UNITED STATES COMMODITY FUNDS LLC
General Partner of the United States Oil Fund, LP
March 25, 2022
Dear United States Oil Fund, LP Investor,
Enclosed with this letter is your copy of the 2021 financial statements for the United States Oil Fund, LP (ticker symbol “USO”). We have mailed this statement to all investors in USO who held shares as of December 31, 2021 to satisfy our annual reporting requirement under federal commodities laws. In addition, we have enclosed a copy of the current United States Commodity Funds LLC (“USCF”) Privacy Policy applicable to USO. Additional information concerning USO’s 2021 results may be found by referring to USO’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (the “Form 10-K”), which has been filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). You may obtain a copy of the Form 10-K by going to the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov, or by going to USCF’s website at www.uscfinvestments.com. You may also call USCF at 1-800-920-0259 to speak to a representative and request additional material, including a current USO Prospectus.
USCF is the general partner of USO. USCF is also the general partner or sponsor and operator of several other commodity-based exchange-traded funds. These other funds are referred to in the attached financial statements and include:
| United States Natural Gas Fund, LP | (ticker symbol: UNG) | United States Commodity Index Fund | (ticker symbol: USCI) |
| United States 12 Month Oil Fund, LP | (ticker symbol: USL) | United States Copper Index Fund | (ticker symbol: CPER) |
| United States Gasoline Fund, LP | (ticker symbol: UGA) | ||
| United States 12 Month Natural Gas Fund, LP | (ticker symbol: UNL) | ||
| United States Brent Oil Fund, LP | (ticker symbol: BNO) | ||
Information about these other funds is contained within the Form 10-K as well as in the current USO Prospectus. Investors in USO who wish to receive additional information about these other funds may do so by going to the USCF website at www.uscfinvestments.com.
You may also call USCF at 1-800-920-0259 to request additional information.
Thank you for your continued interest in USO.
Regards,
| /s/ John P. Love | |
| John P. Love | |
| President and Chief Executive Officer | |
| United States Commodity Funds LLC | |
*This letter is not an offer to buy or sell securities. Investment in USO or any other funds should be made only after reading such fund’s prospectus. Please consult the relevant prospectus for a description of the risks and expenses involved in any such investment.
UNITED
STATES COMMODITY FUNDS LLC
PRIVACY POLICY
Effective Date: January 1, 2020
Last Updated: December 18, 2019
Introduction
This document sets forth the Privacy Policy of (i) the United States Commodity Funds LLC (the “Company”), (ii) each of the statutory trusts for which the Company serves as sponsor, the United States Commodity Index Funds Trust (the “Index Funds Trust”) and the USCF Funds Trust (together with the Index Funds Trust, the “Trusts”), and (iii) each of the funds for which the Company serves as the general partner or as sponsor as set forth in Appendix A, which may be amended from time to time (each a “Fund” and together, the “Funds”), relating to the collection, maintenance and use of nonpublic personal information about the Funds’ investors, as required under federal legislation. The Company is a commodity pool operator registered with the Commodity Futures Trading Commission. This Privacy Policy covers the nonpublic personal information of investors who are individuals and who obtain financial products or services primarily for personal, family or household purposes.
Collection of Investor Information
In the course of doing business with Fund shareholders, the Company and the Trusts may collect or have access to nonpublic personal information about Fund shareholders. Shares of the Funds are registered in the name of Cede & Co., as nominee for the Depository Trust Company. However, the Company may collect or have access to personal information about Fund investors for certain purposes relating to the operation of the Funds, including for the distribution of certain required tax reports to investors. This information may include information received from investors and information about investors’ holdings and transactions in shares of the Funds.
“Nonpublic personal information” is personally identifiable financial information about Fund shareholders. For example, it includes Fund shareholders’ social security numbers, account balances, bank account information and investors’ holdings and transactions in shares of the Funds.
The Company, the Trusts and the Funds may collect this information from the following sources:
| · | Information about shareholder transactions with us and our service providers, or others; | |
| · | Information we receive from consumer reporting agencies (including credit bureaus); | |
| · | Information we may receive from shareholders. | |
Disclosure of Nonpublic Personal Information
The Company, the Trusts and the Funds do not sell or rent investor information of the Funds. The Company, the Trusts and the Funds only disclose nonpublic personal information collected about Fund investors as permitted by law. For example, the Company, the Trusts and the Funds may disclose nonpublic personal information about Fund investors:
| · | To companies that act as service providers in connection with the administration and servicing of the Funds, which may include attorneys, accountants, auditors and other professionals; maintain shareholder accounts, and in connection with the servicing or processing of transactions of the Trusts or the Funds; | |
| · | To government entities, in response to subpoenas, court orders, judicial process or to comply with laws or regulations; | |
| · | To protect against fraud, unauthorized transactions (such as money laundering), claims or other liabilities, or to collect unpaid debts; and | |
| · | When shareholders direct us to do so or consent to the disclosure, including authorization to disclose such information to persons acting in a fiduciary or representative capacity on behalf of the investor. | |
Fund investors have no right to opt out of the disclosure by the Company, the Trusts or the Funds of non-public personal information under the circumstances described above.
