10-Q

UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark one)

☒ Quarterly Report Under Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

For the Quarterly Period Ended September 30, 2018

Or

☐ Transition Report Under Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

Commission File Number 001-33672

NEURALSTEM, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware	52-2007292
State or other jurisdiction of	(I.R.S. Employer
incorporation or organization	Identification No.)
20271 Goldenrod Lane
Germantown, Maryland	20876
(Address of principal executive offices)	(Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code (301)-366-4841

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.  ☒  Yes     ☐ No 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). ☒ Yes     ☐ No 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer ☐	Accelerated filer  ☐
Non-accelerated filer  ☐	Smaller reporting company ☒

Emerging Growth Company ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act)  ☐ Yes  ☒ No  

As of October 31, 2018, there were 18,205,060 shares of common stock, $.01 par value, issued and outstanding.

1

Neuralstem, Inc.

Table of Contents

		Page
PART I -	FINANCIAL INFORMATION	3
Item 1.	Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements	3
	Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017	3
	Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss
	For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017	4
	Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
	For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017	5
	Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements	6
Item 2.	Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	15
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk	25
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	25
PART II -	OTHER INFORMATION	26
Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	26
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	26
Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	40
Item 3.	Defaults Upon Senior Securities	40
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosure	40
Item 5.	Other Information	40
Item 6.	Exhibits	41
	Signatures	46
	Certificates

2

PART I

FINANCIAL INFORMATION

ITEM 1. UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Neuralstem, Inc.

Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets

	September 30,			December 31,
	2018			2017
ASSETS
CURRENT ASSETS
Cash and cash equivalents	$	5,736,929		$	6,674,940
Short-term investments		-			5,000,000
Trade and other receivables		161,979			312,802
Current portion of related party receivable, net of discount		62,248			58,784
Prepaid expenses		545,187			402,273
Total current assets		6,506,343			12,448,799
Property and equipment, net		107,154			172,886
Patents, net		788,733			883,462
Related party receivable, net of discount and current portion		290,354			365,456
Other assets		28,475			13,853
Total assets	$	7,721,059		$	13,884,456
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY
CURRENT LIABILITIES
Accounts payable and accrued expenses	$	835,749		$	875,065
Accrued bonuses		-			418,625
Other current liabilities		348,928			220,879
Total current liabilities		1,184,677			1,514,569
Warrant liabilities, at fair value		2,047,563			3,852,882
Other long term liabilities		9,715			1,876
Total liabilities		3,241,955			5,369,327
Commitments and contingencies (Note 5)
STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY
Preferred stock, 7,000,000 shares authorized, $0.01 par value; 1,000,000 shares issued and outstanding at both September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017		10,000			10,000
Common stock, $0.01 par value; 300,000,000 shares authorized, 15,205,060 and 15,160,014 shares issued and outstanding at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively		152,051			151,600
Additional paid-in capital		217,619,996			217,050,174
Accumulated other comprehensive income		630			2,631
Accumulated deficit		(213,303,573	)		(208,699,276	)
Total stockholders' equity		4,479,104			8,515,129
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity	$	7,721,059		$	13,884,456

See accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.  

3

Neuralstem, Inc.

Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss

	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2018			2017			2018			2017
Revenues	$	2,500		$	2,500		$	257,500		$	7,500
Operating expenses:
Research and development expenses		897,098			1,383,863			3,081,319			6,871,028
General and administrative expenses		1,188,076			1,206,510			3,630,822			4,174,583
Total operating expenses		2,085,174			2,590,373			6,712,141			11,045,611
Operating loss		(2,082,674	)		(2,587,873	)		(6,454,641	)		(11,038,111	)
Other income (expense):
Interest income		17,619			18,099			54,882			52,995
Interest expense		(1,498	)		(1,383	)		(4,190	)		(155,843	)
Change in fair value of derivative instruments		236,270			2,679,770			1,805,319			(403,155	)
Fees related to issuance of indcuement warrants and other expenses		-			(242,396	)		(5,667	)		(806,115	)
Total other income (expense)		252,391			2,454,090			1,850,344			(1,312,118	)
Net loss	$	(1,830,283	)	$	(133,783	)	$	(4,604,297	)	$	(12,350,229	)
Net loss per share - basic	$	(0.12	)	$	(0.01	)	$	(0.30	)	$	(1.00	)
Net loss per share - diluted	$	(0.12	)	$	(0.18	)	$	(0.30	)	$	(1.00	)
Weighted average common shares outstanding - basic		15,171,495			14,060,844			15,144,425			12,380,054
Weighted average common shares outstanding - diluted		15,171,495			14,163,072			15,144,425			12,380,054
Comprehensive loss:
Net loss	$	(1,830,283	)	$	(133,783	)	$	(4,604,297	)	$	(12,350,229	)
Foreign currency translation adjustment		(512	)		(1,005	)		(2,001	)		(1,560	)
Comprehensive loss	$	(1,830,795	)	$	(134,788	)	$	(4,606,298	)	$	(12,351,789	)

See accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.                                

4

Neuralstem, Inc.

Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2018			2017
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net loss	$	(4,604,297	)	$	(12,350,229	)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to cash used in operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization		160,464			233,589
Share-based compensation expense		570,273			1,504,143
Amortization of deferred financing fees and debt discount		-			59,781
Change in fair value of liability classified warrants		(1,805,319	)		403,155
Warrant inducement expense		-			563,744
Expenses related to issuance of derivative instruments		-			242,676
Loss on disposal of fixed assets		-			8,128
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Trade and other receivables		150,823			(26,967	)
Related party receivable		71,638			63,856
Prepaid expenses		(154,271	)		150,589
Other assets		(4,000	)		1,971
Accounts payable and accrued expenses		(25,487	)		(920,624	)
Accrued bonuses		(418,625	)		(852,963	)
Other current liabilities		26,288			(196,132	)
Other long term liabilities		(1,876	)		(14,809	)
Net cash used in operating activities		(6,034,389	)		(11,130,092	)
Cash flows from investing activities:
Maturity of short-term investments		5,000,000			5,000,000
Purchase of short-term investments		-			(5,000,000	)
Patent costs		-			(82,645	)
Purchase of property and equipment		-			(10,993	)
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities		5,000,000			(93,638	)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Proceeds from issuance of common stock from warrants exercised, net of issuance costs		-			3,225,176
Proceeds from sale of common stock and warrants, net		-			5,510,840
Payments of long-term debt		-			(3,765,568	)
Proceeds from short-term note payable		349,578			346,863
Payments of short-term notes payable		(247,817	)		(223,425	)
Net cash (used in ) provided by financing activities		101,761			5,093,886
Effects of exchange rates on cash		(5,383	)		(1,395	)
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents		(938,011	)		(6,131,239	)
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period		6,674,940			15,194,949
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period	$	5,736,929		$	9,063,710
Supplemental disclosure of cash flows information:
Cash paid for interest	$	4,190		$	115,034

See accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.      

5

NEURALSTEM, INC.

NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

SEPTEMBER 30, 2018 AND 2017

Note 1.   Organization, Business and Financial Condition

Nature of business

Neuralstem, Inc. and its subsidiary are referred to as “Neuralstem,” the “Company,” “us,” or “we” throughout this report. The operations of our wholly-owned and controlled subsidiary located in the People’s Republic of China are consolidated in our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and all intercompany activity has been eliminated. The Company operates in one business segment.

Neuralstem is a clinical stage biopharmaceutical company that is utilizing its proprietary human neural stem cell technology to create a comprehensive platform of therapies for the treatment of central nervous system diseases. The Company has utilized this technology as a tool for small-molecule drug discovery and to create cell therapy biotherapeutics to treat central nervous system diseases. The Company was founded in 1997 and currently has laboratory and office space in Germantown, Maryland and laboratory facilities in the People’s Republic of China. Our operations to date have primarily focused on developing business strategies, raising capital, research and development activities, and conducting pre-clinical testing and human clinical trials of our product candidates.

Liquidity and Going Concern

The Company has incurred losses since its inception and has not demonstrated an ability to generate significant revenues from the sales of its therapies or services and accordingly has not yet achieved profitable operations. There can be no assurance that profitable operations will ever be achieved, or if achieved, could be sustained. In addition, development activities, clinical and pre-clinical testing, and commercialization of our products will require significant additional financing. These factors create substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern beyond one year after the date that the consolidated financial statements are issued. In making this assessment the Company performed a comprehensive analysis of its current circumstances including: its financial position at September 30, 2018, its cash flow and cash usage forecasts for the period covering one-year from the issuance date of this Quarterly Report and its current capital structure including outstanding warrants and other equity-based instruments and its obligations and debts.

The consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments that might be necessary if the Company is unable to continue as a going concern. Accordingly, the consolidated financial statements have been prepared on a basis that assumes the Company will continue as a going concern and which contemplates the realization of assets and satisfaction of liabilities and commitments in the ordinary course of business.

We expect that our existing cash and cash equivalents will be sufficient to enable us to fund our anticipated level of operations based on our current operating plans into the second quarter of 2019. Accordingly, we will require additional capital to further develop our product candidates, conduct our pre-clinical and clinical development programs and to fund our operations. We anticipate raising additional capital through the private and public sales of our equity or debt securities, collaborative arrangements, licensing agreements or a combination thereof. Although management believes that such capital sources will be available, there can be no assurance that any such collaborative or licensing arrangements will be entered into or that financing will be available to us when needed in order to allow us to continue our operations, or if available, on terms acceptable to us. If we do not raise sufficient capital in a timely manner, among other things, we may be forced to delay, scale back or eliminate some or all of our research and product development programs, planned clinical trials, and/or our capital expenditures or to license our potential products or technologies to third parties on unfavorable terms. We currently do not have any commitments for future funding from any source.

Our independent registered public accounting firm issued an emphasis of matter in their audit report regarding substantial doubt over our ability to continue as a going concern in our audited financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2017.

We have spent and will continue to spend substantial funds in the research, development, pre-clinical and clinical testing of our small molecule and stem cell product candidates with the goal of ultimately obtaining approval from the United States Food and Drug Administration (the “FDA”) and its international equivalents regulatory agencies, to market and sell our products. No assurance can be given that (i) the FDA or any other regulatory agency will grant approval for us to market and sell our product candidates, or (ii) if regulatory approval is granted, that we will ever be able to sell our proposed products or be profitable.

Note 2.  Significant Accounting Policies and Basis of Presentation

Basis of Presentation

In management’s opinion, the accompanying interim unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include all adjustments, consisting of normal recurring adjustments, which are necessary to present fairly our financial position, results of operations and cash flows. The unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheet at December 31, 2017, has been derived from audited financial statements as of that date. The interim results of operations are not necessarily indicative of the results that may occur for the full fiscal year. Certain information and footnote disclosure normally included in the financial statements prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (U.S. GAAP) have been condensed or omitted pursuant to instructions, rules and regulations prescribed by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). We believe that the disclosures provided herein are adequate to make the information presented not misleading when these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements are read in conjunction with the Financial Statements and Notes included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017, filed with the SEC, and as may be amended.

6

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include significant estimates for the expected economic life and value of our licensed technology and related patents, our net operating loss and related valuation allowance for tax purposes, the fair value of our liability classified warrants and our share-based compensation related to employees and directors, consultants and advisors, among other things. Because of the use of estimates inherent in the financial reporting process, actual results could differ significantly from those estimates.

Fair Value Measurements

The carrying amounts of our short-term financial instruments, which primarily include cash and cash equivalents, short-term investments, accounts payable and accrued expenses, approximate their fair values due to their short maturities. The fair value of our long-term indebtedness was estimated based on the quoted prices for the same or similar issues or on the current rates offered to the Company for debt of the same remaining maturities and approximates the carrying value. The fair values of our liability classified warrants were estimated using Level 3 unobservable inputs. See Note 3 for further details.

Foreign Currency Translation

The functional currency of our wholly owned foreign subsidiary is its local currency.  Assets and liabilities of our foreign subsidiary are translated into United States dollars based on exchange rates at the end of the reporting period; income and expense items are translated at the weighted average exchange rates prevailing during the reporting period.  Translation adjustments for subsidiary are accumulated in other comprehensive income or loss, a component of stockholders' equity.   Transaction gains or losses are included in the determination of net loss.

Cash, Cash Equivalents, Short-Term Investments and Credit Risk

Cash equivalents consist of investments in low risk, highly liquid money market accounts and certificates of deposit with original maturities of 90 days or less. Cash deposited with banks and other financial institutions may exceed the amount of insurance provided on such deposits. If the amount of a deposit at any time exceeds the federally insured amount at a bank, the uninsured portion of the deposit could be lost, in whole or in part, if the bank were to fail.

Short-term investments consist entirely of fixed income certificates of deposit (“CDs”) with original maturities of greater than 90 days but not more than one year.

Financial instruments that potentially subject us to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash equivalents and short-term investments. Our investment policy, approved by our Board of Directors, limits the amount we may invest in any one type of investment issuer, thereby reducing credit risk concentrations. In addition, our certificates of deposit are typically invested through the Certificate of Deposit Account Registry Service (“CDARS”) program which reduces or eliminates our risk related to concentrations of investments above FDIC insurance levels. We attempt to limit our credit and liquidity risks through our investment policy and through regular reviews of our portfolio against our policy. To date, we have not experienced any loss or lack of access to cash in our operating accounts or to our cash equivalents and short-term investments.

Revenue

On January 1, 2018, the Company adopted Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customer using the modified retrospective method applied to those contracts which were not completed as of January 1, 2018. The Company analyzes contracts to determine the appropriate revenue recognition using the following steps: (i) identification of contracts with customers; (ii) identification of distinct performance obligations in the contract; (iii) determination of contract transaction price; (iv) allocation of contract transaction price to the performance obligations; and (v) determination of revenue recognition based on timing of satisfaction of the performance obligation. The Company recognizes revenues upon the satisfaction of its performance obligation (upon transfer of control of promised goods or services to customers) in an amount that reflects the consideration to which it expects to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services. Deferred revenue results from cash receipts from or amounts billed to customers in advance of the transfer of control of the promised services to the customer and is recognized as performance obligations are satisfied. When sales commissions or other costs to obtain contracts with customers are considered incremental and recoverable, those costs are deferred and then amortized as selling and marketing expenses on a straight-line basis over an estimated period of benefit.

7

Research and Development

Research and development costs are expensed as they are incurred. Research and development expenses consist primarily of costs associated with the pre-clinical development and clinical trials of our product candidates.  We record cost reimbursements under our Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) grants as an offset to research and development expenses. For the three- and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2018, we recorded approximately $143,000 and $318,000, respectively of such cost reimbursements as an offset to research and development expenses. No reimbursements were recorded in any of the periods of 2017.

Income (Loss) per Common Share

Basic income (loss) per common share is computed by dividing total net income (loss) available to common stockholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period.

For periods of net income when the effects are dilutive, diluted earnings per share is computed by dividing net income available to common stockholders by the weighted average number of shares outstanding and the dilutive impact of all dilutive potential common shares. Dilutive potential common shares consist primarily of convertible preferred stock, stock options, restricted stock units and common stock purchase warrants. The dilutive impact of potential common shares resulting from common stock equivalents is determined by applying the treasury stock method. Our unvested restricted shares contain non-forfeitable rights to dividends, and therefore are considered to be participating securities; the calculation of basic and diluted income per share excludes net income attributable to the unvested restricted shares from the numerator and excludes the impact of the shares from the denominator.

Following is a reconciliation of diluted and basic earnings per share for all periods presented:

	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
Numerator:	2018			2017			2018			2017
Net loss	$	(1,830,283	)	$	(133,783	)	$	(4,604,297	)	$	(12,350,229	)
Numerator for basic earnings per share	$	(1,830,283	)	$	(133,783	)	$	(4,604,297	)	$	(12,350,229	)
Adjustment for gain related to mark-to-market adjustment for liability classified warrants		-			(2,398,453	)		-			-
Numerator for diluted earnings per share	$	(1,830,283	)	$	(2,532,236	)	$	(4,604,297	)	$	(12,350,229	)
Denominator:
Denominator for basic earnings per share - weighted-average shares		15,171,495			14,060,844			15,144,425			12,380,054
Effect of dilutive securities:  liability classified warrants		-			102,228			-			-
Denominator for diluted earnings per share - weighted-average shares and assumed exercises		15,171,495			14,163,072			15,144,425			12,380,054

A total of approximately 9.7 million potential dilutive shares have been excluded in the calculation of diluted net income per share for both the three- and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2018, as their inclusion would be anti-dilutive. A total of approximately 10.0 and 9.2 million potential dilutive shares have been excluded in the calculation of diluted net income per share for the three- and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2017, respectively, as their inclusion would be anti-dilutive.

Share-Based Compensation

We account for share-based compensation at fair value. Share-based compensation cost for stock options and stock purchase warrants granted to employees and board members is generally determined at the grant date while awards granted to non-employee consultants are generally valued at the vesting date using an option pricing model that uses Level 3 unobservable inputs; share-based compensation cost for restricted stock and restricted stock units is determined at the grant date based on the closing price of our common stock on that date. The value of the award is recognized as expense on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period or based on probability of vesting for performance-based awards.

Intangible and Long-Lived Assets

We assess impairment of our long-lived assets using a "primary asset" approach to determine the cash flow estimation period for a group of assets and liabilities that represents the unit of accounting for a long-lived asset to be held and used. Long-lived assets to be held and used are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. The carrying amount of a long-lived asset is not recoverable if it exceeds the sum of the undiscounted cash flows expected to result from the use and eventual disposition of the asset. No significant impairment losses were recognized during the three- or nine-month periods ended September 30, 2018 or 2017.

8

Income Taxes

We account for income taxes using the asset and liability approach, which requires the recognition of future tax benefits or liabilities on the temporary differences between the financial reporting and tax bases of our assets and liabilities. A valuation allowance is established when necessary to reduce deferred tax assets to the amounts expected to be realized. We also recognize a tax benefit from uncertain tax positions only if it is “more likely than not” that the position is sustainable based on its technical merits. Our policy is to recognize interest and penalties on uncertain tax positions as a component of income tax expense.

Corporate tax rate changes resulting from the impacts of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (the “Tax Act”) are reflected in deferred tax assets and liabilities as of December 31, 2017 and September 30, 2018.

Significant New Accounting Pronouncements

Recently Adopted Guidance

In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standard Update (“ASU”), No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. This ASU consists of a comprehensive revenue recognition standard that superseded nearly all existing revenue recognition guidance under U.S. GAAP. The guidance is effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017. Either full retrospective adoption or modified retrospective adoption is permitted. In addition to expanded disclosures regarding revenue, this pronouncement may impact timing of recognition in some arrangements with variable consideration or contracts for the sale of goods or services. We adopted this guidance effective January 1, 2018 on a modified retrospective basis and it did not have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements.

In May 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-09, Compensation – Stock Compensation. This ASU provides clarification regarding when changes to the terms or conditions of share-based payment awards should be accounted for as modifications. This guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017 and early adoption is permitted. This guidance must be applied prospectively to awards modified after the adoption date. We adopted this guidance effective January 1, 2018 and it did not have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements.

In July 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-11, I. Accounting for Certain Financial Instrument with Down Round Features II. Replacement of the Indefinite Deferral for Mandatorily Redeemable Financial Instruments of Certain Nonpublic Entities and Certain Mandatorily Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests with a Scope Exception. Part I of this guidance simplifies the accounting for certain equity-linked financial instruments and embedded features with down round features that reduce the exercise price when the pricing of a future round of financing is lower (“down round protection”). Current accounting guidance provides that instruments with down round protection be classified as derivative liabilities with changes in fair value recorded through earnings. The updated guidance provides that instruments with down round protection are no longer precluded from being classified as equity. This guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018 and early adoption is permitted. This guidance must be applied retrospectively. We adopted this guidance on January 1, 2018, and it did not have a material impact on the financial statements.

Unadopted Guidance

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU, No. 2016-02, Leases. This ASU consists of a comprehensive lease accounting standard. The guidance requires lessees to recognize assets and liabilities related to long-term leases on the balance sheet and expands disclosure requirements regarding leasing arrangements. The guidance is effective for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018 and early adoption is permitted. The guidance must be adopted on a modified retrospective basis and provides for certain practical expedients. We currently expect that the adoption of this guidance will likely change the way we account for our operating leases and will likely result in recording the future benefits of those leases and the related minimum lease payments on our consolidated balance sheets. We are currently in the process of evaluating the specific impacts of this guidance.

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instrument’s – Credit Losses. This ASU relates to measuring credit losses on financial instruments, including trade receivables. The guidance eliminates the probable initial recognition threshold that was previously required prior to recognizing a credit loss on financial instruments. The credit loss estimate can now reflect an entity's current estimate of all future expected credit losses. Under the previous guidance, an entity only considered past events and current conditions. The guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years. The adoption of certain amendments of this guidance must be applied on a modified retrospective basis and the adoption of the remaining amendments must be applied on a prospective basis. We currently expect that the adoption of this guidance will likely change the way we assess the collectability of our receivables and recoverability of other financial instruments. We have not yet begun to evaluate the specific impacts of this guidance nor have we determined the manner in which we will adopt this guidance.

In June 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-07, Compensation-Stock Compensation, Improvements to Nonemployee Share-Based Payment Accounting. This ASU expands the scope of ASC 718, Compensation – Stock Compensation to include share-based payment transactions for acquiring goods and services from nonemployees. This guidance provides for the following changes: (1) awards to nonemployees will be measured at the grant date fair value of equity instruments that the entity is obligated to issue, (2) performance-based awards to nonemployees will be measured based on the probability of the performance condition being met and (3) eliminating the need to reassess the classification (equity or liability) of awards to nonemployees upon vesting. We expect the adoption of this guidance will change the way we measure awards to nonemployees. We have not yet determined the specific impacts of this guidance upon adoption.

9

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-13, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Disclosure Framework—Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement. This ASU addresses the disclosure requirements for fair value measurements. The guidance intends to improve the effectiveness of the disclosures relating to recurring and nonrecurring fair value measurements. The guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019. Portions of the guidance are to be adopted prospectively while other portions are to be adopted retroactively. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact, if any, that this guidance will have on the consolidated financial statements. The Company is currently evaluating the impact, if any, that this guidance will have on the consolidated financial statements.

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-15, Intangibles – Goodwill and Other – Internal-Use Software. This ASU addresses the accounting for implementation, setup and other upfront costs paid by a customer in a cloud computing or hosting arrangement. The guidance aligns the accounting treatment of these costs incurred in a hosting arrangement treated as a service contract with the requirements for capitalization and amortization costs to develop or obtain internal-use software. The guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019. The guidance can be adopted either retrospectively or prospectively. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact, if any, that this guidance will have on the consolidated financial statements.

We have reviewed other recent accounting pronouncements and concluded that they are either not applicable to our business, or that no material effect is expected on the consolidated financial statements as a result of future adoption.

Note 3.  Fair Value Measurements

Fair value is the price that would be received from the sale of an asset or paid to transfer a liability assuming an orderly transaction in the most advantageous market at the measurement date. U.S. GAAP establishes a hierarchical disclosure framework which prioritizes and ranks the level of observability of inputs used in measuring fair value. These levels are:

• Level 1 – inputs are based upon unadjusted quoted prices for identical instruments traded in active markets.

• Level 2 – inputs are based upon quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active, and model-based valuation techniques (e.g. the Black-Scholes model) for which all significant inputs are observable in the market or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities. Where applicable, these models project future cash flows and discount the future amounts to a present value using market-based observable inputs including interest rate curves, foreign exchange rates, and forward and spot prices for currencies and commodities.

• Level 3 – inputs are generally unobservable and typically reflect management's estimates of assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability. The fair values are therefore determined using model-based techniques, including option pricing models and discounted cash flow models.

Financial Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis

We have segregated our financial assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring into the most appropriate level within the fair value hierarchy based on the inputs used to determine the fair value at the measurement date.

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At September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, we had certain common stock purchase warrants that were originally issued in connection with our May 2016 and August 2017 offerings (See Note 4) that are accounted for as liabilities whose fair value was determined using Level 3 inputs. The following table identifies the carrying amounts of such liabilities:

	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Liabilities
Liability classified stock purchase warrants	$	-	$	-	$	3,852,882	$	3,852,882
Balance at December 31, 2017	$	-	$	-	$	3,852,882	$	3,852,882
Liability classified stock purchase warrants	$	-	$	-	$	2,047,563	$	2,047,563
Balance at September 30, 2018	$	-	$	-	$	2,047,563	$	2,047,563

The following table presents the activity for those items measured at fair value on a recurring basis using Level 3 inputs for the nine months ended September 30, 2018:

	Mark-to-market liabilities - stock purchase warrants
Balance at December 31, 2017	$	3,852,882
Change in fair value - gain		(1,805,319	)
Balance at September 30, 2018	$	2,047,563

The following table presents the activity for those items measured at fair value on a recurring basis using Level 3 inputs for the nine months ended September 30, 2017:

	Mark-to-market liabilities - stock purchase warrants
Balance at December 31, 2016	$	3,921,917
Issuance of warrants		2,483,848
Exercise of warrants		(4,023,057	)
Change in fair value - loss		403,155
Balance at September 30, 2017	$	2,785,863

The (gains) losses resulting from the changes in the fair value of the liability classified warrants are classified as other income or expense in the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations. The fair value of the common stock purchase warrants is determined based on the Black-Scholes option pricing model or other option pricing models as appropriate and includes the use of unobservable inputs such as the expected term, anticipated volatility and expected dividends. Changes in any of the assumptions related to the unobservable inputs identified above may change the embedded conversion options’ fair value; increases in expected term, anticipated volatility and expected dividends generally result in increases in fair value, while decreases in these unobservable inputs generally result in decreases in fair value.

