Summary of Significant Accounting Policies	12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2017
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies [Abstract]
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies	Note 2 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Basis of Presentation The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and the Bank. All material inter-company accounts and transactions have been eliminated. The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“GAAP”). Use of Estimates To prepare these consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP, management of the Company made a number of estimates and assumptions relating to the reporting of assets and liabilities, the reporting of revenue and expenses and notes to the consolidated financial statements. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Material estimates that are particularly susceptible to significant change in the near term relate to the determination of the allowance for loan losses, securities valuation estimates, evaluation of impairment of securities, income taxes and deferred compensation liabilities. Cash and Cash Equivalents Cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand, amounts due from banks, interest earning deposits at other financial institutions and overnight federal funds sold which are generally sold for one to three-day periods. Investment Securities All investment securities are classified as available for sale and are carried at fair value with unrealized gains and losses, net of the related deferred income tax effect, excluded from earnings and reported as a separate component of accumulated other comprehensive income until realized. Realized gains and losses are determined using the specific identification method. Declines in the fair value of available for sale securities are evaluated for other-than-temporary impairment (“OTTI”) on a quarterly basis. Impairment is assessed at the individual security level. This assessment considers factors such as the severity, length of time and anticipated recovery period of the impairment, recent events specific to the issuer, including investment downgrades by rating agencies and economic conditions of its industry, and the issuer’s financial condition, capital strength, the presence of credit enhancements, if any, and near-term prospects. The Company also considers its intent and ability to retain the security for a period of time sufficient to allow for a recovery in fair value, or until maturity. The assessment of a security’s ability to recover any decline in fair value, the ability of the issuer to meet contractual obligations, and the Company’s intent and ability to retain the security require considerable judgment. All securities are reviewed for OTTI under the guidance of the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 320, “Investments - Debt and Equity Securities” (“ASC 320”). When impairment of a debt security is considered other-than-temporary, the amount of OTTI recorded as a loss within non-interest income and thereby recognized in earnings depends on whether the Company intends to sell the security or whether it is more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis. If the Company intends to (has decided to) sell the debt security or more likely than not will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis, OTTI is recognized in earnings equal to the entire difference between the investment’s amortized cost basis and its fair value. If the Company does not intend to sell the debt security and it is not more likely than not the Company will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis, OTTI is separated into the amount representing credit loss and the amount related to all other market factors. The amount related to credit loss is recognized against earnings. The amount related to other market factors is recognized in other comprehensive income, net of applicable taxes. Federal Home Loan Bank Stock Federal law requires a member institution of the Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) system to hold restricted stock of its district Federal Home Loan Bank according to a predetermined formula. The restricted stock is carried at cost. Loans Receivable Loans receivable that management has the intent and ability to hold until maturity or payoff are stated at their outstanding unpaid principal balances, net of allowance for loan losses and any deferred fees and costs. Interest income is accrued on the unpaid principal balance. Loan origination fees and costs are deferred and recognized as an adjustment of the yield (interest income) of the related loans. The Company is generally amortizing these amounts over the contractual life of the loan. Management considers a loan to be in delinquency status when the contractual payment of principal or interest has become greater than 30 days past due. The accrual of interest is generally discontinued when the contractual payment of principal or interest has become 90 days past due or management has serious doubts about further collectability of principal or interest, even though the loan is currently performing. A loan may remain on accrual status if it is in the process of collection and is either guaranteed or well secured. When a loan is placed on non-accrual status, unpaid interest credited to income is reversed in the current year. Interest received on non-accrual loans generally is either applied against principal or reported as interest income, according to management’s judgment as to the collectability of principal. Generally, loans are restored to accrual status when the obligation is brought current, has performed in accordance with the contractual terms for a reasonable period of time, and the ultimate collectability of the total contractual principal and interest is no longer in doubt. Allowance for Loan Losses The allowance for loan losses is established through provisions for loan losses charged against income. Loans deemed to be uncollectible are charged against the allowance for loan losses, and subsequent recoveries, if any, are credited to the allowance. Management estimates the allowance for loan losses pursuant to FASB ASC Topic 450, “Contingencies” (“ASC 450”), and FASB ASC Topic 310, “Receivables” (“ASC 310”). Commercial and commercial real estate loans that are considered impaired as defined in ASC 310 are reviewed individually to assess the likelihood and severity of loss exposure. A loan is considered impaired when, based on current information and events, it is probable that the Company will be unable to collect the scheduled payments of principal and interest when due according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement. Management determines the significance of payment delays and payment shortfalls on a case-by-case basis. Factors considered by management in determining impairment include payment status, collateral value, cash flow and the probability of collecting scheduled principal and interest payments when