Protection of Investor Information
The Company, the Trusts and the Funds holds Fund investor information in the strictest confidence. Accordingly, the Company’s policy is to require that all employees, financial professionals and companies providing services on its behalf keep client information confidential. In addition, access to nonpublic personal information about shareholders is limited to our employees and in some cases to third parties (for example, the service providers described above) as permitted by law.
The Company, the Trusts and the Funds maintains safeguards that comply with federal standards to protect investor information. The Company restricts access to the personal and account information of investors to those employees who need to know that information in the course of their job responsibilities. Third parties with whom the Company, the Trusts and the Funds share Fund investor information must agree to follow appropriate standards of security and confidentiality, which includes safeguarding such information physically, electronically and procedurally.
The privacy policy of the Company, the Trusts and the Funds applies to both current and former Fund investors. The Company, the Trusts and the Funds will only disclose nonpublic personal information about a former investor to the same extent as for a current Fund investor.
Your California Privacy Rights
If you are a California resident, California law provides you with specific rights regarding your personal information, including the right to request that we disclose certain information to you about the collection and use of your personal information over the past 12 months; the right to request that we delete any of your personal information that we have collected from you, subject to certain exceptions; and the right to opt-out of the “sale” of your personal information, as defined by California law. To make such a request, contact us at 1-800-920-0259 or uscfinvestments.com. Please note that we are only required to respond to two such requests per customer each year.
You also have the right not to be discriminated against if you exercise any of your rights under California privacy law.
The Company may have collected the following categories of personal information of California residents in the past 12 months:
| · | Identifiers such as a name, Internet Protocol address, email address, or other similar identifiers. | |
| · | Categories of personal information described in subdivision (e) of California Civil Code Section 1798.80. | |
| · | Commercial information, including records of sales or purchases. | |
| · | Internet or other electronic network activity information. | |
| · | Geolocation data. | |
| · | Professional or employment-related information. | |
Please note that these rights do not apply to personal information collected, processed, sold, or disclosed pursuant to the federal Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act and implementing regulations. Please review the privacy notices in the Appendix below for more information about how we collect, process, sell, and disclose personal information pursuant to these laws and regulations.
This information is collected and used for the purposes disclosed in this Privacy Policy. The Company has not sold personal information of California residents in the past 12 months. The Company may have disclosed any of the above categories of personal information pursuant to an individual’s consent or under a written contract with a service provider for a business purpose in the past 12 months.
Changes to Privacy Policy
The Company, the Trusts and the Funds may modify or amend this Privacy Policy from time to time. The Company will indicate the date when it was most recently updated and its effective date. If there are changes to the privacy policy in the future, a revised privacy policy with those changes will be communicated through an appropriate channel to Fund investors as long as they continue to be Fund investors.
APPENDIX A
UNITED STATES COMMODITY FUNDS LLC,
GENERAL PARTNER OF
UNITED STATES OIL FUND, LP
UNITED STATES NATURAL GAS FUND, LP
UNITED STATES 12 MONTH OIL FUND, LP
UNITED STATES GASOLINE FUND, LP
UNITED STATES 12 MONTH NATURAL GAS FUND, LP
UNITED STATES BRENT OIL FUND, LP
AND
SPONSOR OF
UNITED STATES COMMODITY INDEX FUND
UNITED STATES COPPER INDEX FUND
EACH A SERIES OF
UNITED STATES COMMODITY INDEX FUNDS TRUST
UNITED STATES COMMODITY FUNDS LLC
UNITED STATES COMMODITY INDEX FUNDS TRUST
USCF FUNDS TRUST
EACH OF THE FUNDS FOR WHICH THE COMPANY SERVES AS
GENERAL PARTNER OR SPONSOR
Privacy Notice
| FACTS | WHAT DO UNITED STATES COMMODITY FUNDS LLC (THE “COMPANY”), THE UNITED STATES COMMODITY INDEX FUNDS TRUST AND THE USCF FUNDS TRUST (EACH A “TRUST” AND TOGETHER, THE “TRUSTS”) AND EACH OF THE FUNDS FOR WHICH THE COMPANY SERVES AS GENERAL PARTNER OR SPONSOR (EACH A “FUND” AND TOGETHER, THE “FUNDS”) DO WITH PERSONAL INFORMATION? |
| Why? | Financial companies choose how they share your personal information. Federal law gives consumers the right to limit some but not all sharing. Federal law also requires us to tell you how we collect, share, and protect your personal information. Please read this notice carefully to understand what we do. |
| What? | The types of personal information we collect and share depend on the product or service you have with us. This information can include: · Social Security number · account balances · account transactions · transaction history · wire transfer instructions · checking account information When you are no longer our customer, we continue to share your information as described in this notice. |
| How? | All financial companies need to share customers’ personal information to run their everyday business. In the section below, we list the reasons financial companies can share their customers ‘personal information; the reasons the Company and the Trusts choose to share; and whether you can limit this sharing. |
| Reasons we can share your personal information | Do we share? | Can you limit this sharing? |
For our everyday business purposes - such as to process your transactions, maintain your account(s), respond to court orders and legal investigations, or report to credit bureaus |
Yes | No |
For our marketing purposes - to offer our products and services to you |
No | We don’t share |
| For joint marketing with other financial companies | No | We don’t share |
For our affiliates’ everyday business purposes - information about your transactions and experiences |
Yes | No |
For our affiliates’ everyday business purposes - information about your creditworthiness |
No | We don’t share |
| For our affiliates to market to you | No | We don’t share |
| For non-affiliates to market to you | No | We don’t share |
| Questions? Call 1-510-522-9600 or go to www.uscfinvestments.com | ||
UNITED STATES COMMODITY FUNDS LLC
