10-K

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, DC 20549

FORM 10-K

(Mark One)

☑ Annual Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

For the Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2022 or

☐ Transition Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

For the Transition period from _____ to _____

Commission File Number: 001-41093

HOME BANCSHARES, INC.

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)

Arkansas	71-0682831
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
719 Harkrider, Suite 100, Conway, Arkansas	72032
(Address of principal executive offices)	(Zip Code)

(501) 339-2929

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share	HOMB	New York Stock Exchange

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☑ No ☐

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☑

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

Yes ☑ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).

Yes ☑ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See definition of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large Accelerated Filer	☑	Accelerated filer	☐
Non-accelerated filer	☐	Smaller reporting company	☐
		Emerging growth company	☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report.☑

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. [ ]

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b) . [ ]

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☑

The aggregate market value of the registrant’s common stock, par value $0.01 per share, held by non-affiliates on June 30, 2022, was $3.96 billion based upon the last trade price as reported on the New York Stock Exchange of $20.77.

Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the registrant’s classes of common stock, as of the latest practical date.

Common Stock Issued and Outstanding: 203,607,141 shares as of February 22, 2023.

Documents incorporated by reference: Portions of the registrant’s Proxy Statement relating to its 2023 Annual Meeting to be held on April 20, 2023, are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Form 10-K.

HOME BANCSHARES, INC.

FORM 10-K

December 31, 2022

INDEX

PART I:		Page No.
Item 1.	Business	5-23
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	23-34
Item 1B.	Unresolved Staff Comments	34
Item 2.	Properties	34
Item 3.	Legal Proceedings	34
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosure	34
PART II:
Item 5.	Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities	35-36
Item 6.	Selected Financial Data	37-38
Item 7.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operation	39-87
Item 7A.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	88-89
Item 8.	Consolidated Financial Statements and Supplementary Data	89-151
Item 9.	Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure	151
Item 9A.	Controls and Procedures	152
Item 9B.	Other Information	152
PART III:
Item 10.	Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance	152
Item 11.	Executive Compensation	152
Item 12.	Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters	152-153
Item 13.	Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence	153
Item 14.	Principal Accounting Fees and Services	153
PART IV:
Item 15.	Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules	153-155
Item 16.	Form 10-K Summary	155
Signatures		156
Consent and Certifications		After page 156

CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

Some of our statements contained in this document, including matters discussed under the caption “Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operation,” are “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. Forward-looking statements relate to expectations, beliefs, projections, future financial performance, future plans and strategies, and anticipated events or trends, and include statements about the competitiveness of the banking industry, potential regulatory obligations, our entrance and expansion into other markets, including through potential acquisitions, our other business strategies and other statements that are not historical facts. Forward-looking statements are not guarantees of performance or results. When we use words like “may,” “plan,” “contemplate,” “anticipate,” “believe,” “intend,” “continue,” “expect,” “project,” “predict,” “estimate,” “could,” “should,” “would,” and similar expressions, you should consider them as identifying forward-looking statements, although we may use other phrasing. These forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties and are based on our beliefs and assumptions, and on the information available to us at the time that these disclosures were prepared. These forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties and may not be realized due to a variety of factors, including, but not limited to, the following:

•the effects of future local, regional, national and international economic conditions, including inflation or a decrease in commercial real estate and residential housing values;

•changes in the level of nonperforming assets and charge-offs, and credit risk generally;

•the risks of changes in interest rates or the level and composition of deposits, loan demand and the values of loan collateral, securities and interest-sensitive assets and liabilities;

•disruptions, uncertainties and related effects on credit quality, liquidity, other aspects of our business and our operations that may result from any future outbreaks of the COVID-19 pandemic and measures that may be implemented or imposed in response to such outbreaks;

•the effect of any mergers, acquisitions or other transactions to which we or our bank subsidiary may from time to time be a party, including our ability to successfully integrate any businesses that we acquire;

•the risk that expected cost savings and other benefits from acquisitions may not be fully realized or may take longer to realize than expected;

•the possibility that an acquisition does not close when expected or at all because required regulatory, shareholder or other approvals and other conditions to closing are not received or satisfied on a timely basis or at all;

•the reaction to a proposed acquisition transaction of the respective companies’ customers, employees and counterparties;

•diversion of management time on acquisition-related issues;

•the ability to enter into and/or close additional acquisitions;

•the availability of and access to capital on terms acceptable to us;

•increased regulatory requirements and supervision that applies as a result of our having over $10 billion in total assets;

•legislation and regulation affecting the financial services industry as a whole, and the Company and its subsidiaries in particular, and future legislative and regulatory changes;

•changes in governmental monetary and fiscal policies;

•the effects of terrorism and efforts to combat it;

•political instability, war, military conflicts (including the ongoing military conflict between Russia and Ukraine) and other major domestic or international events;

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•adverse weather events, including hurricanes, and other natural disasters;

•the ability to keep pace with technological changes, including changes regarding cybersecurity;

•an increase in the incidence or severity of fraud, illegal payments, cybersecurity breaches or other illegal acts impacting our bank subsidiary, our vendors or our customers;

•the effects of competition from other commercial banks, thrifts, mortgage banking firms, consumer finance companies, credit unions, securities brokerage firms, insurance companies, money market and other mutual funds and other financial institutions operating in our market area and elsewhere, including institutions operating regionally, nationally and internationally, together with competitors offering banking products and services by mail, telephone and the Internet;

•potential claims, expenses and other adverse effects related to current or future litigation, regulatory examinations or other government actions;

•the effect of changes in accounting policies and practices and auditing requirements, as may be adopted by the regulatory agencies, as well as the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, the Financial Accounting Standards Board, and other accounting standard setters;

•higher defaults on our loan portfolio than we expect; and

•the failure of assumptions underlying the establishment of our allowance for credit losses or changes in our estimate of the adequacy of the allowance for credit losses.

All written or oral forward-looking statements attributable to us are expressly qualified in their entirety by this Cautionary Note. Our actual results may differ significantly from those we discuss in these forward-looking statements. The factors identified in this section are not intended to represent a complete list of all the factors that could adversely affect our business, operating results, financial condition or cash flows. Other factors not presently known to us or that we currently deem immaterial to us may also have an adverse effect on our business, operating results, financial condition or cash flows, and the factors we have identified could affect us to a greater extent than we currently anticipate. Many of the important factors that will determine our future financial performance and financial condition are beyond our ability to control or predict. You are cautioned not to put undue reliance on any forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date they are made. For other factors, risks and uncertainties that could cause our actual results to differ materially from estimates and projections contained in these forward-looking statements, see “Risk Factors” below. Except as required by applicable law or the rules and regulations of the SEC, we undertake no obligation to publicly update any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.

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PART I

Item 1. BUSINESS

Company Overview

Home BancShares, Inc. (“Home BancShares”, which may also be referred to in this document as “we,” “us,” “HBI” or the “Company”) is a Conway, Arkansas headquartered bank holding company registered under the federal Bank Holding Company Act of 1956. The Company’s common stock is traded through the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol “HOMB.” We are primarily engaged in providing a broad range of commercial and retail banking and related financial services to businesses, real estate developers and investors, individuals and municipalities through our wholly owned community bank subsidiary – Centennial Bank. Centennial Bank has branch locations in Arkansas, Florida, Texas, South Alabama and New York City. Although the Company has a diversified loan portfolio, at December 31, 2022 and 2021, commercial real estate loans represented 56.3% and 59.7% of gross loans and 230.1% and 212.2% of total stockholders’ equity, respectively. The Company’s total assets, total deposits, total revenue and net income for each of the past three years are as follows:

	December 31,
	2022		2021		2020
	(In thousands)
Total assets	$	22,883,588	$	18,052,138	$	16,398,804
Total deposits	17,938,783		14,260,570		12,725,790
Total revenue (net interest income plus non-interest income)	933,787		710,540		694,341
Net income	305,262		319,021		214,448

Home BancShares acquires, organizes and invests in community banks that serve attractive markets. Our community banking team is built around experienced bankers with strong local relationships. The Company was formed in 1998 by an investor group led by John W. Allison, our Chairman, and Robert H. “Bunny” Adcock, Jr., one of our directors. Since opening our first subsidiary bank in 1999, we have acquired and integrated a total of 23 banks with locations in Arkansas, Florida, Texas and Alabama, including 18 banks since 2010, seven of which we acquired through Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) assisted transactions. Our subsidiary bank has operated under a single charter and the Centennial Bank name since 2009. In 2015, after acquiring a pool of national commercial real estate loans, we created Centennial Commercial Finance Group (“Centennial CFG”) to build out a national lending platform focused on commercial real estate as well as commercial and industrial loans. Centennial CFG operates out of our New York City branch office and loan production offices in Los Angeles, California, Dallas, Texas and Miami, Florida. In 2018, we acquired Shore Premier Finance (“SPF”), a marine-lending division of Union Bank & Trust of Richmond, Virginia, and established the SPF division of Centennial Bank to build out a lending platform focusing on commercial and consumer marine loans. In 2020, we acquired LH-Finance, the marine lending division of People’s United Bank, N.A. of Bridgeport, Connecticut, and consolidated LH-Finance and its loan portfolio with our SPF division. The SPF division operates out of loan production offices in Chesapeake, Virginia and Baltimore, Maryland. In 2022, we completed our largest acquisition to-date and first in the state of Texas with the acquisition of Happy Bancshares, Inc. and its bank subsidiary, Happy State Bank, headquartered in Amarillo, Texas, on April 1, 2022.

Acquisitions

We believe many individuals and businesses prefer banking with a locally managed community bank capable of providing flexibility and quick decisions. The execution of our community banking strategy has allowed us to rapidly build our network of banking operations through acquisitions. The following summary provides additional details concerning our acquisitions during the previous five fiscal years.

Shore Premier Finance – On June 30, 2018, the Company acquired Shore Premier Finance (“SPF”), a division of Union Bank & Trust of Richmond, Virginia, the bank subsidiary of Union Bankshares Corporation. The Company paid a purchase price of approximately $377.4 million in cash, subject to certain post-closing adjustments, and 1,250,000 shares of HBI common stock valued at approximately $28.2 million at the time of the acquisition. SPF provides direct consumer financing for United States Coast Guard (“USCG”) registered high-end sail and power boats. Additionally, SPF provides inventory floor plan lines of credit to marine dealers, primarily those selling USCG documented vessels.

Including the purchase accounting adjustments, as of acquisition date, SPF had approximately $377.0 million in total assets, including $376.2 million in total loans, which resulted in goodwill of $30.5 million being recorded.

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This portfolio of loans is now housed in a division of Centennial Bank known as Shore Premier Finance. The SPF division of Centennial Bank is responsible for servicing the acquired loan portfolio and originating new loan production. In connection with this acquisition, Centennial Bank opened a new loan production office in Chesapeake, Virginia, to house the SPF division. Through the SPF division, Centennial Bank is working to build out a lending platform focusing on commercial and consumer marine loans.

LH-Finance – On February 29, 2020, the Company completed the acquisition of LH-Finance, the marine lending division of People’s United Bank, N.A., for a cash purchase price of approximately $421.2 million. Like SPF, LH-Finance provides direct consumer financing for USCG registered high-end sail and power boats, as well as inventory floor plan lines of credit to marine dealers, primarily those selling USCG documented vessels.

Including the purchase accounting adjustments, as of the acquisition date, LH-Finance had approximately $409.1 million in total assets, including $407.4 million in total loans, which resulted in goodwill of $14.6 million being recorded.

The acquired portfolio of loans is now housed in our SPF division. The SPF division is responsible for servicing the acquired loan portfolio and originating new loan production. In connection with this acquisition, we opened a new loan production office in Baltimore, Maryland.

LendingClub Bank Marine Portfolio – On February 4, 2022, the Company completed the purchase of the performing marine loan portfolio of Utah-based LendingClub Bank (“LendingClub”). Under the terms of the purchase agreement with LendingClub, the Company acquired approximately $242.2 million of yacht loans. This portfolio of loans is housed within the Company's SPF division, which is responsible for servicing the acquired loan portfolio and originating new loan production.

Happy Bancshares, Inc. – On April 1, 2022, the Company completed the acquisition of Happy Bancshares, Inc. (“Happy”), and merged Happy State Bank into Centennial Bank. The Company issued approximately 42.4 million shares of its common stock valued at approximately $958.8 million as of April 1, 2022. In addition, the holders of certain Happy stock-based awards received approximately $3.7 million in cash in cancellation of such awards, for a total transaction value of approximately $962.5 million.

Including the effects of the known purchase accounting adjustments, as of the acquisition date, Happy had approximately $6.69 billion in total assets, $3.65 billion in loans and $5.86 billion in customer deposits. Happy formerly operated its banking business from 62 locations in Texas.

For an additional discussion regarding the acquisition of LendingClub's Marine Portfolio, see “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022. For additional discussions regarding the acquisitions of Happy and LH-Finance, see “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and Note 2 “Business Combinations” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022. For an additional discussion regarding the acquisition of SPF, see “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and Note 2 “Business Combinations” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020.

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Our Management Team

The following table sets forth, as of December 31, 2022, information concerning the individuals who are our executive officers.

Name	Age	Positions Held with Home BancShares, Inc.	Positions Held with Centennial Bank
John W. Allison	76	Chairman of the Board, Chief Executive Officer and President	Director
Brian S. Davis	57	Chief Financial Officer, Treasurer and Director	Chief Financial Officer, Treasurer and Director
Jennifer C. Floyd	48	Chief Accounting Officer	Chief Accounting Officer
Kevin D. Hester	59	Chief Lending Officer	Chief Lending Officer and Director
J. Stephen Tipton	41	Chief Operating Officer	Chief Operating Officer
Tracy M. French	61	Director and Executive Officer	Chairman of the Board, Chief Executive Officer and President
Donna J. Townsell	52	Senior Executive Vice President, Director of Investor Relations and Director	Senior Executive Vice President and Director
Russell D. Carter, III	47	Executive Officer	Regional President
Kenneth Mikel Williamson, Jr.	52	Executive Officer	Regional President

Our Growth Strategy

Our goals are to achieve growth in earnings per share and to create and build stockholder value. Our growth strategy entails the following:

•Strategic acquisitions – Strategic acquisitions (both FDIC-assisted and non-FDIC-assisted) have been a significant component of our historical growth strategy, and we believe properly priced bank acquisitions can continue to be a large part of our growth strategy. We completed the acquisition of Happy Bancshares, Inc. headquartered in Amarillo, Texas, during the second quarter of 2022. Our principal acquisition focus in the near term will be to continue to expand our presence in Texas, Arkansas, Florida and Alabama and into other contiguous markets, although we may seek to expand into other areas if attractive financial opportunities in other market areas arise. We will continue to evaluate potential bank acquisition opportunities to determine whether they are in the best interests of our Company. Our goals in making these decisions are to maximize the return to our shareholders and to enhance our franchise.

•Organic growth – We believe our current branch network provides us with the capacity to grow within our existing market areas. We also believe we are well positioned to attract new business and additional experienced personnel as a result of ongoing changes in our competitive markets. We believe the markets we entered into as a result of historical acquisitions provide us opportunities for organic growth as we now have a presence in several large markets where our market share has not previously been significant. Through our Centennial CFG franchise, we are continuing to build out a national lending platform that focuses on commercial real estate plus commercial and industrial loans. Additionally, through our SPF division, we are continuing to build a lending platform focusing on commercial and consumer marine loans. As opportunities arise, we will evaluate new (commonly referred to as de novo) branches in our current markets and in other attractive market areas. We opened one de novo branch location during 2022 in Ft. Worth, Texas. We will continue to evaluate de novo opportunities during 2023 and make decisions on a case-by-case basis in the best interest of the shareholders.

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Community Banking Philosophy

Our community banking philosophy consists of four basic principles:

•manage our community banking franchise with experienced bankers and community bank boards who are empowered to make customer-related decisions quickly;

•provide exceptional service and develop strong customer relationships;

•pursue the business relationships of our local boards of directors, executive officers, stockholders, and customers to actively promote our community bank; and

•maintain our commitment to the communities we serve by supporting civic and nonprofit organizations.

These principles, which make up our community banking philosophy, are the driving force for our business. As we streamlined our legacy business into an efficient banking network and have integrated new acquisitions, we have preserved lending authority with local management in most cases by using local loan committees that maintain an integral connection to the communities we serve. These committees are empowered with lending authority of up to $6.0 million in their respective geographic areas. This allows us to capitalize on the strong relationships that these individuals and our local bank officers have in their respective communities to maintain and grow our business. Through experienced and empowered local bankers and board members, we are committed to maintaining a community banking experience for our customers.

Operating Goals

Our operating goals focus on maintaining strong credit quality, increasing profitability, finding experienced bankers, and maintaining a “fortress” balance sheet:

•Maintain strong credit quality – Credit quality is our first priority. We employ a set of credit standards designed to ensure the proper management of credit risk. Our management team plays an active role in monitoring compliance with these credit standards in the different communities served by Centennial Bank. We have a centralized loan review process, which we believe enables us to take prompt action on potential problem loans. We have historically taken an aggressive approach to resolving problem loans, including those problem loans acquired in our FDIC-assisted and non-FDIC-assisted acquisitions. We are committed to maintaining high credit quality standards.

•Continue to improve profitability – We will continue to strive to improve our profitability and achieve high performance ratios as we continue to utilize the available capacity of branches and employees. We believe our profitability is significantly tied to our focus on our efficiency ratio, and we pride ourselves on operating in a highly efficient manner. To achieve further improvements in operating efficiency, we will continue to focus on increasing revenue from organic loan growth, achieving cost savings from any acquisitions, developing and implementing new efficiency initiatives, further streamlining the processes in our lending and retail operations and improving our purchasing power.

•Attract and motivate experienced bankers – We believe a major factor in our success has been our ability to attract and motivate bankers who have experience in and knowledge of their local communities. Historically, our hiring and retaining experienced relationship bankers has been integral to our ability to grow quickly when entering new markets.

•Maintain a “fortress” balance sheet – We intend to maintain a strong balance sheet through a focus on four key governing principles: (1) maintain solid asset quality; (2) remain well-capitalized; (3) pursue high performance metrics including return on tangible equity (ROTE), return on assets (ROA), efficiency ratio and net interest margin; and (4) retain liquidity at the bank holding company level that can be utilized should attractive acquisition opportunities be identified or for internal capital needs. We strive to maintain capital levels above the regulatory capital requirements through our focus on these governing principles, which historically has allowed us to take advantage of acquisition opportunities as they become available without the need for additional capital.

Our Market Areas

As of December 31, 2022, we conducted business principally through 76 branches in Arkansas, 78 branches in Florida, 63 branches in Texas, five branches in Alabama and one branch in New York City. Our branch footprint includes markets in which we are the deposit market share leader as well as markets where we believe we have opportunities for deposit market share growth. As of December 31, 2022, we also operate loan production offices in Los Angeles, California; Miami, Florida and Dallas, Texas through our Centennial CFG division and in Chesapeake, Virginia and Baltimore, Maryland through our SPF division.

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Lending Activities

We originate loans primarily secured by single and multi-family real estate, residential construction and commercial buildings. In addition, we make loans to small and medium-sized commercial businesses as well as to consumers for a variety of purposes.

Our loan portfolio as of December 31, 2022, was comprised as follows:

	Total Loans Receivable		Percentage of portfolio
	(Dollars in thousands)
Real estate:
Commercial real estate loans
Non-farm/non-residential	$	5,632,063	39.1	%
Construction/land development	2,135,266		14.8
Agricultural	346,811		2.4
Residential real estate loans
Residential 1-4 family	1,748,551		12.1
Multifamily residential	578,052		4.0
Total real estate	10,440,743		72.4
Consumer	1,149,896		8.0
Commercial and industrial	2,349,263		16.3
Agricultural	285,235		2.0
Other	184,343		1.3
Total	$	14,409,480	100.0	%

Real Estate – Non-farm/Non-residential. Non-farm/non-residential real estate loans consist primarily of loans secured by income-producing properties, such as shopping/retail centers, hotel/motel properties, office buildings, and industrial/warehouse properties. Commercial lending on income-producing properties typically involves higher loan principal amounts, and the repayment of these loans is dependent, in large part, on sufficient income from the properties collateralizing the loans to cover operating expenses and debt service. This category of loans also includes specialized properties such as churches, marinas, and nursing homes. Additionally, we make commercial mortgage loans to entities to operate in these types of properties, and the repayment of these loans is dependent, in large part, on the cash flow generated by these entities in the operations of the business. Often, a secondary source of repayment will include the sale of the subject collateral. When this is the case, it is generally our practice to obtain an independent appraisal of this collateral within the Interagency Appraisal and Evaluation Guidelines.

Real Estate – Construction/Land Development. This category of loans includes loans to residential and commercial developers to purchase raw land and to develop this land into residential and commercial land developments. In addition, this category includes construction loans for all of the types of real estate loans, including both commercial and residential. These loans are generally secured by a first lien on the real estate being purchased or developed. Often, the primary source of repayment will be the sale of the subject collateral. When this is the case, it is generally our practice to obtain an independent appraisal of this collateral within the Interagency Appraisal and Evaluation Guidelines.

Real Estate – Residential. Our residential mortgage loan program primarily originates loans to individuals for the purchase of residential property. We generally do not retain long-term, fixed-rate residential real estate loans in our portfolio due to interest rate and collateral risks. Residential mortgage loans to individuals retained in our loan portfolio primarily consisted of approximately 42.3% owner occupied 1-4 family properties and approximately 47.6% non-owner occupied 1-4 family properties (rental) as of December 31, 2022 with the remaining 10.1% relating to condos and mobile homes. The primary source of repayment for these loans is generally the income and/or assets of the individual to whom the loan is made. Often, a secondary source of repayment will include the sale of the subject collateral. When this is the case, it is generally our practice to obtain an independent appraisal of this collateral within the Interagency Appraisal and Evaluation Guidelines.

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Consumer. While our focus is on service to small and medium-sized businesses, we also make a variety of loans to individuals for personal, family and household purposes, including secured and unsecured installment and term loans originated by our bank, the primary portion of which consists of loans to finance USCG registered high-end sail and power boats through our SPF division. The primary source of repayment for these loans is generally the income and/or assets of the individual to whom the loan is made. The performance of consumer loans will be affected by the local and regional economies as well as the rates of personal bankruptcies, job loss, divorce and other individual-specific characteristics. When secured, we may independently assess the value of the collateral using a third-party valuation source.

Commercial and Industrial. Our commercial and industrial loan portfolio primarily consisted of 6.9% unsecured loans, 33.9% inventory/accounts receivable financing, 8.1% equipment/vehicle financing and 51.1% other, including letters of credit at less than 1%, as of December 31, 2022. This category includes loans to smaller business ventures, credit lines for working capital and short-term inventory financing, for example. These loans are typically secured by the assets of the business and are supplemented by personal guaranties of the principals and often mortgages on the principals’ primary residences. The primary source of repayment may be conversion of the assets into cash flow, as in inventory and accounts receivable, or may be cash flow generated by operations, as in equipment/vehicle financing. Assessing the value of inventory can involve many factors including, but not limited to, type, age, condition, level of conversion and marketability, and can involve applying a discount factor or obtaining an independent valuation, based on the assessment of the above factors. Assessing the value of accounts receivable can involve many factors including, but not limited to, concentration, aging, and industry, and can involve applying a discount factor or obtaining an independent valuation, based on the assessment of the above factors. Assessing the value of equipment/vehicles may involve a third-party valuation source, where applicable.

Agricultural Loans. Agricultural loans include loans for financing agricultural production, including loans to businesses or individuals engaged in the production of timber, poultry, livestock or crops and are not categorized as part of real estate loans. Our agricultural loans are generally secured by farm machinery, livestock, crops, vehicles or other agricultural-related collateral. A portion of our portfolio of agricultural loans is comprised of loans to individuals which would normally be characterized as consumer loans except for the fact that the individual borrowers are primarily engaged in the production of timber, poultry, livestock or crops.

Credit Risks. The principal economic risk associated with each category of the loans that we make is the creditworthiness of the borrower and the ability of the borrower to repay the loan. General economic conditions and the strength of the services and retail market segments affect borrower creditworthiness. General factors affecting a commercial borrower’s ability to repay include interest rates, inflation and the demand for the commercial borrower’s products and services as well as other factors affecting a borrower’s customers, suppliers and employees.

Risks associated with real estate loans also include fluctuations in the value of real estate, new job creation trends, tenant vacancy rates, and in the case of commercial borrowers, the quality of the borrower’s management. Consumer loan repayments depend upon the borrower’s financial stability and are more likely to be adversely affected by divorce, job loss, illness and other personal hardships.

Lending Policies. We have established common loan documentation procedures and policies, based on the type of loan, for our bank subsidiary. The board of directors periodically reviews these policies for validity. In addition, it has been and will continue to be our practice to attempt to independently verify information provided by our borrowers, including assets and income. We have not made loans similar to those commonly referred to as “no doc” or “stated income” loans. We focus on the primary and secondary methods of repayment and prepare global cash flows where appropriate. There are legal restrictions on the dollar amount of loans available for each lending relationship. The Arkansas Banking Code provides that no loan relationship may exceed 20% of a bank’s risk-based capital, and we are in compliance with this restriction. In addition, we are not dependent upon any single lending relationship for an amount exceeding 10% of our revenues. As of December 31, 2022, the maximum amount outstanding to a single borrower was $231.8 million. As primarily a community lender, we believe from time to time it is in our best interest to agree to modifications or restructurings. These modifications/restructurings can take the form of a reduction in interest rate, a move to interest-only from principal and interest payments, or a lengthening in the amortization period or any combination thereof. Occasionally, we will modify/restructure a single loan by splitting it into two loans following the interagency guidance involving the workout of commercial real estate loans. The loan representing the portion that is supported by the current cash flow of the borrower or project will remain on our books, while the new loan representing the portion that cannot be serviced by the current cash flow is charged-off. Furthermore, we may make an additional loan or loans to a borrower or related interest of a borrower who is past due more than 90 days. These circumstances will be very limited in nature, and when approved by the appropriate lending authority, will likely involve obtaining additional collateral that will improve the collectability of the overall relationship. It is our belief that judicious usage of these tools can improve the quality of our loan portfolio by providing our borrowers an improved probability of survival during difficult economic times.

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Loan Approval Procedures. Our bank subsidiary has supplemented our common loan policies to establish its loan approval procedures as follows:

•Individual Authorities. The board of directors of Centennial Bank establishes the authorization levels for individual loan officers on a case-by-case basis. Generally, the more experienced a loan officer, the higher the authorization level. The approval authority for individual loan officers ranges from $5,000 to $3.0 million for secured loans and from $1,000 to $3.0 million for unsecured loans.

•Officers’ Loan Committees. Our bank subsidiary also gives its Officers’ Loan Committees loan approval authority. Credits in excess of individual loan limits are submitted to the region’s Officers’ Loan Committee. The Officers’ Loan Committee consists of members of the senior management team of that region and is chaired by that region’s chief lending officer. The regional Officers’ Loan Committees have approval authority of up to $2.0 million secured on all loans and $100,000 unsecured on loan renewals.

•Directors’ Loan Committee. Our bank subsidiary has Directors’ Loan Committees (“DLCs”) throughout our market areas consisting of outside directors and senior lenders of the respective market areas. Generally, each DLC requires a majority of outside directors be present to establish a quorum. Generally, this committee is chaired either by the Division Chief Lending Officer or the Regional President. The regional DLCs have approval authority up to $6.0 million secured and $500,000 unsecured.

•Executive Loan Committee – The board of directors of Centennial Bank established the Executive Loan Committee consisting of outside board members and members of executive management. This committee requires five voting members to establish a quorum, including at least two of the outside board members, and is chaired by the Chief Lending Officer of the bank. The Executive Loan Committee has approval authority up to the Bank’s legal lending limit, subject to exception approval by the full Board for single loans over $100 million or relationships over $200 million. In addition, any relationship above $40 million must have the specific approval of two of the following: the Chairman, the Vice Chairman or our director Richard H. Ashley.

Currently, our board of directors has established an in-house consolidated lending limit of $40.0 million to any one borrowing relationship without obtaining the approval of two of the following: the Chairman, Vice Chairman or our director Richard H. Ashley. We have 76 separate relationships that exceed this in-house limit.

Deposits and Other Sources of Funds

Our principal source of funds for loans and investing in securities is core deposits. We offer a wide range of deposit services, including checking, savings, money market accounts and certificates of deposit. We obtain most of our deposits from individuals and small businesses, and municipalities in our market areas. We believe that the rates we offer for core deposits are competitive with those offered by other financial institutions in our market areas. Additionally, our policy also permits the acceptance of brokered deposits. Secondary sources of funding include advances from the Federal Home Loan Bank of Dallas, the Federal Reserve Bank Discount Window and other borrowings. These secondary sources enable us to borrow funds at rates and terms which, at times, are more beneficial to us.

Other Banking Services

Given customer demand for increased convenience and account access, we offer a range of products and services, including 24-hour internet banking, mobile banking and voice response information, cash management, overdraft protection, direct deposit, safe deposit boxes, United States savings bonds and automatic account transfers. We earn fees for most of these services. We also receive ATM transaction fees from transactions performed by our customers participating in a shared network of automated teller machines and a debit card system that our customers can use throughout the United States, as well as in other countries.

Insurance

Centennial Insurance Agency, Inc. is an independent insurance agency, originally founded in 1959 and purchased by Centennial Bank in 2000. Centennial Insurance Agency writes policies for commercial and personal lines of business including insurance for property, casualty, life, health and employee benefits. It is subject to regulation by the Arkansas Insurance Department. The offices of Centennial Insurance Agency are currently located in Jacksonville, Cabot and Conway, Arkansas.

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Cook Insurance Agency, Inc. is an independent insurance agency, originally founded in 1913 and acquired by Centennial Bank in 2010 during our FDIC-assisted acquisition of Gulf State Community Bank. Cook Insurance Agency writes policies for commercial and personal lines of business including life insurance. It is subject to regulation by the Florida Insurance Department. The offices of Cook Insurance Agency are located in Apalachicola and Crawfordville, Florida.

Competition

As of December 31, 2022, we conducted business through 223 branch locations in our primary market areas of Pulaski, Faulkner, Craighead, Lonoke, Pope, Washington, White, Benton, Greene, Sebastian, Cleburne, Independence, Stone, Baxter, Clay, Conway, Crawford, Johnson, Saline, Sharp and Yell counties in Arkansas; Broward, Monroe, Hillsborough, Leon, Sarasota, Bay, Franklin, Palm Beach, Gulf, Charlotte, Collier, Escambia, Orange, Osceola, Pasco, Pinellas, Polk, Walton, Miami-Dade, Lee, Calhoun, Gadsden, Hernando, Liberty, Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, Seminole, Wakulla and Manatee counties in Florida; Bailey; Briscoe; Carson; Castro; Collin; Comal; Dallam; Dallas; Deaf Smith; Floyd; Garza; Gillespie; Gray; Hale; Hall; Hemphill; Hutchinson; Kendall; Kerr; Lamb; Lipscomb; Lubbock; Lynn; Moore; Motley; Potter; Randall; Sherman; Swisher; Tarrant; Taylor; Travis; Wheeler and Williamson counties in Texas; Baldwin County in Alabama; and New York County in New York. Many other commercial banks, savings institutions and credit unions have offices in our primary market areas. These institutions include many of the largest banks operating in these respective states, including some of the largest banks in the country. Many of our competitors serve the same counties we do. Our competitors often have greater resources, have broader geographic markets, have higher lending limits, offer various services that we may not currently offer and may better afford and make broader use of media advertising, support services and electronic technology than we do. To offset these competitive disadvantages, we depend on our reputation as having greater personal service, consistency, and flexibility and the ability to make credit and other business decisions quickly.

Human Capital Resources

General. Our community banking philosophy relies heavily on the personal relationships and the quality of service provided by employees. We rely on experienced bankers and community bank boards who are empowered to make customer-related decisions quickly. Experienced and empowered local bankers and board members facilitate our commitment to provide exceptional service and develop strong customer relationships. At the local level, we have preserved lending authority by using local loan committees that maintain an integral connection to the communities we serve, which allows us to capitalize on the strong relationships that these individuals and our local bank officers have in their respective communities to maintain and grow our business. Accordingly, we aim to attract, develop and retain employees who can drive financial and strategic growth objectives and build long-term shareholder value while executing our community banking philosophy.

On December 31, 2022, we had 2,774 full-time equivalent employees. Except for any additional employees acquired in future acquisitions, we expect that our 2023 staffing levels will be slightly higher than those at year end 2022 to meet increased regulatory requirements. We consider our employee relations to be good, and we have no collective bargaining agreements with any employees.

In managing the Company’s business, management focuses on various human capital measures and objectives designed to address the development, attraction and retention of personnel. These include competitive compensation and benefits, paid time off, an employee retirement plan, bonus and other incentive compensation plans, modern equipment and support, leadership development and professional development as well as those benefits described below.

Diversity and Inclusion. We seek to recognize the unique contribution each individual brings to the Company, and we understand the associated value that comes with a diverse workforce. We strive to offer an inclusive environment where employees from all backgrounds can succeed. As of December 31, 2022, 70% of our employees were women and 26% of our employees identify as a person of color. Further, as of December 31, 2022, 60% of the Company’s leadership positions were held by women.

Employee Safety and Health. The health and well-being of our employees is a priority for our business. Our full-time officers and employees are provided hospitalization and major medical insurance. We pay a substantial part of the premiums for these coverages. We also provide other basic insurance coverage including dental, life, and long-term disability insurance.

Although our offices have generally returned to a normal working environment following the COVID-19 pandemic, we continue to support working remotely for those employees who have a need to telework for health reasons and in certain other circumstances. We also stand ready to re-implement COVID-19 safety protocols should circumstances dictate due a future outbreak of the virus or another public health crisis.

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SUPERVISION AND REGULATION

General

We and our bank subsidiary are subject to extensive state and federal banking regulations that impose restrictions on and provide for general regulatory oversight of our company and its operations. These laws generally are intended to protect depositors, the deposit insurance fund of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) and the banking system as a whole, and not shareholders.

The following discussion describes significant elements of the regulatory framework that applies to us. This description is a summary, does not purport to be complete, and is qualified in its entirety by reference to the full text of the statutes, regulations and policies that are described. Also, such statutes, regulations and policies are continually under review by Congress and state legislatures and federal and state regulatory agencies. A change in statutes, regulations or regulatory policies applicable to us and our subsidiaries could have a material effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Because our bank subsidiary’s total assets exceed $10 billion, it is subject to additional supervision and regulation, including by the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (“CFPB”), with such additional supervision and regulation discussed throughout this section.

Home BancShares

We are a bank holding company registered under the federal Bank Holding Company Act of 1956 (the “Bank Holding Company Act”), and we and our subsidiaries are subject to supervision, regulation and examination by the Federal Reserve Board. The Bank Holding Company Act and other federal laws subject bank holding companies to particular restrictions on the types of activities in which they may engage, and to a range of supervisory requirements and activities, including regulatory enforcement actions for violations of laws and regulations. The Bank Holding Company Act provides generally for “umbrella” regulation of bank holding companies by the Federal Reserve Board and functional regulation of banking activities by bank regulators, securities activities by securities regulators, and insurance activities by insurance regulators.

Dodd Frank and the EGRRCPA. The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 (the “Dodd-Frank Act”) made extensive changes in the regulation of financial institutions and their holding companies. The Dodd-Frank Act contains a comprehensive set of provisions designed to govern the practices and oversight of financial institutions and other participants in the financial markets. The Economic Growth, Regulatory Relief, and Consumer Protection Act (the “EGRRCPA”), signed into law in May 2018, made certain limited amendments to the Dodd-Frank Act, as well as certain targeted modifications to other post-financial crisis regulations. Some of the Dodd-Frank Act and EGRRCPA provisions are described in more detail below.

Permitted Activities. A bank holding company is generally permitted under the Bank Holding Company Act to engage in or acquire direct or indirect control of more than 5% of the voting shares of any company engaged in the following activities:

•banking or managing or controlling banks; and

•any activity that the Federal Reserve Board determines to be so closely related to banking as to be a proper incident to the business of banking.

Activities that the Federal Reserve Board has found to be so closely related to banking as to be a proper incident to the business of banking include but are not limited to: factoring accounts receivable; making, acquiring, brokering or servicing loans and usual related activities; leasing personal or real property; operating a non-bank depository institution, such as a savings association; trust company functions; financial and investment advisory activities; conducting securities brokerage activities; underwriting and dealing in government obligations and money market instruments; providing specified management consulting and counseling activities; performing selected data processing services and support services; acting as agent or broker in selling credit life insurance and other types of insurance in connection with credit transactions; and performing selected insurance underwriting activities.

Support of Subsidiary Institutions. Under the Dodd-Frank Act, we are required to act as a source of financial strength for our bank subsidiary and to commit resources to support the bank. The Dodd-Frank Act gives the Federal Reserve the authority to require us to make capital injections into our bank subsidiary and to charge us with engaging in unsafe and unsound practices if we fail to commit resources to our bank subsidiary or if we undertake actions that the Federal Reserve believes might jeopardize our ability to commit resources to the bank. As a result, an obligation to support our bank subsidiary may be required at times when, without this requirement, we might not be inclined to provide it.

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Safe and Sound Banking Practices. Bank holding companies are not permitted to engage in unsafe and unsound banking practices. The Federal Reserve Board’s Regulation Y, for example, generally requires a holding company to give the Federal Reserve Board prior notice of any redemption or repurchase of its own equity securities, if the consideration to be paid, together with the consideration paid for any repurchases or redemptions in the preceding year, is equal to 10% or more of the company’s consolidated net worth. Additionally, the Federal Reserve Board requires prior approval of any redemption or repurchase of preferred stock or subordinated debt. The Federal Reserve Board may oppose the transaction if it believes that the transaction would constitute an unsafe or unsound practice or would violate any law or regulation. Depending upon the circumstances, the Federal Reserve Board could take the position that paying a dividend would constitute an unsafe or unsound banking practice.

The Federal Reserve Board has broad authority to prohibit activities of bank holding companies and their non-banking subsidiaries which represent unsafe and unsound banking practices, or which constitute violations of laws or regulations, and can assess civil money penalties for certain activities conducted on a knowing and reckless basis, if those activities caused a substantial loss to a depository institution. The penalties can be as high as approximately $2 million for each day the activity continues.

Annual Reporting; Examinations. We are required to file annual reports with the Federal Reserve Board, and such additional information as the Federal Reserve Board may require pursuant to the Bank Holding Company Act. The Federal Reserve Board may examine a bank holding company or any of its subsidiaries and charge the company for the cost of such examination.

Capital Adequacy Requirements. The Federal Reserve Board has adopted a system using risk-based capital guidelines to evaluate the capital adequacy of bank holding companies having $500 million or more in assets on a consolidated basis. Under the guidelines, specific categories of assets are assigned different risk weights, based generally on the perceived credit risk of the asset. These risk weights are multiplied by corresponding asset balances to determine a “risk-weighted” asset base.

The current risk-based capital requirements applicable to all depository institutions and bank holding companies with total consolidated assets of $500 million or more and savings and loan holding companies (collectively, “banking organizations”), and the method for calculating risk-weighted assets, are based on agreements reached by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision in “Basel III: A Global Regulatory Framework for More Resilient Banks and Banking Systems” (“Basel III”) and certain provisions of the Dodd-Frank Act, as modified by certain capital simplification rules adopted by the Federal Reserve Board and other federal bank regulatory agencies in 2019. The final rule adopted by the Federal Reserve Board and other federal bank regulatory agencies in 2013 based on Basel III (the “Basel III final rule”) requires us to maintain minimum capital ratios with respect to common equity Tier 1 (“CET1”) capital, Tier 1 capital and total capital (Tier 1 capital plus Tier 2 capital), each as compared to our risk-weighted assets, as well as a “leverage ratio” calculated as the ratio of Tier 1 capital to average consolidated assets as reported on consolidated financial statements. The Basel III final rule also limits a banking organization’s capital distributions and certain discretionary bonus payments if the banking organization does not hold a “capital conservation buffer” of 2.5% of CET1 capital to risk-weighted assets, which is in addition to the amount necessary to meet its minimum risk-based capital requirements.

The required minimum capital and leverage ratios under the Basel III capital adequacy requirements in effect as of December 31, 2022, including the required capital conservation buffer, consist of CET1 capital of 7.0% (4.5% plus the required 2.5% capital conservation buffer), Tier 1 risk-based capital of 8.5% (6.0% plus the required 2.5% capital conservation buffer), total risk-based capital of 10.5% (8.0% plus the required 2.5% capital conservation buffer) and a leverage ratio of 4.0%. As of December 31, 2022, our capital conservation buffer was 6.91%, and our CET1 capital, Tier 1 risk-based capital, total risk-based capital and leverage ratios were 12.91%, 12.91, 16.54 and 10.86, respectively.

The Basel III final rule adopted in 2013 permanently grandfathered trust preferred securities and other non-qualifying capital instruments that were issued and outstanding as of May 19, 2010 in the Tier 1 capital of bank holding companies with total consolidated assets of less than $15 billion as of December 31, 2009. The rule phased out of Tier 1 capital these non-qualifying capital instruments issued before May 19, 2010 by all other bank holding companies. Because our total consolidated assets were less than $15 billion as of December 31, 2009, our outstanding trust preferred securities continued to be treated as Tier 1 capital until the completion of our acquisition of Happy Bancshares on April 1, 2022, after which those securities were treated as Tier 2 capital. During the second and third quarters of 2022, the Company redeemed, without penalty, all of its outstanding trust preferred securities. As a result, the Company no longer holds any trust preferred securities.

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The federal banking agencies’ risk-based and leverage ratios are minimum supervisory ratios generally applicable to banking organizations that meet certain specified criteria. The federal bank regulatory agencies may set capital requirements for a particular banking organization that are higher than the minimum ratios when circumstances warrant. Federal Reserve Board guidelines also provide that banking organizations experiencing internal growth or making acquisitions will be expected to maintain strong capital positions, substantially above the minimum supervisory levels, without significant reliance on intangible assets.

The Dodd-Frank Act includes certain provisions concerning the capital regulations of the federal banking agencies. These provisions, often referred to as the “Collins Amendment,” are intended to subject bank holding companies to the same capital requirements as their bank subsidiaries and to eliminate or significantly reduce the use of hybrid capital instruments, especially trust preferred securities, as regulatory capital. The Collins Amendment requires banking regulators to develop regulations setting minimum risk-based and leverage capital requirements for holding companies and banks on a consolidated basis that are no less stringent than the generally applicable requirements in effect for depository institutions under the prompt corrective action regulations discussed below. The banking regulators also must seek to make capital standards countercyclical so that the required levels of capital increase in times of economic expansion and decrease in times of economic contraction.

Prompt Corrective Action. The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Improvement Act of 1991 or “FDICIA” establishes a system of prompt corrective action to resolve the problems of undercapitalized financial institutions. Under this system, the federal banking regulators have established five capital categories (well-capitalized, adequately capitalized, undercapitalized, significantly undercapitalized and critically undercapitalized) in which all institutions are placed. Federal banking regulators are required to take various mandatory supervisory actions and are authorized to take other discretionary actions with respect to institutions in the three undercapitalized categories. The severity of the action depends upon the capital category in which the institution is placed. The federal banking agencies have specified by regulation the relevant capital level for each category.

An institution that is categorized as undercapitalized, significantly undercapitalized or critically undercapitalized is required to submit an acceptable capital restoration plan to its appropriate federal banking agency. An undercapitalized institution is also generally prohibited from increasing its average total assets, making acquisitions, establishing any branches or engaging in any new line of business, except under an accepted capital restoration plan or with FDIC approval. The regulations also establish procedures for downgrading an institution to a lower capital category based on supervisory factors other than capital.

The Basel III final rule amended the prompt corrective action rules to incorporate a CET1 capital requirement and to raise the capital requirements for certain capital categories. In order to be adequately capitalized for purposes of the prompt corrective action rules, a banking organization is required to have at least an 8% total risk-based capital ratio, a 6% Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio, a CET1 4.5% risk-based capital ratio and a 4% Tier 1 leverage ratio. To be well-capitalized, a banking organization is required to have at least a 10% total risk-based capital ratio, an 8% Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio, a 6.5% CET1 risk-based capital ratio and a 5% Tier 1 leverage ratio. As of December 31, 2022, we met all capital adequacy requirements and our bank subsidiary is considered well-capitalized for regulatory purposes.

Liquidity Requirements. The Basel III liquidity framework requires banks and bank holding companies to measure their liquidity against specific liquidity tests. One test, referred to as the liquidity coverage ratio (“LCR”), is designed to ensure that the banking entity maintains an adequate level of unencumbered high-quality liquid assets equal to the entity’s expected net cash outflow for a 30-day time horizon (or, if greater, 25% of its expected total cash outflow) under an acute liquidity stress scenario. The other test, referred to as the net stable funding ratio (“NSFR”), is designed to promote more medium- and long-term funding of the assets and activities of banking entities over a one-year time horizon. These requirements are expected to incent banking entities to increase their holdings of U.S. Treasury securities and other sovereign debt as a component of assets and increase the use of long-term debt as a funding source. Rules applicable to certain large banking organizations have been implemented for LCR and for NSFR; however, based on our asset size, these rules do not currently apply to us or our bank subsidiary.

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Stress Testing. Pursuant to the Dodd-Frank Act, in October 2012, the Federal Reserve Board published its final rules regarding company-run stress testing. The rules required institutions with average total consolidated assets greater than $10 billion, such as the Company and our bank subsidiary, to conduct an annual company-run stress test of capital and consolidated earnings and losses under one base and at least two stress scenarios provided by bank regulatory agencies. The EGRRCPA raised the asset thresholds for Dodd-Frank Act company-run stress testing, liquidity coverage and living will requirements for bank holding companies to $250 billion, subject to the ability of the Fed to apply such requirements to institutions with assets of $100 billion or more to address financial stability risks or safety and soundness concerns. On July 6, 2018, the Federal Reserve, the FDIC and the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (the “OCC”) issued a joint interagency statement regarding the impact of the EGRRCPA. As a result of this statement and the EGRRCPA, we and our bank subsidiary are no longer subject to Dodd-Frank Act stress testing requirements. Notwithstanding these amendments to the stress testing requirements, the federal banking agencies indicated through interagency guidance that the capital planning and risk management practices of institutions with total assets less than $100 billion would continue to be reviewed through the regular supervisory process. We will continue to monitor our capital consistent with the safety and soundness expectations of the federal regulators.

Risk Management. Regulation YY initially required publicly-traded bank holding companies with $10 billion or more in total assets to establish a risk committee responsible for oversight of enterprise-wide risk management practices. The committee must be chaired by an independent director and include at least one risk management expert with experience in managing risk exposures of large, complex firms. As a result of our total assets exceeding $10 billion, we established a risk committee meeting these requirements. However, in 2018 the EGRRCPA increased the asset threshold for mandatory risk committees from $10 billion to $50 billion in total assets. While we are no longer required to maintain a risk committee, we currently continue to utilize our risk committee to oversee our enterprise-wide risk management practices.

Regulation YY also requires us, as a publicly-traded bank holding company with $10 billion or more in total consolidated assets, to have a global risk management framework commensurate with their structure, risk profile, complexity, activities, and size. The risk management framework must include risk management policies and procedures, as well as processes and controls to implement them. Accordingly, we have adopted a compliant risk management framework.

Payment of Dividends. We are a legal entity separate and distinct from our bank subsidiary and other affiliated entities. The principal sources of our cash flow, including cash flow to pay dividends to our shareholders, are dividends that our bank subsidiary pays to us as its sole shareholder. Statutory and regulatory limitations apply to the dividends that our bank subsidiary can pay to us, as well as to the dividends we can pay to our shareholders.

The policy of the Federal Reserve Board that a bank holding company should serve as a source of strength to its subsidiary bank also results in the position of the Federal Reserve Board that a bank holding company should not maintain a level of cash dividends to its shareholders that places undue pressure on the capital of its bank subsidiary or that can be funded only through additional borrowings or other arrangements that may undermine the bank holding company’s ability to serve as such a source of strength. Our ability to pay dividends is also subject to the provisions of Arkansas law.

There are certain state-law limitations on the payment of dividends by our bank subsidiary. Centennial Bank, which is subject to Arkansas banking laws, may not declare or pay a dividend of 75% or more of the net profits of such bank after all taxes for the current year plus 75% of the retained net profits for the immediately preceding year without the prior approval of the Arkansas State Bank Commissioner (the “Bank Commissioner”). Members of the Federal Reserve System must also comply with the dividend restrictions with which a national bank would be required to comply. Among other things, these restrictions require that if losses have at any time been sustained by a bank equal to or exceeding its undivided profits then on hand, no dividend may be paid. Although we have historically paid quarterly dividends on our common stock, there can be no assurances that we will be able to pay dividends in the future under the applicable regulatory limitations.

The payment of dividends by us, or by our bank subsidiary, may also be affected by other factors, such as the requirement to maintain adequate capital above regulatory guidelines. The federal banking agencies have indicated that paying dividends that deplete a depository institution’s capital base to an inadequate level would be an unsafe and unsound banking practice. Under FDICIA, as discussed below, a depository institution may not pay any dividend if payment would result in the depository institution being undercapitalized.

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Acquisitions of Banks. The Bank Holding Company Act requires every bank holding company to obtain the Federal Reserve Board’s prior approval before:

•acquiring direct or indirect ownership or control of any voting shares of any bank if, after the acquisition, the bank holding company will directly or indirectly own or control more than 5% of the bank’s voting shares;

•acquiring all or substantially all of the assets of any bank; or

•merging or consolidating with any other bank holding company.

Under the Bank Holding Company Act, if well-capitalized and well managed, we, as well as other bank holding companies located within the states in which we operate, may purchase a bank located outside of those states. Conversely, a well-capitalized and well managed bank holding company located outside of the states in which we operate may purchase a bank located inside those states. In each case, however, restrictions may be placed on the acquisition of a bank that has only been in existence for a limited amount of time or will result in specified concentrations of deposits. In approving bank acquisitions by bank holding companies, the Federal Reserve Board is required to consider, among other things, the financial and managerial resources and future prospects of the bank holding company and the banks concerned, the convenience and needs of the communities to be served and various competitive factors.

Subsidiary Bank

General. Our bank subsidiary, Centennial Bank, is chartered as an Arkansas state bank and is a member of the Federal Reserve System, making it primarily subject to regulation and supervision by both the Federal Reserve Board and the Arkansas State Bank Department. In addition, our bank subsidiary is subject to various requirements and restrictions under federal and state law, including requirements to maintain reserves against deposits, restrictions on the types and amounts of loans that may be granted and the interest that they may charge, and limitations on the types of investments they may make and on the types of services they may offer. Various consumer laws and regulations also affect the operations of our bank subsidiary. Further, because our bank subsidiary has total assets of over $10 billion, it is subject to supervision and regulation by the CFPB, which is responsible for implementing, examining and enforcing compliance with federal consumer protection laws.

Deposit Insurance and Assessments. Centennial Bank’s deposit accounts are insured up to applicable limits by the FDIC’s Deposit Insurance Fund (“DIF”). The Dodd-Frank Act permanently increased the deposit coverage limit to $250,000 per depositor retroactive to January 1, 2008.

The FDIC imposes an assessment against institutions for deposit insurance. This assessment is based primarily on the risk category of the institution and certain risk adjustments specified by the FDIC, with riskier institutions paying higher assessments. Under the FDIC’s risk-based assessment system, insured institutions with at least $10 billion in assets are assessed on the basis of a scoring system that combines the institution’s regulatory ratings and certain financial measures. The scoring system assesses risk measures to produce two scores, a performance score and a loss severity score, that will be combined and converted to an initial assessment rate. The performance score measures an institution’s financial performance and its ability to withstand stress. The loss severity score quantifies the relative magnitude of potential losses to the FDIC in the event of an institution’s failure. Once the performance and loss severity scores are calculated, these scores will be converted to a total score. The FDIC has the authority to raise or lower assessment rates, subject to limits, and to impose special additional assessments.

In 2011, the FDIC approved a final rule implementing changes to the deposit insurance assessment system, as authorized by the Dodd-Frank Act, which, among other things, changed the assessment base for insured depository institutions from adjusted domestic deposits to the institution’s average consolidated total assets during an assessment period less average tangible equity capital (Tier 1 capital) during that period. The rule revised the assessment rate schedule so that it ranged from 2.5 basis points for the least risky institutions to 45 basis points for the riskiest institutions. The rule also suspended indefinitely the requirement of the FDIC to pay dividends from the DIF when it reaches 1.5% of insured deposits. In October 2022, the FDIC adopted a final rule to increase the initial base deposit insurance assessment rate schedules uniformly by 2 basis points beginning with the first quarterly assessment period of 2023. The increased assessment is expected to improve the likelihood that the DIF reserve ratio would reach the statutory minimum of 1.35% by the deadline prescribed under the FDIC’s amended restoration plan. The new assessment rate schedules will remain in effect unless and until the reserve ratio meets or exceeds 2 percent in order to support growth in the DIF in progressing toward the FDIC’s long-term goal of a 2 percent reserve ratio. Progressively lower assessment rate schedules will take effect when the reserve ratio reaches 2 percent, and again when it reaches 2.5 percent.

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Under the Federal Deposit Insurance Act, as amended, the FDIC may terminate deposit insurance upon a finding that the institution has engaged in unsafe and unsound practices, is in an unsafe or unsound condition to continue operations, or has violated any applicable law, regulation, rule, order or condition imposed by the FDIC.

Community Reinvestment Act. The Community Reinvestment Act requires, in connection with examinations of financial institutions, that federal banking regulators evaluate the record of each financial institution in meeting the credit needs of its local community, including low and moderate-income neighborhoods. These facts are also considered in evaluating mergers, acquisitions and applications to open a branch or facility. Failure to adequately meet these criteria could impose additional requirements and limitations on our bank subsidiary. Additionally, we must publicly disclose the terms of various Community Reinvestment Act-related agreements. Our bank subsidiary received a “satisfactory” CRA rating from the Federal Reserve Bank during its last exam as published in our bank’s CRA Public Evaluation.

Capital Requirements. Our bank subsidiary is also subject to certain restrictions on the payment of dividends as a result of the requirement that it maintain adequate levels of capital in accordance with guidelines promulgated from time to time by applicable regulators. The regulating agencies consider a bank’s capital levels when taking action on various types of applications and when conducting supervisory activities related to the safety and soundness of individual banks and the banking system. The Federal Reserve Bank monitors the capital adequacy of our bank subsidiary by using a combination of risk-based guidelines and leverage ratios.

The FDIC Improvement Act. FDICIA made a number of reforms addressing the safety and soundness of the deposit insurance system, supervision of domestic and foreign depository institutions, and improvement of accounting standards. This statute also limited deposit insurance coverage, implemented changes in consumer protection laws and provided for least-cost resolution and prompt regulatory action with regard to troubled institutions.

FDICIA requires every bank with total assets in excess of $500 million to have an annual independent audit made of the bank’s financial statements by an independent public accountant to verify that the financial statements of the bank are presented fairly and in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles and comply with such other disclosure requirements as prescribed by the FDIC. FDICIA also places certain restrictions on activities of banks depending on their level of capital.

The capital classification of a bank affects the frequency of examinations of the bank and impacts the ability of the bank to engage in certain activities and affects the deposit insurance premiums paid by such bank. Under FDICIA, the federal banking regulators are required to conduct a full-scope, on-site examination of every bank at least once every 12 months.

Brokered Deposits. Under FDICIA, banks may be restricted in their ability to accept brokered deposits, depending on their capital classification. “Well-capitalized” banks are permitted to accept brokered deposits, but banks that are not well-capitalized are not permitted to accept such deposits. The FDIC may, on a case-by-case basis, permit banks that are adequately capitalized to accept brokered deposits if the FDIC determines that acceptance of such deposits would not constitute an unsafe or unsound banking practice with respect to the bank. The EGRRCPA, enacted in May 2018, provides that most reciprocal deposits are no longer treated as brokered deposits.

Federal Home Loan Bank System. The Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) system, of which our bank subsidiary is a member, consists of regional FHLBs governed and regulated by the Federal Housing Finance Agency, or FHFA. The FHLBs serve as reserve or credit facilities for member institutions within their assigned regions. They are funded primarily from proceeds derived from the sale of consolidated obligations of the FHLB system. They make loans (i.e., advances) to members in accordance with policies and procedures established by the FHLB and the boards of directors of each regional FHLB.

As a system member, our bank subsidiary is entitled to borrow from the FHLB of its region and is required to own a certain amount of capital stock in the FHLB. Our bank subsidiary is in compliance with the stock ownership rules with respect to such advances, commitments and letters of credit and home mortgage loans and similar obligations. All loans, advances and other extensions of credit made by the FHLB to our bank subsidiary are secured by a portion of its respective loan portfolio, certain other investments and the capital stock of the FHLB held by such bank.

Federal Reserve System. In January 2019, the Federal Open Market Committee announced its intention to implement monetary policy in an ample reserves regime. Reserve requirements do not play a significant role in this operating framework. In light of the shift to an ample reserves regime, the Federal Reserve reduced the reserve requirement ratios to zero percent effective on March 26, 2020. As a result, the Bank is no longer required to maintain required reserve balance with either the FRB or in the form of cash on hand.

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Concentrated Commercial Real Estate Lending Regulations. The federal banking agencies, including the FDIC, have promulgated guidance governing financial institutions with concentrations in commercial real estate lending. The guidance provides that a bank has a concentration in commercial real estate lending if (1) total reported loans for construction, land development and other land represent 100% or more of total capital or (2) total reported loans secured by multifamily and non-farm residential properties and loans for construction, land development and other land represent 300% or more of total capital and the bank’s commercial real estate loan portfolio has increased 50% or more during the prior 36 months. Owner occupied loans are excluded from this second category. If a concentration is present, management must employ heightened risk management practices that address the following key elements: including board and management oversight and strategic planning, portfolio management, development of underwriting standards, risk assessment and monitoring through market analysis and stress testing, and maintenance of increased capital levels as needed to support the level of commercial real estate lending.

Mortgage Banking Operations. Our bank subsidiary is subject to the rules and regulations of FHA, VA, FNMA, FHLMC and GNMA with respect to originating, processing, selling and servicing mortgage loans and the issuance and sale of mortgage-backed securities. Those rules and regulations, among other things, prohibit discrimination and establish underwriting guidelines which include provisions for inspections and appraisals, require credit reports on prospective borrowers and fix maximum loan amounts, and, with respect to VA loans, fix maximum interest rates.

Consumer Financial Protection. Our bank subsidiary is subject to a number of federal and state consumer protection laws that extensively govern its relationship with its customers. These laws include the Equal Credit Opportunity Act, the Fair Credit Reporting Act, the Truth in Lending Act, the Truth in Savings Act, the Electronic Funds Transfer Act, the Expedited Funds Availability Act, the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act, the Fair Housing Act, the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act, the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act, the Service Members Civil Relief Act and these laws’ respective state-law counterparts, as well as state usury laws and laws regarding unfair and deceptive acts and practices. These and other federal laws, among other things, require disclosures of the cost of credit and terms of deposit accounts, provide substantive consumer rights, prohibit discrimination in credit transactions, regulate the use of credit report information, provide financial privacy protections, prohibit unfair, deceptive and abusive practices, restrict the bank’s ability to raise interest rates and subject the bank to substantial regulatory oversight. Violations of applicable consumer protection laws can result in significant potential liability from litigation brought by customers, including actual damages, restitution and attorneys’ fees. Federal bank regulators, state attorneys general and state and local consumer protection agencies may also seek to enforce consumer protection requirements and obtain these and other remedies, including regulatory sanctions, customer rescission rights, action by the state and local attorneys general in each jurisdiction in which our bank subsidiary operates and civil money penalties. Failure to comply with consumer protection requirements may also result in our bank subsidiary’s failure to obtain any required bank regulatory approval for merger or acquisition transactions the bank may wish to pursue or its prohibition from engaging in such transactions even if approval is not required.

The Dodd-Frank Act established the CFPB, which has supervisory authority over depository institutions with total assets of $10 billion or greater. The CFPB focuses its supervision and regulatory efforts on (1) risks to consumers and compliance with the federal consumer financial laws when it evaluates the policies and practices of a financial institution; (2) the markets in which firms operate and risks to consumers posed by activities in those markets; (3) depository institutions that offer a wide variety of consumer financial products and services; (4) certain depository institutions with a more specialized focus; and (5) non-depository companies that offer one or more consumer financial products or services.

The CFPB has broad rulemaking authority for a wide range of consumer financial laws that apply to all banks, including, among other things, the authority to prohibit “unfair, deceptive or abusive” acts and practices. Abusive acts or practices are defined as those that materially interfere with a consumer’s ability to understand a term or condition of a consumer financial product or service or take unreasonable advantage of a consumer’s (1) lack of financial savvy, (2) inability to protect himself in the selection or use of consumer financial products or services or (3) reasonable reliance on a covered entity to act in the consumer’s interests. The CFPB can issue cease-and-desist orders against banks and other entities that violate consumer financial laws. The CFPB may also institute a civil action against an entity in violation of federal consumer financial law in order to impose a civil penalty or injunction. The CFPB has examination and enforcement authority over all banks with more than $10 billion in assets, as well as their affiliates.

Loans to One Borrower. Our bank subsidiary generally may not make loans or extend credit to a single or related group of borrowers in excess of 15% of unimpaired capital and surplus. An additional amount may be loaned, up to 10% of unimpaired capital and surplus, if the loan is secured by readily marketable collateral, which generally does not include real estate. As of December 31, 2022, our bank subsidiary was in compliance with the loans-to-one-borrower limitations.

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Prohibitions Against Tying Arrangements. Under Regulation Y, our bank holding company and bank subsidiary are prohibited, subject to some exceptions, from extending credit to or offering any other service, or fixing or varying the consideration for such extension of credit or service, on the condition that the customer obtain some additional service from the institution or its affiliates or not obtain services of a competitor of the institution.

Change in Control. Federal and state laws, including the Change in Bank Control Act, impose prior notice or approval requirements and ongoing regulatory requirements on any investor that seeks to acquire direct or indirect “control” of an FDIC-insured depository institution or bank holding company. “Control” of a depository institution is generally defined where an investor is deemed to control a depository institution or other company if the investor owns or controls 25% or more of any class of voting securities.

Restrictions on Transactions with Affiliates. We and our bank subsidiary are subject to Section 23A of the Federal Reserve Act. In general, Section 23A imposes limits on the amount of transactions between the bank and its affiliates and requires certain levels of collateral for loans to affiliated parties. It also limits the amount of advances to affiliates which are collateralized by the securities or obligations of the bank or its nonbanking affiliates. An affiliate of a bank is generally any company or entity that controls, is controlled by, or is under common control with the bank.

Affiliate transactions are also subject to Section 23B of the Federal Reserve Act which generally requires that certain other transactions between the bank and its affiliates be on terms substantially the same, or at least as favorable to the bank, as those prevailing at that time for comparable transactions with or involving other non-affiliated persons.

Sections 22(g) and (h) of the Federal Reserve Act and its implementing regulation, Regulation O, also place restrictions on loans by a bank to executive officers, directors, and principal shareholders. Under Section 22(h), loans to a director, an executive officer and to a greater than 10% shareholder of a bank and certain of their related interests, or insiders, and insiders of affiliates, may not exceed, together with all other outstanding loans to such person and related interests, the bank’s loans-to-one-borrower limit. Section 22(h) also requires that loans to insiders and to insiders of affiliates be made on terms substantially the same as offered in comparable transactions to other persons, unless the loans are made pursuant to a benefit or compensation program that (i) is widely available to employees of the bank and (ii) does not give preference to insiders over other employees of the bank. In addition, Section 22(h) requires prior board of director’s approval for certain loans, and the aggregate amount of extensions of credit by a bank to all insiders cannot exceed the institution’s unimpaired capital and surplus. Furthermore, Section 22(g) places additional restrictions on loans to executive officers.

Interchange Fees. Under the Durbin Amendment to the Dodd-Frank Act, the Federal Reserve Board adopted rules establishing standards for assessing whether the interchange fees that may be charged with respect to certain electronic debit transactions are “reasonable and proportional” to the costs incurred by issuers for processing such transactions. Interchange fees, or “swipe” fees, are charges that merchants pay to our bank subsidiary and other card-issuing banks for processing electronic payment transactions. Federal Reserve Board rules applicable to financial institutions that have assets of $10 billion or more provide that the maximum permissible interchange fee is equal to no more than 21 cents plus 5 basis points of the transaction value for many types of debit interchange transactions. A debit card issuer may also recover 1 cent per transaction for fraud prevention purposes if the issuer complies with certain fraud-related requirements required by the Federal Reserve. In addition, the Federal Reserve has rules governing routing and exclusivity that require issuers to offer two unaffiliated networks for routing transactions on each debit or prepaid product.

The Volcker Rule. The Dodd-Frank Act prohibits banks and their affiliates from engaging in proprietary trading and investing in and sponsoring hedge funds and private equity funds. The statutory provision, which has been implemented by rules adopted by federal regulators, is commonly called the “Volcker Rule.” The Volcker Rule also requires covered banking entities, including us and our bank subsidiary, to implement certain compliance programs, and the complexity and rigor of such programs is determined based on the asset size and complexity of the business of the covered company. Since neither we nor our bank subsidiary engages in the types of trading or investing covered by the Volcker Rule, the Volcker Rule does not currently have any effect on our or our bank subsidiary’s operations.

Privacy. Under the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, financial institutions are required to disclose their policies for collecting and protecting confidential information. Customers generally may prevent financial institutions from sharing nonpublic personal financial information with nonaffiliated third parties except under narrow circumstances, such as the processing of transactions requested by the consumer or when the financial institution is jointly sponsoring a product or service with a nonaffiliated third party. Additionally, financial institutions generally may not disclose consumer account numbers to any nonaffiliated third party for use in telemarketing, direct mail marketing or other marketing to consumers. We and our subsidiary have established policies and procedures to assure our compliance with all privacy provisions of the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act.

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We are also subject to various regulatory guidance as updated from time to time and implemented by the Federal Financial Institutions Examinations Council (the “FFIEC”), an interagency body of the FDIC, the OCC, the Federal Reserve, the National Credit Union Administration and various state regulatory authorities. The FFIEC has provided guidance in areas such as data privacy, disaster recovery, information security, and third-party vendor management to identify potential risks related to our services that could adversely affect our customers. In addition, lawmakers, regulators and the public are increasingly focused on the use of personal information and efforts to strengthen data protection, information security and consumer and personal privacy. The law in these areas continues to develop, and we expect regulation in these areas to continue to increase.

Anti-Terrorism and Anti-Money Laundering Legislation. Our bank subsidiary is subject to the Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001 (the “USA PATRIOT Act”), the Bank Secrecy Act (“BSA”) and rules and regulations of the Office of Foreign Assets Control (the “OFAC”). These statutes and related rules and regulations impose requirements and limitations on specific financial transactions and account relationships intended to guard against money laundering, terrorism financing and transactions with designated foreign countries, nationals and others on whom the United States has imposed economic sanctions. Failure of a financial institution to maintain and implement adequate programs to combat money laundering and terrorist financing, or to comply with all of the relevant laws or regulations, could have serious legal and reputational consequences for the institution, including causing applicable bank regulatory authorities not to approve merger or acquisition transactions when regulatory approval is required or to prohibit such transactions even if approval is not required.

As part of our bank subsidiary’s anti-money laundering (“AML”) program, we are required to designate a BSA officer, maintain a BSA/AML training program, maintain internal controls to effectuate the BSA/AML program, implement independent testing of the BSA/AML program, and comply with the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network’s “Customer Due Diligence for Financial Institutions Rule” (the “CDD Rule”). The CDD Rule adds a new requirement for our bank subsidiary to identify and verify the identity of natural persons (“beneficial owners”) of legal entity customers who own, control and profit from companies when those companies open accounts. The CDD Rule requires covered financial institutions to establish and maintain written policies and procedures that are reasonably designed to (1) identify and verify the identity of customers; (2) identify and verify the identity of the beneficial owners of companies opening accounts; (3) understand the nature and purpose of customer relationships to develop customer risk profiles; and (4) conduct ongoing monitoring to identify and report suspicious transactions and, on a risk basis, to maintain and update customer information. With respect to the new requirement to obtain beneficial ownership information, financial institutions will have to identify and verify the identity of any individuals who own 25 percent or more of a legal entity, and an individual who controls the legal entity.

Incentive Compensation. The Dodd-Frank Act requires the federal bank regulators and the SEC to establish joint regulations or guidelines prohibiting incentive-based payment arrangements at specified regulated entities having at least $1 billion in total assets that encourage inappropriate risks by providing an executive officer, employee, director or principal shareholder with excessive compensation, fees, or benefits or that could lead to material financial loss to the entity. In addition, these regulators must establish regulations or guidelines requiring enhanced disclosure to regulators of incentive-based compensation arrangements.

In June 2010, the Federal Reserve and FDIC issued comprehensive final guidance on incentive compensation policies intended to ensure that the incentive compensation policies of banking organizations do not undermine the safety and soundness of such organizations by encouraging excessive risk-taking. The guidance, which covers all employees that have the ability to materially affect the risk profile of an organization, either individually or as part of a group, is based upon the key principles that a banking organization’s incentive compensation arrangements should (1) provide incentives that appropriately balance risk and financial results in a manner that does not encourage employees to expose their organizations to imprudent risk, (2) be compatible with effective internal controls and risk management and (3) be supported by strong corporate governance, including active and effective oversight by the organization’s board of directors.

In May 2016, the Federal Reserve, other federal banking agencies and the SEC jointly published a revised version of proposed rulemaking initially issued in April 2011 designed to implement the provisions of the Dodd-Frank Act prohibiting incentive compensation arrangements that encourage inappropriate risk taking at a covered institution, which includes a bank or bank holding company with $1 billion or more of assets, such as the Company and our bank subsidiary. The proposed joint compensation regulations would require compensation practices consistent with the three principles discussed above. As of February 1, 2023, these regulations have not been finalized. Unless and until a final rule is adopted, we cannot fully determine whether compliance with such a rule will adversely affect the Company’s or our bank subsidiary’s ability to hire, retain and motivate our key employees.

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In October 2022, the SEC adopted a final rule directing national securities exchanges and associations, including the NYSE, to implement listing standards that require listed companies to adopt policies mandating the recovery or “clawback” of excess incentive-based compensation earned by a current or former executive officer during the three fiscal years preceding the date the listed company is required to prepare an accounting restatement, including to correct an error that would result in a material misstatement if the error were corrected in the current period or left uncorrected in the current period. The final rule requires us to adopt a clawback policy within 60 days after such listing standard becomes effective.

The Federal Reserve Board reviews, as part of the regular, risk-focused examination process, the incentive compensation arrangements of banking organizations, such as the Company, that are not “large, complex banking organizations.” These reviews are tailored to each organization based on the scope and complexity of the organization’s activities and the prevalence of incentive compensation arrangements. The findings of this supervisory initiative will be included in reports of examination. Deficiencies will be incorporated into the organization’s supervisory ratings, which can affect the organization’s ability to make acquisitions and take other actions. Enforcement actions may be taken against a banking organization if its incentive compensation arrangements, or related risk-management control or governance processes, pose a risk to the organization’s safety and soundness and the organization is not taking prompt and effective measures to correct the deficiencies.

Customer Information Security. The federal banking agencies have adopted guidelines for safeguarding confidential, personal, nonpublic customer information. These guidelines require each financial institution, under the supervision and ongoing oversight of its board of directors or an appropriate committee thereof, to create, implement and maintain a comprehensive written information security program designed to ensure the security and confidentiality of customer information, protect against any anticipated threats or hazard to the security or integrity of such information and protect against unauthorized access to or use of such information that could result in substantial harm or inconvenience to any customer. Our bank subsidiary has adopted a customer information security program to comply with these requirements.

Arkansas Law. Our bank subsidiary is subject to regulation and examination by the Arkansas State Bank Department. Under the Arkansas Banking Code of 1997, approval of the Bank Commissioner is required for the acquisition of more than 25% of any class of the outstanding capital stock of any bank. The Bank Commissioner’s approval is also required in order for us to make bank acquisitions, amend our articles of incorporation, repurchase shares of our capital stock (other than payments to dissenting shareholders in a transaction), issue preferred stock or debt, increase, reduce or retire any part of our capital stock, retire debt instruments, or conduct certain types of activities that are incidental or closely related to banking. The Bank Commissioner has the authority, with the consent of the Governor of the State of Arkansas, to declare a state of emergency and temporarily modify or suspend banking laws and regulations in communities where such a state of emergency exists. The Bank Commissioner may also authorize a bank to close its offices and any day when such bank offices are closed will be treated as a legal holiday, and any director, officer or employee of such bank shall not incur any liability related to such emergency closing. No such state of emergency has been declared to exist by the Bank Commissioner to date.

Regulatory Developments Relating to the CARES Act

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief and Economic Security Act (“CARES Act”) was signed into law on March 27, 2020 to provide national emergency economic relief measures. The CARES Act’s programs were implemented through rules and guidance adopted by federal departments and agencies, including the U.S. Department of Treasury, the Federal Reserve, and other federal bank regulatory authorities, including those with direct supervisory jurisdiction over the Company and its bank subsidiary. Set forth below is a brief overview of select provisions of the CARES Act and other regulations and supervisory guidance related to the COVID-19 pandemic that are applicable to the operations and activities of the Company and its bank subsidiary.

Paycheck Protection Program (“PPP”). The CARES Act established a new federal economic relief program administered by the Small Business Administration (“SBA”) called the Paycheck Protection Program (“PPP”), which provided for 100% federally guaranteed loans to be issued by participating private financial institutions to small businesses for payroll and certain other permitted expenses during the COVID-19 pandemic. Our bank subsidiary participated in the PPP as a lender. These loans are eligible to be forgiven if certain conditions are satisfied and are fully guaranteed by the SBA. Additionally, loan payments were deferred for the first six months of the loan term. The PPP commenced on April 3, 2020 and was available to qualified borrowers through May 31, 2021. No collateral or personal guarantees were required. Neither the government nor lenders were permitted to charge the recipients any fees. As of December 31, 2022, our bank subsidiary has approximately $7.3 million in PPP loans that remain outstanding.

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Temporary Regulatory Capital Relief related to Impact of Current Expected Credit Loss (“CECL”). Concurrent with enactment of the CARES Act, the federal bank regulatory agencies issued an interim final rule that delays the estimated impact on regulatory capital resulting from the implementation of CECL. The interim final rule maintains the three-year transition option in the previous rule and provides banking organizations that implemented CECL during 2020 the option to delay for two years the estimated impact of CECL on regulatory capital, relative to the incurred loss methodology’s effect on regulatory capital, followed by a three-year transition period to phase out the aggregate amount of capital benefit provided during the initial two-year delay. We adopted CECL on January 1, 2020 and have elected to utilize the five-year transition option.

Proposed Legislation and Regulatory Action

From time to time, various legislative and regulatory initiatives are introduced in Congress and state legislatures, as well as by regulatory agencies. Such initiatives may include proposals to expand or contract the powers of bank holding companies and depository institutions or proposals to substantially change the financial institution regulatory system. Such legislation could change banking statutes and the operating environment for us and our bank subsidiary in substantial and unpredictable ways. If enacted, such legislation could increase or decrease the cost of doing business, limit or expand permissible activities or affect the competitive balance among banks, savings associations, credit unions, and other financial institutions. We cannot predict whether or in what form any proposed regulation or statute will be adopted or the extent to which our business may be affected by any new regulation or statute.

Effect of Governmental Monetary Polices

Our earnings are affected by domestic economic conditions and the monetary and fiscal policies of the United States government and its agencies. The Federal Reserve Board’s monetary policies have had, and are likely to continue to have, an important impact on the operating results of commercial banks through its power to implement national monetary policy in order, among other things, to curb inflation or combat a recession. The monetary policies of the Federal Reserve Board affect the levels of bank loans, investments and deposits through its control over the issuance of United States government securities, its regulation of the discount rate applicable to banks and its influence over reserve requirements to which banks are subject. We cannot predict the nature or impact of future changes in monetary and fiscal policies.

AVAILABLE INFORMATION

We are subject to the information requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Accordingly, we file annual, quarterly and current reports, proxy statements and other information with the SEC. In addition, we maintain a website at http://www.homebancshares.com. We make available on our website copies of our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and any amendments to such documents as soon as practicable after we electronically file such materials with or furnish such documents to the SEC.

Item 1A. RISK FACTORS

Our business exposes us to certain risks. Risks and uncertainties that management is not aware of or focused on may also adversely affect our business and operation. The following is a discussion of the most significant risks and uncertainties that may affect our business, financial condition and future results.

Risks Related to Our Industry

We are subject to extensive regulation that could limit or restrict our activities and impose financial requirements or limitations on the conduct of our business, and changes in the laws and regulations to which we are subject could adversely affect our profitability.

We and our bank subsidiary are subject to extensive federal and state regulation and supervision. As a registered bank holding company, we are primarily regulated by the Federal Reserve Board. Our bank subsidiary is also primarily regulated by the Federal Reserve Board and the Arkansas State Bank Department.

Banking industry regulations are primarily intended to protect depositors’ funds, federal deposit insurance funds and the banking system as a whole, not security holders. Complying with such regulations is costly and may limit our growth and restrict certain of our activities, including payment of dividends, mergers and acquisitions, investments, loans and interest rates charged, interest rates paid on deposits and locations of offices. We are also subject to capital requirements by our regulators. Violations of various laws, even if unintentional, may result in significant fines or other penalties, including restrictions on branching or bank acquisitions.

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Congress and federal regulatory agencies continually review banking laws, regulations and policies for possible changes. The Dodd-Frank Act, passed by Congress in 2010, instituted major changes to the banking and financial institutions regulatory regimes in light of the performance of and government intervention in the financial services sector during the economic recession leading up to its enactment. The act required the issuance of a substantial number of new regulations by federal regulatory agencies affecting financial institutions, some of which still have yet to be issued or implemented.

While the Economic Growth, Regulatory Relief, and Consumer Protection Act enacted in 2018 reduced certain regulatory burdens on community and regional financial institutions resulting from the Dodd-Frank Act, we cannot assure that future legislation will not significantly increase our compliance or operating costs or otherwise have a significant impact on our business. Certain provisions of the Dodd-Frank Act and regulations promulgated under the act may continue to be implemented, and there could be additional new federal or state laws, regulations and policies regarding lending and funding practices and liquidity standards. Additionally, financial institution regulatory agencies have intensified their response to concerns and trends identified in examinations, including through the issuance of formal enforcement actions. Negative developments in the financial services industry or other new legislation or regulations could adversely impact our operations and our financial performance by subjecting us to additional costs, restricting our business operations, including our ability to originate or sell loans, and/or increasing the ability of non-banks to offer competing financial services.

As regulation of the banking industry continues to evolve, we expect the costs of compliance to continue to increase and, thus, to affect our ability to operate profitably. In addition, industry, legislative or regulatory developments may cause us to materially change our existing strategic direction, capital strategies, compensation or operating plans. If these developments negatively impact our ability to implement our business strategies, it may have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and future prospects.

We are subject to heightened regulatory requirements as our total assets exceed $10 billion.

Because our total assets exceed $10 billion, we and our bank subsidiary are subject to increased regulatory requirements. The Dodd-Frank Act and its implementing regulations impose various additional requirements on bank holding companies with $10 billion or more in total assets. In addition, banks with $10 billion or more in total assets are primarily examined by the CFPB with respect to various federal consumer financial protection laws and regulations. Previously, our bank subsidiary had been subject to regulations adopted by the CFPB, but the Federal Reserve was primarily responsible for examining our bank subsidiary’s compliance with consumer protection laws and those CFPB regulations. As a relatively new agency with evolving regulations and practices, the CFPB’s examination and regulatory authority has been and continues to be the subject of policy debates and uncertainty among lawmakers and differing presidential administrations, and thus we cannot ascertain the impact, if any, that future changes to the CFPB may have on our business.

Banks with assets in excess of $10 billion are subject to a deposit assessment based on a scorecard issued by the FDIC that considers, among other things, the bank’s CAMELS rating, results of asset-related stress testing and funding-related stress, as well as our use of core deposits, among other things. Depending on the results of the bank’s performance under that scorecard, the total base assessment rate is between 2.5 to 42 basis points. Any increase in our bank subsidiary’s deposit insurance assessments may result in an increased expense related to our use of deposits as a funding source. Additionally, banks with over $10 billion in total assets are no longer exempt from the requirements of the Federal Reserve’s rules on interchange transaction fees for debit cards. Our bank subsidiary is limited to receiving only a “reasonable” interchange transaction fee for any debit card transactions processed using debit cards issued by our bank subsidiary to our customers. The Federal Reserve has determined that it is unreasonable for a bank with more than $10 billion in total assets to receive more than $0.21 plus 5 basis points of the transaction plus a $0.01 fraud adjustment for an interchange transaction fee for debit card transactions. This limit in the amount of interchange fees we receive for electronic debit interchange has the effect of reducing our revenues.

Prior to becoming subject to the heightened regulatory requirements, we hired additional compliance personnel and implemented structural initiatives to address these requirements. While some of these requirements, such as annual stress testing, were eliminated by the reforms enacted in May 2018, our continued compliance with the remaining requirements and compliance with any additional requirements that may be imposed in the future may necessitate that we hire additional compliance or other personnel, design and implement additional internal controls, or incur other significant expenses, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. Our regulators may also consider our compliance with these regulatory requirements when examining our operations generally or considering any request for regulatory approval we may make, even requests for approvals on unrelated matters.

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Difficult market and economic conditions may adversely affect our industry and our business.

Economic downturns historically have had a significant adverse impact on the banking industry, and particularly community banks. Declines in the housing market, with falling home prices and increased delinquencies and foreclosures, can negatively impact the credit performance of mortgage and construction loans and result in significant write-downs of assets by financial institutions. Any reduced availability of commercial credit or periods of sustained higher unemployment can further negatively impact the credit performance of commercial and consumer credit, resulting in additional write-downs. Any such market conditions could cause commercial and consumer deficiencies, low customer confidence, market volatility and generally sluggish business activity in our industry.

Unlike larger financial institutions that are more geographically diversified, our profitability depends primarily on the general economic conditions in our primary market areas. Local economic conditions have a significant impact on our residential real estate, commercial real estate, construction, commercial and industrial and consumer lending, including, the ability of borrowers to repay these loans and the value of the collateral securing these loans. Certain economic indicators, such as real estate asset values, rents and unemployment, may vary between geographic markets and may lag behind the overall economy. These economic indicators typically affect certain industries, such as real estate and financial services, more significantly than other economic sectors. Additionally, our success significantly depends upon the growth in population, income levels, deposits and housing starts in our markets. If the communities in which we operate do not grow or if prevailing economic conditions deteriorate locally or nationally, our business may be adversely affected. We are less able than a larger institution to spread the risks of unfavorable local economic conditions across a large number of diversified economies. The adverse effects of any future economic downturn on us, our customers and the other financial institutions in our market may result in increased foreclosures, delinquencies and customer bankruptcies as well as more restricted access to funds. Any such negative events may have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and stock price.

The impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted U.S. and global supply chains and altered business and economic conditions throughout the U.S. and globally. Its economic impacts lowered equity market valuations; created significant volatility and disruption in financial markets; contributed to a decrease in the rates and yields on U.S. Treasury securities; resulted in ratings downgrades, credit deterioration, and defaults in many industries; increased demands on capital and liquidity; increased unemployment levels and decreased consumer confidence. In addition, the pandemic resulted in temporary or permanent closures of many businesses, the institution of social distancing, face covering requirements and other health directives, and in some cases, self-isolation requirements. The pandemic also caused us to recognize credit losses in our loan portfolios and increases in our allowance for credit losses.

Given the nature of COVID-19 variants, it is difficult to predict whether or when any future outbreaks of the virus may occur or the impacts that any such outbreak may have on our business. Any impact will depend on future developments, including the long-term scope, severity and duration of the outbreak, the success of vaccination, treatment and other mitigation efforts, any further actions taken by governmental authorities in response to the economic and health effects of the pandemic, and the long-term financial impact of the pandemic on our customers, employees, counterparties and service providers. As part of these uncertainties, we could be subject to a number of risks, any of which could have a material, adverse effect on our business, financial condition, liquidity, results of operations, and ability to execute our growth strategy. These risks include, but are not limited to, increased loan losses or other impairments in our loan portfolios and increases in our allowance for loan losses; further volatility in the valuation of real estate and other collateral supporting loans; impairment of our goodwill and our financial assets; increased cost of capital; inability to satisfy our minimum regulatory capital ratios and other supervisory requirements; or a downgrade in our credit ratings. We could also face an increased risk of governmental and regulatory scrutiny as a result of the effects of the pandemic on market and economic conditions and actions governmental authorities take in response to those conditions.

Even as the economic and health impacts of the coronavirus subside, we could experience future volatility in the economy or a prolonged recession that could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, liquidity, or results of operations.

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Our FDIC insurance premiums and assessments could increase and result in higher noninterest expense.

Our bank subsidiary’s deposits are insured by the FDIC up to legal limits, and accordingly, we are subject to FDIC deposit insurance assessments. As our bank subsidiary exceeds $10 billion in assets, we are subject to higher FDIC assessments. Our bank subsidiary’s regular assessments are calculated under the large bank pricing rule using its average consolidated total assets minus average tangible equity as well as by risk classification, which includes regulatory capital levels.

We are generally unable to control the amount and timetable for payment of premiums that we are required to pay for FDIC insurance. There is no guarantee that our assessment rate will not increase in the future. Additionally, if there is an increase in bank or financial institution failures or there is a future need to strengthen the DIF reserve ratio, the FDIC may further revise the assessment rates or the risk-based assessment system. Such changes may require us to pay higher FDIC premiums than our current levels, or the FDIC may charge additional special assessments, either of which would increase our noninterest expense.

Our profitability is vulnerable to interest rate fluctuations and monetary policy and could be adversely affected by any future actions taken by the Federal Reserve Board to address rising inflation.

Our results of operations are affected by the monetary policies of the Federal Reserve Board. Most of our assets and liabilities are monetary in nature, and thus subject us to significant risks from changes in interest rates. Consequently, our results of operations can be significantly affected by changes in interest rates and our ability to manage interest rate risk. Changes in market interest rates, changes in the relationships between short-term and long-term market interest rates, or changes in the relationship between different interest rate indices can affect the interest rates charged on interest-earning assets differently than the interest paid on interest-bearing liabilities. This difference could result in an increase in interest expense relative to interest income or a decrease in interest rate spread. In addition to affecting our profitability, changes in interest rates can impact the valuation of our assets and liabilities. Changes in interest rates can also affect our business and profitability in numerous other ways. For example, increases in interest rates can have a negative impact on our results of operations by reducing loan demand and the ability of borrowers to repay their current obligations, while decreases in interest rates may affect loan prepayments.

In response to recent inflation and its affects on U.S. business and consumers, the Federal Reserve Board has implemented eight interest rate increases since March 2022. It is widely anticipated that the Federal Reserve will implement multiple additional interest rate increases during 2023. While we experienced loan growth during 2022 through acquisitions and organically sufficient to more than offset our increased interest expense and overall loan demand has remained relatively strong, there can be no assurance that any such future actions by the Federal Reserve Board involving monetary policies will not cause any of the adverse effects described above on our deposit levels, loan demand or business and earnings.

We may be adversely impacted by the transition from the use of the LIBOR interest rate index in the future.

We have certain loans, investment securities and subordinated debt securities indexed to LIBOR to calculate the interest rate. The continued availability of the LIBOR index is not guaranteed after the United Kingdom administrators of LIBOR have announced that the publication of the most commonly used U.S. dollar LIBOR settings will cease to be published after June 2023. We cannot predict, in the interim, whether and to what extent banks will continue to provide LIBOR submissions to the administrator of LIBOR or whether any additional reforms to LIBOR may be enacted. With respect to our loan assets, at this time, there is some industry guidance regarding acceptable alternatives to LIBOR. After review and analysis from the Federal Reserve Board’s Alternative Reference Rates Committee, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau published its final rule recommending the Secured Overnight Financing Rate, or SOFR, as a compliant replacement index to LIBOR that would not trigger a refinance under existing regulations for certain consumer loans. Loan contracts may also contain alternate rate language permitting transfer to SOFR, Wall Street Journal Prime or another index when LIBOR is no longer available. The timing and manner in which each customer’s contract transitions to a new index will vary on a case-by-case basis. There continues to be some uncertainty related to the LIBOR transition. New index rates and payments will differ from LIBOR, which may lead to increased volatility. The transition has impacted our market risk profiles and required changes to our risk and pricing models, valuation tools, and product design. Furthermore, failure to adequately manage this transition process with our customers could adversely impact our reputation. With respect to investment securities and subordinated debt securities, we expect similar transition issues. Failure to adequately manage the transition could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

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Risks Related to Our Business

Our decisions regarding credit risk could be inaccurate and our allowance for credit losses may be inadequate, which would materially and adversely affect us.

Management makes various assumptions and judgments about the collectability of our loan portfolio, including the creditworthiness of our borrowers and the value of the real estate and other assets serving as collateral for the repayment of our secured loans. We endeavor to maintain an allowance for credit losses that we consider adequate to absorb future losses that may occur in our loan portfolio. As of December 31, 2022, our allowance for credit losses was approximately $289.7 million, or 2.01% of our total loans. In determining the size of the allowance, we analyze our loan portfolio based on our historical loss experience, volume and classification of loans, volume and trends in delinquencies and non-accruals, national and local economic conditions, and other pertinent information.

If our assumptions are incorrect, our current allowance may be insufficient to absorb future loan losses, and increased loan loss reserves may be needed to respond to different economic conditions or adverse developments in our loan portfolio. When there is an economic downturn, it is more difficult for us to estimate the losses that we will experience in our loan portfolio. In addition, federal and state regulators periodically review our allowance for credit losses and may require us to increase our allowance for credit losses or recognize further loan charge-offs based on judgments different than those of our management. Any increase in our allowance for credit losses or loan charge-offs could have a negative effect on our operating results.

Our high concentration of real estate loans and especially commercial real estate loans exposes us to increased lending risk.

As of December 31, 2022, approximately 72.5% of our total loan portfolio was comprised of loans with real estate as a primary or secondary component of collateral. This includes commercial real estate loans (excluding construction/land development) of $5.98 billion, or 41.5% of total loans, construction/land development loans of $2.14 billion, or 14.8% of total loans, and residential real estate loans of $2.33 billion, or 16.1% of total loans. This high concentration of real estate loans could subject us to increased credit risk in the event of a decrease in real estate values in our markets, a real estate recession or a natural disaster. Also, in any such event, our ability to recover on defaulted loans by foreclosing and selling real estate collateral would be diminished, and we would be more likely to suffer losses on defaulted loans.

In addition to the risks associated with the high concentration of real estate-secured loans, the commercial real estate and construction/land development loans, which comprised 56.3% of our total loan portfolio as of December 31, 2022, expose us to a greater risk of loss than our residential real estate loans, which comprised 16.1% of our total loan portfolio as of December 31, 2022. Commercial real estate and land development loans typically involve larger loan balances to single borrowers or groups of related borrowers compared to residential loans. Consequently, an adverse development with respect to one commercial loan or one credit relationship exposes us to a significantly greater risk of loss compared to an adverse development with respect to one residential mortgage loan.

The repayment of loans secured by commercial real estate is typically dependent upon the successful operation of the related real estate or commercial project. If the cash flows from the project are reduced, a borrower’s ability to repay the loan may be impaired. This cash flow shortage may result in the failure to make loan payments. In such cases, we may be compelled to modify the terms of the loan, or in the most extreme cases, we may have to foreclose.

If a decline in economic conditions or other issues cause difficulties for our borrowers of these types of loans, if we fail to evaluate the credit of these loans accurately when we underwrite them or if we do not continue to adequately monitor the performance of these loans, our lending portfolio could experience delinquencies, defaults and credit losses that could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Our geographic concentration of banking activities and loan portfolio makes us more vulnerable to adverse conditions in our local markets.

Our bank subsidiary operates through branch locations in Arkansas, Florida, Texas, Alabama and New York City and loan production offices in Los Angeles, California, Dallas, Texas, Miami, Florida, Chesapeake, Virginia and Baltimore, Maryland. However, approximately 79.7% of our total loans and 84.6% of our real estate loans as of December 31, 2022, are to borrowers whose collateral is located in Arkansas, Florida, Texas, Alabama and New York, the states in which the Company has its branch locations. An adverse development with respect to the market conditions of any of these specific market areas or a decrease in real estate values in those market areas could expose us to a greater risk of loss than a portfolio that is spread among a larger geographic base.

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If the value of real estate were to deteriorate, a significant portion of our loans could become under-collateralized, which could have a material adverse effect on us.

As of December 31, 2022, approximately 72.5% of our total loans were secured by real estate. In prior years, difficult local economic conditions have adversely affected the values of our real estate collateral, and they could do so again if the economic conditions markets were to deteriorate in the future. The real estate collateral in each case provides an alternate source of repayment on our loans in the event of default by the borrower but may deteriorate in value during the time credit is extended. If we are required to liquidate the collateral securing a loan to satisfy the debt during a period of reduced real estate values, our earnings and capital could be adversely affected.

Because we have a concentration of exposure to a number of individual borrowers, a significant loss on any of those loans could materially and adversely affect us.

We have a concentration of exposure to a number of individual borrowers. Under applicable law, our bank subsidiary is generally permitted to make loans to one borrowing relationship up to 20% of its Tier 1 capital plus the allowance for credit losses. As of December 31, 2022, the legal lending limit of our bank subsidiary for secured loans was approximately $539.7 million. Our board of directors has established an in-house lending limit of $40.0 million to any one borrowing relationship without obtaining the approval of two of the following: our Chairman, John W. Allison, our Vice Chairman, Jack E. Engelkes, or our director Richard H. Ashley. As of December 31, 2022, we had a total of $6.46 billion, or 44.8% of our total loans, committed to the aggregate group of borrowers whose total debt exceeds the established in-house lending limit of $40.0 million.

Our cost of funds may increase as a result of general economic conditions, interest rates and competitive pressures.

Our cost of funds may increase as a result of general economic conditions, interest rates and competitive pressures. We have traditionally obtained funds principally through local deposits, and we have a base of lower cost transaction deposits. Generally, we believe local deposits are a more stable source of funds than other borrowings because interest rates paid for local deposits are typically lower than interest rates charged for borrowings from other institutional lenders. In addition, local deposits reflect a mix of transaction and time deposits, whereas brokered deposits typically are less stable time deposits, which may need to be replaced with higher cost funds. Our costs of funds and our profitability and liquidity are likely to be adversely affected if and to the extent we must rely upon higher cost borrowings from other institutional lenders or brokers to fund loan demand or liquidity needs, and changes in our deposit mix and growth could adversely affect our profitability and the ability to expand our loan portfolio.

The loss of key employees may materially and adversely affect us.

Our success depends significantly on our Chairman, Chief Executive Officer and President, John W. Allison, and our executive officers, especially Brian S. Davis, J. Stephen Tipton and Kevin D. Hester plus Centennial Bank Chairman, Chief Executive Officer and President, Tracy M. French, as well as other key Centennial Bank personnel. Centennial Bank, in particular, relies heavily on its management team’s relationships in its local communities to generate business. The loss of services from a member of our current management team may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and future prospects.

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The value of securities in our investment portfolio may decline in the future.

As of December 31, 2022, we owned $4.04 billion of available-for-sale investment securities. The fair value of our available-for-sale investment securities may be adversely affected by market conditions, including changes in interest rates, and the occurrence of any events adversely affecting the issuer of particular securities in our investments portfolio. We evaluate all securities quarterly to determine if any securities in a loss position requires a provision for credit losses in accordance with ASC 326, Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments. The Company first assesses whether it intends to sell or is more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis. If either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met, the security’s amortized cost basis is written down to fair value through income. For securities that do not meet these criteria, the Company evaluates whether the decline in fair value has resulted from credit losses or other factors. In making this assessment, the Company considers the extent to which fair value is less than amortized cost, and changes to the rating of the security by a rating agency, and adverse conditions specifically related to the security, among other factors. If this assessment indicates that a credit loss exists, the present value of cash flows expected to be collected from the security are compared to the amortized cost basis of the security. If the present value of cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost basis, a credit loss exists and an allowance for credit losses is recorded for the credit loss, limited by the amount that the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis. Any impairment that has not been recorded through an allowance for credit losses is recognized in other comprehensive income. Changes in the allowance for credit losses are recorded as provision for (or reversal of) credit loss expense. Losses are charged against the allowance when management believes the uncollectability of a security is confirmed or when either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met. Because of changing economic and market conditions affecting issuers, we may be required to record provisions for credit losses in future periods, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

As of December 31, 2022, we owned $1.29 billion of held-to-maturity investment securities. Securities held-to-maturity ("HTM"), which include any security for which we have the positive intent and ability to hold until maturity, are reported at historical cost adjusted for amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts. Premiums and discounts are amortized/accreted to the call date to interest income using the constant effective yield method over the estimated life of the security. The Company measures expected credit losses on HTM securities on a collective basis by major security type, with each type sharing similar risk characteristics. The estimate of expected credit losses considers historical credit loss information that is adjusted for current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. The Company has made the election to exclude accrued interest receivable on HTM securities from the estimate of credit losses and report accrued interest separately on the consolidated balance sheets. Because of changing economic and market conditions affecting issuers, we may be required to record provisions for credit losses in future periods, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Our recent results do not indicate our future results and may not provide guidance to assess the risk of an investment in our common stock.

We are unlikely to sustain our historical rate of growth and may not even be able to expand our business at all. Further, our growth in prior years may distort some of our historical financial ratios and statistics. Various factors, such as economic conditions, regulatory and legislative considerations and competition, may also impede or prohibit our ability to expand our market presence. If we are not able to successfully grow our business, our financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.

We may not be able to raise the additional capital we need to grow and, as a result, our ability to expand our operations could be materially impaired.

Federal and state regulatory authorities require us and our bank subsidiary to maintain adequate levels of capital to support our operations. While we believe that our existing capital (which well exceeds the federal and state capital requirements) will be sufficient to support our current operations, anticipated expansion and potential acquisitions, factors such as faster than anticipated growth, reduced earnings levels, operating losses, changes in economic conditions, revisions in regulatory requirements, or additional acquisition opportunities may lead us to seek additional capital.

Our ability to raise additional capital, if needed, will depend on our financial performance and on conditions in the capital markets at that time, which are outside our control. If we need additional capital but cannot raise it on terms acceptable to us, our ability to expand our operations could be materially impaired, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may be adversely affected, and our stock price may decline.

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Our growth and expansion strategy may not be successful, and our market value and profitability may suffer.

Growth through the acquisition of banks or specific bank assets or liabilities, including FDIC-assisted transactions, and de novo branching represent important components of our business strategy. Bank acquisitions are subject to regulatory approval, and we cannot assure that we will be able to obtain approval for a proposed acquisition in a timely manner or at all. Any future acquisitions we might make will also be accompanied by other risks commonly encountered in acquisitions. These risks include, among other things:

•credit risk associated with the acquired bank’s loans and investments;

•the use of inaccurate estimates and judgments to evaluate credit, operations, management and market risks with respect to the target institution or assets;

•the potential exposure to unknown or contingent liabilities related to the acquisition;

•the time and expense required to integrate an acquisition;

•the effectiveness of integrating operations, personnel and customers;

•risks of impairment to goodwill or other than temporary impairment; and

•potential disruption of our ongoing business.

We expect that competition for suitable acquisition candidates may be significant. We may compete with other banks or financial service companies with similar acquisition strategies, many of which are larger and have greater financial and other resources. We cannot assure you that we will be able to successfully identify and acquire suitable acquisition targets on acceptable terms and conditions.

We may continue to have opportunities from time to time to acquire the assets and liabilities of failed banks in FDIC-assisted transactions. These acquisitions involve risks similar to acquiring existing banks even though the FDIC might provide assistance to mitigate certain risks such as sharing in exposure to loan losses and providing indemnification against certain liabilities of the failed institution. However, because these acquisitions are structured in a manner that would not allow us the time normally associated with preparing for integration of an acquired institution, we may face additional risks in FDIC-assisted transactions. These risks include, among other things, the loss of customers, strain on management resources related to collection and management of problem loans and problems related to integration of personnel and operating systems.

In addition to the acquisition of existing financial institutions or their assets or liabilities, as opportunities arise, we may grow through de novo branching. De novo branching, and any acquisition carry with them numerous risks, including the following:

•the inability to obtain all required regulatory approvals;

•the significant upfront costs and anticipated operating losses associated with establishing a de novo branch or a new bank;

•the inability to secure the services of qualified senior management;

•the local market receptivity for branches established or banks acquired outside of those markets in which we currently maintain a material presence;

•the local economic conditions within the market to be served by the de novo branch or new bank;

•the inability to obtain attractive locations within a new market at a reasonable cost; and

•the additional strain on management resources and internal systems and controls.

We cannot assure that we will be successful in overcoming these risks or any other problems encountered in connection with acquisitions (including FDIC-assisted transactions) and de novo branching. Our inability to overcome these risks could have an adverse effect on our ability to achieve our business strategy and maintain our market value and profitability.

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If we acquire additional banks or bank assets in the future, there may be undiscovered risks or losses associated with such acquisitions which would have a negative impact upon our future income.

Our growth strategy includes strategic acquisitions of banks or bank assets. We have acquired 23 banks since we started our first subsidiary bank in 1999, including a total of 18 banks since 2010. We completed the acquisition of Happy Bancshares, headquartered in Amarillo, Texas, during the second quarter of 2022. We will continue to consider future strategic acquisitions, with a primary focus on Texas, Arkansas, Florida, Alabama and other nearby markets. In most cases, our acquisition of a bank includes the acquisition of all or a substantial portion of the target bank’s assets and liabilities, including all or a substantial portion of its loan portfolio, although we have in the past acquired and may in the future acquire specific lending divisions or loan portfolios. There may be instances when we, under our normal operating procedures, may find after the acquisition that there may be additional losses or undisclosed liabilities with respect to the assets and liabilities of the target bank, and, with respect to its loan portfolio, that the ability of a borrower to repay a loan may have become impaired, the quality of the value of the collateral securing a loan may fall below our standards, or our determination of the fair value of any such loan may be inadequate. One or more of these factors might cause us to have additional losses or liabilities, additional loan charge-offs, or increases in our allowance for credit losses, which would have a negative impact upon our financial condition and results of operations.

If the goodwill that we may record or have recorded in connection with a business acquisition becomes impaired, it could require charges to earnings.

When we acquire a business, a portion of the purchase price of the acquisition is generally allocated to goodwill and other identifiable intangible assets. The amount of the purchase price that is allocated to goodwill and other intangible assets is determined by the excess of the purchase price over the net identifiable assets acquired. At December 31, 2022, our goodwill and other identifiable intangible assets were $1.46 billion. Under current accounting standards, if we determine goodwill or intangible assets are impaired because, for example, the acquired business does not meet projected revenue targets or certain key employees leave, we are required to write down the carrying value of these assets. We conduct a review at least annually to determine whether goodwill is impaired. Our annual goodwill impairment evaluation performed during the fourth quarter of 2022 indicated no impairment of goodwill for our reporting segments. We cannot provide assurance, however, that we will not be required to take an impairment charge in the future. Any impairment charge would have an adverse effect on our shareholders’ equity and financial results and could cause a decline in our stock price.

Competition from other financial institutions and financial service providers may adversely affect our profitability.

We face substantial competition in all phases of our operations from a variety of different competitors. We experience strong competition, not only from commercial banks, savings and loan associations and credit unions, but also from mortgage banking firms, consumer finance companies, securities brokerage firms, insurance companies, money market funds and other financial services providers operating in or near our market areas. We compete with these institutions both in attracting deposits and in making loans.