Note 4.   Stockholders’ Equity

We have granted share-based compensation awards to employees, board members and service providers. Awards may consist of common stock, restricted common stock, restricted common stock units, common stock purchase warrants, or common stock purchase options. Our common stock purchase options and stock purchase warrants have lives of up to ten years from the grant date. Awards vest either upon the grant date or over varying periods of time. The stock options provide for exercise prices equal to or greater than the fair value of the common stock at the date of the grant. Restricted stock units grant the holder the right to receive fully paid common shares with various restrictions on the holder’s ability to transfer the shares. As of September 30, 2018, we have approximately 6.1 million shares of common stock reserved for issuance upon the exercise of share-based compensation awards.

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We typically record share-based compensation expenses on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period. Share-based compensation expenses included in the statements of operations are as follows:

	Three Months Ended September 30,
	2018		2017
Research and development expenses	$	22,917	$	185,492
General and administrative expenses		111,778		144,263
Total	$	134,695	$	329,755

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2018		2017
Research and development expenses	$	110,417	$	993,927
General and administrative expenses		459,856		510,216
Total	$	570,273	$	1,504,143

Stock Options

A summary of stock option activity and related information for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 follows:

	Number of Options			Weighted- Average Exercise Price		Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Life (in years)		Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Outstanding at January 1, 2018		1,894,077		$	19.76		4.7	$	108,000
Granted		488,640		$	1.13
Exercised		-		$	-			$	-
Forfeited		(550,215	)	$	34.52
Outstanding at September 30, 2018		1,832,502		$	10.37		5.6	$	-
Exercisable at September 30, 2018		1,300,538		$	14.08		4.9	$	-

Range of Exercise Prices			Number of Options Outstanding		Weighted- Average Exercise Price		Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Life (in years)		Aggregate Intrinsic Value
$1.00	-	$3.50		638,640	$	1.15		7.7	$	-
$3.51	-	$13.00		682,076	$	9.59		5.2		-
$13.01	-	$26.00		343,782	$	14.79		3.3		-
$26.01	-	$39.00		65,504	$	30.85		2.7		-
$39.01	-	$56.00		102,500	$	45.03		4.8		-
				1,832,502	$	10.37		5.6	$	-

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The Company uses the Black-Scholes option pricing model for “plain vanilla” options and other pricing models as appropriate to calculate the fair value of options. Significant assumptions used in these models include:

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2018			2017
Annual dividend		-			-
Expected life (in years)	2.5	-	5.3	0.3	-	5.5
Risk free interest rate	2.7%	-	2.8%	0.8%	-	1.9%
Expected volatility	97%	-	117%	62%	-	83%

Options granted in the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, had a weighted average grant date fair value of $0.77 and $3.19 per share, respectively.

Unrecognized compensation cost for unvested stock option awards outstanding at September 30, 2018 was approximately $363,000 to be recognized over approximately 1.3 years.

RSUs

We have granted restricted stock units (RSUs) to certain employees and board members that entitle the holders to receive shares of our common stock upon vesting and subject to certain restrictions regarding the exercise of the RSUs. The grant date fair value of RSUs is based upon the market price of the underlying common stock on the date of grant.

In the nine months ended September 30, 2018, we granted 45,046 RSU’s. RSUs granted in the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, had a weighted average grant date fair value of $1.11 and $5.37, respectively.

RSUs vesting in the nine months ended September 30, 2018 had a total value of approximately $25,000.

At September 30, 2018, we had 56,281 outstanding RSUs with a weighted average grant date fair value of $3.24 and a total intrinsic value of approximately $60,000. No RSUs were converted in the nine months ended September 30, 2018. Unrecognized compensation cost for unvested RSUs at September 30, 2018 was approximately $37,000 to be recognized over approximately 0.75 years.

Restricted Stock

We have granted restricted stock to certain board members that vest quarterly over the grant year. The grant date fair value of the restricted stock is based upon the market price of the common stock on the date of grant.

In the nine months ended September 30, 2018, we granted 45,046 shares of restricted stock. Restricted stock granted in the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, had a weighted average grant date fair value of $1.11 and $3.63, respectively.

Restricted stock vesting in the nine months ending September 30, 2018, had a weighted average grant date fair value of $2.65 and a total intrinsic value of approximately $81,000.

At September 30, 2018, we had 33,785 shares of restricted stock outstanding with an average grant date fair value of $1.11. Unrecognized compensation cost for unvested restricted stock awards at September 30, 2018 was approximately $38,000 to be recognized over approximately 0.75 years.

Stock Purchase Warrants.

We have issued warrants to purchase common stock to certain officers, directors, stockholders and service providers as well as in conjunction with debt and equity offerings and at various times replacement warrants were issued as an inducement for warrant exercises.

In May 2016 and August 2017, we issued a total of 1,746,173 and 2,250,000 common stock purchase warrants, respectively in conjunction with our offerings. Such warrants are classified as liabilities due to the existence of certain net cash settlement provisions contained in the warrants. At September 30, 2018, after giving effect to exercises, 2,982,709 of these common stock purchase warrants remain outstanding and are recorded at fair value as mark-to-market liabilities (see Note 3).

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A summary of outstanding warrants at September 30, 2018 follows:

Range of Exercise Prices			Number of Warrants Outstanding		Range of Expiration Dates
$1.11	-	$5.79		3,017,326	May 2021 - August 2024
$12.80	-	$12.90		39,296	January 2022
$16.20	-	$16.30		174,544	March 2020
$22.10	-	$27.90		153,755	March 2019 - January 2021
$34.50	-	$39.00		5,784	October 2019
$39.10	-	$39.20		230,772	October 2020 - October 2021
$47.30	-	$52.20		275,897	January 2019 - July 2019
				3,897,374

Preferred and Common Stock

We have outstanding 1,000,000 shares of Series A 4.5% Convertible Preferred Stock issued in December 2016. Shares of the Series A 4.5% Convertible Preferred Stock are convertible into 3,887,387 shares of the Company’s common stock subject to certain ownership restrictions.

Note 5. Commitments and Contingencies

We currently operate one facility located in the United States and one facility located in the People’s Republic of China. Our corporate offices and primary research facilities are located in Germantown, Maryland, where we lease approximately 1,500 square feet. This lease provides for monthly payments of approximately $5,600 per month with the term expiring on December 31, 2018.

In 2015, we entered into a lease consisting of approximately 3,100 square feet of research space in San Diego, California. This lease provides for current monthly payments of approximately $11,600 and expires on August 31, 2019. In May 2017, we ceased-use of this property and recognized a loss of approximately $92,000 representing the present value of the expected remaining net payments due under such lease and the costs to vacate the property. In April 2018, we entered into an agreement for the sub-lease of the property and recognized an additional loss of approximately $50,000 reflecting the present value of the revised expected remaining net payments due.

We also lease a research facility in People’s Republic of China. This lease expires on March 31, 2019 with lease payments of approximately $3,800 per month.

From time to time, we are parties to legal proceedings that we believe to be ordinary, routine litigation incidental to the business. We are currently not a party to any litigation or legal proceeding.

Note 6. Related Party Receivable

On August 10, 2016, we entered into a reimbursement agreement with a former executive officer. Pursuant to the reimbursement agreement, the former officer agreed to repay the Company, over a six-year period, approximately $658,000 in expenses that the Company determined to have been improperly paid under the Company's prior expense reimbursement policies. In addition to this reimbursement agreement, the Company has implemented and is continuing to implement enhanced policies and procedures for travel expense reimbursements and disbursements.

The $658,000 non-interest-bearing receivable was recorded net of a $199,000 discount to reflect the net present value of the future cash payments.  The discount is being amortized through interest income using the effective interest method.  The principal amount of $458,000 remains outstanding at September 30, 2018 and is payable in $100,000 annual installments with a final payment due July 2022. 

Note 7. Subsequent Events

On October 29, 2018, we closed a registered direct offering and concurrent private placement with institutional investors. In connection with the offering we issued an aggregate of 3,000,000 shares of common stock in the registered direct offering and 3,000,000 common stock purchase warrants in the private offering. We issued the shares in the registered offering at a price of $0.70 per share. We also issued each investor an accompanying warrant for each share purchased. We received gross proceeds of $2.1 million from this offering. The warrants have an exercise price of $0.75 per share of common stock, will be exercisable commencing with the six-month anniversary of the issuance date and will expire five and one-half years from issuance. The common stock issued in this offering was sold pursuant to our shelf registration statement that was declared effective by the SEC on June 23, 2017 (Registration No. 333-218608). In connection with the offering we also issued our placement agent 180,000 common stock purchase warrants. The placement agent warrants are substantially similar to the investor warrants except that they have an exercise price of $0.875 per share and a term of 5 years.

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ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Statements in this Quarterly Report that are not strictly historical are forward-looking statements and include statements about products in development, results and analyses of pre-clinical studies, clinical trials and studies, research and development expenses, cash expenditures, and alliances and partnerships, among other matters. You can identify these forward-looking statements because they involve our expectations, intentions, beliefs, plans, projections, anticipations, or other characterizations of future events or circumstances. These forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance and are subject to risks and uncertainties that may cause actual results to differ materially from those in the forward-looking statements as a result of any number of factors. These factors include, but are not limited to, risks relating to our: ability to conduct and obtain successful results from ongoing pre-clinical and clinical trials, commercialize our technology, obtain regulatory approval for our product candidates, contract with third parties to adequately test and manufacture our proposed therapeutic products, protect our intellectual property rights and obtain additional financing to continue our operations. Some of these factors are more fully discussed, as are other factors, in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2017, filed with the SEC, as well as in the section of this Quarterly Report entitled “Risk Factors” and elsewhere herein. We do not undertake to update any of these forward-looking statements or to announce the results of any revisions to these forward-looking statements except as required by law.

We urge you to read this entire Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, including the “Risk Factors” section, the financial statements, and related notes. As used in this Quarterly Report, unless the context otherwise requires, the words “we,” “us,” “our,” “the Company” and “Neuralstem” refers to Neuralstem, Inc. and its subsidiaries. Also, any reference to “common shares” or “common stock,” refers to our $.01 par value common stock. Any reference to “Series A Preferred Stock” or “Preferred Stock” refers to our Series A 4.5% Convertible Preferred Stock. The information contained herein is current as of the date of this Quarterly Report (September 30, 2018), unless another date is specified. We prepare our interim financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Our financials and results of operations for the three- and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2018 are not necessarily indicative of our prospective financial condition and results of operations for the pending full fiscal year ending December 31, 2018. The interim financial statements presented in this Quarterly Report as well as other information relating to our Company contained in this Quarterly Report should be read in conjunction and together with the reports, statements and information filed by us with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission or SEC.

Our Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations or MD&A, is provided, in addition to the accompanying financial statements and notes, to assist you in understanding our results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. Our MD&A is organized as follows:

• Executive Overview — Discussion of our business and overall analysis of financial and other highlights affecting the Company in order to provide context for the remainder of MD&A.

• Trends & Outlook — Discussion of what we view as the overall trends affecting our business and overall strategy.

• Critical Accounting Policies— Accounting policies that we believe are important to understanding the assumptions and judgments incorporated in our reported financial results and forecasts.

• Results of Operations— Analysis of our financial results comparing the three- and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2018 to the comparable periods of 2017.

• Liquidity and Capital Resources— An analysis of cash flows and discussion of our financial condition and future liquidity needs.

Executive Overview

We are focused on the research and development of therapies for the treatment of central nervous system diseases, which are based on our proprietary human neural stem cells and our small molecule compounds with the goal of gaining approval from the United States Food and Drug Administration or FDA, and its international counterparts, to market and commercialize such therapies. We are headquartered in Germantown, Maryland.

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Our patented technology platform has three core components:

1.	Over 300 lines of human, regionally specific neural stem cells, some of which we believe have the potential to be used to treat serious or life-threatening diseases through direct transplantation into the central nervous system;
2.	Proprietary screening capability – our ability to generate human neural stem cell lines provides a platform for chemical screening and discovery of novel compounds; and
3.	Small molecules that have resulted from Neuralstem’s neurogenesis screening platform that we believe may have the potential to treat wide variety of nervous system conditions.

Our technology platform to date has produced three lead assets, two in clinical development and one in preclinical development: our NSI-566 stem cell therapy program (clinical stage), NSI-189 phosphate small molecule program (clinical stage) andNSI-532 second-generation stem cell therapy program (preclinical stage)..

We have developed and maintain what we believe is a strong portfolio of patents and patent applications that form the proprietary base for our research and development efforts. We own or exclusively license over 10 U.S. issued and pending patents and over 70 foreign issued and pending patents related to our stem cell technologies for use in treating disease and injury. We own over 15 U.S. issued and pending patents and over 70 foreign issued and pending patents related to our small molecule compounds.

We believe our technology, in combination with our expertise, and established collaborations with major research institutions, could facilitate the development and commercialization of products for use in the treatment of a wide array of nervous system disorders including neurodegenerative conditions and regenerative repair of acute and chronic disease.

Recent Clinical & Business Highlights

• On October 25, 2018, the company announced publication of a manuscript in Scientific Reports showing that transplantation of NSI-532.IGF1 mitigates disease pathology and improves cognition in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s Disease. The study was performed at the University of Michigan by a team led by Dr. Eva Feldman, Director of the Program for Neurology Research and Discovery, and Research Director of the University of Michigan ALS Center of Excellence. NSI-532.IGF1 is the first candidate from the NSI-532 program, a second-generation cell therapy program which combines neural stem cells with neuroprotective proteins.

• On August 9, 2018, NSI-189 received from FDA the orphan designation for treatment of Angelman Syndrome. Angelman Syndrome (AS) is a rare congenital genetic disorder caused by a lack of function in the UBE3A gene on the maternal 15th chromosome. It affects approximately one in 15,000 people - about 500,000 individuals globally. Symptoms of AS include developmental delay, lack of speech, seizures, and walking and balance disorders. Patients with AS may never walk or speak and require life-long care. Life expectancy is normal which places a significant burden on patients and caregivers. There are currently no FDA-approved therapies for the treatment of Angelman syndrome.

• On August 6, 2016, the company announced the appointment of Mr. Jim Scully as Interim CEO. Mr. Scully assumed the role previously held by Mr. Rich Daly who had served as president and chief executive officer of the Company since February 2016. Mr. Scully brings to Neuralstem a wealth of experience from a range of senior executive roles in the pharmaceutical and broader healthcare industry, including leadership roles in financial and strategic planning, global business development and general management at Takeda Pharmaceuticals, Astellas Pharmaceuticals, Abbott Laboratories, Walgreens and GE Healthcare. The Board of Directors also appointed Mr. William Oldaker, as Chairman. Mr. Oldaker has served as a director of Neuralstem since April 2007. He is a founder and partner in the Washington, D.C. law firm, Oldaker & Willison PLLP, and is a member of the Colorado, D.C. and Iowa Bar Associations, the Bar Association for the Court of Appeals, D.C., and the Bar of the United States Supreme Court.

• On July 31, 2018, the company announced initiation of a Phase 2 clinical trial to further evaluate NSI-566 in ischemic stroke. This follows the positive results of the open-label Phase 1 stroke study disclosed in a 2018 ISSCR (International Society for Stem Cell Research) abstract on June 23, 2018. The Phase 2 study is a randomized, double-blind, sham-surgery controlled study. It is intended to further test the safety and efficacy of NSI-566 to reverse paralysis in stroke patients with half of their body partially paralyzed. The trial is taking place at BaYi Brain Hospital in Beijing, China, and commenced on August 1, 2018.

• On July 23, 2018 the company announced that oral administration of NSI-189 in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s Disease leads to a significant amelioration and/or improvement in cognition measures. The study was carried out by Dr. Corinne Jolivalt’s laboratory at the University of California, San Diego, and involved the oral administration of NSI-189 to mice harboring gene changes that recreate symptoms of familial Alzheimer’s disease. Treatment with NSI-189 significantly improved learning ability as well as retention as measured by a simple task (Barnes maze) and improved performance on a test of short-term memory (Novel Object Recognition).

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Clinical Development Program Summary

We have devoted the majority of our efforts and financial resources to the preclinical and clinical development of our small molecule compounds and our stem cell therapeutics. Below is a diagram of our clinical programs, their intended indications and current stages of development.

 

 

 

Clinical Development Program Review

NSI-566 Phase 1 and 2 safety trials for the treatment of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)

• On May 3, 2018, we announced the results from a study published in the Annals of Clinical and Translational Neurology in a manuscript entitled “Long-term Phase 1/2 Intraspinal Stem Cell Transplantation Outcomes in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis” that support the potential of transplanted human spinal cord-derived neural stem cells (HSSC) to stabilize functioning of ALS patients. The study evaluated the impact of HSSC transplantation on functional outcomes, as measured using the ALSFRS-R scale, and on a composite statistic that combined functional and survival outcomes. Results were evaluated against matched controls derived from two historical datasets and showed significantly better ALSFRS-R scores at 24 months, as well as the composite functional/survival score in subjects receiving HSSC. The ALS Functional Rating Scale-Revised (ALSFRS-R) is a validated questionnaire that measures physical function in performing activities of daily living (ADLs).

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NSI-566 Phase 1 and 2 clinical trials for the treatment of motor deficits in stroke

• In March 2016 we completed the Phase 1 safety trial of NSI-566 for the treatment of motor deficits in stroke In the single-site, Phase 1 study, 3 cohorts (n=3/cohort) were transplanted with ascending doses of NSI-566, which involved a one-time stereotactic, intracerebral injection of 1.2×107, 2.4×107, or 7.2×107 cells. Immunosuppression therapy with tacrolimus was maintained for 28 days. All subjects had chronic motor stroke, verified by Magnetic Resonance Imaging or MRI, initiated between 5 and 24 months prior to surgery, with Modified Rankin Score of 2, 3, or 4 and Fugl-Meyer Motor Score of 55 or less. Safety was the primary objective. Changes in Fugl-Meyer Motor Scale, Modified Rankin Scale, and NIH Stroke Scale were measured as secondary outcomes. Changes in FDG-PET, functional MRI, and structural MRI were measured as exploratory outcomes. Twelve-month clinical data of the combined nine participants were analyzed using the Wilcoxon signed rank test. At the 12-Month Visit, compared to Baseline, the mean Fugl-Meyer Motor Score (FMMS, total score of 100) showed 15.6 points of improvement (p=0.0078), the mean Modified Ranking Score (MRS) 0.8 points of improvement (p=0.031), and the mean NIH Stroke Scale (NIHSS) 3.2 points of improvement (p=0.016). The stem cell treatment appeared to be well tolerated at all doses. There were no deaths, or any serious adverse event related to the treatment.

• In August 2018, we initiated a randomized, double-blind, sham-surgery controlled Phase 2 trial in China at BaYi Brain Hospital, the site of our Phase 1 study. This trial is enrolling ischemic stroke patients with chronic partial paralysis and moderate to severe motor dysfunction, the same key inclusion/exclusion criteria as the Phase 1 trial. Through November 6, 2018, a total of 8 surgeries have been performed.

NSI-566 Phase 1 safety trial for the treatment of chronic Spinal Cord Injury (cSCI)

• In January 2016, we reported on the interim status of the Phase 1 safety data on all four subjects with stable thoracic spinal cord injuries. The stem cell treatment demonstrated feasibility and safety. A self-reported ability to contract some muscles below the level of injury was confirmed via clinical and electrophysiological follow-up examinations in one of the four subjects treated. All subjects will be followed for five years. This study is being conducted with support from the University of California, San Diego (UCSD) School of Medicine.

• In June 2018, the study investigators published the results of the first cohort in the journal Cell Stem Cell. At 18 months to 27 months after surgery, the analysis of motor and sensory function and electrophysiology showed improvement in three of the four patients after NSI-566 transplantation. There was no evidence of serious adverse events, suggesting the procedure is well-tolerated.

NSI-189 Phase 2 randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial for the treatment of MDD

• In July 2017, the company announced, top-line results from its exploratory Phase 2 clinical trial examining the efficacy of NSI-189 at 40 mg QD and 40 mg BID compared to placebo for the treatment of MDD. The study, which utilized the two-staged sequential parallel comparison design (SPCD), did not meet its primary efficacy endpoint of a statistically significant reduction in depression symptoms on the MADRS. The clinical trial was initiated in May 2016 and the last subject completed the study in May 2017. During the study, 220 subjects were randomized for a 12-week interventional study with NSI-189 or placebo. The study was conducted under the direction of Principal Investigator (PI) Maurizio Fava, MD, Executive Vice Chair, Department of Psychiatry and Executive Director, Clinical Trials Network and Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital.

• In December 2017, the company presented updated data from Phase 2 study of NSI-189. Although the trial failed to meet its primary endpoints, the 40 mg QD dose was directionally positive on the MADRS. Of secondary efficacy endpoints analyzed so far, the patient-rated SDQ achieved statistical significance (p=0.044) with NSI-189 40 mg QD compared to placebo in the overall SPCD analysis. Results were also directionally positive on the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D17) at both doses. Both the 40 mg QD and 40 mg BID doses were well-tolerated with no serious adverse events reported.

Preclinical Development Program Review

Our preclinical studies with NSI-566 are currently focused on demonstrating performance and efficacy of this cell line in animal models for traumatic brain injury.

• We have a collaboration with the laboratory of Dr. Bullock at the University of Miami in order to obtain proof-of-principle data for NSI-566 in reversing motor deficits due to severe/penetrating brain injury in animal models. In March 2017, interim preclinical data were published in Journal of Neurotrauma, which showed robust engraftment and long-term survival of NSI-566 post transplantation in a rat model of penetrating ballistic-like brain injury (PBBI). On June 11, 2018, we received a $150,000 Department of Defense contract to support the development of NSI-566 human neural stem cell line as a therapeutic candidate for severe Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI).

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In addition to NSI-566 we have developed an inventory of over 300 unique stem cell lines. These stem cell lines include cortex, hippocampus, midbrain, hindbrain, cerebellum, and spinal cord. We believe these lines possess unique properties and represent candidates for both transplantation-based strategies to treat disease and for screening of compound libraries to discover novel drug therapies.

• One cell line we have been developing is NSI-532.IGF for Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). This cell line is a fetal cortex-derived neural stem cell line genetically engineered to overexpress human insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), which is known for its neurogenic and neuroprotective properties. This work is being conducted at the laboratory of Dr. Feldman at the University of Michigan to obtain proof-of-principle data for NSI-566 in slowing/reversing neurodegeneration in animal models of AD. Based on this work, on October 25, the company announced publication of a manuscript in Scientific Reports showing that transplantation of NSI-532.IGF1 mitigates disease pathology and improves cognition in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s Disease.

Our preclinical research on NSI-189 is focused on identifying its mechanism of action and investigating its potential utility as a neuroregenerative drug that can prevent or reverse various types of central and peripheral nerve degeneration and that may have cognitive benefit in diseases that impact memory and cognition. Recent preclinical data support the potential benefits of NSI-189 in other indications beyond MDD.

.

• Since 2016, we have been collaborating with the laboratory of Dr. Baudry at Western University of Health Sciences, California, and others to obtain proof-of-principle data for NSI-189 in reversing cognitive and neurological deficits in animal models of Angelman Syndrome, an inherited rare disease with known genetic defect that results in mental developmental arrest in early childhood.

• On July 23, 2018 the company announced that oral administration of NSI-189 in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s Disease leads to a significant amelioration and/or improvement in cognition measures. The study was carried out by Dr. Corinne Jolivalt’s laboratory at the University of California, San Diego, and involved the oral administration of NSI-189 to mice harboring gene changes that recreate symptoms of familial Alzheimer’s disease. Treatment with NSI-189 significantly improved learning ability as well as retention as measured by a simple task (Barnes maze) and improved performance on a test of short-term memory (Novel Object Recognition).

• Under a Phase 2 SBIR grant from NIH/NINDS, we are collaborating with the laboratory of Drs. Calcutt and Jolivalt at UCSD to obtain the proof-of-principle data for NSI-189 in preventing/reversing peripheral/central neuropathy due to diabetes in animal models.

• Therapeutic potential of NSI-189 on cognition has also been tested in an animal model of radiation-induced brain injury and subsequent cognitive impairment. This study was conducted at the laboratory of Dr. Limoli at University of California Irvine. The data, published in the journal Radiation Research, demonstrate that NSI-189 mitigates the cognitive damage done by cranial radiotherapy to rats.

Orphan Designation

On August 9, 2018, NSI-189 received from FDA the orphan designation for treatment of Angelman Syndrome. Angelman Syndrome (AS) is a rare congenital genetic disorder caused by a lack of function in the UBE3A gene on the maternal 15th chromosome. It affects approximately one in 15,000 people - about 500,000 individuals globally. Symptoms of AS include developmental delay, lack of speech, seizures, and walking and balance disorders. Patients with AS may never walk or speak and require life-long care. Life expectancy is normal which places a significant burden on patients and caregivers. There are currently no FDA-approved therapies for the treatment of Angelman syndrome.

Our Technologies

Stem Cells

From a therapeutic perspective, our stem cell-based technology enables the isolation and large-scale expansion of regionally specific, human neural stem cells from all areas of the developing human brain and spinal cord thus enabling the generation of physiologically relevant human neurons of different types. We believe that our stem cell technology will enable the replacement or supplementation of malfunctioning or dead cells thereby creating a neurotrophic environment that offers protection to neural tissue as a way to treat disease and injury. Many significant and currently untreatable human diseases arise from the loss or malfunction of specific cell types in the body. Our focus is the development of effective methods to generate replacement cells from neural stem cells. We believe that creating a neurotrophic environment by replacing damaged, malfunctioning or dead neural cells with fully functional ones may be a useful therapeutic strategy in treating many diseases and conditions of the central nervous system.

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Our Proprietary and Novel Screening Platform

Our human neural stem cell lines form the foundation for functional cell-based assays used to screen for small molecule compounds that can impact biologically relevant outcomes such as neurogenesis, synapse formation, and protection against toxic insults. We have developed over 300 unique stem cell lines representing multiple different regions of the developing brain and spinal cord at multiple different time points in development, enabling the generation of physiologically relevant human neural cells for screening, target validation, and mechanism-of-action studies. This platform provides us with a unique and powerful tool to identify new chemical entities to treat a broad range of nervous system conditions. NSI-189 was discovered using our stem cell-based screening platform.