UNITED STATES COMMODITY INDEX FUNDS TRUST
USCF FUNDS TRUST
EACH OF THE FUNDS FOR WHICH THE COMPANY SERVES AS
GENERAL PARTNER OR SPONSOR
Privacy Notice
| What we do | |
| How do the Company, the Trusts and the Funds protect my personal information? | To protect your personal information from unauthorized access and use, we use security measures that comply with federal law. These measures include computer safeguards and secured files and buildings. |
| How do the Company, the Trusts and the Funds collect my personal information? | We collect your personal information, for example, when you ■ open an account ■ provide account information ■ give us your contact information ■ make a wire transfer ■ tell us where to send the money We also collect your information from others, such as credit bureaus, affiliates, or other companies. |
| Why can’t I limit all sharing? | Federal law gives you the right to limit only ■ sharing for affiliates’ everyday business purposes - information about your creditworthiness ■ affiliates from using your information to market to you ■ sharing for non-affiliates to market to you State laws and individual companies may give you additional rights to limit sharing. |
| Definitions | |
| Affiliates | Companies related by common ownership or control. They can be financial and non-financial companies. ■ Our affiliates include companies which are subsidiaries of Wainwright Holdings, Inc., such as USCF Advisers LLC |
| Non-affiliates | Companies not related by common ownership or control. They can be financial and non- financial companies. ■ The Company, the Trusts and the Funds do not share with non-affiliates so they can market to you |
| Joint marketing | A formal agreement between nonaffiliated financial companies that together market financial products or services to you. ■ The Company, the Trusts and the Funds do not conduct joint marketing. |
UNITED STATES OIL FUND, LP
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
For the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019
AFFIRMATION OF THE COMMODITY POOL OPERATOR
To the Shareholders of the United States Oil Fund, LP:
Pursuant to Rule 4.22(h) under the Commodity Exchange Act, the undersigned represents that, to the best of his knowledge and belief, the information contained in this Annual Report for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019 is accurate and complete.
By United States Commodity Funds LLC, as General Partner
| By: | /s/ John P. Love | |
| John P. Love | ||
| President & Chief Executive Officer of United States Commodity Funds LLC | ||
| On behalf of United States Oil Fund, LP | ||
REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To the Partners of
United States Oil Fund, LP
Opinions on the Financial Statements and Internal Control over Financial Reporting
We have audited the accompanying statements of financial condition of United States Oil Fund, LP (the “Fund”) as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, including the schedule of investments as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, and the related statements of operations, changes in partners’ capital and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2021, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). We also have audited the Fund’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2021, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”).
In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of United States Oil Fund, LP as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2021, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also, in our opinion, the Fund maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2021 based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by COSO.
Basis for Opinion
The Fund’s management is responsible for these financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Fund’s financial statements and an opinion on the Fund’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Fund in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.
Our audits of the financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting
A Fund’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A Fund’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the Fund; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the Fund are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the Fund; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the Fund’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Critical Audit Matters
Critical audit matters are matters arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. We determined that there are no critical audit matters.
We have served as the Fund’s auditor since 2005.
Denver, Colorado
February 25, 2022
United States Oil Fund, LP
Statements
of Financial Condition
At December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020
| December 31, 2021 | December 31, 2020 | |||||||
| Assets | ||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents (at cost $1,565,100,289 and $2,585,466,700, respectively) (Notes 2 and 5) | $ | 1,565,100,289 | $ | 2,585,466,700 | ||||
| Equity in trading accounts: | ||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents (at cost $699,318,107 and $723,771,439, respectively) | 699,318,107 | 723,771,439 | ||||||
| Unrealized gain (loss) on open commodity futures contracts | 114,437,224 | 401,443,958 | ||||||
| Dividends receivable | 33,715 | 3,683 | ||||||
| Interest receivable | 53,541 | 160,957 | ||||||
| Prepaid insurance* | 144,695 | 38,452 | ||||||
| Prepaid registration fees | — | 1,260,041 | ||||||
| ETF transaction fees receivable | — | 2,000 | ||||||
| Total Assets | $ | 2,379,087,571 | $ | 3,712,147,230 | ||||
| Liabilities and Partners’ Capital | ||||||||
| Payable due to Broker | $ | — | $ | 23,667,355 | ||||
| Payable for shares redeemed | — | 59,405,821 | ||||||
| General Partner management fees payable (Note 3) | 938,440 | 1,407,565 | ||||||
| Professional fees payable | 3,616,000 | 1,903,173 | ||||||
| Brokerage commissions payable | 200,588 | 323,858 | ||||||
| Directors’ fees payable* | 44,337 | 52,049 | ||||||
| License fees payable | 128,940 | 169,663 | ||||||
| Total Liabilities | 4,928,305 | 86,929,484 | ||||||
| Commitments and Contingencies (Notes 3, 4 & 5) | ||||||||
| Partners’ Capital | ||||||||
| General Partners | — | — | ||||||
| Limited Partners | 2,374,159,266 | 3,625,217,746 | ||||||
| Total Partners’ Capital | 2,374,159,266 | 3,625,217,746 | ||||||
| Total Liabilities and Partners’ Capital | $ | 2,379,087,571 | $ | 3,712,147,230 | ||||
| Limited Partners’ shares outstanding | 43,823,603 | 109,623,603 | ||||||
| Net asset value per share | $ | 54.18 | $ | 33.07 | ||||
| Market value per share | $ | 54.36 | $ | 33.01 | ||||
* Certain prior year amounts have been reclassified for consistency with the current presentation.