Many of our competitors are much larger national and regional financial institutions. We may face a competitive disadvantage against them as a result of our smaller size and resources and our lack of geographic diversification. Due to their size, larger competitors can achieve economies of scale and may offer a broader range of products and services or more attractive pricing than us. If we are unable to offer competitive products and services, our business may be negatively affected. Many of our competitors are not subject to the same degree of regulation that we are as an FDIC-insured institution, which gives them greater operating flexibility and reduces their expenses relative to ours. As a result, these non-bank competitors have certain advantages over us in accessing funding and in providing various services.

We also compete against community banks that have strong local ties. These smaller institutions are likely to cater to the same small and mid-sized businesses that we target and to use a relationship-based approach similar to ours. In addition, our competitors may seek to gain market share by pricing below the current market rates for loans and paying higher rates for deposits. The banking business in our primary market areas is very competitive, and the level of competition facing us may increase further, which may limit our asset growth and financial results.

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We continually encounter technological change, and we may have fewer resources than many of our competitors to continue to invest in technological improvements and innovations.

The financial services industry continues to undergo rapid technological changes, with frequent introductions of new technology-driven products and services, including innovative ways that customers can make payments or manage their accounts, such as through the use of digital wallets or digital currencies. In addition to better serving customers, effective use of technology increases efficiency and enables financial institutions to reduce costs. Our future success will depend, in part, upon our ability to address the needs of our customers by using technology to provide products and services that will satisfy customer demands for convenience, as well as to create additional efficiencies in our operations. Many of our competitors have substantially greater resources to invest in technological improvements. We may not be able to effectively implement new technology-driven products and services or be successful in marketing these products and services to our clients, which may adversely affect our results of operations and future prospects.

A failure in or breach of our operational or security systems, or those of our third-party service providers, including as a result of cyber-attacks, could disrupt our business, result in unintentional disclosure or misuse of confidential or proprietary information, damage our reputation, increase our costs and cause losses.

As a financial institution, our operations rely heavily on the secure processing, storage and transmission of confidential and other information on our computer systems and networks. Any failure, interruption or breach in security or operational integrity of these systems could result in failures or disruptions in our online banking system, customer relationship management, general ledger, deposit and loan servicing and other systems. The security and integrity of our systems could be threatened by a variety of interruptions or information security breaches, including those caused by computer hacking, cyber-attacks, electronic fraudulent activity or attempted theft of financial assets. Our information systems have from time to time experienced such interruptions or breaches despite our best efforts to prevent them. We cannot assure you that any future failures, interruption or security breaches will not occur, or if they do occur that they will be adequately addressed. While we have certain protective policies and procedures in place, the nature and sophistication of the threats continue to evolve. We may be required to expend significant additional resources in the future to modify and enhance our protective measures.

Additionally, we face the risk of operational disruption, failure, termination or capacity constraints of any of the third parties that facilitate our business activities, including exchanges, clearing agents, clearing houses or other financial intermediaries. Such parties could also be the source of an attack on, or breach of, our operational systems. Any failures, interruptions or security breaches in our information systems could damage our reputation, result in a loss of customer business, result in a violation of privacy or other laws, or expose us to civil litigation, regulatory fines or losses not covered by insurance.

Future hurricanes or other adverse weather events could negatively affect our local economies or disrupt our operations, which would have an adverse effect on us.

As illustrated in recent years by the impact of Hurricanes Irma, Michael and Ian, our markets in Alabama and Florida, like other coastal areas, are susceptible to hurricanes and tropical storms. Such weather events can disrupt our operations, result in damage to our properties and negatively affect the local economies in which we operate. We cannot predict whether or to what extent damage that may be caused by future hurricanes or other weather events will affect our operations or the economies in our market areas, but such weather events could result in a decline in loan originations, a decline in the value or destruction of properties or other collateral securing our loans and an increase in the delinquencies, foreclosures and loan losses. Our business or results of operations may be adversely affected by these and other negative effects of hurricanes or other significant weather events.

We may incur environmental liabilities with respect to properties to which we take title.

A significant portion of our loan portfolio is secured by real property. In the course of our business, we may own or foreclose and take title to real estate and could become subject to environmental liabilities with respect to these properties. In addition, we acquire branches and real estate in connection with our acquisitions of banks. We may become responsible to a governmental agency or third parties for property damage, personal injury, investigation and clean-up costs incurred by those parties in connection with environmental contamination or may be required to investigate or clean-up hazardous or toxic substances, or chemical releases at a property. The costs associated with environmental investigation or remediation activities could be substantial. If we were to become subject to significant environmental liabilities, it could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

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Our operations could be interrupted if certain external vendors on which we rely experience difficulty, terminate their services or fail to comply with banking laws and regulations.

We depend to a significant extent on relationships with third party service providers. Specifically, we utilize third-party core banking services and receive credit card and debit card services, branch capture services, Internet banking services and services complementary to our banking products from various third-party service providers. If these third-party service providers experience difficulties or terminate their services and we are unable to replace them with other service providers, our operations could be interrupted. It may be difficult for us to replace some of our third-party vendors, particularly vendors providing our core banking, credit card and debit card services, in a timely manner if they were unwilling or unable to provide us with these services in the future for any reason. If an interruption were to continue for a significant period of time, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. Even if we are able to replace them, it may be at higher cost to us, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. In addition, if a third-party provider fails to provide the services we require, fails to meet contractual requirements, such as compliance with applicable laws and regulations, or suffers a cyber-attack or other security breach, our business could suffer economic and reputational harm that could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Our earnings could be adversely impacted by incidences of fraud and compliance failure.

Financial institutions are inherently exposed to fraud risk. A fraud can be perpetrated by a customer of our bank subsidiary, an employee, a vendor, or members of the general public. We are most subject to fraud and compliance risk in connection with the origination of loans, ACH transactions, wire transactions, ATM transactions, and checking transactions. Our largest fraud risk, associated with the origination of loans, includes the intentional misstatement of information in property appraisals or other underwriting documentation provided to us by third parties. Compliance risk is the risk that loans are not originated in compliance with applicable laws and regulations and our standards. There can be no assurance that we can prevent or detect acts of fraud or violation of law or our compliance standards by the third parties that we deal with. Repeated incidences of fraud or compliance failures would adversely impact the performance of our loan portfolio.

Risks Related to Owning Our Stock

The rights of our common shareholders are subordinate to the holders of any debt securities that we may issue from time to time and may be subordinate to the holders of any series of preferred stock that may issue in the future.

On January 18, 2022, we issued $300.0 million of 3.125% fixed-to-floating rate subordinated notes, which mature in 2032, and on April 1, 2022, the Company acquired $140.0 million of subordinated notes from Happy, which mature in 2030 and carry a fixed rate of 5.500% for the first five years. Thereafter, the notes bear interest at 3-month Secured Overnight Funding Rate (SOFR) plus 5.345%, resetting quarterly. Because these subordinated notes are senior to our shares of common stock, in the event of our bankruptcy, dissolution or liquidation, the holders of any such subordinated notes then outstanding must be satisfied before any distributions can be made to the holders of our common stock.

Our board of directors has the authority to issue in the aggregate up to 5,500,000 shares of preferred stock, and to incur senior or subordinated indebtedness, generally without shareholder approval. Our preferred stock could be issued with voting, liquidation, dividend and other rights that may be superior to the rights of our common stock. In addition, like our outstanding subordinated debentures, any future indebtedness that we incur would be expected to be senior to our common stock with respect to payment upon liquidation, dissolution or winding up. Accordingly, common shareholders bear the risk that our future issuances of debt or equity securities or our incurrence of other borrowings will negatively affect the market price of our common stock.

We may be unable to, or choose not to, pay dividends on our common stock.

Although we have paid a quarterly dividend on our common stock since 2003 and expect to continue this practice, we cannot assure you of our ability to continue. Our ability to pay dividends depends on the following factors, among others:

•We may not have sufficient earnings since our primary source of income, the payment of dividends to us by our bank subsidiary, is subject to federal and state laws that limit the ability of that bank to pay dividends.

•Federal Reserve Board policy requires bank holding companies to pay cash dividends on common stock only out of net income available over the past year and only if prospective earnings retention is consistent with the organization’s expected future needs and financial condition.

•Before dividends may be paid on our common stock in any year, payments must be made on our subordinated debentures.

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•Our board of directors may determine that, even though funds are available for dividend payments, retaining the funds for internal uses, such as expansion of our operations, is a better strategy.

If we fail to pay dividends, capital appreciation, if any, of our common stock may be the sole opportunity for gains on an investment in our common stock. In addition, in the event our bank subsidiary becomes unable, due to regulatory restrictions, capital planning needs or otherwise, to pay dividends to us, we may not be able to service our debt, pay our other obligations or pay dividends on our common stock. Accordingly, our inability to receive dividends from our bank subsidiary could also have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations and the value of your investment in our common stock.

Item 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

There are currently no unresolved Commission staff comments received by the Company more than 180 days prior to the end of the fiscal year covered by this annual report.

Item 2. PROPERTIES

The Company’s main office is located in a Company-owned 33,000 square foot building located at 719 Harkrider Street in downtown Conway, Arkansas. As of December 31, 2022, our bank subsidiary owned or leased a total of 76 branches in Arkansas, 78 branches in Florida, 63 branches in Texas, five branches in Alabama and one branch in New York City. The Company also owns or leases other buildings that provide space for operations, mortgage lending and other general purposes. We believe that our banking and other offices are in good condition and are suitable to our needs.

Item 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

While we and our bank subsidiary and other affiliates are from time to time parties to various legal proceedings arising in the ordinary course of their business, management believes, after consultation with legal counsel, that there are no proceedings threatened or pending against us or our bank subsidiary or other affiliates that will, individually or in the aggregate, have a material adverse effect on our business or consolidated financial condition.

Item 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE

Not applicable.

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PART II

Item 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

Our common stock is listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol “HOMB.” As of February 21, 2023, there were approximately 1,776 stockholders of record of the Company’s common stock.

Our policy is to declare regular quarterly dividends based upon our earnings, financial position, capital improvements and such other factors deemed relevant by the Board of Directors. The dividend policy is subject to change, however, and the payment of dividends is not necessarily dependent upon the availability of earnings and future financial condition. Information regarding regulatory restrictions on our ability to pay dividends is discussed in “Supervision and Regulation – Payment of Dividends.”

During the three months ended December 31, 2022, the Company utilized a portion of its stock repurchase program most recently amended and approved by the Board of Directors on January 22, 2021. The following table sets forth information with respect to purchases made by or on behalf of the Company of shares of the Company’s common stock during the periods indicated:

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Period	Number of Shares Purchased	Average Price Paid Per Share Purchased		Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs	Maximum Number of Shares That May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs(1)
October 1 through October 31, 2022	190,000	$	24.23	190,000	19,642,134
November 1 through November 30, 2022	150,000	25.01		150,000	19,492,134
December 1 through December 31, 2022	500,000	23.21		500,000	18,992,134
Total	840,000			840,000

(1)The above described stock repurchase program has no expiration date.

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Performance Graph

Below is a graph which summarizes the cumulative return earned by the Company’s stockholders since December 31, 2017, compared with the cumulative total return on the Russell 2000 Index and S&P U.S. BMI Banks Index. This presentation assumes that the fair value of the investment in the Company's common stock and each index was $100.00 on December 31, 2017 and that the subsequent dividends were reinvested.

	Period Ending
Index	12/31/17	12/31/18	12/31/19	12/31/20	12/31/21	12/31/22
Home BancShares, Inc.	100.00	71.75	88.76	90.80	116.12	111.78
Russell 2000 Index	100.00	88.99	111.70	134.00	153.85	122.41
S&P U.S. BMI Banks Index	100.00	83.54	114.74	100.10	136.10	112.89

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Item 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA.

Summary Consolidated Financial Data

	As of or for the Years Ended December 31,
	2022			2021			2020
	(Dollars and shares in thousands, except per share data)
Income statement data:
Total interest income	$	877,766		$	625,171		$	675,962
Total interest expense	119,090			52,200			93,407
Net interest income	758,676			572,971			582,555
Provision for credit losses	63,585			(4,752)			129,253
Net interest income after provision for credit losses	695,091			577,723			453,302
Non-interest income	175,111			137,569			111,786
Non-interest expense	475,627			298,517			287,385
Income before income taxes	394,575			416,775			277,703
Income tax expense	89,313			97,754			63,255
Net income	$	305,262		$	319,021		$	214,448
Per share data:
Basic earnings per common share	$	1.57		$	1.94		$	1.30
Diluted earnings per common share	1.57			1.94			1.30
Book value per common share	17.33			16.90			15.78
Tangible book value per common share (non-GAAP)(1)(2)	10.17			10.80			9.70
Dividends – common	0.66			0.56			0.53
Average common shares outstanding	194,694			164,501			165,373
Average diluted shares outstanding	195,019			164,858			165,373
Performance ratios:
Return on average assets	1.35		%	1.83		%	1.33		%
Return on average assets excluding intangible Amortization (non-GAAP)(3)	1.47			1.96			1.45
Return on average common equity	9.17			11.89			8.57
Return on average tangible common equity excluding intangible amortization     (non-GAAP)(1)(4)	15.63			19.20			14.59
Net interest margin(5)	3.81			3.66			4.06
Efficiency ratio	49.53			40.81			40.20
Efficiency ratio, as adjusted (non-GAAP)(6)	44.55			42.12			40.36
Asset quality:
Non-performing assets to total assets	0.27			0.29			0.48
Non-performing loans to total loans	0.42			0.51			0.66
Allowance for credit losses to non-performing loans	475.99			471.61			331.10
Allowance for credit losses to total loans	2.01			2.41			2.19
Net charge-offs to average total loans	0.11			0.08			0.11

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Summary Consolidated Financial Data – Continued

	As of the Years Ended December 31,
	2022			2021
	(Dollars and shares in thousands, except per share data)
Balance sheet data (period end):
Total assets	$	22,883,588		$	18,052,138
Investment securities – available-for-sale	4,041,590			3,119,807
Loans receivable	14,409,480			9,836,089
Allowance for credit losses	289,669			236,714
Intangible assets	1,456,708			998,070
Non-interest-bearing deposits	5,164,997			4,127,878
Total deposits	17,938,783			14,260,570
Subordinated debentures	440,420			371,093
Stockholders' equity	3,526,362			2,765,721
Capital ratios:
Common equity to assets	15.41		%	15.32		%
Tangible common equity to tangible assets (non-GAAP)(1)(7)	9.66			10.36
Common equity Tier 1 capital	12.91			15.37
Tier 1 leverage ratio(8)	10.86			11.11
Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio	12.91			15.98
Total risk-based capital ratio	16.54			19.77
Dividend payout - common	42.07			28.88

__________________________

(1)Tangible calculations eliminate the effect of goodwill and acquisition-related intangible assets and the corresponding amortization expense on a tax-effected basis.

(2)See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Table 25,” for the non-GAAP tabular reconciliation.

(3)See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Table 26,” for the non-GAAP tabular reconciliation.

(4)See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Table 27,” for the non-GAAP tabular reconciliation.

(5)Fully taxable equivalent (assuming an income tax rate of 26.135% for 2020, 25.740% for 2021 and 24.6735% for 2022).

(6)See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Table 29,” for the non-GAAP tabular reconciliation.

(7)See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Table 28,” for the non-GAAP tabular reconciliation.

(8)Leverage ratio is Tier 1 capital to quarterly average total assets less intangible assets and gross unrealized gains/losses on available-for-sale investment securities.

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Item 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following discussion and analysis presents our consolidated financial condition and results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020. This discussion should be read together with the “Summary Consolidated Financial Data,” our consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto, and other financial data included in this document. In addition to the historical information provided below, we have made certain estimates and forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results could differ significantly from those anticipated in these estimates and in the forward-looking statements as a result of certain factors, including those discussed in the section of this document captioned “Risk Factors,” and elsewhere in this document. Unless the context requires otherwise, the terms “Company,” “HBI,” “us,” “we” and “our” refer to Home BancShares, Inc. on a consolidated basis.

General

We are a bank holding company headquartered in Conway, Arkansas, offering a broad array of financial services through our wholly owned bank subsidiary, Centennial Bank (“Centennial”). As of December 31, 2022, we had, on a consolidated basis, total assets of $22.88 billion, loans receivable, net, of $14.12 billion, total deposits of $17.94 billion, and stockholders’ equity of $3.53 billion.

We generate most of our revenue from interest on loans and investments, service charges, and mortgage banking income. Deposits and FHLB borrowed funds are our primary source of funding. Our largest expenses are interest on our funding sources, salaries and related employee benefits and occupancy and equipment. We measure our performance by calculating our net interest margin, return on average assets and return on average common equity. We also measure our performance by our efficiency ratio and efficiency ratio, as adjusted (non-GAAP). The efficiency ratio is calculated by dividing non-interest expense less amortization of core deposit intangibles by the sum of net interest income on a tax equivalent basis and non-interest income. The efficiency ratio, as adjusted, is a meaningful non-GAAP measure for management, as it excludes certain items and is calculated by dividing non-interest expense less amortization of core deposit intangibles by the sum of net interest income on a tax equivalent basis and non-interest income excluding certain items such as merger expenses, hurricane expenses and/or gains and losses.

Table 1: Key Financial Measures

	As of or for the Years Ended December 31,
	2022			2021			2020
	(Dollars in thousands, except per share data)
Total assets	$	22,883,588		$	18,052,138		$	16,398,804
Loans receivable	14,409,480			9,836,089			11,220,721
Allowance for credit losses	(289,669)			(236,714)			(245,473)
Total deposits	17,938,783			14,260,570			12,725,790
Total stockholders’ equity	3,526,362			2,765,721			2,605,758
Net income	305,262			319,021			214,488
Basic earnings per share	$	1.57		$	1.94		$	1.30
Diluted earnings per share	1.57			1.94			1.30
Book value per share	17.33			16.90			15.78
Tangible book value per share (non-GAAP)(1)	10.17			10.80			9.70
Net interest margin(2)	3.81		%	3.66		%	4.06		%
Efficiency ratio	49.53			40.81			40.20
Efficiency ratio, as adjusted (non-GAAP)(3)	44.55			42.12			40.36
Return on average assets	1.35			1.83			1.33
Return on average common equity	9.17			11.89			8.57

(1)See Table 25 for the non-GAAP tabular reconciliation.

(2)Fully taxable equivalent (assuming an income tax rate of 26.135% for 2020, 25.740% for 2021 and 24.6735% for 2022).

(3)See Table 29 for the non-GAAP tabular reconciliation.

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2022 Overview

Results of Operations for the Years Ended December 31, 2022 and 2021

Our net income decreased $13.8 million, or 4.3%, to $305.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, from $319.0 million for the same period in 2021. On a diluted earnings per share basis, our earnings were $1.57 per share for the year ended December 31, 2022 and $1.94 per share for the year ended December 31, 2021. As a result of the acquisition of Happy Bancshares, Inc. ("Happy"), which we completed on April 1, 2022, we incurred $49.6 million in merger expenses and recorded a $45.2 million provision for credit losses on acquired loans for the CECL "double count," an $11.4 million provision for credit losses on acquired unfunded commitments and a $2.0 million provision for credit losses on acquired held-to-maturity investment securities. The summation of these items reduced net income by $81.6 million ($108.2 million pre-tax) and earnings per share by $0.42 per share for the year ended December 31, 2022. Excluding the impact of the acquisition of Happy, the Company determined that an additional $5.0 million provision for credit losses on loans was necessary due to increased loan growth during the year. However, excluding the impact of the acquisition of Happy, the Company determined no additional provision for unfunded commitments or investment securities was necessary as of December 31, 2022. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company recorded $10.0 million in income from the settlement of a lawsuit brought by the Company, net of legal expense, $6.7 million in recoveries on historic losses from loans charged off prior to acquisition, and $1.4 million in special dividends from equity investments, which were partially offset by $2.1 million in trust preferred securities ("TRUPS") redemption fees, $1.3 million loss for the decrease in fair value of marketable securities and $176,000 in hurricane expenses.

Total interest income increased by $252.6 million, or 40.4%, and non-interest income increased by $37.5 million, or 27.3%. This was partially offset by a $177.1 million, or 59.3%, increase in non-interest expense and a $66.9 million, or 128.1%, increase in interest expense. These fluctuations are primarily due to the acquisition of Happy during the second quarter of 2022 and the rising rate environment. The increase in interest income resulted from a $156.4 million, or 27.3%, increase in loan interest income, a $70.6 million, or 142.0%, increase in investment income and a $25.6 million, or 728.2%, increase in interest income on deposits at other banks. The increase in non-interest income was primarily due to a $27.6 million, or 133.2%, increase in other income, a $14.8 million, or 66.6%, increase in service charges on deposit accounts, a $10.9 million, or 555.9%, increase in trust fees, an $8.1 million, or 22.3%, increase in other service charges and fees and a $1.8 million, or 85.5%, increase in the cash value of life insurance. These increases were partially offset by an $8.5 million, or 117.7%, decrease in income for the fair value adjustment for marketable securities resulting from a $1.3 million decrease in the fair value of marketable securities for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared to a $7.2 million increase for the year ended December 31, 2021, an $8.0 million, or 31.2%, decrease in mortgage lending income, a $5.6 million, or 38.0%, decrease in dividends from FHLB, FRB, FNBB and other, a $2.2 million, or 92.3%, decrease in the gain on sale of SBA loans and a $1.5 million, or 75.0%, decrease in gain on OREO. Included within other income was $15.0 million in income from the settlement of a lawsuit brought by the Company and $6.7 million in recoveries on historic losses from loans charged off prior to acquisition, and included within dividends from FHLB, FRB, FNBB and other were $1.4 million in special dividends. The increase in non-interest expense was due to a $68.1 million, or 39.9%, increase in salaries and employee benefits, $49.6 million in merger and acquisition expenses, a $33.8 million, or 52.1%, increase in other operating expenses, a $16.8 million, or 45.8%, increase in occupancy and equipment and a $10.7 million, or 43.9%, increase in data processing expense. Included within other operating expense were $5.0 million in legal expenses from a lawsuit brought by the Company, $2.1 million in TRUPS redemption fees and $176,000 in hurricane expenses. The increase in interest expense was primarily due to a $61.1 million, or 244.8%, increase in interest on deposits, a $3.5 million, or 45.7%, increase in interest on FHLB and other borrowed funds and a $1.4 million, or 7.5%, increase in interest on subordinated debentures as a result of the acquisition of $140.0 million of subordinated debt and $23.2 million in trust preferred securities from Happy during the second quarter of 2022. Income tax expense decreased by $8.4 million, or 8.6%, during 2022 due to the decrease in net income and the reduction in the marginal tax rate related to the Happy acquisition.

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Our net interest margin on a fully taxable equivalent basis increased from 3.66% for the year ended December 31, 2021 to 3.81% for the year ended December 31, 2022. The yield on interest earning assets was 4.40% and 3.99% for the year ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, as average interest earning assets increased from $15.86 billion to $20.15 billion. The increase in average earning assets is primarily the result of a $2.57 billion increase in average loans receivable and a $1.87 billion increase in average investment securities, largely resulting from the acquisition of Happy, which were partially offset by a $151.9 million decrease in average interest-bearing balances due from banks. For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, we recognized $16.3 million and $20.2 million, respectively, in total net accretion for acquired loans and deposits. The reduction in accretion was dilutive to the net interest margin by approximately 2 basis points. During 2022, the Company experienced a $31.8 million reduction in interest income from PPP loans due to the forgiveness of the PPP loans and the acceleration of the deferred fees for the loans that were forgiven. This reduction in income was dilutive to the net interest margin by approximately 8 basis points. We recognized $3.8 million in event interest income for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to $6.7 million in event income for the year ended December 31, 2021. This was dilutive to the net interest margin by approximately 2 basis points. The overall increase in the net interest margin was due to an increase in interest income due to an increase in both average earning assets at higher yields, which was partially offset by an increase in interest expense due to an increase in average interest-bearing liabilities at higher interest rates primarily as a result of the Happy acquisition and the current rising interest rate environment.

Our efficiency ratio was 49.53% for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared to 40.81% for the same period in 2021. For the year ended December 31, 2022, our efficiency ratio, as adjusted (non-GAAP), was 44.55%, compared to 42.12% reported for the year ended December 31, 2021. (See Table 29 for the non-GAAP tabular reconciliation).

Our return on average assets was 1.35% for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared to 1.83% for the same period in 2021, and our return on average assets, as adjusted (non-GAAP) was 1.67% or the year ended December 31, 2022, compared to 1.73% for the same period in 2021. Our return on average common equity was 9.17% for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared to 11.89% for the same period in 2021.

Financial Condition as of and for the Years Ended December 31, 2022 and 2021

Our total assets as of December 31, 2022 increased $4.83 billion to $22.88 billion from the $18.05 billion reported as of December 31, 2021. The increase in total assets is primarily due to the acquisition of $6.69 billion in total assets, net of purchase accounting adjustments, from Happy during the second quarter of 2022. Cash and cash equivalents decreased $2.93 billion, or 80.14%. Our loan portfolio balance increased $4.57 billion to $14.41 billion as of December 31, 2022, from $9.84 billion as of December 31, 2021. The increase in loans was due to the acquisition of $3.65 billion in loans, net of purchase accounting adjustments, from Happy in the second quarter of 2022 and $242.2 million in marine loans from LendingClub Bank during the first quarter of 2022, as well as $678.6 million in organic loan growth during 2022. Total deposits increased $3.68 billion to $17.94 billion as of December 31, 2022 compared to $14.26 billion as of December 31, 2021. The increase in deposits was primarily due to the acquisition of $5.86 billion in deposits, net of purchase accounting adjustments, from Happy in the second quarter of 2022, partially offset by $2.18 billion in deposit decline during the year. Stockholders’ equity increased $760.6 million to $3.53 billion as of December 31, 2022, compared to $2.77 billion as of December 31, 2021. The increase in stockholders’ equity is primarily associated with the $961.3 million in common stock issued to Happy shareholders for the acquisition of Happy on April 1, 2022 and $305.3 million in net income, which were partially offset by the $315.9 million decrease in accumulated other comprehensive income, $128.4 million of shareholder dividends paid and the repurchase of $70.9 million of our common stock during 2022. The improvement in stockholders’ equity was 27.5% for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to December 31, 2021.

As of December 31, 2022, our non-performing loans increased to $60.9 million, or 0.42%, of total loans from $50.2 million, or 0.51%, of total loans as of December 31, 2021. The allowance for credit losses as a percentage of non-performing loans increased to 475.99% as of December 31, 2022, compared to 471.61% as of December 31, 2021. Non-performing loans from our Arkansas franchise were $8.4 million at December 31, 2022 compared to $13.9 million as of December 31, 2021. Non-performing loans from our Florida franchise were $20.5 million at December 31, 2022 compared to $26.8 million as of December 31, 2021. Non-performing loans from our new Texas franchise were $22.2 million at December 31, 2022. Non-performing loans from our Alabama franchise were $404,000 at December 31, 2022 compared to $470,000 as of December 31, 2021. Non-performing loans from our SPF franchise were $2.3 million at December 31, 2022 compared to $1.5 million as of December 31, 2021. Non-performing loans from our Centennial CFG franchise were $7.1 million at December 31, 2022 compared to $7.5 million as of December 31, 2021.

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As of December 31, 2022, our non-performing assets increased to $61.5 million, or 0.27%, of total assets from $51.8 million, or 0.29%, of total assets as of December 31, 2021. Non-performing assets from our Arkansas franchise were $8.5 million at December 31, 2022 compared to $14.4 million as of December 31, 2021. Non-performing assets from our Florida franchise were $20.8 million at December 31, 2022 compared to $27.9 million as of December 31, 2021. Non-performing assets from our new Texas franchise were $22.4 million at December 31, 2022. Non-performing assets from our Alabama franchise were $404,000 at December 31, 2022 compared to $470,000 as of December 31, 2021. Non-performing assets from our SPF franchise were $2.3 million at December 31, 2022 compared to $1.5 million as of December 31, 2021. Non-performing assets from our CFG franchise were $7.1 million at December 31, 2022 compared to $7.5 million as of December 31, 2021.

The $7.1 million balance of non-accrual loans for our Centennial CFG market balance of non-accrual loans for our Centennial CFG market consists of two loans that are assessed for credit risk by the Federal Reserve under the Shared National Credit Program. Due to the condition of the two loans, partial charge-offs for a total of $5.4 million were taken on these loans during 2022. The loans are not current on either principal or interest, and we have reversed any interest that had accrued subsequent to the non-accrual date designated by the Federal Reserve. Any interest payments that are received will be applied to the principal balance.

2021 Overview

Results of Operations for the Years Ended December 31, 2021 and 2020

Our net income increased $104.6 million, or 48.8%, to $319.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, from $214.4 million for the same period in 2020. On a diluted earnings per share basis, our earnings were $1.94 per share for the year ended December 31, 2021 and $1.30 per share for the year ended December 31, 2020. During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company did not record a provision for credit losses but did record a $4.8 million negative provision for unfunded commitments compared to a $112.3 million provision for credit losses and a $17.0 million provision for unfunded commitments for a total credit loss expense of $129.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2020. The $4.8 million negative provision for the year ended December 31, 2021 was due to a single commercial & industrial loan for which a reserve was no longer considered necessary due to the borrower’s current cash flow position. The $129.3 million of total credit loss expense for the year ended December 31, 2020 was primarily due to the uncertainty created by the COVID-19 pandemic, with $9.3 million as a result of the acquisition of LH-Finance on February 29, 2020. The Company’s provisioning model is closely tied to unemployment rate projections which continued to improve following the fourth quarter of 2020. The Company determined that an additional provision for credit losses was not necessary. Despite the improvements in the economic and public health outlooks in the United States during 2021, the emergence of the Delta variant during the second quarter and the Omicron variant during the fourth quarter resulted in significant uncertainty about the future impact of the pandemic on our business, results of operations and financial condition. As a result, the Company determined that a negative provision for credit losses was not appropriate at the end of 2021, and the level of the allowance for credit losses was considered adequate as of December 31, 2021. The Company also recorded a $7.2 million adjustment for the increase in fair market value of marketable securities, $12.5 million of special dividend income from our equity investments, $5.1 million recovery on historic losses from loans charged-off prior to acquisition, $1.9 million of merger and acquisition expense and a $219,000 gain on sale of investment securities.

Total interest expense decreased by $41.2 million, or 44.1%, and non-interest income increased by $25.8 million, or 23.1%. This was partially offset by a $50.8 million, or 7.5%, decrease in total interest income and a $11.1 million, or 3.9%, increase in non-interest expense. The decrease in interest expense was primarily due to a $38.2 million decrease in interest on deposits and a $1.9 million decrease in interest on FHLB borrowed funds. The increase in non-interest income was primarily due to a $9.2 million increase in the fair value adjustment on marketable securities, an $8.3 million increase in other income, a $5.8 million increase in other service charges and fees, a $2.4 million increase in dividends from FHLB, FRB, FNBB & other and a $1.7 million increase in gain on sale of SBA loans and was partially offset by a $3.4 million decrease in mortgage lending income. The decrease in interest income was primarily due to a $53.4 million decrease in loan interest income. The increase in non-interest expense was due to a $6.8 million increase in salaries and employee benefits, a $5.2 million increase in data processing expense and a $1.2 million increase in merger and acquisition expense and was partially offset by a $1.8 million decrease in occupancy and equipment expense. Income tax expense increased by $34.5 million during 2021 due to an increase in net income.

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Our net interest margin on a fully taxable equivalent basis decreased from 4.06% for the year ended December 31, 2020 to 3.66% for the year ended December 31, 2021. The yield on interest earning assets was 3.99% and 4.70% for the year ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively, as average interest earning assets increased from $14.50 billion to $15.86 billion. The increase in average earning assets was primarily the result of a $1.84 billion increase in average interest-bearing balances due from banks and a $659.0 million increase in average investment securities, partially offset by the $1.13 billion decrease in average loans receivable. Average PPP loan balances were $434.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. These loans bore interest at 1.00% plus the accretion of the deferred origination fee. Including deferred fees, we recognized total interest income of $35.6 million on PPP loans for the year ended December 31, 2021. The PPP loans were accretive to the net interest margin by 13 basis points for the year ended December 31, 2021. This was primarily due to approximately $910.1 million of the Company’s PPP loans being forgiven during 2021 which included the acceleration of $24.8 million in deferred fees for the loans that were forgiven. As of December 31, 2021, the Company had $3.6 million in remaining unamortized PPP fees. The COVID-19 pandemic and the resulting governmental response created a significant amount of excess liquidity in the market. As a result, we had an increase of $1.84 billion in average interest-bearing cash balances for the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to the year ended December 31, 2020. This excess liquidity was dilutive to the net interest margin by 46 basis points. For the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, we recognized $20.2 million and $27.4 million, respectively, in total net accretion for acquired loans and deposits. The reduction in accretion was dilutive to the net interest margin by 4 basis points. We recognized $6.7 million in event interest income for the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to $2.1 million in event income for the year ended December 31, 2020. This increased the net interest margin by 3 basis points.

Our efficiency ratio was 40.81% for the year ended December 31, 2021, compared to 40.20% for the same period in 2020. For the year ended December 31, 2021, our efficiency ratio, as adjusted (non-GAAP), was 42.12%, compared to 40.36% reported for the year ended December 31, 2020. (See Table 29 for the non-GAAP tabular reconciliation).

Our return on average assets was 1.83% for the year ended December 31, 2021, compared to 1.33% for the same period in 2020. Our return on average common equity was 11.89% for the year ended December 31, 2021, compared to 8.57% for the same period in 2020.

Financial Condition as of and for the Years Ended December 31, 2021 and 2020

Our total assets as of December 31, 2021 increased $1.65 billion to $18.05 billion from the $16.40 billion reported as of December 31, 2020. Cash and cash equivalents increased $2.39 billion, or 188.8%. The increase in cash and cash equivalents was due to loan paydowns as well as the significant amount of excess liquidity in the market as a continued result of the COVID-19 pandemic and the accompanying governmental response. Our loan portfolio balance decreased $1.38 billion to $9.84 billion as of December 31, 2021, from $11.22 billion as of December 31, 2020. The decrease in the loan portfolio was due to organic loan decline of $822.2 million and $910.1 million of the Company’s PPP loans being forgiven during 2021, which were partially offset by $347.7 million in new PPP loan originations during 2021. Total deposits increased $1.53 billion to $14.26 billion as of December 31, 2021 compared to $12.73 billion as of December 31, 2020, which was due to customers holding higher deposit balances in response to the COVID-19 pandemic as well as the resulting governmental response to the pandemic. Stockholders’ equity increased $160.0 million to $2.77 billion as of December 31, 2021, compared to $2.61 billion as of December 31, 2020. The increase in stockholders’ equity was primarily associated with the $319.0 million in net income, partially offset by the $33.7 million decrease in accumulated other comprehensive income, $92.1 million of shareholder dividends paid and the repurchase of $44.5 million of our common stock during 2021. The improvement in stockholders’ equity was 6.1% for the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to December 31, 2020.

As of December 31, 2021, our non-performing loans decreased to $50.2 million, or 0.51%, of total loans from $74.1 million, or 0.66%, of total loans as of December 31, 2020. The allowance for credit losses as a percentage of non-performing loans increased to 471.61% as of December 31, 2021, compared to 331.10% as of December 31, 2020. Non-performing loans from our Arkansas franchise were $13.9 million at December 31, 2021 compared to $24.1 million as of December 31, 2020. Non-performing loans from our Florida franchise were $26.8 million at December 31, 2021 compared to $43.1 million as of December 31, 2020. Non-performing loans from our Alabama franchise were $470,000 at December 31, 2021 compared to $530,000 as of December 31, 2020. Non-performing loans from our SPF franchise were $1.5 million at December 31, 2021 compared to $3.6 million as of December 31, 2020. Non-performing loans from our Centennial CFG franchise were $7.5 million at December 31, 2021 compared to $2.8 million as of December 31, 2020.

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As of December 31, 2021, our non-performing assets decreased to $51.8 million, or 0.29%, of total assets from $78.6 million, or 0.48%, of total assets as of December 31, 2020. Non-performing assets from our Arkansas franchise were $14.4 million at December 31, 2021 compared to $25.6 million as of December 31, 2020. Non-performing assets from our Florida franchise were $27.9 million at December 31, 2021 compared to $46.0 million as of December 31, 2020. Non-performing assets from our Alabama franchise were $470,000 at December 31, 2021 compared to $564,000 as of December 31, 2020. Non-performing assets from our SPF franchise were $1.5 million at December 31, 2021 compared to $3.6 million as of December 31, 2020. Non-performing assets from our CFG franchise were $7.5 million at December 31, 2021 compared to $2.8 million as of December 31, 2020.

The $7.5 million balance of non-accrual loans for our Centennial CFG market consisted of two loans that are assessed for Credit risk by the Federal Reserve under the Shared National Credit Program. The decision to place these loans on non-accrual status was made by the Federal Reserve and not the Company. The loans that made up the total balance were still current on both principal and interest at December 31, 2021. However, all interest payments were currently being applied to the principal balance. Because the Federal Reserve required us to place these loans on non-accrual status, we have reversed any interest that had accrued subsequent to the non-accrual date designated by the Federal Reserve.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Overview. We prepare our consolidated financial statements based on the selection of certain accounting policies, generally accepted accounting principles and customary practices in the banking industry. These policies, in certain areas, require us to make significant estimates and assumptions. Our accounting policies are described in detail in the notes to our consolidated financial statements included as part of this document.

We consider a policy critical if (i) the accounting estimate requires assumptions about matters that are highly uncertain at the time of the accounting estimate; and (ii) different estimates that could reasonably have been used in the current period, or changes in the accounting estimate that are reasonably likely to occur from period to period, would have a material impact on our financial statements. Using these criteria, we believe that the accounting policies most critical to us are those associated with our lending practices, including the accounting for the allowance for credit losses, foreclosed assets, investments, intangible assets, income taxes and stock options.

Revenue Recognition. Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers ("ASC Topic 606"), establishes principles for reporting information about the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from the entity's contracts to provide goods or services to customers. The core principle requires an entity to recognize revenue to depict the transfer of goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration that it expects to be entitled to receive in exchange for those goods or services recognized as performance obligations are satisfied. The majority of our revenue-generating transactions are not subject to ASC Topic 606, including revenue generated from financial instruments, such as our loans, letters of credit, investment securities and mortgage lending income, as these activities are subject to other GAAP discussed elsewhere within our disclosures. Descriptions of our revenue-generating activities that are within the scope of ASC Topic 606, which are presented in our income statements as components of non-interest income are as follows:

•Service charges on deposit accounts – These represent general service fees for monthly account maintenance and activity or transaction-based fees and consist of transaction-based revenue, time-based revenue (service period), item-based revenue or some other individual attribute-based revenue. Revenue is recognized when our performance obligation is completed, which is generally monthly for account maintenance services or when a transaction has been completed (such as a wire transfer). Payment for such performance obligations are generally received at the time the performance obligations are satisfied.

•Other service charges and fees – These represent credit card interchange fees and Centennial CFG loan fees. The interchange fees are recorded in the period the performance obligation is satisfied which is generally the cash basis based on agreed upon contracts. Centennial CFG loan fees are based on loan or other negotiated agreements with customers and are accounted for under ASC Topic 310. Interchange fees were $22.1 million and $16.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively. Centennial CFG loan fees were $11.8 million and $11.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively.

•Trust fees - The Company enters into contracts with its customers to manage assets for investment, and/or transact on their accounts. The Company generally satisfies its performance obligations as services are rendered. The management fees are percentage based, flat, percentage of income or a fixed percentage calculated upon the average balance of assets depending upon account type. Fees are collected on a monthly or annual basis.

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Credit Losses. We account for credit losses in accordance with ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments ("CECL"). The measurement of expected credit losses under the CECL methodology is applicable to financial assets measured at amortized cost, including loan receivables and held-to-maturity debt securities. It also applies to off-balance sheet credit exposures not accounted for as insurance (loan commitments, standby letters of credits, financial guarantees, and other similar instruments) and net investments in leases recognized by a lessor in accordance with Topic 842 on leases.

Investments – Available-for-sale. Securities available-for-sale ("AFS") are reported at fair value with unrealized holding gains and losses reported as a separate component of stockholders’ equity and other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes. Securities that are held as available-for-sale are used as a part of our asset/liability management strategy. Securities that may be sold in response to interest rate changes, changes in prepayment risk, the need to increase regulatory capital, and other similar factors are classified as available-for-sale. The Company evaluates all securities quarterly to determine if any securities in a loss position require a provision for credit losses in accordance with ASC 326. The Company first assesses whether it intends to sell or is more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis. If either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met, the security’s amortized cost basis is written down to fair value through income. For securities that do not meet this criteria, the Company evaluates whether the decline in fair value has resulted from credit losses or other factors. In making this assessment, the Company considers the extent to which fair value is less than amortized cost, and changes to the rating of the security by a rating agency, and adverse conditions specifically related to the security, among other factors. If this assessment indicates that a credit loss exists, the present value of cash flows expected to be collected from the security are compared to the amortized cost basis of the security. If the present value of cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost basis, a credit loss exists and an allowance for credit losses is recorded for the credit loss, limited by the amount that the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis. Any impairment that has not been recorded through an allowance for credit losses is recognized in other comprehensive income. The Company has made the election to exclude accrued interest receivable on AFS securities from the estimate of credit losses and report accrued interest separately on the consolidated balance sheets. Changes in the allowance for credit losses are recorded as provision for (or reversal of) credit loss expense. Losses are charged against the allowance when management believes the uncollectability of a security is confirmed or when either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met.

Investments – Held-to-Maturity. Debt securities held-to-maturity ("HTM"), which include any security for which we have the positive intent and ability to hold until maturity, are reported at historical cost adjusted for amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts. Premiums and discounts are amortized/accreted to the call date to interest income using the constant effective yield method over the estimated life of the security. The Company evaluates all securities quarterly to determine if any securities in a loss position require a provision for credit losses in accordance with ASC 326, Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments. The Company measures expected credit losses on HTM securities on a collective basis by major security type, with each type sharing similar risk characteristics. The estimate of expected credit losses considers historical credit loss information that is adjusted for current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. The Company has made the election to exclude accrued interest receivable on HTM securities from the estimate of credit losses and report accrued interest separately on the consolidated balance sheets. Changes in the allowance for credit losses are recorded as provision for (or reversal of) credit loss expense. Losses are charged against the allowance when management believes the uncollectability of a security is confirmed.

Loans Receivable and Allowance for Credit Losses. Except for loans acquired during our acquisitions, substantially all of our loans receivable are reported at their outstanding principal balance adjusted for any charge-offs, as it is management’s intent to hold them for the foreseeable future or until maturity or payoff, except for mortgage loans held for sale. Interest income on loans is accrued over the term of the loans based on the principal balance outstanding.

The allowance for credit losses on loans receivable is a valuation account that is deducted from the loans’ amortized cost basis to present the net amount expected to be collected on the loans. Loans are charged off against the allowance when management believes the uncollectability of a loan balance is confirmed and expected recoveries do not exceed the aggregate of amounts previously charged-off and expected to be charged-off.

Management estimates the allowance balance using relevant available information, from internal and external sources, relating to past events, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. Historical credit loss experience provides the basis for the estimation of expected credit losses. Adjustments to historical loss information are made for differences in current loan-specific risk characteristics such as differences in underwriting standards, portfolio mix, delinquency level, or term as well as for changes in environmental conditions, such as changes in the national unemployment rate, gross domestic product, rental vacancy rate, housing price indices and rental vacancy rate index.

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The allowance for credit losses is measured based on call report segment as these types of loans exhibit similar risk characteristics. The identified loan segments are as follows:

•1-4 family construction

•All other construction

•1-4 family revolving home equity lines of credit (“HELOC”) & junior liens

•1-4 family senior liens

•Multifamily

•Owner occupies commercial real estate

•Non-owner occupied commercial real estate

•Commercial & industrial, agricultural, non-depository financial institutions, purchase/carry securities, other

•Consumer auto

•Other consumer

•Other consumer - SPF

The allowance for credit losses for each segment is measured through the use of the discounted cash flow method. Loans evaluated individually that are considered to be impaired are not included in the collective evaluation. For those loans that are classified as impaired, an allowance is established when the discounted cash flows, collateral value or observable market price of the impaired loan is lower than the carrying value of that loan. For loans for which a specific reserve is not recorded, an allowance is recorded based on the loss rate for the respective pool within the collective evaluation if a specific reserve is not recorded.

Expected credit losses are estimated over the contractual term of the loans, adjusted for expected prepayments when appropriate. The contractual term excludes expected extensions, renewals, and modifications unless either of the following applies:

•Management has a reasonable expectation at the reporting date that troubled debt restructuring will be executed with an individual borrower.

•The extension or renewal options are included in the original or modified contract at the reporting date and are not unconditionally cancellable by the Company.

Management qualitatively adjusts model results for risk factors that are not considered within our modeling processes but are nonetheless relevant in assessing the expected credit losses within our loan pools. These qualitative factors ("Q-Factors") and other qualitative adjustments may increase or decrease management's estimate of expected credit losses by a calculated percentage or amount based upon the estimated level of risk. The various risks that may be considered in making Q-Factor and other qualitative adjustments include, among other things, the impact of (i) changes in lending policies, procedures and strategies; (ii) changes in nature and volume of the portfolio; (iii) staff experience; (iv) changes in volume and trends in classified loans, delinquencies and nonaccruals; (v) concentration risk; (vi) trends in underlying collateral values; (vii) external factors such as competition, legal and regulatory environment; (viii) changes in the quality of the loan review system and (ix) economic conditions.

Loans considered impaired, according to ASC 326, are loans for which, based on current information and events, it is probable that we will be unable to collect all amounts due according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement. The aggregate amount of impairment of loans is utilized in evaluating the adequacy of the allowance for credit losses and amount of provisions thereto. Losses on impaired loans are charged against the allowance for credit losses when in the process of collection, it appears likely that such losses will be realized. The accrual of interest on impaired loans is discontinued when, in management’s opinion the collection of interest is doubtful or generally when loans are 90 days or more past due. When accrual of interest is discontinued, all unpaid accrued interest is reversed. Interest income is subsequently recognized only to the extent cash payments are received in excess of principal due. Loans are returned to accrual status when all the principal and interest amounts contractually due are brought current and future payments are reasonably assured.

Loans are placed on non-accrual status when management believes that the borrower’s financial condition, after giving consideration to economic and business conditions and collection efforts, is such that collection of interest is doubtful, or generally when loans are 90 days or more past due. Loans are charged against the allowance for credit losses when management believes that the collectability of the principal is unlikely. Accrued interest related to non-accrual loans is generally charged against the allowance for credit losses when accrued in prior years and reversed from interest income if accrued in the current year. Interest income on non-accrual loans may be recognized to the extent cash payments are received, although the majority of payments received are usually applied to principal. Non-accrual loans are generally returned to accrual status when principal and interest payments are less than 90 days past due, the customer has made required payments for at least six months, and we reasonably expect to collect all principal and interest.

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Acquisition Accounting and Acquired Loans. We account for our acquisitions under ASC Topic 805, Business Combinations, which requires the use of the acquisition method of accounting. All identifiable assets acquired, including loans, and liabilities assumed are recorded at fair value. In accordance with ASC 326, the Company records both a discount and an allowance for credit losses on acquired loans. All purchased loans are recorded at fair value in accordance with the fair value methodology prescribed in FASB ASC Topic 820, Fair Value Measurements. The fair value estimates associated with the loans include estimates related to expected prepayments and the amount and timing of undiscounted expected principal, interest and other cash flows.

The Company has purchased loans, some of which have experienced more than insignificant credit deterioration since origination. Purchase credit deteriorated (“PCD”) loans are recorded at the amount paid. An allowance for credit losses is determined using the same methodology as other loans. The initial allowance for credit losses determined on a collective basis is allocated to individual loans. The sum of the loan’s purchase price and allowance for credit losses becomes its initial amortized cost basis. The difference between the initial amortized cost basis and the par value of the loan is a noncredit discount or premium, which is amortized into interest income over the life of the loan. Subsequent changes to the allowance for credit losses are recorded through the provision for credit loss.

Allowance for Credit Losses on Off-Balance Sheet Credit Exposures: The Company estimates expected credit losses over the contractual period in which the Company is exposed to credit risk via a contractual obligation to extend credit unless that obligation is unconditionally cancellable by the Company. The allowance for credit losses on off-balance sheet credit exposures is adjusted as a provision for credit loss expense. The estimate includes consideration of the likelihood that funding will occur and an estimate of expected credit losses on commitments expected to be funded over its estimated life.

Foreclosed Assets Held for Sale. Real estate and personal properties acquired through or in lieu of loan foreclosure are to be sold and are initially recorded at fair value at the date of foreclosure, establishing a new cost basis. Valuations are periodically performed by management, and the real estate and personal properties are carried at fair value less costs to sell. Gains and losses from the sale of other real estate and personal properties are recorded in non-interest income, and expenses used to maintain the properties are included in non-interest expenses.

Intangible Assets. Intangible assets consist of goodwill and core deposit intangibles. Goodwill represents the excess purchase price over the fair value of net assets acquired in business acquisitions. The core deposit intangible represents the excess intangible value of acquired deposit customer relationships as determined by valuation specialists. The core deposit intangibles are being amortized over 48 months to 121 months on a straight-line basis. Goodwill is not amortized but rather is evaluated for impairment on at least an annual basis. We perform an annual impairment test of goodwill and core deposit intangibles as required by FASB ASC 350, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other, in the fourth quarter or more often if events and circumstances indicate there may be an impairment.

Income Taxes. We account for income taxes in accordance with income tax accounting guidance (ASC 740, Income Taxes). The income tax accounting guidance results in two components of income tax expense: current and deferred. Current income tax expense reflects taxes to be paid or refunded for the current period by applying the provisions of the enacted tax law to the taxable income or excess of deductions over revenues. We determine deferred income taxes using the liability (or balance sheet) method. Under this method, the net deferred tax asset or liability is based on the tax effects of the differences between the book and tax basis of assets and liabilities, and enacted changes in tax rates and laws are recognized in the period in which they occur.

Deferred income tax expense results from changes in deferred tax assets and liabilities between periods. Deferred tax assets are recognized if it is more likely than not, based on the technical merits, that the tax position will be realized or sustained upon examination. The term “more likely than not” means a likelihood of more than 50 percent; the terms “examined” and “upon examination” also include resolution of the related appeals or litigation processes, if any. A tax position that meets the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold is initially and subsequently measured as the largest amount of tax benefit that has a greater than 50 percent likelihood of being realized upon settlement with a taxing authority that has full knowledge of all relevant information. The determination of whether or not a tax position has met the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold considers the facts, circumstances and information available at the reporting date and is subject to the management’s judgment. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance if, based on the weight of evidence available, it is more likely than not that some portion or all of a deferred tax asset will not be realized.

Both we and our subsidiary file consolidated tax returns. Our subsidiary provides for income taxes on a separate return basis, and remits to us amounts determined to be currently payable.

Stock Compensation. In accordance with FASB ASC 718, Compensation - Stock Compensation, and FASB ASC 505-50, Equity-Based Payments to Non-Employees, the fair value of each option award is estimated on the date of grant. We recognize compensation expense for the grant-date fair value of the option award over the vesting period of the award.

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Acquisitions

Acquisition of Happy Bancshares, Inc.

On April 1, 2022, the Company completed the acquisition of Happy Bancshares, Inc. (“Happy”), and merged Happy State Bank into Centennial Bank. The Company issued approximately 42.4 million shares of its common stock valued at approximately $958.8 million as of April 1, 2022. In addition, the holders of certain Happy stock-based awards received approximately $3.7 million in cash in cancellation of such awards, for a total transaction value of approximately $962.5 million. The acquisition added new markets for expansion and brought complementary businesses together to drive synergies and growth.

Including the effects of the known purchase accounting adjustments, as of the acquisition date, Happy had approximately $6.69 billion in total assets, $3.65 billion in loans and $5.86 billion in customer deposits. Happy formerly operated its banking business from 62 locations in Texas.

For further discussion of the acquisition, see Note 2 "Business Combinations" to the Condensed Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

Acquisition of Marine Portfolio

On February 4, 2022, the Company completed the purchase of the performing marine loan portfolio of Utah-based LendingClub Bank (“LendingClub”). Under the terms of the purchase agreement with LendingClub, the Company acquired yacht loans totaling approximately $242.2 million. This portfolio of loans is housed within the Company's Shore Premier Finance division, which is responsible for servicing the acquired loan portfolio and originating new loan production.

LH-Finance

On February 29, 2020, the Company completed the acquisition of LH-Finance, the marine lending division of People’s United Bank, N.A. The Company paid a purchase price of approximately $421.2 million in cash. LH-Finance provided direct consumer financing for USCG registered high-end sail and power boats. Additionally, LH-Finance provided inventory floor plan lines of credit to marine dealers, primarily those selling USCG documented vessels.

Including the purchase accounting adjustments, as of the acquisition date, LH-Finance had approximately $409.1 million in total assets, including $407.4 million in total loans, which resulted in goodwill of $14.6 million being recorded.

The acquired portfolio of loans is now housed in our SPF division. The SPF division is responsible for servicing the acquired loan portfolio and originating new loan production. In connection with this acquisition, we opened a new loan production office in Baltimore, Maryland.

See Note 2 “Business Combinations” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information regarding the acquisition of LH-Finance.

We will continue evaluating all types of potential bank acquisitions, which may include FDIC-assisted acquisitions as opportunities arise, to determine what is in the best interest of our Company. Our goal in making these decisions is to maximize the return to our investors.

Branches

As opportunities arise, we will continue to open new (commonly referred to as de novo) branches in our current markets and in other attractive market areas. We opened one de novo branch location in 2022 in Ft. Worth, Texas.

As of December 31, 2022, we had 223 branch locations. There were 76 branches in Arkansas, 78 branches in Florida, 63 branches in Texas, five branches in Alabama and one branch in New York City.

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Results of Operations for the Years Ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020

Our net income decreased $13.8 million, or 4.3%, to $305.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, from $319.0 million for the same period in 2021. On a diluted earnings per share basis, our earnings were $1.57 per share for the year ended December 31, 2022 and $1.94 per share for the year ended December 31, 2021. As a result of the acquisition of Happy, which we completed on April 1, 2022, we incurred $49.6 million in merger expenses and recorded a $45.2 million provision for credit losses on acquired loans for the CECL "double count," an $11.4 million provision for credit losses on acquired unfunded commitments and a $2.0 million provision for credit losses on acquired held-to-maturity investment securities. The summation of these items reduced net income by $81.6 million ($108.2 million pre-tax) and earnings per share by $0.42 per share for the year ended December 31, 2022. Excluding the impact of the acquisition of Happy, the Company determined that an additional $5.0 million provision for credit losses on loans was necessary due to increased loan growth during the year. However, excluding the impact of the acquisition of Happy, the Company determined no additional provision for unfunded commitments or investment securities was necessary as of December 31, 2022. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company recorded $10.0 million in income from the settlement of a lawsuit brought by the Company, net of legal expense, $6.7 million in recoveries on historic losses from loans charged off prior to acquisition, and $1.4 million in special dividends from equity investments, which were partially offset by $2.1 million in TRUPS redemption fees, $1.3 million loss for the decrease in fair value of marketable securities and $176,000 in hurricane expenses.

Our net income increased $104.6 million, or 48.8%, to $319.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, from $214.4 million for the same period in 2020. On a diluted earnings per share basis, our earnings were $1.94 per share for the year ended December 31, 2021 and $1.30 per share for the year ended December 31, 2020. During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company did not record a provision for credit losses but did record a $4.8 million negative provision for unfunded commitments compared to a $112.3 million provision for credit losses and a $17.0 million provision for unfunded commitments for a total credit loss expense of $129.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2020. The $4.8 million negative provision for the year ended December 31, 2021 was due to a single commercial & industrial loan for which a reserve was no longer considered necessary due to the borrower’s current cash flow position. The $129.3 million of total credit loss expense for the year ended December 31, 2020 was primarily due to the uncertainty created by the COVID-19 pandemic, with $9.3 million as a result of the acquisition of LH-Finance on February 29, 2020. The Company’s provisioning model is closely tied to unemployment rate projections which continued to improve following the fourth quarter of 2020. The Company determined that an additional provision for credit losses was not necessary. Despite the improvements in the economic and public health outlooks in the United States during 2021, the emergence of the Delta variant during the second quarter and the Omicron variant during the fourth quarter resulted in significant uncertainty about the future impact of the pandemic on our business, results of operations and financial condition. As a result, the Company determined that a negative provision for credit losses was not appropriate at the end of 2021, and the level of the allowance for credit losses was considered adequate as of December 31, 2021. The Company also recorded a $7.2 million adjustment for the increase in fair market value of marketable securities, $12.5 million of special dividend income from our equity investments, $5.1 million recovery on historic losses from loans charged-off prior to acquisition, $1.9 million of merger and acquisition expense and a $219,000 gain on sale of investment securities.

Net Interest Income

Net interest income, our principal source of earnings, is the difference between the interest income generated by earning assets and the total interest cost of the deposits and borrowings obtained to fund those assets. Factors affecting the level of net interest income include the volume of earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities, yields earned on loans and investments and rates paid on deposits and other borrowings, the level of non-performing loans and the amount of non-interest-bearing liabilities supporting earning assets. Net interest income is analyzed in the discussion and tables below on a fully taxable equivalent basis. The adjustment to convert certain income to a fully taxable equivalent basis consists of dividing tax-exempt income by one minus the combined federal and state income tax rate (24.6735% for the year ended December 31, 2022, 25.740% for the year ended December 31, 2021 and 26.135% for year ended December 31, 2020).

The Federal Reserve Board sets various benchmark rates, including the Federal Funds rate, and thereby influences the general market rates of interest, including the deposit and loan rates offered by financial institutions. In 2020, the Federal Reserve lowered the target rate to 0.00% to 0.25%. This remained in effect throughout all of 2021. The Federal Reserve increased the target rate seven times during 2022. First, on March 16, 2022, the target rate was increased to 0.25% to 0.50%. Second, on May 4, 2022, the target rate was increased to 0.75% to 1.00%. Third, on June 15, 2022, the target rate was increased to 1.50% to 1.75%. Fourth, on July 27, 2022, the target rate was increased to 2.25% to 2.50%. Fifth, on September 21, 2022, the target rate was increased to 3.00% to 3.25%. Sixth, on November 2, 2022, the target rate was increased to 3.75% to 4.00%. Seventh, on December 14, 2022, the target rate was increased to 4.25% to 4.50%. The Federal Reserve increased the target rate to 4.50% to 4.75% on February 1, 2023.

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Our net interest margin on a fully taxable equivalent basis increased from 3.66% for the year ended December 31, 2021 to 3.81% for the year ended December 31, 2022. The yield on interest earning assets was 4.40% and 3.99% for the year ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, as average interest earning assets increased from $15.86 billion to $20.15 billion. The increase in average earning assets is primarily the result of a $2.57 billion increase in average loans receivable and a $1.87 billion increase in average investment securities, largely resulting from the acquisition of Happy, which were partially offset by a $151.9 million decrease in average interest-bearing balances due from banks. For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, we recognized $16.3 million and $20.2 million, respectively, in total net accretion for acquired loans and deposits. The reduction in accretion was dilutive to the net interest margin by approximately 2 basis points. During 2022, the Company experienced a $31.8 million reduction in interest income from PPP loans due to the forgiveness of the PPP loans and the acceleration of the deferred fees for the loans that were forgiven. This reduction in income was dilutive to the net interest margin by approximately 8 basis points. We recognized $3.8 million in event interest income for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to $6.7 million in event income for the year ended December 31, 2021. This was dilutive to the net interest margin by approximately 2 basis points. The overall increase in the net interest margin was due to an increase in interest income due to an increase in both average earning assets at higher yields which was partially offset by an increase in interest expense due to an increase in average interest-bearing liabilities at higher interest rates primarily as a result of the Happy acquisition and the current rising interest rate environment.

Net interest income on a fully taxable equivalent basis increased $187.3 million, or 32.3%, to $767.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, from $580.1 million for the same period in 2021. This increase in net interest income was the result of a $254.2 million increase in interest income, partially offset by a $66.9 million increase in interest expense on a fully taxable equivalent basis. The $254.2 million increase in interest income was primarily the result of the higher level of average interest earnings assets due to the acquisition of Happy during the second quarter of 2022 and the increasing interest rate environment. The increase in earning assets resulted in an increase in interest income of approximately $185.5 million, and the higher yield on earning assets resulted in a decrease in interest income of approximately $68.7 million. The $66.9 million increase in interest expense was primarily the result of the higher level of average interest bearing liabilities due to the acquisition of Happy during the second quarter of 2022 and the increasing interest rate environment. The higher rates on interest bearing liabilities resulted in an increase in interest expense of approximately $52.8 million, and the increase in interest bearing liabilities resulted in an increase in interest expense of approximately $14.0 million.

Our net interest margin on a fully taxable equivalent basis decreased from 4.06% for the year ended December 31, 2020 to 3.66% for the year ended December 31, 2021. The yield on interest earning assets was 3.99% and 4.70% for the year ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively, as average interest earning assets increased from $14.50 billion to $15.86 billion. The increase in average earning assets was primarily the result of a $1.84 billion increase in average interest-bearing balances due from banks and a $659.0 million increase in average investment securities, partially offset by the $1.13 billion decrease in average loans receivable. Average PPP loan balances were $434.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. These loans bore interest at 1.00% plus the accretion of the deferred origination fee. Including deferred fees, we recognized total interest income of $35.6 million on PPP loans for the year ended December 31, 2021. The PPP loans were accretive to the net interest margin by 13 basis points for the year ended December 31, 2021. This was primarily due to approximately $910.1 million of the Company’s PPP loans being forgiven during 2021 which included the acceleration of $24.8 million in deferred fees for the loans that were forgiven. As of December 31, 2021, the Company had $3.6 million in remaining unamortized PPP fees. The COVID-19 pandemic and the resulting governmental response created a significant amount of excess liquidity in the market. As a result, we had an increase of $1.84 billion in average interest-bearing cash balances for the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to the year ended December 31, 2020. This excess liquidity was dilutive to the net interest margin by 46 basis points. For the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, we recognized $20.2 million and $27.4 million, respectively, in total net accretion for acquired loans and deposits. The reduction in accretion was dilutive to the net interest margin by 4 basis points. We recognized $6.7 million in event interest income for the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to $2.1 million in event income for the year ended December 31, 2020. This increased the net interest margin by 3 basis points.

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Net interest income on a fully taxable equivalent basis decreased $8.5 million, or 1.45%, to $580.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, from $588.6 million for the same period in 2020. This decrease in net interest income was the result of a $49.7 million decrease in interest income, partially offset by a $41.2 million decrease in interest expense on a fully taxable equivalent basis. The $49.7 million decrease in interest income was primarily the result of higher levels of earning assets at lower yields. Although our interest earning assets increased, our average loan balances decreased by $1.13 billion while average interest-bearing balances due from banks increased by $1.84 billion. The lower yield on earning assets resulted in a decrease in interest income of approximately $5.9 million, and the change in composition of earning assets at lower yields resulted in a decrease in interest income of approximately $43.8 million. The lower yield was primarily driven by the decrease in income on loans of $53.6 million, which was partially offset by an increase in income on investment securities of $2.2 million and a $1.7 million increase in income on interest-bearing balances due from banks. The decrease in interest income also reflected a $7.2 million decrease in loan accretion income. The $41.2 million decrease in interest expense was primarily the result of interest-bearing liabilities repricing in a decreasing interest rate environment, which lowered interest expense by $34.9 million, as well as a $6.3 million decrease in interest expense resulting from a change in the composition of average interest bearing liabilities. The decrease in interest expense was primarily driven by a $38.2 million decrease in interest expense on deposits and a $1.9 million decrease in interest expense on FHLB borrowed funds.

Tables 2 and 3 reflect an analysis of net interest income on a fully taxable equivalent basis for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, as well as changes in fully taxable equivalent net interest margin for the years 2022 compared to 2021 and 2021 compared to 2020.

Table 2: Analysis of Net Interest Income

	Years Ended December 31,
	2022			2021			2020
	(Dollars in thousands)
Interest income	$	877,766		$	625,171		$	675,962
Fully taxable equivalent adjustment	8,663			7,079			6,015
Interest income – fully taxable equivalent	886,429			632,250			681,977
Interest expense	119,090			52,200			93,407
Net interest income – fully taxable equivalent	$	767,339		$	580,050		$	588,570
Yield on earning assets – fully taxable equivalent	4.40		%	3.99		%	4.70		%
Cost of interest-bearing liabilities	0.87			0.49			0.89
Net interest spread – fully taxable equivalent	3.53			3.50			3.81
Net interest margin – fully taxable equivalent	3.81			3.66			4.06

Table 3: Changes in Fully Taxable Equivalent Net Interest Margin

	December 31,
	2022 vs. 2021		2021 vs. 2020
	(In thousands)
Increase (decrease) in interest income due to change in earning assets	$	185,499	$	(43,840)
Increase (decrease) in interest income due to change in earning asset yields	68,680		(5,887)
(Increase) decrease in interest expense due to change in interest-bearing liabilities	(14,048)		6,325
(Increase) decrease in interest expense due to change in interest rates paid on interest-bearing liabilities	(52,842)		34,882
Increase (decrease) in net interest income	$	187,289	$	(8,520)

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Table 4 shows, for each major category of earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities, the average amount outstanding, the interest income or expense on that amount and the average rate earned or expensed for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020. The table also shows the average rate earned on all earning assets, the average rate expensed on all interest-bearing liabilities, the net interest spread and the net interest margin for the same periods. The analysis is presented on a fully taxable equivalent basis. Non-accrual loans were included in average loans for the purpose of calculating the rate earned on total loans.

Table 4: Average Balance Sheets and Net Interest Income Analysis

	Years Ended December 31,
	2022						2021						2020
	Average Balance		Income / Expense		Yield / Rate		Average Balance		Income / Expense		Yield / Rate		Average Balance		Income / Expense		Yield / Rate
	(Dollars in thousands)
ASSETS
Earnings assets
Interest-bearing balances due from banks	$	2,444,541	$	29,110	1.19	%	$	2,596,460	$	3,515	0.14	%	$	761,174	$	1,849	0.24	%
Federal funds sold	1,519		25		1.65		71		—		—		1,330		21		1.58
Investment securities – taxable	3,582,664		91,933		2.57		2,031,139		30,054		1.48		1,653,159		32,596		1.97
Investment securities – non-taxable	1,178,561		36,363		3.09		858,503		26,017		3.03		577,444		21,262		3.68
Loans receivable	12,940,998		728,998		5.63		10,375,457		572,664		5.52		11,504,123		626,249		5.44
Total interest-earning assets	20,148,283		886,429		4.40		15,861,630		632,250		3.99		14,497,230		681,977		4.70
Non-earning assets	2,405,057						1,597,355						1,640,064
Total assets	$	22,553,340					$	17,458,985					$	16,137,294
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY
Liabilities
Interest-bearing liabilities
Savings and interest- bearing transaction accounts	$	11,520,781	$	81,061	0.70	%	$	8,716,004	$	15,956	0.18	%	$	7,686,621	$	36,084	0.47	%
Time deposits	1,033,431		4,928		0.48		1,087,875		8,980		0.83		1,756,138		27,026		1.54
Total interest-bearing deposits	12,554,212		85,989		0.68		9,803,879		24,936		0.25		9,442,759		63,110		0.67
Federal funds purchased	220		2		0.91		—		—		—		1,557		13		0.83
Securities sold under agreement to repurchase	129,006		1,430		1.11		151,190		497		0.33		151,573		1,167		0.77
FHLB borrowed funds	473,839		11,076		2.34		400,000		7,604		1.90		534,608		9,506		1.78
Subordinated debentures	515,049		20,593		4.00		370,712		19,163		5.17		369,943		19,611		5.30
Total interest-bearing liabilities	13,672,326		119,090		0.87		10,725,781		52,200		0.49		10,500,440		93,407		0.89
Non-interest-bearing liabilities
Non-interest-bearing deposits	5,378,906						3,924,341						2,998,560
Other liabilities	171,390						124,724						135,094
Total liabilities	19,222,622						14,774,846						13,634,094
Stockholders’ equity	3,330,718						2,684,139						2,503,200
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	22,553,340					$	17,458,985					$	16,137,294
Net interest spread					3.53	%					3.50	%					3.81	%
Net interest income and margin			$	767,339	3.81				$	580,050	3.66				$	588,570	4.06

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Table 5 shows changes in interest income and interest expense resulting from changes in volume and changes in interest rates for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to 2021 and 2021 compared to 2020 on a fully taxable equivalent basis. The changes in interest rate and volume have been allocated to changes in average volume and changes in average rates, in proportion to the relationship of absolute dollar amounts of the changes in rates and volume.

Table 5: Volume/Rate Analysis

	Years Ended December 31,
	2022 over 2021						2021 over 2020
	Volume		Yield / Rate		Total		Volume		Yield / Rate		Total
	(In thousands)
Increase (decrease) in:
Interest income:
Interest-bearing balances due from banks	$	(218)	$	25,813	$	25,595	$	2,791	$	(1,125)	$	1,666
Federal funds sold	—		25		25		(10)		(11)		(21)
Investment securities – taxable	31,552		30,327		61,879		6,563		(9,105)		(2,542)
Investment securities – non-taxable	9,867		479		10,346		9,006		(4,251)		4,755
Loans receivable	144,298		12,036		156,334		(62,190)		8,605		(53,585)
Total interest income	185,499		68,680		254,179		(43,840)		(5,887)		(49,727)
Interest expense:
Interest-bearing transaction and savings deposits	6,619		58,486		65,105		4,302		(24,430)		(20,128)
Time deposits	(429)		(3,623)		(4,052)		(8,135)		(9,911)		(18,046)
Federal funds purchased	1		1		2		(7)		(6)		(13)
Securities sold under agreement to repurchase	(83)		1,016		933		(3)		(667)		(670)
FHLB borrowed funds	1,547		1,925		3,472		(2,523)		621		(1,902)
Subordinated debentures	6,393		(4,963)		1,430		41		(489)		(448)
Total interest expense	14,048		52,842		66,890		(6,325)		(34,882)		(41,207)
Increase (decrease) in net interest income	$	171,451	$	15,838	$	187,289	$	(37,515)	$	28,995	$	(8,520)

Provision for Credit Losses

The Company accounts for credit losses in accordance with ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments. The measurement of expected credit losses under the CECL methodology is applicable to financial assets measured at amortized cost, including loan receivables and held-to-maturity debt securities. It also applies to off-balance sheet credit exposures not accounted for as insurance (loan commitments, standby letters of credits, financial guarantees, and other similar instruments) and net investments in leases recognized by a lessor in accordance with Topic 842 on leases.

Credit Loss Expense: As a result of the acquisition of Happy, which we completed on April 1, 2022, the Company recorded a $45.2 million provision for credit losses on acquired loans for the CECL "double count," an $11.4 million provision for credit losses on acquired unfunded commitments, and a $2.0 million provision for credit losses on acquired held-to-maturity investment securities. Excluding the impact of the acquisition of Happy, the Company determined that an additional $5.0 million provision for credit losses on loans was necessary due to increased loan growth during the year. However, excluding the impact of the acquisition of Happy, the Company determined no additional provision for unfunded commitments or investment securities was necessary as of December 31, 2022.

Net charge-offs to average total loans increased to 0.11% for the year ended December 31, 2022 from 0.08% for the year ended December 31, 2021. In addition, non-performing loans to total loans decreased from 0.51% as of December 31, 2021 to 0.42% as of December 31, 2022.

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Loans. Management estimates the allowance balance using relevant available information, from internal and external sources, relating to past events, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. Historical credit loss experience provides the basis for the estimation of expected credit losses. Adjustments to historical loss information are made for differences in current loan-specific risk characteristics such as differences in underwriting standards, portfolio mix, delinquency level, or term as well as for changes in environmental conditions, such as changes in the national unemployment rate, gross domestic product, national retail sales index, housing price indices and rental vacancy rate index.

Acquired loans. In accordance with ASC 326, the Company records both a discount and an allowance for credit losses on acquired loans. This is commonly referred to as “double accounting" or "double count."

The allowance for credit losses is measured based on call report segment as these types of loan exhibit similar risk characteristics. The identified loan segments are as follows:

•1-4 family construction

•All other construction

•1-4 family revolving home equity lines of credit (“HELOC”) & junior liens

•1-4 family senior liens

•Multifamily

•Owner occupies commercial real estate

•Non-owner occupied commercial real estate

•Commercial & industrial, agricultural, non-depository financial institutions, purchase/carry securities, other

•Consumer auto

•Other consumer

•Other consumer - SPF

The allowance for credit losses for each segment is measured through the use of the discounted cash flow method. Loans evaluated individually that are considered to be impaired are not included in the collective evaluation. For those loans that are classified as impaired, an allowance is established when the discounted cash flows, collateral value or observable market price of the impaired loan is lower than the carrying value of that loan. For loans for which a specific reserve is not recorded, an allowance is recorded based on the loss rate for the respective pool within the collective evaluation if a specific reserve is not recorded.

Investments – Available-for-sale: The Company evaluates all securities quarterly to determine if any securities in a loss position require a provision for credit losses in accordance with ASC 326. The Company first assesses whether it intends to sell or is more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis. If either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met, the security’s amortized cost basis is written down to fair value through income. For securities that do not meet these criteria, the Company evaluates whether the decline in fair value has resulted from credit losses or other factors. In making this assessment, the Company considers the extent to which fair value is less than amortized cost, and changes to the rating of the security by a rating agency, and adverse conditions specifically related to the security, among other factors. If this assessment indicates that a credit loss exists, the present value of cash flows expected to be collected from the security are compared to the amortized cost basis of the security. If the present value of cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost basis, a credit loss exists and an allowance for credit losses is recorded for the credit loss, limited by the amount that the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis. Any impairment that has not been recorded through an allowance for credit losses is recognized in other comprehensive income. The Company has made the election to exclude accrued interest receivable on AFS securities from the estimate of credit losses and report accrued interest separately on the consolidated balance sheets. Changes in the allowance for credit losses are recorded as provision for (or reversal of) credit loss expense. Losses are charged against the allowance when management believes the uncollectability of a security is confirmed or when either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met.

Investments – Held-to-Maturity. The Company evaluates all securities quarterly to determine if any securities in a loss position require a provision for credit losses in accordance with ASC 326. The Company measures expected credit losses on HTM securities on a collective basis by major security type, with each type sharing similar risk characteristics. The estimate of expected credit losses considers historical credit loss information that is adjusted for current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. The Company has made the election to exclude accrued interest receivable on HTM securities from the estimate of credit losses and report accrued interest separately on the consolidated balance sheets. Changes in the allowance for credit losses are recorded as provision for (or reversal of) credit loss expense. Losses are charged against the allowance when management believes the uncollectability of a security is confirmed.

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The Company recorded a $2.0 million provision for credit losses on the held-to-maturity investment securities during the second quarter of 2022 as a result of the investment securities acquired as part of the Happy acquisition. Of the Company's held-to-maturity securities, $1.11 billion, or 86.2%, are municipal securities. To estimate the necessary loss provision, the Company utilized historical default and recovery rates of the municipal bond sector and applied these rates using a pooling method. The remainder of investments classified as held-to-maturity are U.S. government-sponsored enterprises and mortgage-backed securities all of which are guaranteed by the U.S. government. Due to the inherent low risk in these U.S. government guaranteed securities, no provision for credit loss was established on this portion of the portfolio.

At December 31 2022, the Company determined that the allowance for credit losses of $842,000, resulting from economic uncertainty, was adequate for the available-for-sale investment portfolio, and the allowance for credit losses for the HTM portfolio resulting from the Happy acquisition was considered adequate. No additional provision for credit losses was considered necessary for the portfolio.

Non-Interest Income

Total non-interest income was $175.1 million in 2022, compared to $137.6 million in 2021 and $111.8 million in 2020. Our recurring non-interest income includes service charges on deposit accounts, other service charges and fees, trust fees, mortgage lending, insurance commissions, increase in cash value of life insurance, fair value adjustment for marketable securities and dividends.

Table 6 measures the various components of our non-interest income for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively, as well as changes for the years 2022 compared to 2021 and 2021 compared to 2020.

Table 6: Non-Interest Income

	Years Ended December 31,						2022 Change from 2021				2021 Change from 2020
	2022		2021		2020
	(Dollars in thousands)
Service charges on deposit accounts	$	37,114	$	22,276	$	21,381	$	14,838	66.6	%	$	895	4.2	%
Other service charges and fees	44,588		36,451		30,686		8,137		22.3		5,765		18.8
Trust fees	12,855		1,960		1,633		10,895		555.9		327		20.0
Mortgage lending income	17,657		25,676		29,065		(8,019)		(31.2)		(3,389)		(11.7)
Insurance commissions	2,192		1,943		1,848		249		12.8		95		5.1
Increase in cash value of life insurance	3,800		2,049		2,200		1,751		85.5		(151)		(6.9)
Dividends from FHLB, FRB, FNBB & other	9,198		14,835		12,472		(5,637)		(38.0)		2,363		18.9
Gain on sale of SBA loans	183		2,380		645		(2,197)		(92.3)		1,735		269.0
Gain (loss) on sale of branches, equipment and other assets, net	15		(105)		326		120		114.3		(431)		(132.2)
Gain on OREO, net	500		2,003		1,132		(1,503)		-75.0		871		76.9
Gain on securities, net	—		219		—		(219)		-100.0		219		100.0
Fair value adjustment for marketable securities	(1,272)		7,178		(1,978)		(8,450)		(117.7)		9,156		462.9
Other income	48,281		20,704		12,376		27,577		133.2		8,328		67.3
Total non-interest income	$	175,111	$	137,569	$	111,786	$	37,542	27.3	%	$	25,783	23.1

Non-interest income increased $37.5 million, or 27.3%, to $175.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 from $137.6 million for the same period in 2021. The primary factors that resulted in this increase were the $27.6 million increase in other income, the $14.8 million increase in service charges on deposit accounts and the $10.9 million increase in trust fees. Other factors were changes related to other service charges and fees, mortgage lending income, cash value of life insurance, dividends from FHLB, FRB, FNBB & other, gain on sale of SBA loans, gain on OREO and fair value adjustment for marketable securities.

Additional details for the year ended December 31, 2022 on some of the more significant changes are as follows:

•The $14.8 million increase in service charges on deposit accounts is primarily due to an increase in overdraft and service charge fees related to the acquisition of Happy.

•The $8.1 million increase in other service charges and fees is primarily due to an increase in interchange fees related to the acquisition of Happy.

55

•The $10.9 million increase in trust fees is primarily related to an increase in trust fees resulting from the acquisition of Happy.

•The $8.0 million decrease in mortgage lending income is primarily related to a decrease in volume of secondary market loans from the high volume of loans during 2021. The decrease in volume is due to the increase in interest rates.

•The $1.8 million increase in cash value of life insurance is primarily related to the increase in bank owned life insurance resulting from the acquisition of Happy.

•The $5.6 million decrease in dividends from FHLB, FRB, FNBB & other is primarily due to a decrease in special dividends from equity investments, partially offset by an increase in dividend income from marketable securities and an increase in FRB stock holdings related to the acquisition of Happy.

•The $2.2 million decrease in gain on sale of SBA loans is primarily due to the decrease in the volume of SBA loan sales during 2022.

•The $1.5 million decrease in gain on OREO resulted from a reduction in the level of sales of OREO during 2022.

•The $8.5 million decrease in the fair value adjustment for marketable securities is due to a reduction in the fair market value of marketable securities held by the Company.

•The $27.6 million increase in other income is primarily due to $15.0 million in income from the settlement of a lawsuit brought by the Company and a $6.3 million adjustment for equity method investments. Other factors include a $2.1 million increase in additional income for items previously charged off, $2.5 million increase in rental income and a $2.0 million increase in investment brokerage fee income, partially offset by a $478,000 decrease in gain on life insurance.

Non-interest income increased $25.8 million, or 23.1%, to $137.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2021 from $111.8 million for the same period in 2020. The primary factors that resulted in this increase were the impact of fair value adjustment for marketable securities which increased non-interest income by $9.2 million, the $8.3 million increase in other income and the $5.8 million increase in other service charges and fees. Other factors were changes related mortgage lending income, dividends from FHLB, FRB, FNBB & other and gain on sale of SBA loans.

Additional details for the year ended December 31, 2021 on some of the more significant changes are as follows:

•The $5.8 million increase in other service charges and fees is primarily due to an increase in Centennial CFG property finance loan fees and Mastercard income.

•    The $3.4 million decrease in mortgage lending income is primarily due to a decrease in volume of secondary market loans from the peak in 2020.

•     The $2.4 million increase in dividends from FHLB, FRB, FNBB & other is primarily due to an increase in special dividends from equity investments.

•    The $1.7 million increase in gain on sale of SBA loans is primarily due to the increase in loan sales during 2021.

•     The $9.2 million gain in the fair value adjustment for marketable securities is related to an increase in the fair market value of marketable securities held by the Company.

•     The $8.3 million increase in other income is primarily due to a $6.3 million increase in additional income for items previously charged off and a $2.2 million increase in investment brokerage fee income.

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Non-Interest Expense

Non-interest expense consists of salaries and employee benefits, occupancy and equipment, data processing, and other expenses such as advertising, merger and acquisition expenses, amortization of intangibles, electronic banking expense, FDIC and state assessment, insurance, legal and accounting fees and other professional fees.

Table 7 below sets forth a summary of non-interest expense for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, as well as changes for the years ended 2022 compared to 2021 and 2021 compared to 2020.

Table 7: Non-Interest Expense

	Years Ended December 31,						2022 Change from 2021				2021 Change from 2020
	2022		2021		2020
	(Dollars in thousands)
Salaries and employee benefits	$	238,885	$	170,755	$	163,950	$	68,130	39.9	%	$	6,805	4.2	%
Occupancy and equipment	53,417		36,631		38,412		16,786		45.8		(1,781)		(4.6)
Data processing expense	34,942		24,280		19,032		10,662		43.9		5,248		27.6
Merger expense	49,594		1,886		711		47,708		2529.6		1,175		165.3
Other operating expenses:
Advertising	7,974		4,855		3,999		3,119		64.2		856		21.4
Amortization of intangibles	8,853		5,683		5,844		3,170		55.8		(161)		(2.8)
Electronic banking expense	13,632		9,817		8,477		3,815		38.9		1,340		15.8
Directors' fees	1,491		1,614		1,624		(123)		(7.6)		(10)		(0.6)
Due from bank service charges	1,255		1,044		975		211		20.2		69		7.1
FDIC and state assessment	8,428		5,472		6,494		2,956		54.0		(1,022)		(15.7)
Hurricane expense	176		—		—		176		100.0		—		—
Insurance	3,705		3,118		3,018		587		18.8		100		3.3
Legal and accounting	9,401		3,703		4,222		5,698		153.9		(519)		(12.3)
Other professional fees	8,881		6,950		8,150		1,931		27.8		(1,200)		(14.7)
Operating supplies	3,120		1,915		1,988		1,205		62.9		(73)		(3.7)
Postage	2,078		1,283		1,283		795		62.0		—		—
Telephone	1,890		1,425		1,302		465		32.6		123		9.4
Other expense	27,905		18,086		17,904		9,819		54.3		182		1.0
Total non-interest expense	$	475,627	$	298,517	$	287,385	$	177,110	59.3	%	$	11,132	3.9	%

Non-interest expense increased $177.1 million, or 59.3%, to $475.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, from $298.5 million for the same period in 2021. The primary factors that resulted in this increase was the increase in salaries and employee benefits expense and merger expense. Other factors were changes related to occupancy and equipment expenses, data processing expenses, electronic banking expense, FDIC and state assessment, legal and accounting, other professional fees and other expense.

Additional details for the year ended December 31, 2022 on some of the more significant changes are as follows:

•The $68.1 million increase in salaries and employee benefits expense is primarily due to the acquisition of Happy.

•The $16.8 million increase in occupancy and equipment expense is primarily due to increases in depreciation on buildings, machinery and equipment; utility expenses; lease expense; equipment maintenance and repairs; janitorial expenses; property taxes and other occupancy expenses related to the acquisition of Happy.

•The $10.7 million increase in data processing expense is primarily due to increases in telecommunication fees, computer software fees, licensing fees, mobile banking, internet banking and cash management expenses related to the acquisition of Happy.

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•The $47.7 million increase in merger and acquisition expense is due to costs associated with the acquisition of Happy.

•The $3.1 million increase in advertising expense is primarily related to the acquisition of Happy.

•The $3.2 million increase in amortization of intangibles is due to the acquisition of Happy.

•The $3.8 million increase in electronic banking expenses is primarily due to the increased debit card processing fees and interchange network expense resulting from the acquisition of Happy.

•The $3.0 million increase in FDIC and state assessment is primarily due to FDIC assessment reductions for 2021 and the acquisition of Happy during the second quarter of 2022.

•The $5.7 million increase in legal and accounting expense is primarily due to expenses related to a lawsuit brought by the Company.

•The $1.9 million increase in other professional fees is primarily related to the acquisition of Happy.

•The $1.2 million increase in operating expense is primarily due to the acquisition of Happy.

•The $9.8 million increase in other expenses is primarily related to the acquisition of Happy as well as $2.1 million in TRUPS redemption fees.

Non-interest expense increased $11.1 million, or 3.9%, to $298.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, from $287.4 million for the same period in 2020. The primary factor that resulted in this increase was the increase in salaries and employee benefits expense. Other factors were changes related to occupancy and equipment expenses, data processing expenses, merger and acquisition expenses, electronic banking expense, FDIC and state assessment, hurricane expense, legal and accounting, other professional fees and other expense.

Additional details for the year ended December 31, 2021 on some of the more significant changes are as follows:

•The $6.8 million increase in salaries and employee benefits expense is primarily due to increased salary expenses related to the normal increased cost of doing business.

•The $1.8 million decrease in occupancy and equipment is related to a decrease in depreciation - building and improvements, lease expenses and janitorial services and supplies. During the second quarter of 2020, the Company made the strategic decision to demolish and rebuild the Marathon, Florida branch office at its existing location. This increased depreciation expense during the second quarter of 2020 as the building was written off.

•The $5.2 million increase in data processing expense is primarily related to the normal increased cost of doing business such as the increase in software, licensing, core processing expense, telecommunication services, internet banking and cash management expenses, mobile banking and bill pay expenses.

•The $1.2 million increase in merger and acquisition expense costs associated with the acquisition of Happy.

•The $856,000 increase in advertising expense is primarily due to increase in advertising campaigns during 2021.

•The $1.3 million increase in electronic banking expenses is primarily due to the normal increased cost of doing business such as the increase in fees charged for network expenses and debit card processing fees.

•The $1.0 million decrease in FDIC and state assessment is primarily related to an improvement in the FDIC assessment rate. In addition, the State of Arkansas announced a 25% reduction in assessments for January 1, 2021 through June 30, 2021 and a 30% reduction in assessments for July 1, 2021 through December 31, 2021.

•The $1.2 million decrease in other professional fees is primarily related to a reduction outsourced special projects and professional fees for the Bank. This was partially offset by an increase in consulting fees.

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Income Taxes

During 2022, the Company lowered its marginal tax rate from 25.740% to 24.6735%. In an effort to more accurately reflect current state income apportionment and state tax rates, the state tax rate was lowered to 4.65%. This lowered the blended rate to 24.6735%. Apportionment changes related to the acquisition of Happy and statutory tax rate changes were the main drivers in the tax rate reduction.

During 2021, the Company lowered its marginal tax rate from 26.135% to 25.740%. In an effort to more accurately reflect current state income apportionment and state tax rates, the state tax rate was lowered to 6.0%, lowering the blended rate to 25.74%. Florida and Arkansas were the main drivers in the tax rate reduction.

During 2020, the Company began filing income tax returns in several new states. To account for the slight increase in state income tax expense due to respective state income tax rates, the Company raised its marginal tax rate from 25.819% to 26.135% for 2020.

Income tax expense decreased $8.4 million, or 8.6%, to $89.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, from $97.8 million for 2021. Income tax expense increased $34.5 million, or 54.5%, to $97.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, from $63.3 million for 2020. The effective tax rates for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 were 22.64%, 23.45% and 22.78%, respectively. The Company’s marginal tax rate was 24.6735%, 25.740% and 26.135% for years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

Financial Condition as of and for the Years Ended December 31, 2022 and 2021

Our total assets as of December 31, 2022 increased $4.83 billion to $22.88 billion from the $18.05 billion reported as of December 31, 2021. The increase in total assets is primarily due to the acquisition of $6.69 billion in total assets, net of purchase accounting adjustments, from Happy during the second quarter of 2022. Cash and cash equivalents decreased $2.93 billion, or 80.14%. Our loan portfolio balance increased $4.57 billion to $14.41 billion as of December 31, 2022, from $9.84 billion as of December 31, 2021. The increase in loans was due to the acquisition of $3.65 billion in loans, net of purchase accounting adjustments, from Happy in the second quarter of 2022 and $242.2 million in marine loans from LendingClub Bank during the first quarter of 2022, as well as $678.6 million in organic loan growth during 2022. Total deposits increased $3.68 billion to $17.94 billion as of December 31, 2022 compared to $14.26 billion as of December 31, 2021. The increase in deposits was primarily due to the acquisition of $5.86 billion in deposits, net of purchase accounting adjustments, from Happy in the second quarter of 2022, partially offset by $2.18 billion in deposit decline during the year. Stockholders’ equity increased $760.6 million to $3.53 billion as of December 31, 2022, compared to $2.77 billion as of December 31, 2021. The increase in stockholders’ equity is primarily associated with the $961.3 million in common stock issued to Happy shareholders for the acquisition of Happy on April 1, 2022 and $305.3 million in net income, which were partially offset by the $315.9 million decrease in accumulated other comprehensive income, $128.4 million of shareholder dividends paid and the repurchase of $70.9 million of our common stock during 2022. The improvement in stockholders’ equity was 27.5% for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to December 31, 2021.

Our total assets as of December 31, 2021 increased $1.65 billion to $18.05 billion from the $16.40 billion reported as of December 31, 2020. Cash and cash equivalents increased $2.39 billion, or 188.8%. The increase in cash and cash equivalents was due to loan paydowns as well as the significant amount of excess liquidity in the market as a continued result of the COVID-19 pandemic and the accompanying governmental response. Our loan portfolio balance decreased $1.38 billion to $9.84 billion as of December 31, 2021, from $11.22 billion as of December 31, 2020. The decrease in the loan portfolio was due to organic loan decline of $822.2 million and $910.1 million of the Company’s PPP loans being forgiven during 2021, which were partially offset by $347.7 million in new PPP loan originations during 2021. Total deposits increased $1.53 billion to $14.26 billion as of December 31, 2021 compared to $12.73 billion as of December 31, 2020, which was due to customers holding higher deposit balances in response to the COVID-19 pandemic as well as the resulting governmental response to the pandemic. Stockholders’ equity increased $160.0 million to $2.77 billion as of December 31, 2021, compared to $2.61 billion as of December 31, 2020. The increase in stockholders’ equity was primarily associated with the $319.0 million in net income, partially offset by the $33.7 million decrease in accumulated other comprehensive income, $92.1 million of shareholder dividends paid and the repurchase of $44.5 million of our common stock during 2021. The improvement in stockholders’ equity was 6.1% for the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to December 31, 2020.

Loan Portfolio

Our loan portfolio averaged $12.94 billion and $10.38 billion during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Loans receivable were $14.41 billion as of December 31, 2022 compared to $9.84 billion as of December 31, 2021, an increase of $4.57 billion, or 46.5%.

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During 2022, the Company experienced an increase of approximately $4.57 billion in loans. The increase in loans was primarily due to the acquisition of $3.65 billion in loans, net of purchase accounting adjustments, from Happy and $242.2 million in marine loans from LendingClub Bank during 2022, as well as $678.6 million in organic loan growth. The $678.6 million in organic loan growth included $352.7 million in loan growth for Centennial CFG and $483.6 million in loan growth within the remaining footprint, partially offset by a $157.7 million decline in PPP loans during 2022.

During 2021, the Company experienced a decline of approximately $1.38 billion in loans compared to 2020. The decrease in the loan portfolio was primarily due to $822.2 million in organic loan decline as well as $562.4 million in PPP loan decline. The $822.2 million in organic loan decline included $385.3 million in loan growth for Centennial CFG, while the remaining footprint experienced $1.20 billion in loan decline during 2021. The $562.4 million in PPP loan decline was the result of $910.1 million of PPP loans being forgiven, partially offset by $347.7 million in new PPP loans during 2021.

The most significant components of the loan portfolio were commercial real estate, residential real estate, consumer and commercial and industrial loans. These loans are generally secured by residential or commercial real estate or business or personal property. Although these loans are primarily originated within our franchises in Arkansas, Florida, Texas, South Alabama and Centennial CFG, the property securing these loans may not physically be located within our market areas of Arkansas, Florida, Texas, Alabama and New York. Loans receivable were approximately $3.09 billion, $3.85 billion, $3.80 billion, $172.9 million, $1.22 billion and $2.27 billion as of December 31, 2022 in Arkansas, Florida, Texas, Alabama, SPF and Centennial CFG, respectively.

As of December 31, 2022, we had $732.6 million of construction/land development loans which were collateralized by land. This consisted of $89.2 million for raw land and $643.4 million for land with commercial and/or residential lots.

Table 8 presents our loans receivable balances by category as of December 31, 2022 and 2021.

Table 8: Loans Receivable

	As of December 31,
	2022		2021
	(In thousands)
Real estate:
Commercial real estate loans:
Non-farm/non-residential	$	5,632,063	$	3,889,284
Construction/land development	2,135,266		1,850,050
Agricultural	346,811		130,674
Residential real estate loans:
Residential 1-4 family	1,748,551		1,274,953
Multifamily residential	578,052		280,837
Total real estate	10,440,743		7,425,798
Consumer	1,149,896		825,519
Commercial and industrial	2,349,263		1,386,747
Agricultural	285,235		43,920
Other	184,343		154,105
Total loans receivable	$	14,409,480	$	9,836,089

Commercial Real Estate Loans. We originate non-farm and non-residential loans (primarily secured by commercial real estate), construction/land development loans, and agricultural loans, which are generally secured by real estate located in our market areas. Our commercial mortgage loans are generally collateralized by first liens on real estate and amortized (where defined) over a 15 to 30-year period with balloon payments due at the end of one to five years. These loans are generally underwritten by assessing cash flow (debt service coverage), primary and secondary source of repayment, the financial strength of any guarantor, the strength of the tenant (if any), the borrower’s liquidity and leverage, management experience, ownership structure, economic conditions and industry specific trends and collateral. Generally, we will loan up to 85% of the value of improved property, 65% of the value of raw land and 75% of the value of land to be acquired and developed. A first lien on the property and assignment of lease is required if the collateral is rental property, with second lien positions considered on a case-by-case basis.

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As of December 31, 2022, commercial real estate loans totaled $8.11 billion, or 56.3% of loans receivable, as compared to $5.87 billion, or 59.7% of loans receivable, as of December 31, 2021. Commercial real estate loans originated in our Arkansas, Florida, Texas, Alabama, SPF and Centennial CFG markets were $1.96 billion, $2.49 billion, $2.27 billion, $75.3 million, zero and $1.32 billion at December 31, 2022, respectively.

Residential Real Estate Loans. We originate one to four family, residential mortgage loans generally secured by property located in our primary market areas. Approximately 42.3% and 47.6% of our residential mortgage loans consist of owner occupied 1-4 family properties and non-owner occupied 1-4 family properties (rental), respectively, as of December 31, 2022, with the remaining 10.1% relating to condos and mobile homes. Residential real estate loans generally have a loan-to-value ratio of up to 90%. These loans are underwritten by giving consideration to many factors including the borrower’s ability to pay, stability of employment or source of income, debt-to-income ratio, credit history and loan-to-value ratio.

As of December 31, 2022, residential real estate loans totaled $2.33 billion, or 16.1%, of loans receivable, compared to $1.56 billion, or 15.8% of loans receivable, as of December 31, 2021. Residential real estate loans originated in our franchises in our Arkansas, Florida, Texas, Alabama, SPF and Centennial CFG markets were $447.0 million, $967.7 million, $573.4 million, $43.2 million, zero and $295.3 million at December 31, 2022, respectively.

Consumer Loans. Our consumer loans are composed of secured and unsecured loans originated by our bank, the primary portion of which consists of loans to finance USCG registered high-end sail and power boats within our SPF division The performance of consumer loans will be affected by the local and regional economies as well as the rates of personal bankruptcies, job loss, divorce and other individual-specific characteristics.

As of December 31, 2022, consumer loans totaled $1.15 billion, or 8.0% of loans receivable, compared to $825.5 million, or 8.4% of loans receivable, as of December 31, 2021. Consumer loans originated in our Arkansas, Florida, Texas, Alabama, SPF and Centennial CFG markets were $35.1 million, $8.1 million, $25.2 million, $1.0 million, $1.08 billion and zero at December 31, 2022, respectively.

Commercial and Industrial Loans. Commercial and industrial loans are made for a variety of business purposes, including working capital, inventory, equipment and capital expansion. The terms for commercial loans are generally one to seven years. Commercial loan applications must be supported by current financial information on the borrower and, where appropriate, by adequate collateral. Commercial loans are generally underwritten by addressing cash flow (debt service coverage), primary and secondary sources of repayment, the financial strength of any guarantor, the borrower’s liquidity and leverage, management experience, ownership structure, economic conditions and industry specific trends and collateral. The loan to value ratio depends on the type of collateral. Generally speaking, accounts receivable are financed at between 50% and 80% of accounts receivable less than 60 days past due. Inventory financing will range between 50% and 80% (with no work in process) depending on the borrower and nature of inventory. We require a first lien position for those loans.

As of December 31, 2022, commercial and industrial loans totaled $2.35 billion, or 16.3% of loans receivable, which compared to $1.39 billion, or 14.1% of loans receivable, as of December 31, 2021. Commercial and industrial loans originated in our Arkansas, Florida, Texas, Alabama, SPF and Centennial CFG markets were $494.5 million, $326.3 million, $686.8 million, $49.1 million, $136.4 million and $656.1 million at December 31, 2022, respectively.

Agricultural Loans. Agricultural loans include loans for financing agricultural production, including loans to businesses or individuals engaged in the production of timber, poultry, livestock or crops and are not categorized as part of real estate loans. Our agricultural loans are generally secured by farm machinery, livestock, crops, vehicles or other agricultural-related collateral. A portion of our portfolio of agricultural loans is comprised of loans to individuals which would normally be characterized as consumer loans except for the fact that the individual borrowers are primarily engaged in the production of timber, poultry, livestock or crops.

As of December 31, 2022, agricultural loans totaled $285.2 million, or 2.0% of loans receivable, compared to the $43.9 million, or 0.4% of loans receivable as of December 31, 2021. Agricultural loans originated in our Arkansas, Florida, Texas, Alabama, SPF and Centennial CFG markets were $45.5 million, zero, $239.7 million, zero, zero and zero at December 31, 2022, respectively.

Table 9 presents the distribution of the maturity of our total loans as of December 31, 2022. The table also presents the portion of our loans that have fixed interest rates and interest rates that fluctuate over the life of the loans based on changes in the interest rate environment.

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The loans acquired during our acquisitions accrete interest income through accretion of the difference between the carrying amount of the loans and the expected cash flows. Increases in the credit quality or cash flows of loans (reflected as an adjustment to yield and accreted into income over the weighted-average life of the loans).

Table 9: Maturity Distribution of Loan Portfolio and Interest Rate Detail of Loans Due After One Year

	Maturity Distribution of Loan Portfolio
	One Year or Less		Over One Year Through Five Years		Over Five Years Through Fifteen Years		Over Fifteen Years		Total Loans Receivable
	(In thousands)
Real estate:
Commercial real estate loans
Non-farm/non-residential	$	964,573	$	2,945,758	$	1,387,703	$	334,029	$	5,632,063
Construction/land development	837,255		902,881		272,243		122,887		2,135,266
Agricultural	58,922		127,918		103,626		56,345		346,811
Residential real estate loans
Residential 1-4 family	164,196		440,152		323,971		820,232		1,748,551
Multifamily residential	177,787		282,621		88,635		29,009		578,052
Total real estate	2,202,733		4,699,330		2,176,178		1,362,502		10,440,743
Consumer	22,763		42,929		234,271		849,933		1,149,896
Commercial and industrial	786,596		1,182,899		350,560		29,208		2,349,263
Agricultural	205,788		62,829		15,800		818		285,235
Other	15,888		100,922		52,546		14,987		184,343
Total loans receivable	$	3,233,768	$	6,088,909	$	2,829,355	$	2,257,448	$	14,409,480

	Loans Due After One Year
	Predetermined Interest Rates		Floating or Adjustable Interest Rates		Total
	(In thousands)
Real estate:
Commercial real estate loans
Non-farm/non-residential	$	2,325,965	$	2,341,525	$	4,667,490
Construction/land development	274,741		1,023,270		1,298,011
Agricultural	136,384		151,505		287,889
Residential real estate loans
Residential 1-4 family	592,565		991,790		1,584,355
Multifamily residential	158,816		241,449		400,265
Total real estate	3,488,471		4,749,539		8,238,010
Consumer	1,074,953		52,180		1,127,133
Commercial and industrial	569,685		992,982		1,562,667
Agricultural	34,495		44,952		79,447
Other	133,648		34,807		168,455
Total loans receivable	$	5,301,252	$	5,874,460	$	11,175,712

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Non-Performing Assets

We classify our problem loans into three categories: past due loans, special mention loans and classified loans (accruing and non-accruing).

When management determines that a loan is no longer performing, and that collection of interest appears doubtful, the loan is placed on non-accrual status. Loans that are 90 days past due are placed on non-accrual status unless they are adequately secured and there is reasonable assurance of full collection of both principal and interest. Our management closely monitors all loans that are contractually 90 days past due, treated as “special mention” or otherwise classified or on non-accrual status.

Purchased loans that have experienced more than insignificant credit deterioration since origination are PCD loans. An allowance for credit losses is determined using the same methodology as other loans. For PCD loans not individually analyzed for impairment, the Company develops separate PCD models for each loan segment. The initial allowance for credit losses determined on a collective basis is allocated to individual loans. The sum of the loan’s purchase price and allowance for credit losses becomes its initial amortized cost basis. The difference between the initial amortized cost basis and the par value of the loan is a non-credit discount or premium, which is amortized into interest income over the life of the loan. Subsequent changes to the allowance for credit losses are recorded through the provision for credit losses. The Company held approximately $142.5 million and $448,000 in PCD loans, as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Table 10 sets forth information with respect to our non-performing assets as of December 31, 2022 and 2021. As of these dates, all non-performing restructured loans are included in non-accrual loans.

Table 10: Non-performing Assets

	As of December 31,
	2022			2021
	(Dollars in thousands)
Non-accrual loans	$	51,011		$	47,158
Loans past due 90 days or more (principal or interest payments)	9,845			3,035
Total non-performing loans	60,856			50,193
Other non-performing assets
Foreclosed assets held for sale, net	546			1,630
Other non-performing assets	74			—
Total other non-performing assets	620			1,630
Total non-performing assets	$	61,476		$	51,823
Allowance for credit losses to non-accrual loans	567.86		%	501.96		%
Allowance for credit losses to non-performing loans	475.99			471.61
Non-accrual loans to total loans	0.35			0.48
Non-performing loans to total loans	0.42			0.51
Non-performing assets to total assets	0.27			0.29

Our non-performing loans are comprised of non-accrual loans and accruing loans that are contractually past due 90 days. Our bank subsidiary recognizes income principally on the accrual basis of accounting. When loans are classified as non-accrual, the accrued interest is charged off and no further interest is accrued, unless the credit characteristics of the loan improve. If a loan is determined by management to be uncollectible, the portion of the loan determined to be uncollectible is then charged to the allowance for credit losses.