Small Molecule Pharmaceutical Compounds.

Utilizing our proprietary stem cell-based screening capability, we have discovered and patented a series of small molecule compounds. We believe our low molecular weight organic compounds can efficiently cross the blood/brain barrier. In mice, research indicated that the small molecule compounds both stimulate neurogenesis of the hippocampus and increase its volume. We believe the small molecule compounds may promote synaptogenesis and neurogenesis in the human hippocampus thereby providing therapeutic benefits in indications such as MDD and may also provide clinical benefit in indications such as Angelman Syndrome, Diabetic Neuropathy, Cognition, Stroke and Radiation Induced Cognitive Deficit.

Intellectual Property

We have developed and maintain what we believe is a strong portfolio of patents and patent applications that form the basis for our research and development efforts. We own or exclusively license over 10 U.S. issued and pending patents and over 70 foreign issued and pending patents related to our stem cell technologies for use in treating disease and injury. We own over 10 U.S. issued and pending patents and over 60 foreign issued and pending patents related to our small molecule compounds. Our issued patents have expiration dates ranging from 2017 through 2035. Two of our original patents covering methods and composition of matter associated with our stem cell technologies expired in 2016. In our opinion, the expiration of these patents is not material to our intellectual property.

Operating Strategy

We generally employ an outsourcing strategy where we outsource our preclinical and clinical development activities to contract research organizations and academic partners. Manufacturing of our small molecule portfolio is also outsourced to organizations with approved facilities and manufacturing practices. Manufacturing of our stem cells is proprietary, and we operate a closed, in-house system to ensure the protection of all critical know-how associated with the technology. All non-critical corporate functions are outsourced as well. This model allows us to better manage cash on hand and minimize non-vital expenditures. It also allows for us to operate with relatively fewer employees and lower fixed costs than that required by other companies conducting similar business.

Employees

As of October 31, 2018, we had five (5) full-time employees. Of these full-time employees, four (4) work on research and development and clinical operations and one (1) works in administration. We also use the services of numerous outside consultants in business and scientific matters.

Our Corporate Information

We were incorporated in Delaware in 2001. Our principal executive offices are located at 20271 Goldenrod Lane, Germantown, Maryland 20876, and our telephone number is (301) 366-4841. Our website is located at www.neuralstem.com.

We have not incorporated by reference into this report the information in, or that can be accessed through, our website and you should not consider it to be a part of this report.

Trends & Outlook

Revenue

We generated no revenues from the sale of our proposed therapies for any of the periods presented.

We have historically generated minimal revenue from the licensing of our intellectual property to third parties as well as payments under a settlement agreement.

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On a long-term basis, we anticipate that our revenue will be derived primarily from licensing fees and sales of our small molecule compounds and licensing fees and royalties from our cell-based therapies. Because we are at such an early stage in the clinical trials process, we are not yet able to accurately predict when we will have a product ready for commercialization, if ever.

Research and Development Expenses

Our research and development expenses consist primarily of clinical trial expenses, including; payments to clinical trial sites that perform our clinical trials and clinical research organizations (CROs) that help us manage our clinical trials, manufacturing of small molecule drugs and stem cells for both human clinical trials and for pre-clinical studies and research, personnel costs for research and clinical personnel, and other costs including research supplies and facilities.

We focus on the development of therapies with potential uses in multiple indications and use employee and infrastructure resources across several projects. Accordingly, many of our costs are not attributable to a specifically identified product and we do not account for internal research and development costs on a project-by-project basis.

We expect that research and development expenses, which include expenses related to our ongoing clinical trials, will increase in the future as funding allows and as we proceed later stage clinical trials.

We have a wholly owned subsidiary in the People’s Republic of China. We anticipate that this subsidiary will primarily: (i) conduct pre-clinical research with regard to proposed stem cells therapies, and (ii) oversee our approved future clinical trials in China, including the current trial to treat motor deficits due to ischemic stroke.

In August 2017, we were awarded a Small Business Innovation Research (“SBIR”) grant by the National Institutes of Health (“NIH”) to evaluate in preclinical studies the potential of NSI-189, a novel small molecule compound, for the prevention and treatment of diabetic neuropathy. The award of approximately $1 million will be paid over a two-year period, if certain conditions are met as mid-term. In June 2018, we were awarded an additional SBIR grant related to our efforts involving stem cell therapy for severe traumatic brain injury. The award of approximately $150,000 will be paid over a six-month period. The proceeds from such awards will be recorded as a reduction of our gross research and development expenses.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses are primarily comprised of salaries, benefits and other costs associated with our operations including, finance, human resources, information technology, public relations and costs associated with maintaining a public company listing, legal, audit and compliance fees, facilities and other external general and administrative services.

Critical Accounting Policies

Our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The preparation of these financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses. Note 2 of the Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere herein describes the significant accounting policies used in the preparation of the financial statements. Certain of these significant accounting policies are considered to be critical accounting policies, as defined below.

A critical accounting policy is defined as one that is both material to the presentation of our financial statements and requires management to make difficult, subjective or complex judgments that could have a material effect on our financial condition and results of operations. Specifically, critical accounting estimates have the following attributes: (1) we are required to make assumptions about matters that are highly uncertain at the time of the estimate; and (2) different estimates we could reasonably have used, or changes in the estimate that are reasonably likely to occur, would have a material effect on our financial condition or results of operations.

Estimates and assumptions about future events and their effects cannot be determined with certainty. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions believed to be applicable and reasonable under the circumstances. These estimates may change as new events occur, as additional information is obtained and as our operating environment changes. These changes have historically been minor and have been included in the financial statements as soon as they became known. Based on a critical assessment of our accounting policies and the underlying judgments and uncertainties affecting the application of those policies, management believes that our financial statements are fairly stated in accordance with U.S. GAAP and present a meaningful presentation of our financial condition and results of operations. We believe the following critical accounting policies reflect our more significant estimates and assumptions used in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements:

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Use of Estimates - The preparation of financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include significant estimates for the expected economic life and value of our licensed technology and related patents, our net operating loss and related valuation allowance for tax purposes, the fair value of our liability classified warrants and our share-based compensation related to employees and directors, consultants and advisors, among other things. Because of the use of estimates inherent in the financial reporting process, actual results could differ significantly from those estimates.

Long Lived Intangible Assets - Our long lived intangible assets consist of our intellectual property patents including primarily legal fees associated with the filings and in defense of our patents. The assets are amortized on a straight-line basis over the expected useful life which we define as ending on the expiration of the patent group. These assets are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the asset may not be recoverable. We assess this recoverability by comparing the carrying amount of the asset to the estimated undiscounted future cash flows to be generated by the asset. If an asset is deemed to be impaired, we estimate the impairment loss by determining the excess of the asset’s carrying amount over the estimated fair value. These determinations use assumptions that are highly subjective and include a high degree of uncertainty. During the three- and nine- month periods ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, no significant impairment losses were recognized.

Fair Value Measurements - The fair value of our short-term financial instruments, which primarily include cash and cash equivalents, other short-term investments, accounts payable and accrued expenses, approximate their carrying values due to their short maturities. The fair value of our long-term indebtedness was estimated based on the quoted prices for the same or similar issues or on the current rates offered to the Company for debt of the same remaining maturities which approximates the carrying value. The fair values of our liability classified warrants are estimated using Level 3 unobservable inputs.

Share-Based Compensation - We account for share-based compensation at fair value; accordingly, we expense the estimated fair value of share-based awards over the requisite service period. Share-based compensation cost for stock options and warrants issued to employees and board members is determined at the grant date while awards granted to non-employee consultants are generally valued at the vesting date using an option pricing model. Option pricing models require us to make assumptions, including expected volatility and expected term of the options. If any of the assumptions we use in the model were to significantly change, share-based compensation expense may be materially different. Share-based compensation cost for restricted stock and restricted stock units issued to employees and board members is determined at the grant date based on the closing price of our common stock on that date. The value of the award that is ultimately expected to vest is recognized as expense on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period.

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Comparison of Three Months Ended September 30, 2018 and 2017

Revenue

During each of the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 we recognized revenue of $2,500 related to ongoing fees pursuant to certain licenses of our intellectual property to third parties.

Operating Expenses

Operating expenses for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 were as follows:

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Increase (Decrease)
	2018		2017		$			%
Operating Expenses
Research and development expenses	$	897,098	$	1,383,863	$	(486,765	)		(35	%)
General and administrative expenses		1,188,076		1,206,510		(18,434	)		(2	%)
Total operating expenses	$	2,085,174	$	2,590,373	$	(505,199	)		(20	%)

Research and Development Expenses

The decrease of approximately $487,000 or 35% in research and development expenses for the three months ended September 30, 2018 compared to the comparable period of 2017 was primarily attributable to a $119,000 decrease in our personnel and facility expenses due to our ongoing corporate restructuring and cost reduction efforts a $77,000 decrease in clinical trial and related costs due to the completion of our NSI-189 Phase 2 clinical trial along with a $143,000 increase in reimbursements under our NIH grant and a $163,000 decrease in our non-cash share-based compensation expense.

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General and Administrative Expenses

The decrease of approximately $18,000 or 2% in general and administrative expenses for the three months ended September 30, 2018 compared to the comparable period of 2017 was primarily attributable to a $164,000 decrease in payroll and related expenses coupled with a $32,000 decrease in non-cash share-based compensation expense partially offset by a $108,000 increase in tax and insurance expenses and a $70,000 increase in consulting and professional fees.

Other expense

Other income (expense), net totaled approximately $252,000 and $2,454,000 for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

Other income, net in 2018 consisted primarily of approximately $236,000 of non-cash gains related to the fair value adjustment of our liability classified stock purchase warrants and $18,000 of interest income.

Other income, net in 2017 consisted primarily of approximately $2,680,000 of non-cash gains related to the fair value adjustment of our derivative instruments partially offset by $243,000 of costs related to the issuance of liability classified warrants issued in conjunction with our August 2017 capital raise.

Comparison of Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018 and 2017

Revenue

During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, we recognized $250,000 of revenues related to milestone-based royalties related to a settlement of a prior patent infringement case. In addition, during each of the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 we recognized revenue of $7,500 related to ongoing fees pursuant to certain licenses of our intellectual property to third parties.

Operating Expenses

Operating expenses for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 were as follows:

	Nine Months Ended September 30,				Increase (Decrease)
	2018		2017		$			%
Operating Expenses
Research and development expenses	$	3,081,319	$	6,871,028	$	(3,789,709	)		(55	%)
General and administrative expenses		3,630,822		4,174,583		(543,761	)		(13	%)
Total operating expenses	$	6,712,141	$	11,045,611	$	(4,333,470	)		(39	%)

Research and Development Expenses

The decrease of approximately $3,790,000 or 55% in research and development expenses for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 compared to the comparable period of 2017 was primarily attributable to a $1,914,000 decrease in our personnel and facility expenses due to our ongoing corporate restructuring and cost reduction efforts, a $584,000 decrease in clinical trial and related costs due to the completion of our NSI-189 Phase 2 clinical trial, a $318,000 increase in reimbursements under our NIH grant and a $883,000 decrease in our non-cash share-based compensation expense.

General and Administrative Expenses

The decrease of approximately $544,000 or 13% in general and administrative expenses for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 compared to the comparable period of 2017 was primarily attributable to a $720,000 decrease in payroll and related expenses coupled with a $50,000 decrease in non-cash share-based compensation expense partially offset $198,000 increase in tax and insurance expenses and a $28,000 increase in consulting and professional service expenses.

Other expense

Other income (expense), net totaled approximately $1,850,000 and ($1,312,000) for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

Other income, net in 2018 consisted primarily of approximately $1,805,000 of non-cash gains related to the fair value adjustment of our liability classified stock purchase warrants and $55,000 of interest income.

Other expense, net in 2017 consisted of approximately $564,000 of expense related to the issuance of inducement warrants, $403,000 of non-cash losses related to the fair value adjustment of our derivative instruments, $243,000 of costs related to the issuance of liability classified warrants issued in conjunction with our August 2017 capital raise and $156,000 of interest expense primarily related to our long-term debt, partially offset by $53,000 of interest income.

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Liquidity and Capital Resources

Financial Condition

Since our inception, we have financed our operations through the sales of our securities, issuance of long-term debt, the exercise of investor warrants, and to a lesser degree from grants and research contracts as well as the licensing of our intellectual property to third parties.

We had cash and cash equivalents of approximately $5.7 million at September 30, 2018. On October 29, 2018, we closed a registered direct offering with institutional investors pursuant to which we received gross proceeds of $2.1 million.

Based on our expected operating cash requirements, we anticipate our average monthly cash burn rate will decrease and our current cash and investments on hand will be sufficient to fund our operations, into the second quarter of 2019. As explained in Note 1 to our financial statements there is substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern.

We will require additional capital to continue to develop our pre-clinical and clinical development operations. To continue to fund our operations and the development of our product candidates we anticipate raising additional cash through the private and public sales of equity or debt securities, collaborative arrangements, licensing agreements or a combination thereof. Although management believes that such funding sources will be available, there can be no assurance that any such collaborative arrangement will be entered into or that financing will be available to us when needed in order to allow us to continue our operations, or if available, on terms acceptable to us. If we do not raise sufficient funds in a timely manner, we may be forced to curtail operations, delay or stop our ongoing clinical trials, cease operations altogether, or file for bankruptcy. We currently do not have commitments for future funding from any source. We cannot assure you that we will be able to secure additional capital or that the expected income will materialize. Several factors will affect our ability to raise additional funding, including, but not limited to market conditions, interest rates and, more specifically, our progress in our exploratory, preclinical and future clinical development programs.

Cash Flows – 2018 compared to 2017

	Nine Months Ended September 30,						Favorable (Unfavorable)
	2018			2017			$			%
Net cash used in operating activities	$	(6,034,389	)	$	(11,130,092	)	$	5,095,703			46	%
Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities	$	5,000,000		$	(93,638	)	$	5,093,638			5,440	%
Net cash used in  financing activities	$	101,761		$	5,093,886		$	(4,992,125	)		98	%

Net Cash Used in Operating Activities

The decrease in our use of cash in operating activities of approximately $5,096,000 was due to a decrease in our operating loss adjusted for certain non-cash items, including share-based compensation and change in the fair value of liability classified warrants along with a decrease in payments of accounts payable and accrued expenses and receipt of payments related to a milestone-based revenue and reimbursement under our SBIR grants.

Cash used in operating activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, of approximately $6,034,000 reflects our $4,604,000 loss for the period adjusted for certain non-cash items including: (i) $570,000 of share-based compensation (ii) ($1,805,000) related to the change in fair value of our liability classified warrants and (iii) $356,000 of net cash outflows related to changes in our operating assets and liabilities.

Net Cash (Used in) Provided by Investing Activities

For the nine months ended September 30, 2018 cash provided by investing activities was comprised solely of proceeds from the maturity of our short-term investments.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2017 cash used in investing activities was comprised of costs related to our patent assets and fixed asset purchases.

Net Cash Used in by Financing Activities

For the nine months ended September 30, 2018, cash provided by financing activities consisted solely of proceeds net of principal payments on our short-term debt.

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In the nine months ended September 30, 2017, cash provided by financing activities consisted primarily of approximately $5,414,000 of net proceeds from our August financing transaction, $3,225,000 from the exercise of common stock purchase warrants and $347,000 of proceeds from short-term borrowings partially offset by approximately $3,989,000 of debt payments.

Future Liquidity and Needs

We have incurred significant operating losses and negative cash flows since inception. We have not achieved profitability and may not be able to realize sufficient revenue to achieve or sustain profitability in the future. We do not expect to be profitable in the next several years, but rather expect to incur additional operating losses. We have limited liquidity and capital resources and must obtain significant additional capital resources in order to sustain our product development efforts, for acquisition of technologies and intellectual property rights, for preclinical and clinical testing of our anticipated products, pursuit of regulatory approvals, acquisition of capital equipment, laboratory and office facilities, establishment of production capabilities, for general and administrative expenses and other working capital requirements. We rely on cash balances and the proceeds from the offering of our securities, exercise of outstanding warrants and grants to fund our operations.

We intend to pursue opportunities to obtain additional financing in the future through the sale of our securities and additional research grants. On June 23, 2017, our shelf registration statement (Registration No. 333-218608), which replaced our prior expiring shelf registration statement, was declared effective by the SEC. Under such replacement shelf registration statement, we can offer and sell up to $100 million of our securities. Through October 31, 2018 we have sold approximately $12.6 million of securities under our shelf registration statement.

As explained in the notes to our financial statements, if we are not able to raise additional funds when needed, there would continue to be substantial doubt as to our ability to continue as a going concern. The source, timing and availability of any future financing will depend principally upon market conditions, interest rates and, more specifically, current and future progress in our exploratory, preclinical and clinical development programs. Funding may not be available when needed, at all, or on terms acceptable to us. Lack of necessary funds may require us, among other things, to delay, scale back or eliminate some or all of our research and product development programs, planned clinical trials, and/or our capital expenditures or to license our potential products or technologies to third parties.

ITEM 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

We are not required to provide the information required by this item as we are considered a smaller reporting company, as defined by Rule 229.10(f)(1).

ITEM 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Disclosure controls and procedures are controls and other procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our reports filed or submitted under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act"), is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission's rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our reports filed under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Based on an evaluation under the supervision and with the participation of the Company’s management, the Company’s principal executive officer, who is also our principal financial officer, has concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act were effective as of September 30, 2018, to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Company in reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is (i) recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC rules and forms and (ii) accumulated and communicated to the Company’s management, including its principal executive officer, who is also our principal financial officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. 

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

Management has identified the following change in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

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On June 9, 2018 our former President, Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer informed our board of directors that he intended to resign his position as director as well as his positions as President, Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer after a to be determined transitional period. His last day was July 31, 2018. Effective August 1, 2018, we appointed an interim Chief Executive Officer who is also serving as our interim principal accounting officer while we continue our search to determine who will fill the position(s) on a permanent basis.

Inherent Limitations Over Internal Controls

The Company’s internal control over financial reporting is designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”). The Company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that:

(i)          pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the Company’s assets;

(ii)         provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with GAAP, and that the Company’s receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of the Company’s management and directors; and

(iii)        provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the Company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Management, including the Company’s principal executive officer, who is also our principal financial officer, does not expect that the Company’s internal controls will prevent or detect all errors and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of internal controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, have been detected. Also, any evaluation of the effectiveness of controls in future periods are subject to the risk that those internal controls may become inadequate because of changes in business conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

PART II

OTHER INFORMATION

ITEM 1. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

None.

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS

Investing in our common stock involves a high degree of risk. We have described below a number of uncertainties and risks which, in addition to uncertainties and risks presented elsewhere in this Annual Report, may adversely affect our business, operating results and financial condition.  The uncertainties and risks enumerated below as well as those presented elsewhere in this Annual Report should be considered carefully in evaluating our company and our business and the value of our securities.

Risks Relating to Our Stage of Development and Capital Structure

We may not be able to continue as a going concern if we do not obtain additional financing.

We have incurred losses since our inception and have not demonstrated an ability to generate revenues from sales or services.  Our ability to continue as a going concern is dependent on generating cash from the sale of our common stock and/or obtaining debt financing.  Our cash, cash equivalents and short-term investment balance at September 30, 2018 was approximately $5.7 million. Based on our current expected level of operating expenditures, as well as the net proceeds of approximately $1.9 million received in our October 2018 registered direct offering, we expect to be able to fund our operations into the second quarter of 2019. Our ability to remain a going concern is wholly dependent upon our ability to continue to obtain sufficient capital to fund our operations.

Accordingly, despite our ability to secure capital in the past, there is no assurance that additional equity or debt financing will be available to us when needed or that we may be able to secure funding from any other sources. In the event that we are not able to secure funding, we may be forced to curtail operations, delay or stop ongoing clinical trials, cease operations altogether or file for bankruptcy.

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Our auditors previously expressed substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern.

Our auditors’ report on our December 31, 2017 financial statements expressed an opinion that our capital resources as of the date of their audit report were not sufficient to sustain operations or complete our planned activities for the upcoming year unless we raised additional funds. Our current cash level raises substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern past the second quarter of 2019. If we do not obtain additional capital by such time, we may no longer be able to continue as a going concern and may cease operation or seek bankruptcy protection.

If we are unable to successfully retain and integrate a new management team, our business could be harmed.

On June 9, 2018 our former President, Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer informed our board of directors that he intended to resign his position as director as well as his positions as President, Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer after a to be determined transitional period. Mr. Daly’s last day was July 31, 2018. Effective August 1, 2018, we appointed Jim Scully as our interim Chief Executive Officer, president and principal accounting officer while we continue our search to determine who will fill the position(s) on a permanent basis. Our success depends largely on the development and execution of our business strategy by our senior management team. The recent transitions in our executive team may be disruptive to our business, and if we are unable to manage an orderly transition, our business may be adversely affected. Additionally, since our management team consists of a limited number of individuals, the loss of any members or key personnel would likely harm our ability to implement our business strategy and respond to the rapidly changing market conditions in which we operate. There may be a limited number of persons with the requisite skills to serve in these positions, and we cannot assure you that we would be able to identify or employ such qualified personnel on acceptable terms, if at all. We cannot assure you that management will succeed in working together as a team. In the event we are unsuccessful, our business and prospects could be harmed.

We could become the subject to securities litigation.

Commencing in 2017, we have seen a dramatic decrease in the price of our common stock. Plaintiffs have often initiated securities class action litigation against a company following periods of significant decreases in the market price of the company’s securities. Although management is not aware of any threatened litigation, we may in the future be the target of similar litigation. Securities litigation could result in substantial costs and liabilities and could divert management’s attention and resources.

The price of our common stock does not currently meet the NASDAQ minimum bid requirement for continued listing. If the price of our common stock remains at this level or declines, may be delisted from NASDAQ, which could impair the liquidity and the value of our common stock.

Continued listing on NASDAQ generally requires that we meet certain listing requirements. We presently do not meet the NASDAQ minimum bid requirement of $1.00. If we are unable to satisfy NASDAQ’S continued listing requirements, our common stock may be delisted from NASDAQ. In such event, trading in our common stock would likely take place on the over-the-counter market on the “OTC Markets” or the “OTC Bulletin Board.” Consequently, the liquidity of our common stock could be impaired, not only in the number of shares of common stock which could be bought and sold, but also through delays in the timing of transactions, a reduction in security analysts and new media coverage and lower prices for our common stock than might otherwise be obtained. While the shares of our common stock currently meet NASDAQ listing requirements and are currently listed on The Nasdaq Capital Market, there can be no assurance that we will continue to meet the criteria for continued listing.

We cannot assure you that the price of common stock will regain compliance with NASDAQ’s minimum bid requirement of $1.00. If we are unable to regain compliance, NASDAQ may take steps to delist our common stock. A delisting would likely have a negative effect on the price of our common stock and would likely impair your ability to sell or purchase our common stock if and when you wish to do so. In the event of a delisting, we cannot assure you that any action we take to restore listing would be successful. Even if successful, we cannot assure you that any such action would stabilize the market price of our common stock, improve the liquidity of our common stock, or prevent our future non-compliance with NASDAQ listing requirements. Further, if we were to be delisted from The Nasdaq Capital Market, our common stock would no longer be recognized as a “covered security” and we would be subject to regulation in each state in which we offer our securities. Thus, delisting from NASDAQ could adversely affect our ability to raise additional financing through the public or private sale of equity securities, would significantly impact the ability of investors to trade our securities and would negatively impact the value and liquidity of our common stock. Delisting could also have other negative results, including the potential loss of confidence by employees, the loss of institutional investor interest and fewer business development opportunities.

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If our common stock were delisted from NASDAQ, the Company would be subject to the risks relating to penny stocks.

If our common stock were to be delisted from trading on NASDAQ and the trading price of the common stock were below $5.00 per share on the date the common stock were delisted, trading in our common stock would also be subject to the requirements of certain rules promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). These rules require additional disclosure by broker-dealers in connection with any trades involving a stock defined as a "penny stock" and impose various sales practice requirements on broker-dealers who sell penny stocks to persons other than established customers and accredited investors, generally institutions. These additional requirements may discourage broker-dealers from effecting transactions in securities that are classified as penny stocks, which could severely limit the market price and liquidity of such securities and the ability of purchasers to sell such securities in the secondary market. A penny stock is defined generally as any non-exchange listed equity security that has a market price of less than $5.00 per share, subject to certain exceptions.

We have a history of losses.

Since inception in 1996 through September 30, 2018, we have accumulated losses totaling approximately $213.3 million. As of September 30, 2018, we had a working capital surplus of approximately $5.3 million and stockholders’ equity of approximately $4.5 million. Our net losses for the two most recent fiscal years have been approximately $15.7 million and $21.1 million for 2017 and 2016, respectively. We have generated no significant revenue from the sales of our proposed products.

Our ability to generate revenues and achieve profitability will depend upon our ability to complete the development of our proposed products, obtain the required regulatory approvals, manufacture and market and sell our proposed products. To date, we have not generated any revenue from the commercial sale of our proposed products. No assurances can be given as to exactly when, if at all, we will be able to fully develop, commercialize, market, sell and/or derive any, let alone material, revenues from our proposed products.

We will need to raise additional capital to continue operations.

Since our inception, we have funded our operations through the sale of our securities, credit facilities, the exercise of options and warrants, and to a lesser degree, from grants and research contracts and other revenue generating activities such as licensing. As of September 30, 2018, we had cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments on hand of approximately $5.7 million. In October of 2018 we completed an offering of our securities which resulted in net proceeds of approximately $1.9 million. We cannot assure you that we will be able to secure additional capital through financing transactions, including issuance of debt, licensing agreements or grants. Our inability to license our intellectual property, obtain grants or secure additional financing will materially impact our ability to fund our current and planned operations.