See accompanying notes to financial statements.
United States Oil Fund, LP
Schedule of Investments
At December 31, 2021
| Fair Value/ | ||||||||||||||||
| Unrealized Gain | ||||||||||||||||
| (Loss) on Open | ||||||||||||||||
| Notional | Number of | Commodity | % of Partners’ | |||||||||||||
| Amount | Contracts | Contracts | Capital | |||||||||||||
| Open Commodity Futures Contracts - Long | ||||||||||||||||
| United States Contracts | ||||||||||||||||
| NYMEX WTI Crude Oil Futures February 2022 contracts, expiring January 2022 | $ | 450,997,278 | 6,313 | $ | 23,803,452 | 1.00 | ||||||||||
| NYMEX WTI Crude Oil Futures March 2022 contracts, expiring February 2022 | 447,523,600 | 6,341 | 27,290,480 | 1.15 | ||||||||||||
| NYMEX WTI Crude Oil Futures April 2022 contracts, expiring March 2022 | 353,136,644 | 4,783 | 2,957,706 | 0.13 | ||||||||||||
| NYMEX WTI Crude Oil Futures May 2022 contracts, expiring April 2022 | 338,534,160 | 4,816 | 17,560,880 | 0.74 | ||||||||||||
| NYMEX WTI Crude Oil Futures June 2022 contracts, expiring May 2022 | 317,665,641 | 4,853 | 38,398,969 | 1.62 | ||||||||||||
| NYMEX WTI Crude Oil Futures July 2022 contracts, expiring June 2022 | 111,497,360 | 1,631 | 7,206,820 | 0.30 | ||||||||||||
| NYMEX WTI Crude Oil Futures December 2022 contracts, expiring November 2022 | 240,133,253 | 3,399 | (2,781,083 | ) | (0.12 | ) | ||||||||||
| Total Open Futures Contracts* | $ | 2,259,487,936 | 32,136 | $ | 114,437,224 | 4.82 | ||||||||||
| Shares/Principal | Market | % of Partners’ | ||||||||||
| Amount | Value | Capital | ||||||||||
| Cash Equivalents | ||||||||||||
| United States Money Market Funds | ||||||||||||
| Goldman Sachs Financial Square Government Fund - Institutional Shares, 0.03%# | 31,002,000 | $ | 31,002,000 | 1.31 | ||||||||
| Morgan Stanley Institutional Liquidity Funds - Government Portfolio - Institutional Shares, 0.03%# | 1,079,000,000 | 1,079,000,000 | 45.45 | |||||||||
| RBC U.S. Government Money Market Fund - Institutional Shares, 0.03%# | 434,532,000 | 434,532,000 | 18.30 | |||||||||
| Total United States Money Market Funds | $ | 1,544,534,000 | 65.06 | |||||||||
# Reflects the 7-day yield at December 31, 2021.
* Collateral amounted to $699,318,107 on open commodity futures contracts.
See accompanying notes to financial statements.