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Total non-performing loans were $60.9 million as of December 31, 2022, compared to $50.2 million as of December 31, 2021, for an increase of $10.7 million. The $10.7 million increase in non-performing loans is primarily the result of the acquisition of Happy during the second quarter of 2022 which resulted in a $22.2 million increase in non-performing loans attributable to our Texas market and a $788,000 increase in non-performing loans attributable to our SPF market, partially offset by decreases in non-performing loans in our Arkansas, Florida, Alabama and Centennial CFG markets of $5.5 million, $6.3 million, $66,000 and $439,000, respectively. Non-performing loans at December 31, 2022, were $8.4 million, $20.5 million, $22.2 million, $404,000, $2.3 million and $7.1 million in the Arkansas, Florida, Texas, Alabama, SPF and Centennial CFG markets, respectively.

The $7.1 million balance of non-accrual loans for our Centennial CFG market balance of non-accrual loans for our Centennial CFG market consists of two loans that are assessed for credit risk by the Federal Reserve under the Shared National Credit Program. Due to the condition of the two loans, partial charge-offs for a total of $5.4 million were taken on these loans during 2022. The loans are not current on either principal or interest, and we have reversed any interest that had accrued subsequent to the non-accrual date designated by the Federal Reserve. Any interest payments that are received will be applied to the principal balance.

Troubled debt restructurings (“TDRs”) generally occur when a borrower is experiencing, or is expected to experience, financial difficulties in the near term. As a result, we will work with the borrower to prevent further difficulties, and ultimately to improve the likelihood of recovery on the loan. In those circumstances it may be beneficial to restructure the terms of a loan and work with the borrower for the benefit of both parties, versus forcing the property into foreclosure and having to dispose of it in an unfavorable and depressed real estate market. When we have modified the terms of a loan, we usually either reduce the monthly payment and/or interest rate for generally about three to twelve months. For our TDRs that accrue interest at the time the loan is restructured, it would be a rare exception to have charged-off any portion of the loan. As of December 31, 2022, we had $4.1 million of restructured loans that are in compliance with the modified terms and are not reported as past due or non-accrual in Table 10. Our Florida market contains $2.4 million, and our Arkansas market contains $1.7 million of these restructured loans.

A loan modification that might not otherwise be considered may be granted resulting in classification as a TDR. These loans can involve loans remaining on non-accrual, moving to non-accrual, or continuing on an accrual status, depending on the individual facts and circumstances of the borrower. Generally, a non-accrual loan that is restructured remains on non-accrual for a period of six months to demonstrate that the borrower can meet the restructured terms. However, performance prior to the restructuring, or significant events that coincide with the restructuring, are considered in assessing whether the borrower can pay under the new terms and may result in the loan being returned to an accrual status after a shorter performance period. If the borrower’s ability to meet the revised payment schedule is not reasonably assured, the loan will remain in a non-accrual status.

The majority of the Bank’s loan modifications relate to commercial lending and involve reducing the interest rate, changing from a principal and interest payment to interest-only, a lengthening of the amortization period, or a combination of some or all of the three. In addition, it is common for the Bank to seek additional collateral or guarantor support when modifying a loan. At December 31, 2022, the amount of TDRs was $5.7 million, a decrease of 23.7% from $7.5 million at December 31, 2021. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, 72.3% and 85.7%, respectively, of all restructured loans were performing to the terms of the restructure.

Total foreclosed assets held for sale were $546,000 as of December 31, 2022, compared to $1.6 million as of December 31, 2021 for a decrease of $1.1 million. The foreclosed assets held for sale as of December 31, 2022 are comprised of approximately $120,000 of assets located in Arkansas, $260,000 located in Florida, zero located in Alabama and Centennial CFG and $166,000 located in Texas.

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Table 11 shows the summary of foreclosed assets held for sale as of December 31, 2022 and 2021.

Table 11: Total Foreclosed Assets Held for Sale

	December 31
	2022		2021
	(In thousands)
Commercial real estate loans
Non-farm/non-residential	$	118	$	536
Construction/land development	47		834
Residential real estate loans
Residential 1-4 family	260		260
Multifamily residential	121		—
Total foreclosed assets held for sale	$	546	$	1,630

A loan is considered impaired when it is probable that we will not receive all amounts due according to the contracted terms of the loans. Impaired loans include non-performing loans (loans past due 90 days or more and non-accrual loans), criticized and/or classified loans with a specific allocation, loans categorized as TDRs and certain other loans identified by management that are still performing (loans included in multiple categories are only included once). As of December 31, 2022, average impaired loans were $297.7 million compared to $289.5 million as of December 31, 2021. As of December 31, 2022 impaired loans were $221.1 million compared to $331.5 million as of December 31, 2021. The amortized cost balance for loans with a specific allocation decreased from $284.0 million to $168.6 million, and the specific allocation for impaired loans decreased by approximately $20.4 million for the period ended December 31, 2022 compared to the period ended December 31, 2021. As of December 31, 2022, our Arkansas, Florida, Texas, Alabama, SPF and Centennial CFG markets accounted for approximately $22.2 million, $125.7 million, $63.4 million, $404,000, $2.3 million and $7.1 million of the impaired loans, respectively.

Past Due and Non-Accrual Loans

Table 12 shows the summary non-accrual loans as of December 31, 2022 and 2021:

Table 12: Total Non-Accrual Loans

	As of December 31,
	2022		2021
	(In thousands)
Real estate:
Commercial real estate loans
Non-farm/non-residential	$	12,219	$	11,923
Construction/land development	1,977		1,445
Agricultural	278		897
Residential real estate loans
Residential 1-4 family	18,083		16,198
Multifamily residential	—		156
Total real estate	32,557		30,619
Consumer	2,842		1,648
Commercial and industrial	14,920		13,875
Agricultural & other	692		1,016
Total non-accrual loans	$	51,011	$	47,158

If the non-accrual loans had been accruing interest in accordance with the original terms of their respective agreements, interest income of approximately $4.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, $2.4 million in 2021, and $3.7 million in 2020 would have been recorded. Interest income recognized on the non-accrual loans for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 was considered immaterial.

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Table 13 shows the summary of accruing past due loans 90 days or more as of December 31, 2022 and 2021:

Table 13: Total Loans Accruing Past Due 90 Days or More

	As of December 31,
	2022		2021
	(In thousands)
Real estate:
Commercial real estate loans
Non-farm/non-residential	$	1,844	$	2,225
Construction/land development	31		—
Residential real estate loans
Residential 1-4 family	1,374		701
Total real estate	3,249		2,926
Consumer	35		2
Commercial and industrial	6,300		107
Other	261		—
Total loans accruing past due 90 days or more	$	9,845	$	3,035

Our total loans accruing past due 90 days or more and non-accrual loans to total loans was 0.42% and 0.51% as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Allowance for Credit Losses

Overview. The allowance for credit losses on loans receivable is a valuation account that is deducted from the loans’ amortized cost basis to present the net amount expected to be collected on the loans. Loans are charged off against the allowance when management believes the uncollectability of a loan balance is confirmed and expected recoveries do not exceed the aggregate of amounts previously charged-off and expected to be charged-off.

The Company uses the discounted cash flow (“DCF”) method to estimate expected losses for all of Company’s loan pools. These pools are as follows: construction & land development; other commercial real estate; residential real estate; commercial & industrial; and consumer & other. The loan portfolio pools were selected in order to generally align with the loan categories specified in the quarterly call reports required to be filed with the Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council. For each of these loan pools, the Company generates cash flow projections at the instrument level wherein payment expectations are adjusted for estimated prepayment speed, curtailments, time to recovery, probability of default, and loss given default. The modeling of expected prepayment speeds, curtailment rates, and time to recovery are based on historical internal data. The Company uses regression analysis of historical internal and peer data to determine suitable loss drivers to utilize when modeling lifetime probability of default and loss given default. This analysis also determines how expected probability of default and loss given default will react to forecasted levels of the loss drivers.

For all DCF models, management has determined that four quarters represents a reasonable and supportable forecast period and reverts to a historical loss rate over four quarters on a straight-line basis. Management leverages economic projections from a reputable and independent third party to inform its loss driver forecasts over the four-quarter forecast period. Other internal and external indicators of economic forecasts are also considered by management when developing the forecast metrics.

Management estimates the allowance balance using relevant available information, from internal and external sources, relating to past events, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. Historical credit loss experience provides the basis for the estimation of expected credit losses. Adjustments to historical loss information are made for differences in current loan-specific risk characteristics such as differences in underwriting standards, portfolio mix, delinquency level, or term as well as for changes in environmental conditions, such as changes in the national unemployment rate, gross domestic product, national retail sales index, housing price indices and rental vacancy rate index.

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The allowance for credit losses is measured based on call report segment as these types of loan exhibit similar risk characteristics. The identified loan segments are as follows:

•1-4 family construction

•All other construction

•1-4 family revolving home equity lines of credit (“HELOC”) & junior liens

•1-4 family senior liens

•Multifamily

•Owner occupies commercial real estate

•Non-owner occupied commercial real estate

•Commercial & industrial, agricultural, non-depository financial institutions, purchase/carry securities, other

•Consumer auto

•Other consumer

•Other consumer - SPF

The combination of adjustments for credit expectations (default and loss) and time expectations prepayment, curtailment, and time to recovery) produces an expected cash flow stream at the instrument level. Instrument effective yield is calculated, net of the impacts of prepayment assumptions, and the instrument expected cash flows are then discounted at that effective yield to produce an instrument-level net present value of expected cash flows (“NPV”). An allowance for credit loss is established for the difference between the instrument’s NPV and amortized cost basis.

The allowance for credit losses for each segment is measured through the use of the discounted cash flow method. Loans evaluated individually that are considered to be impaired are not included in the collective evaluation. For those loans that are classified as impaired, an allowance is established when the discounted cash flows, collateral value or observable market price of the impaired loan is lower than the carrying value of that loan. For loans for which a specific reserve is not recorded, an allowance is recorded based on the loss rate for the respective pool within the collective evaluation if a specific reserve is not recorded.

Expected credit losses are estimated over the contractual term of the loans, adjusted for expected prepayments when appropriate. The contractual term excludes expected extensions, renewals, and modifications unless either of the following applies:

•Management has a reasonable expectation at the reporting date that troubled debt restructuring will be executed with an individual borrower.

•The extension or renewal options are included in the original or modified contract at the reporting date and are not unconditionally cancellable by the Company.

Management qualitatively adjusts model results for risk factors that are not considered within our modeling processes but are nonetheless relevant in assessing the expected credit losses within our loan pools. These Q-Factors and other qualitative adjustments may increase or decrease management's estimate of expected credit losses by a calculated percentage or amount based upon the estimated level of risk. The various risks that may be considered in making Q-Factor and other qualitative adjustments include, among other things, the impact of (i) changes in lending policies, procedures and strategies; (ii) changes in nature and volume of the portfolio; (iii) staff experience; (iv) changes in volume and trends in classified loans, delinquencies and nonaccruals; (v) concentration risk; (vi) trends in underlying collateral values; (vii) external factors such as competition, legal and regulatory environment; (viii) changes in the quality of the loan review system and (ix) economic conditions.

Loans considered impaired, according to ASC 326, are loans for which, based on current information and events, it is probable that we will be unable to collect all amounts due according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement. The aggregate amount of impairment of loans is utilized in evaluating the adequacy of the allowance for credit losses and amount of provisions thereto. Losses on impaired loans are charged against the allowance for credit losses when in the process of collection, it appears likely that such losses will be realized. The accrual of interest on impaired loans is discontinued when, in management’s opinion the collection of interest is doubtful or generally when loans are 90 days or more past due. When accrual of interest is discontinued, all unpaid accrued interest is reversed. Interest income is subsequently recognized only to the extent cash payments are received in excess of principal due. Loans are returned to accrual status when all the principal and interest amounts contractually due are brought current and future payments are reasonably assured.

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Loans are placed on non-accrual status when management believes that the borrower’s financial condition, after giving consideration to economic and business conditions and collection efforts, is such that collection of interest is doubtful, or generally when loans are 90 days or more past due. Loans are charged against the allowance for credit losses when management believes that the collectability of the principal is unlikely. Accrued interest related to non-accrual loans is generally charged against the allowance for credit losses when accrued in prior years and reversed from interest income if accrued in the current year. Interest income on non-accrual loans may be recognized to the extent cash payments are received, although the majority of payments received are usually applied to principal. Non-accrual loans are generally returned to accrual status when principal and interest payments are less than 90 days past due, the customer has made required payments for at least six months, and we reasonably expect to collect all principal and interest.

Acquisition Accounting and Acquired Loans. We account for our acquisitions under FASB ASC Topic 805, Business Combinations, which requires the use of the acquisition method of accounting. All identifiable assets acquired, including loans, and liabilities assumed are recorded at fair value. In accordance with ASC 326, the Company records both a discount and an allowance for credit losses on acquired loans. All purchased loans are recorded at fair value in accordance with the fair value methodology prescribed in FASB ASC Topic 820, Fair Value Measurements. The fair value estimates associated with the loans include estimates related to expected prepayments and the amount and timing of undiscounted expected principal, interest and other cash flows.

Purchased loans that have experienced more than insignificant credit deterioration since origination are PCD loans. An allowance for credit losses is determined using the same methodology as other loans. For PCD loans not individually analyzed for impairment, the Company develops separate PCD models for each loan segment. The initial allowance for credit losses determined on a collective basis is allocated to individual loans. The sum of the loan’s purchase price and allowance for credit losses becomes its initial amortized cost basis. The difference between the initial amortized cost basis and the par value of the loan is a non-credit discount or premium, which is amortized into interest income over the life of the loan. Subsequent changes to the allowance for credit losses are recorded through the provision for credit losses.

Allowance for Credit Losses on Off-Balance Sheet Credit Exposures. The Company estimates expected credit losses over the contractual period in which the Company is exposed to credit risk via a contractual obligation to extend credit unless that obligation is unconditionally cancellable by the Company. The allowance for credit losses on off-balance sheet credit exposures is adjusted as a provision for credit loss expense. The estimate includes consideration of the likelihood that funding will occur and an estimate of expected credit losses on commitments expected to be funded over its estimated life.

Specific Allocations. As a general rule, if a specific allocation is warranted, it is the result of an analysis of a previously classified credit or relationship. Typically, when it becomes evident through the payment history or a financial statement review that a loan or relationship is no longer supported by the cash flows of the asset and/or borrower and has become collateral dependent, we will use appraisals or other collateral analysis to determine if collateral impairment has occurred. The amount or likelihood of loss on this credit may not yet be evident, so a charge-off would not be prudent. However, if the analysis indicates that an impairment has occurred, then a specific allocation will be determined for this loan. If our existing appraisal is outdated or the collateral has been subject to significant market changes, we will obtain a new appraisal for this impairment analysis. Cash flow available to service debt was used for the other impaired loans. This analysis is performed each quarter in connection with the preparation of the analysis of the adequacy of the allowance for credit losses, and if necessary, adjustments are made to the specific allocation provided for a particular loan.

For collateral dependent loans, we do not consider an appraisal outdated simply due to the passage of time. However, if an appraisal is older than 13 months and if market or other conditions have deteriorated and we believe that the current market value of the property is not within approximately 20% of the appraised value, we will consider the appraisal outdated and order either a new appraisal or an internal validation report for the impairment analysis. The recognition of any provision or related charge-off on a collateral dependent loan is either through annual credit analysis or, many times, when the relationship becomes delinquent. If the borrower is not current, we will update our credit and cash flow analysis to determine the borrower's repayment ability. If we determine this ability does not exist and it appears that the collection of the entire principal and interest is not likely, then the loan could be placed on non-accrual status. In any case, loans are classified as non-accrual no later than 105 days past due. If the loan requires a quarterly impairment analysis, this analysis is completed in conjunction with the completion of the analysis of the adequacy of the allowance for credit losses. Any exposure identified through the impairment analysis is shown as a specific reserve on the individual impairment. If it is determined that a new appraisal or internal validation report is required, it is ordered and will be taken into consideration during completion of the next impairment analysis.

In estimating the net realizable value of the collateral, management may deem it appropriate to discount the appraisal based on the applicable circumstances. In such case, the amount charged off may result in loan principal outstanding being below fair value as presented in the appraisal.

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Between the receipt of the original appraisal and the updated appraisal, we monitor the loan's repayment history. If the loan is $3.0 million or greater or the total loan relationship is $5.0 million or greater, our policy requires an annual credit review. Our policy requires financial statements from the borrowers and guarantors at least annually. In addition, we calculate the global repayment ability of the borrower/guarantors at least annually.

As a general rule, when it becomes evident that the full principal and accrued interest of a loan may not be collected, or by law at 105 days past due, we will reflect that loan as non-performing. It will remain non-performing until it performs in a manner that it is reasonable to expect that we will collect the full principal and accrued interest.

When the amount or likelihood of a loss on a loan has been determined, a charge-off should be taken in the period it is determined. If a partial charge-off occurs, the quarterly impairment analysis will determine if the loan is still impaired, and thus continues to require a specific allocation.

The Company had $221.1 million and $331.5 million in collateral-dependent impaired loans for the periods ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Loans Collectively Evaluated for Impairment. Loans receivable collectively evaluated for impairment increased by approximately $4.65 billion from $9.54 billion at December 31, 2021 to $14.19 billion at December 31, 2022. The percentage of the allowance for credit losses allocated to loans receivable collectively evaluated for impairment to the total loans collectively evaluated for impairment decreased from 1.94% at December 31, 2021 to 1.82% at December 31, 2022.

Charge-offs and Recoveries. Total charge-offs increased to $17.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared to $11.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. Total recoveries increased to $3.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared to $2.9 million for the same period in 2021.

Net loans charged off for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 were $14.0 million and $8.8 million, respectively. For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, approximately $1.4 million and $3.1 million, respectively, of the net charge-offs were from our Arkansas market. For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, approximately $4.5 million and $5.3 million, respectively, of the net charge-offs were from our Florida market. For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, approximately $5.4 million and zero, respectively, of the net charge-offs were from our Texas market. Approximately $55,000 and $17,000 related to net charge-offs for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, on loans in our Alabama market. For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, approximately $290,000 and $401,000 of the net charge-offs were from our SPF market. For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, approximately $2.3 million and zero, respectively, of the net charge-offs were from our Centennial CFG market.

While the 2022 charge-offs and recoveries consisted of many relationships, there were three individual relationships consisting of charge-offs greater than $1.0 million. The first was a $4.0 million charge-off for a commercial and industrial loan in our Florida market. The second was a $3.6 million charge-off for a commercial and industrial loan in our New York market, and the third was a $1.5 million charge-off for a commercial and industrial loan in our New York market.

For the year ended December 31, 2021, there were two individual relationships consisting of charge-offs greater than $1.0 million. The first was a $3.8 million charge-off for a commercial and industrial loan in our Florida market. The second was a $1.9 million charge-off for a commercial and industrial loan in our Arkansas market.

We have not charged off an amount less than what was determined to be the fair value of the collateral as presented in the appraisal, less estimated costs to sell (for collateral dependent loans), for any period presented. Loans partially charged-off are placed on non-accrual status until it is proven that the borrower's repayment ability with respect to the remaining principal balance can be reasonably assured. This is usually established over a period of 6-12 months of timely payment performance.

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Table 14 shows the allowance for credit losses, charge-offs and recoveries for loans as of and for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021.

Table 14: Analysis of Allowance for Credit Losses

	As of December 31,
	2022			2021
	(Dollars in thousands)
Balance, beginning of year	$	236,714		$	245,473
Allowance for credit losses on acquired PCD loans	16,816			—
Loans charged off
Real estate:
Commercial real estate loans:
Non-farm/non-residential	—			604
Construction/land development	1			—
Agricultural	—			42
Residential real estate loans:
Residential 1-4 family	410			545
Multifamily residential	36			—
Total real estate	447			1,191
Consumer	2,332			458
Commercial and industrial	9,773			8,242
Other	4,715			1,770
Total loans charged off	17,267			11,661
Recoveries of loans previously charged off
Real estate:
Commercial real estate loans:
Non-farm/non-residential	967			785
Construction/land development	405			58
Residential real estate loans:
Residential 1-4 family	118			680
Multifamily residential	1			3
Total real estate	1,491			1,526
Consumer	143			70
Commercial and industrial	780			591
Other	822			715
Total recoveries	3,236			2,902
Net loans charged off (recovered)	14,031			8,759
Provision for credit loss - loans	5,000			—
Provision for credit loss - acquired loans	45,170			—
Balance, end of year	$	289,669		$	236,714
Net charge-offs (recoveries) to average loans receivable	0.11		%	0.08		%
Allowance for credit losses to total loans	2.01			2.41
Allowance for credit losses to net charge-offs (recoveries)	2,064.49			2,702.52

Net charge-offs to average loans receivable were 0.11% and 0.08% as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The low level of charge-offs for the year emphasize the Company's strong asset quality, and additional disclosure of net charge-offs to average loans outstanding by loan category is not considered necessary.

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Table 15 presents the allocation of allowance for credit losses as of December 31, 2022 and 2021.

Table 15: Allocation of Allowance for Credit Losses

	December 31, 2022
	2022				2021
	Allowance Amount		% of loans(1)		Allowance Amount		% of loans(1)
	(Dollars in thousands)
Real estate:
Commercial real estate loans:
Non-farm/non- residential	$	92,197	39.1	%	$	86,910	39.5	%
Construction/land development	32,243		14.8		28,415		18.8
Agricultural residential real estate loans:	1,651		2.4		308		1.3
Residential real estate loans:
Residential 1-4 family	45,312		12.1		45,364		13.0
Multifamily residential	5,651		4.0		3,094		2.9
Total real estate	177,054		72.4		164,091		75.5
Consumer	20,907		8.0		16,612		8.4
Commercial and industrial	88,131		16.3		52,910		14.1
Agricultural	1,223		2.0		152		0.4
Other	2,354		1.3		2,949		1.6
Total	$	289,669	100.0	%	$	236,714	100.0	%

(1)Percentage of loans in each category to total loans receivable.

Investment Securities

Our securities portfolio is the second largest component of earning assets and provides a significant source of revenue. Securities within the portfolio are classified as held-to-maturity, available-for-sale, or trading based on the intent and objective of the investment and the ability to hold to maturity. Fair values of securities are based on quoted market prices where available. If quoted market prices are not available, estimated fair values are based on quoted market prices of comparable securities. The estimated effective duration of our securities portfolio was 5.0 years as of December 31, 2022.

Securities held-to-maturity, which include any security for which we have the positive intent and ability to hold until maturity, are reported at historical cost adjusted for amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts. Premiums and discounts are amortized/accreted to the call date to interest income using the constant effective yield method over the estimated life of the security. As of December 31, 2022, we had $1.29 billion of held-to-maturity securities. We had no held-to-maturity securities as of December 31, 2021. As of December 31, 2022, $1.11 billion, or 86.2%, were invested in obligations of state and political subdivisions, $43.0 million, or 3.3%, were invested in obligations of U.S. Government-sponsored enterprises and $135.0 million, or 10.5%, were invested in mortgage-backed securities. The U.S. government-sponsored enterprises and mortgage-backed securities are guaranteed by the U.S. government.

Securities available-for-sale are reported at fair value with unrealized holding gains and losses reported as a separate component of stockholders’ equity as other comprehensive income. Securities that are held as available-for-sale are used as a part of our asset/liability management strategy. Securities that may be sold in response to interest rate changes, changes in prepayment risk, the need to increase regulatory capital, and other similar factors are classified as available-for-sale. Available-for-sale securities were $4.04 billion and $3.12 billion as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

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As of December 31, 2022, $1.86 billion, or 46.1%, of our available-for-sale securities were invested in mortgage-backed securities, compared to $1.54 billion, or 49.3%, of our available-for-sale securities as of December 31, 2021. To reduce our income tax burden, $906.3 million, or 22.4%, of our available-for-sale securities portfolio as of December 31, 2022, was primarily invested in tax-exempt obligations of state and political subdivisions, compared to $997.0 million, or 32.0%, of our available-for-sale securities as of December 31, 2021. We had $661.8 million, or 16.4%, invested in obligations of U.S. Government-sponsored enterprises as of December 31, 2022, compared to $433.0 million, or 13.9%, of our available-for-sale securities as of December 31, 2021. Also, we had approximately $608.9 million, or 15.1%, invested in other securities as of December 31, 2022, compared to $151.9 million, or 4.9%, of our available-for-sale securities as of December 31, 2021.

The Company evaluates all securities quarterly to determine if any securities in a loss position require a provision for credit losses in accordance with ASC 326. The Company first assesses whether it intends to sell or is more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis. If either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met, the security’s amortized cost basis is written down to fair value through income. For securities that do not meet this criteria, the Company evaluates whether the decline in fair value has resulted from credit losses or other factors. In making this assessment, the Company considers the extent to which fair value is less than amortized cost, changes to the rating of the security by a rating agency, and adverse conditions specifically related to the security, among other factors. If this assessment indicates that a credit loss exists, the present value of cash flows expected to be collected from the security are compared to the amortized cost basis of the security. If the present value of cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost basis, a credit loss exists and an allowance for credit losses is recorded for the credit loss, limited by the amount that the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis. Any impairment that has been recorded through an allowance for credit losses is recognized in other comprehensive income. Changes in the allowance for credit losses are recorded as provision for (or reversal of) credit loss expense. Losses are charged against the allowance when management believes the uncollectability of a security is confirmed or when either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met.

The Company recorded a $2.0 million provision for credit losses on the held-to-maturity investment securities during the second quarter of 2022 as a result of the investment securities acquired as part of the Happy acquisition. Of the Company's held-to-maturity securities, $1.11 billion, or 86.2% are municipal securities. To estimate the necessary loss provision, the Company utilized historical default and recovery rates of the municipal bond sector and applied these rates using a pooling method. The remainder of investments classified as held-to-maturity are U.S. government-sponsored enterprises and mortgage-backed securities all of which are guaranteed by the U.S. government. Due to the inherent low risk in these U.S. government guaranteed securities, no provision for credit loss was established on this portion of the portfolio.

At December 31, 2022, the Company determined that the allowance for credit losses of $842,000, resulting from economic uncertainty, was adequate for the available-for-sale investment portfolio, and the allowance for credit losses for the held-to-maturity portfolio was also considered adequate. No additional provision for credit losses was considered necessary for the investment portfolio.

Table 16 presents the carrying value and fair value of available-for-sale and held-to-maturity investment securities as of December 31, 2022 and 2021.

Table 16: Investment Securities

	December 31, 2022
	Amortized Cost		Allowance for Credit Losses		Net Carrying Amount		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value
	(In thousands)
Available-for-sale
U.S. government-sponsored enterprises	$	682,316	$	—	$	682,316	$	2,713	$	(23,209)	$	661,820
Residential mortgage-backed securities	1,759,025		—		1,759,025		71		(211,453)		1,547,643
Commercial mortgage-backed securities	339,206		—		339,206		—		(22,254)		316,952
State and political subdivisions	1,021,188		(842)		1,020,346		1,649		(115,698)		906,297
Other securities	643,885		—		643,885		346		(35,353)		608,878
Total	$	4,445,620	$	(842)	$	4,444,778	$	4,779	$	(407,967)	$	4,041,590

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	December 31, 2022
	Amortized Cost		Allowance for Credit Losses		Net Carrying Amount		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value
	(In thousands)
Held-to-maturity
U.S. government-sponsored enterprises	$	43,017	$	—	$	43,017	$	—	$	(3,349)	$	39,668
Residential mortgage-backed securities	49,088		—		49,088		24		(1,205)		47,907
Commercial mortgage-backed securities	85,912		—		85,912		107		(2,551)		83,468
State and political subdivisions	1,111,693		(2,005)		1,109,688		65		(154,650)		955,103
Other securities	—		—		—		—		—		—
Total	$	1,289,710	$	(2,005)	$	1,287,705	$	196	$	(161,755)	$	1,126,146

	December 31, 2021
	Amortized Cost		Allowance for Credit Losses		Net Carrying Amount		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value
	(In thousands)
Available-for-sale
U.S. government-sponsored enterprises	$	433,829	$	—	$	433,829	$	2,375	$	(3,225)	$	432,979
Residential mortgage-backed securities	1,175,185		—		1,175,185		4,085		(18,551)		1,160,719
Commercial mortgage-backed securities	372,702		—		372,702		6,521		(1,968)		377,255
State and political subdivisions	973,318		(842)		972,476		26,296		(1,794)		996,978
Other securities	151,449		—		151,449		1,781		(1,354)		151,876
Total	$	3,106,483	$	(842)	$	3,105,641	$	41,058	$	(26,892)	$	3,119,807

Table 17 reflects the amortized cost and estimated fair value of available-for-sale and held-to-maturity securities as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, by contractual maturity as well as the weighted-average yields (for tax-exempt obligations on a fully taxable equivalent basis) of those securities by contractual maturity. Expected maturities could differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations, with or without call or prepayment penalties.

Table 17: Maturity and Yield Distribution of Investment Securities

	December 31, 2022
	1 Year or Less			1 Year Through 5 Years			5 Years Through 10 Years			Over 10 Years			Monthly Amortizing Securities			Total Amortized Cost			Total Fair Value
	(Dollars in thousands)
Available-for-sale
U.S. Government-sponsored enterprises	$	254,833		$	99,132		$	198,888		$	129,463		$	—		$	682,316		$	661,820
State and political subdivisions	3,808			25,231			108,082			884,067			—			1,021,188			906,297
Residential mortgage-backed securities	—			—			—			—			1,759,025			1,759,025			1,547,643
Commercial mortgage-backed securities	—			—			—			—			339,206			339,206			316,952
Other securities	6,999			52,014			169,335			414,036			1,501			643,885			608,878
Total	$	265,640		$	176,377		$	476,305		$	1,427,566		$	2,099,732		$	4,445,620		$	4,041,590
Percentage of total amortized cost	6.0		%	4.0		%	10.7		%	32.1		%	47.2		%	100.0		%

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	December 31, 2022
	1 Year or Less			1 Year Through 5 Years			5 Years Through 10 Years			Over 10 Years			Monthly Amortizing Securities			Total Amortized Cost			Total Fair Value
	(Dollars in thousands)
Held-to-maturity
U.S. Government-sponsored enterprises	$	—		$	—		$	43,017		$	—		$	—		$	43,017		$	39,668
State and political subdivisions	—			4,782			173,165			933,746			—			1,111,693			955,103
Residential mortgage-backed securities	—			—			—			—			49,088			49,088			47,907
Commercial mortgage-backed securities	—			—			—			—			85,912			85,912			83,468
Total	$	—		$	4,782		$	216,182		$	933,746		$	135,000		$	1,289,710		$	1,126,146
Percentage of total amortized cost	—		%	0.4		%	16.8		%	72.4		%	10.4		%	100.0		%

	December 31, 2022
	1 Year or Less		1 Year Through 5 Years		5 Years Through 10 Years		Over 10 Years		Monthly Amortizing Securities		Tax Equivalent Yield
	(Dollars in thousands)
Available-for-sale
U.S. Government-sponsored enterprises	2.97	%	2.03	%	2.69	%	3.64	%	—	%	2.88	%
State and political subdivisions	4.35		3.46		2.99		2.84		—		2.88
Residential mortgage-backed securities	—		—		—		—		2.48		2.48
Commercial mortgage-backed securities	—		—		—		—		3.04		3.04
Other securities	5.64		4.58		3.81		5.34		2.60		4.13
Held-to-maturity
U.S. Government-sponsored enterprises	—		—		3.04		—		—		3.04
State and political subdivisions	—		3.17		3.25		3.58		—		3.53
Residential mortgage-backed securities	—		—		—		—		4.49		4.49
Commercial mortgage-backed securities	—		—		—		—		4.10		4.10
Other securities	—		—		—		—		—		—

	December 31, 2021
	1 Year or Less			1 Year Through 5 Years			5 Years Through 10 Years			Over 10 Years			Monthly Amortizing Securities			Total Amortized Cost			Total Fair Value
	(Dollars in thousands)
Available-for-sale
U.S. Government-sponsored enterprises	$	6,285		$	53,108		$	219,569		$	154,867		$	—		$	433,829		$	432,979
State and political subdivisions	1,710			27,732			87,127			856,749			—			973,318			996,978
Residential mortgage-backed securities	—			—			—			—			1,175,185			1,175,185			1,160,719
Commercial mortgage-backed securities	—			—			—			—			372,702			372,702			377,255
Other securities	47			15,121			74,837			59,444			2,000			151,449			151,876
Total	$	8,042		$	95,961		$	381,533		$	1,071,060		$	1,549,887		$	3,106,483		$	3,119,807
Percentage of total amortized cost	0.3		%	3.1		%	12.3		%	34.5		%	49.8		%	100.0		%

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	December 31, 2021
	1 Year or Less		1 Year Through 5 Years		5 Years Through 10 Years		Over 10 Years		Monthly Amortizing Securities		Tax Equivalent Yield
	(Dollars in thousands)
Available-for-sale
U.S. Government-sponsored enterprises	1.99	%	1.13	%	1.07	%	0.81	%	—	%	0.99	%
State and political subdivisions	4.32		3.75		2.83		2.73		—		2.77
Residential mortgage-backed securities	—		—		—		—		1.39		1.39
Commercial mortgage-backed securities	—		—		—		—		1.97		1.97
Other securities	1.54		4.42		3.40		1.92		1.03		2.91

The weighted average tax-equivalent yield is calculated by multiplying the carried book value by the tax-equivalent yield for each security and is then grouped by investment type and maturity. Tax-exempt obligations have been computed on a tax-equivalent basis. Taxable-equivalent adjustments are the result of increasing income from tax-free investments by an amount equal to the taxes that would be paid if the income were fully taxable, thus making tax-exempt yields comparable to taxable asset yields. Taxable equivalent adjustments were based upon 24.6735% and 25.74% income tax rates for 2022 and 2021, respectively. In 2022, $28.4 million of interest income on debt securities was excluded from Federal taxation, and $12.3 million was excluded from state taxation. In 2021, $19.6 million of interest income on debt securities was excluded from Federal taxation, and $6.1 million was excluded from state taxation.

Deposits

Our deposits averaged $17.93 billion for the year ended December 31, 2022 and $13.73 billion for 2021. Total deposits increased $3.68 billion, or 25.8%, to $17.94 billion as of December 31, 2022, from $14.26 billion as of December 31, 2021. Uninsured deposits including related interest accrued and unpaid were $9.06 billion as of December 31, 2022 compared to $5.66 billion as of December 31, 2021. Deposits are our primary source of funds. We offer a variety of products designed to attract and retain deposit customers. Those products consist of checking accounts, regular savings deposits, NOW accounts, money market accounts and certificates of deposit. Deposits are gathered from individuals, partnerships and corporations in our market areas. In addition, we obtain deposits from state and local entities and, to a lesser extent, U.S. Government and other depository institutions.

Our policy also permits the acceptance of brokered deposits. From time to time, when appropriate in order to fund strong loan demand, we accept brokered time deposits, generally in denominations of less than $250,000, from a regional brokerage firm, and other national brokerage networks. We also participate in the One-Way Buy Insured Cash Sweep (“ICS”) service and similar services, which provide for one-way buy transactions among banks for the purpose of purchasing cost-effective floating-rate funding without collateralization or stock purchase requirements. Management believes these sources represent a reliable and cost-efficient alternative funding source for the Company. However, to the extent that our condition or reputation deteriorates, or to the extent that there are significant changes in market interest rates which we do not elect to match, we may experience an outflow of brokered deposits. In that event we would be required to obtain alternate sources for funding.

Table 18 reflects the classification of the brokered deposits as of December 31, 2022 and 2021.

Table 18: Brokered Deposits

	December 31, 2022		December 31, 2021
	(In thousands)
Time Deposits	$	—	$	—
Insured Cash Sweep and Other Transaction Accounts	476,630		625,704
Total Brokered Deposits	$	476,630	$	625,704

The interest rates paid are competitively priced for each particular deposit product and structured to meet our funding requirements. We will continue to manage interest expense through deposit pricing. We may allow higher rate deposits to run off during periods of limited loan demand. We believe that additional funds can be attracted, and deposit growth can be realized through deposit pricing if we experience increased loan demand or other liquidity needs.

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The Federal Reserve Board sets various benchmark rates, including the Federal Funds rate, and thereby influences the general market rates of interest, including the deposit and loan rates offered by financial institutions. In 2020, the Federal Reserve lowered the target rate to 0.00% to 0.25%. This remained in effect throughout all of 2021. The Federal Reserve increased the target rate seven times during 2022. First, on March 16, 2022, the target rate was increased to 0.25% to 0.50%. Second, on May 4, 2022, the target rate was increased to 0.75% to 1.00%. Third, on June 15, 2022, the target rate was increased to 1.50% to 1.75%. Fourth, on July 27, 2022, the target rate was increased to 2.25% to 2.50%. Fifth, on September 21, 2022, the target rate was increased to 3.00% to 3.25%. Sixth, on November 2, 2022, the target rate was increased to 3.75% to 4.00%. Seventh, on December 14, 2022, the target rate was increased to 4.25% to 4.50%. The Federal Reserve increased the target rate to 4.50% to 4.75% on February 1, 2023.

Table 19 reflects the classification of the average deposits and the average rate paid on each deposit category which is in excess of 10 percent of average total deposits, for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020.

Table 19: Average Deposit Balances and Rates

	Years Ended December 31,
	2022				2021				2020
	Average Amount		Average Rate Paid		Average Amount		Average Rate Paid		Average Amount		Average Rate Paid
	(Dollars in thousands)
Non-interest-bearing transaction accounts	$	5,378,906	—	%	$	3,924,341	—	%	$	2,998,560	—	%
Interest-bearing transaction accounts	10,146,537		0.77		7,846,618		0.20		6,978,839		0.50
Savings deposits	1,374,244		0.22		869,386		0.06		707,782		0.13
Time deposits:
$100,000 or more	631,276		0.53		728,845		1.00		1,346,063		1.70
Other time deposits	402,155		0.39		359,030		0.47		410,075		1.02
Total	$	17,933,118	0.48	%	$	13,728,220	0.18	%	$	12,441,319	0.51	%

Table 20 presents our maturities of time deposits as of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021.

Table 20: Maturities of Time Deposits

	As of December 31,
	2022						2021
	Insured		Uninsured		Total		Insured		Uninsured		Total
	(Dollars in thousands)
Maturing
Three months or less	$	221,967	$	83,734	$	305,701	$	175,573	$	90,140	$	265,713
Over three months to six months	144,936		48,234		193,170		111,178		55,090		166,268
Over six months to 12 months	232,475		123,856		356,331		174,136		95,801		269,937
Over 12 months	129,909		58,123		188,032		108,691		70,278		178,969
Total	$	729,287	$	313,947	$	1,043,234	$	569,578	$	311,309	$	880,887

Securities Sold Under Agreements to Repurchase

We enter into short-term purchases of securities under agreements to resell (resale agreements) and sales of securities under agreements to repurchase (repurchase agreements) of substantially identical securities. The amounts advanced under resale agreements and the amounts borrowed under repurchase agreements are carried on the balance sheet at the amount advanced. Interest incurred on repurchase agreements is reported as interest expense. Securities sold under agreements to repurchase decreased $9.7 million, or 6.9%, from $140.9 million as of December 31, 2021 to $131.1 million as of December 31, 2022.

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FHLB and Other Borrowed Funds

The Company’s FHLB borrowed funds, which are secured by our loan portfolio, were $650.0 million and $400.0 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The Company had no other borrowed funds as of December 31, 2022 or December 31, 2021. At December 31, 2022, $50.0 million and $600.0 million of the outstanding balance were classified as short-term and long-term advances, respectively. At December 31, 2021, the entire $400.0 million balance was classified as long term advances. The FHLB advances mature from 2023 to 2033 with fixed interest rates ranging from 2.26% to 4.84% and are secured by loans and investments securities. Expected maturities could differ from contractual maturities because the FHLB has have the right to call or the Company has the right to prepay certain obligations.

Subordinated Debentures

Subordinated debentures, which consist of subordinated debt securities and guaranteed payments on trust preferred securities, were $440.4 million and $371.1 million as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

On April 1, 2022, the Company acquired $23.2 million in trust preferred securities from Happy which were currently callable without penalty based on the terms of the specific agreements. During the second and third quarters of 2022, the Company redeemed, without penalty, the $23.2 million of the trust preferred securities acquired from Happy. In addition, during the second and third quarters, the Company also redeemed, without penalty, the $73.3 million of trust preferred securities held prior to the Happy acquisition. As a result, the Company no longer holds any trust preferred securities as of December 31, 2022.

On April 1, 2022, the Company acquired $140.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 5.500% Fixed-to-Floating Rate Subordinated Notes due 2030 (the “2030 Notes”) from Happy, and the Company recorded approximately $144.4 million which included fair value adjustments.. The 2030 Notes are unsecured, subordinated debt obligations of the Company and will mature on July 31, 2030. From and including the date of issuance to, but excluding July 31, 2025 or the date of earlier redemption, the 2030 Notes will bear interest at an initial rate of 5.50% per annum, payable in arrears on January 31 and July 31 of each year. From and including July 31, 2025 to, but excluding, the maturity date or earlier redemption, the 2030 Notes will bear interest at a floating rate equal to the Benchmark rate (which is expected to be 3-month Secured Overnight Funding Rate (SOFR)), each as defined in and subject to the provisions of the applicable supplemental indenture for the 2030 Notes, plus 5.345%, payable quarterly in arrears on January 31, April 30, July 31, and October 31 of each year, commencing on October 31, 2025.

The Company may, beginning with the interest payment date of July 31, 2025, and on any interest payment date thereafter, redeem the 2030 Notes, in whole or in part, subject to prior approval of the Federal Reserve if then required, at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the 2030 Notes to be redeemed plus accrued and unpaid interest to but excluding the date of redemption. The Company may also redeem the 2030 Notes at any time, including prior to July 31, 2025, at the Company’s option, in whole but not in part, subject to prior approval of the Federal Reserve if then required, if certain events occur that could impact the Company’s ability to deduct interest payable on the 2030 Notes for U.S. federal income tax purposes or preclude the 2030 Notes from being recognized as Tier 2 capital for regulatory capital purposes, or if the Company is required to register as an investment company under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended. In each case, the redemption would be at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the 2030 Notes plus any accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, the redemption date.

On January 18, 2022, the Company completed an underwritten public offering of $300.0 million in aggregate principal amount of its 3.125% Fixed-to-Floating Rate Subordinated Notes due 2032 (the “2032 Notes”) for net proceeds, after underwriting discounts and issuance costs, of approximately $296.4 million. The 2032 Notes are unsecured, subordinated debt obligations of the Company and will mature on January 30, 2032. From and including the date of issuance to, but excluding January 30, 2027 or the date of earlier redemption, the 2032 Notes will bear interest at an initial rate of 3.125% per annum, payable in arrears on January 30 and July 30 of each year. From and including January 30, 2027 to, but excluding the maturity date or earlier redemption, the 2032 Notes will bear interest at a floating rate equal to the Benchmark rate (which is expected to be Three-Month Term SOFR), each as defined in and subject to the provisions of the applicable supplemental indenture for the 2032 Notes, plus 182 basis points, payable quarterly in arrears on January 30, April 30, July 30, and October 30 of each year, commencing on April 30, 2027.

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The Company may, beginning with the interest payment date of January 30, 2027, and on any interest payment date thereafter, redeem the 2032 Notes, in whole or in part, subject to prior approval of the Federal Reserve if then required, at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the 2032 Notes to be redeemed plus accrued and unpaid interest to but excluding the date of redemption. The Company may also redeem the 2032 Notes at any time, including prior to January 30, 2027, at the Company’s option, in whole but not in part, subject to prior approval of the Federal Reserve if then required, if certain events occur that could impact the Company’s ability to deduct interest payable on the 2032 Notes for U.S. federal income tax purposes or preclude the 2032 Notes from being recognized as Tier 2 capital for regulatory capital purposes, or if the Company is required to register as an investment company under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended. In each case, the redemption would be at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the 2032 Notes plus any accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, the redemption date.

On April 3, 2017, the Company completed an underwritten public offering of $300.0 million in aggregate principal amount of its 5.625% Fixed-to-Floating Rate Subordinated Notes due 2027 (the “2027 Notes”) for net proceeds, after underwriting discounts and issuance costs, of approximately $297.0 million. The 2027 Notes were unsecured, subordinated debt obligations and would have matured on April 15, 2027. From and including the date of issuance to, but excluding April 15, 2022, the 2027 Notes bore interest at an initial rate of 5.625% per annum. From and including April 15, 2022 to, but excluding the maturity date or earlier redemption, the 2027 Notes were to bear interest at a floating rate equal to three-month LIBOR as calculated on each applicable date of determination plus a spread of 3.575%; provided, however, that in the event three-month LIBOR was less than zero, then three-month LIBOR would have been deemed to be zero.

The Company, beginning with the interest payment date of April 15, 2022, and on any interest payment date thereafter, was permitted to redeem the 2027 Notes, in whole or in part, at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the 2027 Notes to be redeemed plus accrued and unpaid interest to but excluding the date of redemption. On April 15, 2022, the Company completed the payoff of the 2027 Notes in aggregate principal amount of $300.0 million. Each 2027 Note was redeemed pursuant to the terms of the Subordinated Indenture, as supplemented by the First Supplemental Indenture, each dated as of April 3, 2017, between the Company and U.S. Bank Trust Company, National Association, the Trustee for the 2027 Notes, at the redemption price of 100% of its principal amount, plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, the redemption date.

Stockholders’ Equity

Stockholders’ equity increased $760.6 million to $3.53 billion as of December 31, 2022, compared to $2.77 billion as of December 31, 2021. The increase in stockholders’ equity is primarily associated with the $961.3 million in common stock issued to Happy shareholders for the acquisition of Happy on April 1, 2022 and $305.3 million in net income, partially offset by the $315.9 million decrease in accumulated other comprehensive income, $128.4 million of shareholder dividends paid and the repurchase of $70.9 million of our common stock during 2022. The improvement in stockholders’ equity was 27.5% for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to December 31, 2021. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, our equity to asset ratio was 15.41% and 15.32%, respectively. Book value per common share was $17.33 at December 31, 2022 compared to $16.90 at December 31, 2021.

Common Stock Cash Dividends. We declared cash dividends on our common stock of $0.66, $0.56 and $0.53 per share for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The common stock dividend payout ratio for the year ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 was 42.07%, 28.88% and 40.88% respectively.

Stock Repurchase Program. On January 22, 2021, the Board of Directors of the Company authorized the repurchase of up to an additional 20,000,000 shares of the Company’s common stock under the previously approved stock repurchase program. During 2022, the Company utilized a portion of this stock repurchase program in order to repurchase a total of 3,098,531 shares with a weighted-average stock price of $22.84 per share. The 2022 earnings were used to fund the repurchases during the year. Shares repurchased under the program as of December 31, 2022 total 20,759,866 shares. The remaining balance available for repurchase was 18,992,134 shares at December 31, 2022.

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Liquidity and Capital Adequacy Requirements

Parent Company Liquidity. The primary sources for payment of our operating expenses, and dividends are current cash on hand ($359.6 million as of December 31, 2022), dividends received from our bank subsidiary and a $20.0 million unfunded line of credit with another financial institution.

Risk-Based Capital. We, as well as our bank subsidiary, are subject to various regulatory capital requirements administered by the federal banking agencies. Failure to meet minimum capital requirements can initiate certain mandatory and other discretionary actions by regulators that, if enforced, could have a direct material effect on our financial statements. Under capital adequacy guidelines and the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action, we must meet specific capital guidelines that involve quantitative measures of our assets, liabilities and certain off-balance-sheet items as calculated under regulatory accounting practices. Our capital amounts and classifications are also subject to qualitative judgments by the regulators as to components, risk weightings and other factors.

In July 2013, the Federal Reserve Board and the other federal bank regulatory agencies issued a final rule to revise their risk-based and leverage capital requirements and their method for calculating risk-weighted assets to make them consistent with the agreements that were reached by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision in “Basel III: A Global Regulatory Framework for More Resilient Banks and Banking Systems” and certain provisions of the Dodd-Frank Act (“Basel III”). Basel III applies to all depository institutions, bank holding companies with total consolidated assets of $500 million or more, and savings and loan holding companies. Basel III became effective for the Company and its bank subsidiary on January 1, 2015. Basel III limits a banking organization’s capital distributions and certain discretionary bonus payments if the banking organization does not hold a “capital conservation buffer” of 2.5% of common equity Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets, which is in addition to the amount necessary to meet its minimum risk-based capital requirements.

Basel III amended the prompt corrective action rules to incorporate a common equity Tier 1 ("CET1") capital requirement and to raise the capital requirements for certain capital categories. In order to be adequately capitalized for purposes of the prompt corrective action rules, a banking organization is required to have at least a 4.5% CET1 risk-based capital ratio, a 4% Tier 1 leverage ratio, a 6% Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio and an 8% total risk-based capital ratio.

Quantitative measures established by regulation to ensure capital adequacy require us to maintain minimum amounts and ratios (set forth in the table below) of total and Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets, and of Tier 1 capital to average assets. Management believes that, as of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, we met all regulatory capital adequacy requirements to which we were subject.

On January 18, 2022, the Company completed an underwritten public offering of the 2032 Notes in aggregate principal amount of $300.0 million. The 2032 Notes are unsecured, subordinated debt obligations of the Company and will mature on January 30, 2032. The Company may, beginning with the interest payment date of January 30, 2027, and on any interest payment date thereafter, redeem the 2032 Notes, in whole or in part, subject to prior approval of the Federal Reserve if then required, at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the 2032 Notes to be redeemed plus accrued and unpaid interest to but excluding the date of redemption. The Company may also redeem the 2032 Notes at any time, including prior to January 30, 2027, at the Company’s option, in whole but not in part, subject to prior approval of the Federal Reserve if then required, if certain events occur that could impact the Company’s ability to deduct interest payable on the 2032 Notes for U.S. federal income tax purposes or preclude the 2032 Notes from being recognized as Tier 2 capital for regulatory capital purposes, or if the Company is required to register as an investment company under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended. In each case, the redemption would be at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the 2032 Notes plus any accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, the redemption date.

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On April 1, 2022, the Company acquired $140.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 5.500% Fixed-to-Floating Rate Subordinated Notes due 2030 from Happy, and the Company recorded approximately $144.4 million which included fair value adjustments. The 2030 Notes are unsecured, subordinated debt obligations of the Company and will mature on July 31, 2030. The Company may, beginning with the interest payment date of July 31, 2025, and on any interest payment date thereafter, redeem the 2030 Notes, in whole or in part, subject to prior approval of the Federal Reserve if then required, at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the 2030 Notes to be redeemed plus accrued and unpaid interest to but excluding the date of redemption. The Company may also redeem the 2030 Notes at any time, including prior to July 31, 2025, at the Company’s option, in whole but not in part, subject to prior approval of the Federal Reserve if then required, if certain events occur that could impact the Company’s ability to deduct interest payable on the 2030 Notes for U.S. federal income tax purposes or preclude the 2030 Notes from being recognized as Tier 2 capital for regulatory capital purposes, or if the Company is required to register as an investment company under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended. In each case, the redemption would be at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the 2030 Notes plus any accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, the redemption date.

On April 3, 2017, the Company completed an underwritten public offering of the 2027 Notes in aggregate principal amount of $300.0 million. The 2027 Notes were unsecured, subordinated debt obligations and would have matured on April 15, 2027. On April 15, 2022, the Company completed the payoff of the 2027 Notes in aggregate principal amount of $300.0 million. Each 2027 Note was redeemed pursuant to the terms of the Subordinated Indenture, as supplemented by the First Supplemental Indenture, each dated as of April 3, 2017, between the Company and U.S. Bank Trust Company, National Association, the Trustee for the 2027 Notes, at the redemption price of 100% of its principal amount, plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, the redemption date.

On December 21, 2018, the federal banking agencies issued a joint final rule to revise their regulatory capital rules to permit bank holding companies and banks to phase-in, for regulatory capital purposes, the day-one impact of the new CECL accounting rule on retained earnings over a period of three years. As part of its response to the impact of COVID-19, on March 27, 2020, the federal banking regulatory agencies issued an interim final rule that provided the option to temporarily delay certain effects of CECL on regulatory capital for two years, followed by a three-year transition period. The interim final rule allows bank holding companies and banks to delay for two years 100% of the day-one impact of adopting CECL and 25% of the cumulative change in the reported allowance for credit losses since adopting CECL. The Company has elected to adopt the interim final rule, which is reflected in the risk-based capital ratios presented below.

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Table 21 presents our risk-based capital ratios as of December 31, 2022 and 2021.

Table 21: Risk-Based Capital

	December 31, 2022			December 31, 2021
	(Dollars in thousands)
Tier 1 capital
Stockholders’ equity	$	3,526,362		$	2,765,721
ASC 326 transitional period adjustment	24,369			55,143
Goodwill and core deposit intangibles, net	(1,456,270)			(997,605)
Unrealized loss (gain) on available-for-sale securities	305,458			(10,462)
Total common equity Tier 1 capital	2,399,919			1,812,797
Qualifying trust preferred securities	—			71,270
Total Tier 1 capital	2,399,919			1,884,067
Tier 2 capital
Allowance for credit losses	289,669			236,714
ASC 326 transitional period adjustment	(24,369)			(55,143)
Disallowed allowance for credit losses (limited to 1.25% of risk weighted assets)	(32,184)			(33,514)
Qualifying allowance for credit losses	233,116			148,057
Qualifying subordinated notes	440,420			299,824
Total Tier 2 capital	673,536			447,881
Total risk-based capital	$	3,073,455		$	2,331,948
Average total assets for leverage ratio	$	22,091,588		$	16,960,683
Risk weighted assets	$	18,583,293		$	11,793,539
Ratios at end of period
Common equity Tier 1 capital	12.91		%	15.37		%
Leverage ratio	10.86			11.11
Tier 1 risk-based capital	12.91			15.98
Total risk-based capital	16.54			19.77
Minimum guidelines – Basel III
Common equity Tier 1 capital	7.00		%	7.00		%
Leverage ratio	4.00			4.00
Tier 1 risk-based capital	8.50			8.50
Total risk-based capital	10.50			10.50
Well-capitalized guidelines
Common equity Tier 1 capital	6.50		%	6.50		%
Leverage ratio	5.00			5.00
Tier 1 risk-based capital	8.00			8.00
Total risk-based capital	10.00			10.00

As of the most recent notification from regulatory agencies, our bank subsidiary was “well-capitalized” under the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action. To be categorized as “well-capitalized”, we, as well as our banking subsidiary, must maintain minimum CET1 capital, leverage, Tier 1 risk-based capital, and total risk-based capital ratios as set forth in the table. There are no conditions or events since that notification that we believe have changed the bank subsidiary’s category.

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Table 22 presents actual capital amounts and ratios as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, for our bank subsidiary and us.

Table 22: Capital and Ratios

	Actual				Minimum Capital Requirement – Basel III				Minimum To Be Well-Capitalized Under Prompt Corrective Action Provision
	Amount		Ratio		Amount		Ratio		Amount	Ratio
	(Dollars in thousands)
As of December 31, 2022
Common equity Tier 1 capital ratios:
Home BancShares	$	2,399,919	12.91	%	$	1,300,831	7.00	%	N/A	N/A
Centennial Bank	2,408,756		13.00		1,297,352		7.00		1,204,684	6.50
Leverage ratios:
Home BancShares	$	2,399,919	10.86	%	$	883,664	4.00	%	N/A	N/A
Centennial Bank	2,408,756		10.93		881,464		4.00		1,101,831	5.00
Tier 1 capital ratios:
Home BancShares	$	2,399,919	12.91	%	$	1,579,580	8.50	%	N/A	N/A
Centennial Bank	2,408,756		13.00		1,575,356		8.50		1,482,688	8.00
Total risk-based capital ratios:
Home BancShares	$	3,073,455	16.54	%	$	1,951,246	10.50	%	N/A	N/A
Centennial Bank	2,640,992		14.25		1,946,021		10.50		1,853,354	10.00
As of December 31, 2021
Common equity Tier 1 capital ratios:
Home BancShares	$	1,812,797	15.37	%	$	825,548	7.00	%	N/A	N/A
Centennial Bank	1,859,093		15.82		822,608		7.00		763,850	6.50
Leverage ratios:
Home BancShares	$	1,884,067	11.11	%	$	678,427	4.00	%	N/A	N/A
Centennial Bank	1,859,093		10.97		677,883		4.00		847,353	5.00
Tier 1 capital ratios:
Home BancShares	$	1,884,067	15.98	%	$	1,002,451	8.50	%	N/A	N/A
Centennial Bank	1,859,093		15.82		998,881		8.50		940,123	8.00
Total risk-based capital ratios:
Home BancShares	$	2,331,948	19.77	%	$	1,238,322	10.50	%	N/A	N/A
Centennial Bank	2,006,814		17.08		1,233,697		10.50		1,174,950	10.00

Cash Commitments and Resources

In the normal course of business, we enter into a number of financial commitments. Examples of these commitments include but are not limited to operating lease obligations, FHLB advances & other borrowings, lines of credit, subordinated debentures, unfunded loan commitments and letters of credit.

Commitments to extend credit and letters of credit are legally binding, conditional agreements generally having certain expiration or termination dates. These commitments generally require customers to maintain certain credit standards and are established based on management’s credit assessment of the customer. The commitments may expire without being drawn upon. Therefore, the total commitment does not necessarily represent future requirements.

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Standby letters of credit are conditional commitments issued by the Company to guarantee the performance of a customer to a third party. Those guarantees are primarily issued to support public and private borrowing arrangements, including commercial paper, bond financing and similar transactions. The credit risk involved in issuing letters of credit is essentially the same as that involved in extending loans to customers. The Company had total outstanding letters of credit amounting to $184.6 million and $110.8 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, with the majority of maturities ranging from currently due to four years.

Table 23 presents the anticipated funding requirements of our most significant financial commitments, excluding interest, as of December 31, 2022.

Table 23: Funding Requirements of Financial Commitments

	Payments Due by Period
	Less than One Year		One-Three Years		Three-Five Years		Greater than Five Years		Total
	(In thousands)
Operating lease obligations	$	8,332	$	14,202	$	12,173	$	24,591	$	59,298
FHLB advances & other borrowings by contractual maturity	50,000		100,000		100,000		400,000		650,000
Subordinated debentures	—		—		—		440,420		440,420
Loan commitments	1,785,593		1,443,492		1,017,474		585,049		4,831,608
Letters of credit	176,776		7,748		100		—		184,624

Non-GAAP Financial Measurements

Our accounting and reporting policies conform to generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“GAAP”) and the prevailing practices in the banking industry. However, this report contains financial information determined by methods other than in accordance with GAAP, including earnings, as adjusted; diluted earnings per common share, as adjusted; tangible book value per share; return on average assets, excluding intangible amortization; return on average assets, as adjusted; return on average common equity, as adjusted; return on average tangible equity excluding intangible amortization; return on average tangible equity, as adjusted; tangible equity to tangible assets; and efficiency ratio, as adjusted.

We believe these non-GAAP measures and ratios, when taken together with the corresponding GAAP measures and ratios, provide meaningful supplemental information regarding our performance. We believe investors benefit from referring to these non-GAAP measures and ratios in assessing our operating results and related trends, and when planning and forecasting future periods. However, these non-GAAP measures and ratios should be considered in addition to, and not as a substitute for or preferable to, ratios prepared in accordance with GAAP.

The tables below present non-GAAP reconciliations of earnings, as adjusted, and diluted earnings per share, as adjusted as well as the non-GAAP computations of tangible book value per share; return on average assets, excluding intangible amortization; return on average assets, as adjusted; return on average common equity, as adjusted; return on average tangible equity excluding intangible amortization; return on average tangible equity, as adjusted; tangible equity to tangible assets; and efficiency ratio, as adjusted. The items used in these calculations are included in financial results presented in accordance with GAAP.

Earnings, as adjusted, and diluted earnings per common share, as adjusted, are meaningful non-GAAP financial measures for management, as they exclude certain items such as merger expenses and/or certain gains and losses. Management believes the exclusion of these items in expressing earnings provides a meaningful foundation for period-to-period and company-to-company comparisons, which management believes will aid both investors and analysts in analyzing our financial measures and predicting future performance. These non-GAAP financial measures are also used by management to assess the performance of our business, because management does not consider these items to be relevant to ongoing financial performance.

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In Table 24 below, we have provided a reconciliation of the non-GAAP calculation of the financial measure for the periods indicated.

Table 24: Earnings, As Adjusted

	2022		2021		2020
	(In thousands, except per share data)
GAAP net income available to common shareholders (A)	$	305,262	$	319,021	$	214,448
Adjustments:
Fair value adjustment for marketable securities	1,272		(7,178)		1,978
Initial provision for credit losses - acquisition	58,585		—		—
Gain on securities	—		(219)		—
Recoveries on historic losses	(6,706)		(5,107)		—
Branch write-off expense	—		—		981
Special dividend from equity investment	(1,434)		(12,500)		(10,185)
Merger expenses	49,594		1,886		711
Hurricane expenses	176		—		—
TRUPS redemption fees	2,081		—		—
Special lawsuit settlement, net of expense	(10,000)		—		—
Outsourced special project expense	—		—		1,092
Total adjustments	93,568		(23,118)		(5,423)
Tax-effect of adjustments(1)	22,890		(6,225)		(1,417)
Total adjustments after tax (B)	70,678		(16,893)		(4,006)
Earnings, as adjusted (C)	$	375,940	$	302,128	$	210,442
Average diluted shares outstanding (D)	195,019		164,858		165,373
GAAP diluted earnings per share: A/D	$	1.57	$	1.94	$	1.30
Adjustments after-tax: B/D	0.36		(0.11)		(0.03)
Diluted earnings per common share excluding adjustments: C/D	$	1.93	$	1.83	$	1.27

_____________________

(1) Blended statutory tax rate of 24.6735% for 2022, 25.740% for 2021 and 26.135% for 2020.

We had $1.46 billion, $998.1 million and $1.00 billion total goodwill, core deposit intangibles and other intangible assets as of December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Because of our level of intangible assets and related amortization expenses, management believes tangible book value per share; return on average assets, excluding intangible amortization; return on average assets, as adjusted; return on average common equity, as adjusted; return on average tangible equity excluding intangible amortization; return on average tangible equity, as adjusted and tangible equity to tangible assets are useful in evaluating our Company. These calculations, which are similar to the GAAP calculation of diluted earnings per common share, book value, return on average assets, return on average equity, and equity to assets, are presented in Tables 25 through 28, respectively.

Table 25: Tangible Book Value Per Share

	Years Ended December 31,
	2022		2021
	(In thousands, except per share data)
Book value per share: A/B	$	17.33	$	16.90
Tangible book value per share: (A-C-D)/B	10.17		10.80
(A) Total equity	$	3,526,362	$	2,765,721
(B) Shares outstanding	203,434		163,699
(C) Goodwill	1,398,253		973,025
(D) Core deposit intangible	58,455		25,045

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Table 26: Return on Average Assets Excluding Intangible Amortization

	Years Ended December 31,
	2022			2021			2020
	(Dollars in thousands)
Return on average assets: A/D	1.35		%	1.83		%	1.33		%
Return on average assets excluding intangible amortization: (A+B)/(D-E)	1.47			1.96			1.45
Return on average assets excluding fair value adjustment for marketable securities, initial provision for credit losses-acquisition, gain on securities, recoveries on historic losses, branch write-off expense, special dividend from equity investment, merger expenses, hurricane expenses, TRUPS redemption fees, special lawsuit settlement net of expense and outsourced special project expense: (ROA, as adjusted) (A+C)/D	1.67			1.73			1.30
(A) Net income	$	305,262		$	319,021		$	214,448
(B) Intangible amortization after-tax	6,624			4,220			4,317
(C) Adjustments after-tax	70,678			(16,893)			(4,006)
(D) Average assets	22,553,340			17,458,985			16,137,294
(E) Average goodwill, core deposits and other intangible assets	1,335,216			1,000,872			1,004,157

Table 27: Return on Average Tangible Equity Excluding Intangible Amortization

	Years Ended December 31,
	2022			2021			2020
	(Dollars in thousands)
Return on average equity: A/D	9.17		%	11.89		%	8.57		%
Return on average common equity excluding fair value adjustment for marketable securities, initial provision for credit losses-acquisition, gain on securities, recoveries on historic losses, branch write-off expense, special dividend from equity investment, merger expenses, hurricane expenses, TRUPS redemption fees, special lawsuit settlement net of expense and outsourced special project expense: (ROE, as adjusted) (A+C)/D	11.29			11.26			8.41
Return on average tangible equity excluding    intangible amortization: B/(D-E)	15.63			19.20			14.59
Return on average tangible common equity excluding fair value adjustment for marketable securities, initial provision for credit losses-acquisition, gain on securities, recoveries on historic losses, branch write-off expense, special dividend from equity investment, merger expenses, hurricane expenses, TRUPS redemption fees, special lawsuit settlement net of expense and outsourced special project expense: (ROTCE, as adjusted) (A+C)/(D-E)	18.84			17.95			14.04
(A) Net income	$	305,262		$	319,021		$	214,448
(B) Earnings excluding intangible amortization	311,886			323,241			218,765
(C) Adjustments after-tax	70,678			(16,893)			(4,006)
(D) Average equity	3,330,718			2,684,139			2,503,200
(E) Average goodwill, core deposits and other intangible assets	1,335,216			1,000,872			1,004,157

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Table 28: Tangible Equity to Tangible Assets

	Years Ended December 31,
	2022			2021
	(Dollars in thousands)
Equity to assets: B/A	15.41		%	15.32		%
Tangible equity to tangible assets: (B-C-D)/(A-C-D)	9.66			10.36
(A) Total assets	$	22,883,588		$	18,052,138
(B) Total equity	3,526,362			2,765,721
(C) Goodwill	1,398,253			973,025
(D) Core deposit intangible	58,455			25,045

The efficiency ratio is a standard measure used in the banking industry and is calculated by dividing non-interest expense less amortization of core deposit intangibles by the sum of net interest income on a tax equivalent basis and non-interest income. The efficiency ratio, as adjusted, is a meaningful non-GAAP measure for management, as it excludes certain items and is calculated by dividing non-interest expense less amortization of core deposit intangibles by the sum of net interest income on a tax equivalent basis and non-interest income excluding items such as merger expenses and/or certain other gains and losses. In Table 29 below, we have provided a reconciliation of the non-GAAP calculation of the financial measure for the periods indicated.

Table 29: Efficiency Ratio, As Adjusted

	Years Ended December 31,
	2022			2021			2020
	(Dollars in thousands)
Net interest income (A)	$	758,676		$	572,971		$	582,555
Non-interest income (B)	175,111			137,569			111,786
Non-interest expense (C)	475,627			298,517			287,385
FTE Adjustment (D)	8,663			7,079			6,015
Amortization of intangibles (E)	8,853			5,683			5,844
Adjustments:
Non-interest income:
Fair value adjustment for marketable securities	$	(1,272)		$	7,178		$	(1,978)
Special dividend from equity investment	1,434			12,500			10,185
Gain on OREO, net	500			2,003			1,132
Gain (loss) on branches, equipment and other assets, net	15			(105)			326
Gain on securities, net	—			219			—
Special lawsuit settlement	15,000			—			—
Recoveries on historic losses	6,706			5,107			—
Total non-interest income adjustments (F)	$	22,383		$	26,902		$	9,665
Non-interest expense:
Branch write-off expense	$	—		$	—		$	981
TRUPS redemption fees	2,081			—			—
Merger expenses	49,594			1,886			711
Hurricane expense	176			—			—
Special lawsuit legal expense	5,000			—			—
Outsourced special project expense	—			—			1,092
Total non-core non-interest expense (G)	$	56,851		$	1,886		$	2,784
Efficiency ratio (reported): ((C-E)/(A+B+D))	49.53		%	40.81		%	40.20		%
Efficiency ratio, as adjusted (non-GAAP): ((C-E-G)/(A+B+D-F))	44.55			42.12			40.36

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Table 30 presents selected unaudited quarterly financial information for 2022 and 2021.

Table 30: Quarterly Results

	2022 Quarters
	First		Second		Third		Fourth		Total
	(In thousands, except per share data)
Income statement data:
Total interest income	$	144,903	$	217,013	$	242,955	$	272,895	$	877,766
Total interest expense	13,755		18,255		29,851		57,229		$	119,090
Net interest income	131,148		198,758		213,104		215,666		758,676
Provision for credit losses	—		58,585		—		5,000		63,585
Net interest income after provision for credit losses	131,148		140,173		213,104		210,666		695,091
Total non-interest income	30,669		44,581		43,201		56,660		175,111
Total non-interest expense	76,896		165,482		114,346		118,903		475,627
Income before income taxes	84,921		19,272		141,959		148,423		394,575
Income tax expense	20,029		3,294		33,254		32,736		89,313
Net income	$	64,892	$	15,978	$	108,705	$	115,687	$	305,262
Per share data:
Basic earnings per common share	$	0.40	$	0.08	$	0.53	$	0.57	$	1.57
Diluted earnings per common share	0.40		0.08		0.53		0.57		1.57

	2021 Quarters
	First		Second		Third		Fourth		Total
	(In thousands, except per share data)
Income statement data:
Total interest income	$	162,651	$	154,481	$	157,060	$	150,979	$	625,171
Total interest expense	14,563		13,229		12,449		11,959		52,200
Net interest income	148,088		141,252		144,611		139,020		572,971
Provision for credit losses	—		(4,752)		—		—		(4,752)
Net interest income after provision for credit losses	148,088		146,004		144,611		139,020		577,723
Total non-interest income	45,276		31,120		29,209		31,964		137,569
Total non-interest expense	72,866		72,982		75,619		77,050		298,517
Income before income taxes	120,498		104,142		98,201		93,934		416,775
Income tax expense	28,896		25,072		23,209		20,577		97,754
Net income	$	91,602	$	79,070	$	74,992	$	73,357	$	319,021
Per share data:
Basic earnings per common share	$	0.55	$	0.48	$	0.46	$	0.45	$	1.94
Diluted earnings per common share	0.55		0.48		0.46		0.45		1.94

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

See Note 24 to the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for a discussion of certain recent accounting pronouncements.

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Item 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

Liquidity and Market Risk Management

Asset/Liability Management. Our management actively measures and manages interest rate risk. The asset/liability committees of the boards of directors of our holding company and bank subsidiary are also responsible for approving our asset/liability management policies, overseeing the formulation and implementation of strategies to improve balance sheet positioning and earnings, and reviewing our interest rate sensitivity position.

Our objective is to manage liquidity in a way that ensures cash flow requirements of depositors and borrowers are met in a timely and orderly fashion while ensuring the reliance on various funding sources does not become so heavily weighted to any one source that it causes undue risk to the bank. Our liquidity sources are prioritized based on availability and ease of activation. Our current liquidity condition is a primary driver in determining our funding needs and is a key component of our asset liability management.

Various sources of liquidity are available to meet the cash flow needs of depositors and borrowers. Our principal source of funds is core deposits, including checking, savings, money market accounts and certificates of deposit. We may also from time to time obtain wholesale funding through brokered deposits. Secondary sources of funding include advances from the Federal Home Loan Bank of Dallas, the Federal Reserve Bank Discount Window and other borrowings, such as through correspondent banking relationships. These secondary sources enable us to borrow funds at rates and terms which, at times, are more beneficial to us. Additionally, as needed, we can liquidate or utilize our available for sale investment portfolio as collateral to provide funds for an intermediate source of liquidity.

Interest Rate Sensitivity. Our primary business is banking and the resulting earnings, primarily net interest income, are susceptible to changes in market interest rates. It is management’s goal to maximize net interest income within acceptable levels of interest rate and liquidity risks.

A key element in the financial performance of financial institutions is the level and type of interest rate risk assumed. The single most significant measure of interest rate risk is the relationship of the repricing periods of earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities. The more closely the repricing periods are correlated, the less interest rate risk we assume. We use net interest income simulation modeling and economic value of equity as the primary methods in analyzing and managing interest rate risk.

One of the tools that our management uses to measure short-term interest rate risk is a net interest income simulation model. This analysis calculates the difference between net interest income forecasted using base market rates and using a rising and a falling interest rate scenario. The income simulation model includes various assumptions regarding the re-pricing relationships for each of our products. Many of our assets are floating rate loans, which are assumed to re-price immediately, and proportional to the change in market rates, depending on their contracted index. Some loans and investments include the opportunity of prepayment (embedded options), and accordingly, the simulation model uses indexes to estimate these prepayments and reinvest their proceeds at current yields. Our non-term deposit products re-price overnight in the model while we project certain other deposits by product type to have stable balances based on our deposit history. This accounts for the portion of our portfolio that moves more slowly than market rates and changes at our discretion.

This analysis indicates the impact of changes in net interest income for the given set of rate changes and assumptions. It assumes the balance sheet remains static and that its structure does not change over the course of the year. It does not account for all factors that impact this analysis, including changes by management to mitigate the impact of interest rate changes or secondary impacts such as changes to our credit risk profile as interest rates change.

Furthermore, loan prepayment rate estimates and spread relationships change regularly. Interest rate changes create changes in actual loan prepayment rates that will differ from the market estimates incorporated in this analysis. Changes that vary significantly from the assumptions may have significant effects on our net interest income.

For the rising and falling interest rate scenarios, the base market interest rate forecast was increased and decreased over twelve months by 200 and 100 basis points, respectively. At December 31, 2022, our net interest margin exposure related to these hypothetical changes in market interest rates was within the current guidelines established by us.

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Table 31 presents our sensitivity to net interest income as of December 31, 2022.

Table 31: Sensitivity of Net Interest Income

Interest Rate Scenario	Percentage Change from Base
Up 200 basis points	7.48	%
Up 100 basis points	3.77
Down 100 basis points	(4.65)
Down 200 basis points	(10.21)

Item 8. CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA

Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

The management of Home BancShares, Inc. (the “Company”) is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. The Company’s internal control over financial reporting is designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation and fair presentation of the Company’s consolidated financial statements for external purposes in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The Company's internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that:

•pertain to the maintenance of records that in reasonable detail accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the Company;

•provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of the consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, and that receipts and expenditures of the Company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the Company;

•provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the Company's assets that could have a material effect on the consolidated financial statements.

Because of inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Under the supervision and with the participation of management, the Company conducted an assessment of the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022. In making this assessment, management used the criteria set forth in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013 edition) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). Based on management's assessment and those criteria, which excluded the operations of Happy Bancshares, Inc. ("Happy") as noted below, management believes that the Company maintained effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022.

In conducting the assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, the Company has excluded the operations of Happy as permitted by the guidance issued by the Office of the Chief Accountant of the Securities and Exchange Commission (not to extend more than one year beyond the date of the acquisition or for more than one annual reporting period). In conducting the assessment of the effectiveness of its disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2022, the Company has excluded those disclosure controls and procedures of Happy that are subsumed by internal control over financial reporting. The acquisition was completed on April 1, 2022. As of December 31, 2022, Happy's assets represented approximately 16.9% of the Company's total consolidated assets. See "Note 2. Business Combinations" for further discussion of the merger and its impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements.

FORVIS, LLP (formerly BKD, LLP), Little Rock, Arkansas, (U.S. PCAOB Auditor Firm I.D.:686), the independent registered public accounting firm that audited the consolidated financial statements of the Company included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, has issued an attestation report on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022. The report, which expresses an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, is included herein.

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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Stockholders, Board of Directors and Audit Committee

Home BancShares, Inc.

Conway, Arkansas

Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Home BancShares, Inc. (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, stockholders’ equity and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2022, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2022, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission and our report dated February 24, 2023, expressed an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

Basis for Opinion

These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s consolidated financial statements based on our audits.

We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud.

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures include examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Critical Audit Matters

The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current-period audit of the consolidated financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.

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Allowance for Credit Losses

Critical Audit Matter Description

As discussed in Note 5, the Company uses the discounted cash flow (DCF) method to estimate expected losses for all of the Company’s loan pools that exhibit similar risk characteristics. For each loan pool, the Company generates cash flow projections at the instrument level adjusting payment expectations for estimated prepayment speed, curtailments, time to recovery, probability of default and loss given default. The Company uses regression analysis of historical internal and peer data to determine suitable loss drivers when modeling lifetime probability of default and loss given default. The Company’s analysis also determines how expected probability of default and loss given default will react to forecasted levels of the loss drivers. The Company evaluates the performance of the selected models used in the calculation and determines if changes to the input assumptions and economic factors are necessary to produce a calculation that is more responsive to changes in economic conditions. Additional qualitative adjustments are applied for risk factors that are not considered within the modeling process but are relevant in assessing the expected credit losses within the loan pools. Loans that do not share risk characteristics are evaluated on an individual basis. For loans individually evaluated, an allowance is established when the discounted cash flows, collateral value or observable market price of the impaired loan is lower than the carrying value of that loan. The Company applies expected funding percentages to the respective model loss rates to estimate the allowance for unfunded commitments.

Auditing management’s estimate of the allowances for loan credit losses (ACL) and unfunded commitments involved a high degree of subjectivity due to the complexities of the probability of default and loss given default models and the nature of the qualitative factor adjustments. Management’s qualitative factor adjustments are highly judgmental and had a significant effect on the ACL.

How the Critical Audit Matter was Addressed in the Audit

Our audit procedures related to the ACL and allowance for unfunded commitments included the following procedures, among others:

•Obtained an understanding, evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of controls, including information technology, over the reliability and accuracy of data used to calculate and estimate the various components of the ACL including:

•Loan data completeness and accuracy

•Grouping of loans by segment

•Model inputs utilized

•Approval of model assumptions selected

•Establishment of qualitative factors

•Tested the mathematical accuracy of the calculation of the ACL

•Tested individual loan files to evaluate the reasonableness of loan credit risk ratings

•Tested the completeness and accuracy of inputs utilized in the calculation of the ACL

•Evaluated the reasonableness of selected loss drivers utilized and loss driver forecasts for each loan segment

•Tested the reasonableness of specific reserves on individually evaluated loans

•Tested estimated funding rate of unfunded loan commitments

•Evaluated the qualitative adjustments, including any additional factors utilized for specific identified risks and assessed the reasonableness and basis for adjustments

•Evaluated the accuracy and completeness of Topic 326 disclosures in the consolidated financial statements

91

Business Combination Accounting

Critical Audit Matter Description

As discussed in Note 2, the Company completed the acquisition of Happy Bancshares, Inc. (Happy) and merged Happy State Bank into Centennial Bank on April 1, 2022. Management determined that the acquisition qualified as a business and accordingly, all identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed were valued at fair value, resulting in additional goodwill of approximately $421.3 million. The identification and valuation of such acquired assets and assumed liabilities requires management to exercise significant judgment and consider the use of third-party specialists to estimate fair values.

Auditing management’s estimates of the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed involved a high degree of subjectivity due to the significant judgment applied, the sensitivity to underlying assumptions in determining fair value and assessing the appropriateness of the third-party specialists’ models.

How the Critical Audit Matter was Addressed in the Audit

Our audit procedures related to the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed included the following procedures, among others:

•Obtained and reviewed the Merger Agreement to gain an understanding of the underlying terms of the acquisition

•Obtained an understanding, evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of acquisition accounting controls, including but not limited to, management’s review of valuation results provided by outside vendors

•Obtained and reviewed management’s business combination accounting analysis to gain an understanding of adjustments recorded

•Tested the mathematical accuracy of the adjustments included in the business combination accounting analysis focusing on the completeness and accuracy of the balance sheet acquired and related fair value

•Obtained valuation estimates prepared by management and the Company’s valuation specialists. With the assistance of our valuation specialists, challenged the appropriateness of the valuations allocated to assets acquired and liabilities assumed, including but not limited to, testing of critical inputs, assumptions applied, and valuation models utilized

•Recalculated goodwill

•Evaluated the accuracy and completeness of disclosures in the consolidated financial statements

/s/ FORVIS, LLP

(Formerly, BKD, LLP)

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2005.

Little Rock, Arkansas

February 24, 2023

92

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Stockholders, Board of Directors and Audit Committee

Home BancShares, Inc.

Conway, Arkansas

Opinion on the Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

We have audited Home BancShares, Inc.’s (the “Company”) internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework: (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework: (2013) issued by COSO.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”), the consolidated financial statements of the Company as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, and for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2022, and our report dated February 24, 2023, expressed an unqualified opinion on those consolidated financial statements.

Basis for Opinion

The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit.

We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

As described in Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting, the scope of management’s assessment of internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, has excluded Happy Bancshares, Inc. acquired on April 1, 2022. We have also excluded Happy Bancshares, Inc. from the scope of our audit of internal control over financial reporting. Happy Bancshares, Inc. represented approximately 16.9% of consolidated total assets as of December 31, 2022.

93

Definitions and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of reliable financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

/s/ FORVIS, LLP

(Formerly, BKD, LLP)

Little Rock, Arkansas

February 24, 2023

94

Home BancShares, Inc.

Consolidated Balance Sheets

	December 31,
(In thousands, except share data)	2022		2021
Assets
Cash and due from banks	$	263,893	$	119,908
Interest-bearing deposits with other banks	460,897		3,530,407
Cash and cash equivalents	724,790		3,650,315
Investment securities – available-for-sale, net of allowance for credit losses	4,041,590		3,119,807
Investment securities – held-to-maturity, net of allowance for credit losses	1,287,705		—
Total investment securities	5,329,295		3,119,807
Loans receivable	14,409,480		9,836,089
Allowance for credit losses	(289,669)		(236,714)
Loans receivable, net	14,119,811		9,599,375
Bank premises and equipment, net	405,073		275,760
Foreclosed assets held for sale	546		1,630
Cash value of life insurance	213,693		105,135
Accrued interest receivable	103,199		46,736
Deferred tax asset, net	209,321		78,290
Goodwill	1,398,253		973,025
Core deposit intangible	58,455		25,045
Other assets	321,152		177,020
Total assets	$	22,883,588	$	18,052,138
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity
Deposits:
Demand and non-interest-bearing	$	5,164,997	$	4,127,878
Savings and interest-bearing transaction accounts	11,730,552		9,251,805
Time deposits	1,043,234		880,887
Total deposits	17,938,783		14,260,570
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase	131,146		140,886
FHLB and other borrowed funds	650,000		400,000
Accrued interest payable and other liabilities	196,877		113,868
Subordinated debentures	440,420		371,093
Total liabilities	19,357,226		15,286,417
Stockholders’ equity:
Common stock, par value $0.01; shares authorized 300,000,000 in 2022 and 2021; shares issued and outstanding 203,433,690 in 2022 and 163,699,282 in 2021	2,034		1,637
Capital surplus	2,386,699		1,487,373
Retained earnings	1,443,087		1,266,249
Accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income	(305,458)		10,462
Total stockholders’ equity	3,526,362		2,765,721
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	22,883,588	$	18,052,138

See accompanying notes.

95

Home BancShares, Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Income

	Year Ended December 31,
(In thousands, except per share data)	2022		2021		2020
Interest income:
Loans	$	728,342	$	571,960	$	625,338
Investment securities
Taxable	91,933		30,054		32,596
Tax-exempt	28,356		19,642		16,158
Deposits – other banks	29,110		3,515		1,849
Federal funds sold	25		—		21
Total interest income	877,766		625,171		675,962
Interest expense:
Interest on deposits	85,989		24,936		63,110
Federal funds purchased	2		—		13
FHLB and other borrowed funds	11,076		7,604		9,506
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase	1,430		497		1,167
Subordinated debentures	20,593		19,163		19,611
Total interest expense	119,090		52,200		93,407
Net interest income	758,676		572,971		582,555
Provision for credit losses on loans	50,170		—		111,422
Provision for credit losses on unfunded commitments	11,410		(4,752)		16,989
Provision for credit losses on investment securities	2,005		—		842
Total credit loss expense	63,585		(4,752)		129,253
Net interest income after provision for credit losses	695,091		577,723		453,302
Non-interest income:
Service charges on deposit accounts	37,114		22,276		21,381
Other service charges and fees	44,588		36,451		30,686
Trust fees	12,855		1,960		1,633
Mortgage lending income	17,657		25,676		29,065
Insurance commissions	2,192		1,943		1,848
Increase in cash value of life insurance	3,800		2,049		2,200
Dividends from FHLB, FRB, FNBB & other	9,198		14,835		12,472
Gain on sale of SBA loans	183		2,380		645
Gain (loss) on branches, equipment and other assets, net	15		(105)		326
Gain on OREO, net	500		2,003		1,132
Gain on securities, net	—		219		—
Fair value adjustment for marketable securities	(1,272)		7,178		(1,978)
Other income	48,281		20,704		12,376
Total non-interest income	175,111		137,569		111,786
Non-interest expense:
Salaries and employee benefits	238,885		170,755		163,950
Occupancy and equipment	53,417		36,631		38,412
Data processing expense	34,942		24,280		19,032
Merger and acquisition expenses	49,594		1,886		711
Other operating expenses	98,789		64,965		65,280
Total non-interest expense	475,627		298,517		287,385
Income before income taxes	394,575		416,775		277,703
Income tax expense	89,313		97,754		63,255
Net income	$	305,262	$	319,021	$	214,448
Basic earnings per common share	$	1.57	$	1.94	$	1.30
Diluted earnings per common share	$	1.57	$	1.94	$	1.30

See accompanying notes.

96

Home BancShares, Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income

	Year Ended December 31,
(In thousands)	2022		2021		2020
Net income available to all stockholders	$	305,262	$	319,021	$	214,448
Net unrealized (loss) gain on available-for-sale securities	(417,349)		(45,567)		37,771
Other comprehensive (loss) income, before tax effect	(417,349)		(45,567)		37,771
Tax effect on other comprehensive (loss) income	101,429		11,909		(9,872)
Other comprehensive (loss) income	(315,920)		(33,658)		27,899
Comprehensive (loss) income	$	(10,658)	$	285,363	$	242,347

See accompanying notes.

97

Home BancShares, Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity

Years Ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020

(In thousands, except share data)	Common Stock		Capital Surplus		Retained Earnings		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)		Total
Balances at December 31, 2019	$	1,664	$	1,537,091	$	956,555	$	16,221	$	2,511,531
Cumulative change in accounting principle (adoption of ASC 326)	—		—		(43,956)		—		(43,956)
Balance at January 1, 2020 (as adjusted for change in accounting principle)	1,664		1,537,091		912,599		16,221		2,467,575
Comprehensive income:
Net income	—		—		214,448		—		214,448
Other comprehensive income	—		—		—		27,899		27,899
Net issuance of 67,577 shares of common stock from exercise of stock options	—		595		—		—		595
Repurchase of 1,533,560 shares of common stock	(15)		(25,675)		—		—		(25,690)
Share-based compensation net issuance of 187,889 shares of restricted common stock	2		8,606		—		—		8,608
Cash dividends – Common Stock, $0.53 per share	—		—		(87,677)		—		(87,677)
Balances at December 31, 2020	1,651		1,520,617		1,039,370		44,120		2,605,758
Comprehensive income:
Net income	—		—		319,021		—		319,021
Other comprehensive loss	—		—		—		(33,658)		(33,658)
Net issuance of 176,846 shares of common stock from exercise of stock options	2		2,372		—		—		2,374
Repurchase of 1,753,000 shares of common stock	(18)		(44,462)		—		—		(44,480)
Share-based compensation net issuance of 180,184 shares of restricted common stock	2		8,846		—		—		8,848
Cash dividends – Common Stock, $0.56 per share	—		—		(92,142)		—		(92,142)
Balances at December 31, 2021	1,637		1,487,373		1,266,249		10,462		2,765,721
Comprehensive income:
Net income	—		—		305,262		—		305,262
Other comprehensive loss	—		—		—		(315,920)		(315,920)
Net issuance of 78,954 shares of common stock from exercise of stock options	2		154		—		—		156
Issuance of 42,425,352 shares of common stock including approximately $2.5 million in certain stock award settlements and stock issuance costs - Happy Bancshares acquisition	424		960,866		—		—		961,290
Repurchase of 3,098,531 shares of common stock	(31)		(70,825)		—		—		(70,856)
Share-based compensation net issuance of 328,633 shares of restricted common stock	2		9,131		—		—		9,133
Cash dividends – Common Stock, $0.66 per share	—		—		(128,424)		—		(128,424)
Balances at December 31, 2022	$	2,034	$	2,386,699	$	1,443,087	$	(305,458)	$	3,526,362

See accompanying notes.

98

Home BancShares, Inc.
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
	December 31,
(In thousands)	2022		2021		2020
Operating Activities
Net income	$	305,262	$	319,021	$	214,448
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities:
Depreciation & amortization	31,856		19,481		20,082
Decrease (increase) in value of equity securities	1,272		(7,178)		1,978
Amortization of securities, net	20,335		28,516		20,607
Accretion of purchased loans	(16,341)		(20,151)		(27,376)
Share-based compensation	9,133		8,848		8,608
Gain on assets	(698)		(4,497)		(2,103)
Provision for credit losses - loans	50,170		—		111,422
Provision for credit losses - unfunded commitments	11,410		(4,752)		16,989
Provision for credit losses - investment securities	2,005		—		842
Deferred income taxes	2,213		3,868		(19,751)
Increase in cash value of life insurance	(3,800)		(2,049)		(2,200)
Originations of mortgage loans held for sale	(510,136)		(783,293)		(863,383)
Proceeds from sales of mortgage loans held for sale	503,020		825,397		831,604
Changes in assets and liabilities:
Accrued interest receivable	(24,473)		13,792		(15,212)
Other assets	9,342		1,756		(13,427)
Accrued interest payable and other liabilities	22,602		(9,379)		8,600
Net cash provided by operating activities	413,172		389,380		291,728
Investing Activities
Net (increase) decrease in loans, excluding loans acquired	(673,883)		1,328,378		92,650
Purchases of investment securities – available-for-sale	(1,258,403)		(1,390,405)		(1,147,897)
Purchases of investment securities - held-to-maturity	(674,178)		—		—
Proceeds from maturities of investment securities – available-for-sale	496,551		652,403		774,276
Proceeds from maturities of investment securities – held-to-maturity	501,529		—		—
Proceeds from sale of investment securities – available-for-sale	67,349		18,112		—
Purchases of equity securities	(49,975)		(13,276)		(15,015)
Proceeds from sales of equity securities	13,778		16,381		—
(Purchases) redemptions of other investments	(60,889)		(9,784)		13,355
Proceeds from foreclosed assets held for sale	2,319		7,599		8,494
Proceeds from sale of SBA loans	4,304		25,116		7,696
Purchases of premises and equipment, net	(9,016)		(10,282)		(11,547)
Return of investment on cash value of life insurance	277		418		47,258
Purchase of marine loan portfolio	(242,617)		—		—
Net cash proceeds received (paid) – market acquisitions	858,584		—		(421,211)
Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities	(1,024,270)		624,660		(651,941)

99

Home BancShares, Inc.
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
	December 31,
(In thousands)	2022		2021		2020
Financing Activities
Net (decrease) increase in deposits, excluding deposits acquired	(2,177,058)		1,534,780		1,447,407
Net (decrease) increase in securities sold under agreements to repurchase	(9,740)		(28,045)		25,204
Net decrease in federal funds purchased	—		—		(5,000)
Increase in FHLB and other borrowed funds	601,000		—		1,010,902
Decrease in FHLB and other borrowed funds	(429,330)		—		(1,232,341)
Retirement of subordinated debentures	(300,000)		—		—
Proceeds from issuance of subordinated debentures	296,324		—		—
Redemption of trust preferred securities	(96,499)		—		—
Proceeds from exercise of stock options	156		2,374		595
Repurchase of common stock	(70,856)		(44,480)		(25,690)
Dividends paid on common stock	(128,424)		(92,142)		(87,677)
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities	(2,314,427)		1,372,487		1,133,400
Net change in cash and cash equivalents	(2,925,525)		2,386,527		773,187
Cash and cash equivalents – beginning of year	3,650,315		1,263,788		490,601
Cash and cash equivalents – end of year	$	724,790	$	3,650,315	$	1,263,788

See accompanying notes.

100

Home BancShares, Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

1. Nature of Operations and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Nature of Operations

Home BancShares, Inc. (the “Company” or “HBI”) is a bank holding company headquartered in Conway, Arkansas. The Company is primarily engaged in providing a full range of banking services to individual and corporate customers through its wholly-owned bank subsidiary – Centennial Bank (sometimes referred to as “Centennial” or the “Bank”). The Bank has branch locations in Arkansas, Florida, South Alabama, Texas and New York City. The Company is subject to competition from other financial institutions. The Company also is subject to the regulation of certain federal and state agencies and undergoes periodic examinations by those regulatory authorities.

A summary of the significant accounting policies of the Company follows:

Operating Segments

Operating segments are components of an enterprise about which separate financial information is available that is evaluated regularly by the chief operating decision maker in deciding how to allocate resources and in assessing performance. The Bank is the only significant subsidiary upon which management makes decisions regarding how to allocate resources and assess performance. Each of the branches of the Bank provide a group of similar banking services, including such products and services as commercial, real estate and consumer loans, time deposits, checking and savings accounts. The individual bank branches have similar operating and economic characteristics. While the chief decision maker monitors the revenue streams of the various products, services and branch locations, operations are managed, and financial performance is evaluated on a Company-wide basis. Accordingly, all of the banking services and branch locations are considered by management to be aggregated into one reportable operating segment.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Material estimates that are particularly susceptible to significant change relate to the determination of the allowance for credit losses, the valuation of investment securities, the valuation of foreclosed assets and the valuations of assets acquired and liabilities assumed in business combinations. In connection with the determination of the allowance for credit losses and the valuation of foreclosed assets, management obtains independent appraisals for significant properties.

Principles of Consolidation

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of HBI and its subsidiaries. Significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Reclassifications

Various items within the accompanying consolidated financial statements for previous years have been reclassified to provide more comparative information. These reclassifications had no effect on net earnings or stockholders’ equity.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents consist of cash on hand, cash held as demand deposits at various banks and the Federal Reserve Bank (“FRB”) and interest-bearing deposits with other banks. For many years, reserve requirements played a central role in the implementation of monetary policy by creating a stable demand for reserves. In January 2019, the Federal Open Market Committee announced its intention to implement monetary policy in an ample reserves regime. Reserve requirements do not play a significant role in this operating framework. In light of the shift to an ample reserves regime, the FRB reduced the reserve requirement ratios to zero percent effective on March 26, 2020. As a result, the Bank is no longer required to maintain required reserve balance with either the FRB or in the form of cash on hand.

101

Investment Securities

Interest on investment securities is recorded as income as earned. Amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts are recorded as interest income from securities. Realized gains and losses are recorded as net security gains (losses). Gains or losses on the sale of securities are determined using the specific identification method.

Management determines the classification of securities as available-for-sale, held-to-maturity, or trading at the time of purchase based on the intent and objective of the investment and the ability to hold to maturity. Fair values of securities are based on quoted market prices where available. If quoted market prices are not available, estimated fair values are based on quoted market prices of comparable securities. The Company has no trading securities.

Debt securities available-for-sale ("AFS") are reported at fair value with unrealized holding gains and losses reported as a separate component of stockholders’ equity and other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes. Securities that are held as available-for-sale are used as a part of our asset/liability management strategy. Securities that may be sold in response to interest rate changes, changes in prepayment risk, the need to increase regulatory capital, and other similar factors are classified as available-for-sale. The Company evaluates all securities quarterly to determine if any securities in a loss position require a provision for credit losses in accordance with ASC 326, Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments. The Company first assesses whether it intends to sell or is more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis. If either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met, the security’s amortized cost basis is written down to fair value through income. For securities that do not meet these criteria, the Company evaluates whether the decline in fair value has resulted from credit losses or other factors. In making this assessment, the Company considers the extent to which fair value is less than amortized cost, and changes to the rating of the security by a rating agency, and adverse conditions specifically related to the security, among other factors. If this assessment indicates that a credit loss exists, the present value of cash flows expected to be collected from the security are compared to the amortized cost basis of the security. If the present value of cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost basis, a credit loss exists and an allowance for credit losses is recorded for the credit loss, limited by the amount that the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis. Any impairment that has not been recorded through an allowance for credit losses is recognized in other comprehensive income. The Company has made the election to exclude accrued interest receivable on AFS securities from the estimate of credit losses and report accrued interest separately on the consolidated balance sheets. Changes in the allowance for credit losses are recorded as provision for (or reversal of) credit loss expense. Losses are charged against the allowance when management believes the uncollectability of a security is confirmed or when either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met.

Debt securities held-to-maturity ("HTM"), which include any security for which we have the positive intent and ability to hold until maturity, are reported at historical cost adjusted for amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts. Premiums and discounts are amortized/accreted to the call date to interest income using the constant effective yield method over the estimated life of the security. The Company evaluates all securities quarterly to determine if any securities in a loss position require a provision for credit losses in accordance with ASC 326, Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments. The Company measures expected credit losses on HTM securities on a collective basis by major security type, with each type sharing similar risk characteristics. The estimate of expected credit losses considers historical credit loss information that is adjusted for current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. The Company has made the election to exclude accrued interest receivable on HTM securities from the estimate of credit losses and report accrued interest separately on the consolidated balance sheets. Changes in the allowance for credit losses are recorded as provision for (or reversal of) credit loss expense. Losses are charged against the allowance when management believes the uncollectability of a security is confirmed.

Loans Receivable and Allowance for Credit Losses

Loans receivable that management has the intent and ability to hold for the foreseeable future or until maturity or payoff are reported at their outstanding principal balance adjusted for any charge-offs, deferred fees or costs on originated loans. Interest income on loans is accrued over the term of the loans based on the principal balance outstanding. Loan origination fees and direct origination costs are capitalized and recognized as adjustments to yield on the related loans.

The allowance for credit losses on loans receivable is a valuation account that is deducted from the loans’ amortized cost basis to present the net amount expected to be collected on the loans. Loans are charged off against the allowance when management believes the uncollectability of a loan balance is confirmed and expected recoveries do not exceed the aggregate of amounts previously charged-off and expected to be charged-off.

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Management estimates the allowance balance using relevant available information, from internal and external sources, relating to past events, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. Historical credit loss experience provides the basis for the estimation of expected credit losses. Adjustments to historical loss information are made for differences in current loan-specific risk characteristics such as differences in underwriting standards, portfolio mix, delinquency level, or term as well as for changes in environmental conditions, such as changes in the national unemployment rate, gross domestic product, national retail sales index, housing price indices and rental vacancy rate index.

The allowance for credit losses is measured based on call report segment as these types of loan exhibit similar risk characteristics. The identified loan segments are as follows:

•1-4 family construction

•All other construction

•1-4 family revolving home equity lines of credit (“HELOC”) & junior liens

•1-4 family senior liens

•Multifamily

•Owner occupied commercial real estate

•Non-owner occupied commercial real estate

•Commercial & industrial, agricultural, non-depository financial institutions, purchase/carry securities, other

•Consumer auto

•Other consumer

•Other consumer - SPF

The allowance for credit losses for each segment is measured through the use of the discounted cash flow method. Loans evaluated individually that are considered to be impaired are not included in the collective evaluation. For those loans that are classified as impaired, an allowance is established when the discounted cash flows, collateral value or observable market price of the impaired loan is lower than the carrying value of that loan. For loans for which a specific reserve is not recorded, an allowance is recorded based on the loss rate for the respective pool within the collective evaluation if a specific reserve is not recorded.

Expected credit losses are estimated over the contractual term of the loans, adjusted for expected prepayments when appropriate. The contractual term excludes expected extensions, renewals, and modifications unless either of the following applies:

•Management has a reasonable expectation at the reporting date that troubled debt restructuring will be executed with an individual borrower.

•The extension or renewal options are included in the original or modified contract at the reporting date and are not unconditionally cancellable by the Company.

Management qualitatively adjusts model results for risk factors that are not considered within our modeling processes but are nonetheless relevant in assessing the expected credit losses within our loan pools. These qualitative factors ("Q-Factors") and other qualitative adjustments may increase or decrease management's estimate of expected credit losses by a calculated percentage or amount based upon the estimated level of risk. The various risks that may be considered in making Q-Factor and other qualitative adjustments include, among other things, the impact of (i) changes in lending policies, procedures and strategies; (ii) changes in nature and volume of the portfolio; (iii) staff experience; (iv) changes in volume and trends in classified loans, delinquencies and nonaccruals; (v) concentration risk; (vi) trends in underlying collateral values; (vii) external factors such as competition, legal and regulatory environment; (viii) changes in the quality of the loan review system and (ix) economic conditions.

Loans considered impaired, according to ASC 326, are loans for which, based on current information and events, it is probable that we will be unable to collect all amounts due according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement. The aggregate amount of impairment of loans is utilized in evaluating the adequacy of the allowance for credit losses and amount of provisions thereto. Losses on impaired loans are charged against the allowance for credit losses when in the process of collection, it appears likely that such losses will be realized. The accrual of interest on impaired loans is discontinued when, in management’s opinion the collection of interest is doubtful or generally when loans are 90 days or more past due. When accrual of interest is discontinued, all unpaid accrued interest is reversed. Interest income is subsequently recognized only to the extent cash payments are received in excess of principal due. Loans are returned to accrual status when all the principal and interest amounts contractually due are brought current and future payments are reasonably assured.

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Loans are placed on non-accrual status when management believes that the borrower’s financial condition, after giving consideration to economic and business conditions and collection efforts, is such that collection of interest is doubtful, or generally when loans are 90 days or more past due. Loans are charged against the allowance for credit losses when management believes that the collectability of the principal is unlikely. Accrued interest related to non-accrual loans is generally charged against the allowance for credit losses when accrued in prior years and reversed from interest income if accrued in the current year. Interest income on non-accrual loans may be recognized to the extent cash payments are received, although the majority of payments received are usually applied to principal. Non-accrual loans are generally returned to accrual status when principal and interest payments are less than 90 days past due, the customer has made required payments for at least six months, and we reasonably expect to collect all principal and interest.

Acquisition Accounting and Acquired Loans

The Company accounts for its acquisitions under ASC Topic 805, Business Combinations, which requires the use of the purchase method of accounting. All identifiable assets acquired, including loans, and liabilities assumed are recorded at fair value. In accordance with ASC 326, the Company records both a discount or premium and an allowance for credit losses on acquired loans. All purchased loans are recorded at fair value in accordance with the fair value methodology prescribed in FASB ASC Topic 820, Fair Value Measurements. The fair value estimates associated with the loans include estimates related to expected prepayments and the amount and timing of undiscounted expected principal, interest and other cash flows.

Purchased loans that have experienced more than insignificant credit deterioration since origination are purchase credit deteriorated (“PCD”) loans. An allowance for credit losses is determined using the same methodology as other loans. For PCD loans not individually analyzed for impairment, the Company develops separate PCD models for each loan segment. These models utilize a peer group benchmark in order to determine the probability of default and loss given default to be used in the calculation. The initial allowance for credit losses determined on a collective basis is allocated to individual loans. The sum of the loan’s purchase price and allowance for credit losses becomes its initial amortized cost basis. The difference between the initial amortized cost basis and the par value of the loan is a non-credit discount or premium, which is amortized into interest income over the life of the loan. Subsequent changes to the allowance for credit losses are recorded through the provision for credit losses.

For further discussion of the Company’s acquisitions, see Note 2 to the Condensed Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

Allowance for Credit Losses on Off-Balance Sheet Credit Exposures

The Company estimates expected credit losses over the contractual period in which the Company is exposed to credit risk via a contractual obligation to extend credit unless that obligation is unconditionally cancellable by the Company. The allowance for credit losses on off-balance sheet credit exposures is adjusted as a provision for credit loss expense. The estimate includes consideration of the likelihood that funding will occur and an estimate of expected credit losses on commitments expected to be funded over its estimated life.

Foreclosed Assets Held for Sale

Real estate and personal properties acquired through or in lieu of loan foreclosure are to be sold and are initially recorded at fair value less cost to sell at the date of foreclosure, establishing a new cost basis.