We have spent and expect to continue spending substantial cash in the research, development, clinical and pre-clinical testing of our proposed products with the goal of ultimately obtaining FDA approval and equivalent international approvals to market such products. We will require additional capital to conduct research and development, establish and conduct clinical and pre-clinical trials, enter into commercial-scale manufacturing arrangements and to provide for marketing and distribution of our products. We cannot assure you that financing will be available if needed. If additional financing is not available, we may not be able to fund our operations, develop or enhance our technologies, take advantage of business opportunities or respond to competitive market pressures. If we exhaust our cash reserves and are unable to secure additional financing, we may be unable to meet our obligations which could result in us initiating bankruptcy proceedings or delaying or eliminating some or all of our research and product development programs. 

Risks Relating to Our Business

Following our announcements regarding the negative results from our Phase 2 study, we may not generate any future revenues from NSI-189 or its underlying intellectual property and securing additional financing may be more difficult.

On July 25, 2017, we announced that our Phase 2 study of NSI-189 in subjects with MDD failed to achieve statistical significance on its primary endpoint although a subsequent evaluation of the data appeared directionally positive with regard to certain secondary endpoints. Following these clinical results, we may not generate any future revenues from NSI-189 or its underlying intellectual property. Additionally, after similar results, other companies in our industry have found it more difficult to raise capital and when they have been able to raise capital, it has typically been under less favorable terms.

Our business is dependent on the successful development of our product candidates and our ability to raise additional capital.

Our business is significantly dependent on our product candidates which are currently at different phases of pre-clinical and clinical development. The process to approve our product candidates is time-consuming, involves substantial expenditures of resources, and depends upon a number of factors, including the availability of alternative treatments, and the risks and benefits demonstrated in our clinical trials. Our success will depend on our ability to achieve scientific and technological advances and to translate such advances into FDA-approvable, commercially competitive products on a timely basis. Failure can occur at any stage of the process. On July 25, 2017, we announced that our Phase 2 clinical trial of NSI-189 in MDD failed to achieve statistical significance on its primary endpoint although a subsequent evaluation of the data appeared directionally positive with regard to certain secondary endpoints. If we are not successful in developing our product candidates, we will have invested substantial amounts of time and money without developing revenue-producing products. As we enter a more extensive clinical program for our product candidates, the data generated in these studies may not be as compelling as the earlier results. This, in turn, could adversely impact our ability to raise additional capital and pursue our business plan and planned research and development efforts.

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Our proposed products are not likely to be commercially available for at least several years, if at all. Our development schedules for our proposed products may be affected by a variety of factors, including technological difficulties, clinical trial failures, regulatory hurdles, competitive products, intellectual property challenges and/or changes in governmental regulation, many of which will not be within our control. Any delay in the development, introduction or marketing of our product candidates could result either in such products being marketed at a time when their cost and performance characteristics would not be competitive in the marketplace or in the shortening of their commercial lives. In light of the long-term nature of our projects, the unproven technology involved and the other factors described elsewhere in this section, there can be no assurance that we will be able to successfully complete the development or marketing of any of our proposed product candidates.

Our business relies on technologies that we may not be able to commercially develop and we are unable to predict when or if we will be able to earn revenues.

We have allocated the majority of our resources to the development of our stem cell and small molecule technologies. Our ability to generate revenue and operate profitably will depend on being able to develop these technologies for human applications. These are emerging technologies that may have limited human application. On July 25, 2017, we announced that our Phase 2 clinical trial of NSI-189 in MDD failed to achieve statistical significance on its primary endpoint although a subsequent evaluation of the data appeared directionally positive with regard to certain secondary endpoints. We cannot guarantee that we will be able to develop our technologies or that if developed, our technologies will result in commercially viable products or have any commercial utility or value. We anticipate that the commercial sale of our proposed products and/or royalty/licensing fees related to our technologies, will be our primary sources of revenue. We recognized revenue of approximately $10,000 and $16,000 for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively, related to the licensing of certain intellectual property to third parties and certain subcontractor services that we provided. If we are unable to develop our technologies, we may never realize any significant revenue. Additionally, given the uncertainty of our technologies, product candidates and the need for government regulatory approval, we cannot predict when, or if ever, we will be able to realize revenues related to our products. As a result, we will be primarily dependent on our ability to raise capital through the sale of our securities for the foreseeable future.

Our product development programs are based on novel technologies in an emerging field and are inherently risky.

We are subject to the risks inherent in the development of products based on new technologies. The novel nature of therapies in the field of regenerative medicine creates significant challenges in regard to product development and optimization, manufacturing, government regulation, third party reimbursement, and market acceptance. For example, the pathway to regulatory approval for cell-based therapies, including our stem cell-based product candidates, may be more complex and lengthy than the pathway for conventional drugs. These challenges may prevent us from developing and commercializing products on a timely or profitable basis or at all. Regenerative medicine is still an emerging field. There can be no assurances that we will ultimately produce any viable commercialized products and processes. Even if we are able to produce a commercially viable product, there may be strong competitors in this field and our products may not be able to successfully compete against them.

Our stem cell therapy programs rely on experimental surgical devices and experimental and highly invasive surgical procedures.

We are subject to the risks inherent in the use and development of experimental surgical devices and procedures. We have limited experience with medical devices and must rely on outside consultants and manufacturers to develop and seek any required approvals for the device we use in connection with our stem cell therapy program. Additionally, the surgical procedures required to administer our stem cell therapies are experimental, highly invasive and is required to be performed by highly experienced neurosurgeons who have received special training. We cannot guarantee consistent and safe performance of these devices or the surgical procedures. A surgery related adverse event may result in a clinical hold and may have long-term and damaging effects on our ability to complete development of the stem cell therapy programs, including the completion of any ongoing or planned clinical trials. Even if one or more of our programs is successful and receives marketing approval from a regulatory authority, due to the specialized nature of the device and surgical procedure, there may not be sufficient train surgeons to administer our therapy.

We are unable to predict when or if we will be able to earn significant revenues.

Given the uncertainty of our technologies and the need for government regulatory approval, we cannot predict when, or if ever, we will be able to realize revenues related to our products.

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Our proposed products are not likely to be commercially available for at least several or more years, if ever. Accordingly, we do not foresee generating any significant revenue during such time. As a result, we will be primarily dependent on our ability to raise capital through the sale of our securities to fund our operations for the foreseeable future.

Our reliance on third parties to manufacture and store our stem cells and small molecule compounds could adversely impact our business.

We currently outsource most of the manufacturing of our stem cells and small molecule pharmaceutical compounds to third party contractors and as such have limited ability to adequately control the manufacturing process and the safe storage thereof. Any manufacturing or storage irregularity, error, or failure to comply with applicable regulatory procedure would require us to find new third parties to outsource our manufacturing and storage responsibilities or our business would be impacted.

The manufacture of our therapeutic products is a complicated and difficult process, dependent upon substantial know-how and subject to the need for continual process improvements. In addition, our suppliers’ ability to scale-up manufacturing to satisfy the various requirements of our planned clinical trials is uncertain. Additionally, many of the materials that we use to prepare our cell-based products are highly specialized, complex and available from only a limited number of suppliers. The loss of one or more of these sources would likely delay our ability to conduct planned clinical trials and otherwise adversely affect our business.

If we are unable to complete pre-clinical and clinical testing and trials or if clinical trials of our product candidates are prolonged, delayed, suspended, terminated or fail to reach their endpoints, our business and results of operations could be materially harmed.

Although we have commenced a number of trials, the ultimate outcome of the trials is uncertain. On July 25, 2017, we announced that our Phase 2 clinical trial of NSI-189 in MDD failed to achieve statistical significance on its primary endpoint although a subsequent evaluation of the data appeared directionally positive with regard to certain secondary endpoints. If we are unable to satisfactorily complete our other trials, or if such trials also yield unsatisfactory results, we may be unable to obtain regulatory approval for and commercialize our proposed products. No assurances can be given that our clinical trials will be completed or result in successful outcomes. A number of events, including any of the following, could delay the completion of our planned clinical trials and negatively impact our ability to obtain regulatory approval for, and to market and sell, a particular product candidate:

• conditions imposed on us by the FDA or any foreign regulatory authority regarding the scope or design of our clinical trials;

• delays in obtaining, or our inability to obtain, required approvals from institutional review boards, or IRBs, or other reviewing entities at clinical sites selected for participation in our clinical trials;

• insufficient supply or deficient quality of our product candidates or other materials necessary to conduct our clinical trials;

• delays in obtaining regulatory agency agreement for the conduct of our clinical trials;

• lower than anticipated enrollment and retention rate of subjects in clinical trials;

• serious and unexpected side effects experienced by patients in our clinical trials which are related to the use of our product candidates; or

• failure of our third-party contractors to meet their contractual obligations to us in a timely manner.

Clinical trials may also be delayed or terminated as a result of ambiguous or negative interim results. In addition, a clinical trial may be suspended or terminated by us, the FDA, clinical trial site IRB’s, or a data safety monitoring board, or DSMB, overseeing the clinical trial at issue, or other regulatory authorities due to a number of factors. Additionally, changes in regulatory requirements and guidance may occur and we may need to amend clinical trial protocols to reflect these changes. Amendments may require us to resubmit our clinical trial protocols to IRBs for reexamination, which may impact the cost, timing or successful completion of a clinical trial. We do not know whether our clinical trials will be conducted as planned, will need to be restructured or will be completed on schedule, if at all. Delays in our clinical trials will result in increased development costs for our drug candidates. In addition, if we experience delays in the completion of, or if we terminate, any of our clinical trials, the commercial prospects for our drug candidates may be harmed and our ability to generate product revenues will be jeopardized. Furthermore, many of the factors that cause, or lead to, a delay in the commencement or completion of clinical trials may also ultimately lead to the denial of regulatory approval of a drug candidate. If regulatory authorities do not approve our products or if we fail to maintain regulatory compliance, we would be unable to commercialize our proposed products, and our business and results of operations could be materially harmed.

The results of pre-clinical studies and clinical trials may not be predictive of the results of our later-stage clinical trials and our proposed products may not have favorable results in later-stage clinical trials or receive regulatory approval.

Seemingly positive results from pre-clinical studies or clinical studies should not be relied upon as evidence that our clinical trials will succeed. Even if our product candidates achieve positive results in pre-clinical studies or during our Phase 1 and Phase 2 studies, we will be required to demonstrate through further clinical trials that our product candidates are safe and effective for use in a diverse population before we can seek regulatory approvals for their commercial sale. There is typically an extremely high rate of attrition from the failure of product candidates as they proceed through clinical trials. If any product candidate fails to demonstrate sufficient safety and efficacy in any clinical trial, then we may experience potentially significant delays in, or be required to abandon development of that product candidate. Additionally, failure to demonstrate safety and efficacy results acceptable to the FDA in later stage trials could impair our development prospects and even prevent regulatory approval of our current and future product candidates. Any such delays or abandonment in our development efforts of any of our product candidates would materially impair our ability to generate revenues.

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We are subject to numerous risks inherent in conducting clinical trials.

We outsource the management of our clinical trials to third parties. Agreements with clinical investigators and medical institutions for clinical testing and with other third parties for data management services, place substantial responsibilities on these parties that, if unmet, could result in delays in, or termination of, our clinical trials. For example, if any of our clinical trial sites fail to comply with FDA-approved good clinical practices, we may be unable to use the data gathered at those sites. If these clinical investigators, medical institutions or other third parties do not carry out their contractual duties or obligations or fail to meet expected deadlines, or if the quality or accuracy of the clinical data they obtain is compromised due to their failure to adhere to our clinical protocols or for other reasons, our clinical trials may be extended, delayed or terminated, and we may be unable to obtain regulatory approval for, or successfully commercialize, our proposed products. Delays in recruitment, lack of clinical benefit or unacceptable side effects would delay or prevent the completion of our clinical trials.

We or our regulators may suspend or terminate our clinical trials for a number of reasons. We may voluntarily suspend or terminate our clinical trials if at any time we believe they present an unacceptable risk to the patients enrolled in our clinical trials or do not demonstrate clinical benefit. In addition, regulatory agencies may order the temporary or permanent discontinuation of our clinical trials at any time if they believe that the clinical trials are not being conducted in accordance with applicable regulatory requirements or that they present an unacceptable safety risk to the patients enrolled in our clinical trials.

Our clinical trial operations are subject to regulatory inspections at any time. If regulatory inspectors conclude that we or our clinical trial sites are not in compliance with applicable regulatory requirements for conducting clinical trials, we may receive reports of observations or warning letters detailing deficiencies, and we will be required to implement corrective actions. If regulatory agencies deem our responses to be inadequate, or are dissatisfied with the corrective actions we or our clinical trial sites have implemented, our clinical trials may be temporarily or permanently discontinued, we may be fined, we or our investigators may be precluded from conducting any ongoing or any future clinical trials, the government may refuse to approve our marketing applications or allow us to manufacture or market our products, and we may be criminally prosecuted.

The lengthy approval process as well as the unpredictability of future clinical trial results may result in our failing to obtain regulatory approval for our proposed products, which would materially harm our business, results of operations and prospects.

We may be subject to litigation that will be costly to defend or pursue and uncertain in its outcome.

Our business may bring us into conflict with licensees, licensors, or others with whom we have contractual or other business relationships or with our competitors or others whose interests differs from ours. If we are unable to resolve these conflicts on terms that are satisfactory to all parties, we may become involved in litigation brought by or against such parties. Any litigation is likely to be expensive and may require a significant amount of management's time and attention, at the expense of other aspects of our business. The outcome of litigation is always uncertain, and in some cases, could include judgments against us which could have a materially adverse effect on our business.

We may not be able to obtain government or third-party payor coverage and reimbursement.

Our ability to successfully commercialize our product candidates, if approved, depends to a significant degree on the ability of patients to be reimbursed for the costs of such products and related treatments. We cannot assure you that reimbursement in the U.S. or in foreign countries will be available for any products developed, or, if available, will not decrease in the future, or that reimbursement amounts will not reduce the demand for, or the price of, our products. There is considerable pressure to reduce the cost of therapeutic products. Government and other third-party payors are increasingly attempting to contain health care costs by limiting both coverage and the level of reimbursement for new therapeutic products and by refusing, in some cases, to provide any coverage for uses of approved products for disease indications for which the FDA or other relevant authority has not granted marketing approval. Moreover, in some cases, government and other third-party payors have refused to provide reimbursement for uses of approved products for disease indications for which the FDA or other relevant authority has granted marketing approval. Significant uncertainty exists as to the reimbursement status of newly approved health-care products or novel therapies such as ours. We cannot predict what additional regulation or legislation relating to the health care industry or third-party coverage and reimbursement may be enacted in the future or what effect such regulation or legislation may have on our business. If additional regulations are overly onerous or expensive or if healthcare related legislation makes our business more expensive or burdensome than originally anticipated, we may be forced to significantly downsize our business plans or completely abandon the current business model.

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Our products may not be profitable due to manufacturing costs and our inability to receive favorable pricing.

Our products may be significantly more expensive to manufacture than other drugs or therapies currently on the market today due to a fewer number of potential manufacturers, greater level of needed expertise and other general market conditions affecting manufacturers of our proposed products. Even if we are able to receive approval for the reimbursement of our proposed products the amount of reimbursement may be significantly less than the manufacturing costs of our products. Additionally, other market factors may limit the price which we can charge for our proposed products while still being competitive. Accordingly, even if we are successful in developing our proposed products, we may not be able to charge a high enough price for us to earn a profit.

We are dependent on the acceptance of our products by the healthcare community.

Our product candidates, if approved for marketing, may not achieve market acceptance since hospitals, physicians, patients or the medical community, in general, may decide not to accept and utilize these products. The products that we are attempting to develop represent substantial departures from established treatment methods and will compete with a number of more conventional therapies marketed by major pharmaceutical companies. If the healthcare community does not accept our products for any reason, our business will be materially harmed.

We depend on a limited number of employees and consultants for our continued operations and future success.

We are highly dependent on a limited number of employees and outside consultants.  Although we have entered into employment and consulting agreements with these parties, these agreements can be terminated at any time.  The loss of any of our employees or consultants could adversely affect our opportunities and materially harm our future prospects.  In addition, we anticipate growth and expansion into areas and activities requiring additional expertise, such as clinical testing, regulatory compliance, manufacturing and marketing.  We anticipate the need for additional management personnel as well as the development of additional expertise by existing management personnel. There is intense competition for qualified personnel in the areas of our present and planned activities, and there can be no assurance that we will be able to attract and retain the qualified personnel necessary for the development our business.

The employment contracts of certain key employees contain significant anti-termination provisions which could make changes in management difficult or expensive.

We have entered into an employment agreement with Dr. Johe. The agreement requires the payment of severance, in the event certain conditions are met, if Dr. Johe is terminated or resigns under certain conditions. These provisions will make the replacement of Dr. Johe very costly and could cause difficulty in effecting any required changes in management or a change in control.

Our competition has significantly greater experience and financial resources.

The biotechnology industry is characterized by rapid technological developments and a high degree of competition. We compete against numerous companies, many of which have substantially greater resources. Several such enterprises have initiated cell therapy research programs and/or efforts to treat the same diseases which we target. Given our current stage of development and resources, it may be extremely difficult for us to compete against more developed companies.

As a result, our proposed products could become obsolete before we recoup any portion of our related research and development and commercialization expenses. Competition in the biopharmaceutical industry is based significantly on scientific and technological factors. These factors include the availability of patent and other protection for technology and products, the ability to commercialize technological developments and the ability to obtain governmental approval for testing, manufacturing and marketing. We compete with specialized biopharmaceutical firms in the United States, Europe and elsewhere, as well as a growing number of large pharmaceutical companies that are applying biotechnology to their operations. Many major pharmaceutical companies have developed or acquired internal biotechnology capabilities or made commercial arrangements with other biopharmaceutical companies. These companies, as well as academic institutions and governmental agencies and private research organizations, also compete with us in recruiting and retaining highly qualified scientific personnel and consultants. Our ability to compete successfully with other companies in the pharmaceutical field will also depend to a considerable degree on the continuing availability of capital to us.

We believe that our proposed products under development and in pre-clinical testing and clinical trials will address unmet medical needs for those indications for which we are focusing our development efforts. Our competition will be determined in part by the potential indications for which our proposed products are developed and ultimately approved by regulatory authorities. Additionally, the timing of market introduction of some of our proposed products or of competitors’ products may be an important competitive factor. Accordingly, the relative speed with which we can develop our proposed products, complete preclinical testing, clinical trials and approval processes and supply commercial quantities to market is expected to be important competitive factors. We expect that competition among products approved for sale will be based on various factors, including product efficacy, safety, reliability, availability, price and patent position. 

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Our outsource model depends on third parties to assist in developing and testing our proposed products.

Our strategy for the development, clinical and pre-clinical testing and commercialization of our proposed products is based in large part on an outsource model. This model requires us to engage third parties in order to further develop our technology and products as well as for the day to day operations of our business. In the event we are not able to enter into such relationships in the future, our ability to operate and develop products may be seriously hindered or we may be required to spend considerable time and resources to bring such functions in-house. Either outcome could result in our inability to develop a commercially feasible product or in the need for substantially more working capital to complete the research in-house.

The commercialization of therapeutic products exposes us to product liability claims.

Product liability claims could result in substantial litigation costs and damage awards against us. We attempt to mitigate this risk by obtaining and maintaining appropriate insurance coverage. Historically, we have obtained liability insurance that covers our clinical trials. If we begin commercializing products, we will need to increase our insurance coverage. We may not be able to obtain insurance on acceptable terms, if at all, and the policy limits on our insurance policies may be insufficient to cover our potential liabilities.

We currently rely heavily upon third party FDA-regulated manufacturers and suppliers for our products

We currently manufacture our cells both in-house and on an outsource basis. We outsource the manufacturing of our pharmaceutical compound to third party manufacturers. We manufacture cells in-house which are not required to meet stringent FDA requirements. We use these cells in our research and collaborative programs. At present, we outsource all the manufacturing and storage of our stem cells and pharmaceuticals compound to be used in clinical testing, and which are subject to higher FDA requirements, to Charles River Laboratories, Inc., of Wilmington, Massachusetts (stem cells) and Albany Molecular Resources, Inc. (small molecule). Failure by our contract manufacturer to achieve and maintain high manufacturing standards could result in patient injury or death, product recalls or withdrawals, delays or failures in testing or delivery, cost overruns, or other problems that could seriously hurt our business. Contract manufacturers may encounter difficulties involving production yields, quality control, and quality assurance. These manufacturers are subject to ongoing periodic and unannounced inspections by the FDA and corresponding state and foreign agencies to ensure strict compliance with cGMPs, GTPs and other applicable government regulations and corresponding foreign standards; however, we do not have control over third-party manufacturers’ compliance with these regulations and standards.

Because manufacturing facilities are subject to regulatory oversight and inspection, failure to comply with regulatory requirements could result in material manufacturing delays and product shortages, which could delay or otherwise negatively impact our clinical trials and product development. Moreover, we do not have quantity or volume commitment orders from these manufacturers and we cannot assure you that the manufacturers will be able to manufacture in the quantity we require on a timely basis or at all. In the event we are required to seek alternative third-party suppliers or manufacturers, they may require us to purchase a minimum amount of materials or could require other unfavorable terms. Any such event would materially impact our business prospects and could delay the development of our products. Moreover, there can be no assurance that any manufacturer or supplier that we select will be able to supply our products in a timely or cost-effective manner or in accordance with applicable regulatory requirements or our specifications. In addition, due to the novelty of our products and product development, there can be no assurances that we would be able to find other suitable third-party FDA-regulated manufacturers on a timely basis and at terms reasonable to us. Even if we were to locate alternative manufacturers there may be delays before they are able to begin manufacturing. Failure to secure such third-party manufacturers or suppliers would materially impact our business.

We rely on third parties to conduct our clinical trials and perform data collection and analysis, which may result in costs and delays that prevent us from successfully commercializing our product candidates.

We do not have the in-house capability to conduct clinical trials for our product candidates. We rely, and will rely in the future, on medical institutions, clinical investigators, contract research organizations, contract laboratories, and collaborators to perform data collection and analysis and other aspects of our clinical trials. Our reliance on these third parties for clinical development activities results in reduced control over these activities. Furthermore, these third parties may also have relationships with other entities, some of which may be our competitors. Our preclinical activities or clinical trials conducted in reliance on third parties may be delayed, suspended, or terminated if:

• the third parties do not successfully carry out their contractual duties;

• the third parties fail to meet FDA and other regulatory obligations or expected deadlines;

• we replace a third party for any reason; or

• the quality or accuracy of the data obtained by third parties is compromised due to their failure to adhere to clinical protocols, regulatory requirements, or for other reasons.

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Third party performance failures may increase our development costs, delay our ability to obtain regulatory approval, and delay or prevent the commercialization of our product candidates. While we believe that there are numerous alternative sources to provide these services, in the event that we seek such alternative sources, we may not be able to enter into replacement arrangements without incurring delays or additional costs.

Risks Relating to Intellectual Property

We may not be able to withstand challenges to our intellectual property rights.

We rely on our intellectual property, including issued and applied-for patents, as the foundation of our business. Our intellectual property rights may come under challenge. No assurances can be given that our current and potential future patents will survive such challenges. For example, in 2005 one of our patents was challenged in the USPTO. Although we prevailed in this particular matter, these cases are complex, lengthy, expensive, and could potentially be adjudicated adversely to our interests, removing the protection afforded by an issued patent. The viability of our business would suffer if such patent protection were limited or eliminated. Moreover, the costs associated with defending or settling intellectual property claims would likely have a material adverse effect on our business and future prospects.

We may not be able to adequately protect against the piracy of the intellectual property in foreign jurisdictions.

We conduct research in countries outside of the U.S., including through our subsidiary in the People’s Republic of China. A number of our competitors are located in these countries and may be able to access our technology or test results. The laws protecting intellectual property in some of these countries may not adequately protect our trade secrets and intellectual property. The misappropriation of our intellectual property may materially impact our position in the market and any competitive advantages, if any, that we may have.

We may infringe the intellectual property rights of others and may not be able to obtain necessary licenses to third-party patents and other rights.

A number of companies, universities and research institutions have filed patent applications or have received patents relating to technologies in our field. We cannot predict which, if any, of these applications will issue as patents or how many of these issued patents will be found valid and enforceable. There may also be existing issued patents on which we would infringe by the commercialization of our product candidates. If so, we may be prevented from commercializing these products unless the third party is willing to grant a license to us. We may be unable to obtain licenses to the relevant patents at a reasonable cost, if at all, and may also be unable to develop or obtain alternative non-infringing technology. If we are unable to obtain such licenses or develop non-infringing technology at a reasonable cost, our business could be significantly harmed. Also, any infringement lawsuits commenced against us may result in significant costs, divert our management’s attention and result in an award against us for substantial damages, or potentially prevent us from continuing certain operations.

Risks Relating to Our Common Stock

The market price for our common shares is particularly volatile.

The market for our common shares is characterized by significant price volatility when compared to seasoned issuers, and we expect that our share price will continue to be more volatile than those of a seasoned issuer. The volatility in our share price is attributable to a number of factors. Mainly however, we are a speculative or “risky” investment due to our limited operating history, lack of significant revenues to date and the uncertainty of FDA approval. By way of example, in October of 2018, we completed a registered direct offering of 3,000,000 shares of our common stock. Shortly thereafter, the market price or our common stock decreased substantially. As a consequence of this enhanced risk, more risk-adverse investors may, under the fear of losing all or most of their investment in the event of negative news or lack of progress, be more inclined to sell their shares on the market more quickly and at greater discounts than would be the case with the stock of a seasoned issuer. Additionally, in the past, plaintiffs have often initiated securities class action litigation against a company following periods of volatility in the market price of its securities. We may in the future be the target of similar litigation. Securities litigation could result in substantial costs and liabilities and could divert management’s attention and resources.