United States Oil Fund, LP
Schedule of Investments
At December 31, 2020
| Fair | ||||||||||||||||
| Value/ | ||||||||||||||||
| Unrealized Gain | ||||||||||||||||
| (Loss) on Open | % of | |||||||||||||||
| Notional | Number of | Commodity | Partners’ | |||||||||||||
| Amount | Contracts | Contracts | Capital | |||||||||||||
| Open Commodity Futures Contracts - Long | ||||||||||||||||
| United States Contracts | ||||||||||||||||
| NYMEX WTI Crude Oil Futures February 2021 contracts, expiring January 2021 | $ | 632,796,307 | 14,943 | $ | 92,238,053 | 2.54 | ||||||||||
| NYMEX WTI Crude Oil Futures March 2021 contracts, expiring February 2021 | 645,421,542 | 14,909 | 79,603,128 | 2.19 | ||||||||||||
| NYMEX WTI Crude Oil Futures April 2021 contracts, expiring March 2021 | 465,961,140 | 11,168 | 77,808,780 | 2.15 | ||||||||||||
| NYMEX WTI Crude Oil Futures May 2021 contracts, expiring April 2021 | 504,602,270 | 11,168 | 39,167,650 | 1.08 | ||||||||||||
| NYMEX WTI Crude Oil Futures June 2021 contracts, expiring May 2021 | 475,568,503 | 11,182 | 68,212,157 | 1.88 | ||||||||||||
| NYMEX WTI Crude Oil Futures July 2021 contracts, expiring June 2021 | 172,979,880 | 3,735 | 8,242,320 | 0.23 | ||||||||||||
| NYMEX WTI Crude Oil Futures December 2021 contracts, expiring November 2021 | 326,339,170 | 7,603 | 36,171,870 | 1.00 | ||||||||||||
| Total Open Futures Contracts* | $ | 3,223,668,812 | 74,708 | $ | 401,443,958 | 11.07 | ||||||||||
| Shares/Principal | % of Partners’ | |||||||||||
| Amount | Market Value | Capital | ||||||||||
| Cash Equivalents | ||||||||||||
| United States Money Market Funds | ||||||||||||
| Fidelity Investments Money Market Funds - Government Portfolio, 0.01%# | 10,002,000 | $ | 10,002,000 | 0.28 | ||||||||
| RBC U.S. Government Money Market Fund - Institutional Share Class, 0.02%# | 408,532,000 | 408,532,000 | 11.27 | |||||||||
| Total United States Money Market Funds | $ | 418,534,000 | 11.55 | |||||||||
# Reflects the 7-day yield at December 31, 2020.
* Collateral amounted to $723,771,439 on open commodity futures contracts.
See accompanying notes to financial statements.
United States Oil Fund, LP
Statements
of Operations
For the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019
| Year ended | Year ended | Year ended | ||||||||||
| December 31, 2021 | December 31, 2020 | December 31, 2019 | ||||||||||
| Income | ||||||||||||
| Gain (loss) on trading of commodity futures contracts: | ||||||||||||
| Realized gain (loss) on closed commodity futures contracts | $ | 1,911,763,583 | $ | (2,251,576,260 | ) | $ | 220,179,889 | |||||
| Change in unrealized gain (loss) on open commodity futures contracts | (287,006,734 | ) | 363,923,391 | 231,913,525 | ||||||||
| Realized gain (loss) on short-term investments | — | — | 11,258 | |||||||||
| Dividend income | 431,883 | 1,949,571 | 2,957,196 | |||||||||
| Interest income* | 869,933 | 8,528,581 | 29,461,116 | |||||||||
| ETF transaction fees | 169,000 | 289,546 | 312,000 | |||||||||
| Total Income (Loss) | $ | 1,626,227,665 | $ | (1,876,885,171 | ) | $ | 484,834,984 | |||||
| Expenses | ||||||||||||
| General Partner management fees (Note 3) | $ | 13,383,302 | $ | 15,388,313 | $ | 6,461,273 | ||||||
| Professional fees | 6,994,549 | 2,694,975 | 1,440,997 | |||||||||
| Brokerage commissions | 1,123,971 | 6,104,865 | 2,423,017 | |||||||||
| Directors’ fees and insurance | 745,448 | 391,372 | 333,741 | |||||||||
| License fees | 446,110 | 512,944 | 215,376 | |||||||||
| Registration fees | 1,260,041 | 3,203,939 | 504,876 | |||||||||
| Total Expenses | $ | 23,953,421 | $ | 28,296,408 | $ | 11,379,280 | ||||||
| Net Income (Loss) | $ | 1,602,274,244 | $ | (1,905,181,579 | ) | $ | 473,455,704 | |||||
| Net Income (Loss) per limited partner share | $ | 21.11 | $ | (69.20 | ) | $ | 25.59 | † | ||||
| Net Income (Loss) per weighted average limited partner share | $ | 24.54 | $ | (16.61 | ) | $ | 31.24 | † | ||||
| Weighted average limited partner shares outstanding | 65,289,630 | 114,667,411 | 15,155,959 | † | ||||||||
| * | Interest income does not exceed paid in kind of 5%. |
| † | On April 28, 2020, there was a 1-for-8 reverse share split. The Statements of Operations have been adjusted for the periods shown to reflect the 1-for-8 reverse share split on a retroactive basis. |
See accompanying notes to financial statements.
United States Oil Fund, LP
Statements
of Changes in Partners’ Capital
For the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019
| Limited Partners* | ||||||||||||
| Year ended | Year ended | Year ended | ||||||||||
| December 31, | December 31, | December 31, | ||||||||||
| 2021 | 2020 | 2019† | ||||||||||
| Balances at beginning of year | $ | 3,625,217,746 | $ | 1,170,976,258 | $ | 1,468,461,712 | ||||||
| Addition of 26,000,000, 207,062,500 and 34,137,500 partnership shares, respectively | 1,239,249,023 | 8,030,979,653 | 3,196,742,422 | |||||||||
| Redemption of (91,800,000), (108,888,897) and (41,837,500) partnership shares, respectively | (4,092,581,747 | ) | (3,671,556,586 | ) | (3,967,683,580 | ) | ||||||
| Net income (loss) | 1,602,274,244 | (1,905,181,579 | ) | 473,455,704 | ||||||||
| Balances at end of year | $ | 2,374,159,266 | $ | 3,625,217,746 | $ | 1,170,976,258 | ||||||
| * | General Partners’ shares outstanding and capital for the periods presented were zero. |
| † | On April 28, 2020, there was a 1-for-8 reverse share split. The Statements of Changes in Partners’ Capital have been adjusted for the periods shown to reflect the 1-for-8 reverse share split on a retroactive basis. |
See accompanying notes to financial statements.