Valuations are periodically performed by management, and the real estate and personal properties are carried at fair value less costs to sell. Gains and losses from the sale of other real estate and personal properties are recorded in non-interest income, and expenses used to maintain the properties are included in non-interest expense.

Bank Premises and Equipment

Bank premises and equipment are carried at cost or fair value at the date of acquisition less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation expense is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets. Accelerated depreciation methods are used for tax purposes. Leasehold improvements are capitalized and amortized using the straight-line method over the terms of the respective leases or the estimated useful lives of the improvements whichever is shorter. The assets’ estimated useful lives for book purposes are as follows:

Bank premises	15-40 years
Furniture, fixtures, and equipment	3-15 years

104

Cash value of life insurance

The Company has purchased life insurance policies on certain key employees. Life insurance owned by the Company is recorded at the amount that can be realized under the insurance contract at the balance sheet date, which is the cash surrender value adjusted for other charges or other amounts due that are probable at settlement.

Intangible Assets

Intangible assets consist of goodwill and core deposit intangibles. Goodwill represents the excess purchase price over the fair value of net assets acquired in business acquisitions. The core deposit intangible represents the excess intangible value of acquired deposit customer relationships as determined by valuation specialists. The core deposit intangibles are being amortized over 120 months on a straight-line basis. Goodwill is not amortized, but rather, is evaluated for impairment on at least an annual basis or more frequently if changes or circumstances occur. The Company performed its annual impairment test of goodwill and core deposit intangibles during 2022, 2021 and 2020, as required by FASB ASC 350, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other. The 2022, 2021 and 2020 tests indicated no impairment of the Company’s goodwill or core deposit intangibles.

Securities Sold Under Agreements to Repurchase

Securities sold under agreements to repurchase consist of obligations of the Company to other parties. At the point funds deposited by customers become investable, those funds are used to purchase securities owned by the Company and held in its general account with the designation of Customers’ Securities. A third party maintains control over the securities underlying overnight repurchase agreements. The securities involved in these transactions are generally U.S. Treasury or Federal Agency issues. Securities sold under agreements to repurchase generally mature on the banking day following that on which the investment was initially purchased and are treated as collateralized financing transactions which are recorded at the amounts at which the securities were sold plus accrued interest. Interest rates and maturity dates of the securities involved vary and are not intended to be matched with funds from customers.

Derivative Financial Instruments

The Company may enter into derivative contracts for the purposes of managing exposure to interest rate risk. The Company records all derivatives on the consolidated balance sheet at fair value. Historically the Company’s policy has been not to invest in derivative type investments.

The Company has standalone derivative financial instruments acquired in a previous acquisition. These derivative financial instruments consist of interest rate swaps and are recognized as assets and liabilities in the consolidated statements of financial condition at fair value. The Bank’s derivative instruments have not been designated as hedging instruments. These undesignated derivative instruments are recognized on the consolidated balance sheet at fair value, with changes in fair value recorded in other non-interest income. In addition, as of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the Company had derivative contracts outstanding associated with the mortgage loans held for sale portfolio. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, these derivative instruments are not considered to be material to the Company’s financial position and results of operations.

Stock Options

The Company accounts for stock options in accordance with FASB ASC 718, Compensation - Stock Compensation, and FASB ASC 505-50, Equity-Based Payments to Non-Employees, which establishes standards for the accounting for transactions in which an entity (i) exchanges its equity instruments for goods and services, or (ii) incurs liabilities in exchange for goods and services that are based on the fair value of the entity’s equity instruments or that may be settled by the issuance of the equity instruments. FASB ASC 718 requires that such transactions be recognized as compensation cost in the income statement based on their fair values on the measurement date, which is generally the date of the grant.

For additional information on the stock-based compensation plan, see Note 13.

105

Income Taxes

The Company accounts for income taxes in accordance with income tax accounting guidance (ASC 740, Income Taxes). The income tax accounting guidance results in two components of income tax expense: current and deferred. Current income tax expense reflects taxes to be paid or refunded for the current period by applying the provisions of the enacted tax law to the taxable income or excess of deductions over revenues. The Company determines deferred income taxes using the liability (or balance sheet) method. Under this method, the net deferred tax asset or liability is based on the tax effects of the differences between the book and tax bases of assets and liabilities, and enacted changes in tax rates and laws are recognized in the period in which they occur.

Deferred income tax expense results from changes in deferred tax assets and liabilities between periods. Deferred tax assets are recognized if it is more likely than not, based on the technical merits, that the tax position will be realized or sustained upon examination. The term more likely than not means a likelihood of more than 50 percent; the terms examined and upon examination also include resolution of the related appeals or litigation processes, if any. A tax position that meets the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold is initially and subsequently measured as the largest amount of tax benefit that has a greater than 50 percent likelihood of being realized upon settlement with a taxing authority that has full knowledge of all relevant information. The determination of whether or not a tax position has met the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold considers the facts, circumstances and information available at the reporting date and is subject to management’s judgment. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance if, based on the weight of evidence available, it is more likely than not that some portion or all of a deferred tax asset will not be realized.

The Company and its subsidiaries file consolidated tax returns. Its subsidiary provides for income taxes on a separate return basis, and remits to the Company amounts determined to be currently payable.

Revenue Recognition.

Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers ("ASC Topic 606"), establishes principles for reporting information about the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from the entity's contracts to provide goods or services to customers. The core principle requires an entity to recognize revenue to depict the transfer of goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration that it expects to be entitled to receive in exchange for those goods or services recognized as performance obligations are satisfied. The majority of our revenue-generating transactions are not subject to ASC Topic 606, including revenue generated from financial instruments, such as our loans, letters of credit, investment securities and mortgage lending income, as these activities are subject to other GAAP discussed elsewhere within our disclosures. Descriptions of our significant revenue-generating activities that are within the scope of ASC Topic 606, which are presented in our income statements as components of non-interest income are as follows:

•Service charges on deposit accounts – These represent general service fees for monthly account maintenance and activity or transaction-based fees and consist of transaction-based revenue, time-based revenue (service period), item-based revenue or some other individual attribute-based revenue. Revenue is recognized when our performance obligation is completed which is generally monthly for account maintenance services or when a transaction has been completed (such as a wire transfer). Payment for such performance obligations are generally received at the time the performance obligations are satisfied.

•Other service charges and fees – These represent credit card interchange fees and Centennial Commercial Finance Group (“Centennial CFG”) loan fees. The interchange fees are recorded in the period the performance obligation is satisfied which is generally the cash basis based on agreed upon contracts. The Centennial CFG loan fees are based on loan or other negotiated agreements with customers and are accounted for under ASC Topic 310.

•Trust fees - The Company enters into contracts with its customers to manage assets for investment, and/or transact on their accounts. The Company generally satisfies its performance obligations as services are rendered. The management fees are percentage based, flat, percentage of income or a fixed percentage calculated upon the average balance of assets depending upon account type. Fees are collected on a monthly or annual basis.

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Earnings per Share

Basic earnings per share is computed based on the weighted-average number of shares outstanding during each year. Diluted earnings per share is computed using the weighted-average shares and all potential dilutive shares outstanding during the period. The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted earnings per share (EPS) for the years ended December 31:

	2022		2021		2020
	(In thousands, except per share data)
Net income	$	305,262	$	319,021	$	214,448
Average common shares outstanding	194,694		164,501		165,373
Effect of common stock options	325		357		—
Diluted common shares outstanding	195,019		164,858		165,373
Basic earnings per common share	$	1.57	$	1.94	$	1.30
Diluted earnings per common share	$	1.57	$	1.94	$	1.30

As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company's stock options were dilutive to earnings per share. However, as of December 31, 2020, options to purchase 3.3 million shares of common stock with a weighted average exercise price of $19.77 were excluded from the computation of diluted earnings per share as the majority of the options had an exercise price which was greater than the average market price of the common stock.

2. Business Combinations

Acquisition of Happy Bancshares, Inc.

On April 1, 2022, the Company completed the acquisition of Happy Bancshares, Inc. (“Happy”), and merged Happy State Bank into Centennial Bank. The Company issued approximately 42.4 million shares of its common stock valued at approximately $958.8 million as of April 1, 2022. In addition, the holders of certain Happy stock-based awards received approximately $3.7 million in cash in cancellation of such awards, for a total transaction value of approximately $962.5 million. The acquisition added new markets for expansion and brought complementary businesses together to drive synergies and growth.

Including the effects of the known purchase accounting adjustments, as of the acquisition date, Happy had approximately $6.69 billion in total assets, $3.65 billion in loans and $5.86 billion in customer deposits. Happy formerly operated its banking business from 62 locations in Texas.

The purchase price allocation and certain fair value measurements remain preliminary due to the timing of the acquisition. The Company will continue to review the estimated fair values of loans, deposits, intangible assets and other assets, and to evaluate the assumed tax positions and contingencies.

The Company has determined that the acquisition of the net assets of Happy constitutes a business combination as defined by the ASC Topic 805. Accordingly, the assets acquired and liabilities assumed are presented at their fair values as required. Fair values were determined based on the requirements of ASC Topic 820. In many cases, the determination of these fair values required management to make estimates about discount rates, future expected cash flows, market conditions and other future events that are highly subjective in nature and subject to change. The following schedule is a preliminary breakdown of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed as of the acquisition date as adjusted during the measurement period:

107

	Happy Bancshares, Inc.
	Acquired from Happy		Fair Value Adjustments		As Recorded by HBI
	(Dollars in thousands)
Assets
Cash and due from banks	$	112,999	$	(446)	$	112,553
Interest-bearing deposits with other banks	746,031		—		746,031
Cash and cash equivalents	859,030		(446)		858,584
Investment securities - available-for-sale, net of allowance for credit losses	1,773,540		8,485		1,782,025
Total investment securities	1,773,540		8,485		1,782,025
Loans receivable	3,657,009		(4,389)		3,652,620
Allowance for credit losses	(42,224)		25,408		(16,816)
Loans receivable, net	3,614,785		21,019		3,635,804
Bank premises and equipment, net	153,642		(12,270)		141,372
Foreclosed assets held for sale	193		(77)		116
Cash value of life insurance	105,049		3		105,052
Accrued interest receivable	31,575		—		31,575
Deferred tax asset, net	32,908		(1,092)		31,816
Goodwill	130,428		(130,428)		—
Core deposit intangible	10,672		31,591		42,263
Other assets	43,330		15,567		58,897
Total assets acquired	$	6,755,152	$	(67,648)	$	6,687,504
Liabilities
Deposits
Demand and non-interest-bearing	$	1,932,756	$	67	$	1,932,823
Savings and interest-bearing transaction accounts	3,519,652		—		3,519,652
Time deposits	401,899		903		402,802
Total deposits	5,854,307		970		5,855,277
FHLB and other borrowed funds	74,212		4,118		78,330
Accrued interest payable and other liabilities	50,889		(1,892)		48,997
Subordinated debentures	159,965		7,625		167,590
Total liabilities assumed	6,139,373		10,821		6,150,194
Equity
Total equity assumed	615,779		(615,779)		—
Total liabilities and equity assumed	$	6,755,152	$	(604,958)	$	6,150,194
Net assets acquired					537,310
Purchase price					962,538
Goodwill					$	425,228

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The following is a description of the methods used to determine the fair values of significant assets and liabilities presented above:

Cash and due from banks, interest-bearing deposits with other banks and federal funds sold – The carrying amount of these assets was deemed a reasonable estimate of fair value based on the short-term nature of these assets.

Investment securities – Investment securities were acquired from Happy with an approximately $8.5 million adjustment to fair value based upon quoted market prices. Otherwise the book value was deemed to approximate fair value.

Loans – Fair values for loans were based on a discounted cash flow methodology that considered factors including the type of loan and related collateral, classification status, fixed or variable interest rate, term of loan, whether or not the loan was amortizing and current discount rates. The discount rates used for loans are based on current market rates for new originations of comparable loans and include adjustments for liquidity concerns. The discount rate does not include a factor for credit losses as that has been included in the estimated cash flows. Loans were grouped together according to similar characteristics and were treated in the aggregate when applying various valuation techniques. See Note 5 to the Condensed Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, for additional information related to purchased financial assets with credit deterioration.

Bank premises and equipment – Bank premises and equipment were acquired from Happy with a $12.3 million adjustment to fair value. This represents the difference between current appraisals completed in connection with the acquisition and book value acquired.

Foreclosed assets held for sale – These assets are presented at the estimated fair values that management expects to receive when the properties are sold, net of related costs of disposal.

Cash value of life insurance – Bank owned life insurance is carried at its current cash surrender value, which is the most reasonable estimate of fair value.

Accrued interest receivable – The carrying amount of these assets was deemed a reasonable estimate of the fair value.

Core deposit intangible – This core deposit intangible asset represents the value of the relationships that Happy had with its deposit customers. The fair value of this intangible asset was estimated based on a discounted cash flow methodology that gave appropriate consideration to expected customer attrition rates, cost of the deposit base, and the net maintenance cost attributable to customer deposits.

Deposits – The fair values used for the demand and savings deposits that comprise the transaction accounts acquired, by definition, equal the amount payable on demand at the acquisition date. The $903,000 fair value adjustment applied for time deposits was because the weighted-average interest rate of Happy’s certificates of deposits were estimated to be above the current market rates.

FHLB borrowed funds – The fair value of FHLB borrowed funds is estimated based on borrowing rates currently available to the Company for borrowings with similar terms and maturities.

Accrued interest payable and other liabilities – The fair value adjustment results from certain liabilities whose value was estimated to be more or less than book value, such as certain accounts payable and other miscellaneous liabilities. The carrying amount of accrued interest and the remainder of other liabilities was deemed to be a reasonable estimate of fair value.

Subordinated debentures – The fair value of subordinated debentures is estimated based on borrowing rates currently available to the Company for borrowings with similar terms and maturities.

During the third and fourth quarters of 2022, we continued to analyze the valuations assigned to the acquired assets and assumed liabilities and received updated information resulting in the revised fair values displayed below. We updated our estimated fair values of these items within our Consolidated Balance Sheet with a corresponding adjustment to goodwill. The changes are gross of taxes and reflected in the following table:

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Acquired Asset or Liability	Balance Sheet Line Item	Provisional Estimate		Revised Estimate		Increase (Decrease)
		(In thousands)
Cash and due from banks	Cash and due from banks	$	112,867	$	112,553	$	(314)
Loans receivable	Loans receivable	3,652,706		3,652,620		(86)
Bank premises and equipment, net	Bank premises and equipment, net	142,067		141,372		(695)
Deferred tax asset, net	Deferred tax asset, net	35,414		31,816		(3,598)
Equity method investments & Other assets	Other assets	49,752		58,897		9,145
Goodwill	Goodwill	425,375		425,228		(147)
Demand and non-interest bearing deposits	Demand and non-interest bearing deposits	1,932,756		1,932,823		67
Accrued expense and other liabilities	Accrued interest payable and other liabilities	44,759		48,997		4,238

The impact to the income statement resulting from the changes to the estimated fair values was insignificant. We continue to analyze the assumptions and related valuation results associated with the acquired assets and assumed liabilities, and accordingly, the valuations of these assets and liabilities are not final as of December 31, 2022. However, the valuations will be finalized no later than April 1, 2023. As the valuations remain provisional and subject to updates, the purchase accounting accretion/amortization are also subject to adjustments.

The unaudited pro-forma combined consolidated financial information presents how the combined financial information of HBI and Happy might have appeared had the businesses actually been combined. The following schedule represents the unaudited pro forma combined financial information as of the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, assuming the acquisition was completed as of January 1, 2022 and 2021, respectively:

	December 31,
	2022		2021
	(In thousands, except per share data)
Total interest income	$	935,168	$	839,407
Total non-interest income	188,012		190,550
Net income available to all shareholders	406,949		317,190
Basic earnings per common share	$	1.98	$	1.53
Diluted earnings per common share	1.98		1.53

The unaudited pro-forma consolidated financial information is presented for illustrative purposes only and does not indicate the financial results of the combined company had the companies actually been combined at the beginning of the period presented and had the impact of possible significant revenue enhancements and expense efficiencies from in-market cost savings, among other factors, been considered and, accordingly, does not attempt to predict or suggest future results. Pro-forma results include Happy merger expenses of $49.6 million, provision for credit losses on acquired loans of $45.2 million, provision for credit losses on acquired unfunded commitments of $11.4 million and provision for credit losses on acquired investment securities of $2.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The pro-forma financial information also does not necessarily reflect what the historical results of the combined company would have been had the companies been combined during this period.

110

Purchased loans that reflect a more-than-insignificant deterioration of credit from origination are considered PCD. For PCD loans, the initial estimate of expected credit losses is recognized in the allowance for credit losses on the date of acquisition using the same methodology as other loans held-for-investment. The following table provides a summary of loans purchased as part of the Happy acquisition with credit deterioration at acquisition:

	April 1, 2022
	(In thousands)
Purchased Loans with Credit Deterioration:
Par value	$	165,028
Allowance for credit losses at acquisition	(16,816)
Premium on acquired loans	684
Purchase price	$	148,896

Acquisition of LH-Finance

On February 29, 2020, the Company completed the acquisition of LH-Finance, the marine lending division of People’s United Bank, N.A. The Company paid a purchase price of approximately $421.2 million in cash. LH-Finance provides direct consumer financing for United States Coast Guard (“USCG”) registered high-end sail and power boats. Additionally, LH-Finance provides inventory floor plan lines of credit to marine dealers, primarily those selling USCG documented vessels.

Including the purchase accounting adjustments, as of the acquisition date, LH-Finance had approximately $409.1 million in total assets, including $407.4 million in total loans, which resulted in goodwill of $14.6 million being recorded.

The acquired portfolio of loans is now housed in the Shore Premier Finance (“SPF”) division. The SPF division of Centennial is responsible for servicing the acquired loan portfolio and originating new loan production. In connection with this acquisition, Centennial opened a new loan production office in Baltimore, Maryland.

The Company has determined that the acquisition of the net assets of LH-Finance constitutes a business combination as defined by the ASC Topic 805. Accordingly, the assets acquired are presented at their fair values as required. Fair values were determined based on the requirements of ASC Topic 820. In many cases, the determination of these fair values required management to make estimates about discount rates, future expected cash flows, market conditions and other future events that are highly subjective in nature and subject to change.

3. Investment Securities

The amortized cost and estimated fair value of investment securities that are classified as available-for-sale and held-to-maturity are as follows:

	December 31, 2022
	Available-for-Sale
	Amortized Cost		Allowance for Credit Losses		Net Carrying Amount		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized (Losses)		Estimated Fair Value
	(In thousands)
U.S. government-sponsored enterprises	$	682,316	$	—	$	682,316	$	2,713	$	(23,209)	$	661,820
Residential mortgage-backed securities	1,759,025		—		1,759,025		71		(211,453)		1,547,643
Commercial mortgage-backed securities	339,206		—		339,206		—		(22,254)		316,952
State and political subdivisions	1,021,188		(842)		1,020,346		1,649		(115,698)		906,297
Other securities	643,885		—		643,885		346		(35,353)		608,878
Total	$	4,445,620	$	(842)	$	4,444,778	$	4,779	$	(407,967)	$	4,041,590

111

	December 31, 2022
	Held-to-Maturity
	Amortized Cost		Allowance for Credit Losses		Net Carrying Amount		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized (Losses)		Estimated Fair Value
	(In thousands)
U.S. government-sponsored enterprises	$	43,017	$	—	$	43,017	$	—	$	(3,349)	$	39,668
Residential mortgage-backed securities	49,088		—		49,088		24		(1,205)		47,907
Commercial mortgage-backed securities	85,912		—		85,912		107		(2,551)		83,468
State and political subdivisions	1,111,693		(2,005)		1,109,688		65		(154,650)		955,103
Total	$	1,289,710	$	(2,005)	$	1,287,705	$	196	$	(161,755)	$	1,126,146

	December 31, 2021
	Available-for-Sale
	Amortized Cost		Allowance for Credit Losses		Net Carrying Amount		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized (Losses)		Estimated Fair Value
	(In thousands)
U.S. government-sponsored enterprises	$	433,829	$	—	$	433,829	$	2,375	$	(3,225)	$	432,979
Residential mortgage-backed securities	1,175,185		—		1,175,185		4,085		(18,551)		1,160,719
Commercial mortgage-backed securities	372,702		—		372,702		6,521		(1,968)		377,255
State and political subdivisions	973,318		(842)		972,476		26,296		(1,794)		996,978
Other securities	151,449		—		151,449		1,781		(1,354)		151,876
Total	$	3,106,483	$	(842)	$	3,105,641	$	41,058	$	(26,892)	$	3,119,807

On April 1, 2022, the Company completed the acquisition of Happy. Including the effects of the known purchase accounting adjustments, as of the acquisition date, Happy had approximately $1.78 billion in investments, net of purchase accounting adjustments. The Company classified approximately $1.12 billion of investments acquired from Happy as held-to-maturity at the acquisition date.

Assets, principally investment securities, having a fair value of approximately $2.35 billion and $1.15 billion at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, were pledged to secure public deposits and for other purposes required or permitted by law. Also, investment securities pledged as collateral for repurchase agreements totaled approximately $131.1 million and $140.9 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021.

The amortized cost and estimated fair value of securities classified as available-for-sale and held-to-maturity at December 31, 2022, by contractual maturity, are shown below. Expected maturities could differ from contractual maturities because issuers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties. Securities not due at a single maturity date are shown separately.

	Available-for-Sale				Held-to-Maturity
	Amortized Cost		Estimated Fair Value		Amortized Cost		Estimated Fair Value
	(In thousands)
Due in one year or less	$	265,640	$	265,487	$	—	$	—
Due after one year through five years	176,377		164,127		4,782		4,479
Due after five years through ten years	476,305		434,906		216,182		190,992
Due after ten years	1,427,566		1,310,977		933,746		799,300
Mortgage - backed securities: Residential	1,759,025		1,547,643		49,088		47,907
Mortgage - backed securities: Commercial	339,206		316,952		85,912		83,468
Other	1,501		1,498		—		—
Total	$	4,445,620	$	4,041,590	$	1,289,710	$	1,126,146

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During the year ended December 31, 2022, $67.3 million in available-for-sale securities were sold, and no gain or loss was recognized. During the year ended December 31, 2021, $17.9 million in available-for-sale securities were sold, and the gross realized gains on the sales totaled $219,000. The income tax expense/benefit to net security gains and losses was 25.740% of the gross amounts. During the year ended December 31, 2020, no available-for-sale securities were sold.

The following shows gross unrealized losses and estimated fair value of investment securities classified as available-for-sale, aggregated by investment category and length of time that individual investment securities have been in a continuous loss position as of December 31, 2022 and 2021:

	December 31, 2022
	Less Than 12 Months				12 Months or More				Total
	Fair Value		Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Unrealized Losses
	(In thousands)
Available-for-sale:
U.S. government-sponsored enterprises	$	315,531	$	(3,056)	$	128,527	$	(20,153)	$	444,058	$	(23,209)
Residential mortgage-backed securities	817,351		(54,025)		717,587		(157,428)		1,534,938		(211,453)
Commercial mortgage-backed securities	212,050		(10,782)		89,979		(11,472)		302,029		(22,254)
State and political subdivisions	485,817		(50,484)		338,638		(65,214)		824,455		(115,698)
Other securities	424,700		(25,040)		73,556		(10,313)		498,256		(35,353)
Total	$	2,255,449	$	(143,387)	$	1,348,287	$	(264,580)	$	3,603,736	$	(407,967)
Held-to-maturity:
U.S. government-sponsored enterprises	$	39,668	$	(3,349)	$	—	$	—	$	39,668	$	(3,349)
Residential mortgage-backed securities	40,892		(1,205)		—		—		40,892		(1,205)
Commercial mortgage-backed securities	65,948		(2,551)		—		—		65,948		(2,551)
State and political subdivisions	955,563		(154,650)		—		—		955,563		(154,650)
Total	$	1,102,071	$	(161,755)	$	—	$	—	$	1,102,071	$	(161,755)

	December 31, 2021
	Less Than 12 Months				12 Months or More				Total
	Fair Value		Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Unrealized Losses
	(In thousands)
U.S. government-sponsored enterprises	$	120,730	$	(1,356)	$	78,124	$	(1,869)	$	198,854	$	(3,225)
Residential mortgage-backed securities	854,807		(15,246)		104,897		(3,305)		959,704		(18,551)
Commercial mortgage-backed securities	100,702		(1,251)		28,711		(717)		129,413		(1,968)
State and political subdivisions	136,135		(1,282)		18,647		(512)		154,782		(1,794)
Other securities	75,744		(1,316)		2,703		(38)		78,447		(1,354)
Total	$	1,288,118	$	(20,451)	$	233,082	$	(6,441)	$	1,521,200	$	(26,892)

Debt securities available-for-sale are reported at fair value with unrealized holding gains and losses reported as a separate component of stockholders’ equity and other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes. Securities that are held as available-for-sale are used as a part of our asset/liability management strategy. Securities that may be sold in response to interest rate changes, changes in prepayment risk, the need to increase regulatory capital, and other similar factors are classified as available-for-sale. The Company evaluates all securities quarterly to determine if any securities in a loss position require a provision for credit losses in accordance with ASC 326, Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments. The Company first assesses whether it intends to sell or is more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis. If either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met, the security’s amortized cost basis is written down to fair value through income. For securities that do not meet these criteria, the Company evaluates whether the decline in fair value has resulted from credit losses or other factors. In making this assessment, the Company considers the extent to which fair value is less than amortized cost, and changes to the rating of the security by a rating agency, and adverse conditions specifically related to the security, among other factors. If this assessment indicates that a credit loss exists, the present value of cash flows expected to be collected from the security are compared to the amortized cost basis of the security. If the present value of cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost basis, a credit loss exists and an allowance for credit losses is

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recorded for the credit loss, limited by the amount that the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis. Any impairment that has not been recorded through an allowance for credit losses is recognized in other comprehensive income. The Company has made the election to exclude accrued interest receivable on AFS securities from the estimate of credit losses and report accrued interest separately on the consolidated balance sheets. Changes in the allowance for credit losses are recorded as provision for (or reversal of) credit loss expense. Losses are charged against the allowance when management believes the uncollectability of a security is confirmed or when either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met.

Debt securities held-to-maturity, which include any security for which we have the positive intent and ability to hold until maturity, are reported at historical cost adjusted for amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts. Premiums and discounts are amortized/accreted to the call date to interest income using the constant effective yield method over the estimated life of the security. The Company evaluates all securities quarterly to determine if any securities in a loss position require a provision for credit losses in accordance with ASC 326, Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments. The Company measures expected credit losses on HTM securities on a collective basis by major security type, with each type sharing similar risk characteristics. The estimate of expected credit losses considers historical credit loss information that is adjusted for current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. The Company has made the election to exclude accrued interest receivable on HTM securities from the estimate of credit losses and report accrued interest separately on the consolidated balance sheets. Changes in the allowance for credit losses are recorded as provision for (or reversal of) credit loss expense. Losses are charged against the allowance when management believes the uncollectability of a security is confirmed.

The Company recorded a $2.0 million provision for credit losses on the held-to-maturity investment securities during the second quarter of 2022 as a result of the investment securities acquired as part of the Happy acquisition. Of the Company's held-to-maturity securities, $1.11 billion, or 86.2% are municipal securities. To estimate the necessary loss provision, the Company utilized historical default and recovery rates of the municipal bond sector and applied these rates using a pooling method. The remainder of investments classified as held-to-maturity are U.S. government-sponsored enterprises and mortgage-backed securities all of which are guaranteed by the U.S. government. Due to the inherent low risk in these U.S. government guaranteed securities, no provision for credit loss was established on this portion of the portfolio.

At December 31, 2022, the Company determined the allowance for credit losses of $842,000, resulting from economic uncertainty, was adequate for the available-for-sale investment portfolio. No additional provision for credit losses was considered necessary for the portfolio.

Available-for-Sale Investment Securities
	Year Ended December 31, 2022		Year Ended December 31, 2021
	(In thousands)
Allowance for credit losses:
Beginning balance	$	842	$	842
Provision for credit loss	—		—
Ending balance, December 31,	$	842	$	842

Held-to-Maturity Investment Securities
	Year Ended Dec 31, 2022
	State and Political Subdivisions		Other Securities
Allowance for credit losses:	(In thousands)
Beginning balance	$	—	$	—
Provision for credit loss - acquired securities	(2,005)		—
Securities charged-off	—		—
Recoveries	—		—
Ending balance, December 31,	$	(2,005)	$	—

For the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company had available-for-sale investment securities with approximately $264.6 million in unrealized losses, which have been in continuous loss positions for more than twelve months. The Company’s assessments indicated that the cause of the market depreciation was primarily due to the change in interest rates and not the issuer’s financial condition, or downgrades by rating agencies. In addition, approximately 33.0% of the Company’s available-for-sale investment portfolio will mature and be repaid to the Company within five years or less. As a result, the Company has the ability and intent to hold such securities until maturity.

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For the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company had approximately $6.4 million in unrealized losses, which were in continuous loss positions for more than twelve months. The Company’s assessments indicated that the cause of the market depreciation was primarily the change in interest rates and not the issuer’s financial condition, or downgrades by rating agencies. In addition, approximately 55.7% of the Company’s investment portfolio was expected to mature and be repaid to the Company within five years or less. As a result, the Company had the ability and intent to hold such securities until maturity.

As of December 31, 2022, the Company's available-for-sale securities portfolio consisted of 1,642 investment securities, 1,408 of which were in an unrealized loss position. As noted in the table above, the total amount of the unrealized loss was $408.0 million. The U.S government-sponsored enterprises portfolio contained unrealized losses of $23.2 million on 65 securities. The residential mortgage-backed securities portfolio contained $211.5 million of unrealized losses on 591 securities, and the commercial mortgage-backed securities portfolio contained $22.3 million of unrealized losses on 145 securities. The state and political subdivisions portfolio contained $115.7 million of unrealized losses on 501 securities. In addition, the other securities portfolio contained $35.4 million of unrealized losses on 106 securities. The unrealized losses on the Company's available-for-sale investments were a result of interest rate changes. The Company expects to recover the amortized cost basis over the term of the securities. Because the decline in market value was attributable to changes in interest rates and not credit quality, and because the Company does not intend to sell the investments and it is not more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell the investments before recovery of their amortized cost basis, which may be maturity, the Company has determined that an additional provision for credit losses is not necessary as of December 31, 2022.

As of December 31, 2022, the Company's held-to-maturity securities portfolio consisted of 507 investment securities, 500 of which were in an unrealized loss position. As noted in the table above, the total amount of the unrealized loss was $161.8 million. The U.S. government-sponsored enterprises portfolio contained unrealized losses of $3.3 million on 5 securities. The state and political subdivisions portfolio contained $154.7 million of unrealized losses on 479 securities. The residential mortgage-backed securities portfolio contained $1.2 million of unrealized losses on 6 securities, and the commercial mortgage-backed securities portfolio contained $2.6 million of unrealized losses on 10 securities. The unrealized losses on the Company's held-to-maturity investments were a result of interest rate changes. The Company expects to recover the amortized cost basis over the term of the securities. Because the decline in market value was attributable to changes in interest rates and not credit quality, the Company has determined that an additional provision for credit losses is not necessary as of December 31, 2022.

The following table summarizes bond ratings for the Company's held-to-maturity portfolio, based upon amortized cost, issued by state and political subdivisions and other securities as of December 31, 2022:

	State and Political Subdivisions		Other Securities		Total
	(In thousands)
Aaa/AAA	$	233,117	$	43,017	$	276,134
Aa/AA	849,386		—		849,386
A	27,593		—		27,593
Not rated	1,597		—		1,597
Agency Backed	—		135,000		135,000
Total	$	1,111,693	$	178,017	$	1,289,710

Income earned on securities for the years ended is as follows:

	December 31,
	2022		2021		2020
	(In thousands)
Taxable:
Available-for-sale	$	71,352	$	30,054	$	32,596
Held-to-maturity	20,581		—		—
Tax-exempt:
Available-for-sale	19,168		19,642		16,158
Held-to-maturity	9,188		—		—
Total	$	120,289	$	49,696	$	48,754

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4. Loans Receivable

The various categories of loans receivable are summarized as follows:

	December 31,
	2022		2021
	(In thousands)
Real estate:
Commercial real estate loans
Non-farm/non-residential	$	5,632,063	$	3,889,284
Construction/land development	2,135,266		1,850,050
Agricultural	346,811		130,674
Residential real estate loans
Residential 1-4 family	1,748,551		1,274,953
Multifamily residential	578,052		280,837
Total real estate	10,440,743		7,425,798
Consumer	1,149,896		825,519
Commercial and industrial	2,349,263		1,386,747
Agricultural	285,235		43,920
Other	184,343		154,105
Total Loans receivable	$	14,409,480	$	9,836,089
Allowance for credit losses	(289,669)		(236,714)
Loans receivable, net	$	14,119,811	$	9,599,375

On April 1, 2022, the Company completed the acquisition of Happy. Including the effects of the known purchase accounting adjustments, as of the acquisition date, Happy had approximately $3.65 billion in loans.

During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company sold $4.1 million of the guaranteed portion of certain SBA loans, which resulted in a gain of approximately $183,000. During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company sold $22.7 million of the guaranteed portion of certain SBA loans, which resulted in a gain of $2.4 million. During the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company sold $7.0 million of the guaranteed portion of certain SBA loans, which resulted in a gain of $645,000.

Mortgage loans held for sale of approximately $79.9 million and $72.7 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, are included in residential 1-4 family loans. Mortgage loans held for sale are carried at the lower of cost or fair value, determined using an aggregate basis. Gains and losses resulting from sales of mortgage loans are recognized when the respective loans are sold to investors. Gains and losses are determined by the difference between the selling price and the carrying amount of the loans sold, net of discounts collected or paid. The Company obtains forward commitments to sell mortgage loans to reduce market risk on mortgage loans in the process of origination and mortgage loans held for sale. The forward commitments acquired by the Company for mortgage loans in process of origination are considered mandatory forward commitments. Because these commitments are structured on a mandatory basis, the Company is required to substitute another loan or to buy back the commitment if the original loan does not fund. These commitments are derivative instruments and their fair values at December 31, 2022 and 2021 were not material.

Purchased loans that have experienced more than insignificant credit deterioration since origination are PCD loans. An allowance for credit losses is determined using the same methodology as other loans. For PCD loans not individually analyzed for impairment, the Company develops separate PCD models for each loan segment. The initial allowance for credit losses determined on a collective basis is allocated to individual loans. The sum of the loan’s purchase price and allowance for credit losses becomes its initial amortized cost basis. The difference between the initial amortized cost basis and the par value of the loan is a non-credit discount or premium, which is amortized into interest income over the life of the loan. Subsequent changes to the allowance for credit losses are recorded through the provision for credit losses. The Company held approximately $142.5 million and $448,000 in PCD loans, as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. This balance, as of December 31, 2022, consisted of $142.1 million resulting from the acquisition of Happy and $415,000 from the acquisition of LH-Finance.

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5. Allowance for Credit Losses, Credit Quality and Other

The Company uses the discounted cash flow (“DCF”) method to estimate expected losses for all of Company’s loan pools. These pools are as follows: construction & land development; other commercial real estate; residential real estate; commercial & industrial; and consumer & other. The loan portfolio pools were selected in order to generally align with the loan categories specified in the quarterly call reports required to be filed with the Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council. For each of these loan pools, the Company generates cash flow projections at the instrument level wherein payment expectations are adjusted for estimated prepayment speed, curtailments, time to recovery, probability of default, and loss given default. The modeling of expected prepayment speeds, curtailment rates, and time to recovery are based on historical internal data. The Company uses regression analysis of historical internal and peer data to determine suitable loss drivers to utilize when modeling lifetime probability of default and loss given default. This analysis also determines how expected probability of default and loss given default will react to forecasted levels of the loss drivers.

Management qualitatively adjusts model results for risk factors that are not considered within our modeling processes but are nonetheless relevant in assessing the expected credit losses within our loan pools. These Q-Factors and other qualitative adjustments may increase or decrease management's estimate of expected credit losses by a calculated percentage or amount based upon the estimated level of risk. The various risks that may be considered in making Q-Factor and other qualitative adjustments include, among other things, the impact of (i) changes in lending policies, procedures and strategies; (ii) changes in nature and volume of the portfolio; (iii) staff experience; (iv) changes in volume and trends in classified loans, delinquencies and nonaccruals; (v) concentration risk; (vi) trends in underlying collateral values; (vii) external factors such as competition, legal and regulatory environment; (viii) changes in the quality of the loan review system and (ix) economic conditions.

Each year management evaluates the performance of the selected models used in the CECL calculation through backtesting. Based on the results of the testing, management determines if the various models produced accurate results compared to the actual losses incurred for the current economic environment. Management then determines if changes to the input assumptions and economic factors would produce a stronger overall calculation that is more responsive to changes in economic conditions. The Company continues to use regression analysis to determine suitable loss drivers to utilize when modeling lifetime probability of default and loss given default for the changes in the economic factors for the loss driver segments. Based on this analysis during the first quarter of 2021, management determined that changes to several of the economic factors for the various loss driver segments were necessary. The identified loss drivers by segment are included below as of both December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Loss Driver Segment	Call Report Segment(s)	Modeled Economic Factors
1-4 Family Construction	1a1	National Unemployment (%) & Housing Price Index (%)
All Other Construction	1a2	National Unemployment (%) & Gross Domestic Product (%)
1-4 Family Revolving HELOC & Junior Liens	1c1	National Unemployment (%) & Housing Price Index – CoreLogic (%)
1-4 Family Revolving HELOC & Junior Liens	1c2b	National Unemployment (%) & Gross Domestic Product (%)
1-4 Family Senior Liens	1c2a	National Unemployment (%) & Gross Domestic Product (%)
Multifamily	1d	Rental Vacancy Rate (%) & Housing Price Index – Case-Schiller (%)
Owner Occupied CRE	1e1	National Unemployment (%) & Gross Domestic Product (%)
Non-Owner Occupied CRE	1e2,1b,8	National Unemployment (%) & Gross Domestic Product (%)
Commercial & Industrial, Agricultural, Non-Depository Financial Institutions, Purchase/Carry Securities, Other	4a, 3, 9a, 9b1, 9b2, 10, Other	National Unemployment (%) & National Retail Sales (%)
Consumer Auto	6c	National Unemployment (%) & National Retail Sales (%)
Other Consumer	6b, 6d	National Unemployment (%) & National Retail Sales (%)
Other Consumer - SPF	6d	National Unemployment (%)

For all DCF models, management has determined that four quarters represents a reasonable and supportable forecast period and reverts to a historical loss rate over four quarters on a straight-line basis. Management leverages economic projections from a reputable and independent third party to inform its loss driver forecasts over the four-quarter forecast period. Other internal and external indicators of economic forecasts are also considered by management when developing the forecast metrics.

The combination of adjustments for credit expectations (default and loss) and time expectations prepayment, curtailment, and time to recovery produces an expected cash flow stream at the instrument level. Instrument effective yield is calculated, net of the impacts of prepayment assumptions, and the instrument expected cash flows are then discounted at that effective yield to produce an instrument-level net present value of expected cash flows (“NPV”). An allowance for credit loss is established for the difference between the instrument’s NPV and amortized cost basis.

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Construction/Land Development and Other Commercial Real Estate Loans. We originate non-farm and non-residential loans (primarily secured by commercial real estate), construction/land development loans, and agricultural loans, which are generally secured by real estate located in our market areas. Our commercial mortgage loans are generally collateralized by first liens on real estate and amortized (where defined) over a 15 to 30-year period with balloon payments due at the end of one to five years. These loans are generally underwritten by assessing cash flow (debt service coverage), primary and secondary source of repayment, the financial strength of any guarantor, the strength of the tenant (if any), the borrower’s liquidity and leverage, management experience, ownership structure, economic conditions and industry specific trends and collateral. Generally, we will loan up to 85% of the value of improved property, 65% of the value of raw land and 75% of the value of land to be acquired and developed. A first lien on the property and assignment of lease is required if the collateral is rental property, with second lien positions considered on a case-by-case basis.

Residential Real Estate Loans. We originate one to four family, residential mortgage loans generally secured by property located in our primary market areas. Residential real estate loans generally have a loan-to-value ratio of up to 90%. These loans are underwritten by giving consideration to many factors including the borrower’s ability to pay, stability of employment or source of income, debt-to-income ratio, credit history and loan-to-value ratio.

Commercial and Industrial Loans. Commercial and industrial loans are made for a variety of business purposes, including working capital, inventory, equipment and capital expansion. The terms for commercial loans are generally one to seven years. Commercial loan applications must be supported by current financial information on the borrower and, where appropriate, by adequate collateral. Commercial loans are generally underwritten by addressing cash flow (debt service coverage), primary and secondary sources of repayment, the financial strength of any guarantor, the borrower’s liquidity and leverage, management experience, ownership structure, economic conditions and industry specific trends and collateral. The loan to value ratio depends on the type of collateral. Generally, accounts receivable are financed at between 50% and 80% of accounts receivable less than 60 days past due. Inventory financing will range between 50% and 80% (with no work in process) depending on the borrower and nature of inventory. We require a first lien position for those loans.

Consumer & Other Loans. Our consumer & other loans are primarily composed of loans to finance USCG registered high-end sail and power boats as a result of our acquisitions of Shore Premier Finance on June 30, 2018 and LH-Finance on February 29, 2020. The performance of consumer & other loans will be affected by the local and regional economies as well as the rates of personal bankruptcies, job loss, divorce and other individual-specific characteristics.

Off-Balance Sheet Credit Exposures. The Company estimates expected credit losses over the contractual period in which the Company is exposed to credit risk via a contractual obligation to extend credit unless that obligation is unconditionally cancellable by the Company. The allowance for credit loss on off-balance sheet credit exposures is adjusted as a provision for credit loss expense. The estimate includes consideration of the likelihood that funding will occur and an estimate of expected credit losses on commitments expected to be funded over its estimated life. The Company uses the DCF method to estimate expected losses for all of Company’s off-balance sheet credit exposures through the use of the existing DCF models for the Company’s loan portfolio pools. The off-balance sheet credit exposures exhibit similar risk characteristics as loans currently in the Company’s loan portfolio.

During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company recorded a $5.0 million provision for credit losses on loans due to increased loan growth. However, the Company determined that no additional provision was necessary for unfunded commitments as the current levels of the reserve was considered adequate.

ASC 326 requires that both a discount and an allowance for credit losses be recorded on loans during an acquisition. The Company completed the acquisition of Happy on April 1, 2022. As a result, the Company recorded $4.4 million in net loan discounts and a $16.8 million increase in the allowance for credit losses related to PCD loans. In addition, the Company recorded a $45.2 million provision for credit losses on acquired loans for the CECL "double count" and an $11.4 million provision for credit losses on acquired unfunded commitments.

During the first quarter of 2020, we completed the acquisition of $406.2 million of loans from LH-Finance. As a result, the Company recorded a $6.6 million loan discount and a $9.3 million increase in the allowance for credit losses for this acquisition. A small portion of the loans acquired during the quarter were purchase credit deteriorated (“PCD”) loans, so the Company recorded a $357,000 allowance for credit losses on these loans.

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The following table presents the activity in the allowance for credit losses for the year ended December 31, 2022.

	Year Ended December 31, 2022
	Construction/ Land Development		Other Commercial Real Estate		Residential Real Estate		Commercial & Industrial		Consumer & Other		Total
	(In thousands)
Allowance for credit losses:
Beginning balance	$	28,415	$	87,218	$	48,458	$	53,062	$	19,561	$	236,714
Allowance for credit losses on PCD loans - Happy acquisition	950		9,283		980		5,596		7		16,816
Loans charged off	(1)		—		(446)		(9,773)		(7,047)		(17,267)
Recoveries of loans previously charged off	405		967		119		780		965		3,236
Net loans recovered (charged off)	404		967		(327)		(8,993)		(6,082)		(14,031)
Provision for credit loss - acquired loans	7,205		18,711		7,380		11,303		571		45,170
Provision for credit loss - loans	(4,731)		(22,331)		(5,528)		28,386		9,204		5,000
Balance, December 31	$	32,243	$	93,848	$	50,963	$	89,354	$	23,261	$	289,669

The following table presents the balance in the allowance for credit losses for the year ended December 31, 2021.

	Year Ended December 31, 2021
	Construction/ Land Development		Other Commercial Real Estate		Residential Real Estate		Commercial & Industrial		Consumer & Other		Total
	(In thousands)
Allowance for credit losses:
Beginning balance	$	32,861	$	88,453	$	53,216	$	46,530	$	24,413	$	245,473
Loans charged off	—		(646)		(545)		(8,242)		(2,228)		(11,661)
Recoveries of loans previously charged off	58		785		683		591		785		2,902
Net loans recovered (charged off)	58		139		138		(7,651)		(1,443)		(8,759)
Provision for credit loss - loans	(4,504)		(1,374)		(4,896)		14,183		(3,409)		—
Balance, December 31	$	28,415	$	87,218	$	48,458	$	53,062	$	19,561	$	236,714

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The following table presents the balance in the allowance for loan losses for the year ended December 31, 2020.

	Year Ended December 31, 2020
	Construction/ Land Development		Other Commercial Real Estate		Residential Real Estate		Commercial & Industrial		Consumer & Other		Total
	(In thousands)
Allowance for loan losses:
Beginning balance	$	26,433	$	33,529	$	20,135	$	16,615	$	5,410	$	102,122
Impact of adopting ASC 326	(5,296)		15,912		16,680		11,584		5,108		43,988
Allowance for credit losses on PCD loans - LH Finance acquisition	—		—		—		—		357		357
Loans charged off	(1,218)		(3,041)		(485)		(7,764)		(1,978)		(14,486)
Recoveries of loans previously charged off	107		647		337		218		761		2,070
Net loans recovered (charged off)	(1,111)		(2,394)		(148)		(7,546)		(1,217)		(12,416)
Provision for credit loss - loans	12,835		41,406		16,549		25,877		5,446		102,113
Provision for loan losses - acquired loans	—		—		—		—		9,309		9,309
Balance December 31	$	32,861	$	88,453	$	53,216	$	46,530	$	24,413	$	245,473

The following table presents the amortized cost basis of loans on nonaccrual status and loans past due over 90 days still accruing as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively:

	December 31, 2022
	Nonaccrual		Nonaccrual With Reserve		Loans Past Due Over 90 Days Still Accruing
	(In thousands)
Real estate:
Commercial real estate loans
Non-farm/non-residential	$	12,219	$	8,383	$	1,844
Construction/land development	1,977		—		31
Agricultural	278		—		—
Residential real estate loans
Residential 1-4 family	18,083		—		1,374
Multifamily residential	—		—		—
Total real estate	32,557		8,383		3,249
Consumer	2,842		—		35
Commercial and industrial	14,920		—		6,300
Agricultural & other	692		—		261
Total	$	51,011	$	8,383	$	9,845

120

	December 31, 2021
	Nonaccrual		Nonaccrual With Reserve		Loans Past Due Over 90 Days Still Accruing
	(In thousands)
Real estate:
Commercial real estate loans
Non-farm/non-residential	$	11,923	$	2,212	$	2,225
Construction/land development	1,445		—		—
Agricultural	897		—		—
Residential real estate loans
Residential 1-4 family	16,198		3,000		701
Multifamily residential	156		—		—
Total real estate	30,619		5,212		2,926
Consumer	1,648		—		2
Commercial and industrial	13,875		4,018		107
Agricultural & other	1,016		—		—
Total	$	47,158	$	9,230	$	3,035

The Company had $51.0 million and $47.2 million in nonaccrual loans for the periods ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. In addition, the Company had $9.8 million and $3.0 million in loans past due 90 days or more and still accruing for the periods ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

The Company had $8.4 million and $9.2 million in nonaccrual loans with a specific reserve as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The Company did not recognize any interest income on nonaccrual loans during the periods ended December 31, 2022 and 2021.

The following table presents the amortized cost basis of collateral-dependent impaired loans by class of loans as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively:

	December 31, 2022
	Commercial Real Estate		Residential Real Estate		Other
	(In thousands)
Real estate:
Commercial real estate loans
Non-farm/non-residential	$	162,268	$	—	$	—
Construction/land development	2,008		—		—
Agricultural	278		—		—
Residential real estate loans
Residential 1-4 family	—		20,832		—
Multifamily residential	—		969		—
Total real estate	164,554		21,801		—
Consumer	—		—		2,888
Commercial and industrial	—		—		30,334
Agricultural & other	—		—		1,527
Total	$	164,554	$	21,801	$	34,749

121

	December 31, 2021
	Commercial Real Estate		Residential Real Estate		Other
	(In thousands)
Real estate:
Commercial real estate loans
Non-farm/non-residential	$	283,919	$	—	$	—
Construction/land development	4,775		—		—
Agricultural	897		—		—
Residential real estate loans
Residential 1-4 family	—		19,775		—
Multifamily residential	—		1,300		—
Total real estate	289,591		21,075		—
Consumer	—		—		1,663
Commercial and industrial	—		—		18,193
Agricultural & other	—		—		1,016
Total	$	289,591	$	21,075	$	20,872

The Company had $221.1 million and $331.5 million in collateral-dependent impaired loans for the periods ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Loans that do not share risk characteristics are evaluated on an individual basis. For collateral-dependent impaired loans where the Company has determined that foreclosure of the collateral is probable, or where the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty and the Company expects repayment of the financial asset to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral, the allowance for credit losses is measured based on the difference between the fair value of the collateral and the amortized cost basis of the loan as of the measurement date. When repayment is expected to be from the operation of the collateral, expected credit losses are calculated as the amount by which the amortized cost basis of the loan exceeds the present value of expected cash flows from the operation of the collateral. When repayment is expected to be from the sale of the collateral, expected credit losses are calculated as the amount by which the amortized cost basis of the loan exceeds the fair value of the underlying collateral less estimated costs to sell. The allowance for credit losses may be zero if the fair value of the collateral at the measurement date exceeds the amortized cost basis of the loan.

122

The following is an aging analysis for loans receivable as of December 31, 2022 and 2021:

	December 31, 2022
	Loans Past Due 30-59 Days		Loans Past Due 60-89 Days		Loans Past Due 90 Days or More		Total Past Due		Current Loans		Total Loans Receivable		Accruing Loans Past Due 90 Days or More
	(In thousands)
Real estate:
Commercial real estate loans
Non-farm/non-residential	$	4,242	$	2,117	$	14,063	$	20,422	$	5,611,641	$	5,632,063	$	1,844
Construction/land development	4,042		1,892		2,008		7,942		2,127,324		2,135,266		31
Agricultural	1,469		193		278		1,940		344,871		346,811		—
Residential real estate loans
Residential 1-4 family	6,715		605		19,457		26,777		1,721,774		1,748,551		1,374
Multifamily residential	—		—		—		—		578,052		578,052		—
Total real estate	16,468		4,807		35,806		57,081		10,383,662		10,440,743		3,249
Consumer	950		539		2,877		4,366		1,145,530		1,149,896		35
Commercial and industrial	3,007		1,075		21,220		25,302		2,323,961		2,349,263		6,300
Agricultural and other	1,065		57		953		2,075		467,503		469,578		261
Total	$	21,490	$	6,478	$	60,856	$	88,824	$	14,320,656	$	14,409,480	$	9,845

	December 31, 2021
	Loans Past Due 30-59 Days		Loans Past Due 60-89 Days		Loans Past Due 90 Days or More		Total Past Due		Current Loans		Total Loans Receivable		Accruing Loans Past Due 90 Days or More
	(In thousands)
Real estate:
Commercial real estate loans
Non-farm/non-residential	$	1,434	$	576	$	14,148	$	16,158	$	3,873,126	$	3,889,284	$	2,225
Construction/land development	92		22		1,445		1,559		1,848,491		1,850,050		—
Agricultural	—		472		897		1,369		129,305		130,674		—
Residential real estate loans
Residential 1-4 family	1,633		3,560		16,899		22,092		1,252,861		1,274,953		701
Multifamily residential	—		—		156		156		280,681		280,837		—
Total real estate	3,159		4,630		33,545		41,334		7,384,464		7,425,798		2,926
Consumer	60		205		1,650		1,915		823,604		825,519		2
Commercial and industrial	958		316		13,982		15,256		1,371,491		1,386,747		107
Agricultural and other	587		2		1,016		1,605		196,420		198,025		—
Total	$	4,764	$	5,153	$	50,193	$	60,110	$	9,775,979	$	9,836,089	$	3,035

Non-accruing loans were $51.0 million and $47.2 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Interest recognized on impaired loans, including those loans with a specific reserve, during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 was approximately $9.6 million, $14.7 million and $3.4 million, respectively. The amount of interest recognized on impaired loans on the cash basis is not materially different than the accrual basis.

Credit Quality Indicators. As part of the on-going monitoring of the credit quality of the Company’s loan portfolio, management tracks certain credit quality indicators including trends related to (i) the risk rating of loans, (ii) the level of classified loans, (iii) net charge-offs, (iv) non-performing loans and (v) the general economic conditions in Arkansas, Florida, Texas, Alabama and New York.

123

The Company utilizes a risk rating matrix to assign a risk rating to each of its loans. Loans are rated on a scale from 1 to 8. Descriptions of the general characteristics of the 8 risk ratings are as follows:

•Risk rating 1 – Excellent. Loans in this category are to persons or entities of unquestionable financial strength, a highly liquid financial position, with collateral that is liquid and well margined. These borrowers have performed without question on past obligations, and the Bank expects their performance to continue. Internally generated cash flow covers current maturities of long-term debt by a substantial margin. Loans secured by bank certificates of deposit and savings accounts, with appropriate holds placed on the accounts, are to be rated in this category.

•Risk rating 2 – Good. These are loans to persons or entities with strong financial condition and above-average liquidity that have previously satisfactorily handled their obligations with the Bank. Collateral securing the Bank’s debt is margined in accordance with policy guidelines. Internally generated cash flow covers current maturities of long-term debt more than adequately. Unsecured loans to individuals supported by strong financial statements and on which repayment is satisfactory may be included in this classification.

•Risk rating 3 – Satisfactory. Loans to persons or entities with an average financial condition, adequate collateral margins, adequate cash flow to service long-term debt, and net worth comprised mainly of fixed assets are included in this category. These entities are minimally profitable now, with projections indicating continued profitability into the foreseeable future. Closely held corporations or businesses where a majority of the profits are withdrawn by the owners or paid in dividends are included in this rating category. Overall, these loans are basically sound.

•Risk rating 4 – Watch. Borrowers who have marginal cash flow, marginal profitability or have experienced an unprofitable year and a declining financial condition characterize these loans. The borrower has in the past satisfactorily handled debts with the Bank, but in recent months has either been late, delinquent in making payments, or made sporadic payments. While the Bank continues to be adequately secured, margins have decreased or are decreasing, despite the borrower’s continued satisfactory condition. Other characteristics of borrowers in this class include inadequate credit information, weakness of financial statement and repayment capacity, but with collateral that appears to limit exposure.

•Risk rating 5 – Other Loans Especially Mentioned (“OLEM”). A loan criticized as OLEM has potential weaknesses that deserve management’s close attention. If left uncorrected, these potential weaknesses may result in deterioration of the repayment prospects for the asset or in the institution’s credit position at some future date. OLEM assets are not adversely classified and do not expose the institution to sufficient risks to warrant adverse classification.

•Risk rating 6 – Substandard. A loan classified as substandard is inadequately protected by the sound worth and paying capacity of the borrower or the collateral pledged. Loss potential, while existing in the aggregate amount of substandard loans, does not have to exist in individual assets.

•Risk rating 7 – Doubtful. A loan classified as doubtful has all the weaknesses inherent in a loan classified as substandard with the added characteristic that the weaknesses make collection or liquidation in full, on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions, and values, highly questionable and improbable. These are poor quality loans in which neither the collateral, if any, nor the financial condition of the borrower presently ensure collectability in full in a reasonable period of time; in fact, there is permanent impairment in the collateral securing the loan.

•Risk rating 8 – Loss. Assets classified as loss are considered uncollectible and of such little value that the continuance as bankable assets is not warranted. This classification does not mean that the asset has absolutely no recovery or salvage value, but rather, it is not practical or desirable to defer writing off this basically worthless asset, even though partial recovery may occur in the future. This classification is based upon current facts, not probabilities. Assets classified as loss should be charged-off in the period in which they became uncollectible.

Loans may be classified, but not considered impaired, due to one of the following reasons: (1) The Company has established minimum dollar amount thresholds for loan impairment testing. All loans over $2.0 million that are rated 5 – 8 are individually assessed for impairment on a quarterly basis. Loans rated 5 – 8 that fall under the threshold amount are not individually tested for impairment and therefore are not included in impaired loans; (2) of the loans that are above the threshold amount and tested for impairment, after testing, some are considered to not be impaired and are not included in impaired loans.

124

Based on the most recent analysis performed, the risk category of loans by class as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 is as follows:

	December 31, 2022
	Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year
	2022		2021		2020		2019		2018		Prior		Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis		Total
	(In thousands)
Real estate:
Commercial real estate loans
Non-farm/non-residential
Risk rating 1	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	237	$	—	$	132	$	85	$	454
Risk rating 2	—		—		—		118		—		3,992		—		4,110
Risk rating 3	616,809		509,269		263,188		279,157		322,278		852,727		374,371		3,217,799
Risk rating 4	438,565		341,047		235,669		161,421		321,188		482,437		139,203		2,119,530
Risk rating 5	—		757		1,145		14,417		35,273		37,561		95		89,248
Risk rating 6	876		196		14,247		26,649		4,720		153,909		194		200,791
Risk rating 7	131		—		—		—		—		—		—		131
Risk rating 8	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total non-farm/non-residential	1,056,381		851,269		514,249		481,999		683,459		1,530,758		513,948		5,632,063
Construction/land development
Risk rating 1	$	—	$	11	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	11
Risk rating 2	682		—		—		—		—		210		—		892
Risk rating 3	421,774		283,546		83,631		48,350		19,340		34,910		75,797		967,348
Risk rating 4	354,852		512,541		58,368		79,924		11,520		43,634		65,960		1,126,799
Risk rating 5	—		—		30,987		310		—		1,140		—		32,437
Risk rating 6	612		—		574		751		3		5,839		—		7,779
Risk rating 7	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Risk rating 8	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total construction/land development	777,920		796,098		173,560		129,335		30,863		85,733		141,757		2,135,266
Agricultural
Risk rating 1	$	1,749	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	1,749
Risk rating 2	—		2,048		—		—		—		—		—		2,048
Risk rating 3	61,725		43,356		32,895		16,475		10,326		37,892		5,996		208,665
Risk rating 4	18,870		25,252		20,532		8,706		3,154		42,886		4,755		124,155
Risk rating 5	—		—		—		326		—		603		—		929
Risk rating 6	—		1,630		1,623		4,972		—		1,040		—		9,265
Risk rating 7	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Risk rating 8	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total agricultural	82,344		72,286		55,050		30,479		13,480		82,421		10,751		346,811
Total commercial real estate loans	$	1,916,645	$	1,719,653	$	742,859	$	641,813	$	727,802	$	1,698,912	$	666,456	$	8,114,140
Residential real estate loans
Residential 1-4 family
Risk rating 1	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	115	$	40	$	155
Risk rating 2	—		—		—		—		—		48		2		50
Risk rating 3	360,510		255,775		176,955		112,053		98,093		314,492		110,881		1,428,759
Risk rating 4	37,471		35,875		61,418		11,871		15,577		61,034		65,674		288,920
Risk rating 5	—		—		—		3,049		226		328		—		3,603
Risk rating 6	849		2,423		3,564		3,521		2,536		12,662		1,508		27,063
Risk rating 7	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Risk rating 8	—		—		—		—		—		1		—		1
Total residential 1-4 family	398,830		294,073		241,937		130,494		116,432		388,680		178,105		1,748,551

125

	December 31, 2022
	Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year
	2022		2021		2020		2019		2018		Prior		Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis		Total
	(In thousands)
Multifamily residential
Risk rating 1	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Risk rating 2	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Risk rating 3	38,830		37,566		14,127		33,813		13,098		60,117		6,534		204,085
Risk rating 4	43,478		101,282		182,850		8,284		11,934		11,779		1,201		360,808
Risk rating 5	—		—		—		—		3,142		7,897		—		11,039
Risk rating 6	—		—		—		302		—		1,818		—		2,120
Risk rating 7	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Risk rating 8	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total multifamily residential	82,308		138,848		196,977		42,399		28,174		81,611		7,735		578,052
Total real estate	$	2,397,783	$	2,152,574	$	1,181,773	$	814,706	$	872,408	$	2,169,203	$	852,296	$	10,440,743
Consumer
Risk rating 1	$	5,332	$	3,952	$	1,134	$	637	$	552	$	1,176	$	1,467	$	14,250
Risk rating 2	—		—		—		193		614		—		—		807
Risk rating 3	284,828		276,044		146,256		132,763		118,244		135,266		16,093		1,109,494
Risk rating 4	15,306		2,293		422		1,216		459		907		69		20,672
Risk rating 5	—		633		19		—		8		810		—		1,470
Risk rating 6	215		156		270		970		24		1,386		101		3,122
Risk rating 7	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Risk rating 8	3		—		1		—		—		77		—		81
Total consumer	305,684		283,078		148,102		135,779		119,901		139,622		17,730		1,149,896
Commercial and industrial
Risk rating 1	3,450		$	7,692	$	268	$	264	$	16	$	21,298	$	8,832	$	41,820
Risk rating 2	1,590		305		27		198		—		226		781		3,127
Risk rating 3	301,063		126,312		80,636		73,360		71,964		112,017		253,111		1,018,463
Risk rating 4	70,862		120,618		69,963		89,975		81,389		48,496		568,795		1,050,098
Risk rating 5	83,272		14,762		159		1,408		6,815		185		75,891		182,492
Risk rating 6	4,842		2,539		11,204		4,193		5,769		16,559		3,554		48,660
Risk rating 7	—		—		—		—		4,316		202		85		4,603
Risk rating 8	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total commercial and industrial	465,079		272,228		162,257		169,398		170,269		198,983		911,049		2,349,263
Agricultural and other
Risk rating 1	$	297	$	266	$	115	$	—	$	—	$	95	$	722	$	1,495
Risk rating 2	140		78		—		2,338		34		115		1,661		4,366
Risk rating 3	85,707		36,004		30,546		4,725		7,986		46,748		131,760		343,476
Risk rating 4	7,627		13,591		2,598		1,671		1,710		8,766		69,179		105,142
Risk rating 5	—		8		204		—		—		593		745		1,550
Risk rating 6	—		58		157		11,137		304		949		944		13,549
Risk rating 7	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Risk rating 8	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total agricultural and other	93,771		50,005		33,620		19,871		10,034		57,266		205,011		469,578
Total	$	3,262,317	$	2,757,885	$	1,525,752	$	1,139,754	$	1,172,612	$	2,565,074	$	1,986,086	$	14,409,480

126

	December 31, 2021
	Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year
	2021		2020		2019		2018		2017		Prior		Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis		Total
	(In thousands)
Real estate:
Commercial real estate loans
Non-farm/non-residential
Risk rating 1	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Risk rating 2	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Risk rating 3	284,127		281,982		266,990		341,642		195,301		891,035		194,640		2,455,717
Risk rating 4	111,697		32,788		115,989		301,520		90,747		345,254		90,028		1,088,023
Risk rating 5	—		10,930		2,239		23,117		49,926		189,038		—		275,250
Risk rating 6	—		—		23,723		2,224		11,751		32,372		224		70,294
Risk rating 7	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Risk rating 8	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total non-farm/non-residential	395,824		325,700		408,941		668,503		347,725		1,457,699		284,892		3,889,284
Construction/land development
Risk rating 1	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Risk rating 2	—		—		—		—		—		231		—		231
Risk rating 3	301,719		183,715		108,491		23,574		13,760		41,860		149,433		822,552
Risk rating 4	226,230		217,267		448,899		33,617		45,679		38,122		7,297		1,017,111
Risk rating 5	—		—		388		—		—		1,174		176		1,738
Risk rating 6	—		134		825		3		—		7,456		—		8,418
Risk rating 7	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Risk rating 8	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total construction/land development	527,949		401,116		558,603		57,194		59,439		88,843		156,906		1,850,050
Agricultural
Risk rating 1	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Risk rating 2	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Risk rating 3	21,480		27,931		7,768		6,564		5,103		21,689		7,026		97,561
Risk rating 4	4,305		964		365		970		655		22,143		2,065		31,467
Risk rating 5	—		166		—		—		—		—		—		166
Risk rating 6	—		44		—		—		—		1,436		—		1,480
Risk rating 7	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Risk rating 8	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total agricultural	25,785		29,105		8,133		7,534		5,758		45,268		9,091		130,674
Total commercial real estate loans	$	949,558	$	755,921	$	975,677	$	733,231	$	412,922	$	1,591,810	$	450,889	$	5,870,008
Residential real estate loans
Residential 1-4 family
Risk rating 1	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	76	$	89	$	165
Risk rating 2	—		—		—		—		—		29		—		29
Risk rating 3	210,970		147,523		119,861		94,848		82,474		296,687		85,836		1,038,199
Risk rating 4	8,885		3,397		56,839		16,887		21,874		53,578		36,642		198,102
Risk rating 5	—		—		3,065		1,220		582		1,366		193		6,426
Risk rating 6	1,136		2,252		2,432		2,063		1,263		16,305		6,580		32,031
Risk rating 7	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Risk rating 8	—		—		—		—		—		1		—		1
Total residential 1-4 family	220,991		153,172		182,197		115,018		106,193		368,042		129,340		1,274,953

127

	December 31, 2021
	Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year
	2021		2020		2019		2018		2017		Prior		Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis		Total
	(In thousands)
Multifamily residential
Risk rating 1	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Risk rating 2	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Risk rating 3	11,898		5,211		34,492		17,375		9,430		43,804		3,583		125,793
Risk rating 4	3,755		44,294		30,060		3,412		2,981		18,805		33,723		137,030
Risk rating 5	—		—		—		7,591		8,105		—		—		15,696
Risk rating 6	—		—		—		—		890		1,428		—		2,318
Risk rating 7	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Risk rating 8	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total multifamily residential	15,653		49,505		64,552		28,378		21,406		64,037		37,306		280,837
Total real estate	$	1,186,202	$	958,598	$	1,222,426	$	876,627	$	540,521	$	2,023,889	$	617,535	$	7,425,798
Consumer
Risk rating 1	$	4,441	$	1,799	$	1,237	$	920	$	226	$	1,383	$	1,893	$	11,899
Risk rating 2	—		—		45		639		—		8		—		692
Risk rating 3	221,986		173,511		132,148		109,810		67,992		92,076		1,098		798,621
Risk rating 4	3,547		923		2,944		1,776		158		2,641		79		12,068
Risk rating 5	—		116		—		15		—		131		—		262
Risk rating 6	69		34		39		117		—		1,711		7		1,977
Risk rating 7	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Risk rating 8	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total consumer	230,043		176,383		136,413		113,277		68,376		97,950		3,077		825,519
Commercial and industrial
Risk rating 1	$	99,579	$	12,752	$	350	$	118	$	102	$	21,436	$	9,851	$	144,188
Risk rating 2	175		16		—		—		66		276		168		701
Risk rating 3	125,071		59,056		77,130		67,944		34,733		42,905		145,247		552,086
Risk rating 4	244,927		35,350		89,558		91,840		23,616		34,566		88,750		608,607
Risk rating 5	6,185		609		480		8,258		5,712		2,851		582		24,677
Risk rating 6	492		15,377		5,913		24,941		5,477		2,233		342		54,775
Risk rating 7	—		—		—		1,696		—		—		—		1,696
Risk rating 8	—		—		—		—		—		16		1		17
Total commercial and industrial	476,429		123,160		173,431		194,797		69,706		104,283		244,941		1,386,747
Agricultural and other
Risk rating 1	$	5,042	$	—	$	40	$	—	$	—	$	110	$	552	$	5,744
Risk rating 2	—		—		3,467		—		—		909		983		5,359
Risk rating 3	54,534		44,030		5,158		7,092		2,009		46,570		8,750		168,143
Risk rating 4	1,544		218		154		1,590		1,226		1,224		10,842		16,798
Risk rating 5	—		—		—		—		—		1,297		—		1,297
Risk rating 6	53		—		23		13		33		562		—		684
Risk rating 7	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Risk rating 8	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total agricultural and other	61,173		44,248		8,842		8,695		3,268		50,672		21,127		198,025
Total	$	1,953,847	$	1,302,389	$	1,541,112	$	1,193,396	$	681,871	$	2,276,794	$	886,680	$	9,836,089

128

The Company considers the performance of the loan portfolio and its impact on the allowance for credit losses. The Company also evaluates credit quality based on the aging status of the loan, which was previously presented and by payment activity. The following tables present the amortized cost of performing and nonperforming loans as of December 31, 2022 and 2021.

	December 31, 2022
	Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year
	2022		2021		2020		2019		2018		Prior		Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis		Total
	(In thousands)
Real estate:
Commercial real estate loans
Non-farm/non-residential
Performing	$	1,056,381	$	851,269	$	509,258	$	456,196	$	679,187	$	1,403,874	$	513,630	$	5,469,795
Non-performing	—		—		4,991		25,803		4,272		126,884		318		162,268
Total non-farm/ non-residential	1,056,381		851,269		514,249		481,999		683,459		1,530,758		513,948		5,632,063
Construction/land development
Performing	777,309		796,098		172,987		128,736		30,860		85,511		141,757		2,133,258
Non-performing	611		—		573		599		3		222		—		2,008
Total construction/ land development	777,920		796,098		173,560		129,335		30,863		85,733		141,757		2,135,266
Agricultural
Performing	$	82,344	$	72,286	$	55,050	$	30,479	$	13,480	$	82,143	$	10,751	$	346,533
Non-performing	—		—		—		—		—		278		—		278
Total agricultural	82,344		72,286		55,050		30,479		13,480		82,421		10,751		346,811
Total commercial real estate loans	$	1,916,645	$	1,719,653	$	742,859	$	641,813	$	727,802	$	1,698,912	$	666,456	$	8,114,140
Residential real estate loans
Residential 1-4 family
Performing	$	397,464	$	292,100	$	239,047	$	127,250	$	114,337	$	380,210	$	177,311	$	1,727,719
Non-performing	1,366		1,973		2,890		3,244		2,095		8,470		794		20,832
Total residential 1-4 family	398,830		294,073		241,937		130,494		116,432		388,680		178,105		1,748,551
Multifamily residential
Performing	$	82,308	$	138,848	$	196,977	$	42,399	$	28,174	$	80,642	$	7,735	$	577,083
Non-performing	—		—		—		—		—		969		—		969
Total multifamily residential	82,308		138,848		196,977		42,399		28,174		81,611		7,735		578,052
Total real estate	2,397,783		2,152,574		1,181,773		814,706		872,408		2,169,203		852,296		10,440,743
Consumer
Performing	$	305,620	$	282,944	$	147,820	$	134,831	$	119,877	$	138,288	$	17,628	$	1,147,008
Non-performing	64		134		282		948		24		1,334		102		2,888
Total consumer	305,684		283,078		148,102		135,779		119,901		139,622		17,730		1,149,896
Commercial and industrial
Performing	$	464,285	$	267,719	$	159,152	$	165,733	$	160,267	$	194,162	$	907,611	$	2,318,929
Non-performing	794		4,509		3,105		3,665		10,002		4,821		3,438		30,334
Total commercial and industrial	465,079		272,228		162,257		169,398		170,269		198,983		911,049		2,349,263
Agricultural and other
Performing	$	93,771	$	50,001	$	33,416	$	19,818	$	10,034	$	56,631	$	204,380	$	468,051
Non-performing	—		4		204		53		—		635		631		1,527
Total agricultural and other	93,771		50,005		33,620		19,871		10,034		57,266		205,011		469,578
Total	$	3,262,317	$	2,757,885	$	1,525,752	$	1,139,754	$	1,172,612	$	2,565,074	$	1,986,086	$	14,409,480

129

	December 31, 2021
	Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year
	2021		2020		2019		2018		2017		Prior		Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis		Total
	(In thousands)
Real estate:
Commercial real estate loans
Non-farm/non-residential
Performing	$	395,824	$	315,447	$	394,061	$	648,351	$	298,086	$	1,268,731	$	284,865	$	3,605,365
Non-performing	—		10,253		14,880		20,152		49,639		188,968		27		283,919
Total non-farm/ non-residential	395,824		325,700		408,941		668,503		347,725		1,457,699		284,892		3,889,284
Construction/land development
Performing	527,949		400,982		557,778		57,024		59,439		85,197		156,906		1,845,275
Non-performing	—		134		825		170		—		3,646		—		4,775
Total construction/ land development	527,949		401,116		558,603		57,194		59,439		88,843		156,906		1,850,050
Agricultural
Performing	$	25,785	$	28,939	$	8,133	$	7,534	$	5,758	$	44,537	$	9,091	$	129,777
Non-performing	—		166		—		—		—		731		—		897
Total agricultural	25,785		29,105		8,133		7,534		5,758		45,268		9,091		130,674
Total commercial real estate loans	$	949,558	$	755,921	$	975,677	$	733,231	$	412,922	$	1,591,810	$	450,889	$	5,870,008
Residential real estate loans
Residential 1-4 family
Performing	$	220,380	$	151,459	$	180,113	$	113,845	$	105,129	$	360,700	$	123,552	$	1,255,178
Non-performing	611		1,713		2,084		1,173		1,064		7,342		5,788		19,775
Total residential 1-4 family	220,991		153,172		182,197		115,018		106,193		368,042		129,340		1,274,953
Multifamily residential
Performing	$	15,653	$	49,505	$	64,552	$	28,378	$	21,406	$	62,737	$	37,306	$	279,537
Non-performing	—		—		—		—		—		1,300		—		1,300
Total multifamily residential	15,653		49,505		64,552		28,378		21,406		64,037		37,306		280,837
Total real estate	1,186,202		958,598		1,222,426		876,627		540,521		2,023,889		617,535		7,425,798
Consumer
Performing	$	229,986	$	176,355	$	136,403	$	113,160	$	68,376	$	96,506	$	3,070	$	823,856
Non-performing	57		28		10		117		—		1,444		7		1,663
Total consumer	230,043		176,383		136,413		113,277		68,376		97,950		3,077		825,519
Commercial and industrial
Performing	$	476,424	$	122,999	$	168,984	$	185,569	$	66,928	$	103,391	$	244,259	$	1,368,554
Non-performing	5		161		4,447		9,228		2,778		892		682		18,193
Total commercial and industrial	476,429		123,160		173,431		194,797		69,706		104,283		244,941		1,386,747
Agricultural and other
Performing	$	61,173	$	44,248	$	8,819	$	8,682	$	3,235	$	49,725	$	21,127	$	197,009
Non-performing	—		—		23		13		33		947		—		1,016
Total agricultural and other	61,173		44,248		8,842		8,695		3,268		50,672		21,127		198,025
Total	$	1,953,847	$	1,302,389	$	1,541,112	$	1,193,396	$	681,871	$	2,276,794	$	886,680	$	9,836,089

The Company had approximately $28.3 million or 183 total revolving loans convert to term loans for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to $58.7 million or 259 total revolving loans convert to term loans for the year ended December 31, 2021. These loans were considered immaterial for vintage disclosure inclusion.

130

The following is a presentation of troubled debt restructurings (“TDRs”) by class as of December 31, 2022 and 2021:

	December 31, 2022
	Number of Loans	Pre- Modification Outstanding Balance		Rate Modification		Term Modification		Rate & Term Modification		Post- Modification Outstanding Balance
	(Dollars in thousands)
Real estate:
Commercial real estate loans
Non-farm/non-residential	11	$	4,462	$	1,395	$	598	$	436	$	2,429
Construction/land development	1	216		177		—		—		177
Residential real estate loans
Residential 1-4 family	14	2,115		772		145		290		1,207
Multifamily residential	1	1,130		969		—		—		969
Total real estate	27	7,923		3,313		743		726		4,782
Consumer	2	18		11		—		1		12
Commercial and industrial	15	3,199		748		47		156		951
Total	44	$	11,140	$	4,072	$	790	$	883	$	5,745

	December 31, 2021
	Number of Loans	Pre- Modification Outstanding Balance		Rate Modification		Term Modification		Rate & Term Modification		Post- Modification Outstanding Balance
	(Dollars in thousands)
Real estate:
Commercial real estate loans
Non-farm/non-residential	12	$	6,119	$	3,581	$	623	$	85	$	4,289
Construction/land development	2	240		210		1		—		211
Agricultural	1	282		262		—		—		262
Residential real estate loans
Residential 1-4 family	15	2,328		844		117		332		1,293
Multifamily residential	1	1,130		1,144		—		—		1,144
Total real estate	31	10,099		6,041		741		417		7,199
Consumer	4	22		13		—		3		16
Commercial and industrial	9	2,353		172		65		74		311
Total	44	$	12,474	$	6,226	$	806	$	494	$	7,526

131

The following is a presentation of TDRs on non-accrual status as of December 31, 2022, and 2021 because they are not in compliance with the modified terms:

	December 31, 2022			December 31, 2021
	Number of Loans	Recorded Balance		Number of Loans	Recorded Balance
	(Dollars in thousands)
Real estate:
Commercial real estate loans
Non-farm/non-residential	2	$	262	2	$	7
Construction/land development	1	177		1	210
Agricultural	—	—		1	262
Residential real estate loans
Residential 1-4 family	4	218		5	388
Total real estate	7	657		9	867
Consumer	1	1		3	3
Commercial and industrial	13	931		6	206
Total	21	$	1,589	18	$	1,076

The following is a presentation of total foreclosed assets as of December 31, 2022 and 2021:

	December 31, 2022		December 31, 2021
	(In thousands)
Commercial real estate loans
Non-farm/non-residential	$	118	$	536
Construction/land development	47		834
Agricultural	—		—
Residential real estate loans
Residential 1-4 family	260		260
Multifamily residential	121		—
Total foreclosed assets held for sale	$	546	$	1,630

The Company has purchased loans for which there was, at acquisition, evidence of more than insignificant deterioration of credit quality since origination. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the balance of purchase credit deteriorated loans was approximately $142.5 million and $448,000, respectively. This balance, as of December 31, 2022, consisted of $142.1 million resulting from the acquisition of Happy and $415,000 from the acquisition of LH-Finance.

6. Goodwill and Core Deposit Intangible

Changes in the carrying amount and accumulated amortization of the Company’s goodwill and core deposit intangible at December 31, 2022 and 2021, were as follows:

	December 31, 2022		December 31, 2021
Goodwill	(In thousands)
Balance, beginning of period	$	973,025	$	973,025
Acquisitions	425,228		—
Balance, end of period	$	1,398,253	$	973,025

132

	December 31, 2022		December 31, 2021
Core Deposit Intangible	(In thousands)
Balance, beginning of period	$	25,045	$	30,728
Acquisitions	42,263		—
Amortization expense	(8,853)		(5,683)
Balance, end of year	$	58,455	$	25,045

The carrying basis and accumulated amortization of core deposits intangibles at December 31, 2022 and 2021 were:

	December 31, 2022		December 31, 2021
	(In thousands)
Gross carrying amount	$	128,888	$	86,625
Accumulated amortization	(70,433)		(61,580)
Net carrying amount	$	58,455	$	25,045

Core deposit intangible amortization expense for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 was approximately $8.9 million, $5.7 million and $5.8 million, respectively. The core deposit intangible is tested annually for impairment during the fourth quarter. During the 2022 review, no impairment was found. Including all of the mergers completed as of December 31, 2022, HBI’s estimated amortization expense of the core deposit intangible for each of the years 2023 through 2027 is approximately: 2023 – $9.7 million; 2024 – $8.4 million; 2025 – $8.0 million; 2026 – $7.8 million and 2027 – $6.6 million.

The carrying amount of the Company’s goodwill was $1.40 billion and $973.0 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Goodwill is tested annually for impairment during the fourth quarter or more frequently if changes or circumstances occur. During the 2022 and 2021 reviews, no impairment was found. If the implied fair value of goodwill is lower than its carrying amount, goodwill impairment is indicated, and goodwill is written down to its implied fair value. Subsequent increases in goodwill value are not recognized in the consolidated financial statements.

7. Other Assets

Other assets consist primarily of equity securities without a readily determinable fair value and other miscellaneous assets. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, other assets were $321.2 million and $177.0 million, respectively.

The Company has equity securities without readily determinable fair values such as stock holdings in the Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) and the Federal Reserve Bank (“Federal Reserve”) which are outside the scope of ASC Topic 321, Investments – Equity Securities (“ASC Topic 321”). These equity securities without a readily determinable fair value were $135.3 million and $88.2 million at December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively, and are accounted for at cost.

The Company also has equity securities such as stock holdings in First National Bankers’ Bank and other miscellaneous holdings which are accounted for under ASC Topic 321. These equity securities without a readily determinable fair value were $80.6 million and $36.4 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. There were no transactions during the period that would indicate a material change in fair value.

8. Deposits

The aggregate amount of time deposits with a minimum denomination of $250,000 was $333.2 million and $321.6 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The aggregate amount of time deposits with a minimum denomination of $100,000 was $639.3 million and $537.4 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Interest expense applicable to certificates in excess of $100,000 totaled $3.4 million, $7.3 million and $22.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, brokered deposits were $476.6 million and $625.7 million, respectively.

133

The following is a summary of the scheduled maturities of all time deposits at December 31, 2022 (in thousands):

2023	$862,018
2024	129,470
2025	19,206
2026	15,111
2027	16,768
Thereafter	661
Total time deposits	$1,043,234

Deposits totaling approximately $2.65 billion and $1.91 billion at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, were public funds obtained primarily from state and political subdivisions in the United States.

9. Securities Sold Under Agreements to Repurchase

At December 31, 2022 and 2021, securities sold under agreements to repurchase totaled $131.1 million and $140.9 million, respectively. For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, securities sold under agreements to repurchase daily weighted-average totaled $129.0 million and $151.2 million, respectively. The remaining contractual maturity of securities sold under agreements to repurchase in the consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 is presented in the following table:

	December 31, 2022				December 31, 2021
	Overnight and Continuous		Total		Overnight and Continuous		Total
	(In thousands)
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase:
U.S. government-sponsored enterprises	$	5,322	$	5,322	$	8,433	$	8,433
Mortgage-backed securities	5,153		5,153		7,920		7,920
State and political subdivisions	117,674		117,674		122,173		122,173
Other securities	2,997		2,997		2,360		2,360
Total borrowings	$	131,146	$	131,146	$	140,886	$	140,886

10. FHLB and Other Borrowed Funds

The Company’s FHLB borrowed funds, which are secured by our loan portfolio, were $650.0 million and $400.0 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The Company had no other borrowed funds as of December 31, 2022 or December 31, 2021. At December 31, 2022, $50.0 million and $600.0 million of the outstanding balance were classified as short-term and long-term advances, respectively. At December 31, 2021, the entire $400.0 million balance was classified as long term advances. The FHLB advances mature from 2023 to 2033 with fixed interest rates ranging from 2.26% to 4.84% and are secured by loans and investments securities. Expected maturities could differ from contractual maturities because the FHLB has have the right to call or the Company has the right to prepay certain obligations.

Additionally, the Company had $1.14 billion and $1.07 billion at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, in letters of credit under a FHLB blanket borrowing line of credit, which are used to collateralize public deposits at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

134

Maturities of borrowings with original maturities exceeding one year at December 31, 2022, are as follows (in thousands):

	By Contractual Maturity		By Call Date
2023	$	50,000	$	50,000
2024	—		400,000
2025	100,000		100,000
2026	100,000		100,000
2027	—		—
Thereafter	400,000		—
	$	650,000	$	650,000

Additionally, the parent company took out a $20.0 million line of credit for general corporate purposes during 2015. The balance on this line of credit at December 31, 2022 and 2021 was zero.

11. Subordinated Debentures

Subordinated debentures consist of subordinated debt securities and guaranteed payments on trust preferred securities. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, subordinated debentures were $440.4 million and $371.1 million, respectively.

Subordinated debentures at December 31, 2022 and 2021 contained the following components:

	As of December 31, 2022		As of December 31, 2021
	(In thousands)
Trust preferred securities
Subordinated debentures, issued in 2006, due 2036, fixed rate of 6.75% during the first five years and at a floating rate of 1.85% above the three-month LIBOR rate, reset quarterly, thereafter, currently callable without penalty	$	—	$	3,093
Subordinated debentures, issued in 2004, due 2034, fixed rate of 6.00% during the first five years and at a floating rate of 2.00% above the three- month LIBOR rate, reset quarterly, thereafter, currently callable without penalty	—		15,464
Subordinated debentures, issued in 2005, due 2035, fixed rate of 5.84% during the first five years and at a floating rate of 1.45% above the three- month LIBOR rate, reset quarterly, thereafter, currently callable without penalty	—		25,774
Subordinated debentures, issued in 2004, due 2034, fixed rate of 4.29% during the first five years and at a floating rate of 2.50% above the three-month LIBOR rate, reset quarterly, thereafter, currently callable without penalty	—		16,495
Subordinated debentures, issued in 2005, due 2035, floating rate of 2.15% above the three-month LIBOR rate, reset quarterly, currently callable without penalty	—		4,501
Subordinated debentures, issued in 2006, due 2036, fixed rate of 7.38% during the first five years and at a floating rate of 1.62% above the three-month LIBOR rate, reset quarterly, thereafter, currently callable without penalty	—		5,942
Subordinated debt securities
Subordinated notes issued in 2020, due 2030, fixed rate of 5.500% during the first five years and at a floating rate of 534.5 basis points above the then three-month SOFR rate, reset quarterly, thereafter, callable in 2025 without penalty	143,400		—
Subordinated notes, net of issuance costs, issued in 2022, due 2032, fixed rate of 3.125% during the first five years and at a floating rate of 182 basis points above the then three-month SOFR rate, reset quarterly, thereafter, callable in 2027 without penalty	297,020		—
Subordinated notes, net of issuance costs, issued in 2017, due 2027, fixed rate of 5.625% during the first five years and at a floating rate of 3.575% above the then three-month LIBOR rate, reset quarterly, thereafter, callable in 2022 without penalty	—		299,824
Total	$	440,420	$	371,093

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Trust Preferred Securities. On April 1, 2022, the Company acquired $23.2 million in trust preferred securities from Happy which were currently callable without penalty based on the terms of the specific agreements. During the second and third quarters of 2022, the Company redeemed, without penalty, the $23.2 million of the trust preferred securities acquired from Happy. In addition, during the second and third quarters, the Company also redeemed, without penalty, the $73.3 million of trust preferred securities held prior to the Happy acquisition. As a result, the Company no longer holds any trust preferred securities.

Subordinated Debt Securities. On April 1, 2022, the Company acquired $140.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 5.500% Fixed-to-Floating Rate Subordinated Notes due 2030 (the “2030 Notes”) from Happy, and the Company recorded approximately $144.4 million which included fair value adjustments. The 2030 Notes are unsecured, subordinated debt obligations of the Company and will mature on July 31, 2030. From and including the date of issuance to, but excluding July 31, 2025 or the date of earlier redemption, the 2030 Notes will bear interest at an initial rate of 5.50% per annum, payable in arrears on January 31 and July 31 of each year. From and including July 31, 2025 to, but excluding, the maturity date or earlier redemption, the 2030 Notes will bear interest at a floating rate equal to the Benchmark rate (which is expected to be 3-month Secured Overnight Funding Rate (SOFR)), each as defined in and subject to the provisions of the applicable supplemental indenture for the 2030 Notes, plus 5.345%, payable quarterly in arrears on January 31, April 30, July 31, and October 31 of each year, commencing on October 31, 2025.

The Company may, beginning with the interest payment date of July 31, 2025, and on any interest payment date thereafter, redeem the 2030 Notes, in whole or in part, subject to prior approval of the Federal Reserve if then required, at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the 2030 Notes to be redeemed plus accrued and unpaid interest to but excluding the date of redemption. The Company may also redeem the 2030 Notes at any time, including prior to July 31, 2025, at the Company’s option, in whole but not in part, subject to prior approval of the Federal Reserve if then required, if certain events occur that could impact the Company’s ability to deduct interest payable on the 2030 Notes for U.S. federal income tax purposes or preclude the 2030 Notes from being recognized as Tier 2 capital for regulatory capital purposes, or if the Company is required to register as an investment company under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended. In each case, the redemption would be at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the 2030 Notes plus any accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, the redemption date.

On January 18, 2022, the Company completed an underwritten public offering of $300.0 million in aggregate principal amount of its 3.125% Fixed-to-Floating Rate Subordinated Notes due 2032 (the “2032 Notes”) for net proceeds, after underwriting discounts and issuance costs of approximately $296.4 million. The 2032 Notes are unsecured, subordinated debt obligations of the Company and will mature on January 30, 2032. From and including the date of issuance to, but excluding January 30, 2027 or the date of earlier redemption, the 2032 Notes will bear interest at an initial rate of 3.125% per annum, payable in arrears on January 30 and July 30 of each year. From and including January 30, 2027 to, but excluding, the maturity date or earlier redemption, the 2032 Notes will bear interest at a floating rate equal to the Benchmark rate (which is expected to be Three-Month Term SOFR)), each as defined in and subject to the provisions of the applicable supplemental indenture for the 2032 Notes, plus 182 basis points, payable quarterly in arrears on January 30, April 30, July 30, and October 30 of each year, commencing on April 30, 2027.

The Company may, beginning with the interest payment date of January 30, 2027, and on any interest payment date thereafter, redeem the 2032 Notes, in whole or in part, subject to prior approval of the Federal Reserve if then required, at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the 2032 Notes to be redeemed plus accrued and unpaid interest to but excluding the date of redemption. The Company may also redeem the 2032 Notes at any time, including prior to January 30, 2027, at the Company’s option, in whole but not in part, subject to prior approval of the Federal Reserve if then required, if certain events occur that could impact the Company’s ability to deduct interest payable on the 2032 Notes for U.S. federal income tax purposes or preclude the 2032 Notes from being recognized as Tier 2 capital for regulatory capital purposes, or if the Company is required to register as an investment company under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended. In each case, the redemption would be at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the 2032 Notes plus any accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, the redemption date.

On April 3, 2017, the Company completed an underwritten public offering of $300.0 million in aggregate principal amount of its 5.625% Fixed-to-Floating Rate Subordinated Notes due 2027 (the “Notes”) for net proceeds, after underwriting discounts and issuance costs, of approximately $297.0 million . The Notes were unsecured, subordinated debt obligations and would have matured on April 15, 2027. From and including the date of issuance to, but excluding April 15, 2022, the Notes bore interest at an initial rate of 5.625% per annum. From and including April 15, 2022 to, but excluding the maturity date or earlier redemption, the Notes were to bear interest at a floating rate equal to three-month LIBOR as calculated on each applicable date of determination plus a spread of 3.575%; provided, however, that in the event three-month LIBOR is less than zero, then three-month LIBOR would have been deemed to be zero.

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The Company, beginning with the interest payment date of April 15, 2022, and on any interest payment date thereafter, was permitted to redeem the 2027 Notes, in whole or in part, at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the 2027 Notes to be redeemed plus accrued and unpaid interest to but excluding the date of redemption. On April 15, 2022, the Company completed the payoff of the 2027 Notes in aggregate principal amount of $300.0 million. Each 2027 Note was redeemed pursuant to the terms of the Subordinated Indenture, as supplemented by the First Supplemental Indenture, each dated as of April 3, 2017, between the Company and U.S. Bank Trust Company, National Association, the Trustee for the 2027 Notes, at the redemption price of 100% of its principal amount, plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, the redemption date.

12. Income Taxes

The following is a summary of the components of the provision for income taxes for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020:

	Year Ended December 31,
	2022		2021		2020
	(In thousands)
Current:
Federal	$	72,367	$	70,536	$	62,362
State	14,733		23,350		20,644
Total current	87,100		93,886		83,006
Deferred:
Federal	1,839		2,906		(14,839)
State	374		962		(4,912)
Total deferred	2,213		3,868		(19,751)
Income tax expense	$	89,313	$	97,754	$	63,255

The reconciliation between the statutory federal income tax rate and effective income tax rate is as follows for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020:

	Year Ended December 31,
	2022		2021		2020
Statutory federal income tax rate	21.00	%	21.00	%	21.00	%
Effect of non-taxable interest income	(1.89)		(1.03)		(1.29)
Stock compensation	0.38		0.25		0.33
State income taxes, net of federal benefit	2.70		3.97		3.50
Other	0.45		(0.74)		(0.76)
Effective income tax rate	22.64	%	23.45	%	22.78	%

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The types of temporary differences between the tax basis of assets and liabilities and their financial reporting amounts that give rise to deferred income tax assets and liabilities, and their approximate tax effects, are as follows:

	December 31, 2022		December 31, 2021
	(In thousands)
Deferred tax assets:
Allowance for credit losses	$	80,232	$	68,644
Deferred compensation	7,817		5,342
Stock compensation	6,180		5,044
Non-accrual interest income	1,518		694
Real estate owned	103		109
Unrealized loss on Securities AFS	98,587		—
Loan discounts	7,007		4,169
Tax basis premium/discount on acquisitions	1,222		3,220
Investments	28,523		263
Deposits	—		(65)
Other	8,007		5,283
Gross deferred tax assets	239,196		92,703
Deferred tax liabilities:
Accelerated depreciation on premises and equipment	4,252		761
Unrealized gain on securities available-for-sale	—		4,220
Core deposit intangibles	14,755		5,736
FHLB dividends	2,681		2,820
Other	8,187		876
Gross deferred tax liabilities	29,875		14,413
Net deferred tax assets	$	209,321	$	78,290

The Company and its subsidiaries file income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction and the states of Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Kansas, Kentucky, Maryland, Mississippi, Missouri, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, New Mexico, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas and Wisconsin. The Company is no longer subject to U.S. federal and state tax examinations by tax authorities for years before 2018.

The Company recognizes interest related to unrecognized tax benefits in interest expense and penalties in other non-interest expense. During the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, the Company did not recognize any significant interest or penalties.

13. Common Stock, Compensation Plans and Other

Common Stock

The Company’s Restated Articles of Incorporation, as amended, authorize the issuance of up to 300,000,000 shares of common stock, par value $0.01 per share.

The Company also has the authority to issue up to 5,500,000 shares of preferred stock, par value $0.01 per share under the Company’s Restated Articles of Incorporation.

Stock Repurchases

On January 22, 2021, the Board of Directors of the Company authorized the repurchase of up to an additional 20,000,000 shares of the Company’s common stock under the previously approved stock repurchase program. During 2022, the Company utilized a portion of this stock repurchase program in order to repurchase a total of 3,098,531 shares with a weighted-average stock price of $22.84 per share. The 2022 earnings were used to fund the repurchases during the year. Shares repurchased under the program as of December 31, 2022 total 20,759,866 shares. The remaining balance available for repurchase was 18,992,134 shares at December 31, 2022.

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Stock Compensation Plans

On January 21, 2022, the Company’s Board of Directors adopted, and on April 21, 2022, the Company's shareholders approved, the Home BancShares, Inc. 2022 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2022 Plan”). The 2022 Plan replaced the Company’s Amended and Restated 2006 Stock Option and Performance Incentive Plan (the “2006 Plan” and, together with the 2022 Plan, the “Plans”), which expired on February 27, 2022. The purpose of the Plans is to attract and retain highly qualified officers, directors, key employees, and other persons, and to motivate those persons to improve the Company’s business results. As of December 31, 2022, the maximum total number of shares of the Company’s common stock available for issuance under the 2022 Plan was 14,788,000 shares (representing 13,288,000 shares approved for issuance under the 2006 Plan plus 1,500,000 shares added upon adoption of the 2022 Plan). At December 31, 2022, the Company had 2,762,049 shares of common stock remaining available for future grants and 5,732,565 shares of common stock reserved for issuance pursuant the Plans.

The intrinsic value of the stock options outstanding at December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 was $7.8 million, $13.1 million and $5.0 million, respectively. The intrinsic value of the stock options vested at December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 was $7.5 million, $10.7 million and $4.7 million, respectively.

The intrinsic value of the stock options exercised during 2022, 2021 and 2020 was $1.8 million, $2.0 million, and $719,000, respectively.

Total unrecognized compensation cost, net of income tax benefit, related to non-vested awards, which are expected to be recognized over the vesting periods, was approximately $5.2 million as of December 31, 2022.

The table below summarized the stock option transactions under the Plan at December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 and changes during the years then ended:

	2022			2021			2020
	Shares (000)	Weighted- average Exercisable Price		Shares (000)	Weighted- average Exercisable Price		Shares (000)	Weighted- average Exercisable Price
Outstanding, beginning of year	3,015	$	20.06	3,254	$	19.77	3,411	$	19.60
Granted	183	21.13		15	21.68		—	—
Forfeited/Expired	(96)	21.89		(57)	22.44		(76)	21.95
Exercised	(131)	11.30		(197)	14.78		(81)	10.61
Outstanding, end of year	2,971	20.45		3,015	20.06		3,254	19.77
Exercisable, end of year	1,837	18.89		1,543	17.46		1,537	16.82

Stock-based compensation expense for stock-based compensation awards granted is based on the grant-date fair value. For stock option awards, the fair value is estimated at the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. This model requires the input of highly subjective assumptions, changes to which can materially affect the fair value estimate. Additionally, there may be other factors that would otherwise have a significant effect on the value of employee stock options granted but are not considered by the model. Accordingly, while management believes that the Black-Scholes option-pricing model provides a reasonable estimate of fair value, the model does not necessarily provide the best single measure of fair value for the Company's employee stock options. The weighted-average fair value of options granted during the year ended December 31, 2022 was $5.21, and the weighted-average fair value of options granted during the year ended December 31, 2021 was $11.11. The fair value of each option granted is estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model based on the weighted-average assumptions for expected dividend yield, expected stock price volatility, risk-free interest rate, and expected life of options granted.

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The assumptions used in determining the fair value of 2022, 2021 and 2020 stock option grants were as follows:

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2022		2021		2020
Expected dividend yield	3.14	%	2.59	%		Not Applicable
Expected stock price volatility	31.18	%	70.13	%		Not Applicable
Risk-free interest rate	2.82	%	0.75	%		Not Applicable
Expected life of options	6.5 years		6.5 years			Not Applicable

The following is a summary of currently outstanding and exercisable options at December 31, 2022:

Options Outstanding					Options Exercisable
Exercise Prices	Options Outstanding Shares (000)	Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Life (in years)	Weighted- Average Exercise Price		Options Exercisable Shares (000)	Weighted- Average Exercise Price
$6.56 to $8.62	100	0.05	$	8.62	100	$	8.62
$9.54 to $14.71	100	2.04	14.71		100	14.71
$16.77 to $16.86	110	1.70	16.81		110	16.81
$17.12 to $17.36	86	2.29	17.12		86	17.12
$17.40 to $18.46	866	2.63	18.45		866	18.45
$18.50 to $20.16	35	6.27	19.04		21	19.04
$20.46 to $21.25	258	5.63	20.84		155	21.08
$21.31 to $22.22	127	6.05	22.18		82	22.21
$22.70 to $23.32	1,185	5.55	23.32		240	23.32
$23.51 to $25.96	104	5.52	25.34		77	25.74
	2,971				1,837

The table below summarizes the activity for the Company’s restricted stock issued and outstanding at December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 and changes during the years then ended:

	2022		2021		2020
	(In thousands)
Beginning of year	1,231		1,371		1,636
Issued	409		216		264
Vested	(178)		(320)		(453)
Forfeited	(81)		(36)		(76)
End of year	1,381		1,231		1,371
Amount of expense for twelve months ended	$	7,646	$	7,112	$	6,824

Total unrecognized compensation cost, net of income tax benefit, related to non-vested restricted stock awards, which are expected to be recognized over the vesting periods, was approximately $14.6 million as of December 31, 2022.

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14. Non-Interest Expense

The table below shows the components of non-interest expense for years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020:

	2022		2021		2020
	(In thousands)
Salaries and employee benefits	$	238,885	$	170,755	$	163,950
Occupancy and equipment	53,417		36,631		38,412
Data processing expense	34,942		24,280		19,032
Merger expense	49,594		1,886		711
Other operating expenses:
Advertising	7,974		4,855		3,999
Amortization of intangibles	8,853		5,683		5,844
Electronic banking expense	13,632		9,817		8,477
Directors' fees	1,491		1,614		1,624
Due from bank service charges	1,255		1,044		975
FDIC and state assessment	8,428		5,472		6,494
Hurricane expense	176		—		—
Insurance	3,705		3,118		3,018
Legal and accounting	9,401		3,703		4,222
Other professional fees	8,881		6,950		8,150
Operating supplies	3,120		1,915		1,988
Postage	2,078		1,283		1,283
Telephone	1,890		1,425		1,302
Other expense	27,905		18,086		17,904
Total other operating expenses	98,789		64,965		65,280
Total non-interest expense	$	475,627	$	298,517	$	287,385

15. Employee Benefit Plans

401(k) and Employee Stock Ownership Plan

The Company has a combined 401(k) plan and employee stock ownership plan, named the Home BancShares, Inc. 401(k) and Employee Stock Ownership Plan, in which substantially all employees may participate. The Company matches employees’ contributions based on a percentage of salary contributed by participants. As of December 31, 2022, participants in the plan held approximately 1.3 million shares of the Company’s stock. These shares are allocated to the individual employees that have elected to own stock within the plan. While the plan also allows for discretionary employer contributions, no discretionary contributions were made for the years ended 2022, 2021 and 2020. The Company’s expense for the plan was approximately $3.1 million, $2.5 million and $2.3 million in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively, which is included in salaries and employee benefits expense.

Chairman’s Retirement Plan

On April 20, 2007, the Company’s Board of Directors approved a Chairman’s Retirement Plan for John W. Allison, the Company’s Chairman. The Chairman’s Retirement Plan provides a supplemental retirement benefit of $250,000 a year for 10 consecutive years or until Mr. Allison’s death, whichever occurs later. During 2011, Mr. Allison reached the age of 65 and became 100% vested in the plan. Therefore, he began receiving the supplemental retirement benefit due to him. He received $250,000 of this benefit during 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. An expense of $97,449, $109,140 and $119,935 was accrued for 2022, 2021 and 2020 for this plan, respectively.

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16. Related Party Transactions

In the ordinary course of business, loans may be made to officers and directors and their affiliated companies at substantially the same terms as comparable transactions with other borrowers. At December 31, 2022 and 2021, related party loans were approximately $76.5 million and $60.7 million, respectively. New loans and advances on prior commitments made to the related parties were $24.8 million and $1.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Repayments of loans made by the related parties were $9.1 million and $6.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

At December 31, 2022 and 2021, directors, officers, and other related interest parties had demand, non-interest-bearing deposits of approximately $7.7 million and $1.8 million, respectively, savings and interest-bearing transaction accounts of approximately $10.9 million and $14.3 million, respectively, and time certificates of deposit of approximately $390,000 and $387,000, respectively.

During each of 2022, 2021 and 2020, rent expense totaling approximately $137,000, $143,000 and $115,000, respectively, was paid to related parties.

17. Leases

The Company leases land and office facilities under long-term, non-cancelable operating lease agreements. The leases expire at various dates through 2044 and do not include renewal options based on economic factors that would have implied that continuation of the lease was reasonably certain. Certain leases provide for increases in future minimum annual rental payments as defined in the lease agreements. The leases generally include real estate taxes and common area maintenance (“CAM”) charges in the rental payments. Short-term leases are leases having a term of twelve months or less. In accordance with ASU 2018-11, the Company does not separate nonlease components from the associated lease component of our operating leases. As a result, the Company accounts for these components as a single component under Topic 842 since (i) the timing and pattern of transfer of the nonlease components and the associated lease component are the same and (ii) the lease component, if accounted for separately, would be classified as an operating lease. The Company recognizes short-term leases on a straight-line basis and does not record a related ROU asset and liability for such leases. In addition, equipment leases were determined to be immaterial and a related ROU asset and liability for such leases is not recorded.