due. Loans subject to individual review are, where appropriate, reserved for according to the present value of expected future cash flows available to repay the loan or the estimated fair value less estimated selling costs of the collateral, if the loan is collateral dependent. Commercial loans excluded from individual assessment, as well as smaller balance homogeneous loans, such as consumer, residential real estate and home equity loans, are evaluated for loss exposure under ASC 450 based upon historical loss rates for each of these categories of loans, adjusted for qualitative factors. The Company does not separately identify individual consumer, home equity, or residential real estate loans for impairment disclosure, unless the loan has been modified as a troubled debt restructuring. The Company records cash receipts on impaired loans that are non-performing as a reduction to principal before applying amounts to interest or late charges unless specifically directed otherwise by the Bankruptcy Court. The Company may continue to recognize interest income on impaired loans where there is no confirmed loss. Loans may be periodically modified in a troubled debt restructuring (“TDR”) to make concessions to help a borrower remain current on the loan and/or to avoid foreclosure, in accordance with FASB Accounting Standard Update (“ASU”) 2012-02, “Receivables (“Subtopic 310”): A Creditor’s Determination of Whether a Restructuring is a Troubled Debt Restructuring” (“ASU 2012-02”). Generally, we do not forgive principal or interest on a loan or modify the interest rate on loans that are below market rates. When we modify loans in a TDR, we evaluate any possible impairment similar to other impaired loans. If we determine that the value of a modified loan is less than the recorded investment in the loan, impairment is recognized through a specific allowance estimate or charge-off to the allowance. The allowance for loan losses is maintained at a level to provide for losses that are inherent within the loan portfolio. This evaluation is inherently subjective as it requires material estimates that may be susceptible to significant change, including the amounts and timing of future cash flows expected to be received on impaired loans. The allowance consists of specific, general and unallocated components. The specific component relates to loans that are classified as either special mention, doubtful, substandard or loss. For such loans that are also classified as impaired, an allowance is established when the discounted cash flows (or collateral value or observable market price) of the impaired loan is lower than the carrying value for that loan. The general component covers non-classified loans and is based on historical loss experience adjusted for qualitative factors. An unallocated component is maintained to cover uncertainties that could affect management’s estimate of probable losses. The unallocated component of the allowance reflects the margin of imprecision inherent in the underlying assumptions used in the methodologies for estimating specific and general losses in the portfolio. Premises and Equipment Land is carried at cost. Buildings, improvements, furniture and equipment are carried at cost, net of accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is computed on the straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of assets (generally thirty-nine years for buildings and three to fifteen years for furniture and equipment). Leasehold improvements are amortized on the straight-line method over the lesser of the life of the improvements or the lease term. Maintenance and repairs are charged to expense as incurred, while major improvements are capitalized and amortized to operating expense over the identified useful life. Transfers of Financial Assets Transfers of financial assets are accounted for as sales, when control over the assets has been surrendered. Control over transferred assets is deemed to be surrendered when (1) the assets have been isolated from the Company, (2) the transferee obtains the right (free of conditions that constrain it from taking advantage of that right) to pledge or exchange the transferred assets, and (3) the Company does not maintain effective control over the transferred assets through an agreement to repurchase them before their maturity. Foreclosed Real Estate Foreclosed real estate consists of property acquired in settlement of loans which is carried at its fair value less estimated selling costs. Write-downs from cost to fair value less estimated selling costs are recorded at the date of acquisition or repossession and are charged to the allowance for loan losses. Subsequent write-downs to fair value, net of estimated selling costs, are recorded in non-interest expense along with direct operating expenses. Gains or losses not previously recognized, resulting from the sale of foreclosed assets are recognized in non-interest expense on the date of sale. Foreclosed real estate was $435,000 and $412,000 at December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively, and was included as a component of other assets in the consolidated statement of financial condition. Proceeds from the sale of foreclosed real estate for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 were $331,000, $619,000, and $849,000, respectively. This resulted in a net gain on sale of $8,000, $9,000 and $122,000 for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively, and was included as a component of other non-interest expenses in the consolidated statement of income. Bank Owned Life Insurance The Company invests in bank owned life insurance (“BOLI”) as a source of funding for employee benefit expenses. BOLI involves the purchase of life insurance by the Company on a chosen group of employees. The Company is the owner and beneficiary of the policies. This life insurance investment is carried at the cash surrender value of the underlying policies. Income from the increase in the cash surrender value of the underlying policies is included in non-interest income in the consolidated statements of income. Advertising Costs The Company follows the policy of charging the costs of advertising to expense as incurred. Total advertising expense for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 was $596,000, $536,000, and $362,000, respectively. Income Taxes The Company files a consolidated federal income tax return. The provision for federal and state income taxes is based on income reported on the consolidated financial statements, rather than the amounts reported on the respective income tax returns. Deferred taxes are recorded using the liability method whereby deferred tax assets are recognized for deductible temporary differences and deferred tax liabilities are recognized for taxable temporary differences. Temporary differences are the differences between the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and their tax basis. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance when, in the opinion of management, it is more likely than not that some portion of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are adjusted for the effects of changes in tax laws and rates on the date of enactment and the effect of a change in tax rates is recognized in income at that time. In the fourth quarter of 2017, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Tax Act”) was signed into law which requires the deferred tax assets and liabilities to be revalued using the 21% federal tax rate enacted for tax years beginning after December 31, 2017 from the previous valuation under the prior federal tax rate of 34%. The effect was recorded in the fourth quarter 2017 tax provision. Refer to Note 10 for more information on the impact of the Tax Act. The Company makes certain estimates and judgments in determining income tax expense for financial statement purposes. These estimates and judgments are applied in the calculation of certain tax credits and in the calculation of deferred income tax expense or benefit associated with certain deferred tax assets and liabilities. Significant changes to these estimates may result in an increase or decrease to the Company’s tax provision in a subsequent period. The Company recognizes interest and/or penalties related to income tax matters in income tax expense. The Company periodically reviews its tax positions and applies a “more likely than not” recognition threshold for all tax uncertainties. The amount recognized is the largest amount of tax benefit that is greater than 50% likely of being realized on examination. For tax positions not meeting the “more likely than not” test, no tax benefit is recorded. Employee Stock Ownership Plan (“ESOP”) Compensation expense is recognized based on the current market price of shares committed to be released to employees. All shares released and committed to be released are deemed outstanding for purposes of earnings per share calculations. Dividends declared and paid on allocated shares held by the ESOP are charged to retained earnings. The value of unearned shares to be allocated to ESOP participants for future services not yet performed is reflected as a reduction of stockholders’ equity. Dividends declared on unallocated shares held by the ESOP are recorded as a reduction of the ESOP’s loan payment to the Company. Stock Compensation Plans At December 31, 2017, the Company had stock-based employee and non-employee compensation plans, which are described more fully in Note 12. The Company accounts for these plans under FASB ASC Topic 718 “Compensation – Stock Compensation” (“ASC Topic 718”). The Company accounts for the plans using a fair value-based method, which measures compensation cost at the grant date based on the fair value of the award. Compensation is then recognized over the service period, which is usually the vesting period. The fair value of stock option grants are estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes options-pricing model. Common shares are issued from the Company’s authorized common shares when a share option is exercised. Common shares awarded as restricted stock are expensed based on the fair market value at the grant date. The stock option plan, restricted stock plan and equity incentive plan expenses are recognized in salaries and employee benefits expense on the consolidated statement of income. Earnings per Common Share Basic earnings per share is computed by dividing net income by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding, less unallocated shares held by the Company’s ESOP, 2006 Recognition and Retention Plan (“RRP”) and 2012 Equity Incentive Plan (“EIP”), during the period. Diluted earnings per share reflects additional common shares that would have been outstanding if dilutive potential common shares had been issued, as well as any adjustment to income that would result from the assumed conversion. Potential common shares that may be issued by the Company relate solely to outstanding stock options and restricted stock awards, and are determined using the treasury stock method. Off-Balance Sheet Credit Related Financial Instruments In the ordinary course of business, the Company has entered into commitments to extend credit. Such commitments are recorded in the consolidated statement of financial condition when they are funded. Comprehensive Income Accounting principles generally require that recognized revenue, expenses, gains, and losses be included in net income. Although certain changes in assets and liabilities, such as unrealized gains and losses on available for sale securities and OTTI related to non-credit factors, are reported as a separate component of the stockholders’ equity section of the consolidated statement of financial condition, such items, along with net income, are components of comprehensive income. Restrictions on Cash and Due from Banks The Company is required to maintain reserve funds in cash or on deposit with the Federal Reserve Bank. The required reserve at December 31, 2017 and 2016 was $2,738,000 and $2,390,000, respectively. Subsequent Events The Company evaluated events occurring subsequent to December 31, 2017 through the date the consolidated financial statements are being issued, and other than as set forth in Note 21, did not identify any subsequent events requiring disclosure pursuant to the provisions of FASB ASC Topic 855. New Accounting Standards The following are new accounting standards that have been previously disclosed but not yet adopted, which includes additional information on the impact the adoption of the standard will have on the Company’s consolidated financial statements: In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standard Update (“ASU”) 2014-09 “Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606)” (“ASU 2014-09”). The objective of ASU 2014-09 is to align the recognition of revenue with the transfer of promised goods or services provided to customers in an amount that reflects consideration which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. The guidance in this update supersedes the revenue recognition requirements in ASC Topic 605 “Revenue Recognition”, and most industry-specific guidance throughout the industry topics of Codification. For public companies, this update will be effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017. Based on management’s evaluation under the current guidance, it is estimated that substantially all of the Company’s interest income and non-interest income will not be impacted by the adoption of ASU 2014-09 because either the revenue from those contracts with customers is covered by other guidance in U.S. GAAP or the revenue recognition outcomes anticipated with the adoption of ASU 2014-09 will likely be similar to the Company’s current revenue recognition practices. The Company evaluated certain noninterest revenue streams, including, deposit related fees, service and interchange fees, and merchant income to determine the potential impact of the guidance on the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements. Upon