United States Oil Fund, LP
Statements
of Cash Flows
For the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019
| Year ended | Year ended | Year ended | ||||||||||
| December 31, 2021 | December 31, 2020 | December 31, 2019 | ||||||||||
| Cash Flows from Operating Activities: | ||||||||||||
| Net income (loss) | $ | 1,602,274,244 | $ | (1,905,181,579 | ) | $ | 473,455,704 | |||||
| Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities: | ||||||||||||
| Change in unrealized (gain) loss on open commodity futures contracts | 287,006,734 | (363,923,391 | ) | (231,913,525 | ) | |||||||
| (Increase) decrease in dividends receivable | (30,032 | ) | 2,200 | 138,151 | ||||||||
| (Increase) decrease in interest receivable | 107,416 | (132,758 | ) | 831 | ||||||||
| (Increase) decrease in prepaid insurance* | (106,243 | ) | 817 | (7,571 | ) | |||||||
| (Increase) decrease in prepaid registration fees | 1,260,041 | (1,185,800 | ) | 504,876 | ||||||||
| (Increase) decrease in ETF transaction fees receivable | 2,000 | — | — | |||||||||
| Increase (decrease) in payable due to Broker | (23,667,355 | ) | 14,846,706 | 8,820,649 | ||||||||
| Increase (decrease) in General Partner management fees payable | (469,125 | ) | 939,671 | (116,084 | ) | |||||||
| Increase (decrease) in professional fees payable | 1,712,827 | 449,177 | (287,285 | ) | ||||||||
| Increase (decrease) in brokerage commissions payable | (123,270 | ) | 233,897 | — | ||||||||
| Increase (decrease) in directors’ fees payable* | (7,712 | ) | 8,661 | 441 | ||||||||
| Increase (decrease) in license fees payable | (40,723 | ) | 129,894 | (13,869 | ) | |||||||
| Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities | 1,867,918,802 | (2,253,812,505 | ) | 250,582,318 | ||||||||
| Cash Flows from Financing Activities: | ||||||||||||
| Addition of partnership shares | 1,239,249,023 | 8,030,979,653 | 3,218,764,872 | |||||||||
| Redemption of partnership shares | (4,151,987,568 | ) | (3,644,174,420 | ) | (3,950,037,755 | ) | ||||||
| Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities | (2,912,738,545 | ) | 4,386,805,233 | (731,272,883 | ) | |||||||
| Net Increase (Decrease) in Cash and Cash Equivalents | (1,044,819,743 | ) | 2,132,992,728 | (480,690,565 | ) | |||||||
| Total Cash, Cash Equivalents and Equity in Trading Accounts, beginning of year | 3,309,238,139 | 1,176,245,411 | 1,656,935,976 | |||||||||
| Total Cash, Cash Equivalents and Equity in Trading Accounts, end of year | $ | 2,264,418,396 | $ | 3,309,238,139 | $ | 1,176,245,411 | ||||||
| Components of Cash and Cash Equivalents: | ||||||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 1,565,100,289 | $ | 2,585,466,700 | $ | 1,026,973,397 | ||||||
| Equity in Trading Accounts: | ||||||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents | 699,318,107 | 723,771,439 | 149,272,014 | |||||||||
| Total Cash, Cash Equivalents and Equity in Trading Accounts | $ | 2,264,418,396 | $ | 3,309,238,139 | $ | 1,176,245,411 | ||||||
*Certain prior year amounts have been reclassified for consistency with the current presentation.
See accompanying notes to financial statements.
United States Oil Fund, LP
Notes to
Financial Statements
For the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019
NOTE 1 — ORGANIZATION AND BUSINESS
The United States Oil Fund, LP (“USO”) was organized as a limited partnership under the laws of the state of Delaware on May 12, 2005. USO is a commodity pool that issues limited partnership interests (“shares”) that may be purchased and sold on the NYSE Arca, Inc. (the “NYSE Arca”). Prior to November 25, 2008, USO’s shares traded on the American Stock Exchange (the “AMEX”). USO will continue in perpetuity, unless terminated sooner upon the occurrence of one or more events as described in its Seventh Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership dated as of December 15, 2017 (the “LP Agreement”), which grants full management control to its general partner, United States Commodity Funds LLC (“USCF”). The investment objective of USO is for the daily changes in percentage terms of its shares’ per share net asset value (“NAV”) to reflect the daily changes in percentage terms of the spot price of light, sweet crude oil delivered to Cushing, Oklahoma, as measured by the daily changes in the price of the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract, plus interest earned on USO’s collateral holdings, less USO’s expenses. The Benchmark Oil Futures Contract is the futures contract for light, sweet crude oil as traded on the New York Mercantile Exchange (the “NYMEX”) that is the near month contract to expire, except when the near month contract is within two weeks of expiration, in which case it will be measured by the futures contract that is the next month contract to expire. Specifically, USO seeks to achieve its investment objective by investing so that the average daily percentage change in USO’s NAV for any period of 30 successive valuation days will be within plus/minus ten percent (10)% of the average daily percentage change in the price of the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract over the same period. USO is currently unable to pursue its investment objective with the same high degree of success that it has in the past due to its limited ability to invest in the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract and certain other Oil Futures Contracts, as defined below, to the same extent it was able to before the market conditions and regulatory limitations imposed on USO occurred in Spring of 2020, and risk mitigation measures taken by USO’s FCMs as a result, as described herein, arose. As a result of such market conditions, the regulatory conditions that were and could again be imposed and the risk mitigation measures imposed by its FCMs, there is still uncertainty as to whether USO will be able to achieve its investment objective within as narrow a percentage change difference in its NAV for any period of 30 successive valuation days and the average daily percentage change in the price of the Benchmark Oil Futures Contract as it typically had prior to the Spring of 2020 due to the foregoing factors.