As of December 31, 2022, the balances of the right-of-use asset and lease liability were $42.9 million and $46.0 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2021, the balances of the right-of-use asset and lease liability were $39.6 million and $42.4 million, respectively. The right-of-use asset is included in bank premises and equipment, net, and the lease liability is included in accrued interest payable and other liabilities.

The minimum rental commitments under these noncancelable operating leases are as follows (in thousands) as of December 31, 2022 and 2021:

	December 31, 2022
2023	$	8,332
2024	7,463
2025	6,739
2026	6,352
2027	5,821
Thereafter	24,591
Total future minimum lease payments	$	59,298
Discount effect of cash flows	(13,344)
Present value of net future minimum lease payments	$	45,954

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	December 31, 2021
2022	$	7,714
2023	6,574
2024	6,001
2025	5,510
2026	5,389
Thereafter	24,999
Total future minimum lease payments	$	56,187
Discount effect of cash flows	(13,778)
Present value of net future minimum lease payments	$	42,409

Additional information (dollar amounts in thousands):

	Year Ended December 31, 2022			Year Ended December 31, 2021			Year Ended December 31, 2020
Lease expense:
Operating lease expense	$	7,995		$	7,857		$	8,138
Short-term lease expense	3			6			35
Variable lease expense	873			1,028			1,056
Total lease expense	$	8,871		$	8,891		$	9,229
Other information:
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities	$	8,128		$	7,881		$	8,030
Weighted-average remaining lease term	9.28			9.71			10.19
Weighted-average discount rate	3.41		%	3.48		%	3.61		%

18. Significant Estimates and Concentrations of Credit Risks

Accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America require disclosure of certain significant estimates and current vulnerabilities due to certain concentrations. Estimates related to the allowance for credit losses and certain concentrations of credit risk are reflected in Note 5, while deposit concentrations are reflected in Note 8.

The Company’s primary market areas are in Arkansas, Florida, Texas, South Alabama and New York. The Company primarily grants loans to customers located within these markets unless the borrower has an established relationship with the Company.

The diversity of the Company’s economic base tends to provide a stable lending environment. Although the Company has a loan portfolio that is diversified in both industry and geographic area, a substantial portion of its debtors’ ability to honor their contracts is dependent upon real estate values, tourism demand and the economic conditions prevailing in its market areas.

Although the Company has a diversified loan portfolio, at December 31, 2022 and 2021, commercial real estate loans represented 56.3% and 59.7% of total loans receivable, respectively, and 230.1% and 212.2% of total stockholders’ equity, respectively. Residential real estate loans represented 16.1% and 15.8% of total loans receivable and 66.0% and 56.3% of total stockholders’ equity at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Approximately 79.7% of the Company’s total loans and 84.6% of the Company’s real estate loans as of December 31, 2022, are to borrowers whose collateral is located in Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Texas and New York, the states in which the Company has its branch locations.

Any future volatility in the economy could cause the values of assets and liabilities recorded in the financial statements to change rapidly, resulting in material future adjustments in asset values, the allowance for credit losses and capital that could negatively impact the Company’s ability to meet regulatory capital requirements and maintain sufficient liquidity.

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19. Commitments and Contingencies

In the ordinary course of business, the Company makes various commitments and incurs certain contingent liabilities to fulfill the financing needs of their customers. These commitments and contingent liabilities include lines of credit and commitments to extend credit and issue standby letters of credit. The Company applies the same credit policies and standards as they do in the lending process when making these commitments. The collateral obtained is based on the assessed creditworthiness of the borrower.

At December 31, 2022 and 2021, commitments to extend credit of $4.83 billion and $3.05 billion, respectively, were outstanding. A percentage of these balances are participated out to other banks; therefore, the Company can call on the participating banks to fund future draws. Since some of these commitments are expected to expire without being drawn upon, the total commitment amount does not necessarily represent future cash requirements.

Outstanding standby letters of credit are contingent commitments issued by the Company, generally to guarantee the performance of a customer in third-party borrowing arrangements. The term of the guarantee is dependent upon the creditworthiness of the borrower, some of which are long-term. The amount of collateral obtained, if deemed necessary, is based on management’s credit evaluation of the counterparty. Collateral held varies but may include accounts receivable, inventory, property, plant and equipment, commercial real estate and residential real estate. Management uses the same credit policies in granting lines of credit as it does for on-balance-sheet instruments. The maximum amount of future payments the Company could be required to make under these guarantees at December 31, 2022 and 2021, is $184.6 million and $110.8 million, respectively.

The Company and/or its bank subsidiary have various unrelated legal proceedings, most of which involve loan foreclosure activity pending, which, in the aggregate, are not expected to have a material adverse effect on the financial position or results of operations or cash flows of the Company and its subsidiary.

20. Financial Instruments

Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Fair value measurements must maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. There is a hierarchy of three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair value:

Level 1	Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities
Level 2	Observable inputs other than Level 1 prices, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities
Level 3	Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities

A financial instrument’s level within the fair value hierarchy is based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. Transfers of financial instruments between levels within the fair value hierarchy are recognized on the date management determines that the underlying circumstances or assumptions have changed.

Available-for-sale securities - the Company's available-for-sale securities are considered to be Level 2 securities. The Level 2 securities consist primarily of U.S. government-sponsored enterprises, mortgage-backed securities plus state and political subdivisions. For these securities, the Company obtains fair value measurements from an independent pricing service. The fair value measurements consider observable data that may include dealer quotes, market spreads, cash flows, the U.S. Treasury yield curve, live trading levels, trade execution data, market consensus prepayment speeds, credit information and the bond’s terms and conditions, among other things.

The Company reviews the prices supplied by the independent pricing service, as well as their underlying pricing methodologies, for reasonableness and to ensure such prices are aligned with traditional pricing matrices. In general, the Company does not purchase investment portfolio securities with complicated structures. Pricing for the Company’s investment securities is fairly generic and is easily obtained. The Company uses a third-party comparison pricing vendor in order to reflect consistency in the fair values of the investment securities sampled by the Company each quarter.

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Held-to-maturity securities – the Company's held-to-maturity securities are considered to be Level 2 securities. The Level 2 securities consist primarily of U.S. government-sponsored enterprises, mortgage-backed securities plus state and political subdivisions. For these securities, the Company obtains fair value measurements from an independent pricing service. The fair value measurements consider observable data that may include dealer quotes, market spreads, cash flows, the U.S. Treasury yield curve, live trading levels, trade execution data, market consensus prepayment speeds, credit information and the bond’s terms and conditions, among other things.

Impaired loans - Impaired loans are carried at the net realizable value of the collateral if the loan is collateral dependent. A portion of the allowance for credit losses is allocated to impaired loans if the value of such loans is deemed to be less than the unpaid balance. If these allocations cause the allowance for credit losses to require an increase, such increase is reported as a component of the provision for credit losses. The fair value of loans with specific allocated losses was $168.6 million and $280.0 million as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. This valuation is considered Level 3, consisting of appraisals of underlying collateral. The Company reversed $1.1 million and $380,000 of accrued interest receivable when impaired loans were put on non-accrual status during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Foreclosed assets held for sale - Foreclosed assets held for sale are held by the Company at fair value, less estimated costs to sell. At foreclosure, if the fair value, less estimated costs to sell, of the real estate acquired is less than the Company’s recorded investment in the related loan, a write-down is recognized through a charge to the allowance for credit losses. Additionally, valuations are periodically performed by management and any subsequent reduction in value is recognized by a charge to income. The fair value of foreclosed assets held for sale is estimated using Level 3 inputs based on appraisals of underlying collateral. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the fair value of foreclosed assets held for sale, less estimated costs to sell, was $546,000 and $1.6 million, respectively.

No foreclosed assets held for sale were remeasured during the year ended December 31, 2022. No foreclosed assets held for sale were remeasured during the year ended December 31, 2021. Regulatory guidelines require the Company to reevaluate the fair value of foreclosed assets held for sale on at least an annual basis. The Company’s policy is to comply with the regulatory guidelines.

The significant unobservable (Level 3) inputs used in the fair value measurement of collateral for collateral-dependent impaired loans and foreclosed assets primarily relate to customized discounting criteria applied to the customer’s reported amount of collateral. The amount of the collateral discount depends upon the condition and marketability of the underlying collateral. As the Company’s primary objective in the event of default would be to monetize the collateral to settle the outstanding balance of the loan, less marketable collateral would receive a larger discount.

Fair Values of Financial Instruments

The following table presents the estimated fair values of the Company’s financial instruments. Fair value is the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date.

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	December 31, 2022
	Carrying Amount		Fair Value		Level
	(In thousands)
Financial assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	724,790	$	724,790	1
Investment securities - available for sale	4,041,590		4,041,590		2
Investment securities - held-to-maturity	1,287,705		1,126,146		2
Loans receivable, net of impaired loans and allowance	13,929,892		14,240,833		3
Accrued interest receivable	103,199		103,199		1
FHLB, FRB & FNBB stock; other equity investments	215,952		215,952		3
Marketable equity securities	52,034		52,034		1
Financial liabilities:
Deposits:
Demand and non-interest bearing	$	5,164,997	$	5,164,997	1
Savings and interest-bearing transaction accounts	11,730,552		11,730,552		1
Time deposits	1,043,234		1,014,348		3
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase	131,146		131,146		1
FHLB and other borrowed funds	650,000		595,886		2
Accrued interest payable	10,622		10,622		1
Subordinated debentures	440,420		411,686		3

	December 31, 2021
	Carrying Amount		Fair Value		Level
	(In thousands)
Financial assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	3,650,315	$	3,650,315	1
Investment securities - available for sale	3,119,807		3,119,807		2
Loans receivable, net of impaired loans and allowance	9,319,421		9,503,261		3
Accrued interest receivable	46,736		46,736		1
FHLB, FRB & FNBB stock; other equity investments	124,638		124,638		3
Marketable equity securities	17,110		17,110		1
Financial liabilities:
Deposits:
Demand and non-interest bearing	$	4,127,878	$	4,127,878	1
Savings and interest-bearing transaction accounts	9,251,805		9,251,805		1
Time deposits	880,887		901,280		3
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase	140,886		140,886		1
FHLB and other borrowed funds	400,000		401,362		2
Accrued interest payable	4,798		4,798		1
Subordinated debentures	371,093		374,894		3

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21. Regulatory Matters

The Bank is subject to a legal limitation on dividends that can be paid to the parent company without prior approval of the applicable regulatory agencies. Arkansas bank regulators have specified that the maximum dividend limit state banks may pay to the parent company without prior approval is 75% of the current year earnings plus 75% of the retained net earnings of the preceding year. Since the Bank is also under supervision of the Federal Reserve, it is further limited if the total of all dividends declared in any calendar year by the Bank exceeds the Bank’s net profits to date for that year combined with its retained net profits for the preceding two years. During 2022, the Company requested approximately $214.7 million in regular dividends from its banking subsidiary.

The Company’s banking subsidiary is subject to various regulatory capital requirements administered by the federal banking agencies. Failure to meet minimum capital requirements can initiate certain mandatory and possibly additional discretionary actions by regulators that, if undertaken, could have a direct material effect on the Company’s consolidated financial statements. Under capital adequacy guidelines and the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action, the Company must meet specific capital guidelines that involve quantitative measures of the Company’s assets, liabilities and certain off-balance-sheet items as calculated under regulatory accounting practices. The Company’s capital amounts and classifications are also subject to qualitative judgments by the regulators about components, risk weightings and other factors. Furthermore, the Company’s regulators could require adjustments to regulatory capital not reflected in the consolidated financial statements.

Quantitative measures established by regulation to ensure capital adequacy require the Company to maintain minimum amounts and ratios of total, common equity Tier 1 ("CET1") and Tier 1 capital (as defined in the regulations) to risk-weighted assets (as defined) and of Tier 1 capital (as defined) to average assets (as defined). Management believes that, as of December 31, 2022, the Company meets all capital adequacy requirements to which it is subject.

On December 31, 2018, the federal banking agencies issued a joint final rule to revise their regulatory capital rules to permit bank holding companies and banks to phase-in, for regulatory capital purposes, the day-one impact of the new CECL accounting rule on retained earnings over a period of three years. As part of its response to the impact of COVID-19, on March 27, 2020, the federal banking regulatory agencies issued an interim final rule that provided the option to temporarily delay certain effects of CECL on regulatory capital for two years, followed by a three-year transition period. The interim final rule allows bank holding companies and banks to delay for two years 100% of the day-one impact of adopting CECL and 25% of the cumulative change in the reported allowance for credit losses since adopting CECL. The Company has elected to adopt the interim final rule, which is reflected in the risk-based capital ratios presented below.

Basel III became effective for the Company and its bank subsidiary on January 1, 2015. Basel III amended the prompt corrective action rules to incorporate a CET1 capital requirement and to raise the capital requirements for certain capital categories. In order to be adequately capitalized for purposes of the prompt corrective action rules, a banking organization is required to have at least a 4.5% CET1 risk-based capital ratio, a 4% Tier 1 leverage ratio, a 6% Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio and an 8% total risk-based capital ratio.

The Federal Reserve Board’s risk-based capital guidelines include the definitions for (1) a well-capitalized institution, (2) an adequately-capitalized institution, and (3) an undercapitalized institution. Under Basel III, the criteria for a well-capitalized institution are now: a 6.5% CET1 risk-based capital ratio, a 5% Tier 1 leverage ratio, an 8% Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio, and a 10% total risk-based capital ratio. As of December 31, 2022, the Bank met the capital standards for a well-capitalized institution. The Company’s CET1 risk-based capital ratio, Tier 1 leverage ratio, Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio, and total risk-based capital ratio were 12.91%, 10.86%, 12.91%, and 16.54%, respectively, as of December 31, 2022.

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The Company’s actual capital amounts and ratios along with the Company’s bank subsidiary are presented in the following table.

	Actual				Minimum Capital Requirement –Basel III				Minimum To Be Well-Capitalized Under Prompt Corrective Action Provision
	Amount		Ratio		Amount		Ratio		Amount	Ratio
	(Dollars in thousands)
As of December 31, 2022
Common equity Tier 1 capital ratios:
Home BancShares	$	2,399,919	12.91	%	$	1,300,831	7.00	%	N/A	N/A
Centennial Bank	2,408,756		13.00		1,297,352		7.00		1,204,684	6.50
Leverage ratios:
Home BancShares	$	2,399,919	10.86	%	$	883,664	4.00	%	N/A	N/A
Centennial Bank	2,408,756		10.93		881,464		4.00		1,101,831	5.00
Tier 1 capital ratios:
Home BancShares	$	2,399,919	12.91	%	$	1,579,580	8.50	%	N/A	N/A
Centennial Bank	2,408,756		13.00		1,575,356		8.50		1,482,688	8.00
Total risk-based capital ratios:
Home BancShares	$	3,073,455	16.54	%	$	1,951,246	10.50	%	N/A	N/A
Centennial Bank	2,640,992		14.25		1,946,021		10.50		1,853,354	10.00
As of December 31, 2021
Common equity Tier 1 capital ratios:
Home BancShares	$	1,812,797	15.37	%	$	825,548	7.00	%	N/A	N/A
Centennial Bank	1,859,093		15.82		822,608		7.00		763,850	6.50
Leverage ratios:
Home BancShares	$	1,884,067	11.11	%	$	678,427	4.00	%	N/A	N/A
Centennial Bank	1,859,093		10.97		677,883		4.00		847,353	5.00
Tier 1 capital ratios:
Home BancShares	$	1,884,067	15.98	%	$	1,002,451	8.50	%	N/A	N/A
Centennial Bank	1,859,093		15.82		998,881		8.50		940,123	8.00
Total risk-based capital ratios:
Home BancShares	$	2,331,948	19.77	%	$	1,238,322	10.50	%	N/A	N/A
Centennial Bank	2,006,814		17.08		1,233,697		10.50		1,174,950	10.00

22. Additional Cash Flow Information

In connection with the Happy acquisition, accounted for under ASC Topic 805, the Company acquired approximately $6.69 billion in assets, including $858.6 million in cash and cash equivalents, assumed $6.15 billion in liabilities, and issued approximately 42.4 million shares of its common stock valued at approximately $958.8 million as of April 1, 2022. In addition, the holders of certain Happy stock-based awards received approximately $3.7 million in cash in cancellation of such awards, for a total transaction value of approximately $962.5 million.

In connection with the LH-Finance acquisition, accounted for using the purchase method, the Company acquired approximately $409.1 million in assets, including $407.4 million in loans as of February 29, 2020, and paid $421.2 million in cash.

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The following is summary of the Company’s additional cash flow information during the years ended December 31:

	2022		2021		2020
	(In thousands)
Interest paid	$	115,046	$	53,327	$	95,483
Income taxes paid	86,583		98,320		77,838
Assets acquired by foreclosure	619		2,623		2,639

23. Condensed Financial Information (Parent Company Only)

Condensed Balance Sheets

	December 31,
(In thousands)	2022		2021
Assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$	359,570	$	291,585
Investment securities	57,912		18,254
Investments in wholly-owned subsidiaries	3,538,344		2,815,345
Investments in unconsolidated subsidiaries	—		2,201
Other assets	19,422		14,591
Total assets	$	3,975,248	$	3,141,976
Liabilities
Subordinated debentures	$	440,420	$	371,093
Other liabilities	8,466		5,162
Total liabilities	448,886		376,255
Stockholders' Equity
Common stock	2,034		1,637
Capital surplus	2,386,699		1,487,373
Retained earnings	1,443,087		1,266,249
Accumulated other comprehensive income	(305,458)		10,462
Total stockholders' equity	3,526,362		2,765,721
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity	$	3,975,248	$	3,141,976

Condensed Statements of Income

	Years Ended December 31,
(In thousands)	2022		2021		2020
Income
Dividends from equity securities	$	2,088	$	646	$	385
Dividends from banking subsidiary	216,086		286,712		183,711
Other (loss) income	(1,297)		7,234		(1,588)
Total income	216,877		294,592		182,508
Expenses	38,933		34,194		33,346
Income before income taxes and equity in undistributed net income of subsidiaries	177,944		260,398		149,162
Tax benefit for income taxes	10,752		7,161		8,589
Income before equity in undistributed net income of subsidiaries	188,696		267,559		157,751
Equity in undistributed net income of subsidiaries	116,566		51,462		56,697
Net income	$	305,262	$	319,021	$	214,448

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Condensed Statements of Cash Flows

	Years Ended December 31,
(In thousands)	2022		2021		2020
Cash flows from operating activities
Net income	$	305,262	$	319,021	$	214,448
Items not requiring (providing) cash
Depreciation	—		—		216
Amortization	1,912		767		769
Share-based compensation	9,133		8,848		8,607
Decrease (increase) in value of equity securities	1,272		(7,178)		1,978
Gain on assets	—		—		(320)
Equity in undistributed income of subsidiaries	(116,566)		(51,462)		(56,697)
Changes in other assets	(4,149)		90		(628)
Changes in other liabilities	2,290		(76)		(307)
Net cash provided by operating activities	199,154		270,010		168,066
Cash flows from investing activities
Proceeds from sale of premises and equipment, net	—		—		1,841
Net cash proceeds from Happy Bancshares, Inc.	201,428		—		—
Purchases of equity securities	(49,975)		(13,276)		(15,015)
Proceeds from sale of equity securities	13,778		16,381		—
Redemptions of other investments	2,899		—		—
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities	168,130		3,105		(13,174)
Cash flows from financing activities
Retirement of subordinated debentures	(300,000)		—		—
Proceeds from the issuance of subordinated debentures	296,324		—		—
Redemption of trust preferred securities	(96,499)		—		—
Proceeds from exercise of stock options	156		2,374		595
Repurchase of common stock	(70,856)		(44,480)		(25,689)
Dividends paid	(128,424)		(92,142)		(87,677)
Net cash used in financing activities	(299,299)		(134,248)		(112,771)
Increase in cash and cash equivalents	67,985		138,867		42,121
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of year	291,585		152,718		110,597
Cash and cash equivalents, end of year	$	359,570	$	291,585	$	152,718

24. Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In December 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-12, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes. The amendments in the update simplify the accounting for income taxes by removing the exception to the incremental approach for intraperiod tax allocation when there is a loss from continuing operations and income or a gain from other items and the exception to the general methodology for calculating income taxes in an interim period when a year-to-date loss exceeds the anticipated loss for the year. The amendments in the update also simplify the accounting for income taxes by requiring that an entity recognize a franchise tax (or similar tax) that is partially based on income as an income-based tax and account for any incremental amount incurred as a non-income-based tax, requiring that an entity evaluate when a step up in the tax basis of goodwill should be considered part of the business combination in which the book goodwill was originally recognized and when it should be considered a separate transaction, specifying that an entity is not required to allocate the consolidated amount of current and deferred tax expense to a legal entity that is not subject to tax in its separate financial statements; however, an entity may elect to do so on an entity-by-entity basis for a legal entity that is both not subject to tax and disregarded by the taxing authority. The amendments require that an entity reflect the effect of an enacted change in tax laws or rates in the annual effective tax rate computation in the interim period that includes the enactment date. The Company adopted the guidance effective January 1, 2021, and its adoption did not have a significant impact on our financial position or financial statement disclosures.

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In March 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-04,“Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting.” ASU 2020-04 provides optional expedients and exceptions for accounting related to contracts, hedging relationships and other transactions affected by reference rate reform if certain criteria are met. ASU 2020-04 applies only to contracts, hedging relationships, and other transactions that reference LIBOR or another reference rate expected to be discontinued because of reference rate reform and do not apply to contract modifications made and hedging relationships entered into or evaluated after December 31, 2022, except for hedging relationships existing as of December 31, 2022, that an entity has elected certain optional expedients for and that are retained through the end of the hedging relationship. ASU 2020-04 was effective upon issuance and generally can be applied through December 31, 2022. To ensure the relief in Topic 848 covers the period of time during which a significant number of modifications may take place, ASU 2022-06 defers the sunset date of Topic 848 from December 31, 2022, to December 31, 2024, after which entities will no longer be permitted to apply the relief in Topic 848.

In January 2021, the FASB issued ASU 2021-01, “Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Scope.” The amendments in the update clarify that certain optional expedients and exceptions in Topic 848 for contract modifications and hedge accounting apply to derivatives that are affected by the discounting transition. Specifically, certain provisions in Topic 848, if elected by an entity, apply to derivative instruments that use an interest rate for margining, discounting, or contract price alignment that is modified as a result of reference rate reform. Amendments in the update to the expedients and exceptions in Topic 848 capture the incremental consequences of the scope clarification and tailor the existing guidance to derivative instruments affected by the discounting transition. The amendments in this Update do not apply to contract modifications made after December 31, 2022, new hedging relationships entered into after December 31, 2022, and existing hedging relationships evaluated for effectiveness in periods after December 31, 2022, except for hedging relationships existing as of December 31, 2022, that apply certain optional expedients in which the accounting effects are recorded through the end of the hedging relationship. ASU 2021-01 was effective upon issuance and generally can be applied through December 31, 2022. To ensure the relief in Topic 848 covers the period of time during which a significant number of modifications may take place, ASU 2022-06 defers the sunset date of Topic 848 from December 31, 2022, to December 31, 2024, after which entities will no longer be permitted to apply the relief in Topic 848.

In March 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-02, "Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326): Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures." The amendments eliminate the TDR recognition and measurement guidance and, instead, require that an entity evaluate (consistent with the accounting for other loan modifications) whether the modification represents a new loan or a continuation of an existing loan. The amendments also enhance existing disclosure requirements and introduce new requirements related to certain modifications of receivables made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty. The amendments require that an entity disclose current-period gross write-offs by year of origination for financing receivables and net investment in leases within the scope of Subtopic 326-20. Gross write-off information must be included in the vintage disclosures required for public business entities in accordance with Subtopic 326-20, which requires that an entity disclose the amortized cost basis of financing receivables by credit quality indicator and class of financing receivable by year of origination. ASU 2022-02 is effective for entities that have adopted ASU No. 2016-13 for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022, including interim periods within those fiscal years. These amendments should be applied prospectively. However, for the transition method related to the recognition and measurement of TDRs, an entity has the option to apply a modified retrospective transition method, resulting in a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings in the period of adoption. Early adoption is permitted if an entity has adopted ASU 2016-13. If an entity elects to early adopt ASU 2022-02 in an interim period, the guidance should be applied as of the beginning of the fiscal year that includes the interim period. An entity may elect to early adopt the amendments about TDRs and related disclosure enhancements separately from the amendments related to vintage disclosures. The Company is currently evaluating the potential impacts related to the adoption of the ASU.

In December 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-06, "Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Deferral of the Sunset Date of Topic 848." These amendments extend the period of time preparers can utilize the reference rate reform relief guidance in Topic 848. The objective of the guidance in Topic 848 is to provide relief during the temporary transition period, so the FASB included a sunset provision within Topic 848 based on expectations of when the London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) would cease being published. In 2021, the UK Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) delayed the intended cessation date of certain tenors of USD LIBOR to June 30, 2023. To ensure the relief in Topic 848 covers the period of time during which a significant number of modifications may take place, the ASU defers the sunset date of Topic 848 from December 31, 2022, to December 31, 2024, after which entities will no longer be permitted to apply the relief in Topic 848. ASU 2022-06 was effective upon issuance.

Item 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE

No items are reportable.

151

Item 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures.

An evaluation as of the end of the period covered by this annual report was carried out under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including the Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our “disclosure controls and procedures,” which are defined under SEC rules as controls and other procedures of a company that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within required time periods and that such information is accumulated and communicated to the company’s management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures. Based upon that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective. As a result of this evaluation, there were no significant changes in the Company’s disclosure controls or in other factors that could significantly affect those controls subsequent to the date of evaluation.

Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

The information required by Item 308(a) and 308(b) of Regulation S-K regarding management’s annual report on internal control over financial reporting and the audit report of the independent registered public accounting firm is contained in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” and is incorporated herein by this reference.

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

The Company’s management, including the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and its Chief Financial Officer regularly review our internal controls and procedures and make changes intended to ensure the quality of our financial reporting. There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the Company’s fourth quarter of its 2022 fiscal year that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

Item 9B. OTHER INFORMATION

No items are reportable.

PART III

Item 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

Incorporated herein by reference from the Company’s definitive proxy statement for the Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held April 20, 2023, to be filed pursuant to Regulation 14A.

Item 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION

Incorporated herein by reference from the Company’s definitive proxy statement for the Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held April 20, 2023, to be filed pursuant to Regulation 14A.

Item 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS

Incorporated herein by reference from the Company’s definitive proxy statement for the Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held April 20, 2023, to be filed pursuant to Regulation 14A, except as set forth below.

152

We currently maintain compensation plans, the Home BancShares, Inc. Amended and Restated 2006 Stock Option and Performance Incentive Plan, as amended, and the Home BancShares, Inc. 2022 Equity Incentive Plan, which provide for the issuance of stock-based compensation to directors, officers and other employees. These plans have been approved by the stockholders. The following table sets forth information regarding outstanding options and shares reserved for future issuance under the foregoing plans as of December 31, 2022:

Plan Category	Number of securities to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options, warrants and rights (a)	Weighted-average exercise price of outstanding options, warrants and rights (b)		Number of securities remaining available for future issuance under equity compensation plans (excluding shares reflected in column (a)) (c)
Equity compensation plans approved by the stockholders	2,970,516	$	20.45	2,762,049
Equity compensation plans not approved by the stockholders	—	—		—

Item 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE

Incorporated herein by reference from the Company’s definitive proxy statement for the Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held April 20, 2023, to be filed pursuant to Regulation 14A.

Item 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES

Incorporated herein by reference from the Company’s definitive proxy statement for the Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held April 20, 2023, to be filed pursuant to Regulation 14A.

PART IV

Item 15. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES

The following documents are filed as part of this report:

(a)    1 and 2. Financial Statements and any Financial Statement Schedules

The financial statements and financial statement schedules listed in the accompanying index to the consolidated financial statements and financial statement schedules are filed as part of this report.

3. Listing of Exhibits.

Exhibit No.
2.1	Agreement and Plan of Merger by and among Home BancShares, Inc., Centennial Bank, Happy Bancshares, Inc., and Happy State Bank, dated September 15, 2021 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 of Home BancShares’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed September 15, 2021)**
2.2	Amendment and Joinder Agreement, dated as of October 18, 2021, by and among Home BancShares, Inc., Centennial Bank, Happy Bancshares, Inc., Happy State Bank and HOMB Acquisition Sub III, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Appendix A of Home BancShares’s registration statement on Form S-4 (File No. 333-260446), as amended)
2.3	Second Amendment to Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of November 8, 2021, by and among Home BancShares, Inc., Centennial Bank, HOMB Acquisition Sub III, Inc., Happy Bancshares, Inc. and Happy State Bank (incorporated by reference to Appendix A of Home BancShares’s registration statement on Form S-4 (File No. 333-260446), as amended)
3.1	Restated Articles of Incorporation of Home BancShares, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of Home BancShares’s registration statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-132427), as amended)
3.2	Amendment to the Restated Articles of Incorporation of Home BancShares, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 of Home BancShares’s registration statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-132427), as amended)

153

3.3	Second Amendment to the Restated Articles of Incorporation of Home BancShares, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.3 of Home BancShares’s registration statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-132427), as amended)
3.4	Third Amendment to the Restated Articles of Incorporation of Home BancShares, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.4 of Home BancShares’s registration statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-132427), as amended)
3.5	Fourth Amendment to the Restated Articles of Incorporation of Home BancShares, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of Home BancShares’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2007, filed on August 8, 2007)
3.6	Fifth Amendment to the Restated Articles of Incorporation of Home BancShares, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.6 of Home BancShares’s registration statement on Form S-3 (File No. 333-157165))
3.7	Certificate of Designations of Fixed Rate Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock, Series A, filed with the Secretary of State of the State of Arkansas on January 14, 2009 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of Home BancShares’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on January 21, 2009)
3.8	Seventh Amendment to the Restated Articles of Incorporation of Home BancShares, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of Home BancShares’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on April 19, 2013)
3.9	Eighth Amendment to the Restated Articles of Incorporation of Home BancShares, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of Home BancShares Current Report on Form 8-K filed on April 22, 2016)
3.10	Ninth Amendment to the Restated Articles of Incorporation of Home BancShares, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of Home BancShares’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on April 23, 2019)
3.11	Amended and Restated Bylaws of Home BancShares, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of Home BancShares’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on January 28, 2021)
3.12	Amendment to the Amended and Restated Bylaws of Home BancShares, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of Home BancShares’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on April 22, 2022)
4.1	Specimen Stock Certificate representing Home BancShares, Inc. Common Stock (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.12 of Home BancShares’s registration statement on Form S-3ASR (File No. 333-261495))
4.2	Description of Capital Stock of Home BancShares, Inc.*
4.3	Instruments defining the rights of security holders including indentures. Home BancShares hereby agrees to furnish to the SEC upon request copies of instruments defining the rights of holders of long-term debt of Home BancShares and its consolidated subsidiaries. No issuance of debt exceeds ten percent of the assets of Home BancShares and its subsidiaries on a consolidated basis.
10.1	Amended and Restated 2006 Stock Option and Performance Incentive Plan of Home BancShares, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of Home BancShares’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on March 30, 2012) ^
10.2	Amendment to Amended and Restated 2006 Stock Option and Performance Incentive Plan of Home BancShares, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of Home BancShares’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended June 30, 2015, filed on August 6, 2015) ^
10.3	Amendment to Amended and Restated 2006 Stock Option and Performance Incentive Plan of Home BancShares, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of Home BancShares’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on April 22, 2016) ^
10.4	Amendment to Amended and Restated 2006 Stock Option and Performance Incentive Plan of Home BancShares, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of Home BancShares’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on April 20, 2018) ^
10.5	Amendment to Amended and Restated 2006 Stock Option and Performance Incentive Plan of Home BancShares, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 of Home BancShares’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended March 31, 2018, filed on May 7, 2018) ^
10.6	Home BancShares, Inc. 2022 Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Appendix B of the Company’s Definitive Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A filed on March 4, 2022, as revised on March 7, 2022) ^
10.7	Form of Restricted Stock Agreement under the Home BancShares, Inc. 2022 Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.2 of the Company’s registration statement on Form S-8 (File No. 333-264409)) ^

154

10.8	Form of Stock Option Agreement under the Home BancShares, Inc. 2022 Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.3 of the Company’s registration statement on Form S-8 (File No. 333-264409)) ^
10.9	Form of Change in Control Agreement by and between Home BancShares, Inc., Centennial Bank and Executive Officer (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of Home BancShares’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on August 10, 2020) ^
10.10	Executive Chairman Agreement by and between John W. Allison and Home BancShares, Inc., dated March 1, 2021 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of Home BancShares’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on March 5, 2021) ^
10.11	Employment Agreement by and between Mikel Williamson and Centennial Bank, effective April 1, 2022 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of Home BancShares’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on August 9, 2022) ^
21.1	Subsidiaries of the Registrant.*
23.1	Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm*
31.1	CEO Certification Pursuant Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a)*
31.2	CFO Certification Pursuant Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a)*
32.1	CEO Certification Pursuant 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to section 906 of the Sarbanes – Oxley Act of 2002*
32.2	CFO Certification Pursuant 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to section 906 of the Sarbanes – Oxley Act of 2002*
99.1	Asset Purchase Agreement by and among Home BancShares, Inc., Centennial Bank, and Union Bank & Trust, dated June 29, 2018 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.3 of Home BancShares’s Current Report on Form 8-K/A filed on July 6, 2018)
101.INS	Inline XBRL Instance Document*
101.SCH	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document*
101.CAL	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document*
101.LAB	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document*
101.PRE	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document*
101.DEF	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document*
104	Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document)

_________________________________________

*    Filed herewith

** The disclosure schedules referenced in the Agreement and Plan of Merger have been omitted pursuant to Item

601(a)(5) of SEC Regulation S-K. The Company hereby agrees to furnish supplementally a copy of any omitted         

disclosure schedule to the SEC upon request.

˄ Denotes a management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.

Item 16. FORM 10-K SUMMARY

None.

155

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

	HOME BANCSHARES, INC.
	By:	/s/ John W. Allison
		John W. Allison
		Chairman, Chief Executive Officer and President
Date: February 24, 2023

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant and in the capacities indicated as of February 24, 2023.

/s/ John W. Allison	/s/ Brian S. Davis	/s/ Milburn Adams
John W. Allison Chairman of the Board of Directors, Chief Executive Officer and President (Principal Executive Officer)	Brian S. Davis Chief Financial Officer, Treasurer and Director (Principal Financial Officer)	Milburn Adams Director
/s/ Robert H. Adcock, Jr.	/s/ Richard H. Ashley	/s/ Mike Beebe
Robert H. Adcock, Jr. Director	Richard H. Ashley Director	Mike Beebe Director
/s/ Jack E. Engelkes	/s/ Tracy M. French	/s/ Karen Garrett
Jack E. Engelkes Vice Chairman of the Board of Directors	Tracy M. French Director	Karen Garrett Director
/s/ James P. Hickman	/s/ James G. Hinkle	/s/ Alex R. Lieblong
James P. Hickman Director	James G. Hinkle Director	Alex R. Lieblong Director
/s/ Thomas J. Longe	/s/ Jim Rankin, Jr.	/s/ Larry W. Ross
Thomas J. Longe Director	Jim Rankin, Jr. Director	Larry W. Ross Director
/s/ Donna J. Townsell	/s/ Jennifer C. Floyd
Donna J. Townsell Director	Jennifer C. Floyd Chief Accounting Officer (Principal Accounting Officer)

156

EX-4.2

Exhibit 4.2

DESCRIPTION OF CAPITAL STOCK

The following is a description of the capital stock of Home BancShares, Inc. (the “Company”) and certain provisions of the Company’s Restated Articles of Incorporation, as amended (“Articles of Incorporation”), Amended and Restated Bylaws, as amended (“Bylaws”), and certain provisions of applicable law. The following is only a summary and is qualified by applicable law and by the provisions of the Company’s Articles of Incorporation and Bylaws, copies of which have been filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) and are also available upon request from the Company.

General

Under our Articles of Incorporation we have authority to issue up to 300,000,000 shares of common stock, par value $0.01 per share, and up to 5,500,000 shares of preferred stock, par value $0.01 per share. Each share of our common stock has the same relative rights as, and is identical in all respects to, each other share of our common stock.

As of December 31, 2022, 203,433,690 shares of our common stock were issued and outstanding, and 5,732,565 shares of common stock were reserved for issuance pursuant to the Company’s equity incentive plans. Our common stock is listed on the New York Stock Exchange. The outstanding shares of our common stock are validly issued, fully paid and non-assessable.

As of December 31, 2022, no shares of our preferred stock were issued and outstanding.

Common Stock

Voting Rights. Holders of our common stock are entitled to one vote per share on all matters submitted to a vote of shareholders. Holders of our common stock do not have cumulative voting rights.

Dividend Rights. Holders of our common stock are entitled to dividends when, as, and if declared by our board of directors out of funds legally available for the payment of dividends. Holders of any series of preferred stock we may issue in the future may have a priority over holders of common stock with respect to dividends. The payment of dividends is subject to government regulation, in that regulatory authorities may prohibit banks and bank holding companies from paying dividends in a manner that would constitute an unsafe or unsound banking practice. In addition, a bank may not pay cash dividends if doing so would reduce the amount of its capital below that necessary to meet minimum regulatory capital requirements. State laws also limit a bank’s ability to pay dividends. Accordingly, the dividend restrictions imposed on our bank subsidiary by statute or regulation effectively may limit the amount of dividends we can pay.

Liquidation and Dissolution. In the event of the liquidation, dissolution and winding up of the Company, the holders of our common stock are entitled to receive ratably all of the assets of the Company available for distribution after satisfaction of all liabilities of the Company, subject to the rights of the holders of any of the Company’s preferred shares that may be issued from time to time.

Other Rights. Holders of our common stock have no preferential or preemptive rights with respect to any securities of the Company, and there are no conversion rights or redemption or sinking fund provisions applicable to our common stock.

Restrictions on Ownership. The Bank Holding Company Act (the “BHCA”) requires any “bank holding company,” as defined in the BHCA, to obtain the approval of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve prior to the acquisition of 5% or more of our common stock. Any “company,” as defined in the BHCA, other than a bank holding company would be required to obtain Federal Reserve approval before acquiring “control” of us. “Control” generally means (i) the ownership or control of 25% or more of a class of voting securities, (ii) the ability to elect a majority of the directors or (iii) the ability otherwise to exercise a controlling influence over our management and policies. A holder of 25% or more of our outstanding common stock, other than an individual, is subject to regulation and supervision as a bank holding company under the BHCA. In addition, under the Change in Bank Control Act of 1978, as amended, and the Federal Reserve’s regulations thereunder, any person, either individually or acting through or in concert with one or more persons, is required to provide notice to the Federal Reserve prior to acquiring, directly or indirectly, 10% or more of our outstanding common stock.

Modification of Rights. Our board of directors acting by a majority vote of the members present, without shareholder approval, may amend our Bylaws and may issue shares of our preferred stock under terms determined by the board of directors as described below under “Preferred Stock.” Rights of holders of our common stock may not otherwise be modified except by a majority of votes cast, assuming a quorum is present. Additionally, under the Arkansas Business Corporation Act of 1987, a majority vote is required for the approval of a merger or consolidation with another corporation, and for the sale of all or substantially all of our assets and dissolution of the Company.

Transfer Agent. The transfer agent and registrar for our common stock is Computershare, 150 Royall Street, Canton, Massachusetts 02021.

Preferred Stock

The 5,500,000 shares of our preferred stock, par value $0.01 per share, are typically referred to as “blank check” preferred stock. This term means that these shares of preferred stock may be issued with such preferences, limitations, relative rights, and terms as determined by our board of directors. As such, the board of directors can, without shareholder approval, issue preferred stock with voting, dividend, liquidation and conversion rights that could dilute the voting strength of the holders of the common stock and may assist management in impeding an unfriendly takeover or attempted change in control.

The Company has no present plans to issue any shares of its preferred stock.

EX-21.1

Exhibit 21.1

HOME BANCSHARES, INC.

DIRECT AND INDIRECT SUBSIDIARIES

AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2022

Name of Subsidiary	State of Incorporation/ Organization
Centennial Bank	Arkansas
Centennial Insurance Agency, Inc. d/b/a Insurance Mart, Inc.	Arkansas
Cook Insurance Agency, Inc.	Florida
Freedom Insurance Group, Inc.	Arkansas
Centennial AL Holdings, Inc.	Alabama
Centennial NY Holdings, Inc.	New York
Centennial REIT, Inc.	New York
Centennial Capital, Inc.	New York
Boomer Air, LLC	Arkansas
Centennial AAC NMTC Fund, LLC	Arkansas
GoldStar Trust Company	Arkansas
1908 Properties, LLC	Texas
HBI Insurance, Inc.	Arkansas

955127.2

EX-23.1

Exhibit 23.1

Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

Audit Committee, Board of Directors and Stockholders

Home BancShares, Inc.

Conway, Arkansas

We consent to the incorporation by reference in the registration statement of Home BancShares, Inc. on Forms S-8 (Nos. 333-136645, 333-148763, 333-188591, 333-211116, 333-226608, 333-229805 and 333-264409) and Form S-3 (No. 333-261495) of our report dated February 24, 2023, on our audit of the consolidated financial statements of Home BancShares, Inc. as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, and for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2022, which is included in the Annual Report on Form 10-K. We also consent to the incorporation by reference of our report dated February 24, 2023, on our audit of the internal control over financial reporting of Home BancShares, Inc. as of December 31, 2022, which is included in the Annual Report on Form 10-K.

/s/ FORVIS, LLP

(Formerly, BKD, LLP)

Little Rock, Arkansas

February 24, 2023

EX-31.1

Exhibit 31.1

I, John W. Allison, certify that:

1.I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-K of Home BancShares, Inc. for the period ended December 31, 2022;

2.Based on my knowledge, this annual report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this annual report;

3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this annual report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this annual report;

4.The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

a)designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this annual report is being prepared;

b)designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

c)evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this annual report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this annual report based on such evaluation; and

d)disclosed in this annual report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5.The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

a)all significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

b)any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: February 24, 2023	/s/ John W. Allison
	John. W. Allison Chief Executive Officer

EX-31.2

Exhibit 31.2

I, Brian S. Davis, certify that:

1.I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-K of Home BancShares, Inc. for the period ended December 31, 2022;

2.Based on my knowledge, this annual report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this annual report;

3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this annual report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this annual report;

4.The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

a)designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this annual report is being prepared;

b)designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

c)evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this annual report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this annual report based on such evaluation; and

d)disclosed in this annual report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5.The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

a)all significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

b)any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: February 24, 2023	/s/ Brian S. Davis
	Brian S. Davis Chief Financial Officer

EX-32.1

Exhibit 32.1

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO

18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,

AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO

SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

In connection with the accompanying Annual Report of Home BancShares, Inc. (the Company) on Form 10-K for the period ended December 31, 2022, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the Report), I, John W. Allison, Chief Executive Officer of the Company, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1350, as adopted pursuant to § 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, to my knowledge, that:

(1)The Report fully complies with the requirements of section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

(2)The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

Date: February 24, 2023	/s/ John W. Allison
	John. W. Allison Chief Executive Officer

EX-32.2

Exhibit 32.2

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO

18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,

AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO

SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

In connection with the accompanying Annual Report of Home BancShares, Inc. (the Company) on Form 10-K for the period ended December 31, 2022, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the Report), I, Brian S. Davis, Chief Financial Officer of the Company, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1350, as adopted pursuant to § 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, to my knowledge, that:

(1)The Report fully complies with the requirements of section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

(2)The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

Date: February 24, 2023	/s/ Brian S. Davis
	Brian S. Davis Chief Financial Officer

XML

Cover - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Feb. 22, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022
Cover [Abstract]
Document Type	10-K
Document Annual Report	true
Document Period End Date	Dec. 31, 2022
Current Fiscal Year End Date	--12-31
Document Transition Report	false
Entity File Number	001-41093
Entity Registrant Name	HOME BANCSHARES, INC.
Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code	AR
Entity Tax Identification Number	71-0682831
Entity Address, Address Line One	719 Harkrider, Suite 100
Entity Address, City or Town	Conway
Entity Address, State or Province	AR
Entity Address, Postal Zip Code	72032
City Area Code	501
Local Phone Number	339-2929
Title of 12(g) Security	Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share
Trading Symbol	HOMB
Security Exchange Name	NYSE
Entity Well-known Seasoned Issuer	Yes
Entity Voluntary Filers	No
Entity Current Reporting Status	Yes
Entity Interactive Data Current	Yes
Entity Filer Category	Large Accelerated Filer
Entity Small Business	false
Entity Emerging Growth Company	false
ICFR Auditor Attestation Flag	true
Entity Shell Company	false
Entity Public Float			$ 3,960
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding		203,607,141
Documents Incorporated by Reference	Documents incorporated by reference: Portions of the registrant’s Proxy Statement relating to its 2023 Annual Meeting to be held on April 20, 2023, are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Form 10-K.
Entity Central Index Key	0001331520
Document Fiscal Year Focus	2022
Document Fiscal Period Focus	FY
Amendment Flag	false

XML

Audit Information	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022
Audit Information [Abstract]
Auditor Firm ID	686
Auditor Location	Little Rock, Arkansas
Auditor Name	FORVIS, LLP(Formerly, BKD, LLP)

XML

Consolidated Balance Sheets - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Assets
Cash and due from banks	$ 263,893	$ 119,908
Interest-bearing deposits with other banks	460,897	3,530,407
Cash and cash equivalents	724,790	3,650,315
Investment securities – available-for-sale, net of allowance for credit losses	4,041,590	3,119,807
Investment securities – held-to-maturity, net of allowance for credit losses	1,287,705	0
Total investment securities	5,329,295	3,119,807
Loans receivable	14,409,480	9,836,089
Allowance for credit losses	(289,669)	(236,714)
Loans receivable, net	14,119,811	9,599,375
Bank premises and equipment, net	405,073	275,760
Foreclosed assets held for sale	546	1,630
Cash value of life insurance	213,693	105,135
Accrued interest receivable	103,199	46,736
Deferred tax asset, net	209,321	78,290
Goodwill	1,398,253	973,025
Core deposit intangible	58,455	25,045
Other assets	321,152	177,020
Total assets	22,883,588	18,052,138
Deposits:
Demand and non-interest-bearing	5,164,997	4,127,878
Savings and interest-bearing transaction accounts	11,730,552	9,251,805
Time deposits	1,043,234	880,887
Total deposits	17,938,783	14,260,570
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase	131,146	140,886
FHLB and other borrowed funds	650,000	400,000
Accrued interest payable and other liabilities	196,877	113,868
Subordinated debentures	440,420	371,093
Total liabilities	19,357,226	15,286,417
Stockholders’ equity:
Common stock, par value $0.01; shares authorized 300,000,000 in 2022 and 2021; shares issued and outstanding 203,433,690 in 2022 and 163,699,282 in 2021	2,034	1,637
Capital surplus	2,386,699	1,487,373
Retained earnings	1,443,087	1,266,249
Accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income	(305,458)	10,462
Total stockholders’ equity	3,526,362	2,765,721
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$ 22,883,588	$ 18,052,138

XML

Consolidated Balance Sheets (Parenthetical) - $ / shares	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Statement of Financial Position [Abstract]
Common stock, par value (in dollars per share)	$ 0.01	$ 0.01
Common stock, shares authorized (in shares)	300,000,000	300,000,000
Common stock, shares issued (in shares)	203,433,690	163,699,282
Common stock, shares outstanding (in shares)	203,433,690	163,699,282

XML

Consolidated Statements of Income - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Interest income:
Loans	$ 728,342	$ 571,960	$ 625,338
Investment securities
Taxable	91,933	30,054	32,596
Tax-exempt	28,356	19,642	16,158
Deposits – other banks	29,110	3,515	1,849
Federal funds sold	25	0	21
Total interest income	877,766	625,171	675,962
Interest expense:
Interest on deposits	85,989	24,936	63,110
Federal funds purchased	2	0	13
FHLB and other borrowed funds	11,076	7,604	9,506
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase	1,430	497	1,167
Subordinated debentures	20,593	19,163	19,611
Total interest expense	119,090	52,200	93,407
Net interest income	758,676	572,971	582,555
Provision for credit losses on loans	50,170	0	111,422
Provision for credit losses on unfunded commitments	11,410	(4,752)	16,989
Provision for credit losses on investment securities	2,005	0	842
Total credit loss expense	63,585	(4,752)	129,253
Net interest income after provision for credit losses	695,091	577,723	453,302
Non-interest income:
Trust fees	12,855	1,960	1,633
Mortgage lending income	17,657	25,676	29,065
Insurance commissions	2,192	1,943	1,848
Increase in cash value of life insurance	3,800	2,049	2,200
Dividends from FHLB, FRB, FNBB & other	9,198	14,835	12,472
Gain on sale of SBA loans	183	2,380	645
Gain (loss) on branches, equipment and other assets, net	15	(105)	326
Gain on OREO, net	500	2,003	1,132
Gain on securities, net	0	219	0
Fair value adjustment for marketable securities	(1,272)	7,178	(1,978)
Other income	48,281	20,704	12,376
Total non-interest income	175,111	137,569	111,786
Non-interest expense:
Salaries and employee benefits	238,885	170,755	163,950
Occupancy and equipment	53,417	36,631	38,412
Data processing expense	34,942	24,280	19,032
Merger and acquisition expenses	49,594	1,886	711
Other operating expenses	98,789	64,965	65,280
Total non-interest expense	475,627	298,517	287,385
Income before income taxes	394,575	416,775	277,703
Income tax expense	89,313	97,754	63,255
Net income	$ 305,262	$ 319,021	$ 214,448
Basic earnings per common share (in dollars per share)	$ 1.57	$ 1.94	$ 1.30
Diluted earnings per common share (in dollars per share)	$ 1.57	$ 1.94	$ 1.30
Other service charges and fees
Non-interest income:
Service charges	$ 37,114	$ 22,276	$ 21,381
Trust fees
Non-interest income:
Service charges	$ 44,588	$ 36,451	$ 30,686

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Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Statement of Comprehensive Income [Abstract]
Net income available to all stockholders	$ 305,262	$ 319,021	$ 214,448
Net unrealized (loss) gain on available-for-sale securities	(417,349)	(45,567)	37,771
Other comprehensive (loss) income, before tax effect	(417,349)	(45,567)	37,771
Tax effect on other comprehensive (loss) income	101,429	11,909	(9,872)
Other comprehensive (loss) income	(315,920)	(33,658)	27,899
Comprehensive (loss) income	$ (10,658)	$ 285,363	$ 242,347

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Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Total	Cumulative Effect Period of Adoption Adjustment	Cumulative Effect Period of Adoption Adjusted Balance	Common Stock	Common Stock Cumulative Effect Period of Adoption Adjusted Balance	Capital Surplus	Capital Surplus Cumulative Effect Period of Adoption Adjusted Balance	Retained Earnings	Retained Earnings Cumulative Effect Period of Adoption Adjustment	Retained Earnings Cumulative Effect Period of Adoption Adjusted Balance	Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)	Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) Cumulative Effect Period of Adoption Adjusted Balance
Beginning Balance at Dec. 31, 2019	$ 2,511,531	$ (43,956)	$ 2,467,575	$ 1,664	$ 1,664	$ 1,537,091	$ 1,537,091	$ 956,555	$ (43,956)	$ 912,599	$ 16,221	$ 16,221
Comprehensive income:
Net income	214,448							214,448
Other comprehensive income (loss)	27,899										27,899
Net issuance of shares of common stock from exercise of stock options	595					595
Repurchase of shares of common stock	(25,690)			(15)		(25,675)
Share-based compensation net issuance of shares of restricted common stock	8,608			2		8,606
Cash dividends - Common Stock	(87,677)							(87,677)
Ending balance at Dec. 31, 2020	2,605,758			1,651		1,520,617		1,039,370			44,120
Comprehensive income:
Net income	319,021							319,021
Other comprehensive income (loss)	(33,658)										(33,658)
Net issuance of shares of common stock from exercise of stock options	2,374			2		2,372
Repurchase of shares of common stock	(44,480)			(18)		(44,462)
Share-based compensation net issuance of shares of restricted common stock	8,848			2		8,846
Cash dividends - Common Stock	(92,142)							(92,142)
Ending balance at Dec. 31, 2021	2,765,721			1,637		1,487,373		1,266,249			10,462
Comprehensive income:
Net income	305,262							305,262
Other comprehensive income (loss)	(315,920)										(315,920)
Net issuance of shares of common stock from exercise of stock options	156			2		154
Issuance of common stock	961,290			424		960,866
Repurchase of shares of common stock	(70,856)			(31)		(70,825)
Share-based compensation net issuance of shares of restricted common stock	9,133			2		9,131
Cash dividends - Common Stock	(128,424)							(128,424)
Ending balance at Dec. 31, 2022	$ 3,526,362			$ 2,034		$ 2,386,699		$ 1,443,087			$ (305,458)

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Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity (Parenthetical) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Accounting standards update				Accounting Standards Update 2016-13
Net issuance of shares of common stock from exercise of stock options (in shares)	78,954	176,846	67,577
Net issuance of shares of common stock	42,425,352
Common stock shares repurchased (in shares)	3,098,531	1,753,000	1,533,560
Issuance of restricted common stock (in shares)	328,633	180,184	187,889
Common stock, cash dividends per share (in dollars per share)	$ 0.66	$ 0.56	$ 0.53
Happy Bancshares, Inc.
Common stock issuance costs	$ 2.5

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Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Operating Activities
Net income	$ 305,262	$ 319,021	$ 214,448
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities:
Depreciation & amortization	31,856	19,481	20,082
Decrease (increase) in value of equity securities	1,272	(7,178)	1,978
Amortization of securities, net	20,335	28,516	20,607
Accretion of purchased loans	(16,341)	(20,151)	(27,376)
Share-based compensation	9,133	8,848	8,608
Gain on assets	(698)	(4,497)	(2,103)
Provision for credit losses on loans	50,170	0	111,422
Provision for credit losses on unfunded commitments	11,410	(4,752)	16,989
Provision for credit losses on investment securities	2,005	0	842
Deferred income taxes	2,213	3,868	(19,751)
Increase in cash value of life insurance	(3,800)	(2,049)	(2,200)
Originations of mortgage loans held for sale	(510,136)	(783,293)	(863,383)
Proceeds from sales of mortgage loans held for sale	503,020	825,397	831,604
Changes in assets and liabilities:
Accrued interest receivable	(24,473)	13,792	(15,212)
Other assets	9,342	1,756	(13,427)
Accrued interest payable and other liabilities	22,602	(9,379)	8,600
Net cash provided by operating activities	413,172	389,380	291,728
Investing Activities
Net (increase) decrease in loans, excluding loans acquired	(673,883)	1,328,378	92,650
Purchases of investment securities – available-for-sale	(1,258,403)	(1,390,405)	(1,147,897)
Purchases of investment securities - held-to-maturity	(674,178)	0	0
Proceeds from maturities of investment securities – available-for-sale	496,551	652,403	774,276
Proceeds from maturities of investment securities – held-to-maturity	501,529	0	0
Proceeds from sale of investment securities – available-for-sale	67,349	18,112	0
Purchases of equity securities	(49,975)	(13,276)	(15,015)
Proceeds from sales of equity securities	13,778	16,381	0
(Purchases) redemptions of other investments	(60,889)	(9,784)	13,355
Proceeds from foreclosed assets held for sale	2,319	7,599	8,494
Proceeds from sale of SBA loans	4,304	25,116	7,696
Purchases of premises and equipment, net	(9,016)	(10,282)	(11,547)
Return of investment on cash value of life insurance	277	418	47,258
Purchase of marine loan portfolio	(242,617)	0	0
Net cash proceeds received (paid) – market acquisitions	858,584	0	(421,211)
Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities	(1,024,270)	624,660	(651,941)
Financing Activities
Net (decrease) increase in deposits, excluding deposits acquired	(2,177,058)	1,534,780	1,447,407
Net (decrease) increase in securities sold under agreements to repurchase	(9,740)	(28,045)	25,204
Net decrease in federal funds purchased	0	0	(5,000)
Increase in FHLB and other borrowed funds	601,000	0	1,010,902
Decrease in FHLB and other borrowed funds	(429,330)	0	(1,232,341)
Retirement of subordinated debentures	(300,000)	0	0
Proceeds from issuance of subordinated debentures	296,324	0	0
Redemption of trust preferred securities	(96,499)	0	0
Proceeds from exercise of stock options	156	2,374	595
Repurchase of common stock	(70,856)	(44,480)	(25,690)
Dividends paid on common stock	(128,424)	(92,142)	(87,677)
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities	(2,314,427)	1,372,487	1,133,400
Net change in cash and cash equivalents	(2,925,525)	2,386,527	773,187
Cash and cash equivalents – beginning of year	3,650,315	1,263,788	490,601
Cash and cash equivalents – end of year	$ 724,790	$ 3,650,315	$ 1,263,788

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Nature of Operations and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]

Nature of Operations and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Nature of Operations and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Nature of Operations

Home BancShares, Inc. (the “Company” or “HBI”) is a bank holding company headquartered in Conway, Arkansas. The Company is primarily engaged in providing a full range of banking services to individual and corporate customers through its wholly-owned bank subsidiary – Centennial Bank (sometimes referred to as “Centennial” or the “Bank”). The Bank has branch locations in Arkansas, Florida, South Alabama, Texas and New York City. The Company is subject to competition from other financial institutions. The Company also is subject to the regulation of certain federal and state agencies and undergoes periodic examinations by those regulatory authorities.

A summary of the significant accounting policies of the Company follows:

Operating Segments

Operating segments are components of an enterprise about which separate financial information is available that is evaluated regularly by the chief operating decision maker in deciding how to allocate resources and in assessing performance. The Bank is the only significant subsidiary upon which management makes decisions regarding how to allocate resources and assess performance. Each of the branches of the Bank provide a group of similar banking services, including such products and services as commercial, real estate and consumer loans, time deposits, checking and savings accounts. The individual bank branches have similar operating and economic characteristics. While the chief decision maker monitors the revenue streams of the various products, services and branch locations, operations are managed, and financial performance is evaluated on a Company-wide basis. Accordingly, all of the banking services and branch locations are considered by management to be aggregated into one reportable operating segment.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Material estimates that are particularly susceptible to significant change relate to the determination of the allowance for credit losses, the valuation of investment securities, the valuation of foreclosed assets and the valuations of assets acquired and liabilities assumed in business combinations. In connection with the determination of the allowance for credit losses and the valuation of foreclosed assets, management obtains independent appraisals for significant properties.

Principles of Consolidation

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of HBI and its subsidiaries. Significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Reclassifications

Various items within the accompanying consolidated financial statements for previous years have been reclassified to provide more comparative information. These reclassifications had no effect on net earnings or stockholders’ equity.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents consist of cash on hand, cash held as demand deposits at various banks and the Federal Reserve Bank (“FRB”) and interest-bearing deposits with other banks. For many years, reserve requirements played a central role in the implementation of monetary policy by creating a stable demand for reserves. In January 2019, the Federal Open Market Committee announced its intention to implement monetary policy in an ample reserves regime. Reserve requirements do not play a significant role in this operating framework. In light of the shift to an ample reserves regime, the FRB reduced the reserve requirement ratios to zero percent effective on March 26, 2020. As a result, the Bank is no longer required to maintain required reserve balance with either the FRB or in the form of cash on hand.

Investment Securities

Interest on investment securities is recorded as income as earned. Amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts are recorded as interest income from securities. Realized gains and losses are recorded as net security gains (losses). Gains or losses on the sale of securities are determined using the specific identification method.

Management determines the classification of securities as available-for-sale, held-to-maturity, or trading at the time of purchase based on the intent and objective of the investment and the ability to hold to maturity. Fair values of securities are based on quoted market prices where available. If quoted market prices are not available, estimated fair values are based on quoted market prices of comparable securities. The Company has no trading securities.

Debt securities available-for-sale ("AFS") are reported at fair value with unrealized holding gains and losses reported as a separate component of stockholders’ equity and other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes. Securities that are held as available-for-sale are used as a part of our asset/liability management strategy. Securities that may be sold in response to interest rate changes, changes in prepayment risk, the need to increase regulatory capital, and other similar factors are classified as available-for-sale. The Company evaluates all securities quarterly to determine if any securities in a loss position require a provision for credit losses in accordance with ASC 326, Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments. The Company first assesses whether it intends to sell or is more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis. If either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met, the security’s amortized cost basis is written down to fair value through income. For securities that do not meet these criteria, the Company evaluates whether the decline in fair value has resulted from credit losses or other factors. In making this assessment, the Company considers the extent to which fair value is less than amortized cost, and changes to the rating of the security by a rating agency, and adverse conditions specifically related to the security, among other factors. If this assessment indicates that a credit loss exists, the present value of cash flows expected to be collected from the security are compared to the amortized cost basis of the security. If the present value of cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost basis, a credit loss exists and an allowance for credit losses is recorded for the credit loss, limited by the amount that the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis. Any impairment that has not been recorded through an allowance for credit losses is recognized in other comprehensive income. The Company has made the election to exclude accrued interest receivable on AFS securities from the estimate of credit losses and report accrued interest separately on the consolidated balance sheets. Changes in the allowance for credit losses are recorded as provision for (or reversal of) credit loss expense. Losses are charged against the allowance when management believes the uncollectability of a security is confirmed or when either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met.

Debt securities held-to-maturity ("HTM"), which include any security for which we have the positive intent and ability to hold until maturity, are reported at historical cost adjusted for amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts. Premiums and discounts are amortized/accreted to the call date to interest income using the constant effective yield method over the estimated life of the security. The Company evaluates all securities quarterly to determine if any securities in a loss position require a provision for credit losses in accordance with ASC 326, Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments. The Company measures expected credit losses on HTM securities on a collective basis by major security type, with each type sharing similar risk characteristics. The estimate of expected credit losses considers historical credit loss information that is adjusted for current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. The Company has made the election to exclude accrued interest receivable on HTM securities from the estimate of credit losses and report accrued interest separately on the consolidated balance sheets. Changes in the allowance for credit losses are recorded as provision for (or reversal of) credit loss expense. Losses are charged against the allowance when management believes the uncollectability of a security is confirmed.

Loans Receivable and Allowance for Credit Losses

Loans receivable that management has the intent and ability to hold for the foreseeable future or until maturity or payoff are reported at their outstanding principal balance adjusted for any charge-offs, deferred fees or costs on originated loans. Interest income on loans is accrued over the term of the loans based on the principal balance outstanding. Loan origination fees and direct origination costs are capitalized and recognized as adjustments to yield on the related loans.

The allowance for credit losses on loans receivable is a valuation account that is deducted from the loans’ amortized cost basis to present the net amount expected to be collected on the loans. Loans are charged off against the allowance when management believes the uncollectability of a loan balance is confirmed and expected recoveries do not exceed the aggregate of amounts previously charged-off and expected to be charged-off.

Management estimates the allowance balance using relevant available information, from internal and external sources, relating to past events, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. Historical credit loss experience provides the basis for the estimation of expected credit losses. Adjustments to historical loss information are made for differences in current loan-specific risk characteristics such as differences in underwriting standards, portfolio mix, delinquency level, or term as well as for changes in environmental conditions, such as changes in the national unemployment rate, gross domestic product, national retail sales index, housing price indices and rental vacancy rate index.

The allowance for credit losses is measured based on call report segment as these types of loan exhibit similar risk characteristics. The identified loan segments are as follows:

•1-4 family construction

•All other construction

•1-4 family revolving home equity lines of credit (“HELOC”) & junior liens

•1-4 family senior liens

•Multifamily

•Owner occupied commercial real estate

•Non-owner occupied commercial real estate

•Commercial & industrial, agricultural, non-depository financial institutions, purchase/carry securities, other

•Consumer auto

•Other consumer

•Other consumer - SPF

The allowance for credit losses for each segment is measured through the use of the discounted cash flow method. Loans evaluated individually that are considered to be impaired are not included in the collective evaluation. For those loans that are classified as impaired, an allowance is established when the discounted cash flows, collateral value or observable market price of the impaired loan is lower than the carrying value of that loan. For loans for which a specific reserve is not recorded, an allowance is recorded based on the loss rate for the respective pool within the collective evaluation if a specific reserve is not recorded.

Expected credit losses are estimated over the contractual term of the loans, adjusted for expected prepayments when appropriate. The contractual term excludes expected extensions, renewals, and modifications unless either of the following applies:

•Management has a reasonable expectation at the reporting date that troubled debt restructuring will be executed with an individual borrower.

•The extension or renewal options are included in the original or modified contract at the reporting date and are not unconditionally cancellable by the Company.

Management qualitatively adjusts model results for risk factors that are not considered within our modeling processes but are nonetheless relevant in assessing the expected credit losses within our loan pools. These qualitative factors ("Q-Factors") and other qualitative adjustments may increase or decrease management's estimate of expected credit losses by a calculated percentage or amount based upon the estimated level of risk. The various risks that may be considered in making Q-Factor and other qualitative adjustments include, among other things, the impact of (i) changes in lending policies, procedures and strategies; (ii) changes in nature and volume of the portfolio; (iii) staff experience; (iv) changes in volume and trends in classified loans, delinquencies and nonaccruals; (v) concentration risk; (vi) trends in underlying collateral values; (vii) external factors such as competition, legal and regulatory environment; (viii) changes in the quality of the loan review system and (ix) economic conditions.

Loans considered impaired, according to ASC 326, are loans for which, based on current information and events, it is probable that we will be unable to collect all amounts due according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement. The aggregate amount of impairment of loans is utilized in evaluating the adequacy of the allowance for credit losses and amount of provisions thereto. Losses on impaired loans are charged against the allowance for credit losses when in the process of collection, it appears likely that such losses will be realized. The accrual of interest on impaired loans is discontinued when, in management’s opinion the collection of interest is doubtful or generally when loans are 90 days or more past due. When accrual of interest is discontinued, all unpaid accrued interest is reversed. Interest income is subsequently recognized only to the extent cash payments are received in excess of principal due. Loans are returned to accrual status when all the principal and interest amounts contractually due are brought current and future payments are reasonably assured.

Loans are placed on non-accrual status when management believes that the borrower’s financial condition, after giving consideration to economic and business conditions and collection efforts, is such that collection of interest is doubtful, or generally when loans are 90 days or more past due. Loans are charged against the allowance for credit losses when management believes that the collectability of the principal is unlikely. Accrued interest related to non-accrual loans is generally charged against the allowance for credit losses when accrued in prior years and reversed from interest income if accrued in the current year. Interest income on non-accrual loans may be recognized to the extent cash payments are received, although the majority of payments received are usually applied to principal. Non-accrual loans are generally returned to accrual status when principal and interest payments are less than 90 days past due, the customer has made required payments for at least six months, and we reasonably expect to collect all principal and interest.

Acquisition Accounting and Acquired Loans

The Company accounts for its acquisitions under ASC Topic 805, Business Combinations, which requires the use of the purchase method of accounting. All identifiable assets acquired, including loans, and liabilities assumed are recorded at fair value. In accordance with ASC 326, the Company records both a discount or premium and an allowance for credit losses on acquired loans. All purchased loans are recorded at fair value in accordance with the fair value methodology prescribed in FASB ASC Topic 820, Fair Value Measurements. The fair value estimates associated with the loans include estimates related to expected prepayments and the amount and timing of undiscounted expected principal, interest and other cash flows.

Purchased loans that have experienced more than insignificant credit deterioration since origination are purchase credit deteriorated (“PCD”) loans. An allowance for credit losses is determined using the same methodology as other loans. For PCD loans not individually analyzed for impairment, the Company develops separate PCD models for each loan segment. These models utilize a peer group benchmark in order to determine the probability of default and loss given default to be used in the calculation. The initial allowance for credit losses determined on a collective basis is allocated to individual loans. The sum of the loan’s purchase price and allowance for credit losses becomes its initial amortized cost basis. The difference between the initial amortized cost basis and the par value of the loan is a non-credit discount or premium, which is amortized into interest income over the life of the loan. Subsequent changes to the allowance for credit losses are recorded through the provision for credit losses.

For further discussion of the Company’s acquisitions, see Note 2 to the Condensed Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

Allowance for Credit Losses on Off-Balance Sheet Credit Exposures

The Company estimates expected credit losses over the contractual period in which the Company is exposed to credit risk via a contractual obligation to extend credit unless that obligation is unconditionally cancellable by the Company. The allowance for credit losses on off-balance sheet credit exposures is adjusted as a provision for credit loss expense. The estimate includes consideration of the likelihood that funding will occur and an estimate of expected credit losses on commitments expected to be funded over its estimated life.

Foreclosed Assets Held for Sale

Real estate and personal properties acquired through or in lieu of loan foreclosure are to be sold and are initially recorded at fair value less cost to sell at the date of foreclosure, establishing a new cost basis.

Valuations are periodically performed by management, and the real estate and personal properties are carried at fair value less costs to sell. Gains and losses from the sale of other real estate and personal properties are recorded in non-interest income, and expenses used to maintain the properties are included in non-interest expense.

Bank Premises and Equipment

Bank premises and equipment are carried at cost or fair value at the date of acquisition less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation expense is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets. Accelerated depreciation methods are used for tax purposes. Leasehold improvements are capitalized and amortized using the straight-line method over the terms of the respective leases or the estimated useful lives of the improvements whichever is shorter. The assets’ estimated useful lives for book purposes are as follows:

Bank premises	15-40 years
Furniture, fixtures, and equipment	3-15 years

Cash value of life insurance

The Company has purchased life insurance policies on certain key employees. Life insurance owned by the Company is recorded at the amount that can be realized under the insurance contract at the balance sheet date, which is the cash surrender value adjusted for other charges or other amounts due that are probable at settlement.

Intangible Assets

Intangible assets consist of goodwill and core deposit intangibles. Goodwill represents the excess purchase price over the fair value of net assets acquired in business acquisitions. The core deposit intangible represents the excess intangible value of acquired deposit customer relationships as determined by valuation specialists. The core deposit intangibles are being amortized over 120 months on a straight-line basis. Goodwill is not amortized, but rather, is evaluated for impairment on at least an annual basis or more frequently if changes or circumstances occur. The Company performed its annual impairment test of goodwill and core deposit intangibles during 2022, 2021 and 2020, as required by FASB ASC 350, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other. The 2022, 2021 and 2020 tests indicated no impairment of the Company’s goodwill or core deposit intangibles.

Securities Sold Under Agreements to Repurchase

Securities sold under agreements to repurchase consist of obligations of the Company to other parties. At the point funds deposited by customers become investable, those funds are used to purchase securities owned by the Company and held in its general account with the designation of Customers’ Securities. A third party maintains control over the securities underlying overnight repurchase agreements. The securities involved in these transactions are generally U.S. Treasury or Federal Agency issues. Securities sold under agreements to repurchase generally mature on the banking day following that on which the investment was initially purchased and are treated as collateralized financing transactions which are recorded at the amounts at which the securities were sold plus accrued interest. Interest rates and maturity dates of the securities involved vary and are not intended to be matched with funds from customers.

Derivative Financial Instruments

The Company may enter into derivative contracts for the purposes of managing exposure to interest rate risk. The Company records all derivatives on the consolidated balance sheet at fair value. Historically the Company’s policy has been not to invest in derivative type investments.

The Company has standalone derivative financial instruments acquired in a previous acquisition. These derivative financial instruments consist of interest rate swaps and are recognized as assets and liabilities in the consolidated statements of financial condition at fair value. The Bank’s derivative instruments have not been designated as hedging instruments. These undesignated derivative instruments are recognized on the consolidated balance sheet at fair value, with changes in fair value recorded in other non-interest income. In addition, as of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the Company had derivative contracts outstanding associated with the mortgage loans held for sale portfolio. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, these derivative instruments are not considered to be material to the Company’s financial position and results of operations.

Stock Options

The Company accounts for stock options in accordance with FASB ASC 718, Compensation - Stock Compensation, and FASB ASC 505-50, Equity-Based Payments to Non-Employees, which establishes standards for the accounting for transactions in which an entity (i) exchanges its equity instruments for goods and services, or (ii) incurs liabilities in exchange for goods and services that are based on the fair value of the entity’s equity instruments or that may be settled by the issuance of the equity instruments. FASB ASC 718 requires that such transactions be recognized as compensation cost in the income statement based on their fair values on the measurement date, which is generally the date of the grant.

For additional information on the stock-based compensation plan, see Note 13.

Income Taxes

The Company accounts for income taxes in accordance with income tax accounting guidance (ASC 740, Income Taxes). The income tax accounting guidance results in two components of income tax expense: current and deferred. Current income tax expense reflects taxes to be paid or refunded for the current period by applying the provisions of the enacted tax law to the taxable income or excess of deductions over revenues. The Company determines deferred income taxes using the liability (or balance sheet) method. Under this method, the net deferred tax asset or liability is based on the tax effects of the differences between the book and tax bases of assets and liabilities, and enacted changes in tax rates and laws are recognized in the period in which they occur.

Deferred income tax expense results from changes in deferred tax assets and liabilities between periods. Deferred tax assets are recognized if it is more likely than not, based on the technical merits, that the tax position will be realized or sustained upon examination. The term more likely than not means a likelihood of more than 50 percent; the terms examined and upon examination also include resolution of the related appeals or litigation processes, if any. A tax position that meets the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold is initially and subsequently measured as the largest amount of tax benefit that has a greater than 50 percent likelihood of being realized upon settlement with a taxing authority that has full knowledge of all relevant information. The determination of whether or not a tax position has met the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold considers the facts, circumstances and information available at the reporting date and is subject to management’s judgment. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance if, based on the weight of evidence available, it is more likely than not that some portion or all of a deferred tax asset will not be realized.

The Company and its subsidiaries file consolidated tax returns. Its subsidiary provides for income taxes on a separate return basis, and remits to the Company amounts determined to be currently payable.

Revenue Recognition.

Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers ("ASC Topic 606"), establishes principles for reporting information about the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from the entity's contracts to provide goods or services to customers. The core principle requires an entity to recognize revenue to depict the transfer of goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration that it expects to be entitled to receive in exchange for those goods or services recognized as performance obligations are satisfied. The majority of our revenue-generating transactions are not subject to ASC Topic 606, including revenue generated from financial instruments, such as our loans, letters of credit, investment securities and mortgage lending income, as these activities are subject to other GAAP discussed elsewhere within our disclosures. Descriptions of our significant revenue-generating activities that are within the scope of ASC Topic 606, which are presented in our income statements as components of non-interest income are as follows:

•Service charges on deposit accounts – These represent general service fees for monthly account maintenance and activity or transaction-based fees and consist of transaction-based revenue, time-based revenue (service period), item-based revenue or some other individual attribute-based revenue. Revenue is recognized when our performance obligation is completed which is generally monthly for account maintenance services or when a transaction has been completed (such as a wire transfer). Payment for such performance obligations are generally received at the time the performance obligations are satisfied.

•Other service charges and fees – These represent credit card interchange fees and Centennial Commercial Finance Group (“Centennial CFG”) loan fees. The interchange fees are recorded in the period the performance obligation is satisfied which is generally the cash basis based on agreed upon contracts. The Centennial CFG loan fees are based on loan or other negotiated agreements with customers and are accounted for under ASC Topic 310.

•Trust fees - The Company enters into contracts with its customers to manage assets for investment, and/or transact on their accounts. The Company generally satisfies its performance obligations as services are rendered. The management fees are percentage based, flat, percentage of income or a fixed percentage calculated upon the average balance of assets depending upon account type. Fees are collected on a monthly or annual basis.

Earnings per Share

Basic earnings per share is computed based on the weighted-average number of shares outstanding during each year. Diluted earnings per share is computed using the weighted-average shares and all potential dilutive shares outstanding during the period. The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted earnings per share (EPS) for the years ended December 31:

	2022		2021		2020
	(In thousands, except per share data)
Net income	$	305,262	$	319,021	$	214,448
Average common shares outstanding	194,694		164,501		165,373
Effect of common stock options	325		357		—
Diluted common shares outstanding	195,019		164,858		165,373
Basic earnings per common share	$	1.57	$	1.94	$	1.30
Diluted earnings per common share	$	1.57	$	1.94	$	1.30

As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company's stock options were dilutive to earnings per share. However, as of December 31, 2020, options to purchase 3.3 million shares of common stock with a weighted average exercise price of $19.77 were excluded from the computation of diluted earnings per share as the majority of the options had an exercise price which was greater than the average market price of the common stock.

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Business Combinations

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Business Combinations [Abstract]

Business Combinations

Business Combinations

Acquisition of Happy Bancshares, Inc.

On April 1, 2022, the Company completed the acquisition of Happy Bancshares, Inc. (“Happy”), and merged Happy State Bank into Centennial Bank. The Company issued approximately 42.4 million shares of its common stock valued at approximately $958.8 million as of April 1, 2022. In addition, the holders of certain Happy stock-based awards received approximately $3.7 million in cash in cancellation of such awards, for a total transaction value of approximately $962.5 million. The acquisition added new markets for expansion and brought complementary businesses together to drive synergies and growth.

Including the effects of the known purchase accounting adjustments, as of the acquisition date, Happy had approximately $6.69 billion in total assets, $3.65 billion in loans and $5.86 billion in customer deposits. Happy formerly operated its banking business from 62 locations in Texas.

The purchase price allocation and certain fair value measurements remain preliminary due to the timing of the acquisition. The Company will continue to review the estimated fair values of loans, deposits, intangible assets and other assets, and to evaluate the assumed tax positions and contingencies.

The Company has determined that the acquisition of the net assets of Happy constitutes a business combination as defined by the ASC Topic 805. Accordingly, the assets acquired and liabilities assumed are presented at their fair values as required. Fair values were determined based on the requirements of ASC Topic 820. In many cases, the determination of these fair values required management to make estimates about discount rates, future expected cash flows, market conditions and other future events that are highly subjective in nature and subject to change. The following schedule is a preliminary breakdown of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed as of the acquisition date as adjusted during the measurement period:

	Happy Bancshares, Inc.
	Acquired from Happy		Fair Value Adjustments		As Recorded by HBI
	(Dollars in thousands)
Assets
Cash and due from banks	$	112,999	$	(446)	$	112,553
Interest-bearing deposits with other banks	746,031		—		746,031
Cash and cash equivalents	859,030		(446)		858,584
Investment securities - available-for-sale, net of allowance for credit losses	1,773,540		8,485		1,782,025
Total investment securities	1,773,540		8,485		1,782,025
Loans receivable	3,657,009		(4,389)		3,652,620
Allowance for credit losses	(42,224)		25,408		(16,816)
Loans receivable, net	3,614,785		21,019		3,635,804
Bank premises and equipment, net	153,642		(12,270)		141,372
Foreclosed assets held for sale	193		(77)		116
Cash value of life insurance	105,049		3		105,052
Accrued interest receivable	31,575		—		31,575
Deferred tax asset, net	32,908		(1,092)		31,816
Goodwill	130,428		(130,428)		—
Core deposit intangible	10,672		31,591		42,263
Other assets	43,330		15,567		58,897
Total assets acquired	$	6,755,152	$	(67,648)	$	6,687,504
Liabilities
Deposits
Demand and non-interest-bearing	$	1,932,756	$	67	$	1,932,823
Savings and interest-bearing transaction accounts	3,519,652		—		3,519,652
Time deposits	401,899		903		402,802
Total deposits	5,854,307		970		5,855,277
FHLB and other borrowed funds	74,212		4,118		78,330
Accrued interest payable and other liabilities	50,889		(1,892)		48,997
Subordinated debentures	159,965		7,625		167,590
Total liabilities assumed	6,139,373		10,821		6,150,194
Equity
Total equity assumed	615,779		(615,779)		—
Total liabilities and equity assumed	$	6,755,152	$	(604,958)	$	6,150,194
Net assets acquired					537,310
Purchase price					962,538
Goodwill					$	425,228

The following is a description of the methods used to determine the fair values of significant assets and liabilities presented above:

Cash and due from banks, interest-bearing deposits with other banks and federal funds sold – The carrying amount of these assets was deemed a reasonable estimate of fair value based on the short-term nature of these assets.

Investment securities – Investment securities were acquired from Happy with an approximately $8.5 million adjustment to fair value based upon quoted market prices. Otherwise the book value was deemed to approximate fair value.

Loans – Fair values for loans were based on a discounted cash flow methodology that considered factors including the type of loan and related collateral, classification status, fixed or variable interest rate, term of loan, whether or not the loan was amortizing and current discount rates. The discount rates used for loans are based on current market rates for new originations of comparable loans and include adjustments for liquidity concerns. The discount rate does not include a factor for credit losses as that has been included in the estimated cash flows. Loans were grouped together according to similar characteristics and were treated in the aggregate when applying various valuation techniques. See Note 5 to the Condensed Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, for additional information related to purchased financial assets with credit deterioration.

Bank premises and equipment – Bank premises and equipment were acquired from Happy with a $12.3 million adjustment to fair value. This represents the difference between current appraisals completed in connection with the acquisition and book value acquired.

Foreclosed assets held for sale – These assets are presented at the estimated fair values that management expects to receive when the properties are sold, net of related costs of disposal.

Cash value of life insurance – Bank owned life insurance is carried at its current cash surrender value, which is the most reasonable estimate of fair value.

Accrued interest receivable – The carrying amount of these assets was deemed a reasonable estimate of the fair value.

Core deposit intangible – This core deposit intangible asset represents the value of the relationships that Happy had with its deposit customers. The fair value of this intangible asset was estimated based on a discounted cash flow methodology that gave appropriate consideration to expected customer attrition rates, cost of the deposit base, and the net maintenance cost attributable to customer deposits.

Deposits – The fair values used for the demand and savings deposits that comprise the transaction accounts acquired, by definition, equal the amount payable on demand at the acquisition date. The $903,000 fair value adjustment applied for time deposits was because the weighted-average interest rate of Happy’s certificates of deposits were estimated to be above the current market rates.

FHLB borrowed funds – The fair value of FHLB borrowed funds is estimated based on borrowing rates currently available to the Company for borrowings with similar terms and maturities.

Accrued interest payable and other liabilities – The fair value adjustment results from certain liabilities whose value was estimated to be more or less than book value, such as certain accounts payable and other miscellaneous liabilities. The carrying amount of accrued interest and the remainder of other liabilities was deemed to be a reasonable estimate of fair value.

Subordinated debentures – The fair value of subordinated debentures is estimated based on borrowing rates currently available to the Company for borrowings with similar terms and maturities.

During the third and fourth quarters of 2022, we continued to analyze the valuations assigned to the acquired assets and assumed liabilities and received updated information resulting in the revised fair values displayed below. We updated our estimated fair values of these items within our Consolidated Balance Sheet with a corresponding adjustment to goodwill. The changes are gross of taxes and reflected in the following table:

Acquired Asset or Liability	Balance Sheet Line Item	Provisional Estimate		Revised Estimate		Increase (Decrease)
		(In thousands)
Cash and due from banks	Cash and due from banks	$	112,867	$	112,553	$	(314)
Loans receivable	Loans receivable	3,652,706		3,652,620		(86)
Bank premises and equipment, net	Bank premises and equipment, net	142,067		141,372		(695)
Deferred tax asset, net	Deferred tax asset, net	35,414		31,816		(3,598)
Equity method investments & Other assets	Other assets	49,752		58,897		9,145
Goodwill	Goodwill	425,375		425,228		(147)
Demand and non-interest bearing deposits	Demand and non-interest bearing deposits	1,932,756		1,932,823		67
Accrued expense and other liabilities	Accrued interest payable and other liabilities	44,759		48,997		4,238

The impact to the income statement resulting from the changes to the estimated fair values was insignificant. We continue to analyze the assumptions and related valuation results associated with the acquired assets and assumed liabilities, and accordingly, the valuations of these assets and liabilities are not final as of December 31, 2022. However, the valuations will be finalized no later than April 1, 2023. As the valuations remain provisional and subject to updates, the purchase accounting accretion/amortization are also subject to adjustments.

The unaudited pro-forma combined consolidated financial information presents how the combined financial information of HBI and Happy might have appeared had the businesses actually been combined. The following schedule represents the unaudited pro forma combined financial information as of the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, assuming the acquisition was completed as of January 1, 2022 and 2021, respectively:

	December 31,
	2022		2021
	(In thousands, except per share data)
Total interest income	$	935,168	$	839,407
Total non-interest income	188,012		190,550
Net income available to all shareholders	406,949		317,190
Basic earnings per common share	$	1.98	$	1.53
Diluted earnings per common share	1.98		1.53

The unaudited pro-forma consolidated financial information is presented for illustrative purposes only and does not indicate the financial results of the combined company had the companies actually been combined at the beginning of the period presented and had the impact of possible significant revenue enhancements and expense efficiencies from in-market cost savings, among other factors, been considered and, accordingly, does not attempt to predict or suggest future results. Pro-forma results include Happy merger expenses of $49.6 million, provision for credit losses on acquired loans of $45.2 million, provision for credit losses on acquired unfunded commitments of $11.4 million and provision for credit losses on acquired investment securities of $2.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The pro-forma financial information also does not necessarily reflect what the historical results of the combined company would have been had the companies been combined during this period.

Purchased loans that reflect a more-than-insignificant deterioration of credit from origination are considered PCD. For PCD loans, the initial estimate of expected credit losses is recognized in the allowance for credit losses on the date of acquisition using the same methodology as other loans held-for-investment. The following table provides a summary of loans purchased as part of the Happy acquisition with credit deterioration at acquisition:

	April 1, 2022
	(In thousands)
Purchased Loans with Credit Deterioration:
Par value	$	165,028
Allowance for credit losses at acquisition	(16,816)
Premium on acquired loans	684
Purchase price	$	148,896

Acquisition of LH-Finance

On February 29, 2020, the Company completed the acquisition of LH-Finance, the marine lending division of People’s United Bank, N.A. The Company paid a purchase price of approximately $421.2 million in cash. LH-Finance provides direct consumer financing for United States Coast Guard (“USCG”) registered high-end sail and power boats. Additionally, LH-Finance provides inventory floor plan lines of credit to marine dealers, primarily those selling USCG documented vessels.

Including the purchase accounting adjustments, as of the acquisition date, LH-Finance had approximately $409.1 million in total assets, including $407.4 million in total loans, which resulted in goodwill of $14.6 million being recorded.

The acquired portfolio of loans is now housed in the Shore Premier Finance (“SPF”) division. The SPF division of Centennial is responsible for servicing the acquired loan portfolio and originating new loan production. In connection with this acquisition, Centennial opened a new loan production office in Baltimore, Maryland.

The Company has determined that the acquisition of the net assets of LH-Finance constitutes a business combination as defined by the ASC Topic 805. Accordingly, the assets acquired are presented at their fair values as required. Fair values were determined based on the requirements of ASC Topic 820. In many cases, the determination of these fair values required management to make estimates about discount rates, future expected cash flows, market conditions and other future events that are highly subjective in nature and subject to change.

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Investment Securities

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Investments, Debt and Equity Securities [Abstract]

Investment Securities

Investment Securities

The amortized cost and estimated fair value of investment securities that are classified as available-for-sale and held-to-maturity are as follows:

	December 31, 2022
	Available-for-Sale
	Amortized Cost		Allowance for Credit Losses		Net Carrying Amount		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized (Losses)		Estimated Fair Value
	(In thousands)
U.S. government-sponsored enterprises	$	682,316	$	—	$	682,316	$	2,713	$	(23,209)	$	661,820
Residential mortgage-backed securities	1,759,025		—		1,759,025		71		(211,453)		1,547,643
Commercial mortgage-backed securities	339,206		—		339,206		—		(22,254)		316,952
State and political subdivisions	1,021,188		(842)		1,020,346		1,649		(115,698)		906,297
Other securities	643,885		—		643,885		346		(35,353)		608,878
Total	$	4,445,620	$	(842)	$	4,444,778	$	4,779	$	(407,967)	$	4,041,590

	December 31, 2022
	Held-to-Maturity
	Amortized Cost		Allowance for Credit Losses		Net Carrying Amount		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized (Losses)		Estimated Fair Value
	(In thousands)
U.S. government-sponsored enterprises	$	43,017	$	—	$	43,017	$	—	$	(3,349)	$	39,668
Residential mortgage-backed securities	49,088		—		49,088		24		(1,205)		47,907
Commercial mortgage-backed securities	85,912		—		85,912		107		(2,551)		83,468
State and political subdivisions	1,111,693		(2,005)		1,109,688		65		(154,650)		955,103
Total	$	1,289,710	$	(2,005)	$	1,287,705	$	196	$	(161,755)	$	1,126,146

	December 31, 2021
	Available-for-Sale
	Amortized Cost		Allowance for Credit Losses		Net Carrying Amount		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized (Losses)		Estimated Fair Value
	(In thousands)
U.S. government-sponsored enterprises	$	433,829	$	—	$	433,829	$	2,375	$	(3,225)	$	432,979
Residential mortgage-backed securities	1,175,185		—		1,175,185		4,085		(18,551)		1,160,719
Commercial mortgage-backed securities	372,702		—		372,702		6,521		(1,968)		377,255
State and political subdivisions	973,318		(842)		972,476		26,296		(1,794)		996,978
Other securities	151,449		—		151,449		1,781		(1,354)		151,876
Total	$	3,106,483	$	(842)	$	3,105,641	$	41,058	$	(26,892)	$	3,119,807

On April 1, 2022, the Company completed the acquisition of Happy. Including the effects of the known purchase accounting adjustments, as of the acquisition date, Happy had approximately $1.78 billion in investments, net of purchase accounting adjustments. The Company classified approximately $1.12 billion of investments acquired from Happy as held-to-maturity at the acquisition date.

Assets, principally investment securities, having a fair value of approximately $2.35 billion and $1.15 billion at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, were pledged to secure public deposits and for other purposes required or permitted by law. Also, investment securities pledged as collateral for repurchase agreements totaled approximately $131.1 million and $140.9 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021.

The amortized cost and estimated fair value of securities classified as available-for-sale and held-to-maturity at December 31, 2022, by contractual maturity, are shown below. Expected maturities could differ from contractual maturities because issuers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties. Securities not due at a single maturity date are shown separately.

	Available-for-Sale				Held-to-Maturity
	Amortized Cost		Estimated Fair Value		Amortized Cost		Estimated Fair Value
	(In thousands)
Due in one year or less	$	265,640	$	265,487	$	—	$	—
Due after one year through five years	176,377		164,127		4,782		4,479
Due after five years through ten years	476,305		434,906		216,182		190,992
Due after ten years	1,427,566		1,310,977		933,746		799,300
Mortgage - backed securities: Residential	1,759,025		1,547,643		49,088		47,907
Mortgage - backed securities: Commercial	339,206		316,952		85,912		83,468
Other	1,501		1,498		—		—
Total	$	4,445,620	$	4,041,590	$	1,289,710	$	1,126,146

During the year ended December 31, 2022, $67.3 million in available-for-sale securities were sold, and no gain or loss was recognized. During the year ended December 31, 2021, $17.9 million in available-for-sale securities were sold, and the gross realized gains on the sales totaled $219,000. The income tax expense/benefit to net security gains and losses was 25.740% of the gross amounts. During the year ended December 31, 2020, no available-for-sale securities were sold.

The following shows gross unrealized losses and estimated fair value of investment securities classified as available-for-sale, aggregated by investment category and length of time that individual investment securities have been in a continuous loss position as of December 31, 2022 and 2021:

	December 31, 2022
	Less Than 12 Months				12 Months or More				Total
	Fair Value		Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Unrealized Losses
	(In thousands)
Available-for-sale:
U.S. government-sponsored enterprises	$	315,531	$	(3,056)	$	128,527	$	(20,153)	$	444,058	$	(23,209)
Residential mortgage-backed securities	817,351		(54,025)		717,587		(157,428)		1,534,938		(211,453)
Commercial mortgage-backed securities	212,050		(10,782)		89,979		(11,472)		302,029		(22,254)
State and political subdivisions	485,817		(50,484)		338,638		(65,214)		824,455		(115,698)
Other securities	424,700		(25,040)		73,556		(10,313)		498,256		(35,353)
Total	$	2,255,449	$	(143,387)	$	1,348,287	$	(264,580)	$	3,603,736	$	(407,967)
Held-to-maturity:
U.S. government-sponsored enterprises	$	39,668	$	(3,349)	$	—	$	—	$	39,668	$	(3,349)
Residential mortgage-backed securities	40,892		(1,205)		—		—		40,892		(1,205)
Commercial mortgage-backed securities	65,948		(2,551)		—		—		65,948		(2,551)
State and political subdivisions	955,563		(154,650)		—		—		955,563		(154,650)
Total	$	1,102,071	$	(161,755)	$	—	$	—	$	1,102,071	$	(161,755)

	December 31, 2021
	Less Than 12 Months				12 Months or More				Total
	Fair Value		Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Unrealized Losses
	(In thousands)
U.S. government-sponsored enterprises	$	120,730	$	(1,356)	$	78,124	$	(1,869)	$	198,854	$	(3,225)
Residential mortgage-backed securities	854,807		(15,246)		104,897		(3,305)		959,704		(18,551)
Commercial mortgage-backed securities	100,702		(1,251)		28,711		(717)		129,413		(1,968)
State and political subdivisions	136,135		(1,282)		18,647		(512)		154,782		(1,794)
Other securities	75,744		(1,316)		2,703		(38)		78,447		(1,354)
Total	$	1,288,118	$	(20,451)	$	233,082	$	(6,441)	$	1,521,200	$	(26,892)

Debt securities available-for-sale are reported at fair value with unrealized holding gains and losses reported as a separate component of stockholders’ equity and other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes. Securities that are held as available-for-sale are used as a part of our asset/liability management strategy. Securities that may be sold in response to interest rate changes, changes in prepayment risk, the need to increase regulatory capital, and other similar factors are classified as available-for-sale. The Company evaluates all securities quarterly to determine if any securities in a loss position require a provision for credit losses in accordance with ASC 326, Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments. The Company first assesses whether it intends to sell or is more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis. If either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met, the security’s amortized cost basis is written down to fair value through income. For securities that do not meet these criteria, the Company evaluates whether the decline in fair value has resulted from credit losses or other factors. In making this assessment, the Company considers the extent to which fair value is less than amortized cost, and changes to the rating of the security by a rating agency, and adverse conditions specifically related to the security, among other factors. If this assessment indicates that a credit loss exists, the present value of cash flows expected to be collected from the security are compared to the amortized cost basis of the security. If the present value of cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost basis, a credit loss exists and an allowance for credit losses is

recorded for the credit loss, limited by the amount that the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis. Any impairment that has not been recorded through an allowance for credit losses is recognized in other comprehensive income. The Company has made the election to exclude accrued interest receivable on AFS securities from the estimate of credit losses and report accrued interest separately on the consolidated balance sheets. Changes in the allowance for credit losses are recorded as provision for (or reversal of) credit loss expense. Losses are charged against the allowance when management believes the uncollectability of a security is confirmed or when either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met.

Debt securities held-to-maturity, which include any security for which we have the positive intent and ability to hold until maturity, are reported at historical cost adjusted for amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts. Premiums and discounts are amortized/accreted to the call date to interest income using the constant effective yield method over the estimated life of the security. The Company evaluates all securities quarterly to determine if any securities in a loss position require a provision for credit losses in accordance with ASC 326, Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments. The Company measures expected credit losses on HTM securities on a collective basis by major security type, with each type sharing similar risk characteristics. The estimate of expected credit losses considers historical credit loss information that is adjusted for current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. The Company has made the election to exclude accrued interest receivable on HTM securities from the estimate of credit losses and report accrued interest separately on the consolidated balance sheets. Changes in the allowance for credit losses are recorded as provision for (or reversal of) credit loss expense. Losses are charged against the allowance when management believes the uncollectability of a security is confirmed.

The Company recorded a $2.0 million provision for credit losses on the held-to-maturity investment securities during the second quarter of 2022 as a result of the investment securities acquired as part of the Happy acquisition. Of the Company's held-to-maturity securities, $1.11 billion, or 86.2% are municipal securities. To estimate the necessary loss provision, the Company utilized historical default and recovery rates of the municipal bond sector and applied these rates using a pooling method. The remainder of investments classified as held-to-maturity are U.S. government-sponsored enterprises and mortgage-backed securities all of which are guaranteed by the U.S. government. Due to the inherent low risk in these U.S. government guaranteed securities, no provision for credit loss was established on this portion of the portfolio.

At December 31, 2022, the Company determined the allowance for credit losses of $842,000, resulting from economic uncertainty, was adequate for the available-for-sale investment portfolio. No additional provision for credit losses was considered necessary for the portfolio.

Available-for-Sale Investment Securities
	Year Ended December 31, 2022		Year Ended December 31, 2021
	(In thousands)
Allowance for credit losses:
Beginning balance	$	842	$	842
Provision for credit loss	—		—
Ending balance, December 31,	$	842	$	842

Held-to-Maturity Investment Securities
	Year Ended Dec 31, 2022
	State and Political Subdivisions		Other Securities
Allowance for credit losses:	(In thousands)
Beginning balance	$	—	$	—
Provision for credit loss - acquired securities	(2,005)		—
Securities charged-off	—		—
Recoveries	—		—
Ending balance, December 31,	$	(2,005)	$	—

For the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company had available-for-sale investment securities with approximately $264.6 million in unrealized losses, which have been in continuous loss positions for more than twelve months. The Company’s assessments indicated that the cause of the market depreciation was primarily due to the change in interest rates and not the issuer’s financial condition, or downgrades by rating agencies. In addition, approximately 33.0% of the Company’s available-for-sale investment portfolio will mature and be repaid to the Company within five years or less. As a result, the Company has the ability and intent to hold such securities until maturity.

For the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company had approximately $6.4 million in unrealized losses, which were in continuous loss positions for more than twelve months. The Company’s assessments indicated that the cause of the market depreciation was primarily the change in interest rates and not the issuer’s financial condition, or downgrades by rating agencies. In addition, approximately 55.7% of the Company’s investment portfolio was expected to mature and be repaid to the Company within five years or less. As a result, the Company had the ability and intent to hold such securities until maturity.

As of December 31, 2022, the Company's available-for-sale securities portfolio consisted of 1,642 investment securities, 1,408 of which were in an unrealized loss position. As noted in the table above, the total amount of the unrealized loss was $408.0 million. The U.S government-sponsored enterprises portfolio contained unrealized losses of $23.2 million on 65 securities. The residential mortgage-backed securities portfolio contained $211.5 million of unrealized losses on 591 securities, and the commercial mortgage-backed securities portfolio contained $22.3 million of unrealized losses on 145 securities. The state and political subdivisions portfolio contained $115.7 million of unrealized losses on 501 securities. In addition, the other securities portfolio contained $35.4 million of unrealized losses on 106 securities. The unrealized losses on the Company's available-for-sale investments were a result of interest rate changes. The Company expects to recover the amortized cost basis over the term of the securities. Because the decline in market value was attributable to changes in interest rates and not credit quality, and because the Company does not intend to sell the investments and it is not more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell the investments before recovery of their amortized cost basis, which may be maturity, the Company has determined that an additional provision for credit losses is not necessary as of December 31, 2022.

As of December 31, 2022, the Company's held-to-maturity securities portfolio consisted of 507 investment securities, 500 of which were in an unrealized loss position. As noted in the table above, the total amount of the unrealized loss was $161.8 million. The U.S. government-sponsored enterprises portfolio contained unrealized losses of $3.3 million on 5 securities. The state and political subdivisions portfolio contained $154.7 million of unrealized losses on 479 securities. The residential mortgage-backed securities portfolio contained $1.2 million of unrealized losses on 6 securities, and the commercial mortgage-backed securities portfolio contained $2.6 million of unrealized losses on 10 securities. The unrealized losses on the Company's held-to-maturity investments were a result of interest rate changes. The Company expects to recover the amortized cost basis over the term of the securities. Because the decline in market value was attributable to changes in interest rates and not credit quality, the Company has determined that an additional provision for credit losses is not necessary as of December 31, 2022.

The following table summarizes bond ratings for the Company's held-to-maturity portfolio, based upon amortized cost, issued by state and political subdivisions and other securities as of December 31, 2022:

	State and Political Subdivisions		Other Securities		Total
	(In thousands)
Aaa/AAA	$	233,117	$	43,017	$	276,134
Aa/AA	849,386		—		849,386
A	27,593		—		27,593
Not rated	1,597		—		1,597
Agency Backed	—		135,000		135,000
Total	$	1,111,693	$	178,017	$	1,289,710

Income earned on securities for the years ended is as follows:

	December 31,
	2022		2021		2020
	(In thousands)
Taxable:
Available-for-sale	$	71,352	$	30,054	$	32,596
Held-to-maturity	20,581		—		—
Tax-exempt:
Available-for-sale	19,168		19,642		16,158
Held-to-maturity	9,188		—		—
Total	$	120,289	$	49,696	$	48,754

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Loans Receivable

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Receivables [Abstract]

Loans Receivable

Loans Receivable

The various categories of loans receivable are summarized as follows:

	December 31,
	2022		2021
	(In thousands)
Real estate:
Commercial real estate loans
Non-farm/non-residential	$	5,632,063	$	3,889,284
Construction/land development	2,135,266		1,850,050
Agricultural	346,811		130,674
Residential real estate loans
Residential 1-4 family	1,748,551		1,274,953
Multifamily residential	578,052		280,837
Total real estate	10,440,743		7,425,798
Consumer	1,149,896		825,519
Commercial and industrial	2,349,263		1,386,747
Agricultural	285,235		43,920
Other	184,343		154,105
Total Loans receivable	$	14,409,480	$	9,836,089
Allowance for credit losses	(289,669)		(236,714)
Loans receivable, net	$	14,119,811	$	9,599,375

On April 1, 2022, the Company completed the acquisition of Happy. Including the effects of the known purchase accounting adjustments, as of the acquisition date, Happy had approximately $3.65 billion in loans.

During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company sold $4.1 million of the guaranteed portion of certain SBA loans, which resulted in a gain of approximately $183,000. During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company sold $22.7 million of the guaranteed portion of certain SBA loans, which resulted in a gain of $2.4 million. During the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company sold $7.0 million of the guaranteed portion of certain SBA loans, which resulted in a gain of $645,000.

Mortgage loans held for sale of approximately $79.9 million and $72.7 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, are included in residential 1-4 family loans. Mortgage loans held for sale are carried at the lower of cost or fair value, determined using an aggregate basis. Gains and losses resulting from sales of mortgage loans are recognized when the respective loans are sold to investors. Gains and losses are determined by the difference between the selling price and the carrying amount of the loans sold, net of discounts collected or paid. The Company obtains forward commitments to sell mortgage loans to reduce market risk on mortgage loans in the process of origination and mortgage loans held for sale. The forward commitments acquired by the Company for mortgage loans in process of origination are considered mandatory forward commitments. Because these commitments are structured on a mandatory basis, the Company is required to substitute another loan or to buy back the commitment if the original loan does not fund. These commitments are derivative instruments and their fair values at December 31, 2022 and 2021 were not material.

Purchased loans that have experienced more than insignificant credit deterioration since origination are PCD loans. An allowance for credit losses is determined using the same methodology as other loans. For PCD loans not individually analyzed for impairment, the Company develops separate PCD models for each loan segment. The initial allowance for credit losses determined on a collective basis is allocated to individual loans. The sum of the loan’s purchase price and allowance for credit losses becomes its initial amortized cost basis. The difference between the initial amortized cost basis and the par value of the loan is a non-credit discount or premium, which is amortized into interest income over the life of the loan. Subsequent changes to the allowance for credit losses are recorded through the provision for credit losses. The Company held approximately $142.5 million and $448,000 in PCD loans, as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. This balance, as of December 31, 2022, consisted of $142.1 million resulting from the acquisition of Happy and $415,000 from the acquisition of LH-Finance.