adoption in the first quarter of 2018, the Company is expected to use the modified retrospective method for transition in which the cumulative effect will be recognized at the date of adoption with no restatement of comparative periods presented. The Company expects additional financial statement disclosures of non-interest income revenue streams and associated internal controls to be implemented along with the adoption of this ASU. In addition, management is reviewing the Company’s business processes, systems and controls to support recognition and disclosures under the new standard. This update is not expected to have a material effect on the Company’s consolidated financial statements. In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-01 “Financial Instruments – Overall (Subtopic 825-10): Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities” (“ASU 2016-01”). The update enhances the reporting model for financial instruments to provide users of financial statements with more decision-useful information by updating certain aspects of recognition, measurement, presentation and disclosure of financial instruments. Among other changes, the update requires public business entities to use the exit price notion when measuring the fair value of financial instruments for disclosure purposes, and clarifies that entities should evaluate the need for a valuation allowance on a deferred tax asset related to available for sale securities in combination with the entities’ other deferred tax assets. For public companies, this update will be effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017, and is to be applied on a modified retrospective basis. Upon the effective date, the fair value of the Company’s financial instruments will be presented using an exit price method and this will be disclosed. It is not expected that the use of the exit price method will have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements. At the effective date, the Company does not expect any impact on the valuation allowance of deferred tax assets related to available for sale securities as a result of the adoption of ASU 2016-01. In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02 “Leases” (Topic 842) (“ASU 2016-02”). The guidance in the update supersedes the requirements in ASC Topic 840, Leases. The guidance is intended to increase transparency and comparability among organizations by recognizing lease assets and lease liabilities on the balance sheet for leases with lease terms of more than 12 months. For public companies, this update will be effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2018, and is to be applied on a modified retrospective basis. The Company currently has one operating lease for its branch office located in Depew, NY as well as several operating leases for five off-site ATMs, land on which one branch office is situated, and for parking lot space, that will result in recognition of lease assets and lease liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets. The amount of assets and liabilities added to the balance sheet are not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements per preliminary estimates. In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, “Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments” (ASU 2016-13). ASU 2016-13 requires credit losses on most financial assets measured at amortized cost and certain other instruments to be measured using an expected credit loss model (referred to as the current expected credit loss (“CECL”) model). Under the CECL model entities will estimate credit losses over the entire contractual term of the instrument (considering estimated prepayments, but not expected extensions or modifications unless reasonable expectation of a troubled debt restructuring exists) from the date of initial recognition of that instrument. Further, ASU 2016-13 made certain targeted amendments to the existing impairment for available for sale (“AFS”) debt securities. For an AFS debt security for which there is neither the intent nor a more-likely-than-not requirement to sell, an entity will record credit losses as an allowance rather than a write-down of the amortized cost basis. ASU 2016-13 is effective for public business entities that are U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) filers for fiscal periods beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim reporting periods within those periods. An entity will apply the amendments in ASU 2016-13 through a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings as of the beginning of the first reporting period in which the guidance is effective. We are currently assessing the potential impact on our consolidated financial statements; however, due to the significant differences in the revised guidance from existing GAAP, the implementation of this guidance may result in material changes in our accounting for credit losses on financial instruments. We are also reviewing the impact of additional disclosures required under ASU 2016-13 on our ongoing financial reporting. Alternative methodologies are being considered, data requirements and integrity are being reviewed and enhancements to the current process are being considered. The Company is in the early stages of evaluation and implementation of the guidance. In February 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-02, “Income Statement – Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220): Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income” (ASU 2018-02). ASU 2018-02 was issued to address the income tax accounting treatment of the stranded tax effects within other comprehensive income. This issue came about from the enactment of the Tax Act on December 22, 2017 that changed the Company’s tax rate from 34% to 21%. ASU 2018-02 allows an entity to elect a reclassification from accumulated other comprehensive income (“AOCI”) to retained earnings for stranded tax effects resulting from the Tax Act. The amount of that reclassification should include the effect of changes of tax rate on the deferred tax amount, any related valuation allowance and other income tax effects on the items in AOCI. ASU 2018-02 requires an entity to state if an election to reclassify the tax effect to retained earnings is made along with the description of other income tax effects that are reclassified from AOCI. ASU 2018-02 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018 and interim periods within those fiscal years, with early adoption permitted. The Company is expected to adopt the provision of the ASU 2018-02 in the first quarter of 2018 and will retrospectively record a one-time reclassification of $156,000 from AOCI to retained earnings for stranded tax effects resulting from the newly enacted corporate tax rate in the first quarter 2018. Reclassifications Certain amounts in the 2016 and 2015 consolidated financial statements have been reclassified to conform with the 2017 presentation format. These reclassifications had no effect on net income.

