Member]
Stock Issued During Period, Shares, New Issues (in shares)	5,000,000
Shares Issued, Price Per Share (in dollars per share)	$ 1
Proceeds from Issuance of Common Stock	$ 5,000,000
Proceeds from Issuance of Common Stock, Net	$ 4,400,000
Series A 4.5% Convertible Preferred Stock [Member] | Private Placement [Member]
Stock Issued During Period, Shares, New Issues (in shares)				200,000
Preferred Stock, Dividend Rate, Percentage				4.50%
Convertible Preferred Stock, Issuable Upon Conversion of All Shares (in shares)				38,873
Stock Purchase Warrants [Member]
Class of Warrant or Right, Issued During Period (in shares)	87,309		112,500
Class of Warrant or Right, Outstanding (in shares)					149,136				149,136
Class of Warrant or Right, Exercise Price of Warrants or Rights (in dollars per share)		$ 1.36			$ 0.90				$ 0.90		$ 2.70
Class of Warrant or Right, Exercised During Period (in shares)		5,555,554
Class of Warrant or Right, Exercised During Period, Exercise Price (in dollars per share)		$ 1.36
Proceeds from Warrant Exercises		$ 7,600,000
Warrant Inducement Expense						$ 5,600,000
Replacement Stock Purchase Warrants [Member]
Class of Warrant or Right, Outstanding (in shares)		5,555,554
Class of Warrant or Right, Exercise Price of Warrants or Rights (in dollars per share)		$ 1.23
Stock Purchase Warrants With 2 Year Term [Member]
Class of Warrant or Right, Outstanding (in shares)		2,777,777
Warrants and Rights Outstanding, Term (Year)		2 years
Stock Purchase Warrants With 5 Year Term [Member]
Class of Warrant or Right, Outstanding (in shares)		2,777,777
Warrants and Rights Outstanding, Term (Year)		5 years
Placement Agent Stock Purchase Warrants [Member]
Class of Warrant or Right, Issued During Period (in shares)	400,000	444,445
Class of Warrant or Right, Exercise Price of Warrants or Rights (in dollars per share)	$ 1.25	$ 1.70
Warrants and Rights Outstanding, Term (Year)	5 years	5 years
Share-based Payment Arrangement, Option [Member]
Share-based Payment Arrangement, Nonvested Award, Option, Cost Not yet Recognized, Amount					$ 317,000				$ 317,000
Share-based Payment Arrangement, Nonvested Award, Cost Not yet Recognized, Period for Recognition (Year)									2 years 219 days
Restricted Stock Units (RSUs) [Member]
Share-based Payment Arrangement, Nonvested Award, Option, Cost Not yet Recognized, Amount					$ 13,000				$ 13,000
Share-based Payment Arrangement, Nonvested Award, Cost Not yet Recognized, Period for Recognition (Year)									292 days
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Non-Option Equity Instruments, Granted (in shares)									24,000	0
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Equity Instruments Other than Options, Vested in Period, Fair Value									$ 19,200	$ 0
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Non-Option Equity Instruments, Outstanding, Number, Ending Balance (in shares)					28,904				28,904
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Equity Instruments Other than Options, Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value (in dollars per share)					$ 1.58				$ 1.58
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Equity Instruments Other than Options, Aggregate Intrinsic Value, Outstanding					$ 20,800				$ 20,800
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Non-Option Equity Instruments, Exercised (in shares)									563	0
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Equity Instruments Other than Options, Aggregate Intrinsic Value, Vested									$ 300
Restricted Stock [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Non-Option Equity Instruments, Granted (in shares)									0	0
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Equity Instruments Other than Options, Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value (in dollars per share)					$ 5.90		$ 22.20		$ 5.90	$ 22.20
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Equity Instruments Other than Options, Aggregate Intrinsic Value, Outstanding					$ 2,600		$ 8,300		$ 2,600	$ 8,300
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Equity Instruments Other than Options, Nonvested, Number, Ending Balance (in shares)					0				0