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Allowance for Credit Losses, Credit Quality and Other

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Receivables [Abstract]

Allowance for Credit Losses, Credit Quality and Other

Allowance for Credit Losses, Credit Quality and Other

The Company uses the discounted cash flow (“DCF”) method to estimate expected losses for all of Company’s loan pools. These pools are as follows: construction & land development; other commercial real estate; residential real estate; commercial & industrial; and consumer & other. The loan portfolio pools were selected in order to generally align with the loan categories specified in the quarterly call reports required to be filed with the Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council. For each of these loan pools, the Company generates cash flow projections at the instrument level wherein payment expectations are adjusted for estimated prepayment speed, curtailments, time to recovery, probability of default, and loss given default. The modeling of expected prepayment speeds, curtailment rates, and time to recovery are based on historical internal data. The Company uses regression analysis of historical internal and peer data to determine suitable loss drivers to utilize when modeling lifetime probability of default and loss given default. This analysis also determines how expected probability of default and loss given default will react to forecasted levels of the loss drivers.

Management qualitatively adjusts model results for risk factors that are not considered within our modeling processes but are nonetheless relevant in assessing the expected credit losses within our loan pools. These Q-Factors and other qualitative adjustments may increase or decrease management's estimate of expected credit losses by a calculated percentage or amount based upon the estimated level of risk. The various risks that may be considered in making Q-Factor and other qualitative adjustments include, among other things, the impact of (i) changes in lending policies, procedures and strategies; (ii) changes in nature and volume of the portfolio; (iii) staff experience; (iv) changes in volume and trends in classified loans, delinquencies and nonaccruals; (v) concentration risk; (vi) trends in underlying collateral values; (vii) external factors such as competition, legal and regulatory environment; (viii) changes in the quality of the loan review system and (ix) economic conditions.

Each year management evaluates the performance of the selected models used in the CECL calculation through backtesting. Based on the results of the testing, management determines if the various models produced accurate results compared to the actual losses incurred for the current economic environment. Management then determines if changes to the input assumptions and economic factors would produce a stronger overall calculation that is more responsive to changes in economic conditions. The Company continues to use regression analysis to determine suitable loss drivers to utilize when modeling lifetime probability of default and loss given default for the changes in the economic factors for the loss driver segments. Based on this analysis during the first quarter of 2021, management determined that changes to several of the economic factors for the various loss driver segments were necessary. The identified loss drivers by segment are included below as of both December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Loss Driver Segment	Call Report Segment(s)	Modeled Economic Factors
1-4 Family Construction	1a1	National Unemployment (%) & Housing Price Index (%)
All Other Construction	1a2	National Unemployment (%) & Gross Domestic Product (%)
1-4 Family Revolving HELOC & Junior Liens	1c1	National Unemployment (%) & Housing Price Index – CoreLogic (%)
1-4 Family Revolving HELOC & Junior Liens	1c2b	National Unemployment (%) & Gross Domestic Product (%)
1-4 Family Senior Liens	1c2a	National Unemployment (%) & Gross Domestic Product (%)
Multifamily	1d	Rental Vacancy Rate (%) & Housing Price Index – Case-Schiller (%)
Owner Occupied CRE	1e1	National Unemployment (%) & Gross Domestic Product (%)
Non-Owner Occupied CRE	1e2,1b,8	National Unemployment (%) & Gross Domestic Product (%)
Commercial & Industrial, Agricultural, Non-Depository Financial Institutions, Purchase/Carry Securities, Other	4a, 3, 9a, 9b1, 9b2, 10, Other	National Unemployment (%) & National Retail Sales (%)
Consumer Auto	6c	National Unemployment (%) & National Retail Sales (%)
Other Consumer	6b, 6d	National Unemployment (%) & National Retail Sales (%)
Other Consumer - SPF	6d	National Unemployment (%)

For all DCF models, management has determined that four quarters represents a reasonable and supportable forecast period and reverts to a historical loss rate over four quarters on a straight-line basis. Management leverages economic projections from a reputable and independent third party to inform its loss driver forecasts over the four-quarter forecast period. Other internal and external indicators of economic forecasts are also considered by management when developing the forecast metrics.

The combination of adjustments for credit expectations (default and loss) and time expectations prepayment, curtailment, and time to recovery produces an expected cash flow stream at the instrument level. Instrument effective yield is calculated, net of the impacts of prepayment assumptions, and the instrument expected cash flows are then discounted at that effective yield to produce an instrument-level net present value of expected cash flows (“NPV”). An allowance for credit loss is established for the difference between the instrument’s NPV and amortized cost basis.

Construction/Land Development and Other Commercial Real Estate Loans. We originate non-farm and non-residential loans (primarily secured by commercial real estate), construction/land development loans, and agricultural loans, which are generally secured by real estate located in our market areas. Our commercial mortgage loans are generally collateralized by first liens on real estate and amortized (where defined) over a 15 to 30-year period with balloon payments due at the end of one to five years. These loans are generally underwritten by assessing cash flow (debt service coverage), primary and secondary source of repayment, the financial strength of any guarantor, the strength of the tenant (if any), the borrower’s liquidity and leverage, management experience, ownership structure, economic conditions and industry specific trends and collateral. Generally, we will loan up to 85% of the value of improved property, 65% of the value of raw land and 75% of the value of land to be acquired and developed. A first lien on the property and assignment of lease is required if the collateral is rental property, with second lien positions considered on a case-by-case basis.

Residential Real Estate Loans. We originate one to four family, residential mortgage loans generally secured by property located in our primary market areas. Residential real estate loans generally have a loan-to-value ratio of up to 90%. These loans are underwritten by giving consideration to many factors including the borrower’s ability to pay, stability of employment or source of income, debt-to-income ratio, credit history and loan-to-value ratio.

Commercial and Industrial Loans. Commercial and industrial loans are made for a variety of business purposes, including working capital, inventory, equipment and capital expansion. The terms for commercial loans are generally one to seven years. Commercial loan applications must be supported by current financial information on the borrower and, where appropriate, by adequate collateral. Commercial loans are generally underwritten by addressing cash flow (debt service coverage), primary and secondary sources of repayment, the financial strength of any guarantor, the borrower’s liquidity and leverage, management experience, ownership structure, economic conditions and industry specific trends and collateral. The loan to value ratio depends on the type of collateral. Generally, accounts receivable are financed at between 50% and 80% of accounts receivable less than 60 days past due. Inventory financing will range between 50% and 80% (with no work in process) depending on the borrower and nature of inventory. We require a first lien position for those loans.

Consumer & Other Loans. Our consumer & other loans are primarily composed of loans to finance USCG registered high-end sail and power boats as a result of our acquisitions of Shore Premier Finance on June 30, 2018 and LH-Finance on February 29, 2020. The performance of consumer & other loans will be affected by the local and regional economies as well as the rates of personal bankruptcies, job loss, divorce and other individual-specific characteristics.

Off-Balance Sheet Credit Exposures. The Company estimates expected credit losses over the contractual period in which the Company is exposed to credit risk via a contractual obligation to extend credit unless that obligation is unconditionally cancellable by the Company. The allowance for credit loss on off-balance sheet credit exposures is adjusted as a provision for credit loss expense. The estimate includes consideration of the likelihood that funding will occur and an estimate of expected credit losses on commitments expected to be funded over its estimated life. The Company uses the DCF method to estimate expected losses for all of Company’s off-balance sheet credit exposures through the use of the existing DCF models for the Company’s loan portfolio pools. The off-balance sheet credit exposures exhibit similar risk characteristics as loans currently in the Company’s loan portfolio.

During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company recorded a $5.0 million provision for credit losses on loans due to increased loan growth. However, the Company determined that no additional provision was necessary for unfunded commitments as the current levels of the reserve was considered adequate.

ASC 326 requires that both a discount and an allowance for credit losses be recorded on loans during an acquisition. The Company completed the acquisition of Happy on April 1, 2022. As a result, the Company recorded $4.4 million in net loan discounts and a $16.8 million increase in the allowance for credit losses related to PCD loans. In addition, the Company recorded a $45.2 million provision for credit losses on acquired loans for the CECL "double count" and an $11.4 million provision for credit losses on acquired unfunded commitments.

During the first quarter of 2020, we completed the acquisition of $406.2 million of loans from LH-Finance. As a result, the Company recorded a $6.6 million loan discount and a $9.3 million increase in the allowance for credit losses for this acquisition. A small portion of the loans acquired during the quarter were purchase credit deteriorated (“PCD”) loans, so the Company recorded a $357,000 allowance for credit losses on these loans.

The following table presents the activity in the allowance for credit losses for the year ended December 31, 2022.

	Year Ended December 31, 2022
	Construction/ Land Development		Other Commercial Real Estate		Residential Real Estate		Commercial & Industrial		Consumer & Other		Total
	(In thousands)
Allowance for credit losses:
Beginning balance	$	28,415	$	87,218	$	48,458	$	53,062	$	19,561	$	236,714
Allowance for credit losses on PCD loans - Happy acquisition	950		9,283		980		5,596		7		16,816
Loans charged off	(1)		—		(446)		(9,773)		(7,047)		(17,267)
Recoveries of loans previously charged off	405		967		119		780		965		3,236
Net loans recovered (charged off)	404		967		(327)		(8,993)		(6,082)		(14,031)
Provision for credit loss - acquired loans	7,205		18,711		7,380		11,303		571		45,170
Provision for credit loss - loans	(4,731)		(22,331)		(5,528)		28,386		9,204		5,000
Balance, December 31	$	32,243	$	93,848	$	50,963	$	89,354	$	23,261	$	289,669

The following table presents the balance in the allowance for credit losses for the year ended December 31, 2021.

	Year Ended December 31, 2021
	Construction/ Land Development		Other Commercial Real Estate		Residential Real Estate		Commercial & Industrial		Consumer & Other		Total
	(In thousands)
Allowance for credit losses:
Beginning balance	$	32,861	$	88,453	$	53,216	$	46,530	$	24,413	$	245,473
Loans charged off	—		(646)		(545)		(8,242)		(2,228)		(11,661)
Recoveries of loans previously charged off	58		785		683		591		785		2,902
Net loans recovered (charged off)	58		139		138		(7,651)		(1,443)		(8,759)
Provision for credit loss - loans	(4,504)		(1,374)		(4,896)		14,183		(3,409)		—
Balance, December 31	$	28,415	$	87,218	$	48,458	$	53,062	$	19,561	$	236,714

The following table presents the balance in the allowance for loan losses for the year ended December 31, 2020.

	Year Ended December 31, 2020
	Construction/ Land Development		Other Commercial Real Estate		Residential Real Estate		Commercial & Industrial		Consumer & Other		Total
	(In thousands)
Allowance for loan losses:
Beginning balance	$	26,433	$	33,529	$	20,135	$	16,615	$	5,410	$	102,122
Impact of adopting ASC 326	(5,296)		15,912		16,680		11,584		5,108		43,988
Allowance for credit losses on PCD loans - LH Finance acquisition	—		—		—		—		357		357
Loans charged off	(1,218)		(3,041)		(485)		(7,764)		(1,978)		(14,486)
Recoveries of loans previously charged off	107		647		337		218		761		2,070
Net loans recovered (charged off)	(1,111)		(2,394)		(148)		(7,546)		(1,217)		(12,416)
Provision for credit loss - loans	12,835		41,406		16,549		25,877		5,446		102,113
Provision for loan losses - acquired loans	—		—		—		—		9,309		9,309
Balance December 31	$	32,861	$	88,453	$	53,216	$	46,530	$	24,413	$	245,473

The following table presents the amortized cost basis of loans on nonaccrual status and loans past due over 90 days still accruing as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively:

	December 31, 2022
	Nonaccrual		Nonaccrual With Reserve		Loans Past Due Over 90 Days Still Accruing
	(In thousands)
Real estate:
Commercial real estate loans
Non-farm/non-residential	$	12,219	$	8,383	$	1,844
Construction/land development	1,977		—		31
Agricultural	278		—		—
Residential real estate loans
Residential 1-4 family	18,083		—		1,374
Multifamily residential	—		—		—
Total real estate	32,557		8,383		3,249
Consumer	2,842		—		35
Commercial and industrial	14,920		—		6,300
Agricultural & other	692		—		261
Total	$	51,011	$	8,383	$	9,845

	December 31, 2021
	Nonaccrual		Nonaccrual With Reserve		Loans Past Due Over 90 Days Still Accruing
	(In thousands)
Real estate:
Commercial real estate loans
Non-farm/non-residential	$	11,923	$	2,212	$	2,225
Construction/land development	1,445		—		—
Agricultural	897		—		—
Residential real estate loans
Residential 1-4 family	16,198		3,000		701
Multifamily residential	156		—		—
Total real estate	30,619		5,212		2,926
Consumer	1,648		—		2
Commercial and industrial	13,875		4,018		107
Agricultural & other	1,016		—		—
Total	$	47,158	$	9,230	$	3,035

The Company had $51.0 million and $47.2 million in nonaccrual loans for the periods ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. In addition, the Company had $9.8 million and $3.0 million in loans past due 90 days or more and still accruing for the periods ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

The Company had $8.4 million and $9.2 million in nonaccrual loans with a specific reserve as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The Company did not recognize any interest income on nonaccrual loans during the periods ended December 31, 2022 and 2021.

The following table presents the amortized cost basis of collateral-dependent impaired loans by class of loans as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively:

	December 31, 2022
	Commercial Real Estate		Residential Real Estate		Other
	(In thousands)
Real estate:
Commercial real estate loans
Non-farm/non-residential	$	162,268	$	—	$	—
Construction/land development	2,008		—		—
Agricultural	278		—		—
Residential real estate loans
Residential 1-4 family	—		20,832		—
Multifamily residential	—		969		—
Total real estate	164,554		21,801		—
Consumer	—		—		2,888
Commercial and industrial	—		—		30,334
Agricultural & other	—		—		1,527
Total	$	164,554	$	21,801	$	34,749

	December 31, 2021
	Commercial Real Estate		Residential Real Estate		Other
	(In thousands)
Real estate:
Commercial real estate loans
Non-farm/non-residential	$	283,919	$	—	$	—
Construction/land development	4,775		—		—
Agricultural	897		—		—
Residential real estate loans
Residential 1-4 family	—		19,775		—
Multifamily residential	—		1,300		—
Total real estate	289,591		21,075		—
Consumer	—		—		1,663
Commercial and industrial	—		—		18,193
Agricultural & other	—		—		1,016
Total	$	289,591	$	21,075	$	20,872

The Company had $221.1 million and $331.5 million in collateral-dependent impaired loans for the periods ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Loans that do not share risk characteristics are evaluated on an individual basis. For collateral-dependent impaired loans where the Company has determined that foreclosure of the collateral is probable, or where the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty and the Company expects repayment of the financial asset to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral, the allowance for credit losses is measured based on the difference between the fair value of the collateral and the amortized cost basis of the loan as of the measurement date. When repayment is expected to be from the operation of the collateral, expected credit losses are calculated as the amount by which the amortized cost basis of the loan exceeds the present value of expected cash flows from the operation of the collateral. When repayment is expected to be from the sale of the collateral, expected credit losses are calculated as the amount by which the amortized cost basis of the loan exceeds the fair value of the underlying collateral less estimated costs to sell. The allowance for credit losses may be zero if the fair value of the collateral at the measurement date exceeds the amortized cost basis of the loan.

The following is an aging analysis for loans receivable as of December 31, 2022 and 2021:

	December 31, 2022
	Loans Past Due 30-59 Days		Loans Past Due 60-89 Days		Loans Past Due 90 Days or More		Total Past Due		Current Loans		Total Loans Receivable		Accruing Loans Past Due 90 Days or More
	(In thousands)
Real estate:
Commercial real estate loans
Non-farm/non-residential	$	4,242	$	2,117	$	14,063	$	20,422	$	5,611,641	$	5,632,063	$	1,844
Construction/land development	4,042		1,892		2,008		7,942		2,127,324		2,135,266		31
Agricultural	1,469		193		278		1,940		344,871		346,811		—
Residential real estate loans
Residential 1-4 family	6,715		605		19,457		26,777		1,721,774		1,748,551		1,374
Multifamily residential	—		—		—		—		578,052		578,052		—
Total real estate	16,468		4,807		35,806		57,081		10,383,662		10,440,743		3,249
Consumer	950		539		2,877		4,366		1,145,530		1,149,896		35
Commercial and industrial	3,007		1,075		21,220		25,302		2,323,961		2,349,263		6,300
Agricultural and other	1,065		57		953		2,075		467,503		469,578		261
Total	$	21,490	$	6,478	$	60,856	$	88,824	$	14,320,656	$	14,409,480	$	9,845

	December 31, 2021
	Loans Past Due 30-59 Days		Loans Past Due 60-89 Days		Loans Past Due 90 Days or More		Total Past Due		Current Loans		Total Loans Receivable		Accruing Loans Past Due 90 Days or More
	(In thousands)
Real estate:
Commercial real estate loans
Non-farm/non-residential	$	1,434	$	576	$	14,148	$	16,158	$	3,873,126	$	3,889,284	$	2,225
Construction/land development	92		22		1,445		1,559		1,848,491		1,850,050		—
Agricultural	—		472		897		1,369		129,305		130,674		—
Residential real estate loans
Residential 1-4 family	1,633		3,560		16,899		22,092		1,252,861		1,274,953		701
Multifamily residential	—		—		156		156		280,681		280,837		—
Total real estate	3,159		4,630		33,545		41,334		7,384,464		7,425,798		2,926
Consumer	60		205		1,650		1,915		823,604		825,519		2
Commercial and industrial	958		316		13,982		15,256		1,371,491		1,386,747		107
Agricultural and other	587		2		1,016		1,605		196,420		198,025		—
Total	$	4,764	$	5,153	$	50,193	$	60,110	$	9,775,979	$	9,836,089	$	3,035

Non-accruing loans were $51.0 million and $47.2 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Interest recognized on impaired loans, including those loans with a specific reserve, during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 was approximately $9.6 million, $14.7 million and $3.4 million, respectively. The amount of interest recognized on impaired loans on the cash basis is not materially different than the accrual basis.

Credit Quality Indicators. As part of the on-going monitoring of the credit quality of the Company’s loan portfolio, management tracks certain credit quality indicators including trends related to (i) the risk rating of loans, (ii) the level of classified loans, (iii) net charge-offs, (iv) non-performing loans and (v) the general economic conditions in Arkansas, Florida, Texas, Alabama and New York.

The Company utilizes a risk rating matrix to assign a risk rating to each of its loans. Loans are rated on a scale from 1 to 8. Descriptions of the general characteristics of the 8 risk ratings are as follows:

•Risk rating 1 – Excellent. Loans in this category are to persons or entities of unquestionable financial strength, a highly liquid financial position, with collateral that is liquid and well margined. These borrowers have performed without question on past obligations, and the Bank expects their performance to continue. Internally generated cash flow covers current maturities of long-term debt by a substantial margin. Loans secured by bank certificates of deposit and savings accounts, with appropriate holds placed on the accounts, are to be rated in this category.

•Risk rating 2 – Good. These are loans to persons or entities with strong financial condition and above-average liquidity that have previously satisfactorily handled their obligations with the Bank. Collateral securing the Bank’s debt is margined in accordance with policy guidelines. Internally generated cash flow covers current maturities of long-term debt more than adequately. Unsecured loans to individuals supported by strong financial statements and on which repayment is satisfactory may be included in this classification.

•Risk rating 3 – Satisfactory. Loans to persons or entities with an average financial condition, adequate collateral margins, adequate cash flow to service long-term debt, and net worth comprised mainly of fixed assets are included in this category. These entities are minimally profitable now, with projections indicating continued profitability into the foreseeable future. Closely held corporations or businesses where a majority of the profits are withdrawn by the owners or paid in dividends are included in this rating category. Overall, these loans are basically sound.

•Risk rating 4 – Watch. Borrowers who have marginal cash flow, marginal profitability or have experienced an unprofitable year and a declining financial condition characterize these loans. The borrower has in the past satisfactorily handled debts with the Bank, but in recent months has either been late, delinquent in making payments, or made sporadic payments. While the Bank continues to be adequately secured, margins have decreased or are decreasing, despite the borrower’s continued satisfactory condition. Other characteristics of borrowers in this class include inadequate credit information, weakness of financial statement and repayment capacity, but with collateral that appears to limit exposure.

•Risk rating 5 – Other Loans Especially Mentioned (“OLEM”). A loan criticized as OLEM has potential weaknesses that deserve management’s close attention. If left uncorrected, these potential weaknesses may result in deterioration of the repayment prospects for the asset or in the institution’s credit position at some future date. OLEM assets are not adversely classified and do not expose the institution to sufficient risks to warrant adverse classification.

•Risk rating 6 – Substandard. A loan classified as substandard is inadequately protected by the sound worth and paying capacity of the borrower or the collateral pledged. Loss potential, while existing in the aggregate amount of substandard loans, does not have to exist in individual assets.

•Risk rating 7 – Doubtful. A loan classified as doubtful has all the weaknesses inherent in a loan classified as substandard with the added characteristic that the weaknesses make collection or liquidation in full, on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions, and values, highly questionable and improbable. These are poor quality loans in which neither the collateral, if any, nor the financial condition of the borrower presently ensure collectability in full in a reasonable period of time; in fact, there is permanent impairment in the collateral securing the loan.

•Risk rating 8 – Loss. Assets classified as loss are considered uncollectible and of such little value that the continuance as bankable assets is not warranted. This classification does not mean that the asset has absolutely no recovery or salvage value, but rather, it is not practical or desirable to defer writing off this basically worthless asset, even though partial recovery may occur in the future. This classification is based upon current facts, not probabilities. Assets classified as loss should be charged-off in the period in which they became uncollectible.

Loans may be classified, but not considered impaired, due to one of the following reasons: (1) The Company has established minimum dollar amount thresholds for loan impairment testing. All loans over $2.0 million that are rated 5 – 8 are individually assessed for impairment on a quarterly basis. Loans rated 5 – 8 that fall under the threshold amount are not individually tested for impairment and therefore are not included in impaired loans; (2) of the loans that are above the threshold amount and tested for impairment, after testing, some are considered to not be impaired and are not included in impaired loans.

Based on the most recent analysis performed, the risk category of loans by class as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 is as follows:

	December 31, 2022
	Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year
	2022		2021		2020		2019		2018		Prior		Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis		Total
	(In thousands)
Real estate:
Commercial real estate loans
Non-farm/non-residential
Risk rating 1	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	237	$	—	$	132	$	85	$	454
Risk rating 2	—		—		—		118		—		3,992		—		4,110
Risk rating 3	616,809		509,269		263,188		279,157		322,278		852,727		374,371		3,217,799
Risk rating 4	438,565		341,047		235,669		161,421		321,188		482,437		139,203		2,119,530
Risk rating 5	—		757		1,145		14,417		35,273		37,561		95		89,248
Risk rating 6	876		196		14,247		26,649		4,720		153,909		194		200,791
Risk rating 7	131		—		—		—		—		—		—		131
Risk rating 8	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total non-farm/non-residential	1,056,381		851,269		514,249		481,999		683,459		1,530,758		513,948		5,632,063
Construction/land development
Risk rating 1	$	—	$	11	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	11
Risk rating 2	682		—		—		—		—		210		—		892
Risk rating 3	421,774		283,546		83,631		48,350		19,340		34,910		75,797		967,348
Risk rating 4	354,852		512,541		58,368		79,924		11,520		43,634		65,960		1,126,799
Risk rating 5	—		—		30,987		310		—		1,140		—		32,437
Risk rating 6	612		—		574		751		3		5,839		—		7,779
Risk rating 7	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Risk rating 8	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total construction/land development	777,920		796,098		173,560		129,335		30,863		85,733		141,757		2,135,266
Agricultural
Risk rating 1	$	1,749	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	1,749
Risk rating 2	—		2,048		—		—		—		—		—		2,048
Risk rating 3	61,725		43,356		32,895		16,475		10,326		37,892		5,996		208,665
Risk rating 4	18,870		25,252		20,532		8,706		3,154		42,886		4,755		124,155
Risk rating 5	—		—		—		326		—		603		—		929
Risk rating 6	—		1,630		1,623		4,972		—		1,040		—		9,265
Risk rating 7	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Risk rating 8	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total agricultural	82,344		72,286		55,050		30,479		13,480		82,421		10,751		346,811
Total commercial real estate loans	$	1,916,645	$	1,719,653	$	742,859	$	641,813	$	727,802	$	1,698,912	$	666,456	$	8,114,140
Residential real estate loans
Residential 1-4 family
Risk rating 1	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	115	$	40	$	155
Risk rating 2	—		—		—		—		—		48		2		50
Risk rating 3	360,510		255,775		176,955		112,053		98,093		314,492		110,881		1,428,759
Risk rating 4	37,471		35,875		61,418		11,871		15,577		61,034		65,674		288,920
Risk rating 5	—		—		—		3,049		226		328		—		3,603
Risk rating 6	849		2,423		3,564		3,521		2,536		12,662		1,508		27,063
Risk rating 7	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Risk rating 8	—		—		—		—		—		1		—		1
Total residential 1-4 family	398,830		294,073		241,937		130,494		116,432		388,680		178,105		1,748,551

	December 31, 2022
	Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year
	2022		2021		2020		2019		2018		Prior		Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis		Total
	(In thousands)
Multifamily residential
Risk rating 1	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Risk rating 2	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Risk rating 3	38,830		37,566		14,127		33,813		13,098		60,117		6,534		204,085
Risk rating 4	43,478		101,282		182,850		8,284		11,934		11,779		1,201		360,808
Risk rating 5	—		—		—		—		3,142		7,897		—		11,039
Risk rating 6	—		—		—		302		—		1,818		—		2,120
Risk rating 7	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Risk rating 8	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total multifamily residential	82,308		138,848		196,977		42,399		28,174		81,611		7,735		578,052
Total real estate	$	2,397,783	$	2,152,574	$	1,181,773	$	814,706	$	872,408	$	2,169,203	$	852,296	$	10,440,743
Consumer
Risk rating 1	$	5,332	$	3,952	$	1,134	$	637	$	552	$	1,176	$	1,467	$	14,250
Risk rating 2	—		—		—		193		614		—		—		807
Risk rating 3	284,828		276,044		146,256		132,763		118,244		135,266		16,093		1,109,494
Risk rating 4	15,306		2,293		422		1,216		459		907		69		20,672
Risk rating 5	—		633		19		—		8		810		—		1,470
Risk rating 6	215		156		270		970		24		1,386		101		3,122
Risk rating 7	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Risk rating 8	3		—		1		—		—		77		—		81
Total consumer	305,684		283,078		148,102		135,779		119,901		139,622		17,730		1,149,896
Commercial and industrial
Risk rating 1	3,450		$	7,692	$	268	$	264	$	16	$	21,298	$	8,832	$	41,820
Risk rating 2	1,590		305		27		198		—		226		781		3,127
Risk rating 3	301,063		126,312		80,636		73,360		71,964		112,017		253,111		1,018,463
Risk rating 4	70,862		120,618		69,963		89,975		81,389		48,496		568,795		1,050,098
Risk rating 5	83,272		14,762		159		1,408		6,815		185		75,891		182,492
Risk rating 6	4,842		2,539		11,204		4,193		5,769		16,559		3,554		48,660
Risk rating 7	—		—		—		—		4,316		202		85		4,603
Risk rating 8	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total commercial and industrial	465,079		272,228		162,257		169,398		170,269		198,983		911,049		2,349,263
Agricultural and other
Risk rating 1	$	297	$	266	$	115	$	—	$	—	$	95	$	722	$	1,495
Risk rating 2	140		78		—		2,338		34		115		1,661		4,366
Risk rating 3	85,707		36,004		30,546		4,725		7,986		46,748		131,760		343,476
Risk rating 4	7,627		13,591		2,598		1,671		1,710		8,766		69,179		105,142
Risk rating 5	—		8		204		—		—		593		745		1,550
Risk rating 6	—		58		157		11,137		304		949		944		13,549
Risk rating 7	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Risk rating 8	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total agricultural and other	93,771		50,005		33,620		19,871		10,034		57,266		205,011		469,578
Total	$	3,262,317	$	2,757,885	$	1,525,752	$	1,139,754	$	1,172,612	$	2,565,074	$	1,986,086	$	14,409,480

	December 31, 2021
	Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year
	2021		2020		2019		2018		2017		Prior		Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis		Total
	(In thousands)
Real estate:
Commercial real estate loans
Non-farm/non-residential
Risk rating 1	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Risk rating 2	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Risk rating 3	284,127		281,982		266,990		341,642		195,301		891,035		194,640		2,455,717
Risk rating 4	111,697		32,788		115,989		301,520		90,747		345,254		90,028		1,088,023
Risk rating 5	—		10,930		2,239		23,117		49,926		189,038		—		275,250
Risk rating 6	—		—		23,723		2,224		11,751		32,372		224		70,294
Risk rating 7	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Risk rating 8	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total non-farm/non-residential	395,824		325,700		408,941		668,503		347,725		1,457,699		284,892		3,889,284
Construction/land development
Risk rating 1	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Risk rating 2	—		—		—		—		—		231		—		231
Risk rating 3	301,719		183,715		108,491		23,574		13,760		41,860		149,433		822,552
Risk rating 4	226,230		217,267		448,899		33,617		45,679		38,122		7,297		1,017,111
Risk rating 5	—		—		388		—		—		1,174		176		1,738
Risk rating 6	—		134		825		3		—		7,456		—		8,418
Risk rating 7	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Risk rating 8	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total construction/land development	527,949		401,116		558,603		57,194		59,439		88,843		156,906		1,850,050
Agricultural
Risk rating 1	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Risk rating 2	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Risk rating 3	21,480		27,931		7,768		6,564		5,103		21,689		7,026		97,561
Risk rating 4	4,305		964		365		970		655		22,143		2,065		31,467
Risk rating 5	—		166		—		—		—		—		—		166
Risk rating 6	—		44		—		—		—		1,436		—		1,480
Risk rating 7	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Risk rating 8	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total agricultural	25,785		29,105		8,133		7,534		5,758		45,268		9,091		130,674
Total commercial real estate loans	$	949,558	$	755,921	$	975,677	$	733,231	$	412,922	$	1,591,810	$	450,889	$	5,870,008
Residential real estate loans
Residential 1-4 family
Risk rating 1	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	76	$	89	$	165
Risk rating 2	—		—		—		—		—		29		—		29
Risk rating 3	210,970		147,523		119,861		94,848		82,474		296,687		85,836		1,038,199
Risk rating 4	8,885		3,397		56,839		16,887		21,874		53,578		36,642		198,102
Risk rating 5	—		—		3,065		1,220		582		1,366		193		6,426
Risk rating 6	1,136		2,252		2,432		2,063		1,263		16,305		6,580		32,031
Risk rating 7	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Risk rating 8	—		—		—		—		—		1		—		1
Total residential 1-4 family	220,991		153,172		182,197		115,018		106,193		368,042		129,340		1,274,953

	December 31, 2021
	Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year
	2021		2020		2019		2018		2017		Prior		Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis		Total
	(In thousands)
Multifamily residential
Risk rating 1	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Risk rating 2	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Risk rating 3	11,898		5,211		34,492		17,375		9,430		43,804		3,583		125,793
Risk rating 4	3,755		44,294		30,060		3,412		2,981		18,805		33,723		137,030
Risk rating 5	—		—		—		7,591		8,105		—		—		15,696
Risk rating 6	—		—		—		—		890		1,428		—		2,318
Risk rating 7	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Risk rating 8	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total multifamily residential	15,653		49,505		64,552		28,378		21,406		64,037		37,306		280,837
Total real estate	$	1,186,202	$	958,598	$	1,222,426	$	876,627	$	540,521	$	2,023,889	$	617,535	$	7,425,798
Consumer
Risk rating 1	$	4,441	$	1,799	$	1,237	$	920	$	226	$	1,383	$	1,893	$	11,899
Risk rating 2	—		—		45		639		—		8		—		692
Risk rating 3	221,986		173,511		132,148		109,810		67,992		92,076		1,098		798,621
Risk rating 4	3,547		923		2,944		1,776		158		2,641		79		12,068
Risk rating 5	—		116		—		15		—		131		—		262
Risk rating 6	69		34		39		117		—		1,711		7		1,977
Risk rating 7	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Risk rating 8	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total consumer	230,043		176,383		136,413		113,277		68,376		97,950		3,077		825,519
Commercial and industrial
Risk rating 1	$	99,579	$	12,752	$	350	$	118	$	102	$	21,436	$	9,851	$	144,188
Risk rating 2	175		16		—		—		66		276		168		701
Risk rating 3	125,071		59,056		77,130		67,944		34,733		42,905		145,247		552,086
Risk rating 4	244,927		35,350		89,558		91,840		23,616		34,566		88,750		608,607
Risk rating 5	6,185		609		480		8,258		5,712		2,851		582		24,677
Risk rating 6	492		15,377		5,913		24,941		5,477		2,233		342		54,775
Risk rating 7	—		—		—		1,696		—		—		—		1,696
Risk rating 8	—		—		—		—		—		16		1		17
Total commercial and industrial	476,429		123,160		173,431		194,797		69,706		104,283		244,941		1,386,747
Agricultural and other
Risk rating 1	$	5,042	$	—	$	40	$	—	$	—	$	110	$	552	$	5,744
Risk rating 2	—		—		3,467		—		—		909		983		5,359
Risk rating 3	54,534		44,030		5,158		7,092		2,009		46,570		8,750		168,143
Risk rating 4	1,544		218		154		1,590		1,226		1,224		10,842		16,798
Risk rating 5	—		—		—		—		—		1,297		—		1,297
Risk rating 6	53		—		23		13		33		562		—		684
Risk rating 7	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Risk rating 8	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total agricultural and other	61,173		44,248		8,842		8,695		3,268		50,672		21,127		198,025
Total	$	1,953,847	$	1,302,389	$	1,541,112	$	1,193,396	$	681,871	$	2,276,794	$	886,680	$	9,836,089

The Company considers the performance of the loan portfolio and its impact on the allowance for credit losses. The Company also evaluates credit quality based on the aging status of the loan, which was previously presented and by payment activity. The following tables present the amortized cost of performing and nonperforming loans as of December 31, 2022 and 2021.

	December 31, 2022
	Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year
	2022		2021		2020		2019		2018		Prior		Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis		Total
	(In thousands)
Real estate:
Commercial real estate loans
Non-farm/non-residential
Performing	$	1,056,381	$	851,269	$	509,258	$	456,196	$	679,187	$	1,403,874	$	513,630	$	5,469,795
Non-performing	—		—		4,991		25,803		4,272		126,884		318		162,268
Total non-farm/ non-residential	1,056,381		851,269		514,249		481,999		683,459		1,530,758		513,948		5,632,063
Construction/land development
Performing	777,309		796,098		172,987		128,736		30,860		85,511		141,757		2,133,258
Non-performing	611		—		573		599		3		222		—		2,008
Total construction/ land development	777,920		796,098		173,560		129,335		30,863		85,733		141,757		2,135,266
Agricultural
Performing	$	82,344	$	72,286	$	55,050	$	30,479	$	13,480	$	82,143	$	10,751	$	346,533
Non-performing	—		—		—		—		—		278		—		278
Total agricultural	82,344		72,286		55,050		30,479		13,480		82,421		10,751		346,811
Total commercial real estate loans	$	1,916,645	$	1,719,653	$	742,859	$	641,813	$	727,802	$	1,698,912	$	666,456	$	8,114,140
Residential real estate loans
Residential 1-4 family
Performing	$	397,464	$	292,100	$	239,047	$	127,250	$	114,337	$	380,210	$	177,311	$	1,727,719
Non-performing	1,366		1,973		2,890		3,244		2,095		8,470		794		20,832
Total residential 1-4 family	398,830		294,073		241,937		130,494		116,432		388,680		178,105		1,748,551
Multifamily residential
Performing	$	82,308	$	138,848	$	196,977	$	42,399	$	28,174	$	80,642	$	7,735	$	577,083
Non-performing	—		—		—		—		—		969		—		969
Total multifamily residential	82,308		138,848		196,977		42,399		28,174		81,611		7,735		578,052
Total real estate	2,397,783		2,152,574		1,181,773		814,706		872,408		2,169,203		852,296		10,440,743
Consumer
Performing	$	305,620	$	282,944	$	147,820	$	134,831	$	119,877	$	138,288	$	17,628	$	1,147,008
Non-performing	64		134		282		948		24		1,334		102		2,888
Total consumer	305,684		283,078		148,102		135,779		119,901		139,622		17,730		1,149,896
Commercial and industrial
Performing	$	464,285	$	267,719	$	159,152	$	165,733	$	160,267	$	194,162	$	907,611	$	2,318,929
Non-performing	794		4,509		3,105		3,665		10,002		4,821		3,438		30,334
Total commercial and industrial	465,079		272,228		162,257		169,398		170,269		198,983		911,049		2,349,263
Agricultural and other
Performing	$	93,771	$	50,001	$	33,416	$	19,818	$	10,034	$	56,631	$	204,380	$	468,051
Non-performing	—		4		204		53		—		635		631		1,527
Total agricultural and other	93,771		50,005		33,620		19,871		10,034		57,266		205,011		469,578
Total	$	3,262,317	$	2,757,885	$	1,525,752	$	1,139,754	$	1,172,612	$	2,565,074	$	1,986,086	$	14,409,480

	December 31, 2021
	Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year
	2021		2020		2019		2018		2017		Prior		Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis		Total
	(In thousands)
Real estate:
Commercial real estate loans
Non-farm/non-residential
Performing	$	395,824	$	315,447	$	394,061	$	648,351	$	298,086	$	1,268,731	$	284,865	$	3,605,365
Non-performing	—		10,253		14,880		20,152		49,639		188,968		27		283,919
Total non-farm/ non-residential	395,824		325,700		408,941		668,503		347,725		1,457,699		284,892		3,889,284
Construction/land development
Performing	527,949		400,982		557,778		57,024		59,439		85,197		156,906		1,845,275
Non-performing	—		134		825		170		—		3,646		—		4,775
Total construction/ land development	527,949		401,116		558,603		57,194		59,439		88,843		156,906		1,850,050
Agricultural
Performing	$	25,785	$	28,939	$	8,133	$	7,534	$	5,758	$	44,537	$	9,091	$	129,777
Non-performing	—		166		—		—		—		731		—		897
Total agricultural	25,785		29,105		8,133		7,534		5,758		45,268		9,091		130,674
Total commercial real estate loans	$	949,558	$	755,921	$	975,677	$	733,231	$	412,922	$	1,591,810	$	450,889	$	5,870,008
Residential real estate loans
Residential 1-4 family
Performing	$	220,380	$	151,459	$	180,113	$	113,845	$	105,129	$	360,700	$	123,552	$	1,255,178
Non-performing	611		1,713		2,084		1,173		1,064		7,342		5,788		19,775
Total residential 1-4 family	220,991		153,172		182,197		115,018		106,193		368,042		129,340		1,274,953
Multifamily residential
Performing	$	15,653	$	49,505	$	64,552	$	28,378	$	21,406	$	62,737	$	37,306	$	279,537
Non-performing	—		—		—		—		—		1,300		—		1,300
Total multifamily residential	15,653		49,505		64,552		28,378		21,406		64,037		37,306		280,837
Total real estate	1,186,202		958,598		1,222,426		876,627		540,521		2,023,889		617,535		7,425,798
Consumer
Performing	$	229,986	$	176,355	$	136,403	$	113,160	$	68,376	$	96,506	$	3,070	$	823,856
Non-performing	57		28		10		117		—		1,444		7		1,663
Total consumer	230,043		176,383		136,413		113,277		68,376		97,950		3,077		825,519
Commercial and industrial
Performing	$	476,424	$	122,999	$	168,984	$	185,569	$	66,928	$	103,391	$	244,259	$	1,368,554
Non-performing	5		161		4,447		9,228		2,778		892		682		18,193
Total commercial and industrial	476,429		123,160		173,431		194,797		69,706		104,283		244,941		1,386,747
Agricultural and other
Performing	$	61,173	$	44,248	$	8,819	$	8,682	$	3,235	$	49,725	$	21,127	$	197,009
Non-performing	—		—		23		13		33		947		—		1,016
Total agricultural and other	61,173		44,248		8,842		8,695		3,268		50,672		21,127		198,025
Total	$	1,953,847	$	1,302,389	$	1,541,112	$	1,193,396	$	681,871	$	2,276,794	$	886,680	$	9,836,089

The Company had approximately $28.3 million or 183 total revolving loans convert to term loans for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to $58.7 million or 259 total revolving loans convert to term loans for the year ended December 31, 2021. These loans were considered immaterial for vintage disclosure inclusion.

The following is a presentation of troubled debt restructurings (“TDRs”) by class as of December 31, 2022 and 2021:

	December 31, 2022
	Number of Loans	Pre- Modification Outstanding Balance		Rate Modification		Term Modification		Rate & Term Modification		Post- Modification Outstanding Balance
	(Dollars in thousands)
Real estate:
Commercial real estate loans
Non-farm/non-residential	11	$	4,462	$	1,395	$	598	$	436	$	2,429
Construction/land development	1	216		177		—		—		177
Residential real estate loans
Residential 1-4 family	14	2,115		772		145		290		1,207
Multifamily residential	1	1,130		969		—		—		969
Total real estate	27	7,923		3,313		743		726		4,782
Consumer	2	18		11		—		1		12
Commercial and industrial	15	3,199		748		47		156		951
Total	44	$	11,140	$	4,072	$	790	$	883	$	5,745

	December 31, 2021
	Number of Loans	Pre- Modification Outstanding Balance		Rate Modification		Term Modification		Rate & Term Modification		Post- Modification Outstanding Balance
	(Dollars in thousands)
Real estate:
Commercial real estate loans
Non-farm/non-residential	12	$	6,119	$	3,581	$	623	$	85	$	4,289
Construction/land development	2	240		210		1		—		211
Agricultural	1	282		262		—		—		262
Residential real estate loans
Residential 1-4 family	15	2,328		844		117		332		1,293
Multifamily residential	1	1,130		1,144		—		—		1,144
Total real estate	31	10,099		6,041		741		417		7,199
Consumer	4	22		13		—		3		16
Commercial and industrial	9	2,353		172		65		74		311
Total	44	$	12,474	$	6,226	$	806	$	494	$	7,526

The following is a presentation of TDRs on non-accrual status as of December 31, 2022, and 2021 because they are not in compliance with the modified terms:

	December 31, 2022			December 31, 2021
	Number of Loans	Recorded Balance		Number of Loans	Recorded Balance
	(Dollars in thousands)
Real estate:
Commercial real estate loans
Non-farm/non-residential	2	$	262	2	$	7
Construction/land development	1	177		1	210
Agricultural	—	—		1	262
Residential real estate loans
Residential 1-4 family	4	218		5	388
Total real estate	7	657		9	867
Consumer	1	1		3	3
Commercial and industrial	13	931		6	206
Total	21	$	1,589	18	$	1,076

The following is a presentation of total foreclosed assets as of December 31, 2022 and 2021:

	December 31, 2022		December 31, 2021
	(In thousands)
Commercial real estate loans
Non-farm/non-residential	$	118	$	536
Construction/land development	47		834
Agricultural	—		—
Residential real estate loans
Residential 1-4 family	260		260
Multifamily residential	121		—
Total foreclosed assets held for sale	$	546	$	1,630

The Company has purchased loans for which there was, at acquisition, evidence of more than insignificant deterioration of credit quality since origination. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the balance of purchase credit deteriorated loans was approximately $142.5 million and $448,000, respectively. This balance, as of December 31, 2022, consisted of $142.1 million resulting from the acquisition of Happy and $415,000 from the acquisition of LH-Finance.

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Goodwill and Core Deposit Intangible

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]

Goodwill and Core Deposit Intangible

Goodwill and Core Deposit Intangible

Changes in the carrying amount and accumulated amortization of the Company’s goodwill and core deposit intangible at December 31, 2022 and 2021, were as follows:

	December 31, 2022		December 31, 2021
Goodwill	(In thousands)
Balance, beginning of period	$	973,025	$	973,025
Acquisitions	425,228		—
Balance, end of period	$	1,398,253	$	973,025

	December 31, 2022		December 31, 2021
Core Deposit Intangible	(In thousands)
Balance, beginning of period	$	25,045	$	30,728
Acquisitions	42,263		—
Amortization expense	(8,853)		(5,683)
Balance, end of year	$	58,455	$	25,045

The carrying basis and accumulated amortization of core deposits intangibles at December 31, 2022 and 2021 were:

	December 31, 2022		December 31, 2021
	(In thousands)
Gross carrying amount	$	128,888	$	86,625
Accumulated amortization	(70,433)		(61,580)
Net carrying amount	$	58,455	$	25,045

Core deposit intangible amortization expense for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 was approximately $8.9 million, $5.7 million and $5.8 million, respectively. The core deposit intangible is tested annually for impairment during the fourth quarter. During the 2022 review, no impairment was found. Including all of the mergers completed as of December 31, 2022, HBI’s estimated amortization expense of the core deposit intangible for each of the years 2023 through 2027 is approximately: 2023 – $9.7 million; 2024 – $8.4 million; 2025 – $8.0 million; 2026 – $7.8 million and 2027 – $6.6 million.

The carrying amount of the Company’s goodwill was $1.40 billion and $973.0 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Goodwill is tested annually for impairment during the fourth quarter or more frequently if changes or circumstances occur. During the 2022 and 2021 reviews, no impairment was found. If the implied fair value of goodwill is lower than its carrying amount, goodwill impairment is indicated, and goodwill is written down to its implied fair value. Subsequent increases in goodwill value are not recognized in the consolidated financial statements.

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Other Assets

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Other Assets [Abstract]

Other Assets

Other Assets

Other assets consist primarily of equity securities without a readily determinable fair value and other miscellaneous assets. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, other assets were $321.2 million and $177.0 million, respectively.

The Company has equity securities without readily determinable fair values such as stock holdings in the Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) and the Federal Reserve Bank (“Federal Reserve”) which are outside the scope of ASC Topic 321, Investments – Equity Securities (“ASC Topic 321”). These equity securities without a readily determinable fair value were $135.3 million and $88.2 million at December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively, and are accounted for at cost.

The Company also has equity securities such as stock holdings in First National Bankers’ Bank and other miscellaneous holdings which are accounted for under ASC Topic 321. These equity securities without a readily determinable fair value were $80.6 million and $36.4 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. There were no transactions during the period that would indicate a material change in fair value.

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Deposits

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Deposits [Abstract]

Deposits

DepositsThe aggregate amount of time deposits with a minimum denomination of $250,000 was $333.2 million and $321.6 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The aggregate amount of time deposits with a minimum denomination of $100,000 was $639.3 million and $537.4 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Interest expense applicable to certificates in excess of $100,000 totaled $3.4 million, $7.3 million and $22.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, brokered deposits were $476.6 million and $625.7 million, respectively.

The following is a summary of the scheduled maturities of all time deposits at December 31, 2022 (in thousands):

2023	$862,018
2024	129,470
2025	19,206
2026	15,111
2027	16,768
Thereafter	661
Total time deposits	$1,043,234

Deposits totaling approximately $2.65 billion and $1.91 billion at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, were public funds obtained primarily from state and political subdivisions in the United States.

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Securities Sold Under Agreements to Repurchase

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Securities Sold under Agreements to Repurchase [Abstract]

Securities Sold Under Agreements to Repurchase

Securities Sold Under Agreements to Repurchase

At December 31, 2022 and 2021, securities sold under agreements to repurchase totaled $131.1 million and $140.9 million, respectively. For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, securities sold under agreements to repurchase daily weighted-average totaled $129.0 million and $151.2 million, respectively. The remaining contractual maturity of securities sold under agreements to repurchase in the consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 is presented in the following table:

	December 31, 2022				December 31, 2021
	Overnight and Continuous		Total		Overnight and Continuous		Total
	(In thousands)
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase:
U.S. government-sponsored enterprises	$	5,322	$	5,322	$	8,433	$	8,433
Mortgage-backed securities	5,153		5,153		7,920		7,920
State and political subdivisions	117,674		117,674		122,173		122,173
Other securities	2,997		2,997		2,360		2,360
Total borrowings	$	131,146	$	131,146	$	140,886	$	140,886

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FHLB and Other Borrowed Funds

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Advance from Federal Home Loan Bank [Abstract]

FHLB and Other Borrowed Funds

FHLB and Other Borrowed Funds

The Company’s FHLB borrowed funds, which are secured by our loan portfolio, were $650.0 million and $400.0 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The Company had no other borrowed funds as of December 31, 2022 or December 31, 2021. At December 31, 2022, $50.0 million and $600.0 million of the outstanding balance were classified as short-term and long-term advances, respectively. At December 31, 2021, the entire $400.0 million balance was classified as long term advances. The FHLB advances mature from 2023 to 2033 with fixed interest rates ranging from 2.26% to 4.84% and are secured by loans and investments securities. Expected maturities could differ from contractual maturities because the FHLB has have the right to call or the Company has the right to prepay certain obligations.

Additionally, the Company had $1.14 billion and $1.07 billion at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, in letters of credit under a FHLB blanket borrowing line of credit, which are used to collateralize public deposits at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Maturities of borrowings with original maturities exceeding one year at December 31, 2022, are as follows (in thousands):

	By Contractual Maturity		By Call Date
2023	$	50,000	$	50,000
2024	—		400,000
2025	100,000		100,000
2026	100,000		100,000
2027	—		—
Thereafter	400,000		—
	$	650,000	$	650,000

Additionally, the parent company took out a $20.0 million line of credit for general corporate purposes during 2015. The balance on this line of credit at December 31, 2022 and 2021 was zero.

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Subordinated Debentures

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Debt Disclosure [Abstract]

Subordinated Debentures

Subordinated Debentures

Subordinated debentures consist of subordinated debt securities and guaranteed payments on trust preferred securities. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, subordinated debentures were $440.4 million and $371.1 million, respectively.

Subordinated debentures at December 31, 2022 and 2021 contained the following components:

	As of December 31, 2022		As of December 31, 2021
	(In thousands)
Trust preferred securities
Subordinated debentures, issued in 2006, due 2036, fixed rate of 6.75% during the first five years and at a floating rate of 1.85% above the three-month LIBOR rate, reset quarterly, thereafter, currently callable without penalty	$	—	$	3,093
Subordinated debentures, issued in 2004, due 2034, fixed rate of 6.00% during the first five years and at a floating rate of 2.00% above the three- month LIBOR rate, reset quarterly, thereafter, currently callable without penalty	—		15,464
Subordinated debentures, issued in 2005, due 2035, fixed rate of 5.84% during the first five years and at a floating rate of 1.45% above the three- month LIBOR rate, reset quarterly, thereafter, currently callable without penalty	—		25,774
Subordinated debentures, issued in 2004, due 2034, fixed rate of 4.29% during the first five years and at a floating rate of 2.50% above the three-month LIBOR rate, reset quarterly, thereafter, currently callable without penalty	—		16,495
Subordinated debentures, issued in 2005, due 2035, floating rate of 2.15% above the three-month LIBOR rate, reset quarterly, currently callable without penalty	—		4,501
Subordinated debentures, issued in 2006, due 2036, fixed rate of 7.38% during the first five years and at a floating rate of 1.62% above the three-month LIBOR rate, reset quarterly, thereafter, currently callable without penalty	—		5,942
Subordinated debt securities
Subordinated notes issued in 2020, due 2030, fixed rate of 5.500% during the first five years and at a floating rate of 534.5 basis points above the then three-month SOFR rate, reset quarterly, thereafter, callable in 2025 without penalty	143,400		—
Subordinated notes, net of issuance costs, issued in 2022, due 2032, fixed rate of 3.125% during the first five years and at a floating rate of 182 basis points above the then three-month SOFR rate, reset quarterly, thereafter, callable in 2027 without penalty	297,020		—
Subordinated notes, net of issuance costs, issued in 2017, due 2027, fixed rate of 5.625% during the first five years and at a floating rate of 3.575% above the then three-month LIBOR rate, reset quarterly, thereafter, callable in 2022 without penalty	—		299,824
Total	$	440,420	$	371,093

Trust Preferred Securities. On April 1, 2022, the Company acquired $23.2 million in trust preferred securities from Happy which were currently callable without penalty based on the terms of the specific agreements. During the second and third quarters of 2022, the Company redeemed, without penalty, the $23.2 million of the trust preferred securities acquired from Happy. In addition, during the second and third quarters, the Company also redeemed, without penalty, the $73.3 million of trust preferred securities held prior to the Happy acquisition. As a result, the Company no longer holds any trust preferred securities.

Subordinated Debt Securities. On April 1, 2022, the Company acquired $140.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 5.500% Fixed-to-Floating Rate Subordinated Notes due 2030 (the “2030 Notes”) from Happy, and the Company recorded approximately $144.4 million which included fair value adjustments. The 2030 Notes are unsecured, subordinated debt obligations of the Company and will mature on July 31, 2030. From and including the date of issuance to, but excluding July 31, 2025 or the date of earlier redemption, the 2030 Notes will bear interest at an initial rate of 5.50% per annum, payable in arrears on January 31 and July 31 of each year. From and including July 31, 2025 to, but excluding, the maturity date or earlier redemption, the 2030 Notes will bear interest at a floating rate equal to the Benchmark rate (which is expected to be 3-month Secured Overnight Funding Rate (SOFR)), each as defined in and subject to the provisions of the applicable supplemental indenture for the 2030 Notes, plus 5.345%, payable quarterly in arrears on January 31, April 30, July 31, and October 31 of each year, commencing on October 31, 2025.

The Company may, beginning with the interest payment date of July 31, 2025, and on any interest payment date thereafter, redeem the 2030 Notes, in whole or in part, subject to prior approval of the Federal Reserve if then required, at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the 2030 Notes to be redeemed plus accrued and unpaid interest to but excluding the date of redemption. The Company may also redeem the 2030 Notes at any time, including prior to July 31, 2025, at the Company’s option, in whole but not in part, subject to prior approval of the Federal Reserve if then required, if certain events occur that could impact the Company’s ability to deduct interest payable on the 2030 Notes for U.S. federal income tax purposes or preclude the 2030 Notes from being recognized as Tier 2 capital for regulatory capital purposes, or if the Company is required to register as an investment company under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended. In each case, the redemption would be at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the 2030 Notes plus any accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, the redemption date.

On January 18, 2022, the Company completed an underwritten public offering of $300.0 million in aggregate principal amount of its 3.125% Fixed-to-Floating Rate Subordinated Notes due 2032 (the “2032 Notes”) for net proceeds, after underwriting discounts and issuance costs of approximately $296.4 million. The 2032 Notes are unsecured, subordinated debt obligations of the Company and will mature on January 30, 2032. From and including the date of issuance to, but excluding January 30, 2027 or the date of earlier redemption, the 2032 Notes will bear interest at an initial rate of 3.125% per annum, payable in arrears on January 30 and July 30 of each year. From and including January 30, 2027 to, but excluding, the maturity date or earlier redemption, the 2032 Notes will bear interest at a floating rate equal to the Benchmark rate (which is expected to be Three-Month Term SOFR)), each as defined in and subject to the provisions of the applicable supplemental indenture for the 2032 Notes, plus 182 basis points, payable quarterly in arrears on January 30, April 30, July 30, and October 30 of each year, commencing on April 30, 2027.

The Company may, beginning with the interest payment date of January 30, 2027, and on any interest payment date thereafter, redeem the 2032 Notes, in whole or in part, subject to prior approval of the Federal Reserve if then required, at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the 2032 Notes to be redeemed plus accrued and unpaid interest to but excluding the date of redemption. The Company may also redeem the 2032 Notes at any time, including prior to January 30, 2027, at the Company’s option, in whole but not in part, subject to prior approval of the Federal Reserve if then required, if certain events occur that could impact the Company’s ability to deduct interest payable on the 2032 Notes for U.S. federal income tax purposes or preclude the 2032 Notes from being recognized as Tier 2 capital for regulatory capital purposes, or if the Company is required to register as an investment company under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended. In each case, the redemption would be at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the 2032 Notes plus any accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, the redemption date.

On April 3, 2017, the Company completed an underwritten public offering of $300.0 million in aggregate principal amount of its 5.625% Fixed-to-Floating Rate Subordinated Notes due 2027 (the “Notes”) for net proceeds, after underwriting discounts and issuance costs, of approximately $297.0 million . The Notes were unsecured, subordinated debt obligations and would have matured on April 15, 2027. From and including the date of issuance to, but excluding April 15, 2022, the Notes bore interest at an initial rate of 5.625% per annum. From and including April 15, 2022 to, but excluding the maturity date or earlier redemption, the Notes were to bear interest at a floating rate equal to three-month LIBOR as calculated on each applicable date of determination plus a spread of 3.575%; provided, however, that in the event three-month LIBOR is less than zero, then three-month LIBOR would have been deemed to be zero.

The Company, beginning with the interest payment date of April 15, 2022, and on any interest payment date thereafter, was permitted to redeem the 2027 Notes, in whole or in part, at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the 2027 Notes to be redeemed plus accrued and unpaid interest to but excluding the date of redemption. On April 15, 2022, the Company completed the payoff of the 2027 Notes in aggregate principal amount of $300.0 million. Each 2027 Note was redeemed pursuant to the terms of the Subordinated Indenture, as supplemented by the First Supplemental Indenture, each dated as of April 3, 2017, between the Company and U.S. Bank Trust Company, National Association, the Trustee for the 2027 Notes, at the redemption price of 100% of its principal amount, plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, the redemption date.

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Income Taxes

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]

Income Taxes

Income Taxes

The following is a summary of the components of the provision for income taxes for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020:

	Year Ended December 31,
	2022		2021		2020
	(In thousands)
Current:
Federal	$	72,367	$	70,536	$	62,362
State	14,733		23,350		20,644
Total current	87,100		93,886		83,006
Deferred:
Federal	1,839		2,906		(14,839)
State	374		962		(4,912)
Total deferred	2,213		3,868		(19,751)
Income tax expense	$	89,313	$	97,754	$	63,255

The reconciliation between the statutory federal income tax rate and effective income tax rate is as follows for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020:

	Year Ended December 31,
	2022		2021		2020
Statutory federal income tax rate	21.00	%	21.00	%	21.00	%
Effect of non-taxable interest income	(1.89)		(1.03)		(1.29)
Stock compensation	0.38		0.25		0.33
State income taxes, net of federal benefit	2.70		3.97		3.50
Other	0.45		(0.74)		(0.76)
Effective income tax rate	22.64	%	23.45	%	22.78	%

The types of temporary differences between the tax basis of assets and liabilities and their financial reporting amounts that give rise to deferred income tax assets and liabilities, and their approximate tax effects, are as follows:

	December 31, 2022		December 31, 2021
	(In thousands)
Deferred tax assets:
Allowance for credit losses	$	80,232	$	68,644
Deferred compensation	7,817		5,342
Stock compensation	6,180		5,044
Non-accrual interest income	1,518		694
Real estate owned	103		109
Unrealized loss on Securities AFS	98,587		—
Loan discounts	7,007		4,169
Tax basis premium/discount on acquisitions	1,222		3,220
Investments	28,523		263
Deposits	—		(65)
Other	8,007		5,283
Gross deferred tax assets	239,196		92,703
Deferred tax liabilities:
Accelerated depreciation on premises and equipment	4,252		761
Unrealized gain on securities available-for-sale	—		4,220
Core deposit intangibles	14,755		5,736
FHLB dividends	2,681		2,820
Other	8,187		876
Gross deferred tax liabilities	29,875		14,413
Net deferred tax assets	$	209,321	$	78,290

The Company and its subsidiaries file income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction and the states of Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Kansas, Kentucky, Maryland, Mississippi, Missouri, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, New Mexico, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas and Wisconsin. The Company is no longer subject to U.S. federal and state tax examinations by tax authorities for years before 2018.

The Company recognizes interest related to unrecognized tax benefits in interest expense and penalties in other non-interest expense. During the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, the Company did not recognize any significant interest or penalties.

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Common Stock, Compensation Plans and Other

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Share-Based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]

Common Stock, Compensation Plans and Other

Common Stock, Compensation Plans and Other

Common Stock

The Company’s Restated Articles of Incorporation, as amended, authorize the issuance of up to 300,000,000 shares of common stock, par value $0.01 per share.

The Company also has the authority to issue up to 5,500,000 shares of preferred stock, par value $0.01 per share under the Company’s Restated Articles of Incorporation.

Stock Repurchases

On January 22, 2021, the Board of Directors of the Company authorized the repurchase of up to an additional 20,000,000 shares of the Company’s common stock under the previously approved stock repurchase program. During 2022, the Company utilized a portion of this stock repurchase program in order to repurchase a total of 3,098,531 shares with a weighted-average stock price of $22.84 per share. The 2022 earnings were used to fund the repurchases during the year. Shares repurchased under the program as of December 31, 2022 total 20,759,866 shares. The remaining balance available for repurchase was 18,992,134 shares at December 31, 2022.

Stock Compensation Plans

On January 21, 2022, the Company’s Board of Directors adopted, and on April 21, 2022, the Company's shareholders approved, the Home BancShares, Inc. 2022 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2022 Plan”). The 2022 Plan replaced the Company’s Amended and Restated 2006 Stock Option and Performance Incentive Plan (the “2006 Plan” and, together with the 2022 Plan, the “Plans”), which expired on February 27, 2022. The purpose of the Plans is to attract and retain highly qualified officers, directors, key employees, and other persons, and to motivate those persons to improve the Company’s business results. As of December 31, 2022, the maximum total number of shares of the Company’s common stock available for issuance under the 2022 Plan was 14,788,000 shares (representing 13,288,000 shares approved for issuance under the 2006 Plan plus 1,500,000 shares added upon adoption of the 2022 Plan). At December 31, 2022, the Company had 2,762,049 shares of common stock remaining available for future grants and 5,732,565 shares of common stock reserved for issuance pursuant the Plans.

The intrinsic value of the stock options outstanding at December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 was $7.8 million, $13.1 million and $5.0 million, respectively. The intrinsic value of the stock options vested at December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 was $7.5 million, $10.7 million and $4.7 million, respectively.

The intrinsic value of the stock options exercised during 2022, 2021 and 2020 was $1.8 million, $2.0 million, and $719,000, respectively.

Total unrecognized compensation cost, net of income tax benefit, related to non-vested awards, which are expected to be recognized over the vesting periods, was approximately $5.2 million as of December 31, 2022.

The table below summarized the stock option transactions under the Plan at December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 and changes during the years then ended:

	2022			2021			2020
	Shares (000)	Weighted- average Exercisable Price		Shares (000)	Weighted- average Exercisable Price		Shares (000)	Weighted- average Exercisable Price
Outstanding, beginning of year	3,015	$	20.06	3,254	$	19.77	3,411	$	19.60
Granted	183	21.13		15	21.68		—	—
Forfeited/Expired	(96)	21.89		(57)	22.44		(76)	21.95
Exercised	(131)	11.30		(197)	14.78		(81)	10.61
Outstanding, end of year	2,971	20.45		3,015	20.06		3,254	19.77
Exercisable, end of year	1,837	18.89		1,543	17.46		1,537	16.82

Stock-based compensation expense for stock-based compensation awards granted is based on the grant-date fair value. For stock option awards, the fair value is estimated at the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. This model requires the input of highly subjective assumptions, changes to which can materially affect the fair value estimate. Additionally, there may be other factors that would otherwise have a significant effect on the value of employee stock options granted but are not considered by the model. Accordingly, while management believes that the Black-Scholes option-pricing model provides a reasonable estimate of fair value, the model does not necessarily provide the best single measure of fair value for the Company's employee stock options. The weighted-average fair value of options granted during the year ended December 31, 2022 was $5.21, and the weighted-average fair value of options granted during the year ended December 31, 2021 was $11.11. The fair value of each option granted is estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model based on the weighted-average assumptions for expected dividend yield, expected stock price volatility, risk-free interest rate, and expected life of options granted.

The assumptions used in determining the fair value of 2022, 2021 and 2020 stock option grants were as follows:

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2022		2021		2020
Expected dividend yield	3.14	%	2.59	%		Not Applicable
Expected stock price volatility	31.18	%	70.13	%		Not Applicable
Risk-free interest rate	2.82	%	0.75	%		Not Applicable
Expected life of options	6.5 years		6.5 years			Not Applicable

The following is a summary of currently outstanding and exercisable options at December 31, 2022:

Options Outstanding					Options Exercisable
Exercise Prices	Options Outstanding Shares (000)	Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Life (in years)	Weighted- Average Exercise Price		Options Exercisable Shares (000)	Weighted- Average Exercise Price
$6.56 to $8.62	100	0.05	$	8.62	100	$	8.62
$9.54 to $14.71	100	2.04	14.71		100	14.71
$16.77 to $16.86	110	1.70	16.81		110	16.81
$17.12 to $17.36	86	2.29	17.12		86	17.12
$17.40 to $18.46	866	2.63	18.45		866	18.45
$18.50 to $20.16	35	6.27	19.04		21	19.04
$20.46 to $21.25	258	5.63	20.84		155	21.08
$21.31 to $22.22	127	6.05	22.18		82	22.21
$22.70 to $23.32	1,185	5.55	23.32		240	23.32
$23.51 to $25.96	104	5.52	25.34		77	25.74
	2,971				1,837

The table below summarizes the activity for the Company’s restricted stock issued and outstanding at December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 and changes during the years then ended:

	2022		2021		2020
	(In thousands)
Beginning of year	1,231		1,371		1,636
Issued	409		216		264
Vested	(178)		(320)		(453)
Forfeited	(81)		(36)		(76)
End of year	1,381		1,231		1,371
Amount of expense for twelve months ended	$	7,646	$	7,112	$	6,824

Total unrecognized compensation cost, net of income tax benefit, related to non-vested restricted stock awards, which are expected to be recognized over the vesting periods, was approximately $14.6 million as of December 31, 2022.

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Non-Interest Expense

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Other Income and Expenses [Abstract]

Non-Interest Expense

Non-Interest Expense

The table below shows the components of non-interest expense for years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020:

	2022		2021		2020
	(In thousands)
Salaries and employee benefits	$	238,885	$	170,755	$	163,950
Occupancy and equipment	53,417		36,631		38,412
Data processing expense	34,942		24,280		19,032
Merger expense	49,594		1,886		711
Other operating expenses:
Advertising	7,974		4,855		3,999
Amortization of intangibles	8,853		5,683		5,844
Electronic banking expense	13,632		9,817		8,477
Directors' fees	1,491		1,614		1,624
Due from bank service charges	1,255		1,044		975
FDIC and state assessment	8,428		5,472		6,494
Hurricane expense	176		—		—
Insurance	3,705		3,118		3,018
Legal and accounting	9,401		3,703		4,222
Other professional fees	8,881		6,950		8,150
Operating supplies	3,120		1,915		1,988
Postage	2,078		1,283		1,283
Telephone	1,890		1,425		1,302
Other expense	27,905		18,086		17,904
Total other operating expenses	98,789		64,965		65,280
Total non-interest expense	$	475,627	$	298,517	$	287,385

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Employee Benefit Plans

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Retirement Benefits [Abstract]

Employee Benefit Plans

Employee Benefit Plans

401(k) and Employee Stock Ownership Plan

The Company has a combined 401(k) plan and employee stock ownership plan, named the Home BancShares, Inc. 401(k) and Employee Stock Ownership Plan, in which substantially all employees may participate. The Company matches employees’ contributions based on a percentage of salary contributed by participants. As of December 31, 2022, participants in the plan held approximately 1.3 million shares of the Company’s stock. These shares are allocated to the individual employees that have elected to own stock within the plan. While the plan also allows for discretionary employer contributions, no discretionary contributions were made for the years ended 2022, 2021 and 2020. The Company’s expense for the plan was approximately $3.1 million, $2.5 million and $2.3 million in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively, which is included in salaries and employee benefits expense.

Chairman’s Retirement Plan

On April 20, 2007, the Company’s Board of Directors approved a Chairman’s Retirement Plan for John W. Allison, the Company’s Chairman. The Chairman’s Retirement Plan provides a supplemental retirement benefit of $250,000 a year for 10 consecutive years or until Mr. Allison’s death, whichever occurs later. During 2011, Mr. Allison reached the age of 65 and became 100% vested in the plan. Therefore, he began receiving the supplemental retirement benefit due to him. He received $250,000 of this benefit during 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. An expense of $97,449, $109,140 and $119,935 was accrued for 2022, 2021 and 2020 for this plan, respectively.

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Related Party Transactions

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Related Party Transactions [Abstract]

Related Party Transactions

Related Party Transactions

In the ordinary course of business, loans may be made to officers and directors and their affiliated companies at substantially the same terms as comparable transactions with other borrowers. At December 31, 2022 and 2021, related party loans were approximately $76.5 million and $60.7 million, respectively. New loans and advances on prior commitments made to the related parties were $24.8 million and $1.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Repayments of loans made by the related parties were $9.1 million and $6.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

At December 31, 2022 and 2021, directors, officers, and other related interest parties had demand, non-interest-bearing deposits of approximately $7.7 million and $1.8 million, respectively, savings and interest-bearing transaction accounts of approximately $10.9 million and $14.3 million, respectively, and time certificates of deposit of approximately $390,000 and $387,000, respectively.

During each of 2022, 2021 and 2020, rent expense totaling approximately $137,000, $143,000 and $115,000, respectively, was paid to related parties.

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Leases

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Leases [Abstract]

Leases

Leases

The Company leases land and office facilities under long-term, non-cancelable operating lease agreements. The leases expire at various dates through 2044 and do not include renewal options based on economic factors that would have implied that continuation of the lease was reasonably certain. Certain leases provide for increases in future minimum annual rental payments as defined in the lease agreements. The leases generally include real estate taxes and common area maintenance (“CAM”) charges in the rental payments. Short-term leases are leases having a term of twelve months or less. In accordance with ASU 2018-11, the Company does not separate nonlease components from the associated lease component of our operating leases. As a result, the Company accounts for these components as a single component under Topic 842 since (i) the timing and pattern of transfer of the nonlease components and the associated lease component are the same and (ii) the lease component, if accounted for separately, would be classified as an operating lease. The Company recognizes short-term leases on a straight-line basis and does not record a related ROU asset and liability for such leases. In addition, equipment leases were determined to be immaterial and a related ROU asset and liability for such leases is not recorded.

As of December 31, 2022, the balances of the right-of-use asset and lease liability were $42.9 million and $46.0 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2021, the balances of the right-of-use asset and lease liability were $39.6 million and $42.4 million, respectively. The right-of-use asset is included in bank premises and equipment, net, and the lease liability is included in accrued interest payable and other liabilities.

The minimum rental commitments under these noncancelable operating leases are as follows (in thousands) as of December 31, 2022 and 2021:

	December 31, 2022
2023	$	8,332
2024	7,463
2025	6,739
2026	6,352
2027	5,821
Thereafter	24,591
Total future minimum lease payments	$	59,298
Discount effect of cash flows	(13,344)
Present value of net future minimum lease payments	$	45,954

	December 31, 2021
2022	$	7,714
2023	6,574
2024	6,001
2025	5,510
2026	5,389
Thereafter	24,999
Total future minimum lease payments	$	56,187
Discount effect of cash flows	(13,778)
Present value of net future minimum lease payments	$	42,409

Additional information (dollar amounts in thousands):

	Year Ended December 31, 2022			Year Ended December 31, 2021			Year Ended December 31, 2020
Lease expense:
Operating lease expense	$	7,995		$	7,857		$	8,138
Short-term lease expense	3			6			35
Variable lease expense	873			1,028			1,056
Total lease expense	$	8,871		$	8,891		$	9,229
Other information:
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities	$	8,128		$	7,881		$	8,030
Weighted-average remaining lease term	9.28			9.71			10.19
Weighted-average discount rate	3.41		%	3.48		%	3.61		%

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Significant Estimates and Concentrations of Credit Risks

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]

Significant Estimates and Concentrations of Credit Risks

Significant Estimates and Concentrations of Credit Risks

Accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America require disclosure of certain significant estimates and current vulnerabilities due to certain concentrations. Estimates related to the allowance for credit losses and certain concentrations of credit risk are reflected in Note 5, while deposit concentrations are reflected in Note 8.

The Company’s primary market areas are in Arkansas, Florida, Texas, South Alabama and New York. The Company primarily grants loans to customers located within these markets unless the borrower has an established relationship with the Company.

The diversity of the Company’s economic base tends to provide a stable lending environment. Although the Company has a loan portfolio that is diversified in both industry and geographic area, a substantial portion of its debtors’ ability to honor their contracts is dependent upon real estate values, tourism demand and the economic conditions prevailing in its market areas.

Although the Company has a diversified loan portfolio, at December 31, 2022 and 2021, commercial real estate loans represented 56.3% and 59.7% of total loans receivable, respectively, and 230.1% and 212.2% of total stockholders’ equity, respectively. Residential real estate loans represented 16.1% and 15.8% of total loans receivable and 66.0% and 56.3% of total stockholders’ equity at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Approximately 79.7% of the Company’s total loans and 84.6% of the Company’s real estate loans as of December 31, 2022, are to borrowers whose collateral is located in Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Texas and New York, the states in which the Company has its branch locations.

Any future volatility in the economy could cause the values of assets and liabilities recorded in the financial statements to change rapidly, resulting in material future adjustments in asset values, the allowance for credit losses and capital that could negatively impact the Company’s ability to meet regulatory capital requirements and maintain sufficient liquidity.

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Commitments and Contingencies

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]

Commitments and Contingencies

Commitments and Contingencies

In the ordinary course of business, the Company makes various commitments and incurs certain contingent liabilities to fulfill the financing needs of their customers. These commitments and contingent liabilities include lines of credit and commitments to extend credit and issue standby letters of credit. The Company applies the same credit policies and standards as they do in the lending process when making these commitments. The collateral obtained is based on the assessed creditworthiness of the borrower.

At December 31, 2022 and 2021, commitments to extend credit of $4.83 billion and $3.05 billion, respectively, were outstanding. A percentage of these balances are participated out to other banks; therefore, the Company can call on the participating banks to fund future draws. Since some of these commitments are expected to expire without being drawn upon, the total commitment amount does not necessarily represent future cash requirements.

Outstanding standby letters of credit are contingent commitments issued by the Company, generally to guarantee the performance of a customer in third-party borrowing arrangements. The term of the guarantee is dependent upon the creditworthiness of the borrower, some of which are long-term. The amount of collateral obtained, if deemed necessary, is based on management’s credit evaluation of the counterparty. Collateral held varies but may include accounts receivable, inventory, property, plant and equipment, commercial real estate and residential real estate. Management uses the same credit policies in granting lines of credit as it does for on-balance-sheet instruments. The maximum amount of future payments the Company could be required to make under these guarantees at December 31, 2022 and 2021, is $184.6 million and $110.8 million, respectively.

The Company and/or its bank subsidiary have various unrelated legal proceedings, most of which involve loan foreclosure activity pending, which, in the aggregate, are not expected to have a material adverse effect on the financial position or results of operations or cash flows of the Company and its subsidiary.

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Financial Instruments

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]

Financial Instruments

Financial Instruments

Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Fair value measurements must maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. There is a hierarchy of three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair value:

Level 1	Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities
Level 2	Observable inputs other than Level 1 prices, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities
Level 3	Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities

A financial instrument’s level within the fair value hierarchy is based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. Transfers of financial instruments between levels within the fair value hierarchy are recognized on the date management determines that the underlying circumstances or assumptions have changed.

Available-for-sale securities - the Company's available-for-sale securities are considered to be Level 2 securities. The Level 2 securities consist primarily of U.S. government-sponsored enterprises, mortgage-backed securities plus state and political subdivisions. For these securities, the Company obtains fair value measurements from an independent pricing service. The fair value measurements consider observable data that may include dealer quotes, market spreads, cash flows, the U.S. Treasury yield curve, live trading levels, trade execution data, market consensus prepayment speeds, credit information and the bond’s terms and conditions, among other things.

The Company reviews the prices supplied by the independent pricing service, as well as their underlying pricing methodologies, for reasonableness and to ensure such prices are aligned with traditional pricing matrices. In general, the Company does not purchase investment portfolio securities with complicated structures. Pricing for the Company’s investment securities is fairly generic and is easily obtained. The Company uses a third-party comparison pricing vendor in order to reflect consistency in the fair values of the investment securities sampled by the Company each quarter.

Held-to-maturity securities – the Company's held-to-maturity securities are considered to be Level 2 securities. The Level 2 securities consist primarily of U.S. government-sponsored enterprises, mortgage-backed securities plus state and political subdivisions. For these securities, the Company obtains fair value measurements from an independent pricing service. The fair value measurements consider observable data that may include dealer quotes, market spreads, cash flows, the U.S. Treasury yield curve, live trading levels, trade execution data, market consensus prepayment speeds, credit information and the bond’s terms and conditions, among other things.

Impaired loans - Impaired loans are carried at the net realizable value of the collateral if the loan is collateral dependent. A portion of the allowance for credit losses is allocated to impaired loans if the value of such loans is deemed to be less than the unpaid balance. If these allocations cause the allowance for credit losses to require an increase, such increase is reported as a component of the provision for credit losses. The fair value of loans with specific allocated losses was $168.6 million and $280.0 million as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. This valuation is considered Level 3, consisting of appraisals of underlying collateral. The Company reversed $1.1 million and $380,000 of accrued interest receivable when impaired loans were put on non-accrual status during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Foreclosed assets held for sale - Foreclosed assets held for sale are held by the Company at fair value, less estimated costs to sell. At foreclosure, if the fair value, less estimated costs to sell, of the real estate acquired is less than the Company’s recorded investment in the related loan, a write-down is recognized through a charge to the allowance for credit losses. Additionally, valuations are periodically performed by management and any subsequent reduction in value is recognized by a charge to income. The fair value of foreclosed assets held for sale is estimated using Level 3 inputs based on appraisals of underlying collateral. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the fair value of foreclosed assets held for sale, less estimated costs to sell, was $546,000 and $1.6 million, respectively.

No foreclosed assets held for sale were remeasured during the year ended December 31, 2022. No foreclosed assets held for sale were remeasured during the year ended December 31, 2021. Regulatory guidelines require the Company to reevaluate the fair value of foreclosed assets held for sale on at least an annual basis. The Company’s policy is to comply with the regulatory guidelines.

The significant unobservable (Level 3) inputs used in the fair value measurement of collateral for collateral-dependent impaired loans and foreclosed assets primarily relate to customized discounting criteria applied to the customer’s reported amount of collateral. The amount of the collateral discount depends upon the condition and marketability of the underlying collateral. As the Company’s primary objective in the event of default would be to monetize the collateral to settle the outstanding balance of the loan, less marketable collateral would receive a larger discount.

Fair Values of Financial Instruments

The following table presents the estimated fair values of the Company’s financial instruments. Fair value is the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date.

	December 31, 2022
	Carrying Amount		Fair Value		Level
	(In thousands)
Financial assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	724,790	$	724,790	1
Investment securities - available for sale	4,041,590		4,041,590		2
Investment securities - held-to-maturity	1,287,705		1,126,146		2
Loans receivable, net of impaired loans and allowance	13,929,892		14,240,833		3
Accrued interest receivable	103,199		103,199		1
FHLB, FRB & FNBB stock; other equity investments	215,952		215,952		3
Marketable equity securities	52,034		52,034		1
Financial liabilities:
Deposits:
Demand and non-interest bearing	$	5,164,997	$	5,164,997	1
Savings and interest-bearing transaction accounts	11,730,552		11,730,552		1
Time deposits	1,043,234		1,014,348		3
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase	131,146		131,146		1
FHLB and other borrowed funds	650,000		595,886		2
Accrued interest payable	10,622		10,622		1
Subordinated debentures	440,420		411,686		3

	December 31, 2021
	Carrying Amount		Fair Value		Level
	(In thousands)
Financial assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	3,650,315	$	3,650,315	1
Investment securities - available for sale	3,119,807		3,119,807		2
Loans receivable, net of impaired loans and allowance	9,319,421		9,503,261		3
Accrued interest receivable	46,736		46,736		1
FHLB, FRB & FNBB stock; other equity investments	124,638		124,638		3
Marketable equity securities	17,110		17,110		1
Financial liabilities:
Deposits:
Demand and non-interest bearing	$	4,127,878	$	4,127,878	1
Savings and interest-bearing transaction accounts	9,251,805		9,251,805		1
Time deposits	880,887		901,280		3
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase	140,886		140,886		1
FHLB and other borrowed funds	400,000		401,362		2
Accrued interest payable	4,798		4,798		1
Subordinated debentures	371,093		374,894		3

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Regulatory Matters

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Regulatory Matters [Abstract]

Regulatory Matters

Regulatory Matters

The Bank is subject to a legal limitation on dividends that can be paid to the parent company without prior approval of the applicable regulatory agencies. Arkansas bank regulators have specified that the maximum dividend limit state banks may pay to the parent company without prior approval is 75% of the current year earnings plus 75% of the retained net earnings of the preceding year. Since the Bank is also under supervision of the Federal Reserve, it is further limited if the total of all dividends declared in any calendar year by the Bank exceeds the Bank’s net profits to date for that year combined with its retained net profits for the preceding two years. During 2022, the Company requested approximately $214.7 million in regular dividends from its banking subsidiary.

The Company’s banking subsidiary is subject to various regulatory capital requirements administered by the federal banking agencies. Failure to meet minimum capital requirements can initiate certain mandatory and possibly additional discretionary actions by regulators that, if undertaken, could have a direct material effect on the Company’s consolidated financial statements. Under capital adequacy guidelines and the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action, the Company must meet specific capital guidelines that involve quantitative measures of the Company’s assets, liabilities and certain off-balance-sheet items as calculated under regulatory accounting practices. The Company’s capital amounts and classifications are also subject to qualitative judgments by the regulators about components, risk weightings and other factors. Furthermore, the Company’s regulators could require adjustments to regulatory capital not reflected in the consolidated financial statements.

Quantitative measures established by regulation to ensure capital adequacy require the Company to maintain minimum amounts and ratios of total, common equity Tier 1 ("CET1") and Tier 1 capital (as defined in the regulations) to risk-weighted assets (as defined) and of Tier 1 capital (as defined) to average assets (as defined). Management believes that, as of December 31, 2022, the Company meets all capital adequacy requirements to which it is subject.

On December 31, 2018, the federal banking agencies issued a joint final rule to revise their regulatory capital rules to permit bank holding companies and banks to phase-in, for regulatory capital purposes, the day-one impact of the new CECL accounting rule on retained earnings over a period of three years. As part of its response to the impact of COVID-19, on March 27, 2020, the federal banking regulatory agencies issued an interim final rule that provided the option to temporarily delay certain effects of CECL on regulatory capital for two years, followed by a three-year transition period. The interim final rule allows bank holding companies and banks to delay for two years 100% of the day-one impact of adopting CECL and 25% of the cumulative change in the reported allowance for credit losses since adopting CECL. The Company has elected to adopt the interim final rule, which is reflected in the risk-based capital ratios presented below.

Basel III became effective for the Company and its bank subsidiary on January 1, 2015. Basel III amended the prompt corrective action rules to incorporate a CET1 capital requirement and to raise the capital requirements for certain capital categories. In order to be adequately capitalized for purposes of the prompt corrective action rules, a banking organization is required to have at least a 4.5% CET1 risk-based capital ratio, a 4% Tier 1 leverage ratio, a 6% Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio and an 8% total risk-based capital ratio.

The Federal Reserve Board’s risk-based capital guidelines include the definitions for (1) a well-capitalized institution, (2) an adequately-capitalized institution, and (3) an undercapitalized institution. Under Basel III, the criteria for a well-capitalized institution are now: a 6.5% CET1 risk-based capital ratio, a 5% Tier 1 leverage ratio, an 8% Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio, and a 10% total risk-based capital ratio. As of December 31, 2022, the Bank met the capital standards for a well-capitalized institution. The Company’s CET1 risk-based capital ratio, Tier 1 leverage ratio, Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio, and total risk-based capital ratio were 12.91%, 10.86%, 12.91%, and 16.54%, respectively, as of December 31, 2022.

The Company’s actual capital amounts and ratios along with the Company’s bank subsidiary are presented in the following table.

	Actual				Minimum Capital Requirement –Basel III				Minimum To Be Well-Capitalized Under Prompt Corrective Action Provision
	Amount		Ratio		Amount		Ratio		Amount	Ratio
	(Dollars in thousands)
As of December 31, 2022
Common equity Tier 1 capital ratios:
Home BancShares	$	2,399,919	12.91	%	$	1,300,831	7.00	%	N/A	N/A
Centennial Bank	2,408,756		13.00		1,297,352		7.00		1,204,684	6.50
Leverage ratios:
Home BancShares	$	2,399,919	10.86	%	$	883,664	4.00	%	N/A	N/A
Centennial Bank	2,408,756		10.93		881,464		4.00		1,101,831	5.00
Tier 1 capital ratios:
Home BancShares	$	2,399,919	12.91	%	$	1,579,580	8.50	%	N/A	N/A
Centennial Bank	2,408,756		13.00		1,575,356		8.50		1,482,688	8.00
Total risk-based capital ratios:
Home BancShares	$	3,073,455	16.54	%	$	1,951,246	10.50	%	N/A	N/A
Centennial Bank	2,640,992		14.25		1,946,021		10.50		1,853,354	10.00
As of December 31, 2021
Common equity Tier 1 capital ratios:
Home BancShares	$	1,812,797	15.37	%	$	825,548	7.00	%	N/A	N/A
Centennial Bank	1,859,093		15.82		822,608		7.00		763,850	6.50
Leverage ratios:
Home BancShares	$	1,884,067	11.11	%	$	678,427	4.00	%	N/A	N/A
Centennial Bank	1,859,093		10.97		677,883		4.00		847,353	5.00
Tier 1 capital ratios:
Home BancShares	$	1,884,067	15.98	%	$	1,002,451	8.50	%	N/A	N/A
Centennial Bank	1,859,093		15.82		998,881		8.50		940,123	8.00
Total risk-based capital ratios:
Home BancShares	$	2,331,948	19.77	%	$	1,238,322	10.50	%	N/A	N/A
Centennial Bank	2,006,814		17.08		1,233,697		10.50		1,174,950	10.00

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Additional Cash Flow Information

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Supplemental Cash Flow Elements [Abstract]

Additional Cash Flow Information

Additional Cash Flow Information

In connection with the Happy acquisition, accounted for under ASC Topic 805, the Company acquired approximately $6.69 billion in assets, including $858.6 million in cash and cash equivalents, assumed $6.15 billion in liabilities, and issued approximately 42.4 million shares of its common stock valued at approximately $958.8 million as of April 1, 2022. In addition, the holders of certain Happy stock-based awards received approximately $3.7 million in cash in cancellation of such awards, for a total transaction value of approximately $962.5 million.

In connection with the LH-Finance acquisition, accounted for using the purchase method, the Company acquired approximately $409.1 million in assets, including $407.4 million in loans as of February 29, 2020, and paid $421.2 million in cash.

The following is summary of the Company’s additional cash flow information during the years ended December 31:

	2022		2021		2020
	(In thousands)
Interest paid	$	115,046	$	53,327	$	95,483
Income taxes paid	86,583		98,320		77,838
Assets acquired by foreclosure	619		2,623		2,639

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Condensed Financial Information (Parent Company Only)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Offsetting [Abstract]

Condensed Financial Information (Parent Company Only)

Condensed Financial Information (Parent Company Only)

Condensed Balance Sheets

	December 31,
(In thousands)	2022		2021
Assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$	359,570	$	291,585
Investment securities	57,912		18,254
Investments in wholly-owned subsidiaries	3,538,344		2,815,345
Investments in unconsolidated subsidiaries	—		2,201
Other assets	19,422		14,591
Total assets	$	3,975,248	$	3,141,976
Liabilities
Subordinated debentures	$	440,420	$	371,093
Other liabilities	8,466		5,162
Total liabilities	448,886		376,255
Stockholders' Equity
Common stock	2,034		1,637
Capital surplus	2,386,699		1,487,373
Retained earnings	1,443,087		1,266,249
Accumulated other comprehensive income	(305,458)		10,462
Total stockholders' equity	3,526,362		2,765,721
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity	$	3,975,248	$	3,141,976

Condensed Statements of Income

	Years Ended December 31,
(In thousands)	2022		2021		2020
Income
Dividends from equity securities	$	2,088	$	646	$	385
Dividends from banking subsidiary	216,086		286,712		183,711
Other (loss) income	(1,297)		7,234		(1,588)
Total income	216,877		294,592		182,508
Expenses	38,933		34,194		33,346
Income before income taxes and equity in undistributed net income of subsidiaries	177,944		260,398		149,162
Tax benefit for income taxes	10,752		7,161		8,589
Income before equity in undistributed net income of subsidiaries	188,696		267,559		157,751
Equity in undistributed net income of subsidiaries	116,566		51,462		56,697
Net income	$	305,262	$	319,021	$	214,448

Condensed Statements of Cash Flows

	Years Ended December 31,
(In thousands)	2022		2021		2020
Cash flows from operating activities
Net income	$	305,262	$	319,021	$	214,448
Items not requiring (providing) cash
Depreciation	—		—		216
Amortization	1,912		767		769
Share-based compensation	9,133		8,848		8,607
Decrease (increase) in value of equity securities	1,272		(7,178)		1,978
Gain on assets	—		—		(320)
Equity in undistributed income of subsidiaries	(116,566)		(51,462)		(56,697)
Changes in other assets	(4,149)		90		(628)
Changes in other liabilities	2,290		(76)		(307)
Net cash provided by operating activities	199,154		270,010		168,066
Cash flows from investing activities
Proceeds from sale of premises and equipment, net	—		—		1,841
Net cash proceeds from Happy Bancshares, Inc.	201,428		—		—
Purchases of equity securities	(49,975)		(13,276)		(15,015)
Proceeds from sale of equity securities	13,778		16,381		—
Redemptions of other investments	2,899		—		—
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities	168,130		3,105		(13,174)
Cash flows from financing activities
Retirement of subordinated debentures	(300,000)		—		—
Proceeds from the issuance of subordinated debentures	296,324		—		—
Redemption of trust preferred securities	(96,499)		—		—
Proceeds from exercise of stock options	156		2,374		595
Repurchase of common stock	(70,856)		(44,480)		(25,689)
Dividends paid	(128,424)		(92,142)		(87,677)
Net cash used in financing activities	(299,299)		(134,248)		(112,771)
Increase in cash and cash equivalents	67,985		138,867		42,121
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of year	291,585		152,718		110,597
Cash and cash equivalents, end of year	$	359,570	$	291,585	$	152,718

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Recent Accounting Pronouncements

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Accounting Changes and Error Corrections [Abstract]

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Recent Accounting PronouncementsIn December 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-12, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes. The amendments in the update simplify the accounting for income taxes by removing the exception to the incremental approach for intraperiod tax allocation when there is a loss from continuing operations and income or a gain from other items and the exception to the general methodology for calculating income taxes in an interim period when a year-to-date loss exceeds the anticipated loss for the year. The amendments in the update also simplify the accounting for income taxes by requiring that an entity recognize a franchise tax (or similar tax) that is partially based on income as an income-based tax and account for any incremental amount incurred as a non-income-based tax, requiring that an entity evaluate when a step up in the tax basis of goodwill should be considered part of the business combination in which the book goodwill was originally recognized and when it should be considered a separate transaction, specifying that an entity is not required to allocate the consolidated amount of current and deferred tax expense to a legal entity that is not subject to tax in its separate financial statements; however, an entity may elect to do so on an entity-by-entity basis for a legal entity that is both not subject to tax and disregarded by the taxing authority. The amendments require that an entity reflect the effect of an enacted change in tax laws or rates in the annual effective tax rate computation in the interim period that includes the enactment date. The Company adopted the guidance effective January 1, 2021, and its adoption did not have a significant impact on our financial position or financial statement disclosures.

In March 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-04,“Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting.” ASU 2020-04 provides optional expedients and exceptions for accounting related to contracts, hedging relationships and other transactions affected by reference rate reform if certain criteria are met. ASU 2020-04 applies only to contracts, hedging relationships, and other transactions that reference LIBOR or another reference rate expected to be discontinued because of reference rate reform and do not apply to contract modifications made and hedging relationships entered into or evaluated after December 31, 2022, except for hedging relationships existing as of December 31, 2022, that an entity has elected certain optional expedients for and that are retained through the end of the hedging relationship. ASU 2020-04 was effective upon issuance and generally can be applied through December 31, 2022. To ensure the relief in Topic 848 covers the period of time during which a significant number of modifications may take place, ASU 2022-06 defers the sunset date of Topic 848 from December 31, 2022, to December 31, 2024, after which entities will no longer be permitted to apply the relief in Topic 848.

In January 2021, the FASB issued ASU 2021-01, “Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Scope.” The amendments in the update clarify that certain optional expedients and exceptions in Topic 848 for contract modifications and hedge accounting apply to derivatives that are affected by the discounting transition. Specifically, certain provisions in Topic 848, if elected by an entity, apply to derivative instruments that use an interest rate for margining, discounting, or contract price alignment that is modified as a result of reference rate reform. Amendments in the update to the expedients and exceptions in Topic 848 capture the incremental consequences of the scope clarification and tailor the existing guidance to derivative instruments affected by the discounting transition. The amendments in this Update do not apply to contract modifications made after December 31, 2022, new hedging relationships entered into after December 31, 2022, and existing hedging relationships evaluated for effectiveness in periods after December 31, 2022, except for hedging relationships existing as of December 31, 2022, that apply certain optional expedients in which the accounting effects are recorded through the end of the hedging relationship. ASU 2021-01 was effective upon issuance and generally can be applied through December 31, 2022. To ensure the relief in Topic 848 covers the period of time during which a significant number of modifications may take place, ASU 2022-06 defers the sunset date of Topic 848 from December 31, 2022, to December 31, 2024, after which entities will no longer be permitted to apply the relief in Topic 848.

In March 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-02, "Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326): Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures." The amendments eliminate the TDR recognition and measurement guidance and, instead, require that an entity evaluate (consistent with the accounting for other loan modifications) whether the modification represents a new loan or a continuation of an existing loan. The amendments also enhance existing disclosure requirements and introduce new requirements related to certain modifications of receivables made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty. The amendments require that an entity disclose current-period gross write-offs by year of origination for financing receivables and net investment in leases within the scope of Subtopic 326-20. Gross write-off information must be included in the vintage disclosures required for public business entities in accordance with Subtopic 326-20, which requires that an entity disclose the amortized cost basis of financing receivables by credit quality indicator and class of financing receivable by year of origination. ASU 2022-02 is effective for entities that have adopted ASU No. 2016-13 for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022, including interim periods within those fiscal years. These amendments should be applied prospectively. However, for the transition method related to the recognition and measurement of TDRs, an entity has the option to apply a modified retrospective transition method, resulting in a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings in the period of adoption. Early adoption is permitted if an entity has adopted ASU 2016-13. If an entity elects to early adopt ASU 2022-02 in an interim period, the guidance should be applied as of the beginning of the fiscal year that includes the interim period. An entity may elect to early adopt the amendments about TDRs and related disclosure enhancements separately from the amendments related to vintage disclosures. The Company is currently evaluating the potential impacts related to the adoption of the ASU.

In December 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-06, "Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Deferral of the Sunset Date of Topic 848." These amendments extend the period of time preparers can utilize the reference rate reform relief guidance in Topic 848. The objective of the guidance in Topic 848 is to provide relief during the temporary transition period, so the FASB included a sunset provision within Topic 848 based on expectations of when the London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) would cease being published. In 2021, the UK Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) delayed the intended cessation date of certain tenors of USD LIBOR to June 30, 2023. To ensure the relief in Topic 848 covers the period of time during which a significant number of modifications may take place, the ASU defers the sunset date of Topic 848 from December 31, 2022, to December 31, 2024, after which entities will no longer be permitted to apply the relief in Topic 848. ASU 2022-06 was effective upon issuance.

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Nature of Operations and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]

Operating Segments

Operating Segments

Operating segments are components of an enterprise about which separate financial information is available that is evaluated regularly by the chief operating decision maker in deciding how to allocate resources and in assessing performance. The Bank is the only significant subsidiary upon which management makes decisions regarding how to allocate resources and assess performance. Each of the branches of the Bank provide a group of similar banking services, including such products and services as commercial, real estate and consumer loans, time deposits, checking and savings accounts. The individual bank branches have similar operating and economic characteristics. While the chief decision maker monitors the revenue streams of the various products, services and branch locations, operations are managed, and financial performance is evaluated on a Company-wide basis. Accordingly, all of the banking services and branch locations are considered by management to be aggregated into one reportable operating segment.

Use of Estimates

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Material estimates that are particularly susceptible to significant change relate to the determination of the allowance for credit losses, the valuation of investment securities, the valuation of foreclosed assets and the valuations of assets acquired and liabilities assumed in business combinations. In connection with the determination of the allowance for credit losses and the valuation of foreclosed assets, management obtains independent appraisals for significant properties.

Principles of Consolidation

Principles of Consolidation

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of HBI and its subsidiaries. Significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Reclassifications

Reclassifications

Various items within the accompanying consolidated financial statements for previous years have been reclassified to provide more comparative information. These reclassifications had no effect on net earnings or stockholders’ equity.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and Cash EquivalentsCash and cash equivalents consist of cash on hand, cash held as demand deposits at various banks and the Federal Reserve Bank (“FRB”) and interest-bearing deposits with other banks. For many years, reserve requirements played a central role in the implementation of monetary policy by creating a stable demand for reserves. In January 2019, the Federal Open Market Committee announced its intention to implement monetary policy in an ample reserves regime. Reserve requirements do not play a significant role in this operating framework. In light of the shift to an ample reserves regime, the FRB reduced the reserve requirement ratios to zero percent effective on March 26, 2020. As a result, the Bank is no longer required to maintain required reserve balance with either the FRB or in the form of cash on hand.

Investment Securities

Investment Securities

Interest on investment securities is recorded as income as earned. Amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts are recorded as interest income from securities. Realized gains and losses are recorded as net security gains (losses). Gains or losses on the sale of securities are determined using the specific identification method.

Management determines the classification of securities as available-for-sale, held-to-maturity, or trading at the time of purchase based on the intent and objective of the investment and the ability to hold to maturity. Fair values of securities are based on quoted market prices where available. If quoted market prices are not available, estimated fair values are based on quoted market prices of comparable securities. The Company has no trading securities.

Debt securities available-for-sale ("AFS") are reported at fair value with unrealized holding gains and losses reported as a separate component of stockholders’ equity and other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes. Securities that are held as available-for-sale are used as a part of our asset/liability management strategy. Securities that may be sold in response to interest rate changes, changes in prepayment risk, the need to increase regulatory capital, and other similar factors are classified as available-for-sale. The Company evaluates all securities quarterly to determine if any securities in a loss position require a provision for credit losses in accordance with ASC 326, Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments. The Company first assesses whether it intends to sell or is more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis. If either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met, the security’s amortized cost basis is written down to fair value through income. For securities that do not meet these criteria, the Company evaluates whether the decline in fair value has resulted from credit losses or other factors. In making this assessment, the Company considers the extent to which fair value is less than amortized cost, and changes to the rating of the security by a rating agency, and adverse conditions specifically related to the security, among other factors. If this assessment indicates that a credit loss exists, the present value of cash flows expected to be collected from the security are compared to the amortized cost basis of the security. If the present value of cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost basis, a credit loss exists and an allowance for credit losses is recorded for the credit loss, limited by the amount that the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis. Any impairment that has not been recorded through an allowance for credit losses is recognized in other comprehensive income. The Company has made the election to exclude accrued interest receivable on AFS securities from the estimate of credit losses and report accrued interest separately on the consolidated balance sheets. Changes in the allowance for credit losses are recorded as provision for (or reversal of) credit loss expense. Losses are charged against the allowance when management believes the uncollectability of a security is confirmed or when either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met.

Debt securities held-to-maturity ("HTM"), which include any security for which we have the positive intent and ability to hold until maturity, are reported at historical cost adjusted for amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts. Premiums and discounts are amortized/accreted to the call date to interest income using the constant effective yield method over the estimated life of the security. The Company evaluates all securities quarterly to determine if any securities in a loss position require a provision for credit losses in accordance with ASC 326, Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments. The Company measures expected credit losses on HTM securities on a collective basis by major security type, with each type sharing similar risk characteristics. The estimate of expected credit losses considers historical credit loss information that is adjusted for current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. The Company has made the election to exclude accrued interest receivable on HTM securities from the estimate of credit losses and report accrued interest separately on the consolidated balance sheets. Changes in the allowance for credit losses are recorded as provision for (or reversal of) credit loss expense. Losses are charged against the allowance when management believes the uncollectability of a security is confirmed.

Loans Receivable and Allowance for Credit Losses

Loans Receivable and Allowance for Credit Losses

Loans receivable that management has the intent and ability to hold for the foreseeable future or until maturity or payoff are reported at their outstanding principal balance adjusted for any charge-offs, deferred fees or costs on originated loans. Interest income on loans is accrued over the term of the loans based on the principal balance outstanding. Loan origination fees and direct origination costs are capitalized and recognized as adjustments to yield on the related loans.

The allowance for credit losses on loans receivable is a valuation account that is deducted from the loans’ amortized cost basis to present the net amount expected to be collected on the loans. Loans are charged off against the allowance when management believes the uncollectability of a loan balance is confirmed and expected recoveries do not exceed the aggregate of amounts previously charged-off and expected to be charged-off.

Management estimates the allowance balance using relevant available information, from internal and external sources, relating to past events, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. Historical credit loss experience provides the basis for the estimation of expected credit losses. Adjustments to historical loss information are made for differences in current loan-specific risk characteristics such as differences in underwriting standards, portfolio mix, delinquency level, or term as well as for changes in environmental conditions, such as changes in the national unemployment rate, gross domestic product, national retail sales index, housing price indices and rental vacancy rate index.

The allowance for credit losses is measured based on call report segment as these types of loan exhibit similar risk characteristics. The identified loan segments are as follows:

•1-4 family construction

•All other construction

•1-4 family revolving home equity lines of credit (“HELOC”) & junior liens

•1-4 family senior liens

•Multifamily

•Owner occupied commercial real estate

•Non-owner occupied commercial real estate

•Commercial & industrial, agricultural, non-depository financial institutions, purchase/carry securities, other

•Consumer auto

•Other consumer

•Other consumer - SPF

The allowance for credit losses for each segment is measured through the use of the discounted cash flow method. Loans evaluated individually that are considered to be impaired are not included in the collective evaluation. For those loans that are classified as impaired, an allowance is established when the discounted cash flows, collateral value or observable market price of the impaired loan is lower than the carrying value of that loan. For loans for which a specific reserve is not recorded, an allowance is recorded based on the loss rate for the respective pool within the collective evaluation if a specific reserve is not recorded.

Expected credit losses are estimated over the contractual term of the loans, adjusted for expected prepayments when appropriate. The contractual term excludes expected extensions, renewals, and modifications unless either of the following applies:

•Management has a reasonable expectation at the reporting date that troubled debt restructuring will be executed with an individual borrower.

•The extension or renewal options are included in the original or modified contract at the reporting date and are not unconditionally cancellable by the Company.

Management qualitatively adjusts model results for risk factors that are not considered within our modeling processes but are nonetheless relevant in assessing the expected credit losses within our loan pools. These qualitative factors ("Q-Factors") and other qualitative adjustments may increase or decrease management's estimate of expected credit losses by a calculated percentage or amount based upon the estimated level of risk. The various risks that may be considered in making Q-Factor and other qualitative adjustments include, among other things, the impact of (i) changes in lending policies, procedures and strategies; (ii) changes in nature and volume of the portfolio; (iii) staff experience; (iv) changes in volume and trends in classified loans, delinquencies and nonaccruals; (v) concentration risk; (vi) trends in underlying collateral values; (vii) external factors such as competition, legal and regulatory environment; (viii) changes in the quality of the loan review system and (ix) economic conditions.