Note 2 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and the Bank. All material inter-company accounts and transactions have been eliminated. The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“GAAP”).

Use of Estimates

To prepare these consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP, management of the Company made a number of estimates and assumptions relating to the reporting of assets and liabilities, the reporting of revenue and expenses and notes to the consolidated financial statements. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Material estimates that are particularly susceptible to significant change in the near term relate to the determination of the allowance for loan losses, securities valuation estimates, evaluation of impairment of securities, income taxes and deferred compensation liabilities.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand, amounts due from banks, interest earning deposits at other financial institutions and overnight federal funds sold which are generally sold for one to three-day periods.

Investment Securities

All investment securities are classified as available for sale and are carried at fair value with unrealized gains and losses, net of the related deferred income tax effect, excluded from earnings and reported as a separate component of accumulated other comprehensive income until realized. Realized gains and losses are determined using the specific identification method.

Declines in the fair value of available for sale securities are evaluated for other-than-temporary impairment (“OTTI”) on a quarterly basis. Impairment is assessed at the individual security level. This assessment considers factors such as the severity, length of time and anticipated recovery period of the impairment, recent events specific to the issuer, including investment downgrades by rating agencies and economic conditions of its industry, and the issuer’s financial condition, capital strength, the presence of credit enhancements, if any, and near-term prospects. The Company also considers its intent and ability to retain the security for a period of time sufficient to allow for a recovery in fair value, or until maturity. The assessment of a security’s ability to recover any decline in fair value, the ability of the issuer to meet contractual obligations, and the Company’s intent and ability to retain the security require considerable judgment.

All securities are reviewed for OTTI under the guidance of the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 320, “Investments - Debt and Equity Securities” (“ASC 320”). When impairment of a debt security is considered other-than-temporary, the amount of OTTI recorded as a loss within non-interest income and thereby recognized in earnings depends on whether the Company intends to sell the security or whether it is more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis. If the Company intends to (has decided to) sell the debt security or more likely than not will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis, OTTI is recognized in earnings equal to the entire difference between the investment’s amortized cost basis and its fair value. If the Company does not intend to sell the debt security and it is not more likely than not the Company will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis, OTTI is separated into the amount representing credit loss and the amount related to all other market factors. The amount related to credit loss is recognized against earnings. The amount related to other market factors is recognized in other comprehensive income, net of applicable taxes.

Federal Home Loan Bank Stock

Federal law requires a member institution of the Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) system to hold restricted stock of its district Federal Home Loan Bank according to a predetermined formula. The restricted stock is carried at cost.

Loans Receivable

Loans receivable that management has the intent and ability to hold until maturity or payoff are stated at their outstanding unpaid principal balances, net of allowance for loan losses and any deferred fees and costs. Interest income is accrued on the unpaid principal balance. Loan origination fees and costs are deferred and recognized as an adjustment of the yield (interest income) of the related loans. The Company is generally amortizing these amounts over the contractual life of the loan.

Management considers a loan to be in delinquency status when the contractual payment of principal or interest has become greater than 30 days past due. The accrual of interest is generally discontinued when the contractual payment of principal or interest has become 90 days past due or management has serious doubts about further collectability of principal or interest, even though the loan is currently performing. A loan may remain on accrual status if it is in the process of collection and is either guaranteed or well secured. When a loan is placed on non-accrual status, unpaid interest credited to income is reversed in the current year. Interest received on non-accrual loans generally is either applied against principal or reported as interest income, according to management’s judgment as to the collectability of principal. Generally, loans are restored to accrual status when the obligation is brought current, has performed in accordance with the contractual terms for a reasonable period of time, and the ultimate collectability of the total contractual principal and interest is no longer in doubt.

Allowance for Loan Losses

The allowance for loan losses is established through provisions for loan losses charged against income. Loans deemed to be uncollectible are charged against the allowance for loan losses, and subsequent recoveries, if any, are credited to the allowance.

Management estimates the allowance for loan losses pursuant to FASB ASC Topic 450, “Contingencies” (“ASC 450”), and FASB ASC Topic 310, “Receivables” (“ASC 310”). Commercial and commercial real estate loans that are considered impaired as defined in ASC 310 are reviewed individually to assess the likelihood and severity of loss exposure. A loan is considered impaired when, based on current information and events, it is probable that the Company will be unable to collect the scheduled payments of principal and interest when due according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement. Management determines the significance of payment delays and payment shortfalls on a case-by-case basis. Factors considered by management in determining impairment include payment status, collateral value, cash flow and the probability of collecting scheduled principal and interest payments when due. Loans subject to individual review are, where appropriate, reserved for according to the present value of expected future cash flows available to repay the loan or the estimated fair value less estimated selling costs of the collateral, if the loan is collateral dependent. Commercial loans excluded from individual assessment, as well as smaller balance homogeneous loans, such as consumer, residential real estate and home equity loans, are evaluated for loss exposure under ASC 450 based upon historical loss rates for each of these categories of loans, adjusted for qualitative factors. The Company does not separately identify individual consumer, home equity, or residential real estate loans for impairment disclosure, unless the loan has been modified as a troubled debt restructuring.