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Note 4 - Stockholders' Equity - Share-based Compensation Expense (Details) - USD ($)	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2020	Jun. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2020	Jun. 30, 2019
Share-based compensation expense	$ 241,247	$ 128,778	$ 317,139	$ 466,744
Research and Development Expense [Member]
Share-based compensation expense				200,337
General and Administrative Expense [Member]
Share-based compensation expense	$ 241,247	$ 128,778	$ 317,139	$ 266,407

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Note 4 - Stockholders' Equity - Summary of Stock Option Activity (Details) - USD ($)	6 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Options Outstanding (in shares)	271,660
Options Outstanding, Weighted Average Exercise Price (in dollars per share)	$ 61.83
Weighted- average remaining contractual life (Year)	8 years 328 days	7 years 292 days
Options Granted (in shares)	648,724
Options Granted, Weighted Average Exercise Price (in dollars per share)	$ 0.62
Options Exercised (in shares)
Options Exercised, Weighted Average Exercise Price (in dollars per share)
Options Forfeited (in shares)
Options Forfeited, Weighted Average Exercise Price (in dollars per share)
Options Outstanding (in shares)	920,384	271,660
Options Outstanding, Weighted Average Exercise Price (in dollars per share)	$ 18.69	$ 61.83
Aggregate intrinsic value	$ 64,937
Options Exercisable (in shares)	424,861
Options Exercisable, Weighted Average Exercise Price (in dollars per share)	$ 38.97
Options Exercisable, Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life (Year)	8 years
Options Exercisable, Aggregate Intrinsic Value	$ 18,940

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Note 4 - Stockholders' Equity - Stock Options by Exercise Price Range (Details) - USD ($)	6 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Number of options outstanding (in shares)	920,384
Weighted- average exercise price (in dollars per share)	$ 18.69	$ 61.83
Weighted- average remaining contractual life (Year)	8 years 328 days	7 years 292 days
Aggregate intrinsic value	$ 64,937
Range One [Member]
Range of exercise prices, lower limit (in dollars per share)	$ 0.62
Range of exercise prices, upper limit (in dollars per share)	$ 0.62
Number of options outstanding (in shares)	648,724
Weighted- average exercise price (in dollars per share)	$ 0.62
Weighted- average remaining contractual life (Year)	9 years 292 days
Aggregate intrinsic value	$ 64,937
Range Two [Member]
Range of exercise prices, lower limit (in dollars per share)	$ 5.90
Range of exercise prices, upper limit (in dollars per share)	$ 6
Number of options outstanding (in shares)	55,484
Weighted- average exercise price (in dollars per share)	$ 5.99
Weighted- average remaining contractual life (Year)	7 years 146 days
Aggregate intrinsic value
Range Three [Member]
Range of exercise prices, lower limit (in dollars per share)	$ 7.20
Range of exercise prices, upper limit (in dollars per share)	$ 8.80
Number of options outstanding (in shares)	146,972
Weighted- average exercise price (in dollars per share)	$ 8.51
Weighted- average remaining contractual life (Year)	8 years 182 days
Aggregate intrinsic value
Range Four [Member]
Range of exercise prices, lower limit (in dollars per share)	$ 22.20
Range of exercise prices, upper limit (in dollars per share)	$ 80.60
Number of options outstanding (in shares)	28,501
Weighted- average exercise price (in dollars per share)	$ 31.63
Weighted- average remaining contractual life (Year)	4 years 182 days
Aggregate intrinsic value
Range Five [Member]
Range of exercise prices, lower limit (in dollars per share)	$ 107.40
Range of exercise prices, upper limit (in dollars per share)	$ 1,102.40
Number of options outstanding (in shares)	40,703
Weighted- average exercise price (in dollars per share)	$ 351.63
Weighted- average remaining contractual life (Year)	2 years 73 days
Aggregate intrinsic value