Loans considered impaired, according to ASC 326, are loans for which, based on current information and events, it is probable that we will be unable to collect all amounts due according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement. The aggregate amount of impairment of loans is utilized in evaluating the adequacy of the allowance for credit losses and amount of provisions thereto. Losses on impaired loans are charged against the allowance for credit losses when in the process of collection, it appears likely that such losses will be realized. The accrual of interest on impaired loans is discontinued when, in management’s opinion the collection of interest is doubtful or generally when loans are 90 days or more past due. When accrual of interest is discontinued, all unpaid accrued interest is reversed. Interest income is subsequently recognized only to the extent cash payments are received in excess of principal due. Loans are returned to accrual status when all the principal and interest amounts contractually due are brought current and future payments are reasonably assured.

Loans are placed on non-accrual status when management believes that the borrower’s financial condition, after giving consideration to economic and business conditions and collection efforts, is such that collection of interest is doubtful, or generally when loans are 90 days or more past due. Loans are charged against the allowance for credit losses when management believes that the collectability of the principal is unlikely. Accrued interest related to non-accrual loans is generally charged against the allowance for credit losses when accrued in prior years and reversed from interest income if accrued in the current year. Interest income on non-accrual loans may be recognized to the extent cash payments are received, although the majority of payments received are usually applied to principal. Non-accrual loans are generally returned to accrual status when principal and interest payments are less than 90 days past due, the customer has made required payments for at least six months, and we reasonably expect to collect all principal and interest.

Acquisition Accounting and Acquired Loans

Acquisition Accounting and Acquired Loans

The Company accounts for its acquisitions under ASC Topic 805, Business Combinations, which requires the use of the purchase method of accounting. All identifiable assets acquired, including loans, and liabilities assumed are recorded at fair value. In accordance with ASC 326, the Company records both a discount or premium and an allowance for credit losses on acquired loans. All purchased loans are recorded at fair value in accordance with the fair value methodology prescribed in FASB ASC Topic 820, Fair Value Measurements. The fair value estimates associated with the loans include estimates related to expected prepayments and the amount and timing of undiscounted expected principal, interest and other cash flows.

Purchased loans that have experienced more than insignificant credit deterioration since origination are purchase credit deteriorated (“PCD”) loans. An allowance for credit losses is determined using the same methodology as other loans. For PCD loans not individually analyzed for impairment, the Company develops separate PCD models for each loan segment. These models utilize a peer group benchmark in order to determine the probability of default and loss given default to be used in the calculation. The initial allowance for credit losses determined on a collective basis is allocated to individual loans. The sum of the loan’s purchase price and allowance for credit losses becomes its initial amortized cost basis. The difference between the initial amortized cost basis and the par value of the loan is a non-credit discount or premium, which is amortized into interest income over the life of the loan. Subsequent changes to the allowance for credit losses are recorded through the provision for credit losses.

For further discussion of the Company’s acquisitions, see Note 2 to the Condensed Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

Allowance for Credit Losses on Off-Balance Sheet Credit Exposures

Allowance for Credit Losses on Off-Balance Sheet Credit Exposures

The Company estimates expected credit losses over the contractual period in which the Company is exposed to credit risk via a contractual obligation to extend credit unless that obligation is unconditionally cancellable by the Company. The allowance for credit losses on off-balance sheet credit exposures is adjusted as a provision for credit loss expense. The estimate includes consideration of the likelihood that funding will occur and an estimate of expected credit losses on commitments expected to be funded over its estimated life.

Foreclosed Assets Held for Sale

Foreclosed Assets Held for Sale

Real estate and personal properties acquired through or in lieu of loan foreclosure are to be sold and are initially recorded at fair value less cost to sell at the date of foreclosure, establishing a new cost basis.

Valuations are periodically performed by management, and the real estate and personal properties are carried at fair value less costs to sell. Gains and losses from the sale of other real estate and personal properties are recorded in non-interest income, and expenses used to maintain the properties are included in non-interest expense.

Bank Premises and Equipment

Bank Premises and EquipmentBank premises and equipment are carried at cost or fair value at the date of acquisition less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation expense is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets. Accelerated depreciation methods are used for tax purposes. Leasehold improvements are capitalized and amortized using the straight-line method over the terms of the respective leases or the estimated useful lives of the improvements whichever is shorter.

Cash value of life insurance

Cash value of life insurance

The Company has purchased life insurance policies on certain key employees. Life insurance owned by the Company is recorded at the amount that can be realized under the insurance contract at the balance sheet date, which is the cash surrender value adjusted for other charges or other amounts due that are probable at settlement.

Intangible Assets

Intangible AssetsIntangible assets consist of goodwill and core deposit intangibles. Goodwill represents the excess purchase price over the fair value of net assets acquired in business acquisitions. The core deposit intangible represents the excess intangible value of acquired deposit customer relationships as determined by valuation specialists. The core deposit intangibles are being amortized over 120 months on a straight-line basis. Goodwill is not amortized, but rather, is evaluated for impairment on at least an annual basis or more frequently if changes or circumstances occur. The Company performed its annual impairment test of goodwill and core deposit intangibles during 2022, 2021 and 2020, as required by FASB ASC 350, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other. The 2022, 2021 and 2020 tests indicated no impairment of the Company’s goodwill or core deposit intangibles.

Securities Sold Under Agreements to Repurchase

Securities Sold Under Agreements to RepurchaseSecurities sold under agreements to repurchase consist of obligations of the Company to other parties. At the point funds deposited by customers become investable, those funds are used to purchase securities owned by the Company and held in its general account with the designation of Customers’ Securities. A third party maintains control over the securities underlying overnight repurchase agreements. The securities involved in these transactions are generally U.S. Treasury or Federal Agency issues. Securities sold under agreements to repurchase generally mature on the banking day following that on which the investment was initially purchased and are treated as collateralized financing transactions which are recorded at the amounts at which the securities were sold plus accrued interest. Interest rates and maturity dates of the securities involved vary and are not intended to be matched with funds from customers.

Derivative Financial Instruments

Derivative Financial Instruments

The Company may enter into derivative contracts for the purposes of managing exposure to interest rate risk. The Company records all derivatives on the consolidated balance sheet at fair value. Historically the Company’s policy has been not to invest in derivative type investments.

The Company has standalone derivative financial instruments acquired in a previous acquisition. These derivative financial instruments consist of interest rate swaps and are recognized as assets and liabilities in the consolidated statements of financial condition at fair value. The Bank’s derivative instruments have not been designated as hedging instruments. These undesignated derivative instruments are recognized on the consolidated balance sheet at fair value, with changes in fair value recorded in other non-interest income. In addition, as of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the Company had derivative contracts outstanding associated with the mortgage loans held for sale portfolio. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, these derivative instruments are not considered to be material to the Company’s financial position and results of operations.

Stock Options

Stock Options

The Company accounts for stock options in accordance with FASB ASC 718, Compensation - Stock Compensation, and FASB ASC 505-50, Equity-Based Payments to Non-Employees, which establishes standards for the accounting for transactions in which an entity (i) exchanges its equity instruments for goods and services, or (ii) incurs liabilities in exchange for goods and services that are based on the fair value of the entity’s equity instruments or that may be settled by the issuance of the equity instruments. FASB ASC 718 requires that such transactions be recognized as compensation cost in the income statement based on their fair values on the measurement date, which is generally the date of the grant.

For additional information on the stock-based compensation plan, see Note 13.

Income Taxes

Income Taxes

The Company accounts for income taxes in accordance with income tax accounting guidance (ASC 740, Income Taxes). The income tax accounting guidance results in two components of income tax expense: current and deferred. Current income tax expense reflects taxes to be paid or refunded for the current period by applying the provisions of the enacted tax law to the taxable income or excess of deductions over revenues. The Company determines deferred income taxes using the liability (or balance sheet) method. Under this method, the net deferred tax asset or liability is based on the tax effects of the differences between the book and tax bases of assets and liabilities, and enacted changes in tax rates and laws are recognized in the period in which they occur.

Deferred income tax expense results from changes in deferred tax assets and liabilities between periods. Deferred tax assets are recognized if it is more likely than not, based on the technical merits, that the tax position will be realized or sustained upon examination. The term more likely than not means a likelihood of more than 50 percent; the terms examined and upon examination also include resolution of the related appeals or litigation processes, if any. A tax position that meets the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold is initially and subsequently measured as the largest amount of tax benefit that has a greater than 50 percent likelihood of being realized upon settlement with a taxing authority that has full knowledge of all relevant information. The determination of whether or not a tax position has met the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold considers the facts, circumstances and information available at the reporting date and is subject to management’s judgment. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance if, based on the weight of evidence available, it is more likely than not that some portion or all of a deferred tax asset will not be realized.

The Company and its subsidiaries file consolidated tax returns. Its subsidiary provides for income taxes on a separate return basis, and remits to the Company amounts determined to be currently payable.

Revenue Recognition

Revenue Recognition.

Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers ("ASC Topic 606"), establishes principles for reporting information about the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from the entity's contracts to provide goods or services to customers. The core principle requires an entity to recognize revenue to depict the transfer of goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration that it expects to be entitled to receive in exchange for those goods or services recognized as performance obligations are satisfied. The majority of our revenue-generating transactions are not subject to ASC Topic 606, including revenue generated from financial instruments, such as our loans, letters of credit, investment securities and mortgage lending income, as these activities are subject to other GAAP discussed elsewhere within our disclosures. Descriptions of our significant revenue-generating activities that are within the scope of ASC Topic 606, which are presented in our income statements as components of non-interest income are as follows:

•Service charges on deposit accounts – These represent general service fees for monthly account maintenance and activity or transaction-based fees and consist of transaction-based revenue, time-based revenue (service period), item-based revenue or some other individual attribute-based revenue. Revenue is recognized when our performance obligation is completed which is generally monthly for account maintenance services or when a transaction has been completed (such as a wire transfer). Payment for such performance obligations are generally received at the time the performance obligations are satisfied.

•Other service charges and fees – These represent credit card interchange fees and Centennial Commercial Finance Group (“Centennial CFG”) loan fees. The interchange fees are recorded in the period the performance obligation is satisfied which is generally the cash basis based on agreed upon contracts. The Centennial CFG loan fees are based on loan or other negotiated agreements with customers and are accounted for under ASC Topic 310.

•Trust fees - The Company enters into contracts with its customers to manage assets for investment, and/or transact on their accounts. The Company generally satisfies its performance obligations as services are rendered. The management fees are percentage based, flat, percentage of income or a fixed percentage calculated upon the average balance of assets depending upon account type. Fees are collected on a monthly or annual basis.

Earnings per Share

Earnings per ShareBasic earnings per share is computed based on the weighted-average number of shares outstanding during each year. Diluted earnings per share is computed using the weighted-average shares and all potential dilutive shares outstanding during the period.

Fair Value Measurement

Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Fair value measurements must maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. There is a hierarchy of three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair value:

Level 1	Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities
Level 2	Observable inputs other than Level 1 prices, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities
Level 3	Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities

A financial instrument’s level within the fair value hierarchy is based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. Transfers of financial instruments between levels within the fair value hierarchy are recognized on the date management determines that the underlying circumstances or assumptions have changed.

Available-for-sale securities - the Company's available-for-sale securities are considered to be Level 2 securities. The Level 2 securities consist primarily of U.S. government-sponsored enterprises, mortgage-backed securities plus state and political subdivisions. For these securities, the Company obtains fair value measurements from an independent pricing service. The fair value measurements consider observable data that may include dealer quotes, market spreads, cash flows, the U.S. Treasury yield curve, live trading levels, trade execution data, market consensus prepayment speeds, credit information and the bond’s terms and conditions, among other things.

The Company reviews the prices supplied by the independent pricing service, as well as their underlying pricing methodologies, for reasonableness and to ensure such prices are aligned with traditional pricing matrices. In general, the Company does not purchase investment portfolio securities with complicated structures. Pricing for the Company’s investment securities is fairly generic and is easily obtained. The Company uses a third-party comparison pricing vendor in order to reflect consistency in the fair values of the investment securities sampled by the Company each quarter.

Held-to-maturity securities – the Company's held-to-maturity securities are considered to be Level 2 securities. The Level 2 securities consist primarily of U.S. government-sponsored enterprises, mortgage-backed securities plus state and political subdivisions. For these securities, the Company obtains fair value measurements from an independent pricing service. The fair value measurements consider observable data that may include dealer quotes, market spreads, cash flows, the U.S. Treasury yield curve, live trading levels, trade execution data, market consensus prepayment speeds, credit information and the bond’s terms and conditions, among other things.

Impaired loans - Impaired loans are carried at the net realizable value of the collateral if the loan is collateral dependent. A portion of the allowance for credit losses is allocated to impaired loans if the value of such loans is deemed to be less than the unpaid balance. If these allocations cause the allowance for credit losses to require an increase, such increase is reported as a component of the provision for credit losses. The fair value of loans with specific allocated losses was $168.6 million and $280.0 million as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. This valuation is considered Level 3, consisting of appraisals of underlying collateral. The Company reversed $1.1 million and $380,000 of accrued interest receivable when impaired loans were put on non-accrual status during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Foreclosed assets held for sale - Foreclosed assets held for sale are held by the Company at fair value, less estimated costs to sell. At foreclosure, if the fair value, less estimated costs to sell, of the real estate acquired is less than the Company’s recorded investment in the related loan, a write-down is recognized through a charge to the allowance for credit losses. Additionally, valuations are periodically performed by management and any subsequent reduction in value is recognized by a charge to income. The fair value of foreclosed assets held for sale is estimated using Level 3 inputs based on appraisals of underlying collateral. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the fair value of foreclosed assets held for sale, less estimated costs to sell, was $546,000 and $1.6 million, respectively.

No foreclosed assets held for sale were remeasured during the year ended December 31, 2022. No foreclosed assets held for sale were remeasured during the year ended December 31, 2021. Regulatory guidelines require the Company to reevaluate the fair value of foreclosed assets held for sale on at least an annual basis. The Company’s policy is to comply with the regulatory guidelines.

The significant unobservable (Level 3) inputs used in the fair value measurement of collateral for collateral-dependent impaired loans and foreclosed assets primarily relate to customized discounting criteria applied to the customer’s reported amount of collateral. The amount of the collateral discount depends upon the condition and marketability of the underlying collateral. As the Company’s primary objective in the event of default would be to monetize the collateral to settle the outstanding balance of the loan, less marketable collateral would receive a larger discount.

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Nature of Operations and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]

Schedule of Estimated Useful Lives for Book Purposes

The assets’ estimated useful lives for book purposes are as follows:

Bank premises	15-40 years
Furniture, fixtures, and equipment	3-15 years

Computation of Basic and Diluted Earnings per Common Share (EPS)

The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted earnings per share (EPS) for the years ended December 31:

	2022		2021		2020
	(In thousands, except per share data)
Net income	$	305,262	$	319,021	$	214,448
Average common shares outstanding	194,694		164,501		165,373
Effect of common stock options	325		357		—
Diluted common shares outstanding	195,019		164,858		165,373
Basic earnings per common share	$	1.57	$	1.94	$	1.30
Diluted earnings per common share	$	1.57	$	1.94	$	1.30

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Business Combinations and Asset Acquisitions (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Business Combination and Asset Acquisition [Abstract]

Schedule of Recognized Identified Assets Acquired and Liabilities Assumed

The following schedule is a preliminary breakdown of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed as of the acquisition date as adjusted during the measurement period:

	Happy Bancshares, Inc.
	Acquired from Happy		Fair Value Adjustments		As Recorded by HBI
	(Dollars in thousands)
Assets
Cash and due from banks	$	112,999	$	(446)	$	112,553
Interest-bearing deposits with other banks	746,031		—		746,031
Cash and cash equivalents	859,030		(446)		858,584
Investment securities - available-for-sale, net of allowance for credit losses	1,773,540		8,485		1,782,025
Total investment securities	1,773,540		8,485		1,782,025
Loans receivable	3,657,009		(4,389)		3,652,620
Allowance for credit losses	(42,224)		25,408		(16,816)
Loans receivable, net	3,614,785		21,019		3,635,804
Bank premises and equipment, net	153,642		(12,270)		141,372
Foreclosed assets held for sale	193		(77)		116
Cash value of life insurance	105,049		3		105,052
Accrued interest receivable	31,575		—		31,575
Deferred tax asset, net	32,908		(1,092)		31,816
Goodwill	130,428		(130,428)		—
Core deposit intangible	10,672		31,591		42,263
Other assets	43,330		15,567		58,897
Total assets acquired	$	6,755,152	$	(67,648)	$	6,687,504
Liabilities
Deposits
Demand and non-interest-bearing	$	1,932,756	$	67	$	1,932,823
Savings and interest-bearing transaction accounts	3,519,652		—		3,519,652
Time deposits	401,899		903		402,802
Total deposits	5,854,307		970		5,855,277
FHLB and other borrowed funds	74,212		4,118		78,330
Accrued interest payable and other liabilities	50,889		(1,892)		48,997
Subordinated debentures	159,965		7,625		167,590
Total liabilities assumed	6,139,373		10,821		6,150,194
Equity
Total equity assumed	615,779		(615,779)		—
Total liabilities and equity assumed	$	6,755,152	$	(604,958)	$	6,150,194
Net assets acquired					537,310
Purchase price					962,538
Goodwill					$	425,228

The changes are gross of taxes and reflected in the following table:

Acquired Asset or Liability	Balance Sheet Line Item	Provisional Estimate		Revised Estimate		Increase (Decrease)
		(In thousands)
Cash and due from banks	Cash and due from banks	$	112,867	$	112,553	$	(314)
Loans receivable	Loans receivable	3,652,706		3,652,620		(86)
Bank premises and equipment, net	Bank premises and equipment, net	142,067		141,372		(695)
Deferred tax asset, net	Deferred tax asset, net	35,414		31,816		(3,598)
Equity method investments & Other assets	Other assets	49,752		58,897		9,145
Goodwill	Goodwill	425,375		425,228		(147)
Demand and non-interest bearing deposits	Demand and non-interest bearing deposits	1,932,756		1,932,823		67
Accrued expense and other liabilities	Accrued interest payable and other liabilities	44,759		48,997		4,238

Business Acquisition, Pro Forma Information

The following schedule represents the unaudited pro forma combined financial information as of the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, assuming the acquisition was completed as of January 1, 2022 and 2021, respectively:

	December 31,
	2022		2021
	(In thousands, except per share data)
Total interest income	$	935,168	$	839,407
Total non-interest income	188,012		190,550
Net income available to all shareholders	406,949		317,190
Basic earnings per common share	$	1.98	$	1.53
Diluted earnings per common share	1.98		1.53

Purchased Financial Assets with Credit Deterioration

The following table provides a summary of loans purchased as part of the Happy acquisition with credit deterioration at acquisition:

	April 1, 2022
	(In thousands)
Purchased Loans with Credit Deterioration:
Par value	$	165,028
Allowance for credit losses at acquisition	(16,816)
Premium on acquired loans	684
Purchase price	$	148,896

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Investment Securities (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Investments, Debt and Equity Securities [Abstract]

Amortized Cost and Estimated Fair Value of Investment Securities Classified as Available-for-Sale

The amortized cost and estimated fair value of investment securities that are classified as available-for-sale and held-to-maturity are as follows:

	December 31, 2022
	Available-for-Sale
	Amortized Cost		Allowance for Credit Losses		Net Carrying Amount		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized (Losses)		Estimated Fair Value
	(In thousands)
U.S. government-sponsored enterprises	$	682,316	$	—	$	682,316	$	2,713	$	(23,209)	$	661,820
Residential mortgage-backed securities	1,759,025		—		1,759,025		71		(211,453)		1,547,643
Commercial mortgage-backed securities	339,206		—		339,206		—		(22,254)		316,952
State and political subdivisions	1,021,188		(842)		1,020,346		1,649		(115,698)		906,297
Other securities	643,885		—		643,885		346		(35,353)		608,878
Total	$	4,445,620	$	(842)	$	4,444,778	$	4,779	$	(407,967)	$	4,041,590

	December 31, 2022
	Held-to-Maturity
	Amortized Cost		Allowance for Credit Losses		Net Carrying Amount		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized (Losses)		Estimated Fair Value
	(In thousands)
U.S. government-sponsored enterprises	$	43,017	$	—	$	43,017	$	—	$	(3,349)	$	39,668
Residential mortgage-backed securities	49,088		—		49,088		24		(1,205)		47,907
Commercial mortgage-backed securities	85,912		—		85,912		107		(2,551)		83,468
State and political subdivisions	1,111,693		(2,005)		1,109,688		65		(154,650)		955,103
Total	$	1,289,710	$	(2,005)	$	1,287,705	$	196	$	(161,755)	$	1,126,146

	December 31, 2021
	Available-for-Sale
	Amortized Cost		Allowance for Credit Losses		Net Carrying Amount		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized (Losses)		Estimated Fair Value
	(In thousands)
U.S. government-sponsored enterprises	$	433,829	$	—	$	433,829	$	2,375	$	(3,225)	$	432,979
Residential mortgage-backed securities	1,175,185		—		1,175,185		4,085		(18,551)		1,160,719
Commercial mortgage-backed securities	372,702		—		372,702		6,521		(1,968)		377,255
State and political subdivisions	973,318		(842)		972,476		26,296		(1,794)		996,978
Other securities	151,449		—		151,449		1,781		(1,354)		151,876
Total	$	3,106,483	$	(842)	$	3,105,641	$	41,058	$	(26,892)	$	3,119,807

Amortized Cost and Estimated Fair Value of Securities Contractual Maturity

The amortized cost and estimated fair value of securities classified as available-for-sale and held-to-maturity at December 31, 2022, by contractual maturity, are shown below. Expected maturities could differ from contractual maturities because issuers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties. Securities not due at a single maturity date are shown separately.

	Available-for-Sale				Held-to-Maturity
	Amortized Cost		Estimated Fair Value		Amortized Cost		Estimated Fair Value
	(In thousands)
Due in one year or less	$	265,640	$	265,487	$	—	$	—
Due after one year through five years	176,377		164,127		4,782		4,479
Due after five years through ten years	476,305		434,906		216,182		190,992
Due after ten years	1,427,566		1,310,977		933,746		799,300
Mortgage - backed securities: Residential	1,759,025		1,547,643		49,088		47,907
Mortgage - backed securities: Commercial	339,206		316,952		85,912		83,468
Other	1,501		1,498		—		—
Total	$	4,445,620	$	4,041,590	$	1,289,710	$	1,126,146

Unrealized Losses and Estimated Fair Value of Investment Securities Available for Sale

The following shows gross unrealized losses and estimated fair value of investment securities classified as available-for-sale, aggregated by investment category and length of time that individual investment securities have been in a continuous loss position as of December 31, 2022 and 2021:

	December 31, 2022
	Less Than 12 Months				12 Months or More				Total
	Fair Value		Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Unrealized Losses
	(In thousands)
Available-for-sale:
U.S. government-sponsored enterprises	$	315,531	$	(3,056)	$	128,527	$	(20,153)	$	444,058	$	(23,209)
Residential mortgage-backed securities	817,351		(54,025)		717,587		(157,428)		1,534,938		(211,453)
Commercial mortgage-backed securities	212,050		(10,782)		89,979		(11,472)		302,029		(22,254)
State and political subdivisions	485,817		(50,484)		338,638		(65,214)		824,455		(115,698)
Other securities	424,700		(25,040)		73,556		(10,313)		498,256		(35,353)
Total	$	2,255,449	$	(143,387)	$	1,348,287	$	(264,580)	$	3,603,736	$	(407,967)
Held-to-maturity:
U.S. government-sponsored enterprises	$	39,668	$	(3,349)	$	—	$	—	$	39,668	$	(3,349)
Residential mortgage-backed securities	40,892		(1,205)		—		—		40,892		(1,205)
Commercial mortgage-backed securities	65,948		(2,551)		—		—		65,948		(2,551)
State and political subdivisions	955,563		(154,650)		—		—		955,563		(154,650)
Total	$	1,102,071	$	(161,755)	$	—	$	—	$	1,102,071	$	(161,755)

	December 31, 2021
	Less Than 12 Months				12 Months or More				Total
	Fair Value		Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Unrealized Losses
	(In thousands)
U.S. government-sponsored enterprises	$	120,730	$	(1,356)	$	78,124	$	(1,869)	$	198,854	$	(3,225)
Residential mortgage-backed securities	854,807		(15,246)		104,897		(3,305)		959,704		(18,551)
Commercial mortgage-backed securities	100,702		(1,251)		28,711		(717)		129,413		(1,968)
State and political subdivisions	136,135		(1,282)		18,647		(512)		154,782		(1,794)
Other securities	75,744		(1,316)		2,703		(38)		78,447		(1,354)
Total	$	1,288,118	$	(20,451)	$	233,082	$	(6,441)	$	1,521,200	$	(26,892)

Schedule of Allowance for Credit Losses on Investment Securities

Available-for-Sale Investment Securities
	Year Ended December 31, 2022		Year Ended December 31, 2021
	(In thousands)
Allowance for credit losses:
Beginning balance	$	842	$	842
Provision for credit loss	—		—
Ending balance, December 31,	$	842	$	842

Held-to-Maturity Investment Securities
	Year Ended Dec 31, 2022
	State and Political Subdivisions		Other Securities
Allowance for credit losses:	(In thousands)
Beginning balance	$	—	$	—
Provision for credit loss - acquired securities	(2,005)		—
Securities charged-off	—		—
Recoveries	—		—
Ending balance, December 31,	$	(2,005)	$	—

Held-to-Maturity Securities Credit Quality Indicators

The following table summarizes bond ratings for the Company's held-to-maturity portfolio, based upon amortized cost, issued by state and political subdivisions and other securities as of December 31, 2022:

	State and Political Subdivisions		Other Securities		Total
	(In thousands)
Aaa/AAA	$	233,117	$	43,017	$	276,134
Aa/AA	849,386		—		849,386
A	27,593		—		27,593
Not rated	1,597		—		1,597
Agency Backed	—		135,000		135,000
Total	$	1,111,693	$	178,017	$	1,289,710

Schedule of Income Earned on Securities

Income earned on securities for the years ended is as follows:

	December 31,
	2022		2021		2020
	(In thousands)
Taxable:
Available-for-sale	$	71,352	$	30,054	$	32,596
Held-to-maturity	20,581		—		—
Tax-exempt:
Available-for-sale	19,168		19,642		16,158
Held-to-maturity	9,188		—		—
Total	$	120,289	$	49,696	$	48,754

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Loans Receivable (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Receivables [Abstract]

Summary of Various Categories of Loans Receivable

The various categories of loans receivable are summarized as follows:

	December 31,
	2022		2021
	(In thousands)
Real estate:
Commercial real estate loans
Non-farm/non-residential	$	5,632,063	$	3,889,284
Construction/land development	2,135,266		1,850,050
Agricultural	346,811		130,674
Residential real estate loans
Residential 1-4 family	1,748,551		1,274,953
Multifamily residential	578,052		280,837
Total real estate	10,440,743		7,425,798
Consumer	1,149,896		825,519
Commercial and industrial	2,349,263		1,386,747
Agricultural	285,235		43,920
Other	184,343		154,105
Total Loans receivable	$	14,409,480	$	9,836,089
Allowance for credit losses	(289,669)		(236,714)
Loans receivable, net	$	14,119,811	$	9,599,375

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Allowance for Credit Losses, Credit Quality and Other (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Receivables [Abstract]

Balance of Allowance for Loan Losses

The following table presents the activity in the allowance for credit losses for the year ended December 31, 2022.

	Year Ended December 31, 2022
	Construction/ Land Development		Other Commercial Real Estate		Residential Real Estate		Commercial & Industrial		Consumer & Other		Total
	(In thousands)
Allowance for credit losses:
Beginning balance	$	28,415	$	87,218	$	48,458	$	53,062	$	19,561	$	236,714
Allowance for credit losses on PCD loans - Happy acquisition	950		9,283		980		5,596		7		16,816
Loans charged off	(1)		—		(446)		(9,773)		(7,047)		(17,267)
Recoveries of loans previously charged off	405		967		119		780		965		3,236
Net loans recovered (charged off)	404		967		(327)		(8,993)		(6,082)		(14,031)
Provision for credit loss - acquired loans	7,205		18,711		7,380		11,303		571		45,170
Provision for credit loss - loans	(4,731)		(22,331)		(5,528)		28,386		9,204		5,000
Balance, December 31	$	32,243	$	93,848	$	50,963	$	89,354	$	23,261	$	289,669

The following table presents the balance in the allowance for credit losses for the year ended December 31, 2021.

	Year Ended December 31, 2021
	Construction/ Land Development		Other Commercial Real Estate		Residential Real Estate		Commercial & Industrial		Consumer & Other		Total
	(In thousands)
Allowance for credit losses:
Beginning balance	$	32,861	$	88,453	$	53,216	$	46,530	$	24,413	$	245,473
Loans charged off	—		(646)		(545)		(8,242)		(2,228)		(11,661)
Recoveries of loans previously charged off	58		785		683		591		785		2,902
Net loans recovered (charged off)	58		139		138		(7,651)		(1,443)		(8,759)
Provision for credit loss - loans	(4,504)		(1,374)		(4,896)		14,183		(3,409)		—
Balance, December 31	$	28,415	$	87,218	$	48,458	$	53,062	$	19,561	$	236,714

The following table presents the balance in the allowance for loan losses for the year ended December 31, 2020.

	Year Ended December 31, 2020
	Construction/ Land Development		Other Commercial Real Estate		Residential Real Estate		Commercial & Industrial		Consumer & Other		Total
	(In thousands)
Allowance for loan losses:
Beginning balance	$	26,433	$	33,529	$	20,135	$	16,615	$	5,410	$	102,122
Impact of adopting ASC 326	(5,296)		15,912		16,680		11,584		5,108		43,988
Allowance for credit losses on PCD loans - LH Finance acquisition	—		—		—		—		357		357
Loans charged off	(1,218)		(3,041)		(485)		(7,764)		(1,978)		(14,486)
Recoveries of loans previously charged off	107		647		337		218		761		2,070
Net loans recovered (charged off)	(1,111)		(2,394)		(148)		(7,546)		(1,217)		(12,416)
Provision for credit loss - loans	12,835		41,406		16,549		25,877		5,446		102,113
Provision for loan losses - acquired loans	—		—		—		—		9,309		9,309
Balance December 31	$	32,861	$	88,453	$	53,216	$	46,530	$	24,413	$	245,473

Amortized Cost Basis of Loans on Nonaccrual Status and Loans Past Due Over 90 Days Still Accruing

The following table presents the amortized cost basis of loans on nonaccrual status and loans past due over 90 days still accruing as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively:

	December 31, 2022
	Nonaccrual		Nonaccrual With Reserve		Loans Past Due Over 90 Days Still Accruing
	(In thousands)
Real estate:
Commercial real estate loans
Non-farm/non-residential	$	12,219	$	8,383	$	1,844
Construction/land development	1,977		—		31
Agricultural	278		—		—
Residential real estate loans
Residential 1-4 family	18,083		—		1,374
Multifamily residential	—		—		—
Total real estate	32,557		8,383		3,249
Consumer	2,842		—		35
Commercial and industrial	14,920		—		6,300
Agricultural & other	692		—		261
Total	$	51,011	$	8,383	$	9,845

	December 31, 2021
	Nonaccrual		Nonaccrual With Reserve		Loans Past Due Over 90 Days Still Accruing
	(In thousands)
Real estate:
Commercial real estate loans
Non-farm/non-residential	$	11,923	$	2,212	$	2,225
Construction/land development	1,445		—		—
Agricultural	897		—		—
Residential real estate loans
Residential 1-4 family	16,198		3,000		701
Multifamily residential	156		—		—
Total real estate	30,619		5,212		2,926
Consumer	1,648		—		2
Commercial and industrial	13,875		4,018		107
Agricultural & other	1,016		—		—
Total	$	47,158	$	9,230	$	3,035

Amortized Cost Basis of Collateral-dependent Impaired Loans

The following table presents the amortized cost basis of collateral-dependent impaired loans by class of loans as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively:

	December 31, 2022
	Commercial Real Estate		Residential Real Estate		Other
	(In thousands)
Real estate:
Commercial real estate loans
Non-farm/non-residential	$	162,268	$	—	$	—
Construction/land development	2,008		—		—
Agricultural	278		—		—
Residential real estate loans
Residential 1-4 family	—		20,832		—
Multifamily residential	—		969		—
Total real estate	164,554		21,801		—
Consumer	—		—		2,888
Commercial and industrial	—		—		30,334
Agricultural & other	—		—		1,527
Total	$	164,554	$	21,801	$	34,749

	December 31, 2021
	Commercial Real Estate		Residential Real Estate		Other
	(In thousands)
Real estate:
Commercial real estate loans
Non-farm/non-residential	$	283,919	$	—	$	—
Construction/land development	4,775		—		—
Agricultural	897		—		—
Residential real estate loans
Residential 1-4 family	—		19,775		—
Multifamily residential	—		1,300		—
Total real estate	289,591		21,075		—
Consumer	—		—		1,663
Commercial and industrial	—		—		18,193
Agricultural & other	—		—		1,016
Total	$	289,591	$	21,075	$	20,872

Summary of Aging Analysis for Loans Receivable

The following is an aging analysis for loans receivable as of December 31, 2022 and 2021:

	December 31, 2022
	Loans Past Due 30-59 Days		Loans Past Due 60-89 Days		Loans Past Due 90 Days or More		Total Past Due		Current Loans		Total Loans Receivable		Accruing Loans Past Due 90 Days or More
	(In thousands)
Real estate:
Commercial real estate loans
Non-farm/non-residential	$	4,242	$	2,117	$	14,063	$	20,422	$	5,611,641	$	5,632,063	$	1,844
Construction/land development	4,042		1,892		2,008		7,942		2,127,324		2,135,266		31
Agricultural	1,469		193		278		1,940		344,871		346,811		—
Residential real estate loans
Residential 1-4 family	6,715		605		19,457		26,777		1,721,774		1,748,551		1,374
Multifamily residential	—		—		—		—		578,052		578,052		—
Total real estate	16,468		4,807		35,806		57,081		10,383,662		10,440,743		3,249
Consumer	950		539		2,877		4,366		1,145,530		1,149,896		35
Commercial and industrial	3,007		1,075		21,220		25,302		2,323,961		2,349,263		6,300
Agricultural and other	1,065		57		953		2,075		467,503		469,578		261
Total	$	21,490	$	6,478	$	60,856	$	88,824	$	14,320,656	$	14,409,480	$	9,845

	December 31, 2021
	Loans Past Due 30-59 Days		Loans Past Due 60-89 Days		Loans Past Due 90 Days or More		Total Past Due		Current Loans		Total Loans Receivable		Accruing Loans Past Due 90 Days or More
	(In thousands)
Real estate:
Commercial real estate loans
Non-farm/non-residential	$	1,434	$	576	$	14,148	$	16,158	$	3,873,126	$	3,889,284	$	2,225
Construction/land development	92		22		1,445		1,559		1,848,491		1,850,050		—
Agricultural	—		472		897		1,369		129,305		130,674		—
Residential real estate loans
Residential 1-4 family	1,633		3,560		16,899		22,092		1,252,861		1,274,953		701
Multifamily residential	—		—		156		156		280,681		280,837		—
Total real estate	3,159		4,630		33,545		41,334		7,384,464		7,425,798		2,926
Consumer	60		205		1,650		1,915		823,604		825,519		2
Commercial and industrial	958		316		13,982		15,256		1,371,491		1,386,747		107
Agricultural and other	587		2		1,016		1,605		196,420		198,025		—
Total	$	4,764	$	5,153	$	50,193	$	60,110	$	9,775,979	$	9,836,089	$	3,035

Presentation of Classified Loans by Class and Risk Rating

Based on the most recent analysis performed, the risk category of loans by class as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 is as follows:

	December 31, 2022
	Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year
	2022		2021		2020		2019		2018		Prior		Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis		Total
	(In thousands)
Real estate:
Commercial real estate loans
Non-farm/non-residential
Risk rating 1	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	237	$	—	$	132	$	85	$	454
Risk rating 2	—		—		—		118		—		3,992		—		4,110
Risk rating 3	616,809		509,269		263,188		279,157		322,278		852,727		374,371		3,217,799
Risk rating 4	438,565		341,047		235,669		161,421		321,188		482,437		139,203		2,119,530
Risk rating 5	—		757		1,145		14,417		35,273		37,561		95		89,248
Risk rating 6	876		196		14,247		26,649		4,720		153,909		194		200,791
Risk rating 7	131		—		—		—		—		—		—		131
Risk rating 8	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total non-farm/non-residential	1,056,381		851,269		514,249		481,999		683,459		1,530,758		513,948		5,632,063
Construction/land development
Risk rating 1	$	—	$	11	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	11
Risk rating 2	682		—		—		—		—		210		—		892
Risk rating 3	421,774		283,546		83,631		48,350		19,340		34,910		75,797		967,348
Risk rating 4	354,852		512,541		58,368		79,924		11,520		43,634		65,960		1,126,799
Risk rating 5	—		—		30,987		310		—		1,140		—		32,437
Risk rating 6	612		—		574		751		3		5,839		—		7,779
Risk rating 7	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Risk rating 8	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total construction/land development	777,920		796,098		173,560		129,335		30,863		85,733		141,757		2,135,266
Agricultural
Risk rating 1	$	1,749	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	1,749
Risk rating 2	—		2,048		—		—		—		—		—		2,048
Risk rating 3	61,725		43,356		32,895		16,475		10,326		37,892		5,996		208,665
Risk rating 4	18,870		25,252		20,532		8,706		3,154		42,886		4,755		124,155
Risk rating 5	—		—		—		326		—		603		—		929
Risk rating 6	—		1,630		1,623		4,972		—		1,040		—		9,265
Risk rating 7	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Risk rating 8	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total agricultural	82,344		72,286		55,050		30,479		13,480		82,421		10,751		346,811
Total commercial real estate loans	$	1,916,645	$	1,719,653	$	742,859	$	641,813	$	727,802	$	1,698,912	$	666,456	$	8,114,140
Residential real estate loans
Residential 1-4 family
Risk rating 1	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	115	$	40	$	155
Risk rating 2	—		—		—		—		—		48		2		50
Risk rating 3	360,510		255,775		176,955		112,053		98,093		314,492		110,881		1,428,759
Risk rating 4	37,471		35,875		61,418		11,871		15,577		61,034		65,674		288,920
Risk rating 5	—		—		—		3,049		226		328		—		3,603
Risk rating 6	849		2,423		3,564		3,521		2,536		12,662		1,508		27,063
Risk rating 7	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Risk rating 8	—		—		—		—		—		1		—		1
Total residential 1-4 family	398,830		294,073		241,937		130,494		116,432		388,680		178,105		1,748,551

	December 31, 2022
	Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year
	2022		2021		2020		2019		2018		Prior		Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis		Total
	(In thousands)
Multifamily residential
Risk rating 1	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Risk rating 2	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Risk rating 3	38,830		37,566		14,127		33,813		13,098		60,117		6,534		204,085
Risk rating 4	43,478		101,282		182,850		8,284		11,934		11,779		1,201		360,808
Risk rating 5	—		—		—		—		3,142		7,897		—		11,039
Risk rating 6	—		—		—		302		—		1,818		—		2,120
Risk rating 7	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Risk rating 8	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total multifamily residential	82,308		138,848		196,977		42,399		28,174		81,611		7,735		578,052
Total real estate	$	2,397,783	$	2,152,574	$	1,181,773	$	814,706	$	872,408	$	2,169,203	$	852,296	$	10,440,743
Consumer
Risk rating 1	$	5,332	$	3,952	$	1,134	$	637	$	552	$	1,176	$	1,467	$	14,250
Risk rating 2	—		—		—		193		614		—		—		807
Risk rating 3	284,828		276,044		146,256		132,763		118,244		135,266		16,093		1,109,494
Risk rating 4	15,306		2,293		422		1,216		459		907		69		20,672
Risk rating 5	—		633		19		—		8		810		—		1,470
Risk rating 6	215		156		270		970		24		1,386		101		3,122
Risk rating 7	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Risk rating 8	3		—		1		—		—		77		—		81
Total consumer	305,684		283,078		148,102		135,779		119,901		139,622		17,730		1,149,896
Commercial and industrial
Risk rating 1	3,450		$	7,692	$	268	$	264	$	16	$	21,298	$	8,832	$	41,820
Risk rating 2	1,590		305		27		198		—		226		781		3,127
Risk rating 3	301,063		126,312		80,636		73,360		71,964		112,017		253,111		1,018,463
Risk rating 4	70,862		120,618		69,963		89,975		81,389		48,496		568,795		1,050,098
Risk rating 5	83,272		14,762		159		1,408		6,815		185		75,891		182,492
Risk rating 6	4,842		2,539		11,204		4,193		5,769		16,559		3,554		48,660
Risk rating 7	—		—		—		—		4,316		202		85		4,603
Risk rating 8	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total commercial and industrial	465,079		272,228		162,257		169,398		170,269		198,983		911,049		2,349,263
Agricultural and other
Risk rating 1	$	297	$	266	$	115	$	—	$	—	$	95	$	722	$	1,495
Risk rating 2	140		78		—		2,338		34		115		1,661		4,366
Risk rating 3	85,707		36,004		30,546		4,725		7,986		46,748		131,760		343,476
Risk rating 4	7,627		13,591		2,598		1,671		1,710		8,766		69,179		105,142
Risk rating 5	—		8		204		—		—		593		745		1,550
Risk rating 6	—		58		157		11,137		304		949		944		13,549
Risk rating 7	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Risk rating 8	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total agricultural and other	93,771		50,005		33,620		19,871		10,034		57,266		205,011		469,578
Total	$	3,262,317	$	2,757,885	$	1,525,752	$	1,139,754	$	1,172,612	$	2,565,074	$	1,986,086	$	14,409,480

	December 31, 2021
	Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year
	2021		2020		2019		2018		2017		Prior		Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis		Total
	(In thousands)
Real estate:
Commercial real estate loans
Non-farm/non-residential
Risk rating 1	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Risk rating 2	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Risk rating 3	284,127		281,982		266,990		341,642		195,301		891,035		194,640		2,455,717
Risk rating 4	111,697		32,788		115,989		301,520		90,747		345,254		90,028		1,088,023
Risk rating 5	—		10,930		2,239		23,117		49,926		189,038		—		275,250
Risk rating 6	—		—		23,723		2,224		11,751		32,372		224		70,294
Risk rating 7	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Risk rating 8	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total non-farm/non-residential	395,824		325,700		408,941		668,503		347,725		1,457,699		284,892		3,889,284
Construction/land development
Risk rating 1	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Risk rating 2	—		—		—		—		—		231		—		231
Risk rating 3	301,719		183,715		108,491		23,574		13,760		41,860		149,433		822,552
Risk rating 4	226,230		217,267		448,899		33,617		45,679		38,122		7,297		1,017,111
Risk rating 5	—		—		388		—		—		1,174		176		1,738
Risk rating 6	—		134		825		3		—		7,456		—		8,418
Risk rating 7	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Risk rating 8	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total construction/land development	527,949		401,116		558,603		57,194		59,439		88,843		156,906		1,850,050
Agricultural
Risk rating 1	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Risk rating 2	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Risk rating 3	21,480		27,931		7,768		6,564		5,103		21,689		7,026		97,561
Risk rating 4	4,305		964		365		970		655		22,143		2,065		31,467
Risk rating 5	—		166		—		—		—		—		—		166
Risk rating 6	—		44		—		—		—		1,436		—		1,480
Risk rating 7	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Risk rating 8	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total agricultural	25,785		29,105		8,133		7,534		5,758		45,268		9,091		130,674
Total commercial real estate loans	$	949,558	$	755,921	$	975,677	$	733,231	$	412,922	$	1,591,810	$	450,889	$	5,870,008
Residential real estate loans
Residential 1-4 family
Risk rating 1	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	76	$	89	$	165
Risk rating 2	—		—		—		—		—		29		—		29
Risk rating 3	210,970		147,523		119,861		94,848		82,474		296,687		85,836		1,038,199
Risk rating 4	8,885		3,397		56,839		16,887		21,874		53,578		36,642		198,102
Risk rating 5	—		—		3,065		1,220		582		1,366		193		6,426
Risk rating 6	1,136		2,252		2,432		2,063		1,263		16,305		6,580		32,031
Risk rating 7	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Risk rating 8	—		—		—		—		—		1		—		1
Total residential 1-4 family	220,991		153,172		182,197		115,018		106,193		368,042		129,340		1,274,953

	December 31, 2021
	Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year
	2021		2020		2019		2018		2017		Prior		Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis		Total
	(In thousands)
Multifamily residential
Risk rating 1	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Risk rating 2	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Risk rating 3	11,898		5,211		34,492		17,375		9,430		43,804		3,583		125,793
Risk rating 4	3,755		44,294		30,060		3,412		2,981		18,805		33,723		137,030
Risk rating 5	—		—		—		7,591		8,105		—		—		15,696
Risk rating 6	—		—		—		—		890		1,428		—		2,318
Risk rating 7	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Risk rating 8	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total multifamily residential	15,653		49,505		64,552		28,378		21,406		64,037		37,306		280,837
Total real estate	$	1,186,202	$	958,598	$	1,222,426	$	876,627	$	540,521	$	2,023,889	$	617,535	$	7,425,798
Consumer
Risk rating 1	$	4,441	$	1,799	$	1,237	$	920	$	226	$	1,383	$	1,893	$	11,899
Risk rating 2	—		—		45		639		—		8		—		692
Risk rating 3	221,986		173,511		132,148		109,810		67,992		92,076		1,098		798,621
Risk rating 4	3,547		923		2,944		1,776		158		2,641		79		12,068
Risk rating 5	—		116		—		15		—		131		—		262
Risk rating 6	69		34		39		117		—		1,711		7		1,977
Risk rating 7	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Risk rating 8	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total consumer	230,043		176,383		136,413		113,277		68,376		97,950		3,077		825,519
Commercial and industrial
Risk rating 1	$	99,579	$	12,752	$	350	$	118	$	102	$	21,436	$	9,851	$	144,188
Risk rating 2	175		16		—		—		66		276		168		701
Risk rating 3	125,071		59,056		77,130		67,944		34,733		42,905		145,247		552,086
Risk rating 4	244,927		35,350		89,558		91,840		23,616		34,566		88,750		608,607
Risk rating 5	6,185		609		480		8,258		5,712		2,851		582		24,677
Risk rating 6	492		15,377		5,913		24,941		5,477		2,233		342		54,775
Risk rating 7	—		—		—		1,696		—		—		—		1,696
Risk rating 8	—		—		—		—		—		16		1		17
Total commercial and industrial	476,429		123,160		173,431		194,797		69,706		104,283		244,941		1,386,747
Agricultural and other
Risk rating 1	$	5,042	$	—	$	40	$	—	$	—	$	110	$	552	$	5,744
Risk rating 2	—		—		3,467		—		—		909		983		5,359
Risk rating 3	54,534		44,030		5,158		7,092		2,009		46,570		8,750		168,143
Risk rating 4	1,544		218		154		1,590		1,226		1,224		10,842		16,798
Risk rating 5	—		—		—		—		—		1,297		—		1,297
Risk rating 6	53		—		23		13		33		562		—		684
Risk rating 7	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Risk rating 8	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total agricultural and other	61,173		44,248		8,842		8,695		3,268		50,672		21,127		198,025
Total	$	1,953,847	$	1,302,389	$	1,541,112	$	1,193,396	$	681,871	$	2,276,794	$	886,680	$	9,836,089

The Company considers the performance of the loan portfolio and its impact on the allowance for credit losses. The Company also evaluates credit quality based on the aging status of the loan, which was previously presented and by payment activity. The following tables present the amortized cost of performing and nonperforming loans as of December 31, 2022 and 2021.

	December 31, 2022
	Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year
	2022		2021		2020		2019		2018		Prior		Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis		Total
	(In thousands)
Real estate:
Commercial real estate loans
Non-farm/non-residential
Performing	$	1,056,381	$	851,269	$	509,258	$	456,196	$	679,187	$	1,403,874	$	513,630	$	5,469,795
Non-performing	—		—		4,991		25,803		4,272		126,884		318		162,268
Total non-farm/ non-residential	1,056,381		851,269		514,249		481,999		683,459		1,530,758		513,948		5,632,063
Construction/land development
Performing	777,309		796,098		172,987		128,736		30,860		85,511		141,757		2,133,258
Non-performing	611		—		573		599		3		222		—		2,008
Total construction/ land development	777,920		796,098		173,560		129,335		30,863		85,733		141,757		2,135,266
Agricultural
Performing	$	82,344	$	72,286	$	55,050	$	30,479	$	13,480	$	82,143	$	10,751	$	346,533
Non-performing	—		—		—		—		—		278		—		278
Total agricultural	82,344		72,286		55,050		30,479		13,480		82,421		10,751		346,811
Total commercial real estate loans	$	1,916,645	$	1,719,653	$	742,859	$	641,813	$	727,802	$	1,698,912	$	666,456	$	8,114,140
Residential real estate loans
Residential 1-4 family
Performing	$	397,464	$	292,100	$	239,047	$	127,250	$	114,337	$	380,210	$	177,311	$	1,727,719
Non-performing	1,366		1,973		2,890		3,244		2,095		8,470		794		20,832
Total residential 1-4 family	398,830		294,073		241,937		130,494		116,432		388,680		178,105		1,748,551
Multifamily residential
Performing	$	82,308	$	138,848	$	196,977	$	42,399	$	28,174	$	80,642	$	7,735	$	577,083
Non-performing	—		—		—		—		—		969		—		969
Total multifamily residential	82,308		138,848		196,977		42,399		28,174		81,611		7,735		578,052
Total real estate	2,397,783		2,152,574		1,181,773		814,706		872,408		2,169,203		852,296		10,440,743
Consumer
Performing	$	305,620	$	282,944	$	147,820	$	134,831	$	119,877	$	138,288	$	17,628	$	1,147,008
Non-performing	64		134		282		948		24		1,334		102		2,888
Total consumer	305,684		283,078		148,102		135,779		119,901		139,622		17,730		1,149,896
Commercial and industrial
Performing	$	464,285	$	267,719	$	159,152	$	165,733	$	160,267	$	194,162	$	907,611	$	2,318,929
Non-performing	794		4,509		3,105		3,665		10,002		4,821		3,438		30,334
Total commercial and industrial	465,079		272,228		162,257		169,398		170,269		198,983		911,049		2,349,263
Agricultural and other
Performing	$	93,771	$	50,001	$	33,416	$	19,818	$	10,034	$	56,631	$	204,380	$	468,051
Non-performing	—		4		204		53		—		635		631		1,527
Total agricultural and other	93,771		50,005		33,620		19,871		10,034		57,266		205,011		469,578
Total	$	3,262,317	$	2,757,885	$	1,525,752	$	1,139,754	$	1,172,612	$	2,565,074	$	1,986,086	$	14,409,480

	December 31, 2021
	Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year
	2021		2020		2019		2018		2017		Prior		Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis		Total
	(In thousands)
Real estate:
Commercial real estate loans
Non-farm/non-residential
Performing	$	395,824	$	315,447	$	394,061	$	648,351	$	298,086	$	1,268,731	$	284,865	$	3,605,365
Non-performing	—		10,253		14,880		20,152		49,639		188,968		27		283,919
Total non-farm/ non-residential	395,824		325,700		408,941		668,503		347,725		1,457,699		284,892		3,889,284
Construction/land development
Performing	527,949		400,982		557,778		57,024		59,439		85,197		156,906		1,845,275
Non-performing	—		134		825		170		—		3,646		—		4,775
Total construction/ land development	527,949		401,116		558,603		57,194		59,439		88,843		156,906		1,850,050
Agricultural
Performing	$	25,785	$	28,939	$	8,133	$	7,534	$	5,758	$	44,537	$	9,091	$	129,777
Non-performing	—		166		—		—		—		731		—		897
Total agricultural	25,785		29,105		8,133		7,534		5,758		45,268		9,091		130,674
Total commercial real estate loans	$	949,558	$	755,921	$	975,677	$	733,231	$	412,922	$	1,591,810	$	450,889	$	5,870,008
Residential real estate loans
Residential 1-4 family
Performing	$	220,380	$	151,459	$	180,113	$	113,845	$	105,129	$	360,700	$	123,552	$	1,255,178
Non-performing	611		1,713		2,084		1,173		1,064		7,342		5,788		19,775
Total residential 1-4 family	220,991		153,172		182,197		115,018		106,193		368,042		129,340		1,274,953
Multifamily residential
Performing	$	15,653	$	49,505	$	64,552	$	28,378	$	21,406	$	62,737	$	37,306	$	279,537
Non-performing	—		—		—		—		—		1,300		—		1,300
Total multifamily residential	15,653		49,505		64,552		28,378		21,406		64,037		37,306		280,837
Total real estate	1,186,202		958,598		1,222,426		876,627		540,521		2,023,889		617,535		7,425,798
Consumer
Performing	$	229,986	$	176,355	$	136,403	$	113,160	$	68,376	$	96,506	$	3,070	$	823,856
Non-performing	57		28		10		117		—		1,444		7		1,663
Total consumer	230,043		176,383		136,413		113,277		68,376		97,950		3,077		825,519
Commercial and industrial
Performing	$	476,424	$	122,999	$	168,984	$	185,569	$	66,928	$	103,391	$	244,259	$	1,368,554
Non-performing	5		161		4,447		9,228		2,778		892		682		18,193
Total commercial and industrial	476,429		123,160		173,431		194,797		69,706		104,283		244,941		1,386,747
Agricultural and other
Performing	$	61,173	$	44,248	$	8,819	$	8,682	$	3,235	$	49,725	$	21,127	$	197,009
Non-performing	—		—		23		13		33		947		—		1,016
Total agricultural and other	61,173		44,248		8,842		8,695		3,268		50,672		21,127		198,025
Total	$	1,953,847	$	1,302,389	$	1,541,112	$	1,193,396	$	681,871	$	2,276,794	$	886,680	$	9,836,089

Presentation of Troubled Debt Restructurings ("TDRs") by Class

The following is a presentation of troubled debt restructurings (“TDRs”) by class as of December 31, 2022 and 2021:

	December 31, 2022
	Number of Loans	Pre- Modification Outstanding Balance		Rate Modification		Term Modification		Rate & Term Modification		Post- Modification Outstanding Balance
	(Dollars in thousands)
Real estate:
Commercial real estate loans
Non-farm/non-residential	11	$	4,462	$	1,395	$	598	$	436	$	2,429
Construction/land development	1	216		177		—		—		177
Residential real estate loans
Residential 1-4 family	14	2,115		772		145		290		1,207
Multifamily residential	1	1,130		969		—		—		969
Total real estate	27	7,923		3,313		743		726		4,782
Consumer	2	18		11		—		1		12
Commercial and industrial	15	3,199		748		47		156		951
Total	44	$	11,140	$	4,072	$	790	$	883	$	5,745

	December 31, 2021
	Number of Loans	Pre- Modification Outstanding Balance		Rate Modification		Term Modification		Rate & Term Modification		Post- Modification Outstanding Balance
	(Dollars in thousands)
Real estate:
Commercial real estate loans
Non-farm/non-residential	12	$	6,119	$	3,581	$	623	$	85	$	4,289
Construction/land development	2	240		210		1		—		211
Agricultural	1	282		262		—		—		262
Residential real estate loans
Residential 1-4 family	15	2,328		844		117		332		1,293
Multifamily residential	1	1,130		1,144		—		—		1,144
Total real estate	31	10,099		6,041		741		417		7,199
Consumer	4	22		13		—		3		16
Commercial and industrial	9	2,353		172		65		74		311
Total	44	$	12,474	$	6,226	$	806	$	494	$	7,526

Presentation of TDR's on Non-Accrual Status

The following is a presentation of TDRs on non-accrual status as of December 31, 2022, and 2021 because they are not in compliance with the modified terms:

	December 31, 2022			December 31, 2021
	Number of Loans	Recorded Balance		Number of Loans	Recorded Balance
	(Dollars in thousands)
Real estate:
Commercial real estate loans
Non-farm/non-residential	2	$	262	2	$	7
Construction/land development	1	177		1	210
Agricultural	—	—		1	262
Residential real estate loans
Residential 1-4 family	4	218		5	388
Total real estate	7	657		9	867
Consumer	1	1		3	3
Commercial and industrial	13	931		6	206
Total	21	$	1,589	18	$	1,076

Summary of Total Foreclosed Assets

The following is a presentation of total foreclosed assets as of December 31, 2022 and 2021:

	December 31, 2022		December 31, 2021
	(In thousands)
Commercial real estate loans
Non-farm/non-residential	$	118	$	536
Construction/land development	47		834
Agricultural	—		—
Residential real estate loans
Residential 1-4 family	260		260
Multifamily residential	121		—
Total foreclosed assets held for sale	$	546	$	1,630

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Goodwill and Core Deposit Intangible (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]

Summary of Changes in Carrying Amount and Accumulated Amortization of Company's Goodwill and Core Deposits and Other Intangibles

Changes in the carrying amount and accumulated amortization of the Company’s goodwill and core deposit intangible at December 31, 2022 and 2021, were as follows:

	December 31, 2022		December 31, 2021
Goodwill	(In thousands)
Balance, beginning of period	$	973,025	$	973,025
Acquisitions	425,228		—
Balance, end of period	$	1,398,253	$	973,025

	December 31, 2022		December 31, 2021
Core Deposit Intangible	(In thousands)
Balance, beginning of period	$	25,045	$	30,728
Acquisitions	42,263		—
Amortization expense	(8,853)		(5,683)
Balance, end of year	$	58,455	$	25,045

Summary of Carrying Amount and Accumulated Amortization of Core Deposits and Other Intangibles

The carrying basis and accumulated amortization of core deposits intangibles at December 31, 2022 and 2021 were:

	December 31, 2022		December 31, 2021
	(In thousands)
Gross carrying amount	$	128,888	$	86,625
Accumulated amortization	(70,433)		(61,580)
Net carrying amount	$	58,455	$	25,045

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Deposits (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Deposits [Abstract]

Summary of Scheduled Maturities of Time Deposits

The following is a summary of the scheduled maturities of all time deposits at December 31, 2022 (in thousands):

2023	$862,018
2024	129,470
2025	19,206
2026	15,111
2027	16,768
Thereafter	661
Total time deposits	$1,043,234

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Securities Sold Under Agreements to Repurchase (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Securities Sold under Agreements to Repurchase [Abstract]

Summary of Remaining Contractual Maturity of Securities Sold Under Agreements to Repurchase

The remaining contractual maturity of securities sold under agreements to repurchase in the consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 is presented in the following table:

	December 31, 2022				December 31, 2021
	Overnight and Continuous		Total		Overnight and Continuous		Total
	(In thousands)
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase:
U.S. government-sponsored enterprises	$	5,322	$	5,322	$	8,433	$	8,433
Mortgage-backed securities	5,153		5,153		7,920		7,920
State and political subdivisions	117,674		117,674		122,173		122,173
Other securities	2,997		2,997		2,360		2,360
Total borrowings	$	131,146	$	131,146	$	140,886	$	140,886

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FHLB and Other Borrowed Funds (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Advance from Federal Home Loan Bank [Abstract]

Maturities of Borrowings with Original Maturities

Maturities of borrowings with original maturities exceeding one year at December 31, 2022, are as follows (in thousands):

	By Contractual Maturity		By Call Date
2023	$	50,000	$	50,000
2024	—		400,000
2025	100,000		100,000
2026	100,000		100,000
2027	—		—
Thereafter	400,000		—
	$	650,000	$	650,000

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Subordinated Debentures (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Debt Disclosure [Abstract]

Preferred Trust Securities and Subordinated Debentures

Subordinated debentures at December 31, 2022 and 2021 contained the following components:

	As of December 31, 2022		As of December 31, 2021
	(In thousands)
Trust preferred securities
Subordinated debentures, issued in 2006, due 2036, fixed rate of 6.75% during the first five years and at a floating rate of 1.85% above the three-month LIBOR rate, reset quarterly, thereafter, currently callable without penalty	$	—	$	3,093
Subordinated debentures, issued in 2004, due 2034, fixed rate of 6.00% during the first five years and at a floating rate of 2.00% above the three- month LIBOR rate, reset quarterly, thereafter, currently callable without penalty	—		15,464
Subordinated debentures, issued in 2005, due 2035, fixed rate of 5.84% during the first five years and at a floating rate of 1.45% above the three- month LIBOR rate, reset quarterly, thereafter, currently callable without penalty	—		25,774
Subordinated debentures, issued in 2004, due 2034, fixed rate of 4.29% during the first five years and at a floating rate of 2.50% above the three-month LIBOR rate, reset quarterly, thereafter, currently callable without penalty	—		16,495
Subordinated debentures, issued in 2005, due 2035, floating rate of 2.15% above the three-month LIBOR rate, reset quarterly, currently callable without penalty	—		4,501
Subordinated debentures, issued in 2006, due 2036, fixed rate of 7.38% during the first five years and at a floating rate of 1.62% above the three-month LIBOR rate, reset quarterly, thereafter, currently callable without penalty	—		5,942
Subordinated debt securities
Subordinated notes issued in 2020, due 2030, fixed rate of 5.500% during the first five years and at a floating rate of 534.5 basis points above the then three-month SOFR rate, reset quarterly, thereafter, callable in 2025 without penalty	143,400		—
Subordinated notes, net of issuance costs, issued in 2022, due 2032, fixed rate of 3.125% during the first five years and at a floating rate of 182 basis points above the then three-month SOFR rate, reset quarterly, thereafter, callable in 2027 without penalty	297,020		—
Subordinated notes, net of issuance costs, issued in 2017, due 2027, fixed rate of 5.625% during the first five years and at a floating rate of 3.575% above the then three-month LIBOR rate, reset quarterly, thereafter, callable in 2022 without penalty	—		299,824
Total	$	440,420	$	371,093

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Income Taxes (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]

Summary of Components of Provision for Income Taxes

The following is a summary of the components of the provision for income taxes for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020:

	Year Ended December 31,
	2022		2021		2020
	(In thousands)
Current:
Federal	$	72,367	$	70,536	$	62,362
State	14,733		23,350		20,644
Total current	87,100		93,886		83,006
Deferred:
Federal	1,839		2,906		(14,839)
State	374		962		(4,912)
Total deferred	2,213		3,868		(19,751)
Income tax expense	$	89,313	$	97,754	$	63,255

Reconciliation between Statutory Federal Income Tax Rate and Effective Income Tax Rate

The reconciliation between the statutory federal income tax rate and effective income tax rate is as follows for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020:

	Year Ended December 31,
	2022		2021		2020
Statutory federal income tax rate	21.00	%	21.00	%	21.00	%
Effect of non-taxable interest income	(1.89)		(1.03)		(1.29)
Stock compensation	0.38		0.25		0.33
State income taxes, net of federal benefit	2.70		3.97		3.50
Other	0.45		(0.74)		(0.76)
Effective income tax rate	22.64	%	23.45	%	22.78	%

Differences between Tax Basis of Assets and Liabilities

The types of temporary differences between the tax basis of assets and liabilities and their financial reporting amounts that give rise to deferred income tax assets and liabilities, and their approximate tax effects, are as follows:

	December 31, 2022		December 31, 2021
	(In thousands)
Deferred tax assets:
Allowance for credit losses	$	80,232	$	68,644
Deferred compensation	7,817		5,342
Stock compensation	6,180		5,044
Non-accrual interest income	1,518		694
Real estate owned	103		109
Unrealized loss on Securities AFS	98,587		—
Loan discounts	7,007		4,169
Tax basis premium/discount on acquisitions	1,222		3,220
Investments	28,523		263
Deposits	—		(65)
Other	8,007		5,283
Gross deferred tax assets	239,196		92,703
Deferred tax liabilities:
Accelerated depreciation on premises and equipment	4,252		761
Unrealized gain on securities available-for-sale	—		4,220
Core deposit intangibles	14,755		5,736
FHLB dividends	2,681		2,820
Other	8,187		876
Gross deferred tax liabilities	29,875		14,413
Net deferred tax assets	$	209,321	$	78,290

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Common Stock, Compensation Plans and Other (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Share-Based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]

Summary of Stock Option Transactions under Plan

The table below summarized the stock option transactions under the Plan at December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 and changes during the years then ended:

	2022			2021			2020
	Shares (000)	Weighted- average Exercisable Price		Shares (000)	Weighted- average Exercisable Price		Shares (000)	Weighted- average Exercisable Price
Outstanding, beginning of year	3,015	$	20.06	3,254	$	19.77	3,411	$	19.60
Granted	183	21.13		15	21.68		—	—
Forfeited/Expired	(96)	21.89		(57)	22.44		(76)	21.95
Exercised	(131)	11.30		(197)	14.78		(81)	10.61
Outstanding, end of year	2,971	20.45		3,015	20.06		3,254	19.77
Exercisable, end of year	1,837	18.89		1,543	17.46		1,537	16.82

Summary of Stock Options on Valuation Assumptions

The assumptions used in determining the fair value of 2022, 2021 and 2020 stock option grants were as follows:

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2022		2021		2020
Expected dividend yield	3.14	%	2.59	%		Not Applicable
Expected stock price volatility	31.18	%	70.13	%		Not Applicable
Risk-free interest rate	2.82	%	0.75	%		Not Applicable
Expected life of options	6.5 years		6.5 years			Not Applicable

Summary of Currently Outstanding and Exercisable Options

The following is a summary of currently outstanding and exercisable options at December 31, 2022:

Options Outstanding					Options Exercisable
Exercise Prices	Options Outstanding Shares (000)	Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Life (in years)	Weighted- Average Exercise Price		Options Exercisable Shares (000)	Weighted- Average Exercise Price
$6.56 to $8.62	100	0.05	$	8.62	100	$	8.62
$9.54 to $14.71	100	2.04	14.71		100	14.71
$16.77 to $16.86	110	1.70	16.81		110	16.81
$17.12 to $17.36	86	2.29	17.12		86	17.12
$17.40 to $18.46	866	2.63	18.45		866	18.45
$18.50 to $20.16	35	6.27	19.04		21	19.04
$20.46 to $21.25	258	5.63	20.84		155	21.08
$21.31 to $22.22	127	6.05	22.18		82	22.21
$22.70 to $23.32	1,185	5.55	23.32		240	23.32
$23.51 to $25.96	104	5.52	25.34		77	25.74
	2,971				1,837

Summary of Company's Restricted Stock Issued and Outstanding

The table below summarizes the activity for the Company’s restricted stock issued and outstanding at December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 and changes during the years then ended:

	2022		2021		2020
	(In thousands)
Beginning of year	1,231		1,371		1,636
Issued	409		216		264
Vested	(178)		(320)		(453)
Forfeited	(81)		(36)		(76)
End of year	1,381		1,231		1,371
Amount of expense for twelve months ended	$	7,646	$	7,112	$	6,824

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Non-Interest Expense (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Other Income and Expenses [Abstract]

Components of Non-Interest Expense

The table below shows the components of non-interest expense for years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020:

	2022		2021		2020
	(In thousands)
Salaries and employee benefits	$	238,885	$	170,755	$	163,950
Occupancy and equipment	53,417		36,631		38,412
Data processing expense	34,942		24,280		19,032
Merger expense	49,594		1,886		711
Other operating expenses:
Advertising	7,974		4,855		3,999
Amortization of intangibles	8,853		5,683		5,844
Electronic banking expense	13,632		9,817		8,477
Directors' fees	1,491		1,614		1,624
Due from bank service charges	1,255		1,044		975
FDIC and state assessment	8,428		5,472		6,494
Hurricane expense	176		—		—
Insurance	3,705		3,118		3,018
Legal and accounting	9,401		3,703		4,222
Other professional fees	8,881		6,950		8,150
Operating supplies	3,120		1,915		1,988
Postage	2,078		1,283		1,283
Telephone	1,890		1,425		1,302
Other expense	27,905		18,086		17,904
Total other operating expenses	98,789		64,965		65,280
Total non-interest expense	$	475,627	$	298,517	$	287,385

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Leases (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Leases [Abstract]

Minimum Rental Commitments under Operating Leases

The minimum rental commitments under these noncancelable operating leases are as follows (in thousands) as of December 31, 2022 and 2021:

	December 31, 2022
2023	$	8,332
2024	7,463
2025	6,739
2026	6,352
2027	5,821
Thereafter	24,591
Total future minimum lease payments	$	59,298
Discount effect of cash flows	(13,344)
Present value of net future minimum lease payments	$	45,954

	December 31, 2021
2022	$	7,714
2023	6,574
2024	6,001
2025	5,510
2026	5,389
Thereafter	24,999
Total future minimum lease payments	$	56,187
Discount effect of cash flows	(13,778)
Present value of net future minimum lease payments	$	42,409

Additional Information of Lease Expense

Additional information (dollar amounts in thousands):

	Year Ended December 31, 2022			Year Ended December 31, 2021			Year Ended December 31, 2020
Lease expense:
Operating lease expense	$	7,995		$	7,857		$	8,138
Short-term lease expense	3			6			35
Variable lease expense	873			1,028			1,056
Total lease expense	$	8,871		$	8,891		$	9,229
Other information:
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities	$	8,128		$	7,881		$	8,030
Weighted-average remaining lease term	9.28			9.71			10.19
Weighted-average discount rate	3.41		%	3.48		%	3.61		%

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Financial Instruments (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]

Estimated Fair Values of Financial Instruments

The following table presents the estimated fair values of the Company’s financial instruments. Fair value is the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date.

	December 31, 2022
	Carrying Amount		Fair Value		Level
	(In thousands)
Financial assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	724,790	$	724,790	1
Investment securities - available for sale	4,041,590		4,041,590		2
Investment securities - held-to-maturity	1,287,705		1,126,146		2
Loans receivable, net of impaired loans and allowance	13,929,892		14,240,833		3
Accrued interest receivable	103,199		103,199		1
FHLB, FRB & FNBB stock; other equity investments	215,952		215,952		3
Marketable equity securities	52,034		52,034		1
Financial liabilities:
Deposits:
Demand and non-interest bearing	$	5,164,997	$	5,164,997	1
Savings and interest-bearing transaction accounts	11,730,552		11,730,552		1
Time deposits	1,043,234		1,014,348		3
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase	131,146		131,146		1
FHLB and other borrowed funds	650,000		595,886		2
Accrued interest payable	10,622		10,622		1
Subordinated debentures	440,420		411,686		3

	December 31, 2021
	Carrying Amount		Fair Value		Level
	(In thousands)
Financial assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	3,650,315	$	3,650,315	1
Investment securities - available for sale	3,119,807		3,119,807		2
Loans receivable, net of impaired loans and allowance	9,319,421		9,503,261		3
Accrued interest receivable	46,736		46,736		1
FHLB, FRB & FNBB stock; other equity investments	124,638		124,638		3
Marketable equity securities	17,110		17,110		1
Financial liabilities:
Deposits:
Demand and non-interest bearing	$	4,127,878	$	4,127,878	1
Savings and interest-bearing transaction accounts	9,251,805		9,251,805		1
Time deposits	880,887		901,280		3
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase	140,886		140,886		1
FHLB and other borrowed funds	400,000		401,362		2
Accrued interest payable	4,798		4,798		1
Subordinated debentures	371,093		374,894		3

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Regulatory Matters (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Regulatory Matters [Abstract]

Summary of Company's Actual Capital Amount and Ratios

The Company’s actual capital amounts and ratios along with the Company’s bank subsidiary are presented in the following table.

	Actual				Minimum Capital Requirement –Basel III				Minimum To Be Well-Capitalized Under Prompt Corrective Action Provision
	Amount		Ratio		Amount		Ratio		Amount	Ratio
	(Dollars in thousands)
As of December 31, 2022
Common equity Tier 1 capital ratios:
Home BancShares	$	2,399,919	12.91	%	$	1,300,831	7.00	%	N/A	N/A
Centennial Bank	2,408,756		13.00		1,297,352		7.00		1,204,684	6.50
Leverage ratios:
Home BancShares	$	2,399,919	10.86	%	$	883,664	4.00	%	N/A	N/A
Centennial Bank	2,408,756		10.93		881,464		4.00		1,101,831	5.00
Tier 1 capital ratios:
Home BancShares	$	2,399,919	12.91	%	$	1,579,580	8.50	%	N/A	N/A
Centennial Bank	2,408,756		13.00		1,575,356		8.50		1,482,688	8.00
Total risk-based capital ratios:
Home BancShares	$	3,073,455	16.54	%	$	1,951,246	10.50	%	N/A	N/A
Centennial Bank	2,640,992		14.25		1,946,021		10.50		1,853,354	10.00
As of December 31, 2021
Common equity Tier 1 capital ratios:
Home BancShares	$	1,812,797	15.37	%	$	825,548	7.00	%	N/A	N/A
Centennial Bank	1,859,093		15.82		822,608		7.00		763,850	6.50
Leverage ratios:
Home BancShares	$	1,884,067	11.11	%	$	678,427	4.00	%	N/A	N/A
Centennial Bank	1,859,093		10.97		677,883		4.00		847,353	5.00
Tier 1 capital ratios:
Home BancShares	$	1,884,067	15.98	%	$	1,002,451	8.50	%	N/A	N/A
Centennial Bank	1,859,093		15.82		998,881		8.50		940,123	8.00
Total risk-based capital ratios:
Home BancShares	$	2,331,948	19.77	%	$	1,238,322	10.50	%	N/A	N/A
Centennial Bank	2,006,814		17.08		1,233,697		10.50		1,174,950	10.00

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Additional Cash Flow Information (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Supplemental Cash Flow Elements [Abstract]

Summary of Additional Cash Flow Information

The following is summary of the Company’s additional cash flow information during the years ended December 31:

	2022		2021		2020
	(In thousands)
Interest paid	$	115,046	$	53,327	$	95,483
Income taxes paid	86,583		98,320		77,838
Assets acquired by foreclosure	619		2,623		2,639

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Condensed Financial Information (Parent Company Only) (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Offsetting [Abstract]

Schedule of Condensed Balance Sheets

Condensed Balance Sheets

	December 31,
(In thousands)	2022		2021
Assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$	359,570	$	291,585
Investment securities	57,912		18,254
Investments in wholly-owned subsidiaries	3,538,344		2,815,345
Investments in unconsolidated subsidiaries	—		2,201
Other assets	19,422		14,591
Total assets	$	3,975,248	$	3,141,976
Liabilities
Subordinated debentures	$	440,420	$	371,093
Other liabilities	8,466		5,162
Total liabilities	448,886		376,255
Stockholders' Equity
Common stock	2,034		1,637
Capital surplus	2,386,699		1,487,373
Retained earnings	1,443,087		1,266,249
Accumulated other comprehensive income	(305,458)		10,462
Total stockholders' equity	3,526,362		2,765,721
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity	$	3,975,248	$	3,141,976

Schedule of Condensed Statements of Income

Condensed Statements of Income

	Years Ended December 31,
(In thousands)	2022		2021		2020
Income
Dividends from equity securities	$	2,088	$	646	$	385
Dividends from banking subsidiary	216,086		286,712		183,711
Other (loss) income	(1,297)		7,234		(1,588)
Total income	216,877		294,592		182,508
Expenses	38,933		34,194		33,346
Income before income taxes and equity in undistributed net income of subsidiaries	177,944		260,398		149,162
Tax benefit for income taxes	10,752		7,161		8,589
Income before equity in undistributed net income of subsidiaries	188,696		267,559		157,751
Equity in undistributed net income of subsidiaries	116,566		51,462		56,697
Net income	$	305,262	$	319,021	$	214,448

Schedule of Condensed Statements of Cash Flows

Condensed Statements of Cash Flows

	Years Ended December 31,
(In thousands)	2022		2021		2020
Cash flows from operating activities
Net income	$	305,262	$	319,021	$	214,448
Items not requiring (providing) cash
Depreciation	—		—		216
Amortization	1,912		767		769
Share-based compensation	9,133		8,848		8,607
Decrease (increase) in value of equity securities	1,272		(7,178)		1,978
Gain on assets	—		—		(320)
Equity in undistributed income of subsidiaries	(116,566)		(51,462)		(56,697)
Changes in other assets	(4,149)		90		(628)
Changes in other liabilities	2,290		(76)		(307)
Net cash provided by operating activities	199,154		270,010		168,066
Cash flows from investing activities
Proceeds from sale of premises and equipment, net	—		—		1,841
Net cash proceeds from Happy Bancshares, Inc.	201,428		—		—
Purchases of equity securities	(49,975)		(13,276)		(15,015)
Proceeds from sale of equity securities	13,778		16,381		—
Redemptions of other investments	2,899		—		—
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities	168,130		3,105		(13,174)
Cash flows from financing activities
Retirement of subordinated debentures	(300,000)		—		—
Proceeds from the issuance of subordinated debentures	296,324		—		—
Redemption of trust preferred securities	(96,499)		—		—
Proceeds from exercise of stock options	156		2,374		595
Repurchase of common stock	(70,856)		(44,480)		(25,689)
Dividends paid	(128,424)		(92,142)		(87,677)
Net cash used in financing activities	(299,299)		(134,248)		(112,771)
Increase in cash and cash equivalents	67,985		138,867		42,121
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of year	291,585		152,718		110,597
Cash and cash equivalents, end of year	$	359,570	$	291,585	$	152,718

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Nature of Operations and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Additional Information (Detail)		12 Months Ended
	Mar. 26, 2020	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($) segment	Dec. 31, 2021 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2020 USD ($) $ / shares shares
Accounting Policy [Line Items]
Number of reportable segments | segment		1
Number of operating segments | segment		1
Intangible assets amortization period		120 months
Impairment of goodwill | $		$ 0	$ 0	$ 0
Impairment of core deposit and other intangibles | $		$ 0	$ 0	$ 0
Antidilutive securities excluded from computation of earnings per share, amount | shares				3,300,000
Antidilutive securities excluded from computation of earnings per share weighted average exercise price (in dollars per share) | $ / shares				$ 19.77
Federal Reserve Bank
Accounting Policy [Line Items]
Cash reserve requirement ratio reduced to	0.00%

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Nature of Operations and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Schedule of Estimated Useful Lives for Book Purposes (Detail)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022
Bank premises | Minimum
Property Plant And Equipment Estimated Useful Lives [Line Items]
Useful lives	15 years
Bank premises | Maximum
Property Plant And Equipment Estimated Useful Lives [Line Items]
Useful lives	40 years
Furniture, fixtures, and equipment | Minimum
Property Plant And Equipment Estimated Useful Lives [Line Items]
Useful lives	3 years
Furniture, fixtures, and equipment | Maximum
Property Plant And Equipment Estimated Useful Lives [Line Items]
Useful lives	15 years

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Nature of Operations and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Computation of Basic and Diluted Earnings per Common Share (EPS) (Detail) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, shares in Thousands, $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]
Net income	$ 305,262	$ 319,021	$ 214,448
Average common shares outstanding (in shares)	194,694	164,501	165,373
Effect of common stock options (in shares)	325	357	0
Diluted common shares outstanding (in shares)	195,019	164,858	165,373
Basic earnings per common share (in dollars per share)	$ 1.57	$ 1.94	$ 1.30
Diluted earnings per common share (in dollars per share)	$ 1.57	$ 1.94	$ 1.30

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Business Combinations - Acquisition of Happy Bancshares (Detail) - Happy Bancshares, Inc. - USD ($) $ in Thousands, shares in Millions		3 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Apr. 01, 2022	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Sep. 30, 2022	Jun. 30, 2022
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Business combination consideration paid	$ 962,538
Business combination, recognized identifiable assets acquired	6,755,152					$ 6,687,504
Loans receivable	3,657,009	$ 3,652,706	$ 3,652,706		$ 3,652,620	3,652,620
Total deposits	5,854,307					$ 5,855,277
Adjustment to market value - investment securities	8,485
Adjustment to market value - bank premises and equipment	(12,270)	$ (695)
Measurement Period Adjustments, Time deposits	$ 903
Pro forma merger expenses			49,600	$ 49,600
Pro forma credit losses on acquired loans			45,200	45,200
Pro forma credit losses on acquired unfunded commitments			11,400	11,400
Pro forma credit losses on acquired investment securities			$ 2,000	$ 2,000
Common Stock
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Business acquisition, equity interest issuable, number of shares (in shares)	42.4
Business acquisition, equity interest issuable, value	$ 958,800
Business combination consideration paid	962,500
Stock-based Awards
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Business acquisition, equity interest issuable, value	$ 3,700

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Business Combinations - Assets Acquired and Liabilities Assumed (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands		3 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Apr. 01, 2022	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Sep. 30, 2022	Jun. 30, 2022	Dec. 31, 2020
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Carrying amount of Company's goodwill		$ 1,398,253	$ 1,398,253	$ 973,025			$ 973,025
Goodwill			425,228	$ 0
Happy Bancshares, Inc.
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Cash and due from banks	$ 112,999	112,867	112,867		$ 112,553	$ 112,553
Measurement Period Adjustments, Cash and due from banks	(446)	(314)
Interest-bearing deposits with other banks	746,031					746,031
Measurement Period Adjustments, Interest-bearing deposits with other banks	0
Cash and cash equivalents	859,030					858,584
Measurement Period Adjustments, Cash and cash equivalents	(446)
Investment securities - available-for-sale, net of allowance for credit losses	1,773,540					1,782,025
Measurement Period Adjustments, Investment securities - available-for-sale, net of allowance for credit losses	8,485
Total investment securities	1,773,540					1,782,025
Measurement Period Adjustments, Total investment securities	8,485
Loans receivable	3,657,009	3,652,706	3,652,706		3,652,620	3,652,620
Measurement Period Adjustments, Loans receivable	(4,389)	(86)
Allowance for credit losses	(42,224)					(16,816)
Measurement Period Adjustments, Allowance for credit losses	25,408
Loans receivable, net	3,614,785					3,635,804
Measurement Period Adjustments, Loans receivable, net	21,019
Bank premises and equipment, net	153,642	142,067	142,067		141,372	141,372
Measurement Period Adjustments, Bank premises and equipment, net	12,270	695
Foreclosed assets held for sale	193					116
Measurement Period Adjustments, Foreclosed assets held for sale	(77)
Cash value of life insurance	105,049					105,052
Measurement Period Adjustments, Cash value of life insurance	3
Accrued interest receivable	31,575					31,575
Measurement Period Adjustments, Accrued interest receivable	0
Deferred tax asset, net	32,908	35,414	35,414		31,816	31,816
Measurement Period Adjustments, Deferred tax asset, net	(1,092)	(3,598)
Carrying amount of Company's goodwill	130,428					0
Measurement Period Adjustments, Goodwill	(130,428)	(147)
Core deposit and other intangibles	10,672					42,263
Measurement Period Adjustments, Core deposit and other intangibles	31,591
Other assets	43,330	49,752	49,752		58,897	58,897
Measurement Period Adjustments, Other assets	15,567	9,145
Total assets acquired	6,755,152					6,687,504
Measurement Period Adjustments, Total assets acquired	(67,648)
Demand and non-interest-bearing	1,932,756	1,932,756	1,932,756		1,932,823	1,932,823
Measurement Period Adjustments, Demand and non-interest-bearing	67	67
Savings and interest-bearing transaction accounts	3,519,652					3,519,652
Measurement Period Adjustments, Savings and interest-bearing transaction accounts	0
Time deposits	401,899					402,802
Adjustment to market value - time deposits	903
Total deposits	5,854,307					5,855,277
Measurement Period Adjustments, Total deposits	970
FHLB and other borrowed funds	74,212					78,330
Measurement Period Adjustments, FHLB and other borrowed funds	4,118
Accrued interest payable and other liabilities	50,889	44,759	$ 44,759		$ 48,997	48,997
Measurement Period Adjustments, Accrued interest payable and other liabilities	(1,892)	4,238
Subordinated debentures	159,965					167,590
Measurement Period Adjustments, Subordinated Debt	7,625
Total liabilities assumed	6,139,373					6,150,194
Measurement Period Adjustments, Total liabilities assumed	10,821
Total equity assumed	615,779					0
Measurement Period Adjustments, Total equity assumed	(615,779)
Total liabilities and equity assumed	6,755,152					6,150,194
Measurement Period Adjustments, Total liabilities and equity assumed	(604,958)
Net assets acquired						$ 537,310
Purchase price	962,538
Goodwill	$ 425,228	$ 425,375

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Business Combinations - Pro Forma Information (Details) - Happy Bancshares, Inc. - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Total interest income	$ 935,168	$ 839,407
Total non-interest income	188,012	190,550
Net income available to all shareholders	$ 406,949	$ 317,190
Basic earnings per common share (in dollars per share)	$ 1.98	$ 1.53
Diluted earnings per common share (in dollars per share)	$ 1.98	$ 1.53

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Business Combinations - PCD Loans (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands		12 Months Ended
	Apr. 01, 2022	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2020
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Allowance for credit losses at acquisition		$ (45,170)	$ (9,309)
Happy Bancshares, Inc.
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Par value of acquired loans at acquisition	$ 165,028
Allowance for credit losses at acquisition	(16,816)
Premium on acquired loans	684
Purchase price of loans at acquisition	$ 148,896

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Business Combinations - Acquisition of LH-Finance - Additional Information (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands		12 Months Ended
	Feb. 29, 2020	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Goodwill		$ 425,228	$ 0
LH-Finance
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Business combination consideration paid	$ 421,200
Business combination, recognized identifiable assets acquired	409,100
Business combination, recognized identifiable liabilities assumed, loans	407,400
Goodwill	$ 14,600

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Investment Securities - Amortized Cost and Estimated Fair Value of Investment Securities Classified as Available-for-Sale (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Schedule of Available-for-sale Securities [Line Items]
Amortized Cost	$ 4,445,620	$ 3,106,483
Allowance for Credit Losses	(842)	(842)	$ (842)
Net Carrying Amount	4,444,778	3,105,641
Gross Unrealized Gains	4,779	41,058
Gross Unrealized (Losses)	(407,967)	(26,892)
Estimated Fair Value	4,041,590	3,119,807
U.S. government-sponsored enterprises
Schedule of Available-for-sale Securities [Line Items]
Amortized Cost	682,316	433,829
Allowance for Credit Losses	0	0
Net Carrying Amount	682,316	433,829
Gross Unrealized Gains	2,713	2,375
Gross Unrealized (Losses)	(23,209)	(3,225)
Estimated Fair Value	661,820	432,979
Residential mortgage-backed securities
Schedule of Available-for-sale Securities [Line Items]
Amortized Cost	1,759,025	1,175,185
Allowance for Credit Losses	0	0
Net Carrying Amount	1,759,025	1,175,185
Gross Unrealized Gains	71	4,085
Gross Unrealized (Losses)	(211,453)	(18,551)
Estimated Fair Value	1,547,643	1,160,719
Commercial mortgage-backed securities
Schedule of Available-for-sale Securities [Line Items]
Amortized Cost	339,206	372,702
Allowance for Credit Losses	0	0
Net Carrying Amount	339,206	372,702
Gross Unrealized Gains	0	6,521
Gross Unrealized (Losses)	(22,254)	(1,968)
Estimated Fair Value	316,952	377,255
State and political subdivisions
Schedule of Available-for-sale Securities [Line Items]
Amortized Cost	1,021,188	973,318
Allowance for Credit Losses	(842)	(842)
Net Carrying Amount	1,020,346	972,476
Gross Unrealized Gains	1,649	26,296
Gross Unrealized (Losses)	(115,698)	(1,794)
Estimated Fair Value	906,297	996,978
Other securities
Schedule of Available-for-sale Securities [Line Items]
Amortized Cost	643,885	151,449
Allowance for Credit Losses	0	0
Net Carrying Amount	643,885	151,449
Gross Unrealized Gains	346	1,781
Gross Unrealized (Losses)	(35,353)	(1,354)
Estimated Fair Value	$ 608,878	$ 151,876

XML

Investment Securities - Amortized Cost and Fair Value of Securities Held-to-Maturity (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2022	Jun. 30, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Schedule of Held-to-maturity Securities [Line Items]
Amortized Cost	$ 1,289,710
Allowance for Credit Losses	(2,005)	$ (2,000)
Net Carrying Amount	1,287,705		$ 0
Gross Unrealized Gains	196
Gross Unrealized (Losses)	(161,755)
Estimated Fair Value	1,126,146
U.S. government-sponsored enterprises
Schedule of Held-to-maturity Securities [Line Items]
Amortized Cost	43,017
Allowance for Credit Losses	0
Net Carrying Amount	43,017
Gross Unrealized Gains	0
Gross Unrealized (Losses)	(3,349)
Estimated Fair Value	39,668
Residential mortgage-backed securities
Schedule of Held-to-maturity Securities [Line Items]
Amortized Cost	49,088
Allowance for Credit Losses	0
Net Carrying Amount	49,088
Gross Unrealized Gains	24
Gross Unrealized (Losses)	(1,205)
Estimated Fair Value	47,907
Commercial mortgage-backed securities
Schedule of Held-to-maturity Securities [Line Items]
Amortized Cost	85,912
Allowance for Credit Losses	0
Net Carrying Amount	85,912
Gross Unrealized Gains	107
Gross Unrealized (Losses)	(2,551)
Estimated Fair Value	83,468
State and political subdivisions
Schedule of Held-to-maturity Securities [Line Items]
Amortized Cost	1,111,693
Allowance for Credit Losses	(2,005)		$ 0
Net Carrying Amount	1,109,688
Gross Unrealized Gains	65
Gross Unrealized (Losses)	(154,650)
Estimated Fair Value	$ 955,103

XML

Investment Securities - Additional Information (Detail)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($) security	Dec. 31, 2021 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2020 USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2022 USD ($)	Apr. 01, 2022 USD ($)
Schedule of Available-for-sale Securities [Line Items]
Carrying value of investment securities	$ 2,350,000,000	$ 1,150,000,000
Investment securities pledged as collateral	131,100,000	140,900,000
Available for sale securities sold	67,300,000	17,900,000	$ 0
Realized gains (losses) on available for sale securities	0	$ 219,000
Income tax expense benefit to net security gains and losses, percentage		25.74%
Allowance for credit loss, held-to-maturity	2,005,000			$ 2,000,000
Investment securities – held-to-maturity, net of allowance for credit losses	1,287,705,000	$ 0
Investment securities, provision for credit losses	842,000	842,000	$ 842,000
Investment securities, provision for credit losses	0
Fair value of unrealized losses	$ 264,580,000	$ 6,441,000
Percentage of Company's investment portfolio	33.00%	55.70%
Number of investment securities available for sale | security	1,642
Number of investment in debt securities unrealized loss position | security	1,408
Debt securities available for sale unrealized loss position	$ 407,967,000	$ 26,892,000
Number of investment securities held to maturity | security	507
Number of investments in debt securities held-to-maturity unrealized loss position | security	500
Unrealized losses	$ 161,755,000
Happy Bancshares, Inc.
Schedule of Available-for-sale Securities [Line Items]
Investment securities - available-for-sale, net of allowance for credit losses				$ 1,782,025,000	$ 1,773,540,000
Investments reclassified from available-for-sale to held-to-maturity	1,120,000,000
U.S. government-sponsored enterprises
Schedule of Available-for-sale Securities [Line Items]
Allowance for credit loss, held-to-maturity	0
Investment securities – held-to-maturity, net of allowance for credit losses	43,017,000
Investment securities, provision for credit losses	0	0
Fair value of unrealized losses	$ 20,153,000	1,869,000
Number of investment in debt securities unrealized loss position | security	65
Debt securities available for sale unrealized loss position	$ 23,209,000	3,225,000
Number of investments in debt securities held-to-maturity unrealized loss position | security	5
Unrealized losses	$ 3,349,000
Residential mortgage-backed securities
Schedule of Available-for-sale Securities [Line Items]
Allowance for credit loss, held-to-maturity	0
Investment securities – held-to-maturity, net of allowance for credit losses	49,088,000
Investment securities, provision for credit losses	0	0
Fair value of unrealized losses	$ 157,428,000	3,305,000
Number of investment in debt securities unrealized loss position | security	591
Debt securities available for sale unrealized loss position	$ 211,453,000	18,551,000
Number of investments in debt securities held-to-maturity unrealized loss position | security	6
Unrealized losses	$ 1,205,000
Commercial mortgage-backed securities
Schedule of Available-for-sale Securities [Line Items]
Allowance for credit loss, held-to-maturity	0
Investment securities – held-to-maturity, net of allowance for credit losses	85,912,000
Investment securities, provision for credit losses	0	0
Fair value of unrealized losses	$ 11,472,000	717,000
Number of investment in debt securities unrealized loss position | security	145
Debt securities available for sale unrealized loss position	$ 22,254,000	1,968,000
Number of investments in debt securities held-to-maturity unrealized loss position | security	10
Unrealized losses	$ 2,551,000
State and political subdivisions
Schedule of Available-for-sale Securities [Line Items]
Allowance for credit loss, held-to-maturity	2,005,000	0
Investment securities – held-to-maturity, net of allowance for credit losses	$ 1,109,688,000
Percentage of investment securities - held-to-maturity	86200.00%
Investment securities, provision for credit losses	$ 842,000	842,000
Fair value of unrealized losses	$ 65,214,000	512,000
Number of investment in debt securities unrealized loss position | security	501
Debt securities available for sale unrealized loss position	$ 115,698,000	1,794,000
Number of investments in debt securities held-to-maturity unrealized loss position | security	479
Unrealized losses	$ 154,650,000
Other securities
Schedule of Available-for-sale Securities [Line Items]
Investment securities, provision for credit losses	0	0
Fair value of unrealized losses	$ 10,313,000	38,000
Number of investment in debt securities unrealized loss position | security	106
Debt securities available for sale unrealized loss position	$ 35,353,000	$ 1,354,000

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Investment Securities - Amortized Cost and Estimated Fair Value of Securities Contractual Maturity (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Amortized Cost
Due in one year or less, Amortized Cost	$ 265,640
Due in one year or less, Amortized Cost	0
Due after one year through five years, Amortized Cost	176,377
Due after one year through five years, Amortized Cost	4,782
Due after five years through ten years, Amortized Cost	476,305
Due after five years through ten years, Amortized Cost	216,182
Due after ten years, Amortized Cost	1,427,566
Due after ten years, Amortized Cost	933,746
Amortized Cost	4,445,620	$ 3,106,483
Amortized Cost	1,289,710
Estimated Fair Value
Due in one year or less, Estimated Fair Value	265,487
Due in one year or less, Estimated Fair Value	0
Due after one year through five years, Estimated Fair Value	164,127
Due after one year through five years, Estimated Fair Value	4,479
Due after five years through ten years, Estimated Fair Value	434,906
Due after five years through ten years, Estimated Fair Value	190,992
Due after ten years, Estimated Fair Value	1,310,977
Due after ten years, Estimated Fair Value	799,300
Total, Estimated Fair Value	4,041,590	3,119,807
Estimated Fair Value	1,126,146
Residential mortgage-backed securities
Amortized Cost
Securities not due at a single maturity date, Amortized Cost	1,759,025
Securities not due at a single maturity date, Amortized Cost	49,088
Amortized Cost	1,759,025	1,175,185
Amortized Cost	49,088
Estimated Fair Value
Securities not due at a single maturity date, Estimated Fair Value	1,547,643
Securities not due at a single maturity date, Estimated Fair Value	47,907
Total, Estimated Fair Value	1,547,643	1,160,719
Estimated Fair Value	47,907
Commercial mortgage-backed securities
Amortized Cost
Securities not due at a single maturity date, Amortized Cost	339,206
Securities not due at a single maturity date, Amortized Cost	85,912
Amortized Cost	339,206	372,702
Amortized Cost	85,912
Estimated Fair Value
Securities not due at a single maturity date, Estimated Fair Value	316,952
Securities not due at a single maturity date, Estimated Fair Value	83,468
Total, Estimated Fair Value	316,952	377,255
Estimated Fair Value	83,468
Other
Amortized Cost
Securities not due at a single maturity date, Amortized Cost	1,501
Securities not due at a single maturity date, Amortized Cost	0
Amortized Cost	643,885	151,449
Estimated Fair Value
Securities not due at a single maturity date, Estimated Fair Value	1,498
Securities not due at a single maturity date, Estimated Fair Value	0
Total, Estimated Fair Value	$ 608,878	$ 151,876

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Investment Securities - Unrealized Losses and Estimated Fair Value of Investment Securities Available for Sale (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Available-for-sale:
Fair Value of Available-for-Sale Securities, Less Than 12 Months	$ 2,255,449	$ 1,288,118
Unrealized Losses of Available-for-Sale Securities, Less Than 12 Months	(143,387)	(20,451)
Fair Value of Available-for-Sale Securities, 12 Months or More	1,348,287	233,082
Unrealized Losses of Available-for-Sale Securities, 12 Months or More	(264,580)	(6,441)
Fair Value of Available-for-Sale Securities, Total	3,603,736	1,521,200
Unrealized Losses of Available-for-Sale Securities, Total	(407,967)	(26,892)
Held-to-maturity:
Fair Value of Held-to-Maturity Securities, Less Than 12 Months	1,102,071
Unrealized Losses of Held-to-Maturity Securities, Less Than 12 Months	(161,755)
Fair Value of Held-to-Maturity Securities, 12 Months or More	0
Unrealized Losses of Held-to-Maturity Securities, 12 Months or More	0
Fair Value of Held-to-Matuirty Securities, Total	1,102,071
Unrealized Losses of Held-to-Maturity Securities	(161,755)
U.S. government-sponsored enterprises
Available-for-sale:
Fair Value of Available-for-Sale Securities, Less Than 12 Months	315,531	120,730
Unrealized Losses of Available-for-Sale Securities, Less Than 12 Months	(3,056)	(1,356)
Fair Value of Available-for-Sale Securities, 12 Months or More	128,527	78,124
Unrealized Losses of Available-for-Sale Securities, 12 Months or More	(20,153)	(1,869)
Fair Value of Available-for-Sale Securities, Total	444,058	198,854
Unrealized Losses of Available-for-Sale Securities, Total	(23,209)	(3,225)
Held-to-maturity:
Fair Value of Held-to-Maturity Securities, Less Than 12 Months	39,668
Unrealized Losses of Held-to-Maturity Securities, Less Than 12 Months	(3,349)
Fair Value of Held-to-Maturity Securities, 12 Months or More	0
Unrealized Losses of Held-to-Maturity Securities, 12 Months or More	0
Fair Value of Held-to-Matuirty Securities, Total	39,668
Unrealized Losses of Held-to-Maturity Securities	(3,349)
Residential mortgage-backed securities
Available-for-sale:
Fair Value of Available-for-Sale Securities, Less Than 12 Months	817,351	854,807
Unrealized Losses of Available-for-Sale Securities, Less Than 12 Months	(54,025)	(15,246)
Fair Value of Available-for-Sale Securities, 12 Months or More	717,587	104,897
Unrealized Losses of Available-for-Sale Securities, 12 Months or More	(157,428)	(3,305)
Fair Value of Available-for-Sale Securities, Total	1,534,938	959,704
Unrealized Losses of Available-for-Sale Securities, Total	(211,453)	(18,551)
Held-to-maturity:
Fair Value of Held-to-Maturity Securities, Less Than 12 Months	40,892
Unrealized Losses of Held-to-Maturity Securities, Less Than 12 Months	(1,205)
Fair Value of Held-to-Maturity Securities, 12 Months or More	0
Unrealized Losses of Held-to-Maturity Securities, 12 Months or More	0
Fair Value of Held-to-Matuirty Securities, Total	40,892
Unrealized Losses of Held-to-Maturity Securities	(1,205)
Commercial mortgage-backed securities
Available-for-sale:
Fair Value of Available-for-Sale Securities, Less Than 12 Months	212,050	100,702
Unrealized Losses of Available-for-Sale Securities, Less Than 12 Months	(10,782)	(1,251)
Fair Value of Available-for-Sale Securities, 12 Months or More	89,979	28,711
Unrealized Losses of Available-for-Sale Securities, 12 Months or More	(11,472)	(717)
Fair Value of Available-for-Sale Securities, Total	302,029	129,413
Unrealized Losses of Available-for-Sale Securities, Total	(22,254)	(1,968)
Held-to-maturity:
Fair Value of Held-to-Maturity Securities, Less Than 12 Months	65,948
Unrealized Losses of Held-to-Maturity Securities, Less Than 12 Months	(2,551)
Fair Value of Held-to-Maturity Securities, 12 Months or More	0
Unrealized Losses of Held-to-Maturity Securities, 12 Months or More	0
Fair Value of Held-to-Matuirty Securities, Total	65,948
Unrealized Losses of Held-to-Maturity Securities	(2,551)
State and political subdivisions
Available-for-sale:
Fair Value of Available-for-Sale Securities, Less Than 12 Months	485,817	136,135
Unrealized Losses of Available-for-Sale Securities, Less Than 12 Months	(50,484)	(1,282)
Fair Value of Available-for-Sale Securities, 12 Months or More	338,638	18,647
Unrealized Losses of Available-for-Sale Securities, 12 Months or More	(65,214)	(512)
Fair Value of Available-for-Sale Securities, Total	824,455	154,782
Unrealized Losses of Available-for-Sale Securities, Total	(115,698)	(1,794)
Held-to-maturity:
Fair Value of Held-to-Maturity Securities, Less Than 12 Months	955,563
Unrealized Losses of Held-to-Maturity Securities, Less Than 12 Months	(154,650)
Fair Value of Held-to-Maturity Securities, 12 Months or More	0
Unrealized Losses of Held-to-Maturity Securities, 12 Months or More	0
Fair Value of Held-to-Matuirty Securities, Total	955,563
Unrealized Losses of Held-to-Maturity Securities	(154,650)
Other securities
Available-for-sale:
Fair Value of Available-for-Sale Securities, Less Than 12 Months	424,700	75,744
Unrealized Losses of Available-for-Sale Securities, Less Than 12 Months	(25,040)	(1,316)
Fair Value of Available-for-Sale Securities, 12 Months or More	73,556	2,703
Unrealized Losses of Available-for-Sale Securities, 12 Months or More	(10,313)	(38)
Fair Value of Available-for-Sale Securities, Total	498,256	78,447
Unrealized Losses of Available-for-Sale Securities, Total	$ (35,353)	$ (1,354)

XML

Investment Securities - Schedule of Allowance for Credit Losses on Investment Securities (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Allowance for credit losses:
Beginning balance	$ 842	$ 842
Provision for credit loss	0	0
Ending balance	842	842	$ 842
Allowance for credit losses:
Provision for credit loss - acquired securities	(2,005)	0	$ (842)
Ending balance	2,005
State and political subdivisions
Allowance for credit losses:
Beginning balance	842
Ending balance	842	842
Allowance for credit losses:
Beginning balance	0
Provision for credit loss - acquired securities	(2,005)
Securities charged-off	0
Recoveries	0
Ending balance	2,005	0
Other Securities
Allowance for credit losses:
Beginning balance	0
Provision for credit loss - acquired securities	0
Securities charged-off	0
Recoveries	0
Ending balance	$ 0	$ 0

XML

Investment Securities - Bond Ratings (Details) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($)
Schedule of Held-to-maturity Securities [Line Items]
Amortized Cost	$ 1,289,710
Aaa/AAA
Schedule of Held-to-maturity Securities [Line Items]
Amortized Cost	276,134
Aa/AA
Schedule of Held-to-maturity Securities [Line Items]
Amortized Cost	849,386
A
Schedule of Held-to-maturity Securities [Line Items]
Amortized Cost	27,593
Not rated
Schedule of Held-to-maturity Securities [Line Items]
Amortized Cost	1,597
Agency Backed
Schedule of Held-to-maturity Securities [Line Items]
Amortized Cost	135,000
State and political subdivisions
Schedule of Held-to-maturity Securities [Line Items]
Amortized Cost	1,111,693
State and political subdivisions | Aaa/AAA
Schedule of Held-to-maturity Securities [Line Items]
Amortized Cost	233,117
State and political subdivisions | Aa/AA
Schedule of Held-to-maturity Securities [Line Items]
Amortized Cost	849,386
State and political subdivisions | A
Schedule of Held-to-maturity Securities [Line Items]
Amortized Cost	27,593
State and political subdivisions | Not rated
Schedule of Held-to-maturity Securities [Line Items]
Amortized Cost	1,597
State and political subdivisions | Agency Backed
Schedule of Held-to-maturity Securities [Line Items]
Amortized Cost	0
Other Securities
Schedule of Held-to-maturity Securities [Line Items]
Amortized Cost	178,017
Other Securities | Aaa/AAA
Schedule of Held-to-maturity Securities [Line Items]
Amortized Cost	43,017
Other Securities | Aa/AA
Schedule of Held-to-maturity Securities [Line Items]
Amortized Cost	0
Other Securities | A
Schedule of Held-to-maturity Securities [Line Items]
Amortized Cost	0
Other Securities | Not rated
Schedule of Held-to-maturity Securities [Line Items]
Amortized Cost	0
Other Securities | Agency Backed
Schedule of Held-to-maturity Securities [Line Items]
Amortized Cost	$ 135,000