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The following factors may add to the volatility in the price of our common shares: actual or anticipated variations in our quarterly or annual operating results; the results of clinical trials for our product candidates; FDA’s determination with respect to filings for new clinical studies, new drug applications and new indications; government regulations; announcements of significant acquisitions, strategic partnerships or joint ventures; our capital commitments; offerings of our securities and additions or departures of our key personnel. Many of these factors are beyond our control and may decrease the market price of our common shares, regardless of our operating performance. We cannot make any predictions or projections as to what the prevailing market price for our common shares will be at any time, including as to whether our common shares will sustain their current market prices, or as to what effect the sale of shares or the availability of common shares for sale at any time will have on the prevailing market price.

Future sales of our common stock could cause our stock price to fall.

In October of 2018 we completed a direct offering of 3,000,000 shares of our common stock or approximately 20% of our issued and outstanding shares. Transactions that result in a large amount of newly issued shares become readily tradable, or other events that cause current stockholders to sell shares, could place downward pressure on the trading price of our common stock. In addition, the lack of a robust trading market may require a stockholder who desires to sell a large number of shares of common stock to sell the shares in increments over time to mitigate any adverse impact of the sales on the market price of our stock. If our stockholders sell, or the market perceives that our stockholders intend to sell for various reasons, substantial amounts of our common stock in the public market, including shares issued upon the exercise of outstanding options or warrants, the market price of our common stock could fall. Sales of a substantial number of shares of our common stock may make it more difficult for us to sell equity or equity-related securities in the future at a time and price that we deem reasonable or appropriate. We may become involved in securities class action litigation that could divert management’s attention and harm our business.

The requirements of being a public company may strain our resources, divert management’s attention and affect our ability to attract and retain qualified board members.

As a public company, we incur significant legal, accounting and other expenses that we would not incur as a private company, including costs associated with public company reporting requirements. We also incur costs associated with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, as amended, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act and related rules implemented or to be implemented by the SEC and the Nasdaq. The expenses incurred by public companies generally for reporting, insurance and corporate governance purposes have been increasing. We expect these rules and regulations to increase our legal and financial compliance costs and to make some activities more time-consuming and costly. These laws and regulations could also make it more difficult or costly for us to obtain certain types of insurance, including director and officer liability insurance, and we may be forced to accept reduced policy limits and coverage or incur substantially higher costs to obtain the same or similar coverage. These laws and regulations could also make it more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified persons to serve on our board of directors, our board committees or as our executive officers and may divert management’s attention. Furthermore, if we are unable to satisfy our obligations as a public company, we could be subject to delisting of our common stock, fines, sanctions and other regulatory action and potentially civil litigation.

We have never paid a cash dividend and do not intend to pay cash dividends on our common stock in the foreseeable future.

We have never paid cash dividends nor do we anticipate paying cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Accordingly, any return on your investment will be as a result of stock appreciation if any.

Our anti-takeover provisions may delay or prevent a change of control, which could adversely affect the price of our common stock.

Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws contain provisions that may make it difficult to remove our board of directors and management and may discourage or delay “change of control” transactions, which could adversely affect the price of our common stock. These provisions include, among others:

• our board of directors is divided into three classes, with each class serving for a staggered three-year term, which prevents stockholders from electing an entirely new board of directors at an annual meeting;

• advance notice procedures that stockholders must comply with in order to nominate candidates to our board of directors and propose matters to be brought before an annual meeting of our stockholders may discourage or deter a potential acquirer from conducting a solicitation of proxies to elect the acquirer’s own slate of directors or otherwise attempting to obtain control of our company; and

• our board of directors may, without stockholder approval, issue series of preferred stock, or rights to acquire preferred stock, that could dilute the interest of, or impair the voting power of, holders of our common stock or could also be used as a method of discouraging, delaying or preventing a change of control.

If securities or industry analysts do not publish research reports, or publish unfavorable research about our business, the price and trading volume of our common stock could decline.

The trading market for our common stock will depend in part on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us and our business. We currently have limited research coverage by securities and industry analysts. In the event an analyst downgrades our securities the price of our securities would likely decline. If analysts cease to cover us or fails to publish regular reports on us, interest in our securities could decrease, which could cause the price of our common stock and other securities and their trading volume to decline.

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Our board of directors has broad discretion to issue additional securities which might dilute the net tangible book value per share of our common stock for existing stockholders.

We are entitled under our certificate of incorporation to issue up to 300,000,000 shares of common stock and 7,000,000 “blank check” shares of preferred stock. Shares of our blank check preferred stock provide our board of directors with broad authority to determine voting, dividend, conversion, and other rights. As of September 30, 2018, we have issued and outstanding 15,205,060 shares of common stock and we have 10,103,509 shares of common stock reserved for future grants under our equity compensation plans and for issuances upon the exercise or conversion of currently outstanding options, warrants and convertible securities. As of September 30, 2018, we had 1,000,000 shares of preferred stock issued and outstanding. Accordingly, we are entitled to issue up to 274,809,697 additional shares of common stock and 6,000,000 additional shares of “blank check” preferred stock. Our board may generally issue those common and preferred shares, or convertible securities to purchase those shares, without further approval by our shareholders. Any preferred shares we may issue will have such rights, preferences, privileges and restrictions as may be designated from time-to-time by our board, including preferential dividend rights, voting rights, conversion rights, redemption rights and liquidation provisions. It is likely that we will be required to issue a large amount of additional securities to raise capital in order to further our development and marketing plans. It is also likely that we will be required to issue a large amount of additional securities to directors, officers, employees and consultants as compensatory grants in connection with their services, both in the form of stand-alone grants or under our various stock plans. The issuance of additional securities may cause substantial dilution to our shareholders.

Risks Related to Government Regulation and Approval of our Product Candidates.

The regulatory approval processes of the FDA and comparable foreign authorities are lengthy, time consuming and inherently unpredictable, and our products may not receive regulatory approval.

The time required to obtain approval by the FDA and comparable foreign authorities is inherently unpredictable but typically takes many years following the commencement of clinical trials and depends upon numerous factors, including the substantial discretion of the regulatory authorities. In addition, approval policies, regulations, or the type and amount of clinical data necessary to gain approval may change during the course of a drug candidate’s clinical development and may vary among jurisdictions. We have not obtained regulatory approval for any product candidate and it is possible that none of our existing product candidates or any product candidates we may seek to develop in the future will ever obtain regulatory approval.

Our drug candidates could fail to receive regulatory approval for many reasons, including the following:

• the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities may disagree with the design or implementation of our clinical trials;

• we may be unable to demonstrate to the satisfaction of the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities that a product candidate is safe and effective for its proposed indication;

• the results of clinical trials may not meet the level of statistical significance required by the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities for approval;

• we may be unable to demonstrate that a product candidate’s clinical and other benefits outweigh its safety risks;

• the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities may disagree with our interpretation of data from preclinical studies or clinical trials;

• the data collected from clinical trials of our product candidates may not be sufficient to support the submission of a BLA, NDA or other submission or to obtain regulatory approval in the United States or elsewhere;

• the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities may fail to approve the manufacturing processes or facilities of third-party manufacturers with which we contract for clinical and commercial supplies; or

• the approval policies or regulations of the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities may significantly change in a manner rendering our clinical data insufficient for approval.

We are currently undertaking clinical trials for our lead products candidates NSI-189 and NSI-566.  We cannot assure you that we will successfully complete any clinical trials in connection with such INDs.  Further, we cannot predict when we might first submit any product license application (NDA or BLA) for FDA approval or whether any such product license application will be granted on a timely basis, if at all.   Any delay in obtaining, or failure to obtain, such approvals could have a material adverse effect on the marketing of our products and our ability to generate product revenue.

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Development of our product candidates is subject to extensive government regulation.

Our research and development efforts, as well as any future clinical trials, and the manufacturing and marketing of any products we may develop, will be subject to, and restricted by, extensive regulation by governmental authorities in the U.S. and other countries. The process of obtaining FDA and other necessary regulatory approvals is lengthy, expensive and uncertain. FDA and other legal and regulatory requirements applicable to our proposed products could substantially delay or prevent us from initiating additional clinical trials. We may fail to obtain the necessary approvals to commence clinical testing or to manufacture or market our potential products in reasonable time frames, if at all. In addition, the U.S. Congress and other legislative bodies may enact regulatory reforms or restrictions on the development of new therapies that could adversely affect the regulatory environment in which we operate or the development of any products we may develop.

A substantial portion of our research and development entails the use of stem cells obtained from human tissue. The U.S. federal and state governments and other jurisdictions impose restrictions on the acquisition and use of human tissue, including those incorporated in federal Good Tissue Practice, or “GTP,” regulations. These regulatory and other constraints could prevent us from obtaining cells and other components of our products in the quantity or of the quality needed for their development or commercialization. These restrictions change from time to time and may become more onerous. Additionally, we may not be able to identify or develop reliable sources for the cells necessary for our potential products — that is, sources that follow all state and federal laws and guidelines for cell procurement. Certain components used to manufacture our stem and progenitor cell product candidates will need to be manufactured in compliance with the FDA’s GMP. Accordingly, we will need to enter into supply agreements with companies that manufacture these components to GMP standards. There is no assurance that we will be able to enter into any such agreements.

Noncompliance with applicable regulatory requirements can subject us, our third party suppliers and manufacturers and our other collaborators to administrative and judicial sanctions, such as, among other things, warning letters, fines and other monetary payments, recall or seizure of products, criminal proceedings, suspension or withdrawal of regulatory approvals, interruption or cessation of clinical trials, total or partial suspension of production or distribution, injunctions, limitations on or the elimination of claims we can make for our products, refusal of the government to enter into supply contracts or fund research, or government delay in approving or refusal to approve new drug applications.

We cannot predict if or when we will be able to commercialize our products due to regulatory constraints.

Federal, state and local governments and agencies in the U.S. (including the FDA) and governments in other countries have significant regulations in place that govern many of our activities.  We are, or may become, subject to various federal, state and local laws, regulations and recommendations relating to safe working conditions, laboratory and manufacturing practices, the experimental use of animals and the use and disposal of hazardous or potentially hazardous substances used in connection with its research and development work. The preclinical testing and clinical trials of our proposed products are subject to extensive government regulation that may prevent us from creating commercially viable products. In addition, our sale of any commercially viable product will be subject to government regulation from several standpoints, including manufacturing, advertising, marketing, promoting, selling, labeling and distributing.  If, and to the extent that, we are unable to comply with these regulations, our ability to earn revenues, if any, will be materially and negatively impacted.

If our clinical trials fail to demonstrate that any of our product candidates are safe and effective for the treatment of particular diseases, the FDA may require us to conduct additional clinical trials or may not grant us marketing approval for such product candidates for those diseases.

We are not permitted to market our product candidates in the United States until we receive approval of a BLA or NDA from the FDA. Before obtaining regulatory approvals for the commercial sale of any product candidate for a target indication, we must demonstrate with evidence gathered in preclinical and well-controlled clinical trials, and, with respect to approval in the United States, to the satisfaction of the FDA and, with respect to approval in other countries, similar regulatory authorities in those countries, that the product candidate is safe and effective for use for that target indication and that the manufacturing facilities, processes and controls used to produce the product are compliant with applicable statutory and regulatory requirements. Our failure to adequately demonstrate the safety and effectiveness of any of our product candidates for the treatment of particular diseases may delay or prevent our receipt of the FDA’s approval and, ultimately, may prevent commercialization of our product candidates for those diseases. The FDA has substantial discretion in deciding whether, based on the benefits and risks in a particular disease, any of our product candidates should be granted approval for the treatment of that particular disease. Even if we believe that a clinical trial or trials has demonstrated the safety and statistically significant efficacy of any of our product candidates for the treatment of a disease, the results may not be satisfactory to the FDA. Preclinical and clinical data can be interpreted by the FDA and other regulatory authorities in different ways, which could delay, limit or prevent regulatory approval. If regulatory delays are significant or regulatory approval is limited or denied altogether, our financial results and the commercial prospects for those of our product candidates involved will be harmed, and our prospects for profitability will be significantly impaired.

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Satisfaction of these and other regulatory requirements is costly, time consuming, uncertain, and subject to unanticipated delays. Despite our efforts, our drug candidates may not:

• offer improvement over existing comparable products;

• be proven safe and effective in clinical trials; or

• meet applicable regulatory standards.

In addition, in the course of its review of a BLA or NDA or other regulatory application, the FDA or other regulatory authorities may conduct audits of the practices and procedures of a company and its suppliers and contractors concerning manufacturing, clinical study conduct, non-clinical studies and several other areas. If the FDA and/or other regulatory authorities conducts an audit relating to a BLA, NDA or other regulatory application and finds a significant deficiency in any of these or other areas, the FDA or other regulatory authorities could delay or not approve such BLA, NDA or other regulatory application. If regulatory delays are significant or regulatory approval is limited or denied altogether, our financial results and the commercial prospects for those of our products or product candidates involved will be harmed, and our prospects for profitability will be significantly impaired.

Both before and after marketing approval, our product candidates are subject to extensive and rigorous ongoing regulatory requirements and continued regulatory review, and if we fail to comply with these continuing requirements, we could be subject to a variety of sanctions.

Both before and after the approval of our product candidates, we, our product candidates, our operations, our facilities, our suppliers, and our contract manufacturers, contract research organizations, and contract testing laboratories are subject to extensive regulation by governmental authorities in the United States and other countries, with regulations differing from country to country. In the United States, the FDA regulates, among other things, the pre-clinical testing, clinical trials, manufacturing, safety, efficacy, potency, labeling, packaging, adverse event reporting, storage, record keeping, quality systems, advertising, promotion, sale and distribution of therapeutic products. These requirements include submissions of safety and other post-marketing information and reports, registration, as well as continued compliance with cGMP, requirements and current good clinical practice, or cGCP, requirements for any clinical trials that we conduct post-approval. Failure to comply with applicable requirements could result in, among other things, one or more of the following actions: restrictions on the marketing of our products or their manufacturing processes, notices of violation, untitled letters, warning letters, civil penalties, fines and other monetary penalties, unanticipated expenditures, delays in approval or refusal to approve a product candidate, suspension or withdrawal of regulatory approvals, product, seizure or detention, voluntary or mandatory product recalls and related publicity requirements, interruption of manufacturing or clinical trials, operating restrictions, injunctions, import or export bans, and criminal prosecution. We or the FDA, or an institutional review board, may suspend or terminate human clinical trials at any time on various grounds, including a finding that subjects are being exposed to an unacceptable health risk.

The FDA’s policies may change and additional government regulations may be enacted that could prevent, limit or delay regulatory approval of our drug candidates. If we are slow or unable to adapt to changes in existing or new requirements or policies, or if we are not able to maintain regulatory compliance, we may lose any marketing approval that we may have obtained, which would adversely affect our business, prospects and ability to achieve or sustain profitability.

If side effects are identified during the time our drug candidates are in development or after they are approved and on the market, we may choose to or be required to perform lengthy additional clinical trials, discontinue development of the affected drug candidate, change the labeling of any such products, or withdraw any such products from the market, any of which would hinder or preclude our ability to generate revenues.

Undesirable side effects caused by our drug candidates could cause us or regulatory authorities to interrupt, delay or halt clinical trials and could result in a more restrictive label or the delay or denial of regulatory approval by the FDA or other comparable foreign authorities. Drug-related side effects could affect patient recruitment or the ability of enrolled patients to complete a trial or result in potential product liability claims. Any of these occurrences may harm our business, financial condition and prospects significantly. Even if any of our drug candidates receives marketing approval, as greater numbers of patients use a drug following its approval, an increase in the incidence of side effects or the incidence of other post-approval problems that were not seen or anticipated during pre-approval clinical trials could result in a number of potentially significant negative consequences, including:

• regulatory authorities may withdraw their approval of the product;

• regulatory authorities may require the addition of labeling statements, such as warnings or contradictions;

• we may be required to change the way the product is administered, conduct additional clinical trials or change the labeling of the product;

• we could be sued and held liable for harm caused to patients; and

• our reputation may suffer.

Any of these events could substantially increase the costs and expenses of developing, commercializing and marketing any such drug candidates or could harm or prevent sales of any approved products.

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Even if our product candidates receive regulatory approval in the United States, we may never receive approval or commercialize our products outside of the United States.

In order to market any products outside of the United States, we must establish and comply with numerous and varying regulatory requirements of other countries regarding safety and efficacy. Approval procedures vary among countries and can involve additional product testing and additional administrative review periods. The time required to obtain approval in other countries might differ from that required to obtain FDA approval. The regulatory approval process in other countries may include all of the risks detailed above regarding FDA approval in the United States as well as other risks. Regulatory approval in one country does not ensure regulatory approval in another, but a failure or delay in obtaining regulatory approval in one country may have a negative effect on the regulatory process in others. Failure to obtain regulatory approval in other countries or any delay or setback in obtaining such approval would impair our ability to develop foreign markets for our drug candidates.

Our product candidates for which we intend to seek approval as biologic products may face competition sooner than anticipated.

We expect our stem cell product candidates to be regulated by the FDA as biologic products and we intend to seek approval for these products pursuant to the BLA pathway. The Biologics Price Competition and Innovation Act of 2009, or BPCIA, created an abbreviated pathway for the approval of biosimilar and interchangeable biologic products. The abbreviated regulatory pathway establishes legal authority for the FDA to review and approve biosimilar biologics, including the possible designation of a biosimilar as “interchangeable” based on its similarity to an existing brand product. Under the BPCIA, an application for a biosimilar product cannot be approved by the FDA until 12 years after the original branded product was approved under a BLA. The law is complex and is still being interpreted and implemented by the FDA. As a result, its ultimate impact, implementation, and meaning are subject to uncertainty. While it is uncertain when such processes intended to implement BPCIA may be fully adopted by the FDA, any such processes could have a material adverse effect on the future commercial prospects for our biologic products.

We believe that any of our product candidates approved as a biologic product under a BLA should qualify for the 12-year period of exclusivity. However, there is a risk that this exclusivity could be shortened due to congressional action or otherwise, or that the FDA will not consider our drug candidates to be reference products for competing products, potentially creating the opportunity for generic competition sooner than anticipated. Moreover, the extent to which a biosimilar, once approved, will be substituted for any one of our reference products in a way that is similar to traditional generic substitution for non-biologic products is not yet clear, and will depend on a number of marketplace and regulatory factors that are still developing.

We are subject to healthcare laws, regulation and enforcement and our failure to comply with those laws could adversely affect our business, operations and financial condition.

Even though we do not and will not control referrals of healthcare services or bill directly to Medicare, Medicaid or other third-party payors, certain federal and state healthcare laws and regulations pertaining to fraud and abuse and patients’ rights are and will be applicable to our business. We could be subject to healthcare fraud and abuse and patient privacy regulation by both the federal government and the states in which we conduct our business. The regulations that may affect our ability to operate include, without limitation:

• the federal Anti-Kickback Statute, which prohibits, among other things, any person from knowingly and willfully offering, soliciting, receiving or providing remuneration, directly or indirectly, to induce either the referral of an individual, for an item or service or the purchasing or ordering of a good or service, for which payment may be made under federal healthcare programs such as the Medicare and Medicaid programs;

• the federal False Claims Act, which prohibits, among other things, individuals or entities from knowingly presenting, or causing to be presented, false claims, or knowingly using false statements, to obtain payment from the federal government, and which may apply to entities that provide coding and billing advice to customers;

• federal criminal laws that prohibit executing a scheme to defraud any healthcare benefit program or making false statements relating to healthcare matters;

• the federal physician sunshine requirements under the ACA, which require manufacturers of drugs, devices, biologics, and medical supplies to report annually to the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services information related to payments and other transfers of value to physicians, other healthcare providers, and teaching hospitals, and ownership and investment interests held by physicians and other healthcare providers and their immediate family members; and

• HIPAA, which governs the conduct of certain electronic healthcare transactions and protects the security and privacy of protected health information.

39

In addition, recent healthcare reform legislation has strengthened these laws. For example, the ACA, among other things, amended the intent requirement of the Federal Anti-Kickback Statute and criminal healthcare fraud statutes. A person or entity no longer needs to have actual knowledge of the statute or specific intent to violate it. In addition, the ACA provides that the government may assert that a claim including items or services resulting from a violation of the Federal Anti-Kickback Statute constitutes a false or fraudulent claim for purposes of the False Claims Act.

These laws and regulations are broad in scope and they are subject to change and evolving interpretations, which could require us to incur substantial costs associated with compliance or to alter one or more of our sales or marketing practices. In addition, any action against us for violation of these laws, even if we successfully defend against it, could cause us to incur significant legal expenses and divert our management’s attention from the operation of our business. If our operations are found to be in violation of any of the laws described above or any other governmental regulations that apply to us, we may be subject to penalties, including civil and criminal penalties, damages, fines, the exclusion from participation in federal and state healthcare programs, imprisonment, or the curtailment or restructuring of our operations, any of which could adversely affect our ability to operate our business and our financial results.

Failure to comply with domestic and international privacy and security laws can result in the imposition of significant civil and criminal penalties. The costs of compliance with these laws, including protecting electronically stored information from cyberattacks, and potential liability associated with failure to do so could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. We are subject to various domestic and international privacy and security regulations, including but not limited to HIPAA. HIPAA mandates, among other things, the adoption of uniform standards for the electronic exchange of information in common healthcare transactions, as well as standards relating to the privacy and security of individually identifiable health information, which require the adoption of administrative, physical and technical safeguards to protect such information. In addition, many states have enacted comparable laws addressing the privacy and security of health information, some of which are more stringent than HIPAA.

ITEM 2. UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS

The following information is given with regard to unregistered securities sold from January 1, 2018 to October 31, 2018.  The following securities were issued in private offerings pursuant to the exemption from registration contained in the Securities Act and the rules promulgated thereunder in reliance on Section 4(2) thereof, relating to offers of securities by an issuer not involving any public offering:

In August 2018, as partial compensation for services, we issued to one of our consultants, stock purchase options to purchase 250,000 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $1.15 per share. The options are exercisable on the grant date and have a five-year term. 158,979 of the options are issued under our 2010 Equity Compensation Plan. The remaining 91,021 are not issued under the 2010 Equity Compensation Plan and consequently are considered unregistered securities.

In October 2018, we issued 3,000,000 common stock purchase warrants in conjunction with our registered direct public offering. Pursuant to the public and private offerings, we sold an aggregate of 3,000,000 shares of registered common stock and simultaneously issued the investors 3,000,000 common stock purchase warrants. The common stock was issued at a price of $0.70 per share and we received no additional consideration for the warrants. The unregistered warrants have an exercise price of $0.75 per share of common stock, will be exercisable commencing six months following the issuance date and will expire five and one-half years from issuance. As partial compensation for the offering, we also issued out placement agent warrants to purchase 180,000 shares of common stock. The warrants are identical to the ones issued the investors except that the: (i) term is five (5) years, and (ii) exercise price is $0.875 per share.