The Company records cash receipts on impaired loans that are non-performing as a reduction to principal before applying amounts to interest or late charges unless specifically directed otherwise by the Bankruptcy Court. The Company may continue to recognize interest income on impaired loans where there is no confirmed loss.

Loans may be periodically modified in a troubled debt restructuring (“TDR”) to make concessions to help a borrower remain current on the loan and/or to avoid foreclosure, in accordance with FASB Accounting Standard Update (“ASU”) 2012-02, “Receivables (“Subtopic 310”): A Creditor’s Determination of Whether a Restructuring is a Troubled Debt Restructuring” (“ASU 2012-02”). Generally, we do not forgive principal or interest on a loan or modify the interest rate on loans that are below market rates. When we modify loans in a TDR, we evaluate any possible impairment similar to other impaired loans. If we determine that the value of a modified loan is less than the recorded investment in the loan, impairment is recognized through a specific allowance estimate or charge-off to the allowance.

The allowance for loan losses is maintained at a level to provide for losses that are inherent within the loan portfolio. This evaluation is inherently subjective as it requires material estimates that may be susceptible to significant change, including the amounts and timing of future cash flows expected to be received on impaired loans.

The allowance consists of specific, general and unallocated components. The specific component relates to loans that are classified as either special mention, doubtful, substandard or loss. For such loans that are also classified as impaired, an allowance is established when the discounted cash flows (or collateral value or observable market price) of the impaired loan is lower than the carrying value for that loan. The general component covers non-classified loans and is based on historical loss experience adjusted for qualitative factors. An unallocated component is maintained to cover uncertainties that could affect management’s estimate of probable losses. The unallocated component of the allowance reflects the margin of imprecision inherent in the underlying assumptions used in the methodologies for estimating specific and general losses in the portfolio.

Premises and Equipment

Land is carried at cost. Buildings, improvements, furniture and equipment are carried at cost, net of accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is computed on the straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of assets (generally thirty-nine years for buildings and three to fifteen years for furniture and equipment). Leasehold improvements are amortized on the straight-line method over the lesser of the life of the improvements or the lease term. Maintenance and repairs are charged to expense as incurred, while major improvements are capitalized and amortized to operating expense over the identified useful life.

Transfers of Financial Assets

Transfers of financial assets are accounted for as sales, when control over the assets has been surrendered. Control over transferred assets is deemed to be surrendered when (1) the assets have been isolated from the Company, (2) the transferee obtains the right (free of conditions that constrain it from taking advantage of that right) to pledge or exchange the transferred assets, and (3) the Company does not maintain effective control over the transferred assets through an agreement to repurchase them before their maturity.

Foreclosed Real Estate

Foreclosed real estate consists of property acquired in settlement of loans which is carried at its fair value less estimated selling costs. Write-downs from cost to fair value less estimated selling costs are recorded at the date of acquisition or repossession and are charged to the allowance for loan losses. Subsequent write-downs to fair value, net of estimated selling costs, are recorded in non-interest expense along with direct operating expenses. Gains or losses not previously recognized, resulting from the sale of foreclosed assets are recognized in non-interest expense on the date of sale.

Foreclosed real estate was $435,000 and $412,000 at December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively, and was included as a component of other assets in the consolidated statement of financial condition. Proceeds from the sale of foreclosed real estate for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 were $331,000, $619,000, and $849,000, respectively. This resulted in a net gain on sale of $8,000, $9,000 and $122,000 for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively, and was included as a component of other non-interest expenses in the consolidated statement of income.

Bank Owned Life Insurance

The Company invests in bank owned life insurance (“BOLI”) as a source of funding for employee benefit expenses. BOLI involves the purchase of life insurance by the Company on a chosen group of employees. The Company is the owner and beneficiary of the policies. This life insurance investment is carried at the cash surrender value of the underlying policies. Income from the increase in the cash surrender value of the underlying policies is included in non-interest income in the consolidated statements of income.

Advertising Costs

The Company follows the policy of charging the costs of advertising to expense as incurred. Total advertising expense for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 was $596,000, $536,000, and $362,000, respectively.

Income Taxes

The Company files a consolidated federal income tax return. The provision for federal and state income taxes is based on income reported on the consolidated financial statements, rather than the amounts reported on the respective income tax returns. Deferred taxes are recorded using the liability method whereby deferred tax assets are recognized for deductible temporary differences and deferred tax liabilities are recognized for taxable temporary differences. Temporary differences are the differences between the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and their tax basis. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance when, in the opinion of management, it is more likely than not that some portion of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are adjusted for the effects of changes in tax laws and rates on the date of enactment and the effect of a change in tax rates is recognized in income at that time. In the fourth quarter of 2017, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Tax Act”) was signed into law which requires the deferred tax assets and liabilities to be revalued using the 21% federal tax rate enacted for tax years beginning after December 31, 2017 from the previous valuation under the prior federal tax rate of 34%. The effect was recorded in the fourth quarter 2017 tax provision. Refer to Note 10 for more information on the impact of the Tax Act.