Investors should be aware that USO’s investment objective is not for its NAV or market price of shares to equal, in dollar terms, the spot price of light, sweet crude oil or any particular futures contract based on light, sweet crude oil, nor is USO’s investment objective for the percentage change in its NAV to reflect the percentage change of the price of any particular futures contract as measured over a time period greater than one day. This is because natural market forces called contango and backwardation have impacted the total return on an investment in USO’s shares during the past year relative to a hypothetical direct investment in crude oil and, in the future, it is likely that the relationship between the market price of USO’s shares and changes in the spot prices of light, sweet crude oil will continue to be so impacted by contango and backwardation. While USO’s shares may be impacted by contango and backwardation, the potential costs associated with physically owning and storing crude oil, could be substantial. USCF believes that it is not practical to manage the portfolio to achieve the foregoing investment objective when investing in Oil Futures Contracts (as defined below) and Other Oil-Related Investments (as defined below). USO accomplishes its objective through investments in futures contracts for light, sweet crude oil and other types of crude oil, diesel-heating oil, gasoline, natural gas and other petroleum-based fuels that are traded on the NYMEX, ICE Futures or other U.S. and foreign exchanges (collectively, “Oil Futures Contracts”) and other oil-related investments such as cash-settled options on Oil Futures Contracts, forward contracts for oil, cleared swap contracts and over-the-counter (“OTC”) transactions that are based on the price of crude oil, diesel-heating oil, gasoline, natural gas and other petroleum-based fuels, Oil Futures Contracts and indices based on the foregoing (collectively, “Other Oil-Related Investments”). As of December 31, 2021, USO held 32,136 Oil Futures Contracts for light, sweet crude oil traded on the NYMEX and did not hold any Oil Futures Contracts for light, sweet crude oil traded on the ICE Futures Europe.
USO commenced investment operations on April 10, 2006 and has a fiscal year ending on December 31. USCF is a member of the National Futures Association (the “NFA”) and became registered as a commodity pool operator with the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (the “CFTC”) effective December 1, 2005 and a swaps firm on August 8, 2013.
USCF is also the general partner of the United States Natural Gas Fund, LP (“UNG”), the United States 12 Month Oil Fund, LP (“USL”) and the United States Gasoline Fund, LP (“UGA”), which listed their limited partnership shares on the AMEX under the ticker symbols “UNG” on April 18, 2007, “USL” on December 6, 2007 and “UGA” on February 26, 2008, respectively. As a result of the acquisition of the AMEX by NYSE Euronext, each of UNG’s, USL’s and UGA’s shares commenced trading on the NYSE Arca on November 25, 2008. USCF is also the general partner of the United States 12 Month Natural Gas Fund, LP (“UNL”) and the United States Brent Oil Fund, LP (“BNO”), which listed their limited partnership shares on the NYSE Arca under the ticker symbols “UNL” on November 18, 2009 and “BNO” on June 2, 2010, respectively.
USCF is also the sponsor of the United States Commodity Index Funds Trust (“USCIFT”), a Delaware statutory trust and each of its series: the United States Commodity Index Fund (“USCI”) and the United States Copper Index Fund (“CPER”). USCI and CPER listed their shares on the NYSE Arca under the ticker symbols “USCI” on August 10, 2010 and “CPER” on November 15, 2011, respectively.
UNG, UGA, UNL, USL, BNO, USCI and CPER are referred to collectively herein as the “Related Public Funds.”
USO issues shares to certain authorized purchasers (“Authorized Participants”) by offering baskets consisting of 100,000 shares (“Creation Baskets”) through ALPS Distributors, Inc., as the marketing agent (the “Marketing Agent”). The purchase price for a Creation Basket is based upon the NAV of a share calculated shortly after the close of the core trading session on the NYSE Arca on the day the order to create the basket is properly received.
Authorized Participants pay USO a transaction fee of $1,000 for each order placed to create one or more Creation Baskets or to redeem one or more baskets (“Redemption Baskets”), consisting of 100,000 shares. Shares may be purchased or sold on a nationally recognized securities exchange in smaller increments than a Creation Basket or Redemption Basket. Shares purchased or sold on a nationally recognized securities exchange are not purchased or sold at the per share NAV of USO but rather at market prices quoted on such exchange.