XML

Investment Securities - Schedule of Income Earned on Securities (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Investment Income [Line Items]
Income earned on securities, taxable	$ 91,933	$ 30,054	$ 32,596
Income earned on securities, tax-exempt	28,356	19,642	16,158
Total	120,289	49,696	48,754
Debt Securities
Investment Income [Line Items]
Income earned on securities, taxable	71,352	30,054	32,596
Income earned on securities, tax-exempt	19,168	19,642	16,158
Held-to-maturity
Investment Income [Line Items]
Income earned on securities, taxable	20,581	0	0
Income earned on securities, tax-exempt	$ 9,188	$ 0	$ 0

XML

Loans Receivable - Summary of Various Categories of Loans Receivable (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Loans receivable	$ 14,409,480	$ 9,836,089
Allowance for credit losses	(289,669)	(236,714)	$ (245,473)	$ (102,122)
Loans receivable, net	14,119,811	9,599,375
Commercial real estate loans
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Loans receivable	8,114,140	5,870,008
Commercial real estate loans | Non-farm/non-residential
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Loans receivable	5,632,063	3,889,284
Commercial real estate loans | Construction/ Land Development
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Loans receivable	2,135,266	1,850,050
Allowance for credit losses	(32,243)	(28,415)	(32,861)	(26,433)
Commercial real estate loans | Agricultural
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Loans receivable	346,811	130,674
Residential Real Estate
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Allowance for credit losses	(50,963)	(48,458)	(53,216)	(20,135)
Residential Real Estate | Residential 1-4 family
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Loans receivable	1,748,551	1,274,953
Residential Real Estate | Multifamily residential
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Loans receivable	578,052	280,837
Total real estate
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Loans receivable	10,440,743	7,425,798
Consumer
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Loans receivable	1,149,896	825,519
Commercial & Industrial
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Loans receivable	2,349,263	1,386,747
Allowance for credit losses	(89,354)	(53,062)	$ (46,530)	$ (16,615)
Agricultural
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Loans receivable	285,235	43,920
Other
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Loans receivable	$ 184,343	$ 154,105

XML

Loans Receivable - Additional Information (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020	Sep. 30, 2022	Jun. 30, 2022	Apr. 01, 2022	Dec. 31, 2019
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Financing Receivable, Allowance for Credit Loss, Excluding Accrued Interest	$ 289,669	$ 236,714	$ 245,473				$ 102,122
Accounting Standards Update 2016-13 | Cumulative Effect Period of Adoption Adjustment
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Financing Receivable, Allowance for Credit Loss, Excluding Accrued Interest							$ 43,988
Happy Bancshares, Inc.
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Loans receivable	3,652,706			$ 3,652,620	$ 3,652,620	$ 3,657,009
Deteriorated Credit Quality
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Financing Receivable, Allowance for Credit Loss, Excluding Accrued Interest	142,500	448
Deteriorated Credit Quality | Accounting Standards Update 2016-13 | Cumulative Effect Period of Adoption Adjustment
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Financing Receivable, Allowance for Credit Loss, Excluding Accrued Interest	142,500	448
Deteriorated Credit Quality | Happy Bancshares, Inc.
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Financing Receivable, Allowance for Credit Loss, Excluding Accrued Interest	142,100
Deteriorated Credit Quality | Happy Bancshares, Inc. | Accounting Standards Update 2016-13 | Cumulative Effect Period of Adoption Adjustment
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Financing Receivable, Allowance for Credit Loss, Excluding Accrued Interest	142,100
Deteriorated Credit Quality | LH-Finance
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Financing Receivable, Allowance for Credit Loss, Excluding Accrued Interest	415
Deteriorated Credit Quality | LH-Finance | Accounting Standards Update 2016-13 | Cumulative Effect Period of Adoption Adjustment
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Financing Receivable, Allowance for Credit Loss, Excluding Accrued Interest	415
Mortgage Loans
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Mortgage loans held for sale	79,900	72,700
SBA Loans
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Loans sold during period	4,100	22,700	7,000
Gain on sale of guaranteed portion of loans	$ 183	$ 2,400	$ 645

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Allowance for Credit Losses, Credit Quality and Other - Additional Information (Detail)		3 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2022 USD ($)	Mar. 31, 2020 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($) loan	Dec. 31, 2021 USD ($) loan	Dec. 31, 2020 USD ($)	Apr. 01, 2022 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2019 USD ($)
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
Provision for credit losses on loans			$ 50,170,000	$ 0	$ 111,422,000
Allowance for credit losses on PCD loans			16,816,000		357,000
Non-accrual loans			51,011,000	47,158,000
Loans past due over 90 days still accruing			9,845,000	3,035,000
Nonaccrual loans with specific reserve			8,400,000	9,200,000
Interest income on nonaccrual loans			0	0
Collateral-dependent impaired loans			221,100,000	331,500,000
Interest recognized on impaired loans			9,600,000	14,700,000	3,400,000
Amount of loan assessed for impairment on a quarterly basis			2,000,000
Revolver loans converted to term loans			$ 28,300,000	$ 58,700,000
Number of revolving loans convert to term loans | loan			183	259
Financing Receivable, Allowance for Credit Loss, Excluding Accrued Interest			$ 289,669,000	$ 236,714,000	245,473,000		$ 102,122,000
Deteriorated Credit Quality
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
Financing Receivable, Allowance for Credit Loss, Excluding Accrued Interest			142,500,000	448,000
Happy Bancshares, Inc.
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
Provision for credit losses on loans	$ 11,400,000		5,000,000
Net loan discounts	(4,400,000)
Allowance for credit losses	16,816,000					$ 42,224,000
Provision for credit losses	$ 45,200,000
Happy Bancshares, Inc. | Deteriorated Credit Quality
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
Financing Receivable, Allowance for Credit Loss, Excluding Accrued Interest			142,100,000
LH-Finance
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
Acquisition of loans		$ 406,200,000
Loan discount		6,600,000
Increase in allowance for credit losses		9,300,000
Allowance for credit losses on PCD loans		$ 357,000
LH-Finance | Deteriorated Credit Quality
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
Financing Receivable, Allowance for Credit Loss, Excluding Accrued Interest			$ 415,000
Construction / Land Development and Other Commercial Real Estate Loans | Minimum
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
Loans collateralized by first liens on real estate amortized period			15 years
Loans collateralized by first liens on real estate balloon payments due period			1 year
Construction / Land Development and Other Commercial Real Estate Loans | Maximum
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
Loans collateralized by first liens on real estate amortized period			30 years
Loans collateralized by first liens on real estate balloon payments due period			5 years
Percentage of loan value of improved property			85.00%
Percentage of loan value of raw land			65.00%
Percentage of loan value of land to be acquired and developed			75.00%
Residential Real Estate
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
Allowance for credit losses on PCD loans			$ 980,000		0
Financing Receivable, Allowance for Credit Loss, Excluding Accrued Interest			$ 50,963,000	48,458,000	53,216,000		20,135,000
Residential Real Estate | Maximum
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
Loan-to-value ratio			90.00%
Commercial and Industrial Loans
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
Allowance for credit losses on PCD loans			$ 5,596,000		0
Non-accrual loans			14,920,000	13,875,000
Loans past due over 90 days still accruing			6,300,000	107,000
Financing Receivable, Allowance for Credit Loss, Excluding Accrued Interest			$ 89,354,000	53,062,000	$ 46,530,000		16,615,000
Commercial and Industrial Loans | Minimum
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
Commercial loans terms			1 year
Inventory financing percentage			50.00%
Commercial and Industrial Loans | Minimum | Accounts Receivable Less than 60 Days Past Due
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
Accounts receivable financed percentage			50.00%
Commercial and Industrial Loans | Maximum
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
Commercial loans terms			7 years
Inventory financing percentage			80.00%
Commercial and Industrial Loans | Maximum | Accounts Receivable Less than 60 Days Past Due
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
Accounts receivable financed percentage			80.00%
Accounting Standards Update 2016-13 | Cumulative Effect Period of Adoption Adjustment
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
Financing Receivable, Allowance for Credit Loss, Excluding Accrued Interest							43,988,000
Accounting Standards Update 2016-13 | Cumulative Effect Period of Adoption Adjustment | Deteriorated Credit Quality
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
Financing Receivable, Allowance for Credit Loss, Excluding Accrued Interest			$ 142,500,000	$ 448,000
Accounting Standards Update 2016-13 | Cumulative Effect Period of Adoption Adjustment | Happy Bancshares, Inc. | Deteriorated Credit Quality
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
Financing Receivable, Allowance for Credit Loss, Excluding Accrued Interest			142,100,000
Accounting Standards Update 2016-13 | Cumulative Effect Period of Adoption Adjustment | LH-Finance | Deteriorated Credit Quality
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
Financing Receivable, Allowance for Credit Loss, Excluding Accrued Interest			$ 415,000
Accounting Standards Update 2016-13 | Cumulative Effect Period of Adoption Adjustment | Residential Real Estate
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
Financing Receivable, Allowance for Credit Loss, Excluding Accrued Interest							16,680,000
Accounting Standards Update 2016-13 | Cumulative Effect Period of Adoption Adjustment | Commercial and Industrial Loans
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
Financing Receivable, Allowance for Credit Loss, Excluding Accrued Interest							$ 11,584,000

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Allowance for Credit Losses, Credit Quality and Other - Schedule of Allowance for Credit Losses (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Beginning balance	$ 236,714	$ 245,473	$ 102,122
Allowance for credit losses on PCD loans	16,816		357
Loans charged off	(17,267)	(11,661)	(14,486)
Recoveries of loans previously charged off	3,236	2,902	2,070
Net loans recovered (charged off)	(14,031)	(8,759)	(12,416)
Provision for credit loss - acquired loans	45,170		9,309
Provision for credit loss - loans	5,000	0	102,113
Ending balance	289,669	236,714	245,473
Residential Real Estate
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Beginning balance	48,458	53,216	20,135
Allowance for credit losses on PCD loans	980		0
Loans charged off	(446)	(545)	(485)
Recoveries of loans previously charged off	119	683	337
Net loans recovered (charged off)	(327)	138	(148)
Provision for credit loss - acquired loans	7,380		0
Provision for credit loss - loans	(5,528)	(4,896)	16,549
Ending balance	50,963	48,458	53,216
Commercial & Industrial
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Beginning balance	53,062	46,530	16,615
Allowance for credit losses on PCD loans	5,596		0
Loans charged off	(9,773)	(8,242)	(7,764)
Recoveries of loans previously charged off	780	591	218
Net loans recovered (charged off)	(8,993)	(7,651)	(7,546)
Provision for credit loss - acquired loans	11,303		0
Provision for credit loss - loans	28,386	14,183	25,877
Ending balance	89,354	53,062	46,530
Consumer & Other
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Beginning balance	19,561	24,413	5,410
Allowance for credit losses on PCD loans	7		357
Loans charged off	(7,047)	(2,228)	(1,978)
Recoveries of loans previously charged off	965	785	761
Net loans recovered (charged off)	(6,082)	(1,443)	(1,217)
Provision for credit loss - acquired loans	571		9,309
Provision for credit loss - loans	9,204	(3,409)	5,446
Ending balance	23,261	19,561	24,413
Accounting Standards Update 2016-13 | Cumulative Effect Period of Adoption Adjustment
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Beginning balance			43,988
Accounting Standards Update 2016-13 | Residential Real Estate | Cumulative Effect Period of Adoption Adjustment
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Beginning balance			16,680
Accounting Standards Update 2016-13 | Commercial & Industrial | Cumulative Effect Period of Adoption Adjustment
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Beginning balance			11,584
Accounting Standards Update 2016-13 | Consumer & Other | Cumulative Effect Period of Adoption Adjustment
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Beginning balance			5,108
Construction/ Land Development | Commercial real estate loans
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Beginning balance	28,415	32,861	26,433
Allowance for credit losses on PCD loans	950		0
Loans charged off	(1)	0	(1,218)
Recoveries of loans previously charged off	405	58	107
Net loans recovered (charged off)	404	58	(1,111)
Provision for credit loss - acquired loans	7,205		0
Provision for credit loss - loans	(4,731)	(4,504)	12,835
Ending balance	32,243	28,415	32,861
Construction/ Land Development | Accounting Standards Update 2016-13 | Commercial real estate loans | Cumulative Effect Period of Adoption Adjustment
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Beginning balance			(5,296)
Other Commercial Real Estate | Commercial real estate loans
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Beginning balance	87,218	88,453	33,529
Allowance for credit losses on PCD loans	9,283		0
Loans charged off	0	(646)	(3,041)
Recoveries of loans previously charged off	967	785	647
Net loans recovered (charged off)	967	139	(2,394)
Provision for credit loss - acquired loans	18,711		0
Provision for credit loss - loans	(22,331)	(1,374)	41,406
Ending balance	$ 93,848	$ 87,218	88,453
Other Commercial Real Estate | Accounting Standards Update 2016-13 | Commercial real estate loans | Cumulative Effect Period of Adoption Adjustment
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Beginning balance			$ 15,912

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Allowance for Credit Losses, Credit Quality and Other - Amortized Cost Basis of Loans on Nonaccrual Status and Loans Past Due Over 90 Days Still Accruing (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Financing Receivable Nonaccrual Status [Line Items]
Nonaccrual	$ 51,011	$ 47,158
Nonaccrual With Reserve	8,383	9,230
Loans Past Due Over 90 Days Still Accruing	9,845	3,035
Commercial real estate loans | Non-farm/non-residential
Financing Receivable Nonaccrual Status [Line Items]
Nonaccrual	12,219	11,923
Nonaccrual With Reserve	8,383	2,212
Loans Past Due Over 90 Days Still Accruing	1,844	2,225
Commercial real estate loans | Construction/ Land Development
Financing Receivable Nonaccrual Status [Line Items]
Nonaccrual	1,977	1,445
Nonaccrual With Reserve	0	0
Loans Past Due Over 90 Days Still Accruing	31	0
Commercial real estate loans | Agricultural
Financing Receivable Nonaccrual Status [Line Items]
Nonaccrual	278	897
Nonaccrual With Reserve	0	0
Loans Past Due Over 90 Days Still Accruing	0	0
Residential Real Estate | Residential 1-4 family
Financing Receivable Nonaccrual Status [Line Items]
Nonaccrual	18,083	16,198
Nonaccrual With Reserve	0	3,000
Loans Past Due Over 90 Days Still Accruing	1,374	701
Residential Real Estate | Multifamily residential
Financing Receivable Nonaccrual Status [Line Items]
Nonaccrual	0	156
Nonaccrual With Reserve	0	0
Loans Past Due Over 90 Days Still Accruing	0	0
Total real estate
Financing Receivable Nonaccrual Status [Line Items]
Nonaccrual	32,557	30,619
Nonaccrual With Reserve	8,383	5,212
Loans Past Due Over 90 Days Still Accruing	3,249	2,926
Consumer
Financing Receivable Nonaccrual Status [Line Items]
Nonaccrual	2,842	1,648
Nonaccrual With Reserve	0	0
Loans Past Due Over 90 Days Still Accruing	35	2
Commercial & Industrial
Financing Receivable Nonaccrual Status [Line Items]
Nonaccrual	14,920	13,875
Nonaccrual With Reserve	0	4,018
Loans Past Due Over 90 Days Still Accruing	6,300	107
Agricultural & other
Financing Receivable Nonaccrual Status [Line Items]
Nonaccrual	692	1,016
Nonaccrual With Reserve	0	0
Loans Past Due Over 90 Days Still Accruing	$ 261	$ 0

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Allowance for Credit Losses, Credit Quality and Other - Amortized Cost Basis of Collateral-dependent Impaired Loans (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
Amortized cost	$ 221,100	$ 331,500
Commercial Real Estate
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
Amortized cost	164,554	289,591
Residential Real Estate
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
Amortized cost	21,801	21,075
Other
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
Amortized cost	34,749	20,872
Commercial real estate loans | Non-farm/non-residential | Commercial Real Estate
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
Amortized cost	162,268	283,919
Commercial real estate loans | Non-farm/non-residential | Residential Real Estate
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
Amortized cost	0	0
Commercial real estate loans | Non-farm/non-residential | Other
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
Amortized cost	0	0
Commercial real estate loans | Construction/ Land Development | Commercial Real Estate
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
Amortized cost	2,008	4,775
Commercial real estate loans | Construction/ Land Development | Residential Real Estate
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
Amortized cost	0	0
Commercial real estate loans | Construction/ Land Development | Other
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
Amortized cost	0	0
Commercial real estate loans | Agricultural | Commercial Real Estate
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
Amortized cost	278	897
Commercial real estate loans | Agricultural | Residential Real Estate
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
Amortized cost	0	0
Commercial real estate loans | Agricultural | Other
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
Amortized cost	0	0
Residential Real Estate | Residential 1-4 family | Commercial Real Estate
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
Amortized cost	0	0
Residential Real Estate | Residential 1-4 family | Residential Real Estate
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
Amortized cost	20,832	19,775
Residential Real Estate | Residential 1-4 family | Other
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
Amortized cost	0	0
Residential Real Estate | Multifamily residential | Commercial Real Estate
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
Amortized cost	0	0
Residential Real Estate | Multifamily residential | Residential Real Estate
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
Amortized cost	969	1,300
Residential Real Estate | Multifamily residential | Other
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
Amortized cost	0	0
Total real estate | Commercial Real Estate
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
Amortized cost	164,554	289,591
Total real estate | Residential Real Estate
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
Amortized cost	21,801	21,075
Total real estate | Other
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
Amortized cost	0	0
Consumer | Commercial Real Estate
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
Amortized cost	0	0
Consumer | Residential Real Estate
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
Amortized cost	0	0
Consumer | Other
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
Amortized cost	2,888	1,663
Commercial & Industrial | Commercial Real Estate
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
Amortized cost	0	0
Commercial & Industrial | Residential Real Estate
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
Amortized cost	0	0
Commercial & Industrial | Other
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
Amortized cost	30,334	18,193
Agricultural & other | Commercial Real Estate
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
Amortized cost	0	0
Agricultural & other | Residential Real Estate
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
Amortized cost	0	0
Agricultural & other | Other
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
Amortized cost	$ 1,527	$ 1,016

XML

Allowance for Credit Losses, Credit Quality and Other - Summary of Aging Analysis for Loans Receivable (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans receivable	$ 14,409,480	$ 9,836,089
Accruing Loans Past Due 90 Days or More	9,845	3,035
Loans Past Due 30-59 Days
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans receivable	21,490	4,764
Loans Past Due 60-89 Days
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans receivable	6,478	5,153
Loans Past Due 90 Days or More
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans receivable	60,856	50,193
Total Past Due
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans receivable	88,824	60,110
Current Loans
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans receivable	14,320,656	9,775,979
Commercial real estate loans
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans receivable	8,114,140	5,870,008
Commercial real estate loans | Non-farm/non-residential
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans receivable	5,632,063	3,889,284
Accruing Loans Past Due 90 Days or More	1,844	2,225
Commercial real estate loans | Non-farm/non-residential | Loans Past Due 30-59 Days
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans receivable	4,242	1,434
Commercial real estate loans | Non-farm/non-residential | Loans Past Due 60-89 Days
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans receivable	2,117	576
Commercial real estate loans | Non-farm/non-residential | Loans Past Due 90 Days or More
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans receivable	14,063	14,148
Commercial real estate loans | Non-farm/non-residential | Total Past Due
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans receivable	20,422	16,158
Commercial real estate loans | Non-farm/non-residential | Current Loans
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans receivable	5,611,641	3,873,126
Commercial real estate loans | Construction/ Land Development
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans receivable	2,135,266	1,850,050
Accruing Loans Past Due 90 Days or More	31	0
Commercial real estate loans | Construction/ Land Development | Loans Past Due 30-59 Days
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans receivable	4,042	92
Commercial real estate loans | Construction/ Land Development | Loans Past Due 60-89 Days
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans receivable	1,892	22
Commercial real estate loans | Construction/ Land Development | Loans Past Due 90 Days or More
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans receivable	2,008	1,445
Commercial real estate loans | Construction/ Land Development | Total Past Due
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans receivable	7,942	1,559
Commercial real estate loans | Construction/ Land Development | Current Loans
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans receivable	2,127,324	1,848,491
Commercial real estate loans | Agricultural
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans receivable	346,811	130,674
Accruing Loans Past Due 90 Days or More	0	0
Commercial real estate loans | Agricultural | Loans Past Due 30-59 Days
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans receivable	1,469	0
Commercial real estate loans | Agricultural | Loans Past Due 60-89 Days
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans receivable	193	472
Commercial real estate loans | Agricultural | Loans Past Due 90 Days or More
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans receivable	278	897
Commercial real estate loans | Agricultural | Total Past Due
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans receivable	1,940	1,369
Commercial real estate loans | Agricultural | Current Loans
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans receivable	344,871	129,305
Residential Real Estate | Residential 1-4 family
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans receivable	1,748,551	1,274,953
Accruing Loans Past Due 90 Days or More	1,374	701
Residential Real Estate | Residential 1-4 family | Loans Past Due 30-59 Days
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans receivable	6,715	1,633
Residential Real Estate | Residential 1-4 family | Loans Past Due 60-89 Days
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans receivable	605	3,560
Residential Real Estate | Residential 1-4 family | Loans Past Due 90 Days or More
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans receivable	19,457	16,899
Residential Real Estate | Residential 1-4 family | Total Past Due
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans receivable	26,777	22,092
Residential Real Estate | Residential 1-4 family | Current Loans
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans receivable	1,721,774	1,252,861
Residential Real Estate | Multifamily residential
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans receivable	578,052	280,837
Accruing Loans Past Due 90 Days or More	0	0
Residential Real Estate | Multifamily residential | Loans Past Due 30-59 Days
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans receivable	0	0
Residential Real Estate | Multifamily residential | Loans Past Due 60-89 Days
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans receivable	0	0
Residential Real Estate | Multifamily residential | Loans Past Due 90 Days or More
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans receivable	0	156
Residential Real Estate | Multifamily residential | Total Past Due
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans receivable	0	156
Residential Real Estate | Multifamily residential | Current Loans
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans receivable	578,052	280,681
Total real estate
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans receivable	10,440,743	7,425,798
Accruing Loans Past Due 90 Days or More	3,249	2,926
Total real estate | Loans Past Due 30-59 Days
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans receivable	16,468	3,159
Total real estate | Loans Past Due 60-89 Days
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans receivable	4,807	4,630
Total real estate | Loans Past Due 90 Days or More
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans receivable	35,806	33,545
Total real estate | Total Past Due
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans receivable	57,081	41,334
Total real estate | Current Loans
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans receivable	10,383,662	7,384,464
Consumer
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans receivable	1,149,896	825,519
Accruing Loans Past Due 90 Days or More	35	2
Consumer | Loans Past Due 30-59 Days
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans receivable	950	60
Consumer | Loans Past Due 60-89 Days
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans receivable	539	205
Consumer | Loans Past Due 90 Days or More
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans receivable	2,877	1,650
Consumer | Total Past Due
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans receivable	4,366	1,915
Consumer | Current Loans
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans receivable	1,145,530	823,604
Commercial & Industrial
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans receivable	2,349,263	1,386,747
Accruing Loans Past Due 90 Days or More	6,300	107
Commercial & Industrial | Loans Past Due 30-59 Days
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans receivable	3,007	958
Commercial & Industrial | Loans Past Due 60-89 Days
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans receivable	1,075	316
Commercial & Industrial | Loans Past Due 90 Days or More
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans receivable	21,220	13,982
Commercial & Industrial | Total Past Due
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans receivable	25,302	15,256
Commercial & Industrial | Current Loans
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans receivable	2,323,961	1,371,491
Agricultural & other
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans receivable	469,578	198,025
Accruing Loans Past Due 90 Days or More	261	0
Agricultural & other | Loans Past Due 30-59 Days
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans receivable	1,065	587
Agricultural & other | Loans Past Due 60-89 Days
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans receivable	57	2
Agricultural & other | Loans Past Due 90 Days or More
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans receivable	953	1,016
Agricultural & other | Total Past Due
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans receivable	2,075	1,605
Agricultural & other | Current Loans
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans receivable	$ 467,503	$ 196,420

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Allowance for Credit Losses, Credit Quality and Other - Summary of Most Recent Analysis Performed, Risk Category of Loans by Class of Loans (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
2022	$ 3,262,317	$ 1,953,847
2021	2,757,885	1,302,389
2020	1,525,752	1,541,112
2019	1,139,754	1,193,396
2018	1,172,612	681,871
Prior	2,565,074	2,276,794
Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis	1,986,086	886,680
Total	14,409,480	9,836,089
Commercial real estate loans
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
2022	1,916,645	949,558
2021	1,719,653	755,921
2020	742,859	975,677
2019	641,813	733,231
2018	727,802	412,922
Prior	1,698,912	1,591,810
Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis	666,456	450,889
Total	8,114,140	5,870,008
Commercial real estate loans | Non-farm/non-residential
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
2022	1,056,381	395,824
2021	851,269	325,700
2020	514,249	408,941
2019	481,999	668,503
2018	683,459	347,725
Prior	1,530,758	1,457,699
Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis	513,948	284,892
Total	5,632,063	3,889,284
Commercial real estate loans | Construction/ Land Development
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
2022	777,920	527,949
2021	796,098	401,116
2020	173,560	558,603
2019	129,335	57,194
2018	30,863	59,439
Prior	85,733	88,843
Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis	141,757	156,906
Total	2,135,266	1,850,050
Commercial real estate loans | Agricultural
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
2022	82,344	25,785
2021	72,286	29,105
2020	55,050	8,133
2019	30,479	7,534
2018	13,480	5,758
Prior	82,421	45,268
Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis	10,751	9,091
Total	346,811	130,674
Residential Real Estate | Residential 1-4 family
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
2022	398,830	220,991
2021	294,073	153,172
2020	241,937	182,197
2019	130,494	115,018
2018	116,432	106,193
Prior	388,680	368,042
Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis	178,105	129,340
Total	1,748,551	1,274,953
Residential Real Estate | Multifamily residential
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
2022	82,308	15,653
2021	138,848	49,505
2020	196,977	64,552
2019	42,399	28,378
2018	28,174	21,406
Prior	81,611	64,037
Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis	7,735	37,306
Total	578,052	280,837
Total real estate
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
2022	2,397,783	1,186,202
2021	2,152,574	958,598
2020	1,181,773	1,222,426
2019	814,706	876,627
2018	872,408	540,521
Prior	2,169,203	2,023,889
Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis	852,296	617,535
Total	10,440,743	7,425,798
Consumer
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
2022	305,684	230,043
2021	283,078	176,383
2020	148,102	136,413
2019	135,779	113,277
2018	119,901	68,376
Prior	139,622	97,950
Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis	17,730	3,077
Total	1,149,896	825,519
Commercial & Industrial
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
2022	465,079	476,429
2021	272,228	123,160
2020	162,257	173,431
2019	169,398	194,797
2018	170,269	69,706
Prior	198,983	104,283
Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis	911,049	244,941
Total	2,349,263	1,386,747
Agricultural & other
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
2022	93,771	61,173
2021	50,005	44,248
2020	33,620	8,842
2019	19,871	8,695
2018	10,034	3,268
Prior	57,266	50,672
Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis	205,011	21,127
Total	469,578	198,025
Risk rating 1 | Commercial real estate loans | Non-farm/non-residential
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
2022	0	0
2021	0	0
2020	0	0
2019	237	0
2018	0	0
Prior	132	0
Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis	85	0
Total	454	0
Risk rating 1 | Commercial real estate loans | Construction/ Land Development
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
2022	0	0
2021	11	0
2020	0	0
2019	0	0
2018	0	0
Prior	0	0
Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis	0	0
Total	11	0
Risk rating 1 | Commercial real estate loans | Agricultural
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
2022	1,749	0
2021	0	0
2020	0	0
2019	0	0
2018	0	0
Prior	0	0
Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis	0	0
Total	1,749	0
Risk rating 1 | Residential Real Estate | Residential 1-4 family
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
2022	0	0
2021	0	0
2020	0	0
2019	0	0
2018	0	0
Prior	115	76
Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis	40	89
Total	155	165
Risk rating 1 | Residential Real Estate | Multifamily residential
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
2022	0	0
2021	0	0
2020	0	0
2019	0	0
2018	0	0
Prior	0	0
Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis	0	0
Total	0	0
Risk rating 1 | Total real estate
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
2022		1,186,202
2021		958,598
2020		1,222,426
2019		876,627
2018		540,521
Prior		2,023,889
Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis		617,535
Total		7,425,798
Risk rating 1 | Consumer
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
2022	5,332	4,441
2021	3,952	1,799
2020	1,134	1,237
2019	637	920
2018	552	226
Prior	1,176	1,383
Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis	1,467	1,893
Total	14,250	11,899
Risk rating 1 | Commercial & Industrial
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
2022	3,450	99,579
2021	7,692	12,752
2020	268	350
2019	264	118
2018	16	102
Prior	21,298	21,436
Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis	8,832	9,851
Total	41,820	144,188
Risk rating 1 | Agricultural & other
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
2022	297	5,042
2021	266	0
2020	115	40
2019	0	0
2018	0	0
Prior	95	110
Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis	722	552
Total	1,495	5,744
Risk rating 2 | Commercial real estate loans | Non-farm/non-residential
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
2022	0	0
2021	0	0
2020	0	0
2019	118	0
2018	0	0
Prior	3,992	0
Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis	0	0
Total	4,110	0
Risk rating 2 | Commercial real estate loans | Construction/ Land Development
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
2022	682	0
2021	0	0
2020	0	0
2019	0	0
2018	0	0
Prior	210	231
Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis	0	0
Total	892	231
Risk rating 2 | Commercial real estate loans | Agricultural
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
2022	0	0
2021	2,048	0
2020	0	0
2019	0	0
2018	0	0
Prior	0	0
Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis	0	0
Total	2,048	0
Risk rating 2 | Residential Real Estate | Residential 1-4 family
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
2022	0	0
2021	0	0
2020	0	0
2019	0	0
2018	0	0
Prior	48	29
Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis	2	0
Total	50	29
Risk rating 2 | Residential Real Estate | Multifamily residential
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
2022	0	0
2021	0	0
2020	0	0
2019	0	0
2018	0	0
Prior	0	0
Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis	0	0
Total	0	0
Risk rating 2 | Consumer
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
2022	0	0
2021	0	0
2020	0	45
2019	193	639
2018	614	0
Prior	0	8
Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis	0	0
Total	807	692
Risk rating 2 | Commercial & Industrial
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
2022	1,590	175
2021	305	16
2020	27	0
2019	198	0
2018	0	66
Prior	226	276
Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis	781	168
Total	3,127	701
Risk rating 2 | Agricultural & other
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
2022	140	0
2021	78	0
2020	0	3,467
2019	2,338	0
2018	34	0
Prior	115	909
Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis	1,661	983
Total	4,366	5,359
Risk rating 3 | Commercial real estate loans | Non-farm/non-residential
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
2022	616,809	284,127
2021	509,269	281,982
2020	263,188	266,990
2019	279,157	341,642
2018	322,278	195,301
Prior	852,727	891,035
Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis	374,371	194,640
Total	3,217,799	2,455,717
Risk rating 3 | Commercial real estate loans | Construction/ Land Development
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
2022	421,774	301,719
2021	283,546	183,715
2020	83,631	108,491
2019	48,350	23,574
2018	19,340	13,760
Prior	34,910	41,860
Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis	75,797	149,433
Total	967,348	822,552
Risk rating 3 | Commercial real estate loans | Agricultural
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
2022	61,725	21,480
2021	43,356	27,931
2020	32,895	7,768
2019	16,475	6,564
2018	10,326	5,103
Prior	37,892	21,689
Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis	5,996	7,026
Total	208,665	97,561
Risk rating 3 | Residential Real Estate | Residential 1-4 family
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
2022	360,510	210,970
2021	255,775	147,523
2020	176,955	119,861
2019	112,053	94,848
2018	98,093	82,474
Prior	314,492	296,687
Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis	110,881	85,836
Total	1,428,759	1,038,199
Risk rating 3 | Residential Real Estate | Multifamily residential
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
2022	38,830	11,898
2021	37,566	5,211
2020	14,127	34,492
2019	33,813	17,375
2018	13,098	9,430
Prior	60,117	43,804
Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis	6,534	3,583
Total	204,085	125,793
Risk rating 3 | Consumer
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
2022	284,828	221,986
2021	276,044	173,511
2020	146,256	132,148
2019	132,763	109,810
2018	118,244	67,992
Prior	135,266	92,076
Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis	16,093	1,098
Total	1,109,494	798,621
Risk rating 3 | Commercial & Industrial
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
2022	301,063	125,071
2021	126,312	59,056
2020	80,636	77,130
2019	73,360	67,944
2018	71,964	34,733
Prior	112,017	42,905
Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis	253,111	145,247
Total	1,018,463	552,086
Risk rating 3 | Agricultural & other
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
2022	85,707	54,534
2021	36,004	44,030
2020	30,546	5,158
2019	4,725	7,092
2018	7,986	2,009
Prior	46,748	46,570
Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis	131,760	8,750
Total	343,476	168,143
Risk rating 4 | Commercial real estate loans | Non-farm/non-residential
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
2022	438,565	111,697
2021	341,047	32,788
2020	235,669	115,989
2019	161,421	301,520
2018	321,188	90,747
Prior	482,437	345,254
Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis	139,203	90,028
Total	2,119,530	1,088,023
Risk rating 4 | Commercial real estate loans | Construction/ Land Development
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
2022	354,852	226,230
2021	512,541	217,267
2020	58,368	448,899
2019	79,924	33,617
2018	11,520	45,679
Prior	43,634	38,122
Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis	65,960	7,297
Total	1,126,799	1,017,111
Risk rating 4 | Commercial real estate loans | Agricultural
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
2022	18,870	4,305
2021	25,252	964
2020	20,532	365
2019	8,706	970
2018	3,154	655
Prior	42,886	22,143
Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis	4,755	2,065
Total	124,155	31,467
Risk rating 4 | Residential Real Estate | Residential 1-4 family
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
2022	37,471	8,885
2021	35,875	3,397
2020	61,418	56,839
2019	11,871	16,887
2018	15,577	21,874
Prior	61,034	53,578
Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis	65,674	36,642
Total	288,920	198,102
Risk rating 4 | Residential Real Estate | Multifamily residential
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
2022	43,478	3,755
2021	101,282	44,294
2020	182,850	30,060
2019	8,284	3,412
2018	11,934	2,981
Prior	11,779	18,805
Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis	1,201	33,723
Total	360,808	137,030
Risk rating 4 | Consumer
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
2022	15,306	3,547
2021	2,293	923
2020	422	2,944
2019	1,216	1,776
2018	459	158
Prior	907	2,641
Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis	69	79
Total	20,672	12,068
Risk rating 4 | Commercial & Industrial
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
2022	70,862	244,927
2021	120,618	35,350
2020	69,963	89,558
2019	89,975	91,840
2018	81,389	23,616
Prior	48,496	34,566
Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis	568,795	88,750
Total	1,050,098	608,607
Risk rating 4 | Agricultural & other
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
2022	7,627	1,544
2021	13,591	218
2020	2,598	154
2019	1,671	1,590
2018	1,710	1,226
Prior	8,766	1,224
Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis	69,179	10,842
Total	105,142	16,798
Risk rating 5 | Commercial real estate loans | Non-farm/non-residential
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
2022	0	0
2021	757	10,930
2020	1,145	2,239
2019	14,417	23,117
2018	35,273	49,926
Prior	37,561	189,038
Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis	95	0
Total	89,248	275,250
Risk rating 5 | Commercial real estate loans | Construction/ Land Development
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
2022	0	0
2021	0	0
2020	30,987	388
2019	310	0
2018	0	0
Prior	1,140	1,174
Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis	0	176
Total	32,437	1,738
Risk rating 5 | Commercial real estate loans | Agricultural
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
2022	0	0
2021	0	166
2020	0	0
2019	326	0
2018	0	0
Prior	603	0
Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis	0	0
Total	929	166
Risk rating 5 | Residential Real Estate | Residential 1-4 family
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
2022	0	0
2021	0	0
2020	0	3,065
2019	3,049	1,220
2018	226	582
Prior	328	1,366
Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis	0	193
Total	3,603	6,426
Risk rating 5 | Residential Real Estate | Multifamily residential
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
2022	0	0
2021	0	0
2020	0	0
2019	0	7,591
2018	3,142	8,105
Prior	7,897	0
Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis	0	0
Total	11,039	15,696
Risk rating 5 | Consumer
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
2022	0	0
2021	633	116
2020	19	0
2019	0	15
2018	8	0
Prior	810	131
Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis	0	0
Total	1,470	262
Risk rating 5 | Commercial & Industrial
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
2022	83,272	6,185
2021	14,762	609
2020	159	480
2019	1,408	8,258
2018	6,815	5,712
Prior	185	2,851
Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis	75,891	582
Total	182,492	24,677
Risk rating 5 | Agricultural & other
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
2022	0	0
2021	8	0
2020	204	0
2019	0	0
2018	0	0
Prior	593	1,297
Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis	745	0
Total	1,550	1,297
Risk rating 6 | Commercial real estate loans | Non-farm/non-residential
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
2022	876	0
2021	196	0
2020	14,247	23,723
2019	26,649	2,224
2018	4,720	11,751
Prior	153,909	32,372
Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis	194	224
Total	200,791	70,294
Risk rating 6 | Commercial real estate loans | Construction/ Land Development
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
2022	612	0
2021	0	134
2020	574	825
2019	751	3
2018	3	0
Prior	5,839	7,456
Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis	0	0
Total	7,779	8,418
Risk rating 6 | Commercial real estate loans | Agricultural
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
2022	0	0
2021	1,630	44
2020	1,623	0
2019	4,972	0
2018	0	0
Prior	1,040	1,436
Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis	0	0
Total	9,265	1,480
Risk rating 6 | Residential Real Estate | Residential 1-4 family
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
2022	849	1,136
2021	2,423	2,252
2020	3,564	2,432
2019	3,521	2,063
2018	2,536	1,263
Prior	12,662	16,305
Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis	1,508	6,580
Total	27,063	32,031
Risk rating 6 | Residential Real Estate | Multifamily residential
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
2022	0	0
2021	0	0
2020	0	0
2019	302	0
2018	0	890
Prior	1,818	1,428
Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis	0	0
Total	2,120	2,318
Risk rating 6 | Consumer
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
2022	215	69
2021	156	34
2020	270	39
2019	970	117
2018	24	0
Prior	1,386	1,711
Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis	101	7
Total	3,122	1,977
Risk rating 6 | Commercial & Industrial
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
2022	4,842	492
2021	2,539	15,377
2020	11,204	5,913
2019	4,193	24,941
2018	5,769	5,477
Prior	16,559	2,233
Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis	3,554	342
Total	48,660	54,775
Risk rating 6 | Agricultural & other
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
2022	0	53
2021	58	0
2020	157	23
2019	11,137	13
2018	304	33
Prior	949	562
Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis	944	0
Total	13,549	684
Risk rating 7 | Commercial real estate loans | Non-farm/non-residential
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
2022	131	0
2021	0	0
2020	0	0
2019	0	0
2018	0	0
Prior	0	0
Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis	0	0
Total	131	0
Risk rating 7 | Commercial real estate loans | Construction/ Land Development
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
2022	0	0
2021	0	0
2020	0	0
2019	0	0
2018	0	0
Prior	0	0
Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis	0	0
Total	0	0
Risk rating 7 | Commercial real estate loans | Agricultural
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
2022	0	0
2021	0	0
2020	0	0
2019	0	0
2018	0	0
Prior	0	0
Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis	0	0
Total	0	0
Risk rating 7 | Residential Real Estate | Residential 1-4 family
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
2022	0	0
2021	0	0
2020	0	0
2019	0	0
2018	0	0
Prior	0	0
Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis	0	0
Total	0	0
Risk rating 7 | Residential Real Estate | Multifamily residential
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
2022	0	0
2021	0	0
2020	0	0
2019	0	0
2018	0	0
Prior	0	0
Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis	0	0
Total	0	0
Risk rating 7 | Consumer
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
2022	0	0
2021	0	0
2020	0	0
2019	0	0
2018	0	0
Prior	0	0
Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis	0	0
Total	0	0
Risk rating 7 | Commercial & Industrial
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
2022	0	0
2021	0	0
2020	0	0
2019	0	1,696
2018	4,316	0
Prior	202	0
Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis	85	0
Total	4,603	1,696
Risk rating 7 | Agricultural & other
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
2022	0	0
2021	0	0
2020	0	0
2019	0	0
2018	0	0
Prior	0	0
Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis	0	0
Total	0	0
Risk rating 8 | Commercial real estate loans | Non-farm/non-residential
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
2022	0	0
2021	0	0
2020	0	0
2019	0	0
2018	0	0
Prior	0	0
Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis	0	0
Total	0	0
Risk rating 8 | Commercial real estate loans | Construction/ Land Development
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
2022	0	0
2021	0	0
2020	0	0
2019	0	0
2018	0	0
Prior	0	0
Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis	0	0
Total	0	0
Risk rating 8 | Commercial real estate loans | Agricultural
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
2022	0	0
2021	0	0
2020	0	0
2019	0	0
2018	0	0
Prior	0	0
Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis	0	0
Total	0	0
Risk rating 8 | Residential Real Estate | Residential 1-4 family
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
2022	0	0
2021	0	0
2020	0	0
2019	0	0
2018	0	0
Prior	1	1
Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis	0	0
Total	1	1
Risk rating 8 | Residential Real Estate | Multifamily residential
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
2022	0	0
2021	0	0
2020	0	0
2019	0	0
2018	0	0
Prior	0	0
Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis	0	0
Total	0	0
Risk rating 8 | Consumer
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
2022	3	0
2021	0	0
2020	1	0
2019	0	0
2018	0	0
Prior	77	0
Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis	0	0
Total	81	0
Risk rating 8 | Commercial & Industrial
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
2022	0	0
2021	0	0
2020	0	0
2019	0	0
2018	0	0
Prior	0	16
Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis	0	1
Total	0	17
Risk rating 8 | Agricultural & other
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
2022	0	0
2021	0	0
2020	0	0
2019	0	0
2018	0	0
Prior	0	0
Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis	0	0
Total	$ 0	$ 0

XML

Allowance for Credit Losses, Credit Quality and Other - Summary of Amortized Cost of Performing and Nonperforming Loans (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
2022	$ 3,262,317	$ 1,953,847
2021	2,757,885	1,302,389
2020	1,525,752	1,541,112
2019	1,139,754	1,193,396
2018	1,172,612	681,871
Prior	2,565,074	2,276,794
Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis	1,986,086	886,680
Total	14,409,480	9,836,089
Commercial real estate loans
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
2022	1,916,645	949,558
2021	1,719,653	755,921
2020	742,859	975,677
2019	641,813	733,231
2018	727,802	412,922
Prior	1,698,912	1,591,810
Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis	666,456	450,889
Total	8,114,140	5,870,008
Commercial real estate loans | Non-farm/non-residential
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
2022	1,056,381	395,824
2021	851,269	325,700
2020	514,249	408,941
2019	481,999	668,503
2018	683,459	347,725
Prior	1,530,758	1,457,699
Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis	513,948	284,892
Total	5,632,063	3,889,284
Commercial real estate loans | Non-farm/non-residential | Performing
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
2022	1,056,381	395,824
2021	851,269	315,447
2020	509,258	394,061
2019	456,196	648,351
2018	679,187	298,086
Prior	1,403,874	1,268,731
Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis	513,630	284,865
Total	5,469,795	3,605,365
Commercial real estate loans | Non-farm/non-residential | Non-performing
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
2022	0	0
2021	0	10,253
2020	4,991	14,880
2019	25,803	20,152
2018	4,272	49,639
Prior	126,884	188,968
Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis	318	27
Total	162,268	283,919
Commercial real estate loans | Construction/ Land Development
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
2022	777,920	527,949
2021	796,098	401,116
2020	173,560	558,603
2019	129,335	57,194
2018	30,863	59,439
Prior	85,733	88,843
Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis	141,757	156,906
Total	2,135,266	1,850,050
Commercial real estate loans | Construction/ Land Development | Performing
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
2022	777,309	527,949
2021	796,098	400,982
2020	172,987	557,778
2019	128,736	57,024
2018	30,860	59,439
Prior	85,511	85,197
Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis	141,757	156,906
Total	2,133,258	1,845,275
Commercial real estate loans | Construction/ Land Development | Non-performing
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
2022	611	0
2021	0	134
2020	573	825
2019	599	170
2018	3	0
Prior	222	3,646
Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis	0	0
Total	2,008	4,775
Commercial real estate loans | Agricultural
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
2022	82,344	25,785
2021	72,286	29,105
2020	55,050	8,133
2019	30,479	7,534
2018	13,480	5,758
Prior	82,421	45,268
Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis	10,751	9,091
Total	346,811	130,674
Commercial real estate loans | Agricultural | Performing
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
2022	82,344	25,785
2021	72,286	28,939
2020	55,050	8,133
2019	30,479	7,534
2018	13,480	5,758
Prior	82,143	44,537
Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis	10,751	9,091
Total	346,533	129,777
Commercial real estate loans | Agricultural | Non-performing
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
2022	0	0
2021	0	166
2020	0	0
2019	0	0
2018	0	0
Prior	278	731
Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis	0	0
Total	278	897
Residential Real Estate | Residential 1-4 family
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
2022	398,830	220,991
2021	294,073	153,172
2020	241,937	182,197
2019	130,494	115,018
2018	116,432	106,193
Prior	388,680	368,042
Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis	178,105	129,340
Total	1,748,551	1,274,953
Residential Real Estate | Residential 1-4 family | Performing
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
2022	397,464	220,380
2021	292,100	151,459
2020	239,047	180,113
2019	127,250	113,845
2018	114,337	105,129
Prior	380,210	360,700
Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis	177,311	123,552
Total	1,727,719	1,255,178
Residential Real Estate | Residential 1-4 family | Non-performing
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
2022	1,366	611
2021	1,973	1,713
2020	2,890	2,084
2019	3,244	1,173
2018	2,095	1,064
Prior	8,470	7,342
Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis	794	5,788
Total	20,832	19,775
Residential Real Estate | Multifamily residential
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
2022	82,308	15,653
2021	138,848	49,505
2020	196,977	64,552
2019	42,399	28,378
2018	28,174	21,406
Prior	81,611	64,037
Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis	7,735	37,306
Total	578,052	280,837
Residential Real Estate | Multifamily residential | Performing
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
2022	82,308	15,653
2021	138,848	49,505
2020	196,977	64,552
2019	42,399	28,378
2018	28,174	21,406
Prior	80,642	62,737
Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis	7,735	37,306
Total	577,083	279,537
Residential Real Estate | Multifamily residential | Non-performing
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
2022	0	0
2021	0	0
2020	0	0
2019	0	0
2018	0	0
Prior	969	1,300
Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis	0	0
Total	969	1,300
Total real estate
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
2022	2,397,783	1,186,202
2021	2,152,574	958,598
2020	1,181,773	1,222,426
2019	814,706	876,627
2018	872,408	540,521
Prior	2,169,203	2,023,889
Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis	852,296	617,535
Total	10,440,743	7,425,798
Consumer
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
2022	305,684	230,043
2021	283,078	176,383
2020	148,102	136,413
2019	135,779	113,277
2018	119,901	68,376
Prior	139,622	97,950
Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis	17,730	3,077
Total	1,149,896	825,519
Consumer | Performing
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
2022	305,620	229,986
2021	282,944	176,355
2020	147,820	136,403
2019	134,831	113,160
2018	119,877	68,376
Prior	138,288	96,506
Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis	17,628	3,070
Total	1,147,008	823,856
Consumer | Non-performing
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
2022	64	57
2021	134	28
2020	282	10
2019	948	117
2018	24	0
Prior	1,334	1,444
Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis	102	7
Total	2,888	1,663
Commercial & Industrial
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
2022	465,079	476,429
2021	272,228	123,160
2020	162,257	173,431
2019	169,398	194,797
2018	170,269	69,706
Prior	198,983	104,283
Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis	911,049	244,941
Total	2,349,263	1,386,747
Commercial & Industrial | Performing
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
2022	464,285	476,424
2021	267,719	122,999
2020	159,152	168,984
2019	165,733	185,569
2018	160,267	66,928
Prior	194,162	103,391
Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis	907,611	244,259
Total	2,318,929	1,368,554
Commercial & Industrial | Non-performing
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
2022	794	5
2021	4,509	161
2020	3,105	4,447
2019	3,665	9,228
2018	10,002	2,778
Prior	4,821	892
Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis	3,438	682
Total	30,334	18,193
Agricultural & other
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
2022	93,771	61,173
2021	50,005	44,248
2020	33,620	8,842
2019	19,871	8,695
2018	10,034	3,268
Prior	57,266	50,672
Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis	205,011	21,127
Total	469,578	198,025
Agricultural & other | Performing
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
2022	93,771	61,173
2021	50,001	44,248
2020	33,416	8,819
2019	19,818	8,682
2018	10,034	3,235
Prior	56,631	49,725
Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis	204,380	21,127
Total	468,051	197,009
Agricultural & other | Non-performing
Financing Receivable Allowance For Credit Losses [Line Items]
2022	0	0
2021	4	0
2020	204	23
2019	53	13
2018	0	33
Prior	635	947
Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis	631	0
Total	$ 1,527	$ 1,016

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Allowance for Credit Losses, Credit Quality and Other - Presentation of Troubled Debt Restructurings ("TDRs") by Class (Detail) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($) contract	Dec. 31, 2021 USD ($) contract
Financing Receivable, Modifications [Line Items]
Number of Loans | contract	44	44
Pre-Modification Outstanding Balance	$ 11,140	$ 12,474
Post-Modification Outstanding Balance	5,745	7,526
Rate Modification
Financing Receivable, Modifications [Line Items]
Post-Modification Outstanding Balance	4,072	6,226
Term Modification
Financing Receivable, Modifications [Line Items]
Post-Modification Outstanding Balance	790	806
Rate and Term Modification
Financing Receivable, Modifications [Line Items]
Post-Modification Outstanding Balance	$ 883	$ 494
Commercial real estate loans | Non-farm/non-residential
Financing Receivable, Modifications [Line Items]
Number of Loans | contract	11	12
Pre-Modification Outstanding Balance	$ 4,462	$ 6,119
Post-Modification Outstanding Balance	2,429	4,289
Commercial real estate loans | Non-farm/non-residential | Rate Modification
Financing Receivable, Modifications [Line Items]
Post-Modification Outstanding Balance	1,395	3,581
Commercial real estate loans | Non-farm/non-residential | Term Modification
Financing Receivable, Modifications [Line Items]
Post-Modification Outstanding Balance	598	623
Commercial real estate loans | Non-farm/non-residential | Rate and Term Modification
Financing Receivable, Modifications [Line Items]
Post-Modification Outstanding Balance	$ 436	$ 85
Commercial real estate loans | Construction/ Land Development
Financing Receivable, Modifications [Line Items]
Number of Loans | contract	1	2
Pre-Modification Outstanding Balance	$ 216	$ 240
Post-Modification Outstanding Balance	177	211
Commercial real estate loans | Construction/ Land Development | Rate Modification
Financing Receivable, Modifications [Line Items]
Post-Modification Outstanding Balance	177	210
Commercial real estate loans | Construction/ Land Development | Term Modification
Financing Receivable, Modifications [Line Items]
Post-Modification Outstanding Balance	0	1
Commercial real estate loans | Construction/ Land Development | Rate and Term Modification
Financing Receivable, Modifications [Line Items]
Post-Modification Outstanding Balance	$ 0	$ 0
Commercial real estate loans | Agricultural
Financing Receivable, Modifications [Line Items]
Number of Loans | contract		1
Pre-Modification Outstanding Balance		$ 282
Post-Modification Outstanding Balance		262
Commercial real estate loans | Agricultural | Rate Modification
Financing Receivable, Modifications [Line Items]
Post-Modification Outstanding Balance		262
Commercial real estate loans | Agricultural | Term Modification
Financing Receivable, Modifications [Line Items]
Post-Modification Outstanding Balance		0
Commercial real estate loans | Agricultural | Rate and Term Modification
Financing Receivable, Modifications [Line Items]
Post-Modification Outstanding Balance		$ 0
Residential Real Estate | Residential 1-4 family
Financing Receivable, Modifications [Line Items]
Number of Loans | contract	14	15
Pre-Modification Outstanding Balance	$ 2,115	$ 2,328
Post-Modification Outstanding Balance	1,207	1,293
Residential Real Estate | Residential 1-4 family | Rate Modification
Financing Receivable, Modifications [Line Items]
Post-Modification Outstanding Balance	772	844
Residential Real Estate | Residential 1-4 family | Term Modification
Financing Receivable, Modifications [Line Items]
Post-Modification Outstanding Balance	145	117
Residential Real Estate | Residential 1-4 family | Rate and Term Modification
Financing Receivable, Modifications [Line Items]
Post-Modification Outstanding Balance	$ 290	$ 332
Residential Real Estate | Multifamily residential
Financing Receivable, Modifications [Line Items]
Number of Loans | contract	1	1
Pre-Modification Outstanding Balance	$ 1,130	$ 1,130
Post-Modification Outstanding Balance	969	1,144
Residential Real Estate | Multifamily residential | Rate Modification
Financing Receivable, Modifications [Line Items]
Post-Modification Outstanding Balance	969	1,144
Residential Real Estate | Multifamily residential | Term Modification
Financing Receivable, Modifications [Line Items]
Post-Modification Outstanding Balance	0	0
Residential Real Estate | Multifamily residential | Rate and Term Modification
Financing Receivable, Modifications [Line Items]
Post-Modification Outstanding Balance	$ 0	$ 0
Total real estate
Financing Receivable, Modifications [Line Items]
Number of Loans | contract	27	31
Pre-Modification Outstanding Balance	$ 7,923	$ 10,099
Post-Modification Outstanding Balance	4,782	7,199
Total real estate | Rate Modification
Financing Receivable, Modifications [Line Items]
Post-Modification Outstanding Balance	3,313	6,041
Total real estate | Term Modification
Financing Receivable, Modifications [Line Items]
Post-Modification Outstanding Balance	743	741
Total real estate | Rate and Term Modification
Financing Receivable, Modifications [Line Items]
Post-Modification Outstanding Balance	$ 726	$ 417
Consumer
Financing Receivable, Modifications [Line Items]
Number of Loans | contract	2	4
Pre-Modification Outstanding Balance	$ 18	$ 22
Post-Modification Outstanding Balance	12	16
Consumer | Rate Modification
Financing Receivable, Modifications [Line Items]
Post-Modification Outstanding Balance	11	13
Consumer | Term Modification
Financing Receivable, Modifications [Line Items]
Post-Modification Outstanding Balance	0	0
Consumer | Rate and Term Modification
Financing Receivable, Modifications [Line Items]
Post-Modification Outstanding Balance	$ 1	$ 3
Commercial & Industrial
Financing Receivable, Modifications [Line Items]
Number of Loans | contract	15	9
Pre-Modification Outstanding Balance	$ 3,199	$ 2,353
Post-Modification Outstanding Balance	951	311
Commercial & Industrial | Rate Modification
Financing Receivable, Modifications [Line Items]
Post-Modification Outstanding Balance	748	172
Commercial & Industrial | Term Modification
Financing Receivable, Modifications [Line Items]
Post-Modification Outstanding Balance	47	65
Commercial & Industrial | Rate and Term Modification
Financing Receivable, Modifications [Line Items]
Post-Modification Outstanding Balance	$ 156	$ 74

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Allowance for Credit Losses, Credit Quality and Other - Presentation of TDR's on Non-Accrual Status (Detail) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($) contract	Dec. 31, 2021 USD ($) contract
Financing Receivable, Modifications [Line Items]
Number of Loans | contract	21	18
Recorded Balance | $	$ 1,589	$ 1,076
Commercial real estate loans | Non-farm/non-residential
Financing Receivable, Modifications [Line Items]
Number of Loans | contract	2	2
Recorded Balance | $	$ 262	$ 7
Commercial real estate loans | Construction/ Land Development
Financing Receivable, Modifications [Line Items]
Number of Loans | contract	1	1
Recorded Balance | $	$ 177	$ 210
Commercial real estate loans | Agricultural
Financing Receivable, Modifications [Line Items]
Number of Loans | contract	0	1
Recorded Balance | $	$ 0	$ 262
Residential Real Estate | Residential 1-4 family
Financing Receivable, Modifications [Line Items]
Number of Loans | contract	4	5
Recorded Balance | $	$ 218	$ 388
Total real estate
Financing Receivable, Modifications [Line Items]
Number of Loans | contract	7	9
Recorded Balance | $	$ 657	$ 867
Consumer
Financing Receivable, Modifications [Line Items]
Number of Loans | contract	1	3
Recorded Balance | $	$ 1	$ 3
Commercial & Industrial
Financing Receivable, Modifications [Line Items]
Number of Loans | contract	13	6
Recorded Balance | $	$ 931	$ 206

XML

Allowance for Credit Losses, Credit Quality and Other - Summary of Total Foreclosed Assets (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Commercial real estate loans | Non-farm/non-residential
Schedule Of Foreclosed Assets Activity [Line Items]
Total foreclosed assets held for sale	$ 118	$ 536
Commercial real estate loans | Construction/ Land Development
Schedule Of Foreclosed Assets Activity [Line Items]
Total foreclosed assets held for sale	47	834
Commercial real estate loans | Agricultural
Schedule Of Foreclosed Assets Activity [Line Items]
Total foreclosed assets held for sale	0	0
Residential Real Estate | Residential 1-4 family
Schedule Of Foreclosed Assets Activity [Line Items]
Total foreclosed assets held for sale	260	260
Residential Real Estate | Multifamily residential
Schedule Of Foreclosed Assets Activity [Line Items]
Total foreclosed assets held for sale	121	0
Total real estate
Schedule Of Foreclosed Assets Activity [Line Items]
Total foreclosed assets held for sale	$ 546	$ 1,630

XML

Goodwill and Core Deposit Intangible - Summary of Changes in Carrying Amount and Accumulated Amortization of Company's Goodwill and Core Deposits and Other Intangibles (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Goodwill
Balance, beginning of period	$ 973,025	$ 973,025
Acquisitions	425,228	0
Balance, end of period	1,398,253	973,025	$ 973,025
Core Deposit Intangible
Balance, beginning of period	25,045	30,728
Acquisitions	42,263	0
Amortization expense	(8,853)	(5,683)	(5,844)
Balance, end of year	$ 58,455	$ 25,045	$ 30,728

XML

Goodwill and Core Deposit Intangible - Summary of Carrying Amount and Accumulated Amortization of Core Deposits and Other Intangibles (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]
Gross carrying amount	$ 128,888	$ 86,625
Accumulated amortization	(70,433)	(61,580)
Net carrying amount	$ 58,455	$ 25,045	$ 30,728

XML

Goodwill and Core Deposit Intangible - Additional Information (Detail) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]
Amortization of intangibles	$ 8,853,000	$ 5,683,000	$ 5,844,000
Impairment of core deposit and other intangibles	0	0	0
Amortization expense for year 2023	9,700,000
Amortization expense for year 2024	8,400,000
Amortization expense for year 2025	8,000,000
Amortization expense for year 2026	7,800,000
Amortization expense for year 2027	6,600,000
Carrying amount of Company's goodwill	1,398,253,000	973,025,000	973,025,000
Impairment of goodwill	$ 0	$ 0	$ 0

XML

Other Assets (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Schedule Of Other Assets [Line Items]
Other assets	$ 321,152	$ 177,020
Federal Home Loan Bank ("FHLB") and Federal Reserve Bank ("Federal Reserve")
Schedule Of Other Assets [Line Items]
Fair value of equity securities	135,300	88,200
First National Bankers' Bank and Other Miscellaneous Holdings
Schedule Of Other Assets [Line Items]
Fair value of equity securities	$ 80,600	$ 36,400

XML

Deposits - Additional Information (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Deposits [Line Items]
Time deposits with a minimum denomination of $250,000	$ 333,200	$ 321,600
Time deposits with a minimum denomination of $100,000	639,300	537,400
Interest expense applicable to certificate	3,400	7,300	$ 22,800
Brokered deposits	476,600	625,700
Total deposits	17,938,783	14,260,570
State and political subdivisions
Deposits [Line Items]
Total deposits	$ 2,650,000	$ 1,910,000

XML

Deposits - Summary of Scheduled Maturities of Time Deposits (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Deposits [Abstract]
2023	$ 862,018
2024	129,470
2025	19,206
2026	15,111
2027	16,768
Thereafter	661
Total time deposits	$ 1,043,234	$ 880,887

XML

Securities Sold Under Agreements to Repurchase - Additional Information (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Securities Sold under Agreements to Repurchase [Abstract]
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase	$ 131,146	$ 140,886
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase daily weighted average	$ 129,000	$ 151,200

XML

Securities Sold Under Agreements to Repurchase - Summary of Remaining Contractual Maturity of Securities Sold Under Agreements to Repurchase (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Assets Sold under Agreements to Repurchase [Line Items]
Total borrowings	$ 131,146	$ 140,886
Overnight and Continuous
Assets Sold under Agreements to Repurchase [Line Items]
Total borrowings	131,146	140,886
U.S. government-sponsored enterprises
Assets Sold under Agreements to Repurchase [Line Items]
Total borrowings	5,322	8,433
U.S. government-sponsored enterprises | Overnight and Continuous
Assets Sold under Agreements to Repurchase [Line Items]
Total borrowings	5,322	8,433
Mortgage-backed securities
Assets Sold under Agreements to Repurchase [Line Items]
Total borrowings	5,153	7,920
Mortgage-backed securities | Overnight and Continuous
Assets Sold under Agreements to Repurchase [Line Items]
Total borrowings	5,153	7,920
State and political subdivisions
Assets Sold under Agreements to Repurchase [Line Items]
Total borrowings	117,674	122,173
State and political subdivisions | Overnight and Continuous
Assets Sold under Agreements to Repurchase [Line Items]
Total borrowings	117,674	122,173
Other securities
Assets Sold under Agreements to Repurchase [Line Items]
Total borrowings	2,997	2,360
Other securities | Overnight and Continuous
Assets Sold under Agreements to Repurchase [Line Items]
Total borrowings	$ 2,997	$ 2,360

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FHLB and Other Borrowed Funds - Additional Information (Detail) - USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Borrowed Funds [Line Items]
FHLB borrowed funds	$ 650,000,000	$ 400,000,000
Other short term borrowings	0	0
Short-term advances	50,000,000
Long-term advances	600,000,000	400,000,000
Line of credit	1,140,000,000	1,070,000,000.00
Line of Credit
Borrowed Funds [Line Items]
Line of credit	0	$ 0
Credit facility, maximum borrowing capacity	$ 20,000,000
Minimum
Borrowed Funds [Line Items]
FHLB interest rate	2.26%
Maximum
Borrowed Funds [Line Items]
FHLB interest rate	4.84%

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FHLB and Other Borrowed Funds - Maturities of Borrowings with Original Maturities (Detail) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($)
By Contractual Maturity
Borrowed Funds [Line Items]
2023	$ 50,000
2024	0
2025	100,000
2026	100,000
2027	0
Thereafter	400,000
Total	650,000
By Call Date
Borrowed Funds [Line Items]
2023	50,000
2024	400,000
2025	100,000
2026	100,000
2027	0
Thereafter	0
Total	$ 650,000

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Subordinated Debentures - Additional Information (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands			6 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Jan. 18, 2022	Apr. 03, 2017	Sep. 30, 2022	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020	Jun. 30, 2022	Apr. 01, 2022
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Subordinated debentures				$ 440,420	$ 371,093
Retirement of subordinated debentures				300,000	0	$ 0
Trust preferred securities, face amount	$ 300,000
Subordinated notes, interest rate	3.125%
Net proceeds	$ 296,400			296,324	0	$ 0
Happy Bancshares, Inc.
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Subordinated debentures							$ 167,590	$ 159,965
Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR) Overnight Index Swap Rate | Subordinated notes, net of issuance costs, issued in 2022, due 2032, fixed rate of 3.125% during the first five years and at a floating rate of 182 basis points above the then three-month SOFR rate, reset quarterly, thereafter, callable in 2027 without penalty
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Floating rate above three-month LIBOR rate	1.82%
Trust preferred securities
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Face value of company held trust preferred securities				23,200
Retirement of subordinated debentures			$ 73,300
Subordinated debt securities | Subordinated notes, net of issuance costs, issued in 2022, due 2032, fixed rate of 3.125% during the first five years and at a floating rate of 182 basis points above the then three-month SOFR rate, reset quarterly, thereafter, callable in 2027 without penalty
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Subordinated debentures				$ 297,020	$ 0
Fixed rate for first five years				3.125%
Subordinated debt securities | Happy Bancshares, Inc.
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Subordinated debentures				$ 144,400				$ 140,000
Fixed rate for first five years								5.50%
Subordinated debt securities | Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR) Overnight Index Swap Rate | Subordinated notes, net of issuance costs, issued in 2022, due 2032, fixed rate of 3.125% during the first five years and at a floating rate of 182 basis points above the then three-month SOFR rate, reset quarterly, thereafter, callable in 2027 without penalty
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Floating rate above three-month LIBOR rate				1.82%
Subordinated debt securities | Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR) Overnight Index Swap Rate | Happy Bancshares, Inc.
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Floating rate above three-month LIBOR rate			5.345%
5.500% Subordinated Notes due 2030
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Percentage of redemption price on principal				100.00%
Subordinated notes, net of issuance costs, issued in 2022, due 2032, fixed rate of 3.125% during the first five years and at a floating rate of 182 basis points above the then three-month SOFR rate, reset quarterly, thereafter, callable in 2027 without penalty
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Percentage of redemption price on principal				100.00%
5.625% Subordinated Notes due 2027
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Percentage of redemption price on principal				100.00%
Trust preferred securities, face amount		$ 300,000
Subordinated notes, interest rate		5.625%
Net proceeds		$ 297,000
5.625% Subordinated Notes due 2027 | LIBOR
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Floating rate above three-month LIBOR rate		3.575%

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Subordinated Debentures - Preferred Trust Securities and Subordinated Debentures (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands		12 Months Ended
	Jan. 18, 2022	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Subordinated debentures, issued		$ 440,420	$ 371,093
Subordinated debentures, issued in 2006, due 2036, fixed rate of 6.75% during the first five years and at a floating rate of 1.85% above the three-month LIBOR rate, reset quarterly, thereafter, currently callable without penalty | Trust preferred securities
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Fixed rate for first five years		6.75%	6.75%
Subordinated debentures, issued		$ 0	$ 3,093
Subordinated debentures, issued in 2006, due 2036, fixed rate of 6.75% during the first five years and at a floating rate of 1.85% above the three-month LIBOR rate, reset quarterly, thereafter, currently callable without penalty | LIBOR | Trust preferred securities
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Floating rate above three-month LIBOR rate		1.85%	1.85%
Subordinated debentures, issued in 2004, due 2034, fixed rate of 6.00% during the first five years and at a floating rate of 2.00% above the three- month LIBOR rate, reset quarterly, thereafter, currently callable without penalty | Trust preferred securities
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Fixed rate for first five years		6.00%	6.00%
Subordinated debentures, issued		$ 0	$ 15,464
Subordinated debentures, issued in 2004, due 2034, fixed rate of 6.00% during the first five years and at a floating rate of 2.00% above the three- month LIBOR rate, reset quarterly, thereafter, currently callable without penalty | LIBOR | Trust preferred securities
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Floating rate above three-month LIBOR rate		2.00%	2.00%
Subordinated debentures, issued in 2005, due 2035, fixed rate of 5.84% during the first five years and at a floating rate of 1.45% above the three- month LIBOR rate, reset quarterly, thereafter, currently callable without penalty | Trust preferred securities
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Fixed rate for first five years		5.84%	5.84%
Subordinated debentures, issued		$ 0	$ 25,774
Subordinated debentures, issued in 2005, due 2035, fixed rate of 5.84% during the first five years and at a floating rate of 1.45% above the three- month LIBOR rate, reset quarterly, thereafter, currently callable without penalty | LIBOR | Trust preferred securities
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Floating rate above three-month LIBOR rate		1.45%	1.45%
Subordinated debentures, issued in 2004, due 2034, fixed rate of 4.29% during the first five years and at a floating rate of 2.50% above the three-month LIBOR rate, reset quarterly, thereafter, currently callable without penalty | Trust preferred securities
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Fixed rate for first five years		4.29%	4.29%
Subordinated debentures, issued		$ 0	$ 16,495
Subordinated debentures, issued in 2004, due 2034, fixed rate of 4.29% during the first five years and at a floating rate of 2.50% above the three-month LIBOR rate, reset quarterly, thereafter, currently callable without penalty | LIBOR | Trust preferred securities
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Floating rate above three-month LIBOR rate		2.50%	2.50%
Subordinated debentures, issued in 2005, due 2035, floating rate of 2.15% above the three-month LIBOR rate, reset quarterly, currently callable without penalty | Trust preferred securities
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Subordinated debentures, issued		$ 0	$ 4,501
Subordinated debentures, issued in 2005, due 2035, floating rate of 2.15% above the three-month LIBOR rate, reset quarterly, currently callable without penalty | LIBOR | Trust preferred securities
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Floating rate above three-month LIBOR rate		2.15%	2.15%
Subordinated debentures, issued in 2006, due 2036, fixed rate of 7.38% during the first five years and at a floating rate of 1.62% above the three-month LIBOR rate, reset quarterly, thereafter, currently callable without penalty | Trust preferred securities
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Fixed rate for first five years		7.38%	7.38%
Subordinated debentures, issued		$ 0	$ 5,942
Subordinated debentures, issued in 2006, due 2036, fixed rate of 7.38% during the first five years and at a floating rate of 1.62% above the three-month LIBOR rate, reset quarterly, thereafter, currently callable without penalty | LIBOR | Trust preferred securities
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Floating rate above three-month LIBOR rate		1.62%	1.62%
Subordinated notes issued in 2020, due 2030, fixed rate of 5.500% during the first five years and at a floating rate of 534.5 basis points above the then three-month SOFR rate, reset quarterly, thereafter, callable in 2025 without penalty | Subordinated debt securities
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Fixed rate for first five years		5.50%
Subordinated debentures, issued		$ 143,400	$ 0
Subordinated notes issued in 2020, due 2030, fixed rate of 5.500% during the first five years and at a floating rate of 534.5 basis points above the then three-month SOFR rate, reset quarterly, thereafter, callable in 2025 without penalty | Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR) Overnight Index Swap Rate | Subordinated debt securities
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Floating rate above three-month LIBOR rate		5.345%
Subordinated notes, net of issuance costs, issued in 2022, due 2032, fixed rate of 3.125% during the first five years and at a floating rate of 182 basis points above the then three-month SOFR rate, reset quarterly, thereafter, callable in 2027 without penalty | Subordinated debt securities
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Fixed rate for first five years		3.125%
Subordinated debentures, issued		$ 297,020	$ 0
Subordinated notes, net of issuance costs, issued in 2022, due 2032, fixed rate of 3.125% during the first five years and at a floating rate of 182 basis points above the then three-month SOFR rate, reset quarterly, thereafter, callable in 2027 without penalty | Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR) Overnight Index Swap Rate
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Floating rate above three-month LIBOR rate	1.82%
Subordinated notes, net of issuance costs, issued in 2022, due 2032, fixed rate of 3.125% during the first five years and at a floating rate of 182 basis points above the then three-month SOFR rate, reset quarterly, thereafter, callable in 2027 without penalty | Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR) Overnight Index Swap Rate | Subordinated debt securities
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Floating rate above three-month LIBOR rate		1.82%
Subordinated notes, net of issuance costs, issued in 2017, due 2027, fixed rate of 5.625% during the first five years and at a floating rate of 3.575% above the then three-month LIBOR rate, reset quarterly, thereafter, callable in 2022 without penalty | Subordinated debt securities
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Fixed rate for first five years		5.625%	5.625%
Subordinated debentures, issued		$ 0	$ 299,824
Subordinated notes, net of issuance costs, issued in 2017, due 2027, fixed rate of 5.625% during the first five years and at a floating rate of 3.575% above the then three-month LIBOR rate, reset quarterly, thereafter, callable in 2022 without penalty | LIBOR | Subordinated debt securities
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Floating rate above three-month LIBOR rate		3.575%	3.575%

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Income Taxes - Summary of Components of Provision for Income Taxes (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Current:
Federal	$ 72,367	$ 70,536	$ 62,362
State	14,733	23,350	20,644
Total current	87,100	93,886	83,006
Deferred:
Federal	1,839	2,906	(14,839)
State	374	962	(4,912)
Total deferred	2,213	3,868	(19,751)
Income tax expense	$ 89,313	$ 97,754	$ 63,255

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Income Taxes - Reconciliation between Statutory Federal Income Tax Rate and Effective Income Tax Rate (Detail)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Effective Income Tax Rate Reconciliation, Percent [Abstract]
Statutory federal income tax rate	21.00%	21.00%	21.00%
Effect of non-taxable interest income	(1.89%)	(1.03%)	(1.29%)
Stock compensation	0.38%	0.25%	0.33%
State income taxes, net of federal benefit	2.70%	3.97%	3.50%
Other	0.45%	(0.74%)	(0.76%)
Effective income tax rate	22.64%	23.45%	22.78%

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Income Taxes - Differences Between Tax Basis of Assets and Liabilities (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Deferred tax assets:
Allowance for credit losses	$ 80,232	$ 68,644
Deferred compensation	7,817	5,342
Stock compensation	6,180	5,044
Non-accrual interest income	1,518	694
Real estate owned	103	109
Unrealized loss on Securities AFS	98,587	0
Loan discounts	7,007	4,169
Tax basis premium/discount on acquisitions	1,222	3,220
Investments	28,523	263
Deposits	0	(65)
Other	8,007	5,283
Gross deferred tax assets	239,196	92,703
Deferred tax liabilities:
Accelerated depreciation on premises and equipment	4,252	761
Unrealized gain on securities available-for-sale	0	4,220
Core deposit intangibles	14,755	5,736
FHLB dividends	2,681	2,820
Other	8,187	876
Gross deferred tax liabilities	29,875	14,413
Net deferred tax assets	$ 209,321	$ 78,290

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Common Stock, Compensation Plans and Other - Additional Information (Detail) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands		12 Months Ended
	Jan. 22, 2021	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Common stock, shares authorized (in shares)		300,000,000	300,000,000
Common stock, par value (in dollars per share)		$ 0.01	$ 0.01
Preferred stock, shares authorized (in shares)		5,500,000
Preferred stock, par value (in dollars per share)		$ 0.01
Number of additional shares authorized to repurchase (in shares)	20,000,000
Number of shares repurchased during period (in shares)		3,098,531	1,753,000	1,533,560
Weighted average stock price (in dollars per share)		$ 22.84
Repurchase of combining of all the shares (in shares)		20,759,866
Remaining balance available for repurchase (in shares)		18,992,134
Maximum number of shares available for grants under the plan (in shares)		14,788,000
Remaining shares of common stock available for future grants (in shares)		2,762,049
Shares of common stock reserved for issuance (in shares)		5,732,565
Intrinsic value of stock options outstanding		$ 7,800	$ 13,100	$ 5,000
Intrinsic value of stock options vested		7,500	10,700	4,700
Intrinsic value of stock options exercised		1,800	$ 2,000	$ 719
Unrecognized compensation cost net of income tax benefit, related to non-vested awards		$ 5,200
Weighted average fair value of options granted (in dollars per share)		$ 5.21	$ 11.11
2006 Plan
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Maximum number of shares available for grants under the plan (in shares)		13,288,000
2022 Plan
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Maximum number of shares available for grants under the plan (in shares)		1,500,000
Restricted Shares
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Stock options granted (in shares)		409,000	216,000	264,000
Unrecognized compensation cost net of income tax benefit, related to non-vested stock option awards		$ 14,600

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Common Stock, Compensation Plans and Other - Summary of Stock Option Transactions under Plan (Detail) - $ / shares shares in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Shares
Outstanding, beginning of year (in shares)	3,015	3,254	3,411
Granted (in shares)	183	15	0
Forfeited/Expired (in shares)	(96)	(57)	(76)
Exercised (in shares)	(131)	(197)	(81)
Outstanding, end of year (in shares)	2,971	3,015	3,254
Exercisable, end of year (in shares)	1,837	1,543	1,537
Weighted- average Exercisable Price
Outstanding, beginning of year (in dollars per share)	$ 20.06	$ 19.77	$ 19.60
Granted (in dollars per share)	21.13	21.68	0
Forfeited/Expired (in dollars per share)	21.89	22.44	21.95
Exercised (in dollars per share)	11.30	14.78	10.61
Outstanding, end of year (in dollars per share)	20.45	20.06	19.77
Exercisable, end of year (in dollars per share)	$ 18.89	$ 17.46	$ 16.82

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Common Stock, Compensation Plans and Other - Summary of Stock Options on Valuation Assumptions (Detail)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Share-Based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]
Expected dividend yield	3.14%	2.59%
Expected stock price volatility	31.18%	70.13%
Risk-free interest rate	2.82%	0.75%
Expected life of options	6 years 6 months	6 years 6 months

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Common Stock, Compensation Plans and Other - Summary of Currently Outstanding and Exercisable Options (Detail) shares in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022 $ / shares shares
Share Based Compensation Shares Authorized Under Stock Option Plans Exercise Price Range [Line Items]
Options Outstanding Shares (in shares) | shares	2,971
Options Exercisable Shares (in shares) | shares	1,837
$6.56 to $8.62
Share Based Compensation Shares Authorized Under Stock Option Plans Exercise Price Range [Line Items]
Options Outstanding Shares (in shares) | shares	100
Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Life (in years)	18 days
Weighted-Average Exercise Price (in dollars per share)	$ 8.62
Options Exercisable Shares (in shares) | shares	100
Weighted-Average Exercise Price (in dollars per share)	$ 8.62
Exercise prices, lower range limit (in dollars per share)	6.56
Exercise prices, upper range limit (in dollars per share)	$ 8.62
$9.54 to $14.71
Share Based Compensation Shares Authorized Under Stock Option Plans Exercise Price Range [Line Items]
Options Outstanding Shares (in shares) | shares	100
Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Life (in years)	2 years 14 days
Weighted-Average Exercise Price (in dollars per share)	$ 14.71
Options Exercisable Shares (in shares) | shares	100
Weighted-Average Exercise Price (in dollars per share)	$ 14.71
Exercise prices, lower range limit (in dollars per share)	9.54
Exercise prices, upper range limit (in dollars per share)	$ 14.71
$16.77 to $16.86
Share Based Compensation Shares Authorized Under Stock Option Plans Exercise Price Range [Line Items]
Options Outstanding Shares (in shares) | shares	110
Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Life (in years)	1 year 8 months 12 days
Weighted-Average Exercise Price (in dollars per share)	$ 16.81
Options Exercisable Shares (in shares) | shares	110
Weighted-Average Exercise Price (in dollars per share)	$ 16.81
Exercise prices, lower range limit (in dollars per share)	16.77
Exercise prices, upper range limit (in dollars per share)	$ 16.86
$17.12 to $17.36
Share Based Compensation Shares Authorized Under Stock Option Plans Exercise Price Range [Line Items]
Options Outstanding Shares (in shares) | shares	86
Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Life (in years)	2 years 3 months 14 days
Weighted-Average Exercise Price (in dollars per share)	$ 17.12
Options Exercisable Shares (in shares) | shares	86
Weighted-Average Exercise Price (in dollars per share)	$ 17.12
Exercise prices, lower range limit (in dollars per share)	17.12
Exercise prices, upper range limit (in dollars per share)	$ 17.36
$17.40 to $18.46
Share Based Compensation Shares Authorized Under Stock Option Plans Exercise Price Range [Line Items]
Options Outstanding Shares (in shares) | shares	866
Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Life (in years)	2 years 7 months 17 days
Weighted-Average Exercise Price (in dollars per share)	$ 18.45
Options Exercisable Shares (in shares) | shares	866
Weighted-Average Exercise Price (in dollars per share)	$ 18.45
Exercise prices, lower range limit (in dollars per share)	17.40
Exercise prices, upper range limit (in dollars per share)	$ 18.46
$17.40 to $18.46
Share Based Compensation Shares Authorized Under Stock Option Plans Exercise Price Range [Line Items]
Options Outstanding Shares (in shares) | shares	35
Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Life (in years)	6 years 3 months 7 days
Weighted-Average Exercise Price (in dollars per share)	$ 19.04
Options Exercisable Shares (in shares) | shares	21
Weighted-Average Exercise Price (in dollars per share)	$ 19.04
Exercise prices, lower range limit (in dollars per share)	18.50
Exercise prices, upper range limit (in dollars per share)	$ 20.16
$20.46 to $21.25
Share Based Compensation Shares Authorized Under Stock Option Plans Exercise Price Range [Line Items]
Options Outstanding Shares (in shares) | shares	258
Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Life (in years)	5 years 7 months 17 days
Weighted-Average Exercise Price (in dollars per share)	$ 20.84
Options Exercisable Shares (in shares) | shares	155
Weighted-Average Exercise Price (in dollars per share)	$ 21.08
Exercise prices, lower range limit (in dollars per share)	20.46
Exercise prices, upper range limit (in dollars per share)	$ 21.25
$21.31 to $22.22
Share Based Compensation Shares Authorized Under Stock Option Plans Exercise Price Range [Line Items]
Options Outstanding Shares (in shares) | shares	127
Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Life (in years)	6 years 18 days
Weighted-Average Exercise Price (in dollars per share)	$ 22.18
Options Exercisable Shares (in shares) | shares	82
Weighted-Average Exercise Price (in dollars per share)	$ 22.21
Exercise prices, lower range limit (in dollars per share)	21.31
Exercise prices, upper range limit (in dollars per share)	$ 22.22
$22.70 to $23.32
Share Based Compensation Shares Authorized Under Stock Option Plans Exercise Price Range [Line Items]
Options Outstanding Shares (in shares) | shares	1,185
Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Life (in years)	5 years 6 months 18 days
Weighted-Average Exercise Price (in dollars per share)	$ 23.32
Options Exercisable Shares (in shares) | shares	240
Weighted-Average Exercise Price (in dollars per share)	$ 23.32
Exercise prices, lower range limit (in dollars per share)	22.70
Exercise prices, upper range limit (in dollars per share)	$ 23.32
$23.51 to $25.96
Share Based Compensation Shares Authorized Under Stock Option Plans Exercise Price Range [Line Items]
Options Outstanding Shares (in shares) | shares	104
Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Life (in years)	5 years 6 months 7 days
Weighted-Average Exercise Price (in dollars per share)	$ 25.34
Options Exercisable Shares (in shares) | shares	77
Weighted-Average Exercise Price (in dollars per share)	$ 25.74
Exercise prices, lower range limit (in dollars per share)	23.51
Exercise prices, upper range limit (in dollars per share)	$ 25.96

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Common Stock, Compensation Plans and Other - Summary of Company's Restricted Stock Issued and Outstanding (Detail) - Restricted Shares - USD ($) shares in Thousands, $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Equity Instruments Other than Options, Nonvested, Number of Shares [Roll Forward]
Beginning of year (in shares)	1,231	1,371	1,636
Issued (in shares)	409	216	264
Vested (in shares)	(178)	(320)	(453)
Forfeited (in shares)	(81)	(36)	(76)
End of year (in shares)	1,381	1,231	1,371
Amount of expense for twelve months ended	$ 7,646	$ 7,112	$ 6,824

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Non-Interest Expense (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Changes in Noncontrolling Interest [Line Items]
Salaries and employee benefits	$ 238,885	$ 170,755	$ 163,950
Occupancy and equipment	53,417	36,631	38,412
Data processing expense	34,942	24,280	19,032
Merger and acquisition expenses	49,594	1,886	711
Other operating expenses:
Advertising	7,974	4,855	3,999
Amortization of intangibles	8,853	5,683	5,844
Electronic banking expense	13,632	9,817	8,477
Directors' fees	1,491	1,614	1,624
Due from bank service charges	1,255	1,044	975
FDIC and state assessment	8,428	5,472	6,494
Other expense	27,905	18,086	17,904
Insurance	3,705	3,118	3,018
Legal and accounting	9,401	3,703	4,222
Other professional fees	8,881	6,950	8,150
Operating supplies	3,120	1,915	1,988
Postage	2,078	1,283	1,283
Telephone	1,890	1,425	1,302
Total other operating expenses	98,789	64,965	65,280
Total non-interest expense	475,627	298,517	287,385
Hurricane expense
Other operating expenses:
Other expense	$ 176	$ 0	$ 0

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Employee Benefit Plans (Detail) - USD ($) shares in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2011	Apr. 20, 2007
Chairman's Retirement Plan
Employee Benefit Plans [Line Items]
Employee benefits plan expense	$ 97,449	$ 109,140	$ 119,935
Supplemental retirement benefit					$ 250,000
Employee benefits plan vested percentage				100.00%
Supplemental retirement benefit plan during year	$ 250,000	250,000	250,000
Home BancShares, Inc. 401(k) and Employee Stock Ownership Plan
Employee Benefit Plans [Line Items]
Shares of company common stock held by employee (in shares)	1.3
Discretionary contributions amount	$ 0	0	0
Employee benefits plan expense	$ 3,100,000	$ 2,500,000	$ 2,300,000

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Related Party Transactions (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Related Party Transactions [Abstract]
Related party loans	$ 76,500	$ 60,700
Related parties new loans and advances	24,800	1,700
Repayments of loans by related parties	9,100	6,100
Non interest-bearing deposits	7,700	1,800
Savings and interest-bearing transaction accounts	10,900	14,300
Certificates of time deposit	390	387
Rent expense totaling paid to related parties	$ 137	$ 143	$ 115

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Leases - Additional Information (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Leases [Abstract]
Right of use asset	$ 42,900	$ 39,600
Lease liability	$ 45,954	$ 42,409
Operating Lease, Right-of-Use Asset, Statement of Financial Position [Extensible List]	Bank premises and equipment, net	Bank premises and equipment, net
Operating Lease, Liability, Statement of Financial Position [Extensible List]	Accrued interest payable and other liabilities	Accrued interest payable and other liabilities

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Leases - Minimum Rental Commitment under Operating Leases (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Leases [Abstract]
2023	$ 8,332	$ 7,714
2024	7,463	6,574
2025	6,739	6,001
2026	6,352	5,510
2027	5,821	5,389
Thereafter	24,591	24,999
Total future minimum lease payments	59,298	56,187
Discount effect of cash flows	(13,344)	(13,778)
Present value of net future minimum lease payments	$ 45,954	$ 42,409

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Leases - Additional Information of Lease Expense (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Lease expense:
Operating lease expense	$ 7,995	$ 7,857	$ 8,138
Short-term lease expense	3	6	35
Variable lease expense	873	1,028	1,056
Total lease expense	8,871	8,891	9,229
Other information:
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities	$ 8,128	$ 7,881	$ 8,030
Weighted-average remaining lease term	9 years 3 months 10 days	9 years 8 months 15 days	10 years 2 months 8 days
Weighted-average discount rate	3.41%	3.48%	3.61%

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Significant Estimates and Concentrations of Credit Risks (Detail)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Loans Receivable | Geographic Concentration | Alabama Arkansas Florida Texas And New York
Commitment And Contingencies [Line Items]
Concentration percentage	79.70%
Loans Receivable | Commercial Real Estate | Credit Concentration
Commitment And Contingencies [Line Items]
Concentration percentage	56.30%	59.70%
Loans Receivable | Residential Real Estate | Credit Concentration
Commitment And Contingencies [Line Items]
Concentration percentage	16.10%	15.80%
Total Stockholders' Equity | Commercial Real Estate | Credit Concentration
Commitment And Contingencies [Line Items]
Concentration percentage	230.10%	212.20%
Total Stockholders' Equity | Residential Real Estate | Credit Concentration
Commitment And Contingencies [Line Items]
Concentration percentage	66.00%	56.30%
Residential Real Estate Loans | Geographic Concentration | Alabama Arkansas Florida Texas And New York
Commitment And Contingencies [Line Items]
Concentration percentage	84.60%

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Commitments and Contingencies (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]
Commitments to extend credit outstanding	$ 4,830.0	$ 3,050.0
Maximum amount of future payments by the company	$ 184.6	$ 110.8

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Financial Instruments - Additional Information (Detail) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Carrying value of foreclosed assets held for sale	$ 0
Level 3
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Fair value of loans with specific allocated losses	168,600,000	$ 280,000,000
Accrued interest receivable reversed	1,100,000	380,000
Fair value of foreclosed assets held for sale	$ 546,000	$ 1,600,000

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Financial Instruments - Estimated Fair Values of Financial Instruments (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Financial assets:
Investment securities - available for sale	$ 4,041,590	$ 3,119,807
Investment securities - held-to-maturity	1,126,146
Level 1 | Carrying Amount
Financial assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	724,790	3,650,315
Accrued interest receivable	103,199	46,736
Marketable equity securities	52,034	17,110
Financial liabilities:
Demand and non-interest bearing	5,164,997	4,127,878
Savings and interest-bearing transaction accounts	11,730,552	9,251,805
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase	131,146	140,886
Accrued interest payable	10,622	4,798
Level 1 | Fair Value
Financial assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	724,790	3,650,315
Accrued interest receivable	103,199	46,736
Marketable equity securities	52,034	17,110
Financial liabilities:
Demand and non-interest bearing	5,164,997	4,127,878
Savings and interest-bearing transaction accounts	11,730,552	9,251,805
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase	131,146	140,886
Accrued interest payable	10,622	4,798
Level 2 | Carrying Amount
Financial assets:
Investment securities - available for sale	4,041,590	3,119,807
Investment securities - held-to-maturity	1,287,705
Financial liabilities:
FHLB and other borrowed funds	650,000	400,000
Level 2 | Fair Value
Financial assets:
Investment securities - available for sale	4,041,590	3,119,807
Investment securities - held-to-maturity	1,126,146
Financial liabilities:
FHLB and other borrowed funds	595,886	401,362
Level 3 | Carrying Amount
Financial assets:
Loans receivable, net of impaired loans and allowance	13,929,892	9,319,421
FHLB, FRB & FNBB stock; other equity investments	215,952	124,638
Financial liabilities:
Time deposits	1,043,234	880,887
Subordinated debentures	440,420	371,093
Level 3 | Fair Value
Financial assets:
Loans receivable, net of impaired loans and allowance	14,240,833	9,503,261
FHLB, FRB & FNBB stock; other equity investments	215,952	124,638
Financial liabilities:
Time deposits	1,014,348	901,280
Subordinated debentures	$ 411,686	$ 374,894

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Regulatory Matters - Additional Information (Detail) $ in Millions		12 Months Ended
	Mar. 27, 2020	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($)
Regulatory Matters [Line Items]
Percentage of retained earnings plus current year earnings to be paid as maximum dividend		75.00%
Requested dividend by the company from its subsidiary		$ 214.7
Basel III | Criteria 1
Regulatory Matters [Line Items]
Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio		0.045
Tier 1 leverage capital ratio		0.04
Risk-based capital ratio		0.06
Risk-based capital ratio		0.08
Basel III | Criteria 2
Regulatory Matters [Line Items]
Risk-based capital ratio		0.1654
Common equity Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio		0.065
Tier 1 leverage capital ratio		0.05
Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio		0.08
Total risk-based capital ratio		0.10
Common equity Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio		0.1291
Tier 1 leverage capital ratio		0.1086
Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio		0.1291
CECL | COVID-19
Regulatory Matters [Line Items]
Allowable percentage of bank holding companies impact	100.00%
Percentage of allowance for credit losses	25.00%

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Regulatory Matters - Summary of Company's Actual Capital Amount and Ratios (Detail) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2021 USD ($)
Home BancShares
Common equity Tier 1 capital ratios:
Common equity Tier 1 capital ratios, Actual, Amount	$ 2,399,919	$ 1,812,797
Common equity Tier 1 capital ratios, Actual, Ratio	0.1291	0.1537
Leverage ratios:
Leverage ratios, Actual, Amount	$ 2,399,919	$ 1,884,067
Leverage ratios, Actual, Ratio	0.1086	0.1111
Tier 1 capital ratios:
Tier 1 capital ratios, Actual, Amount	$ 2,399,919	$ 1,884,067
Tier 1 capital ratios, Actual, Ratio	0.1291	0.1598
Total risk-based capital ratios:
Total risk-based capital ratios, Actual, Amount	$ 3,073,455	$ 2,331,948
Total risk-based capital ratios, Actual, Ratio	0.1654	0.1977
Centennial Bank
Common equity Tier 1 capital ratios:
Common equity Tier 1 capital ratios, Actual, Amount	$ 2,408,756	$ 1,859,093
Common equity Tier 1 capital ratios, Actual, Ratio	0.1300	0.1582
Common equity Tier 1 capital ratios, Minimum To Be Well-Capitalized Under Prompt Corrective Action Provision, Amount	$ 1,204,684	$ 763,850
Common equity Tier 1 capital ratios, Minimum To Be Well-Capitalized Under Prompt Corrective Action Provision, Ratio	6.50%	6.50%
Leverage ratios:
Leverage ratios, Actual, Amount	$ 2,408,756	$ 1,859,093
Leverage ratios, Actual, Ratio	0.1093	0.1097
Leverage ratios, Minimum To Be Well Capitalized Under Prompt Corrective Action Provision, Amount	$ 1,101,831	$ 847,353
Leverage ratios, Minimum To Be Well Capitalized Under Prompt Corrective Action Provision, Ratio	0.0500	0.0500
Tier 1 capital ratios:
Tier 1 capital ratios, Actual, Amount	$ 2,408,756	$ 1,859,093
Tier 1 capital ratios, Actual, Ratio	0.1300	0.1582
Tier 1 capital ratios, Minimum To Be Well Capitalized Under Prompt Corrective Action Provision, Amount	$ 1,482,688	$ 940,123
Tier 1 capital ratios, Minimum To Be Well Capitalized Under Prompt Corrective Action Provision, Ratio	0.0800	0.0800
Total risk-based capital ratios:
Total risk-based capital ratios, Actual, Amount	$ 2,640,992	$ 2,006,814
Total risk-based capital ratios, Actual, Ratio	0.1425	0.1708
Total risk-based capital ratios, Minimum To Be Well Capitalized Under Prompt Corrective Action Provision, Amount	$ 1,853,354	$ 1,174,950
Total risk-based capital ratios, Minimum To Be Well Capitalized Under Prompt Corrective Action Provision, Ratio	0.1000	0.1000
Basel III | Home BancShares
Common equity Tier 1 capital ratios:
Common equity Tier 1 capital ratios, Minimum Capital Requirement - Basel III, Amount	$ 1,300,831	$ 825,548
Common equity Tier 1 capital ratios, Minimum Capital Requirement - Basel III, Ratio	7.00%	7.00%
Leverage ratios:
Leverage ratios, Minimum Capital Requirement - Basel III, Amount	$ 883,664	$ 678,427
Leverage ratios, Minimum Capital Requirement - Basel III, Ratio	0.0400	0.0400
Tier 1 capital ratios:
Tier 1 capital ratios, Minimum Capital Requirement - Basel III, Amount	$ 1,579,580	$ 1,002,451
Tier 1 capital ratios, Minimum Capital Requirement - Basel III, Ratio	0.0850	0.0850
Total risk-based capital ratios:
Total risk-based capital ratios, Minimum Capital Requirement - Basel III, Amount	$ 1,951,246	$ 1,238,322
Total risk-based capital ratios, Minimum Capital Requirement - Basel III, Ratio	0.1050	0.1050
Basel III | Centennial Bank
Common equity Tier 1 capital ratios:
Common equity Tier 1 capital ratios, Minimum Capital Requirement - Basel III, Amount	$ 1,297,352	$ 822,608
Common equity Tier 1 capital ratios, Minimum Capital Requirement - Basel III, Ratio	7.00%	7.00%
Leverage ratios:
Leverage ratios, Minimum Capital Requirement - Basel III, Amount	$ 881,464	$ 677,883
Leverage ratios, Minimum Capital Requirement - Basel III, Ratio	0.0400	0.0400
Tier 1 capital ratios:
Tier 1 capital ratios, Minimum Capital Requirement - Basel III, Amount	$ 1,575,356	$ 998,881
Tier 1 capital ratios, Minimum Capital Requirement - Basel III, Ratio	0.0850	0.0850
Total risk-based capital ratios:
Total risk-based capital ratios, Minimum Capital Requirement - Basel III, Amount	$ 1,946,021	$ 1,233,697
Total risk-based capital ratios, Minimum Capital Requirement - Basel III, Ratio	0.1050	0.1050

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Additional Cash Flow Information - Additional Information (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands, shares in Millions	Apr. 01, 2022	Feb. 29, 2020	Jun. 30, 2022
Happy Bancshares, Inc.
Supplemental Cash Flow Information [Line Items]
Business combination, recognized identifiable assets acquired	$ 6,755,152		$ 6,687,504
Business combination, Cash and cash equivalents	859,030		858,584
Business combination, liabilities	6,139,373		$ 6,150,194
Business combination consideration paid	$ 962,538
Happy Bancshares, Inc. | Common Stock
Supplemental Cash Flow Information [Line Items]
Business acquisition, equity interest issuable, number of shares (in shares)	42.4
Business acquisition, equity interest issuable, value	$ 958,800
Business combination consideration paid	962,500
Happy Bancshares, Inc. | Stock-based Awards
Supplemental Cash Flow Information [Line Items]
Business acquisition, equity interest issuable, value	$ 3,700
LH-Finance
Supplemental Cash Flow Information [Line Items]
Business combination, recognized identifiable assets acquired		$ 409,100
Business combination consideration paid		421,200
Business combination, recognized identifiable liabilities assumed, loans		$ 407,400

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Additional Cash Flow Information - Summary of Additional Cash Flow Information (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Supplemental Cash Flow Elements [Abstract]
Interest paid	$ 115,046	$ 53,327	$ 95,483
Income taxes paid	86,583	98,320	77,838
Assets acquired by foreclosure	$ 619	$ 2,623	$ 2,639

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Condensed Financial Information (Parent Company Only) - Schedule of Condensed Balance Sheets (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 724,790	$ 3,650,315
Other assets	321,152	177,020
Total assets	22,883,588	18,052,138
Liabilities
Subordinated debentures	440,420	371,093
Total liabilities	19,357,226	15,286,417
Stockholders’ equity:
Common stock	2,034	1,637
Capital surplus	2,386,699	1,487,373
Retained earnings	1,443,087	1,266,249
Accumulated other comprehensive income	(305,458)	10,462
Total stockholders’ equity	3,526,362	2,765,721	$ 2,605,758	$ 2,511,531
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	22,883,588	18,052,138
Home BancShares
Assets
Cash and cash equivalents	359,570	291,585
Investment securities	57,912	18,254
Investments in wholly-owned subsidiaries	3,538,344	2,815,345
Investments in unconsolidated subsidiaries	0	2,201
Other assets	19,422	14,591
Total assets	3,975,248	3,141,976
Liabilities
Subordinated debentures	440,420	371,093
Other liabilities	8,466	5,162
Total liabilities	448,886	376,255
Stockholders’ equity:
Common stock	2,034	1,637
Capital surplus	2,386,699	1,487,373
Retained earnings	1,443,087	1,266,249
Accumulated other comprehensive income	(305,458)	10,462
Total stockholders’ equity	3,526,362	2,765,721
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$ 3,975,248	$ 3,141,976

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Condensed Financial Information (Parent Company Only) - Schedule of Condensed Statements of Income (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Income
Dividends from equity securities	$ 9,198	$ 14,835	$ 12,472
Net income	305,262	319,021	214,448
Home BancShares
Income
Dividends from equity securities	2,088	646	385
Dividends from banking subsidiary	216,086	286,712	183,711
Other (loss) income	(1,297)	7,234	(1,588)
Total income	216,877	294,592	182,508
Expenses	38,933	34,194	33,346
Income before income taxes and equity in undistributed net income of subsidiaries	177,944	260,398	149,162
Tax benefit for income taxes	10,752	7,161	8,589
Income before equity in undistributed net income of subsidiaries	188,696	267,559	157,751
Equity in undistributed net income of subsidiaries	116,566	51,462	56,697
Net income	$ 305,262	$ 319,021	$ 214,448

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Condensed Financial Information (Parent Company Only) - Schedule of Condensed Statements of Cash Flows (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands		12 Months Ended
	Jan. 18, 2022	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Cash flows from operating activities
Net income		$ 305,262	$ 319,021	$ 214,448
Items not requiring (providing) cash
Depreciation		31,856	19,481	20,082
Amortization		20,335	28,516	20,607
Share-based compensation		9,133	8,848	8,608
Decrease (increase) in value of equity securities		1,272	(7,178)	1,978
Gain on assets		(698)	(4,497)	(2,103)
Changes in other assets		9,342	1,756	(13,427)
Changes in other liabilities		22,602	(9,379)	8,600
Net cash provided by operating activities		413,172	389,380	291,728
Cash flows from investing activities
Purchases of equity securities		(49,975)	(13,276)	(15,015)
Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities		(1,024,270)	624,660	(651,941)
Cash flows from financing activities
Retirement of subordinated debentures		(300,000)	0	0
Proceeds from issuance of subordinated debentures	$ 296,400	296,324	0	0
Redemption of trust preferred securities		(96,499)	0	0
Proceeds from exercise of stock options		156	2,374	595
Repurchase of common stock		(70,856)	(44,480)	(25,690)
Dividends paid		(128,424)	(92,142)	(87,677)
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities		(2,314,427)	1,372,487	1,133,400
Net change in cash and cash equivalents		(2,925,525)	2,386,527	773,187
Cash and cash equivalents – beginning of year		3,650,315	1,263,788	490,601
Cash and cash equivalents – end of year		724,790	3,650,315	1,263,788
Home BancShares
Cash flows from operating activities
Net income		305,262	319,021	214,448
Items not requiring (providing) cash
Depreciation		0	0	216
Amortization		1,912	767	769
Share-based compensation		9,133	8,848	8,607
Decrease (increase) in value of equity securities		1,272	(7,178)	1,978
Gain on assets		0	0	(320)
Equity in undistributed income of subsidiaries		(116,566)	(51,462)	(56,697)
Changes in other assets		(4,149)	90	(628)
Changes in other liabilities		2,290	(76)	(307)
Net cash provided by operating activities		199,154	270,010	168,066
Cash flows from investing activities
Proceeds from sale of premises and equipment, net		0	0	1,841
Net cash proceeds received (paid) – market acquisitions		201,428	0	0
Purchases of equity securities		(49,975)	(13,276)	(15,015)
Proceeds from sale of equity securities		13,778	16,381	0
Redemptions of other investments		2,899	0	0
Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities		168,130	3,105	(13,174)
Cash flows from financing activities
Retirement of subordinated debentures		(300,000)	0	0
Proceeds from issuance of subordinated debentures		296,324	0	0
Redemption of trust preferred securities		(96,499)	0	0
Proceeds from exercise of stock options		156	2,374	595
Repurchase of common stock		(70,856)	(44,480)	(25,689)
Dividends paid		(128,424)	(92,142)	(87,677)
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities		(299,299)	(134,248)	(112,771)
Net change in cash and cash equivalents		67,985	138,867	42,121
Cash and cash equivalents – beginning of year		291,585	152,718	110,597
Cash and cash equivalents – end of year		$ 359,570	$ 291,585	$ 152,718