The Company makes certain estimates and judgments in determining income tax expense for financial statement purposes. These estimates and judgments are applied in the calculation of certain tax credits and in the calculation of deferred income tax expense or benefit associated with certain deferred tax assets and liabilities. Significant changes to these estimates may result in an increase or decrease to the Company’s tax provision in a subsequent period. The Company recognizes interest and/or penalties related to income tax matters in income tax expense.

The Company periodically reviews its tax positions and applies a “more likely than not” recognition threshold for all tax uncertainties. The amount recognized is the largest amount of tax benefit that is greater than 50% likely of being realized on examination. For tax positions not meeting the “more likely than not” test, no tax benefit is recorded.

Employee Stock Ownership Plan (“ESOP”)

Compensation expense is recognized based on the current market price of shares committed to be released to employees. All shares released and committed to be released are deemed outstanding for purposes of earnings per share calculations. Dividends declared and paid on allocated shares held by the ESOP are charged to retained earnings. The value of unearned shares to be allocated to ESOP participants for future services not yet performed is reflected as a reduction of stockholders’ equity. Dividends declared on unallocated shares held by the ESOP are recorded as a reduction of the ESOP’s loan payment to the Company.

Stock Compensation Plans

At December 31, 2017, the Company had stock-based employee and non-employee compensation plans, which are described more fully in Note 12. The Company accounts for these plans under FASB ASC Topic 718 “Compensation – Stock Compensation” (“ASC Topic 718”). The Company accounts for the plans using a fair value-based method, which measures compensation cost at the grant date based on the fair value of the award. Compensation is then recognized over the service period, which is usually the vesting period. The fair value of stock option grants are estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes options-pricing model. Common shares are issued from the Company’s authorized common shares when a share option is exercised. Common shares awarded as restricted stock are expensed based on the fair market value at the grant date. The stock option plan, restricted stock plan and equity incentive plan expenses are recognized in salaries and employee benefits expense on the consolidated statement of income.

Earnings per Common Share

Basic earnings per share is computed by dividing net income by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding, less unallocated shares held by the Company’s ESOP, 2006 Recognition and Retention Plan (“RRP”) and 2012 Equity Incentive Plan (“EIP”), during the period. Diluted earnings per share reflects additional common shares that would have been outstanding if dilutive potential common shares had been issued, as well as any adjustment to income that would result from the assumed conversion. Potential common shares that may be issued by the Company relate solely to outstanding stock options and restricted stock awards, and are determined using the treasury stock method.

Off-Balance Sheet Credit Related Financial Instruments

In the ordinary course of business, the Company has entered into commitments to extend credit. Such commitments are recorded in the consolidated statement of financial condition when they are funded.

Comprehensive Income

Accounting principles generally require that recognized revenue, expenses, gains, and losses be included in net income. Although certain changes in assets and liabilities, such as unrealized gains and losses on available for sale securities and OTTI related to non-credit factors, are reported as a separate component of the stockholders’ equity section of the consolidated statement of financial condition, such items, along with net income, are components of comprehensive income.

Restrictions on Cash and Due from Banks

The Company is required to maintain reserve funds in cash or on deposit with the Federal Reserve Bank. The required reserve at December 31, 2017 and 2016 was $2,738,000 and $2,390,000, respectively.

Subsequent Events

The Company evaluated events occurring subsequent to December 31, 2017 through the date the consolidated financial statements are being issued, and other than as set forth in Note 21, did not identify any subsequent events requiring disclosure pursuant to the provisions of FASB ASC Topic 855.

New Accounting Standards

The following are new accounting standards that have been previously disclosed but not yet adopted, which includes additional information on the impact the adoption of the standard will have on the Company’s consolidated financial statements:

In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standard Update (“ASU”) 2014-09 “Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606)” (“ASU 2014-09”). The objective of ASU 2014-09 is to align the recognition of revenue with the transfer of promised goods or services provided to customers in an amount that reflects consideration which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. The guidance in this update supersedes the revenue recognition requirements in ASC Topic 605 “Revenue Recognition”, and most industry-specific guidance throughout the industry topics of Codification. For public companies, this update will be effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017. Based on management’s evaluation under the current guidance, it is estimated that substantially all of the Company’s interest income and non-interest income will not be impacted by the adoption of ASU 2014-09 because either the revenue from those contracts with customers is covered by other guidance in U.S. GAAP or the revenue recognition outcomes anticipated with the adoption of ASU 2014-09 will likely be similar to the Company’s current revenue recognition practices. The Company evaluated certain noninterest revenue streams, including, deposit related fees, service and interchange fees, and merchant income to determine the potential impact of the guidance on the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements. Upon adoption in the first quarter of 2018, the Company is expected to use the modified retrospective method for transition in which the cumulative effect will be recognized at the date of adoption with no restatement of comparative periods presented. The Company expects additional financial statement disclosures of non-interest income revenue streams and associated internal controls to be implemented along with the adoption of this ASU. In addition, management is reviewing the Company’s business processes, systems and controls to support recognition and disclosures under the new standard. This update is not expected to have a material effect on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-01 “Financial Instruments – Overall (Subtopic 825-10): Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities” (“ASU 2016-01”). The update enhances the reporting model for financial instruments to provide users of financial statements with more decision-useful information by updating certain aspects of recognition, measurement, presentation and disclosure of financial instruments. Among other changes, the update requires public business entities to use the exit price notion when measuring the fair value of financial instruments for disclosure purposes, and clarifies that entities should evaluate the need for a valuation allowance on a deferred tax asset related to available for sale securities in combination with the entities’ other deferred tax assets. For public companies, this update will be effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017, and is to be applied on a modified retrospective basis. Upon the effective date, the fair value of the Company’s financial instruments will be presented using an exit price method and this will be disclosed. It is not expected that the use of the exit price method will have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements. At the effective date, the Company does not expect any impact on the valuation allowance of deferred tax assets related to available for sale securities as a result of the adoption of ASU 2016-01.

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02 “Leases” (Topic 842) (“ASU 2016-02”). The guidance in the update supersedes the requirements in ASC Topic 840, Leases. The guidance is intended to increase transparency and comparability among organizations by recognizing lease assets and lease liabilities on the balance sheet for leases with lease terms of more than 12 months. For public companies, this update will be effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2018, and is to be applied on a modified retrospective basis. The Company currently has one operating lease for its branch office located in Depew, NY as well as several operating leases for five off-site ATMs, land on which one branch office is situated, and for parking lot space, that will result in recognition of lease assets and lease liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets. The amount of assets and liabilities added to the balance sheet are not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements per preliminary estimates.

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, “Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments” (ASU 2016-13). ASU 2016-13 requires credit losses on most financial assets measured at amortized cost and certain other instruments to be measured using an expected credit loss model (referred to as the current expected credit loss (“CECL”) model). Under the CECL model entities will estimate credit losses over the entire contractual term of the instrument (considering estimated prepayments, but not expected extensions or modifications unless reasonable expectation of a troubled debt restructuring exists) from the date of initial recognition of that instrument. Further, ASU 2016-13 made certain targeted amendments to the existing impairment for available for sale (“AFS”) debt securities. For an AFS debt security for which there is neither the intent nor a more-likely-than-not requirement to sell, an entity will record credit losses as an allowance rather than a write-down of the amortized cost basis. ASU 2016-13 is effective for public business entities that are U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) filers for fiscal periods beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim reporting periods within those periods. An entity will apply the amendments in ASU 2016-13 through a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings as of the beginning of the first reporting period in which the guidance is effective. We are currently assessing the potential impact on our consolidated financial statements; however, due to the significant differences in the revised guidance from existing GAAP, the implementation of this guidance may result in material changes in our accounting for credit losses on financial instruments. We are also reviewing the impact of additional disclosures required under ASU 2016-13 on our ongoing financial reporting. Alternative methodologies are being considered, data requirements and integrity are being reviewed and enhancements to the current process are being considered. The Company is in the early stages of evaluation and implementation of the guidance.

In February 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-02, “Income Statement – Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220): Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income” (ASU 2018-02). ASU 2018-02 was issued to address the income tax accounting treatment of the stranded tax effects within other comprehensive income. This issue came about from the enactment of the Tax Act on December 22, 2017 that changed the Company’s tax rate from 34% to 21%. ASU 2018-02 allows an entity to elect a reclassification from accumulated other comprehensive income (“AOCI”) to retained earnings for stranded tax effects resulting from the Tax Act. The amount of that reclassification should include the effect of changes of tax rate on the deferred tax amount, any related valuation allowance and other income tax effects on the items in AOCI. ASU 2018-02 requires an entity to state if an election to reclassify the tax effect to retained earnings is made along with the description of other income tax effects that are reclassified from AOCI. ASU 2018-02 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018 and interim periods within those fiscal years, with early adoption permitted. The Company is expected to adopt the provision of the ASU 2018-02 in the first quarter of 2018 and will retrospectively record a one-time reclassification of $156,000 from AOCI to retained earnings for stranded tax effects resulting from the newly enacted corporate tax rate in the first quarter 2018.

Reclassifications

Certain amounts in the 2016 and 2015 consolidated financial statements have been reclassified to conform with the 2017 presentation format. These reclassifications had no effect on net income.