ITEM 3. DEFAULT UPON SENIOR SECURITIES

None

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE

Not Applicable

ITEM 5. OTHER INFORMATION

Not Applicable

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ITEM 6. EXHIBITS

			Incorporated by Reference
		Filed/
Exhibit		Furnished			Exhibit
No.	Description	Herewith	Form		No.	File No.	Filing Date
3.01(i)	Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Neuralstem, Inc. filed on 1/5/2017		8-K		3.01(i)	001-33672	1/6/17
3.02(i)	Certificate of Designation of Series A 4.5% Convertible Preferred Stock		8-K		3.01	001-33672	12/12/16
3.03(ii)	Amended and Restated Bylaws of Neuralstem, Inc. adopted on 11/10/2015		8-K		3.01	001-33672	11/16/15
4.01**	Amended and Restated 2005 Stock Plan adopted on 6/28/07		10-QSB		4.2(i)	333-132923	8/14/07
4.02**	Non-qualified Stock Option Agreement between Neuralstem, Inc. and Richard Garr dated 7/28/05		SB-2	/A	4.4	333-132923	6/21/06
4.03**	Non-qualified Stock Option Agreement between Neuralstem, Inc. and Karl Johe dated 7/28/05		SB-2	/A	4.5	333-132923	6/21/06
4.04**	Neuralstem, Inc. 2007 Stock Plan		10-QSB		4.21	333-132923	8/14/07
4.05	Form of Common Stock Purchase Warrant Issued to Karl Johe on 6/5/07		10-KSB		4.22	333-132923	3/27/08
4.06	Form of Placement Agent Warrant Issued to Midtown Partners & Company on 12/18/08		8-K		4.1	001-33672	12/18/08

41

4.07	Form of Consultant Common Stock Purchase Warrant issued on 1/5/09	S-3/A	10.1	333-157079	02/3/09
4.08	Form of Series D, E and F Warrants	8-K	4.01	001-33672	7/1/09
4.09	Form of Placement Agent Warrant	8-K	4.02	001-33672	7/1/09
4.10	Form of Consultant Warrant Issued 1/8/10	10-K	4.20	001-33672	3/31/10
4.11	Form of Replacement Warrant Issued 1/29/10	10-K	4.21	001-33672	3/31/10
4.12	Form of Series C Replacement Warrant Issued March of 2010 and May, June and July of 2013 (Original Ex. Price $2.13 and $1.25)	10-K	4.22	001-33672	3/31/10
4.13	Form of employee and consultant option grant pursuant to our 2007 Stock Plan and 2010 Equity Compensation Plan	10-K	4.23	001-33672	3/31/10
4.14	Form of Warrants dated 6/29/10	8-K	4.01	001-33672	6/29/10

4.15**	Amended Neuralstem 2010 Equity Compensation Plan adopted on June 22, 2017	DEF 14A	Appendix I	001-33672	5/1/17
4.16	Form of Consultant Warrant issued 10/1/09 and 10/1/10	S-3	4.07	333-169847	10/8/10
4.17**	Form of Restricted Stock Award Agreement pursuant to our 2007 Stock Plan and 2010 Equity Compensation Plan	S-8	4.06	333-172563	3/1/11
4.18**	Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement	S-8	4.08	333-172563	3/1/11
4.19	Form of Common Stock Purchase Warrant issued pursuant to February 2012 registered offering	8-K	4.01	001-33672	2/8/12

42

4.20	Form of Common Stock Purchase Warrant issued to Consultants in June of 2012 and March 19, 2013	10-Q	4.20	001-33672	8/9/12
4.21	Form of Underwriter Warrant issued to Aegis Capital Corp. on 8/20/12	8-K	4.1	001-33672	8/17/12

4.22	Form of Placement Agent Warrant issued to Aegis Capital Corp. on 9/13/12	8-K	4.1	001-33672	9/19/12
4.23	Form of Consulting Warrant issued January 2011 and March 2012	S-3	4.01	333-188859	5/24/13
	Form of Replacement Warrant issued January, February and May of 2013 (Original Ex. Prices $3.17 and $2.14)
4.24	Form of Lender Warrant issued March 22, 2013	8-K	4.01	001-33672	3/27/13
4.25	Form of Advisor Warrant issued March 22, 2013	8-K	4.02	001-33672	3/27/13
4.26	Form of Warrant issued June of 2013 and July of 2014 to Legal Counsel	10-Q	4.26	001-33672	8/8/13
4.27	Form of Warrant issued in September 2013 in connection with Issuer’s registered direct offering	8-K	4.01	011-33672	9/10/13
4.28	Form of Warrant issued to strategic advisor in August 2013	10-Q	4.28	001-33672	11/12/13
4.29	Form of Investor Warrant issued January 2014	8-K	4.01	001-33672	1/6/14

4.30	Form of Lender Warrant Issued October 28, 2014	8-K	4.01	001-33672	10/29/14
4.31**	Inducement Stock Option Plan adopted 2/15/2016	8-K	4.01	001-33672	2/19/16
4.32**	Form of Inducement Award Non-Qualified Stock Option Grant pursuant to Inducement Stock Option Plan	8-K	4.02	001-33672	2/19/16
4.33	Form of Common Stock Purchase Warrant From May 2016 Public Offering dated May 6, 2016	8-K	4.01	001-33672	5/4/16

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4.34	Form of Common Stock Purchase Warrant from May 2016 Private Offering Dated May 12, 2016	8-K	4.01	001-33672	5/13/16
4.35	Form of Series A Preferred Stock Certificate	8-K	4.01	001-33672	9/12/16

4.36	Form of Inducement Warrant issued March 20, 2017 and March 31, 2017	8-K	4.01	001-33672	3/20/17
4.37	Form of Common Stock Purchase Warrant from August 2017 Public Offering Dated August 1, 2017	8-K	4.01	001-33672	7/28/17
4.38	Form of Common Stock Purchase Warrant from October 2018 Offering	8-K	4.01	001-33672	10/29/18
4.39	Form of Placement Agent Common Stock Purchase Warrant from October 2018 Offering	8-K	4.02	001-33672	10/29/18
10.01**	Employment Agreement with Thomas Hazel, Ph.D dated August 11, 2008	10-K/A	10.05	001-33672	10/5/10
10.02**	Employment Agreement with Richard Daly dated February 15, 2016	8-K	10.01	001-33672	2/19/16

10.03	Consulting Agreement dated January 2010 between Market Development Consulting Group and the Company and amendments No. 1 and 2.	10-K	10.07	001-33672	3/16/11
10.04**	Renewal of Dr. Tom Hazel Employment Agreement dated 7/25/12	8-K	10.03	001-33672	7/27/12
10.05	Loan and Security Agreement dated March 2013	8-K	10.01	001-33672	3/27/13
10.06	Intellectual Property and Security Agreement dated March 2013	8-K	10.02	001-33672	3/27/13
10.07	At the Market Offering Agreement entered into on October 25, 2013	8-K	10.01	001-33672	10/25/13
10.08	Form of Second Amendment to Loan and Security Agreement dated March of 2013 that was entered into on October 28, 2014	8-K	10.01	001-33672	10/29/14
10.09**	Offer Letter Between Neuralstem, Inc. and Jonathan Lloyd Jones	8-K	10.01	001-33672	5/11/15
10.10**	General Release and Waiver of Claims with I. Richard Garr dated 3/2/2016	8-K	10.01	001-33672	3/4/16
10.11	Form of Securities Purchase Agreement from May 2016 Private Offering	8-K	10.01	001-33672	5/13/16

44

10.12**	Amendment to General Release and Waiver of claims with I. Richard Garr dated 6/6/16	8-K	10.01	001-33672	6/16/16
10.13	Form of Securities Purchase Agreement between Issuer and Tianjin Pharmaceuticals Holdings, Ltd.	8-K	10.01	001-33672	9/12/16
10.14**	Form of Securities Purchase Agreement between Issuer and Jonathan Lloyd Jones	10-Q	10.22	001-33672	11/8/16
10.15	Form of Securities Purchase Agreement between Issuer and Richard Daly	10-Q	10.23	001-33672	11/8/16
10.16	Form of Letter Agreement for Warrant Exercises on March 20, 2017 and March 30, 2017	8-K	10.01	001-33672	3/20/17

10.17**	Form of Separation Agreement and Release with Jonathan Lloyd Jones dated April 30, 2017		8-K	10.01	001-33672	5/4/17
10.18	Form of Securities Purchase Agreement with Investors from October 2018 Offering		8-K	10.01	001-33672	10/29/18
10.19	Form of Engagement Agreement with H.C. Wainwright & Co. Dated October 25, 2018		8-K	10.02	001-33672	10/29/18
31.1	Certification of the Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002	*

32.1	Certification of Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1350	*
101.INS	XBRL Instance Document	*
101.SCH	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema	*
101.CAL	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase	*
101.DEF	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase	*
101.LAB	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase	*
101.PRE	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase	*

* Filed herein

** Management contracts or compensation plans or arrangements in which directors or executive officers are eligible to participate.

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SIGNATURES

In accordance with the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has caused this report to be signed by the undersigned hereunto duly authorized.

	NEURALSTEM, INC.
Date:  November 14, 2018		/s/ Jim Scully
		Chief Executive Officer
		/s/ Jim Scully
		Chief Financial Officer
		(Principal Accounting Officer)

46

EX-31.1

EXHIBIT 31.1

SECTION 302

CERTIFICATION OF THE PRINCIPAL EXECUTIVE OFFICER AND PRINCIPAL FINANCIAL OFFICER

I, Jim Scully, certify that:

(1)          I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Neuralstem, Inc.;

(2)          Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

(3)          Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

(4)          The registrant's other certifying officer(s) and I am responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

(a)           Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its unconsolidated investments, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b)           Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c)           Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(d)           Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and

(5)          The registrant's other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of the registrant's board of directors:

(a)           All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b)           Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting.

Date:  November 14, 2018	By:	/s/ Jim Scully
	Jim Scully, Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer (Principal Executive and Financial Officer)

EX-32.1

EXHIBIT 32.1

CERTIFICATION OF PRINCIPAL EXECUTIVE OFFICER AND PRINCIPAL FINANCIAL OFFICER PURSUANT TO

18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350 AND EXCHANGE ACT RULES 13a-14(b) AND 15d-14(b)

(Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002)

In connection with the Quarterly Report of Neuralstem, Inc. (the “Company”) on Form 10-Q for the period ending September 30, 2018, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, Jim Scully certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that, to the best of my knowledge and belief:

(1) The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

(2) The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of the operation of the Company.

/s/ Jim Scully

Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer (Principal Executive and Financial Officer)

Neuralstem, Inc.

November 14, 2018

This certification accompanies the Report pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and shall not, except to the extent required by the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, be deemed filed by the Company for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.

A signed original of this written statement required by Section 906 has been provided to the Company and will be retained by the Company and furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission or its staff upon request.

XML

Document And Entity Information - shares	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2018	Oct. 31, 2018
Document Information [Line Items]
Entity Registrant Name	Neuralstem, Inc.
Entity Central Index Key	0001357459
Trading Symbol	cur
Current Fiscal Year End Date	--12-31
Entity Filer Category	Non-accelerated Filer
Entity Current Reporting Status	Yes
Entity Emerging Growth Company	false
Entity Small Business	true
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding (in shares)		18,205,060
Document Type	10-Q
Document Period End Date	Sep. 30, 2018
Document Fiscal Year Focus	2018
Document Fiscal Period Focus	Q3
Amendment Flag	false

XML

Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets - USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
CURRENT ASSETS
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 5,736,929	$ 6,674,940
Short-term investments		5,000,000
Trade and other receivables	161,979	312,802
Current portion of related party receivable, net of discount	62,248	58,784
Prepaid expenses	545,187	402,273
Total current assets	6,506,343	12,448,799
Property and equipment, net	107,154	172,886
Patents, net	788,733	883,462
Related party receivable, net of discount and current portion	290,354	365,456
Other assets	28,475	13,853
Total assets	7,721,059	13,884,456
CURRENT LIABILITIES
Accounts payable and accrued expenses	835,749	875,065
Accrued bonuses		418,625
Other current liabilities	348,928	220,879
Total current liabilities	1,184,677	1,514,569
Warrant liabilities, at fair value	2,047,563	3,852,882
Other long term liabilities	9,715	1,876
Total liabilities	3,241,955	5,369,327
Commitments and contingencies (Note 5)
STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY
Preferred stock, 7,000,000 shares authorized, $0.01 par value; 1,000,000 shares issued and outstanding at both September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017	10,000	10,000
Common stock, $0.01 par value; 300,000,000 shares authorized, 15,205,060 and 15,160,014 shares issued and outstanding at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively	152,051	151,600
Additional paid-in capital	217,619,996	217,050,174
Accumulated other comprehensive income	630	2,631
Accumulated deficit	(213,303,573)	(208,699,276)
Total stockholders' equity	4,479,104	8,515,129
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity	$ 7,721,059	$ 13,884,456

XML

Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets (Parentheticals) - $ / shares	Sep. 30, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Preferred stock, par value (in dollars per share)	$ 0.01	$ 0.01
Preferred stock, shares authorized (in shares)	7,000,000	7,000,000
Preferred stock, shares issued (in shares)	1,000,000	1,000,000
Preferred stock, shares outstanding (in shares)	1,000,000	1,000,000
Common stock, par value (in dollars per share)	$ 0.01	$ 0.01
Common stock, shares authorized (in shares)	300,000,000	300,000,000
Common stock, shares issued (in shares)	15,205,060	15,160,014
Common stock, shares outstanding (in shares)	15,205,060	15,160,014

XML

Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss - USD ($)	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2018	Sep. 30, 2017	Sep. 30, 2018	Sep. 30, 2017
Revenues	$ 2,500	$ 2,500	$ 257,500	$ 7,500
Operating expenses:
Research and development expenses	897,098	1,383,863	3,081,319	6,871,028
General and administrative expenses	1,188,076	1,206,510	3,630,822	4,174,583
Total operating expenses	2,085,174	2,590,373	6,712,141	11,045,611
Operating loss	(2,082,674)	(2,587,873)	(6,454,641)	(11,038,111)
Other income (expense):
Interest income	17,619	18,099	54,882	52,995
Interest expense	(1,498)	(1,383)	(4,190)	(155,843)
Change in fair value of derivative instruments	236,270	2,679,770	1,805,319	(403,155)
Fees related to issuance of indcuement warrants and other expenses		(242,396)	(5,667)	(806,115)
Total other income (expense)	252,391	2,454,090	1,850,344	(1,312,118)
Net loss	$ (1,830,283)	$ (133,783)	$ (4,604,297)	$ (12,350,229)
Net loss per share - basic (in dollars per share)	$ (0.12)	$ (0.01)	$ (0.30)	$ (1)
Net loss per share - diluted (in dollars per share)	$ (0.12)	$ (0.18)	$ (0.30)	$ (1)
Weighted average common shares outstanding - basic (in shares)	15,171,495	14,060,844	15,144,425	12,380,054
Weighted average common shares outstanding - diluted (in shares)	15,171,495	14,163,072	15,144,425	12,380,054
Comprehensive loss:
Net loss	$ (1,830,283)	$ (133,783)	$ (4,604,297)	$ (12,350,229)
Foreign currency translation adjustment	(512)	(1,005)	(2,001)	(1,560)
Comprehensive loss	$ (1,830,795)	$ (134,788)	$ (4,606,298)	$ (12,351,789)

XML

Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows - USD ($)	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2018	Sep. 30, 2017
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net loss	$ (4,604,297)	$ (12,350,229)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to cash used in operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization	160,464	233,589
Share-based compensation expense	570,273	1,504,143
Amortization of deferred financing fees and debt discount		59,781
Change in fair value of liability classified warrants	(1,805,319)	403,155
Warrant inducement expense		563,744
Expenses related to issuance of derivative instruments		242,676
Loss on disposal of fixed assets		8,128
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Trade and other receivables	150,823	(26,967)
Related party receivable	71,638	63,856
Prepaid expenses	(154,271)	150,589
Other assets	(4,000)	1,971
Accounts payable and accrued expenses	(25,487)	(920,624)
Accrued bonuses	(418,625)	(852,963)
Other current liabilities	26,288	(196,132)
Other long term liabilities	(1,876)	(14,809)
Net cash used in operating activities	(6,034,389)	(11,130,092)
Cash flows from investing activities:
Maturity of short-term investments	5,000,000	5,000,000
Purchase of short-term investments		(5,000,000)
Patent costs		(82,645)
Purchase of property and equipment		(10,993)
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities	5,000,000	(93,638)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Proceeds from issuance of common stock from warrants exercised, net of issuance costs		3,225,176
Proceeds from sale of common stock and warrants, net		5,510,840
Payments of long-term debt		(3,765,568)
Proceeds from short-term note payable	349,578	346,863
Payments of short-term notes payable	(247,817)	(223,425)
Net cash (used in ) provided by financing activities	101,761	5,093,886
Effects of exchange rates on cash	(5,383)	(1,395)
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents	(938,011)	(6,131,239)
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period	6,674,940	15,194,949
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period	5,736,929	9,063,710
Supplemental disclosure of cash flows information:
Cash paid for interest	$ 4,190	$ 115,034

XML

Note 1 - Organization, Business and Financial Condition

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2018

Notes to Financial Statements

Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements Disclosure [Text Block]

Note

1.

  

Organization, Business and Financial Condition

Nature of business

Neuralstem, Inc. and its subsidiary are referred to as “Neuralstem,” the “Company,” “us,” or “we” throughout this report. The operations of our wholly-owned and controlled subsidiary located in the People’s Republic of China are consolidated in our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and all intercompany activity has been eliminated. The Company operates in

one

business segment.

Neuralstem is a clinical stage biopharmaceutical company that is utilizing its proprietary human neural stem cell technology to create a comprehensive platform of therapies for the treatment of central nervous system diseases. The Company has utilized this technology as a tool for small-molecule drug discovery and to create cell therapy biotherapeutics to treat central nervous system diseases. The Company was founded in

1997

and currently has laboratory and office space in Germantown, Maryland and laboratory facilities in the People’s Republic of China. Our operations to date have primarily focused on developing business strategies, raising capital, research and development activities, and conducting pre-clinical testing and human clinical trials of our product candidates.

Liquidity and Going Concern

The Company has incurred losses since its inception and has

not

demonstrated an ability to generate significant revenues from the sales of its therapies or services and accordingly has

not

yet achieved profitable operations. There can be

no

assurance that profitable operations will ever be achieved, or if achieved, could be sustained. In addition, development activities, clinical and pre-clinical testing, and commercialization of our products will require significant additional financing. These factors create substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern beyond

one

year after the date that the consolidated financial statements are issued. In making this assessment the Company performed a comprehensive analysis of its current circumstances including: its financial position at

September 30, 2018,

its cash flow and cash usage forecasts for the period covering

one

-year from the issuance date of this Quarterly Report and its current capital structure including outstanding warrants and other equity-based instruments and its obligations and debts.

The consolidated financial statements do

not

include any adjustments that might be necessary if the Company is unable to continue as a going concern.

Accordingly, the consolidated financial statements have been prepared on a basis that assumes the Company will continue as a going concern and which contemplates the realization of assets and satisfaction of liabilities and commitments in the ordinary course of business.

We expect that our existing cash and cash equivalents will be sufficient to enable us to fund our anticipated level of operations based on our current operating plans into the

second

quarter of

2019.

Accordingly, we will require additional capital to further develop our product candidates, conduct our pre-clinical and clinical development programs and to fund our operations. We anticipate raising additional capital through the private and public sales of our equity or debt securities, collaborative arrangements, licensing agreements or a combination thereof. Although management believes that such capital sources will be available, there can be

no

assurance that any such collaborative or licensing arrangements will be entered into or that financing will be available to us when needed in order to allow us to continue our operations, or if available, on terms acceptable to us. If we do

not

raise sufficient capital in a timely manner, among other things, we

may

be forced to delay, scale back or eliminate some or all of our research and product development programs, planned clinical trials, and/or our capital expenditures or to license our potential products or technologies to

third

parties on unfavorable terms. We currently do

not

have any commitments for future funding from any source.

Our independent registered public accounting firm issued an emphasis of matter in their audit report regarding substantial doubt over our ability to continue as a going concern in our audited financial statements as of and for the year ended

December 31, 2017.

We have spent and will continue to spend substantial funds in the research, development, pre-clinical and clinical testing of our small molecule and stem cell product candidates with the goal of ultimately obtaining approval from the United States Food and Drug Administration (the “FDA”) and its international equivalents regulatory agencies, to market and sell our products.

No

assurance can be given that (i) the FDA or any other regulatory agency will grant approval for us to market and sell our product candidates, or (ii) if regulatory approval is granted, that we will ever be able to sell our proposed products or be profitable.

XML

Note 2 - Significant Accounting Policies and Basis of Presentation

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2018

Notes to Financial Statements

Significant Accounting Policies [Text Block]

Note

2.

  Significant Accounting Policies and Basis of Presentation

Basis of Presentation

In management’s opinion, the accompanying interim unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include all adjustments, consisting of normal recurring adjustments, which are necessary to present fairly our financial position, results of operations and cash flows. The unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheet at

December 31, 2017,

has been derived from audited financial statements as of that date. The interim results of operations are

not

necessarily indicative of the results that

may

occur for the full fiscal year. Certain information and footnote disclosure normally included in the financial statements prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (U.S. GAAP) have been condensed or omitted pursuant to instructions, rules and regulations prescribed by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). We believe that the disclosures provided herein are adequate to make the information presented

not

misleading when these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements are read in conjunction with the Financial Statements and Notes included in our Annual Report on Form

10

-K for the year ended

December 

31,

2017,

filed with the SEC, and as

may

be amended.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include significant estimates for the expected economic life and value of our licensed technology and related patents, our net operating loss and related valuation allowance for tax purposes, the fair value of our liability classified warrants and our share-based compensation related to employees and directors, consultants and advisors, among other things. Because of the use of estimates inherent in the financial reporting process, actual results could differ significantly from those estimates.

Fair Value Measurements

The carrying amounts of our short-term financial instruments, which primarily include cash and cash equivalents, short-term investments, accounts payable and accrued expenses, approximate their fair values due to their short maturities. The fair value of our long-term indebtedness was estimated based on the quoted prices for the same or similar issues or on the current rates offered to the Company for debt of the same remaining maturities and approximates the carrying value. The fair values of our liability classified warrants were estimated using Level

3

unobservable inputs. See Note

3

for further details.

Foreign Currency Translation

The functional currency of our wholly owned foreign subsidiary is its local currency.  Assets and liabilities of our foreign subsidiary are translated into United States dollars based on exchange rates at the end of the reporting period; income and expense items are translated at the weighted average exchange rates prevailing during the reporting period.  Translation adjustments for subsidiary are accumulated in other comprehensive income or loss, a component of stockholders' equity.   Transaction gains or losses are included in the determination of net loss.

Cash, Cash Equivalents, Short-Term Investments and Credit Risk

Cash equivalents consist of investments in low risk, highly liquid money market accounts and certificates of deposit with original maturities of

90

days or less. Cash deposited with banks and other financial institutions

may

exceed the amount of insurance provided on such deposits. If the amount of a deposit at any time exceeds the federally insured amount at a bank, the uninsured portion of the deposit could be lost, in whole or in part, if the bank were to fail.

Short-term investments consist entirely of fixed income certificates of deposit (“CDs”) with original maturities of greater than

90

days but

not

more than

one

year.

Financial instruments that potentially subject us to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash equivalents and short-term investments. Our investment policy, approved by our Board of Directors, limits the amount we

may

invest in any

one

type of investment issuer, thereby reducing credit risk concentrations. In addition, our certificates of deposit are typically invested through the Certificate of Deposit Account Registry Service (“CDARS”) program which reduces or eliminates our risk related to concentrations of investments above FDIC insurance levels. We attempt to limit our credit and liquidity risks through our investment policy and through regular reviews of our portfolio against our policy. To date, we have

not

experienced any loss or lack of access to cash in our operating accounts or to our cash equivalents and short-term investments.

Revenue

On

January 1, 2018,

the Company adopted Topic

606,

Revenue from Contracts with Customer using the modified retrospective method applied to those contracts which were

not

completed as of

January 1, 2018.

The Company analyzes contracts to determine the appropriate revenue recognition using the following steps: (i) identification of contracts with customers; (ii) identification of distinct performance obligations in the contract; (iii) determination of contract transaction price; (iv) allocation of contract transaction price to the performance obligations; and (v) determination of revenue recognition based on timing of satisfaction of the performance obligation. The Company recognizes revenues upon the satisfaction of its performance obligation (upon transfer of control of promised goods or services to customers) in an amount that reflects the consideration to which it expects to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services. Deferred revenue results from cash receipts from or amounts billed to customers in advance of the transfer of control of the promised services to the customer and is recognized as performance obligations are satisfied. When sales commissions or other costs to obtain contracts with customers are considered incremental and recoverable, those costs are deferred and then amortized as selling and marketing expenses on a straight-line basis over an estimated period of benefit.

Research and Development

Research and development costs are expensed as they are incurred. Research and development expenses consist primarily of costs associated with the pre-clinical development and clinical trials of our product candidates.  We record cost reimbursements under our Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) grants as an offset to research and development expenses. For the

three

- and

nine

-month periods ended

September 30, 2018,

we recorded approximately

$143,000

and

$318,000,

respectively of such cost reimbursements as an offset to research and development expenses.

No

reimbursements were recorded in any of the periods of

2017.

Income (Loss) per Common Share

Basic income (loss) per common share is computed by dividing total net income (loss) available to common stockholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period.

For periods of net income when the effects are dilutive, diluted earnings per share is computed by dividing net income available to common stockholders by the weighted average number of shares outstanding and the dilutive impact of all dilutive potential common shares. Dilutive potential common shares consist primarily of convertible preferred stock, stock options, restricted stock units and common stock purchase warrants. The dilutive impact of potential common shares resulting from common stock equivalents is determined by applying the treasury stock method. Our unvested restricted shares contain non-forfeitable rights to dividends, and therefore are considered to be participating securities; the calculation of basic and diluted income per share excludes net income attributable to the unvested restricted shares from the numerator and excludes the impact of the shares from the denominator.

Following is a reconciliation of diluted and basic earnings per share for all periods presented:

	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
Numerator:	2018			2017			2018			2017
Net loss	$	(1,830,283	)	$	(133,783	)	$	(4,604,297	)	$	(12,350,229	)
Numerator for basic earnings per share	$	(1,830,283	)	$	(133,783	)	$	(4,604,297	)	$	(12,350,229	)
Adjustment for gain related to mark-to-market adjustment for liability classified warrants		-			(2,398,453	)		-			-
Numerator for diluted earnings per share	$	(1,830,283	)	$	(2,532,236	)	$	(4,604,297	)	$	(12,350,229	)
Denominator:
Denominator for basic earnings per share - weighted-average shares		15,171,495			14,060,844			15,144,425			12,380,054
Effect of dilutive securities:  liability classified warrants		-			102,228			-			-
Denominator for diluted earnings per share - weighted-average shares and assumed exercises		15,171,495			14,163,072			15,144,425			12,380,054

A total of approximately

9.7

million potential dilutive shares have been excluded in the calculation of diluted net income per share for both the

three

- and

nine

-month periods ended

September 30, 2018,

as their inclusion would be anti-dilutive. A total of approximately

10.0

and

9.2

million potential dilutive shares have been excluded in the calculation of diluted net income per share for the

three

- and

nine

-month periods ended

September 30, 2017,

respectively, as their inclusion would be anti-dilutive.

Share-Based Compensation

We account for share-based compensation at fair value. Share-based compensation cost for stock options and stock purchase warrants granted to employees and board members is generally determined at the grant date while awards granted to non-employee consultants are generally valued at the vesting date using an option pricing model that uses Level

3

unobservable inputs; share-based compensation cost for restricted stock and restricted stock units is determined at the grant date based on the closing price of our common stock on that date. The value of the award is recognized as expense on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period or based on probability of vesting for performance-based awards.

Intangible and Long-Lived Assets

We assess impairment of our long-lived assets using a "primary asset" approach to determine the cash flow estimation period for a group of assets and liabilities that represents the unit of accounting for a long-lived asset to be held and used. Long-lived assets to be held and used are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset

may

not

be recoverable. The carrying amount of a long-lived asset is

not

recoverable if it exceeds the sum of the undiscounted cash flows expected to result from the use and eventual disposition of the asset.

No

significant impairment losses were recognized during the

three

- or

nine

-month periods ended

September 30, 2018

or

2017.

Income Taxes

We account for income taxes using the asset and liability approach, which requires the recognition of future tax benefits or liabilities on the temporary differences between the financial reporting and tax bases of our assets and liabilities. A valuation allowance is established when necessary to reduce deferred tax assets to the amounts expected to be realized. We also recognize a tax benefit from uncertain tax positions only if it is “more likely than

not”

that the position is sustainable based on its technical merits. Our policy is to recognize interest and penalties on uncertain tax positions as a component of income tax expense.