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Note 4 - Stockholders' Equity - Fair Value Assumptions for Stock Options (Details)	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2020	Jun. 30, 2019
Annual dividend
Expected life (Year)	5 years 73 days
Risk free interest rate	0.30%
Expected volatility	110.00%
Minimum [Member]
Annual dividend
Expected life (Year)		5 years
Risk free interest rate		1.90%
Expected volatility		97.00%
Maximum [Member]
Annual dividend
Expected life (Year)		5 years 182 days
Risk free interest rate		2.50%
Expected volatility		101.00%

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Note 4 - Stockholders' Equity - Summary of Warrant Activity (Details) - Stock Purchase Warrants [Member]	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2020 $ / shares shares
Number of warrants outstanding (in shares) | shares	4,927,320
Range One [Member]
Lower exercise price range (in dollars per share)
Higher exercise price range (in dollars per share)	$ 1.25
Number of warrants outstanding (in shares) | shares	3,233,407
Range One [Member] | Minimum [Member]
Expiration dates	May 2021
Range One [Member] | Maximum [Member]
Expiration dates	May 2025
Range Two [Member]
Lower exercise price range (in dollars per share)	$ 1.70
Higher exercise price range (in dollars per share)	$ 3.38
Number of warrants outstanding (in shares) | shares	1,493,999
Range Two [Member] | Minimum [Member]
Expiration dates	December 2020
Range Two [Member] | Maximum [Member]
Expiration dates	January 2025
Range Three [Member]
Lower exercise price range (in dollars per share)	$ 6
Higher exercise price range (in dollars per share)	$ 782.60
Number of warrants outstanding (in shares) | shares	199,914
Range Three [Member] | Minimum [Member]
Expiration dates	July 2020
Range Three [Member] | Maximum [Member]
Expiration dates	April 2024

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Note 5 - Commitments and Contingencies (Details Textual)	1 Months Ended	6 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2019 USD ($) ft²	Jun. 30, 2020 USD ($) ft²	Jun. 30, 2019 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2018
Sublease Income			$ 59,100
Operating Lease, Expense		60,600	117,900
Other Assets [Member]
Operating Lease, Right-of-Use Asset		183,400
Short-term Notes and Other Current Liabilities and Lease Liability, Net of Current Portion [Member]
Operating Lease, Liability, Total		163,000
Short-term Leases [Member]
Operating Lease, Expense		$ 33,800	$ 57,500
UNITED STATES
Number of Facilities		1
CHINA
Number of Facilities		1
Area of Real Estate Property (Square Foot) | ft²	11,300
Lease Monthly Payment	$ 4,400
Germantown, MD [Member]
Area of Real Estate Property (Square Foot) | ft²		1,500
Lease Monthly Payment		$ 5,600
Lessee, Operating Lease, Term of Contract (Month)				1 year

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Note 5 - Commitments and Contingencies - Lease Cost (Details) - USD ($)	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2020	Jun. 30, 2019
Operating lease cost	$ 60,600	$ 117,900
Variable lease cost
Sublease income		(59,100)
Total net lease cost	$ 60,600	$ 58,800

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Note 5 - Commitments and Contingencies - Maturities of Operating Lease (Details) - USD ($)		Jun. 30, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
2020	[1]	$ 26,300
2021		53,800
2022		55,400
2023		57,300
2024		13,500
Total		206,300
Discount factor		(43,300)
Non-current lease liability		128,770	$ 148,543
Liabilities [Member]
Lease liability		163,000
Current Liabilities [Member]
Less current liability		$ (34,200)

[1] reflects the remaining 9 months of 2020

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Note 6 - Related Party Receivable (Details Textual) - Chief Scientific Officer [Member] - Repayment Agreement of Improperly Expense Reimbursement [Member] - USD ($)		1 Months Ended
	Aug. 10, 2016	Mar. 31, 2019	Jun. 30, 2020
Due from Related Parties, Term (Year)	6 years
Due from Related Parties, Total	$ 658,000		$ 229,000
Due from Related Party, Discount	$ 199,000
Debt Instrument, Decrease, Forgiveness		$ 229,000