Corporate tax rate changes resulting from the impacts of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of

2017

(the “Tax Act”) are reflected in deferred tax assets and liabilities as of

December 31, 2017

and

September 30, 2018.

Significant New Accounting Pronouncements

Recently Adopted Guidance

In

May 2014,

the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standard Update (“ASU”),

No.

2014

-

09,

Revenue from Contracts with Customers. This ASU consists of a comprehensive revenue recognition standard that superseded nearly all existing revenue recognition guidance under U.S. GAAP. The guidance is effective for interim and annual periods beginning after

December 15, 2017.

Either full retrospective adoption or modified retrospective adoption is permitted. In addition to expanded disclosures regarding revenue, this pronouncement

may

impact timing of recognition in some arrangements with variable consideration or contracts for the sale of goods or services. We adopted this guidance effective

January 1, 2018

on a modified retrospective basis and it did

not

have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements.

In

May 2017,

the FASB issued

ASU

No.

2017

-

09,

Compensation – Stock Compensation

. This ASU provides clarification regarding when changes to the terms or conditions of share-based payment awards should be accounted for as modifications. This guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after

December 15, 2017

and early adoption is permitted. This guidance must be applied prospectively to awards modified after the adoption date. We adopted this guidance effective

January 1, 2018

and it did

not

have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements.

In

July 2017,

the FASB issued

ASU

No.

2017

-

11,

I. Accounting for Certain Financial Instrument with Down Round Features II. Replacement of the Indefinite Deferral for Mandatorily Redeemable Financial Instruments of Certain Nonpublic Entities and Certain Mandatorily Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests with a Scope Exception.

Part I of this guidance simplifies the accounting for certain equity-linked financial instruments and embedded features with down round features that reduce the exercise price when the pricing of a future round of financing is lower (“down round protection”). Current accounting guidance provides that instruments with down round protection be classified as derivative liabilities with changes in fair value recorded through earnings. The updated guidance provides that instruments with down round protection are

no

longer precluded from being classified as equity. This guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after

December 15, 2018

and early adoption is permitted. This guidance must be applied retrospectively. We adopted this guidance on

January 1, 2018,

and it did

not

have a material impact on the financial statements.

Unadopted Guidance

In

February 2016,

the FASB issued

ASU,

No.

2016

-

02,

Leases.

This ASU consists of a comprehensive lease accounting standard. The guidance requires lessees to recognize assets and liabilities related to long-term leases on the balance sheet and expands disclosure requirements regarding leasing arrangements. The guidance is effective for reporting periods beginning after

December 15, 2018

and early adoption is permitted. The guidance must be adopted on a modified retrospective basis and provides for certain practical expedients. We currently expect that the adoption of this guidance will likely change the way we account for our operating leases and will likely result in recording the future benefits of those leases and the related minimum lease payments on our consolidated balance sheets. We are currently in the process of evaluating the specific impacts of this guidance.

In

June 2016,

the FASB issued

ASU

No.

2016

-

13,

Financial Instrument’s – Credit Losses

. This ASU relates to measuring credit losses on financial instruments, including trade receivables. The guidance eliminates the probable initial recognition threshold that was previously required prior to recognizing a credit loss on financial instruments. The credit loss estimate can now reflect an entity's current estimate of all future expected credit losses. Under the previous guidance, an entity only considered past events and current conditions. The guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after

December 15, 2019,

including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted for fiscal years beginning after

December 15, 2018,

including interim periods within those fiscal years. The adoption of certain amendments of this guidance must be applied on a modified retrospective basis and the adoption of the remaining amendments must be applied on a prospective basis. We currently expect that the adoption of this guidance will likely change the way we assess the collectability of our receivables and recoverability of other financial instruments. We have

not

yet begun to evaluate the specific impacts of this guidance nor have we determined the manner in which we will adopt this guidance.

In

June 2018,

the FASB issued

ASU

2018

-

07,

Compensation-Stock Compensation, Improvements to Nonemployee Share-Based Payment Accounting

. This ASU expands the scope of

ASC

718,

Compensation – Stock Compensation

to include share-based payment transactions for acquiring goods and services from nonemployees. This guidance provides for the following changes: (

1

) awards to nonemployees will be measured at the grant date fair value of equity instruments that the entity is obligated to issue, (

2

) performance-based awards to nonemployees will be measured based on the probability of the performance condition being met and (

3

) eliminating the need to reassess the classification (equity or liability) of awards to nonemployees upon vesting. We expect the adoption of this guidance will change the way we measure awards to nonemployees. We have

not

yet determined the specific impacts of this guidance upon adoption.

In

August 2018,

the FASB issued

ASU

2018

-

13,

Fair Value Measurement (Topic

820

): Disclosure Framework—Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement

. This ASU addresses the disclosure requirements for fair value measurements. The guidance intends to improve the effectiveness of the disclosures relating to recurring and nonrecurring fair value measurements. The guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after

December 15, 2019.

Portions of the guidance are to be adopted prospectively while other portions are to be adopted retroactively. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact, if any, that this guidance will have on the consolidated financial statements. The Company is currently evaluating the impact, if any, that this guidance will have on the consolidated financial statements.

In

August 2018,

the FASB issued

ASU

2018

-

15,

Intangibles – Goodwill and Other – Internal-Use Software

. This ASU addresses the accounting for implementation, setup and other upfront costs paid by a customer in a cloud computing or hosting arrangement. The guidance aligns the accounting treatment of these costs incurred in a hosting arrangement treated as a service contract with the requirements for capitalization and amortization costs to develop or obtain internal-use software. The guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after

December 15, 2019.

The guidance can be adopted either retrospectively or prospectively. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact, if any, that this guidance will have on the consolidated financial statements.

We have reviewed other recent accounting pronouncements and concluded that they are either

not

applicable to our business, or that

no

material effect is expected on the consolidated financial statements as a result of future adoption.

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Note 3 - Fair Value Measurements

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2018

Notes to Financial Statements

Fair Value Disclosures [Text Block]

Note

3.

  Fair Value Measurements

Fair value is the price that would be received from the sale of an asset or paid to transfer a liability assuming an orderly transaction in the most advantageous market at the measurement date. U.S. GAAP establishes a hierarchical disclosure framework which prioritizes and ranks the level of observability of inputs used in measuring fair value. These levels are:

• Level 1 – inputs are based upon unadjusted quoted prices for identical instruments traded in active markets.

• Level 2 – inputs are based upon quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active, and model-based valuation techniques (e.g. the Black-Scholes model) for which all significant inputs are observable in the market or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities. Where applicable, these models project future cash flows and discount the future amounts to a present value using market-based observable inputs including interest rate curves, foreign exchange rates, and forward and spot prices for currencies and commodities.

• Level 3 – inputs are generally unobservable and typically reflect management's estimates of assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability. The fair values are therefore determined using model-based techniques, including option pricing models and discounted cash flow models.

Financial Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis

We have segregated our financial assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring into the most appropriate level within the fair value hierarchy based on the inputs used to determine the fair value at the measurement date.

At

September 30, 2018

and

December 31, 2017,

we had certain common stock purchase warrants that were originally issued in connection with our

May 2016

and

August 2017

offerings (See Note

4

) that are accounted for as liabilities whose fair value was determined using Level

3

inputs. The following table identifies the carrying amounts of such liabilities:

	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Liabilities
Liability classified stock purchase warrants	$	-	$	-	$	3,852,882	$	3,852,882
Balance at December 31, 2017	$	-	$	-	$	3,852,882	$	3,852,882
Liability classified stock purchase warrants	$	-	$	-	$	2,047,563	$	2,047,563
Balance at September 30, 2018	$	-	$	-	$	2,047,563	$	2,047,563

The following table presents the activity for those items measured at fair value on a recurring basis using Level

3

inputs for the

nine

months ended

September 30, 2018:

	Mark-to-market liabilities - stock purchase warrants
Balance at December 31, 2017	$	3,852,882
Change in fair value - gain		(1,805,319	)
Balance at September 30, 2018	$	2,047,563

The following table presents the activity for those items measured at fair value on a recurring basis using Level

3

inputs for the

nine

months ended

September 30, 2017:

	Mark-to-market liabilities - stock purchase warrants
Balance at December 31, 2016	$	3,921,917
Issuance of warrants		2,483,848
Exercise of warrants		(4,023,057	)
Change in fair value - loss		403,155
Balance at September 30, 2017	$	2,785,863

The (gains) losses resulting from the changes in the fair value of the liability classified warrants are classified as other income or expense in the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations. The fair value of the common stock purchase warrants is determined based on the Black-Scholes option pricing model or other option pricing models as appropriate and includes the use of unobservable inputs such as the expected term, anticipated volatility and expected dividends. Changes in any of the assumptions related to the unobservable inputs identified above

may

change the embedded conversion options’ fair value; increases in expected term, anticipated volatility and expected dividends generally result in increases in fair value, while decreases in these unobservable inputs generally result in decreases in fair value.

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Note 4 - Stockholders' Equity

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2018

Notes to Financial Statements

Stockholders' Equity Note Disclosure [Text Block]

Note

4.

   Stockholders’ Equity

We have granted share-based compensation awards to employees, board members and service providers. Awards

may

consist of common stock, restricted common stock, restricted common stock units, common stock purchase warrants, or common stock purchase options. Our common stock purchase options and stock purchase warrants have lives of up to

ten

years from the grant date. Awards vest either upon the grant date or over varying periods of time. The stock options provide for exercise prices equal to or greater than the fair value of the common stock at the date of the grant. Restricted stock units grant the holder the right to receive fully paid common shares with various restrictions on the holder’s ability to transfer the shares. As of

September 30, 2018,

we have approximately

6.1

million shares of common stock reserved for issuance upon the exercise of share-based compensation awards.

We typically record share-based compensation expenses on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period. Share-based compensation expenses included in the statements of operations are as follows:

	Three Months Ended September 30,
	2018		2017
Research and development expenses	$	22,917	$	185,492
General and administrative expenses		111,778		144,263
Total	$	134,695	$	329,755

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2018		2017
Research and development expenses	$	110,417	$	993,927
General and administrative expenses		459,856		510,216
Total	$	570,273	$	1,504,143

Stock Options

A summary of stock option activity and related information for the

nine

months ended

September 30, 2018

follows:

	Number of Options			Weighted- Average Exercise Price		Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Life (in years)		Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Outstanding at January 1, 2018		1,894,077		$	19.76		4.7	$	108,000
Granted		488,640		$	1.13
Exercised		-		$	-			$	-
Forfeited		(550,215	)	$	34.52
Outstanding at September 30, 2018		1,832,502		$	10.37		5.6	$	-
Exercisable at September 30, 2018		1,300,538		$	14.08		4.9	$	-

Range of Exercise Prices			Number of Options Outstanding		Weighted- Average Exercise Price		Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Life (in years)		Aggregate Intrinsic Value
$1.00	-	$3.50		638,640	$	1.15		7.7	$	-
$3.51	-	$13.00		682,076	$	9.59		5.2		-
$13.01	-	$26.00		343,782	$	14.79		3.3		-
$26.01	-	$39.00		65,504	$	30.85		2.7		-
$39.01	-	$56.00		102,500	$	45.03		4.8		-
				1,832,502	$	10.37		5.6	$	-

The Company uses the Black-Scholes option pricing model for “plain vanilla” options and other pricing models as appropriate to calculate the fair value of options. Significant assumptions used in these models include:

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2018			2017
Annual dividend		-			-
Expected life (in years)	2.5	-	5.3	0.3	-	5.5
Risk free interest rate	2.7%	-	2.8%	0.8%	-	1.9%
Expected volatility	97%	-	117%	62%	-	83%

Options granted in the

nine

months ended

September 30, 2018

and

2017,

had a weighted average grant date fair value of

$0.77

and

$3.19

per share, respectively.

Unrecognized compensation cost for unvested stock option awards outstanding at

September 30, 2018

was approximately

$363,000

to be recognized over approximately

1.3

years.

RSUs

We have granted restricted stock units (RSUs) to certain employees and board members that entitle the holders to receive shares of our common stock upon vesting and subject to certain restrictions regarding the exercise of the RSUs. The grant date fair value of RSUs is based upon the market price of the underlying common stock on the date of grant.

In the

nine

months ended

September 30, 2018,

we granted

45,046

RSU’s. RSUs granted in the

nine

months ended

September 30, 2018

and

2017,

had a weighted average grant date fair value of

$1.11

and

$5.37,

respectively.

RSUs vesting in the

nine

months ended

September 30, 2018

had a total value of approximately

$25,000.

At

September 30, 2018,

we had

56,281

outstanding RSUs with a weighted average grant date fair value of

$3.24

and a total intrinsic value of approximately

$60,000.

No

RSUs were converted in the

nine

months ended

September 30, 2018.

Unrecognized compensation cost for unvested RSUs at

September 30, 2018

was approximately

$37,000

to be recognized over approximately

0.75

years.

Restricted Stock

We have granted restricted stock to certain board members that vest quarterly over the grant year. The grant date fair value of the restricted stock is based upon the market price of the common stock on the date of grant.

In the

nine

months ended

September 30, 2018,

we granted

45,046

shares of restricted stock. Restricted stock granted in the

nine

months ended

September 30, 2018

and

2017,

had a weighted average grant date fair value of

$1.11

and

$3.63,

respectively.

Restricted stock vesting in the

nine

months ending

September 30, 2018,

had a weighted average grant date fair value of

$2.65

and a total intrinsic value of approximately

$81,000.

At

September 30, 2018,

we had

33,785

shares of restricted stock outstanding with an average grant date fair value of

$1.11.

Unrecognized compensation cost for unvested restricted stock awards at

September 30, 2018

was approximately

$38,000

to be recognized over approximately

0.75

years.

Stock Purchase Warrants.

We have issued warrants to purchase common stock to certain officers, directors, stockholders and service providers as well as in conjunction with debt and equity offerings and at various times replacement warrants were issued as an inducement for warrant exercises.

In

May 2016

and

August 2017,

we issued a total of

1,746,173

and

2,250,000

common stock purchase warrants, respectively in conjunction with our offerings. Such warrants are classified as liabilities due to the existence of certain net cash settlement provisions

contained in the warrants. At

September 30, 2018,

after giving effect to exercises,

2,982,709

of these common stock purchase warrants remain outstanding and are recorded at fair value as mark-to-market liabilities (see Note

3

).

A summary of outstanding warrants at

September 30, 2018

follows:

Range of Exercise Prices			Number of Warrants Outstanding		Range of Expiration Dates
$1.11	-	$5.79		3,017,326	May 2021 - August 2024
$12.80	-	$12.90		39,296	January 2022
$16.20	-	$16.30		174,544	March 2020
$22.10	-	$27.90		153,755	March 2019 - January 2021
$34.50	-	$39.00		5,784	October 2019
$39.10	-	$39.20		230,772	October 2020 - October 2021
$47.30	-	$52.20		275,897	January 2019 - July 2019
				3,897,374

Preferred and Common Stock

We have outstanding

1,000,000

shares of Series A

4.5%

Convertible Preferred Stock issued in

December 2016.

Shares of the Series A

4.5%

Convertible Preferred Stock are convertible into

3,887,387

shares of the Company’s common stock subject to certain ownership restrictions.

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Note 5 - Commitments and Contingencies

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2018

Notes to Financial Statements

Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Text Block]

Note

5.

Commitments and Contingencies

We currently operate

one

facility located in the United States and

one

facility located in the People’s Republic of China. Our corporate offices and primary research facilities are located in Germantown, Maryland, where we lease approximately

1,500

square feet. This lease provides for monthly payments of approximately

$5,600

per month with the term expiring on

December 31, 2018.

In

2015,

we entered into a lease consisting of approximately

3,100

square feet of research space in San Diego, California. This lease provides for current monthly payments of approximately

$11,600

and expires on

August 31, 2019.

In

May 2017,

we ceased-use of this property and recognized a loss of approximately

$92,000

representing the present value of the expected remaining net payments due under such lease and the costs to vacate the property. In

April 2018,

we entered into an agreement for the sub-lease of the property and recognized an additional loss of approximately

$50,000

reflecting the present value of the revised expected remaining net payments due.

We also lease a research facility in People’s Republic of China. This lease expires on

March 31, 2019

with lease payments of approximately

$3,800

per month.

From time to time, we are parties to legal proceedings that we believe to be ordinary, routine litigation incidental to the business. We are currently

not

a party to any litigation or legal proceeding.

XML

Note 6 - Related Party Receivable

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2018

Notes to Financial Statements

Related Party Transactions Disclosure [Text Block]

Note

6.

Related Party Receivable

On

August 10, 2016,

we entered into a reimbursement agreement with a former executive officer. Pursuant to the reimbursement agreement, the former officer agreed to repay the Company, over a

six

-year period, approximately

$658,000

in expenses that the Company determined to have been improperly paid under the Company's prior expense reimbursement policies. In addition to this reimbursement agreement, the Company has implemented and is continuing to implement enhanced policies and procedures for travel expense reimbursements and disbursements.

The

$658,000

non-interest-bearing receivable was recorded net of a

$199,000

discount to reflect the net present value of the future cash payments.  The discount is being amortized through interest income using the effective interest method.  The principal amount of

$458,000

remains outstanding at

September 30, 2018

and is payable in

$100,000

annual installments with a final payment due

July 2022. 

XML

Note 7 - Subsequent Events

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2018

Notes to Financial Statements

Subsequent Events [Text Block]

Note

7.

Subsequent Events

On

October 29, 2018,

we closed a registered direct offering and concurrent private placement with institutional investors. In connection with the offering we issued an aggregate of

3,000,000

shares of common stock in the registered direct offering and

3,000,000

common stock purchase warrants in the private offering. We issued the shares in the registered offering at a price of

$0.70

per share. We also issued each investor an accompanying warrant for each share purchased. We received gross proceeds of

$2.1

million from this offering. The warrants have an exercise price of

$0.75

per share of common stock, will be exercisable commencing with the

six

-month anniversary of the issuance date and will expire

five

and

one

-half years from issuance. The common stock issued in this offering was sold pursuant to our shelf registration statement that was declared effective by the SEC on

June 23, 2017 (

Registration

No.

333

-

218608

). In connection with the offering we also issued our placement agent

180,000

common stock purchase warrants. The placement agent warrants are substantially similar to the investor warrants except that they have an exercise price of

$0.875

per share and a term of

5

years.

XML

Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2018

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Basis of Accounting, Policy [Policy Text Block]

Basis of Presentation

In management’s opinion, the accompanying interim unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include all adjustments, consisting of normal recurring adjustments, which are necessary to present fairly our financial position, results of operations and cash flows. The unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheet at

December 31, 2017,

has been derived from audited financial statements as of that date. The interim results of operations are

not

necessarily indicative of the results that

may

occur for the full fiscal year. Certain information and footnote disclosure normally included in the financial statements prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (U.S. GAAP) have been condensed or omitted pursuant to instructions, rules and regulations prescribed by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). We believe that the disclosures provided herein are adequate to make the information presented

not

misleading when these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements are read in conjunction with the Financial Statements and Notes included in our Annual Report on Form

10

-K for the year ended

December 

31,

2017,

filed with the SEC, and as

may

be amended.

Use of Estimates, Policy [Policy Text Block]

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include significant estimates for the expected economic life and value of our licensed technology and related patents, our net operating loss and related valuation allowance for tax purposes, the fair value of our liability classified warrants and our share-based compensation related to employees and directors, consultants and advisors, among other things. Because of the use of estimates inherent in the financial reporting process, actual results could differ significantly from those estimates.

Fair Value Measurement, Policy [Policy Text Block]

Fair Value Measurements

The carrying amounts of our short-term financial instruments, which primarily include cash and cash equivalents, short-term investments, accounts payable and accrued expenses, approximate their fair values due to their short maturities. The fair value of our long-term indebtedness was estimated based on the quoted prices for the same or similar issues or on the current rates offered to the Company for debt of the same remaining maturities and approximates the carrying value. The fair values of our liability classified warrants were estimated using Level

3

unobservable inputs. See Note

3

for further details.

Foreign Currency Transactions and Translations Policy [Policy Text Block]

Foreign Currency Translation

The functional currency of our wholly owned foreign subsidiary is its local currency.  Assets and liabilities of our foreign subsidiary are translated into United States dollars based on exchange rates at the end of the reporting period; income and expense items are translated at the weighted average exchange rates prevailing during the reporting period.  Translation adjustments for subsidiary are accumulated in other comprehensive income or loss, a component of stockholders' equity.   Transaction gains or losses are included in the determination of net loss.

Cash and Cash Equivalents, Policy [Policy Text Block]

Cash, Cash Equivalents, Short-Term Investments and Credit Risk

Cash equivalents consist of investments in low risk, highly liquid money market accounts and certificates of deposit with original maturities of

90

days or less. Cash deposited with banks and other financial institutions

may

exceed the amount of insurance provided on such deposits. If the amount of a deposit at any time exceeds the federally insured amount at a bank, the uninsured portion of the deposit could be lost, in whole or in part, if the bank were to fail.

Short-term investments consist entirely of fixed income certificates of deposit (“CDs”) with original maturities of greater than

90

days but

not

more than

one

year.

Financial instruments that potentially subject us to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash equivalents and short-term investments. Our investment policy, approved by our Board of Directors, limits the amount we

may

invest in any

one

type of investment issuer, thereby reducing credit risk concentrations. In addition, our certificates of deposit are typically invested through the Certificate of Deposit Account Registry Service (“CDARS”) program which reduces or eliminates our risk related to concentrations of investments above FDIC insurance levels. We attempt to limit our credit and liquidity risks through our investment policy and through regular reviews of our portfolio against our policy. To date, we have

not

experienced any loss or lack of access to cash in our operating accounts or to our cash equivalents and short-term investments.

Revenue Recognition, Policy [Policy Text Block]

Revenue

On

January 1, 2018,

the Company adopted Topic

606,

Revenue from Contracts with Customer using the modified retrospective method applied to those contracts which were

not

completed as of

January 1, 2018.

The Company analyzes contracts to determine the appropriate revenue recognition using the following steps: (i) identification of contracts with customers; (ii) identification of distinct performance obligations in the contract; (iii) determination of contract transaction price; (iv) allocation of contract transaction price to the performance obligations; and (v) determination of revenue recognition based on timing of satisfaction of the performance obligation. The Company recognizes revenues upon the satisfaction of its performance obligation (upon transfer of control of promised goods or services to customers) in an amount that reflects the consideration to which it expects to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services. Deferred revenue results from cash receipts from or amounts billed to customers in advance of the transfer of control of the promised services to the customer and is recognized as performance obligations are satisfied. When sales commissions or other costs to obtain contracts with customers are considered incremental and recoverable, those costs are deferred and then amortized as selling and marketing expenses on a straight-line basis over an estimated period of benefit.

Research and Development Expense, Policy [Policy Text Block]

Research and Development

Research and development costs are expensed as they are incurred. Research and development expenses consist primarily of costs associated with the pre-clinical development and clinical trials of our product candidates.  We record cost reimbursements under our Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) grants as an offset to research and development expenses. For the

three

- and

nine

-month periods ended

September 30, 2018,

we recorded approximately

$143,000

and

$318,000,

respectively of such cost reimbursements as an offset to research and development expenses.

No

reimbursements were recorded in any of the periods of

2017.

Earnings Per Share, Policy [Policy Text Block]

Income (Loss) per Common Share

Basic income (loss) per common share is computed by dividing total net income (loss) available to common stockholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period.

For periods of net income when the effects are dilutive, diluted earnings per share is computed by dividing net income available to common stockholders by the weighted average number of shares outstanding and the dilutive impact of all dilutive potential common shares. Dilutive potential common shares consist primarily of convertible preferred stock, stock options, restricted stock units and common stock purchase warrants. The dilutive impact of potential common shares resulting from common stock equivalents is determined by applying the treasury stock method. Our unvested restricted shares contain non-forfeitable rights to dividends, and therefore are considered to be participating securities; the calculation of basic and diluted income per share excludes net income attributable to the unvested restricted shares from the numerator and excludes the impact of the shares from the denominator.

Following is a reconciliation of diluted and basic earnings per share for all periods presented:

	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
Numerator:	2018			2017			2018			2017
Net loss	$	(1,830,283	)	$	(133,783	)	$	(4,604,297	)	$	(12,350,229	)
Numerator for basic earnings per share	$	(1,830,283	)	$	(133,783	)	$	(4,604,297	)	$	(12,350,229	)
Adjustment for gain related to mark-to-market adjustment for liability classified warrants		-			(2,398,453	)		-			-
Numerator for diluted earnings per share	$	(1,830,283	)	$	(2,532,236	)	$	(4,604,297	)	$	(12,350,229	)
Denominator:
Denominator for basic earnings per share - weighted-average shares		15,171,495			14,060,844			15,144,425			12,380,054
Effect of dilutive securities:  liability classified warrants		-			102,228			-			-
Denominator for diluted earnings per share - weighted-average shares and assumed exercises		15,171,495			14,163,072			15,144,425			12,380,054

A total of approximately

9.7

million potential dilutive shares have been excluded in the calculation of diluted net income per share for both the

three

- and

nine

-month periods ended

September 30, 2018,

as their inclusion would be anti-dilutive. A total of approximately

10.0

and

9.2

million potential dilutive shares have been excluded in the calculation of diluted net income per share for the

three

- and

nine

-month periods ended

September 30, 2017,

respectively, as their inclusion would be anti-dilutive.

Share-based Compensation, Option and Incentive Plans Policy [Policy Text Block]

Share-Based Compensation

We account for share-based compensation at fair value. Share-based compensation cost for stock options and stock purchase warrants granted to employees and board members is generally determined at the grant date while awards granted to non-employee consultants are generally valued at the vesting date using an option pricing model that uses Level

3

unobservable inputs; share-based compensation cost for restricted stock and restricted stock units is determined at the grant date based on the closing price of our common stock on that date. The value of the award is recognized as expense on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period or based on probability of vesting for performance-based awards.

Goodwill and Intangible Assets, Policy [Policy Text Block]

Intangible and Long-Lived Assets

We assess impairment of our long-lived assets using a "primary asset" approach to determine the cash flow estimation period for a group of assets and liabilities that represents the unit of accounting for a long-lived asset to be held and used. Long-lived assets to be held and used are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset

may

not

be recoverable. The carrying amount of a long-lived asset is

not

recoverable if it exceeds the sum of the undiscounted cash flows expected to result from the use and eventual disposition of the asset.

No

significant impairment losses were recognized during the

three

- or

nine

-month periods ended

September 30, 2018

or

2017.

Income Tax, Policy [Policy Text Block]

Income Taxes

We account for income taxes using the asset and liability approach, which requires the recognition of future tax benefits or liabilities on the temporary differences between the financial reporting and tax bases of our assets and liabilities. A valuation allowance is established when necessary to reduce deferred tax assets to the amounts expected to be realized. We also recognize a tax benefit from uncertain tax positions only if it is “more likely than

not”

that the position is sustainable based on its technical merits. Our policy is to recognize interest and penalties on uncertain tax positions as a component of income tax expense.

Corporate tax rate changes resulting from the impacts of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of

2017

(the “Tax Act”) are reflected in deferred tax assets and liabilities as of

December 31, 2017

and

September 30, 2018.

New Accounting Pronouncements, Policy [Policy Text Block]

Significant New Accounting Pronouncements

Recently Adopted Guidance

In

May 2014,

the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standard Update (“ASU”),

No.

2014

-

09,

Revenue from Contracts with Customers. This ASU consists of a comprehensive revenue recognition standard that superseded nearly all existing revenue recognition guidance under U.S. GAAP. The guidance is effective for interim and annual periods beginning after

December 15, 2017.

Either full retrospective adoption or modified retrospective adoption is permitted. In addition to expanded disclosures regarding revenue, this pronouncement

may

impact timing of recognition in some arrangements with variable consideration or contracts for the sale of goods or services. We adopted this guidance effective

January 1, 2018

on a modified retrospective basis and it did

not

have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements.

In

May 2017,

the FASB issued

ASU

No.

2017

-

09,

Compensation – Stock Compensation

. This ASU provides clarification regarding when changes to the terms or conditions of share-based payment awards should be accounted for as modifications. This guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after

December 15, 2017

and early adoption is permitted. This guidance must be applied prospectively to awards modified after the adoption date. We adopted this guidance effective

January 1, 2018

and it did

not

have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements.

In

July 2017,

the FASB issued

ASU

No.

2017

-

11,

I. Accounting for Certain Financial Instrument with Down Round Features II. Replacement of the Indefinite Deferral for Mandatorily Redeemable Financial Instruments of Certain Nonpublic Entities and Certain Mandatorily Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests with a Scope Exception.

Part I of this guidance simplifies the accounting for certain equity-linked financial instruments and embedded features with down round features that reduce the exercise price when the pricing of a future round of financing is lower (“down round protection”). Current accounting guidance provides that instruments with down round protection be classified as derivative liabilities with changes in fair value recorded through earnings. The updated guidance provides that instruments with down round protection are

no

longer precluded from being classified as equity. This guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after

December 15, 2018

and early adoption is permitted. This guidance must be applied retrospectively. We adopted this guidance on

January 1, 2018,

and it did

not

have a material impact on the financial statements.

Unadopted Guidance

In

February 2016,

the FASB issued

ASU,

No.

2016

-

02,

Leases.

This ASU consists of a comprehensive lease accounting standard. The guidance requires lessees to recognize assets and liabilities related to long-term leases on the balance sheet and expands disclosure requirements regarding leasing arrangements. The guidance is effective for reporting periods beginning after

December 15, 2018

and early adoption is permitted. The guidance must be adopted on a modified retrospective basis and provides for certain practical expedients. We currently expect that the adoption of this guidance will likely change the way we account for our operating leases and will likely result in recording the future benefits of those leases and the related minimum lease payments on our consolidated balance sheets. We are currently in the process of evaluating the specific impacts of this guidance.

In

June 2016,

the FASB issued

ASU

No.

2016

-

13,

Financial Instrument’s – Credit Losses

. This ASU relates to measuring credit losses on financial instruments, including trade receivables. The guidance eliminates the probable initial recognition threshold that was previously required prior to recognizing a credit loss on financial instruments. The credit loss estimate can now reflect an entity's current estimate of all future expected credit losses. Under the previous guidance, an entity only considered past events and current conditions. The guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after

December 15, 2019,

including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted for fiscal years beginning after

December 15, 2018,

including interim periods within those fiscal years. The adoption of certain amendments of this guidance must be applied on a modified retrospective basis and the adoption of the remaining amendments must be applied on a prospective basis. We currently expect that the adoption of this guidance will likely change the way we assess the collectability of our receivables and recoverability of other financial instruments. We have

not

yet begun to evaluate the specific impacts of this guidance nor have we determined the manner in which we will adopt this guidance.

In

June 2018,

the FASB issued

ASU

2018

-

07,

Compensation-Stock Compensation, Improvements to Nonemployee Share-Based Payment Accounting

. This ASU expands the scope of

ASC

718,

Compensation – Stock Compensation

to include share-based payment transactions for acquiring goods and services from nonemployees. This guidance provides for the following changes: (

1

) awards to nonemployees will be measured at the grant date fair value of equity instruments that the entity is obligated to issue, (

2

) performance-based awards to nonemployees will be measured based on the probability of the performance condition being met and (

3

) eliminating the need to reassess the classification (equity or liability) of awards to nonemployees upon vesting. We expect the adoption of this guidance will change the way we measure awards to nonemployees. We have

not

yet determined the specific impacts of this guidance upon adoption.

In

August 2018,

the FASB issued

ASU

2018

-

13,

Fair Value Measurement (Topic

820

): Disclosure Framework—Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement

. This ASU addresses the disclosure requirements for fair value measurements. The guidance intends to improve the effectiveness of the disclosures relating to recurring and nonrecurring fair value measurements. The guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after

December 15, 2019.

Portions of the guidance are to be adopted prospectively while other portions are to be adopted retroactively. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact, if any, that this guidance will have on the consolidated financial statements. The Company is currently evaluating the impact, if any, that this guidance will have on the consolidated financial statements.

In

August 2018,

the FASB issued

ASU

2018

-

15,

Intangibles – Goodwill and Other – Internal-Use Software

. This ASU addresses the accounting for implementation, setup and other upfront costs paid by a customer in a cloud computing or hosting arrangement. The guidance aligns the accounting treatment of these costs incurred in a hosting arrangement treated as a service contract with the requirements for capitalization and amortization costs to develop or obtain internal-use software. The guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after

December 15, 2019.

The guidance can be adopted either retrospectively or prospectively. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact, if any, that this guidance will have on the consolidated financial statements.

We have reviewed other recent accounting pronouncements and concluded that they are either

not

applicable to our business, or that

no

material effect is expected on the consolidated financial statements as a result of future adoption.

XML

Note 2 - Significant Accounting Policies and Basis of Presentation (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2018

Notes Tables

Schedule of Earnings Per Share, Basic and Diluted [Table Text Block]

	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
Numerator:	2018			2017			2018			2017
Net loss	$	(1,830,283	)	$	(133,783	)	$	(4,604,297	)	$	(12,350,229	)
Numerator for basic earnings per share	$	(1,830,283	)	$	(133,783	)	$	(4,604,297	)	$	(12,350,229	)
Adjustment for gain related to mark-to-market adjustment for liability classified warrants		-			(2,398,453	)		-			-
Numerator for diluted earnings per share	$	(1,830,283	)	$	(2,532,236	)	$	(4,604,297	)	$	(12,350,229	)
Denominator:
Denominator for basic earnings per share - weighted-average shares		15,171,495			14,060,844			15,144,425			12,380,054
Effect of dilutive securities:  liability classified warrants		-			102,228			-			-
Denominator for diluted earnings per share - weighted-average shares and assumed exercises		15,171,495			14,163,072			15,144,425			12,380,054

XML

Note 3 - Fair Value Measurements (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2018

Notes Tables

Schedule of Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring Basis [Table Text Block]

	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Liabilities
Liability classified stock purchase warrants	$	-	$	-	$	3,852,882	$	3,852,882
Balance at December 31, 2017	$	-	$	-	$	3,852,882	$	3,852,882
Liability classified stock purchase warrants	$	-	$	-	$	2,047,563	$	2,047,563
Balance at September 30, 2018	$	-	$	-	$	2,047,563	$	2,047,563

Fair Value, Liabilities Measured on Recurring Basis, Unobservable Input Reconciliation [Table Text Block]

	Mark-to-market liabilities - stock purchase warrants
Balance at December 31, 2017	$	3,852,882
Change in fair value - gain		(1,805,319	)
Balance at September 30, 2018	$	2,047,563

	Mark-to-market liabilities - stock purchase warrants
Balance at December 31, 2016	$	3,921,917
Issuance of warrants		2,483,848
Exercise of warrants		(4,023,057	)
Change in fair value - loss		403,155
Balance at September 30, 2017	$	2,785,863

XML

Note 4 - Stockholders' Equity (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2018

Notes Tables

Schedule of Employee Service Share-based Compensation, Allocation of Recognized Period Costs [Table Text Block]

	Three Months Ended September 30,
	2018		2017
Research and development expenses	$	22,917	$	185,492
General and administrative expenses		111,778		144,263
Total	$	134,695	$	329,755

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2018		2017
Research and development expenses	$	110,417	$	993,927
General and administrative expenses		459,856		510,216
Total	$	570,273	$	1,504,143

Share-based Compensation, Stock Options, Activity [Table Text Block]

	Number of Options			Weighted- Average Exercise Price		Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Life (in years)		Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Outstanding at January 1, 2018		1,894,077		$	19.76		4.7	$	108,000
Granted		488,640		$	1.13
Exercised		-		$	-			$	-
Forfeited		(550,215	)	$	34.52
Outstanding at September 30, 2018		1,832,502		$	10.37		5.6	$	-
Exercisable at September 30, 2018		1,300,538		$	14.08		4.9	$	-

Schedule of Share-based Compensation, Shares Authorized under Stock Option Plans, by Exercise Price Range [Table Text Block]

Range of Exercise Prices			Number of Options Outstanding		Weighted- Average Exercise Price		Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Life (in years)		Aggregate Intrinsic Value
$1.00	-	$3.50		638,640	$	1.15		7.7	$	-
$3.51	-	$13.00		682,076	$	9.59		5.2		-
$13.01	-	$26.00		343,782	$	14.79		3.3		-
$26.01	-	$39.00		65,504	$	30.85		2.7		-
$39.01	-	$56.00		102,500	$	45.03		4.8		-
				1,832,502	$	10.37		5.6	$	-

Schedule of Share-based Payment Award, Stock Options, Valuation Assumptions [Table Text Block]

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2018			2017
Annual dividend		-			-
Expected life (in years)	2.5	-	5.3	0.3	-	5.5
Risk free interest rate	2.7%	-	2.8%	0.8%	-	1.9%
Expected volatility	97%	-	117%	62%	-	83%

Schedule of Share-based Compensation, Warrant Activity [Table Text Block]

Range of Exercise Prices			Number of Warrants Outstanding		Range of Expiration Dates
$1.11	-	$5.79		3,017,326	May 2021 - August 2024
$12.80	-	$12.90		39,296	January 2022
$16.20	-	$16.30		174,544	March 2020
$22.10	-	$27.90		153,755	March 2019 - January 2021
$34.50	-	$39.00		5,784	October 2019
$39.10	-	$39.20		230,772	October 2020 - October 2021
$47.30	-	$52.20		275,897	January 2019 - July 2019
				3,897,374

XML

Note 1 - Organization, Business and Financial Condition (Details Textual)	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2018
Number of Operating Segments	1

XML

Note 2 - Significant Accounting Policies and Basis of Presentation (Details Textual) - USD ($) shares in Millions	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2018	Sep. 30, 2017	Sep. 30, 2018	Sep. 30, 2017
Cost Reimbursements from SBIR Grant as Offset to Research and Development Expenses	$ 143,000	$ 0	$ 318,000	$ 0
Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share, Amount	9.7	10.0	9.7	9.2
Asset Impairment Charges, Total	$ 0	$ 0	$ 0	$ 0

XML

Note 2 - Significant Accounting Policies and Basis of Presentation - Reconciliation of Diluted and Basic Earnings Per Share (Details) - USD ($)	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2018	Sep. 30, 2017	Sep. 30, 2018	Sep. 30, 2017
Net loss	$ (1,830,283)	$ (133,783)	$ (4,604,297)	$ (12,350,229)
Numerator for basic earnings per share	(1,830,283)	(133,783)	(4,604,297)	(12,350,229)
Adjustment for gain related to mark-to-market adjustment for liability classified warrants		(2,398,453)
Numerator for diluted earnings per share	$ (1,830,283)	$ (2,532,236)	$ (4,604,297)	$ (12,350,229)
Denominator for basic earnings per share - weighted-average shares (in shares)	15,171,495	14,060,844	15,144,425	12,380,054
Effect of dilutive securities: liability classified warrants (in shares)		102,228
Denominator for diluted earnings per share - weighted-average shares and assumed exercises (in shares)	15,171,495	14,163,072	15,144,425	12,380,054

XML

Note 3 - Fair Value Measurements - Financial Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis (Details) - Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring [Member] - USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Fair value of liabilities	$ 2,047,563	$ 3,852,882
Stock Purchase Warrants [Member]
Liability classified stock purchase warrants	2,047,563	3,852,882
Fair Value, Inputs, Level 1 [Member]
Fair value of liabilities
Fair Value, Inputs, Level 1 [Member] | Stock Purchase Warrants [Member]
Liability classified stock purchase warrants
Fair Value, Inputs, Level 2 [Member]
Fair value of liabilities
Fair Value, Inputs, Level 2 [Member] | Stock Purchase Warrants [Member]
Liability classified stock purchase warrants
Fair Value, Inputs, Level 3 [Member]
Fair value of liabilities	2,047,563	3,852,882
Fair Value, Inputs, Level 3 [Member] | Stock Purchase Warrants [Member]
Liability classified stock purchase warrants	$ 2,047,563	$ 3,852,882

XML

Note 3 - Fair Value Measurements - Activity for Items Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis (Details) - Stock Purchase Warrants [Member] - USD ($)	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2018	Sep. 30, 2017
Balance	$ 3,852,882	$ 3,921,917
Change in fair value	(1,805,319)	403,155
Issuance of warrants		2,483,848
Exercise of warrants		(4,023,057)
Balance	$ 2,047,563	$ 2,785,863

XML

Note 4 - Stockholders' Equity (Details Textual) - USD ($)	1 Months Ended			9 Months Ended
	Aug. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016	May 31, 2016	Sep. 30, 2018	Sep. 30, 2017
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Expiration Period				10 years
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Number of Shares Available for Grant				6,100,000
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Options, Grants in Period, Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value				$ 0.77	$ 3.19
Employee Service Share-based Compensation, Nonvested Awards, Compensation Not yet Recognized, Stock Options				$ 363,000
Employee Service Share-based Compensation, Nonvested Awards, Compensation Cost Not yet Recognized, Period for Recognition				1 year 109 days
Series A 4.5% Convertible Preferred Stock [Member] | Private Placement [Member]
Stock Issued During Period, Shares, New Issues		1,000,000
Preferred Stock, Dividend Rate, Percentage		4.50%
Convertible Preferred Stock, Issuable Upon Conversion of All Shares		3,887,387
Stock Purchase Warrants [Member]
Class of Warrant or Right, Issued During Period	2,250,000		1,746,173
Class of Warrant or Right, Outstanding				2,982,709
Restricted Stock Units (RSUs) [Member]
Employee Service Share-based Compensation, Nonvested Awards, Compensation Cost Not yet Recognized, Period for Recognition				273 days
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Equity Instruments Other than Options, Grants in Period				45,046
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Equity Instruments Other than Options, Grants in Period, Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value				$ 1.11	5.37
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Equity Instruments Other than Options, Vested in Period				25,000
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Non-Option Equity Instruments, Outstanding, Number, Ending Balance				56,281
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Equity Instruments Other than Options, Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value				$ 3.24
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Equity Instruments Other than Options, Aggregate Intrinsic Value, Outstanding				$ 60,000
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Non-Option Equity Instruments, Exercised				0
Employee Service Share-based Compensation, Nonvested Awards, Compensation Not yet Recognized, Share-based Awards Other than Options				$ 37,000
Restricted Stock [Member]
Employee Service Share-based Compensation, Nonvested Awards, Compensation Cost Not yet Recognized, Period for Recognition				273 days
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Equity Instruments Other than Options, Grants in Period				45,046
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Equity Instruments Other than Options, Grants in Period, Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value				$ 1.11	$ 3.63
Employee Service Share-based Compensation, Nonvested Awards, Compensation Not yet Recognized, Share-based Awards Other than Options				$ 38,000
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Equity Instruments Other than Options, Vested in Period, Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value				$ 2.65
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Equity Instruments Other than Options, Aggregate Intrinsic Value, Vested				$ 81,000
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Equity Instruments Other than Options, Nonvested, Number, Ending Balance				33,785
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Equity Instruments Other than Options, Nonvested, Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value, Ending Balance				$ 1.11

XML

Note 4 - Stockholders' Equity - Share-based Compensation Expense (Details) - USD ($)	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2018	Sep. 30, 2017	Sep. 30, 2018	Sep. 30, 2017
Research and development expenses	$ 134,695	$ 329,755	$ 570,273	$ 1,504,143
Research and Development Expense [Member]
Research and development expenses	22,917	185,492	110,417	993,927
General and Administrative Expense [Member]
Research and development expenses	$ 111,778	$ 144,263	$ 459,856	$ 510,216

XML

Note 4 - Stockholders' Equity - Summary of Stock Option Activity (Details) - USD ($)	9 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Options Outstanding (in shares)	1,894,077
Options Outstanding, Weighted Average Exercise Price (in dollars per share)	$ 19.76
Weighted- average remaining contractual life (Year)	5 years 219 days	4 years 255 days
Aggregate intrinsic value		$ 108,000
Options Granted (in shares)	488,640
Options Granted, Weighted Average Exercise Price (in dollars per share)	$ 1.13
Options Exercised (in shares)
Options Exercised, Weighted Average Exercise Price (in dollars per share)
Options Forfeited (in shares)	(550,215)
Options Forfeited, Weighted Average Exercise Price (in dollars per share)	$ 34.52
Options Outstanding (in shares)	1,832,502	1,894,077
Options Outstanding, Weighted Average Exercise Price (in dollars per share)	$ 10.37	$ 19.76
Options Exercisable (in shares)	1,300,538
Options Exercisable, Weighted Average Exercise Price (in dollars per share)	$ 14.08
Options Exercisable, Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life (Year)	4 years 328 days
Options Exercisable, Aggregate Intrinsic Value

XML

Note 4 - Stockholders' Equity - Stock Options by Exercise Price Range (Details) - USD ($)	9 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Number of options outstanding (in shares)	1,832,502
Weighted- average exercise price (in dollars per share)	$ 10.37
Weighted- average remaining contractual life (Year)	5 years 219 days	4 years 255 days
Aggregate intrinsic value		$ 108,000
Range One [Member]
Range of exercise prices, lower limit (in dollars per share)	$ 1
Range of exercise prices, upper limit (in dollars per share)	$ 3.50
Number of options outstanding (in shares)	638,640
Weighted- average exercise price (in dollars per share)	$ 1.15
Weighted- average remaining contractual life (Year)	7 years 255 days
Aggregate intrinsic value
Range Two [Member]
Range of exercise prices, lower limit (in dollars per share)	$ 3.51
Range of exercise prices, upper limit (in dollars per share)	$ 13
Number of options outstanding (in shares)	682,076
Weighted- average exercise price (in dollars per share)	$ 9.59
Weighted- average remaining contractual life (Year)	5 years 73 days
Aggregate intrinsic value
Range Three [Member]
Range of exercise prices, lower limit (in dollars per share)	$ 13.01
Range of exercise prices, upper limit (in dollars per share)	$ 26
Number of options outstanding (in shares)	343,782
Weighted- average exercise price (in dollars per share)	$ 14.79
Weighted- average remaining contractual life (Year)	3 years 109 days
Aggregate intrinsic value
Range Four [Member]
Range of exercise prices, lower limit (in dollars per share)	$ 26.01
Range of exercise prices, upper limit (in dollars per share)	$ 39
Number of options outstanding (in shares)	65,504
Weighted- average exercise price (in dollars per share)	$ 30.85
Weighted- average remaining contractual life (Year)	2 years 255 days
Aggregate intrinsic value
Range Five [Member]
Range of exercise prices, lower limit (in dollars per share)	$ 39.01
Range of exercise prices, upper limit (in dollars per share)	$ 56
Number of options outstanding (in shares)	102,500
Weighted- average exercise price (in dollars per share)	$ 45.03
Weighted- average remaining contractual life (Year)	4 years 292 days
Aggregate intrinsic value

XML

Note 4 - Stockholders' Equity - Fair Value Assumptions for Stock Options (Details)	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2018	Sep. 30, 2017
Annual dividend
Minimum [Member]
Expected life (in years) (Year)	2 years 182 days	109 days
Risk free interest rate	2.70%	0.80%
Expected volatility	97.00%	62.00%
Maximum [Member]
Expected life (in years) (Year)	5 years 109 days	5 years 182 days
Risk free interest rate	2.80%	1.90%
Expected volatility	117.00%	83.00%

XML

Note 4 - Stockholders' Equity - Summary of Warrant Activity (Details) - Stock Purchase Warrants [Member]	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2018 $ / shares shares
Number of warrants outstanding (in shares) | shares	3,897,374
Range One [Member]
Lower exercise price range (in dollars per share)	$ 1.11
Upper exercise price range (in dollars per share)	$ 5.79
Number of warrants outstanding (in shares) | shares	3,017,326
Range One [Member] | Minimum [Member]
Expiration date	May 31, 2021
Range One [Member] | Maximum [Member]
Expiration date	Aug. 31, 2024
Range Two [Member]
Lower exercise price range (in dollars per share)	$ 12.80
Upper exercise price range (in dollars per share)	$ 12.90
Number of warrants outstanding (in shares) | shares	39,296
Expiration date	Jan. 31, 2022
Range Three [Member]
Lower exercise price range (in dollars per share)	$ 16.20
Upper exercise price range (in dollars per share)	$ 16.30
Number of warrants outstanding (in shares) | shares	174,544
Expiration date	Mar. 31, 2020
Range Four [Member]
Lower exercise price range (in dollars per share)	$ 22.10
Upper exercise price range (in dollars per share)	$ 27.90
Number of warrants outstanding (in shares) | shares	153,755
Range Four [Member] | Minimum [Member]
Expiration date	Mar. 31, 2019
Range Four [Member] | Maximum [Member]
Expiration date	Jan. 31, 2021
Range Five [Member]
Lower exercise price range (in dollars per share)	$ 34.50
Upper exercise price range (in dollars per share)	$ 39
Number of warrants outstanding (in shares) | shares	5,784
Expiration date	Oct. 31, 2019
Range Six [Member]
Lower exercise price range (in dollars per share)	$ 39.10
Upper exercise price range (in dollars per share)	$ 39.20
Number of warrants outstanding (in shares) | shares	230,772
Range Six [Member] | Minimum [Member]
Expiration date	Oct. 31, 2020
Range Six [Member] | Maximum [Member]
Expiration date	Oct. 31, 2021
Range Seven [Member]
Lower exercise price range (in dollars per share)	$ 47.30
Upper exercise price range (in dollars per share)	$ 52.20
Number of warrants outstanding (in shares) | shares	275,897
Range Seven [Member] | Minimum [Member]
Expiration date	Jan. 31, 2019
Range Seven [Member] | Maximum [Member]
Expiration date	Jul. 31, 2019

XML

Note 5 - Commitments and Contingencies (Details Textual)	1 Months Ended		9 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Apr. 30, 2018 USD ($)	May 31, 2017 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2018 USD ($) ft²	Dec. 31, 2015 USD ($) ft²
UNITED STATES
Number of Facilities			1
CHINA
Number of Facilities			1
Lease Monthly Payment			$ 3,800
Germantown, MD [Member]
Area of Real Estate Property | ft²			1,500
Lease Monthly Payment			$ 5,600
San Diego, CA [Member]
Area of Real Estate Property | ft²				3,100
Lease Monthly Payment				$ 11,600
Gain (Loss) on Termination of Lease	$ (50,000)	$ (92,000)

XML

Note 6 - Related Party Receivable (Details Textual) - Chief Scientific Officer [Member] - Repayment Agreement of Improperly Expense Reimbursement [Member] - USD ($)		9 Months Ended
	Aug. 10, 2016	Sep. 30, 2018
Due from Related Parties, Term	6 years
Due from Related Parties, Total	$ 658,000
Due from Related Party, Discount	$ 199,000
Nonoperating Gain (Loss), Related Party Settlement		$ 458,000
Due from Related Party, Annual Installments		$ 100,000

XML

Note 7 - Subsequent Events (Details Textual) - Subsequent Event [Member]	Oct. 29, 2018 USD ($) $ / shares shares
Placement Agents [Member]
Class of Warrant or Right, Issued During Period | shares	180,000
Class of Warrant or Right, Exercise Price of Warrants or Rights | $ / shares	$ 0.875
Warrants and Rights Outstanding, Term	5 years
Private Placement [Member]
Stock Issued During Period, Shares, New Issues | shares	3,000,000
Class of Warrant or Right, Issued During Period | shares	3,000,000
Shares Issued, Price Per Share | $ / shares	$ 0.70
Proceeds from Issuance of Private Placement | $	$ 2.10
Class of Warrant or Right, Exercise Price of Warrants or Rights | $ / shares	$ 0.75
Warrants and Rights Outstanding, Term	5 years 182 days