On April 28, 2020, after the close of trading on the NYSE Arca, USO effected a 1-for-8 reverse share split and post-split shares of USO began trading on April 29, 2020. As a result of the reverse share split, every eight pre-split shares of USO were automatically exchanged for one post-split share. Immediately prior to the reverse split, there were 1,482,900,000 shares of USO issued and outstanding, representing a per share NAV of $2.04. Immediately after the effect of the reverse share split, the number of issued and outstanding shares of USO decreased to 185,362,500, not accounting for fractional shares, and the per share NAV increased to $16.35. In connection with the reverse share split, the CUSIP number for USO’s shares changed to 91232N207. USO’s ticker symbol, “USO,” remains the same. The accompanying financial statements have been adjusted to reflect the effect of the reverse share split on a retroactive basis.
In April 2006, USO initially registered 17,000,000 shares on Form S-1 with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). On April 10, 2006, USO listed its shares on the AMEX under the ticker symbol “USO” and switched to trading on the NYSE Arca under the same ticker symbol on November 25, 2008. On that day, USO established its initial per share NAV by setting the price at $67.39 and issued 200,000 shares in exchange for $13,479,000. USO also commenced investment operations on April 10, 2006, by purchasing Oil Futures Contracts traded on the NYMEX based on light, sweet crude oil. As of December 31, 2021, USO had registered a total of 5,627,000,000 shares.
NOTE 2 — SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
Basis of Presentation
The financial statements have been prepared in conformity with U.S. GAAP as detailed in the Financial Accounting Standards Board’s (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification. USO is an investment company for accounting purposes and follows the accounting and reporting guidance in FASB Topic 946.
Revenue Recognition
Commodity futures contracts, swap and forward contracts, physical commodities and related options are recorded on the trade date. All such transactions are recorded on the identified cost basis and marked to market daily. Unrealized gains or losses on open contracts are reflected in the statements of financial condition and represent the difference between the original contract amount and the market value (as determined by exchange settlement prices for futures contracts and related options and cash dealer prices at a predetermined time for swap and forward contracts, physical commodities, and their related options) as of the last business day of the year or as of the last date of the financial statements. Changes in the unrealized gains or losses between periods are reflected in the statements of operations. USO earns income on funds held at the custodian or futures commission merchants (“FCMs”) at prevailing market rates earned on such investments.
Brokerage Commissions
Brokerage commissions on all open commodity futures contracts are accrued on a full-turn basis.
Income Taxes
USO is not subject to federal income taxes; each partner reports his/her allocable share of income, gain, loss deductions or credits on his/her own income tax return.
In accordance with U.S. GAAP, USO is required to determine whether a tax position is more likely than not to be sustained upon examination by the applicable taxing authority, including resolution of any tax related appeals or litigation processes, based on the technical merits of the position. USO files an income tax return in the U.S. federal jurisdiction and may file income tax returns in various U.S. states. USO is not subject to income tax return examinations by major taxing authorities for years before 2018. The tax benefit recognized is measured as the largest amount of benefit that has a greater than fifty percent likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement. De-recognition of a tax benefit previously recognized results in USO recording a tax liability that reduces net assets. However, USO’s conclusions regarding this policy may be subject to review and adjustment at a later date based on factors including, but not limited to, on-going analysis of and changes to tax laws, regulations and interpretations thereof. USO recognizes interest accrued related to unrecognized tax benefits and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits in income tax fees payable, if assessed. No interest expense or penalties have been recognized as of and for the year ended December 31, 2021.
Creations and Redemptions
Authorized Participants may purchase Creation Baskets or redeem Redemption Baskets only in blocks of 100,000 shares at a price equal to the NAV of the shares calculated shortly after the close of the core trading session on the NYSE Arca on the day the order is placed.
USO receives or pays the proceeds from shares sold or redeemed within two business days after the trade date of the purchase or redemption. The amounts due from Authorized Participants are reflected in USO’s statements of financial condition as receivable for shares sold and amounts payable to Authorized Participants upon redemption are reflected as payable for shares redeemed.
Authorized Participants pay USO a $1,000 transaction fee for each order placed to create one or more Creation Baskets or to redeem one or more Redemption Baskets.
Partnership Capital and Allocation of Partnership Income and Losses
Profit or loss shall be allocated among the partners of USO in proportion to the number of shares each partner holds as of the close of each month. USCF may revise, alter or otherwise modify this method of allocation as described in the LP Agreement.
Calculation of Per Share NAV
USO’s per share NAV is calculated on each NYSE Arca trading day by taking the current market value of its total assets, subtracting any liabilities and dividing that amount by the total number of shares outstanding. USO uses the closing price for the contracts on the relevant exchange on that day to determine the value of contracts held on such exchange.
Net Income (Loss) Per Share
Net income (loss) per share is the difference between the per share NAV at the beginning of each period and at the end of each period. The weighted average number of shares outstanding was computed for purposes of disclosing net income (loss) per weighted average share. The weighted average shares are equal to the number of shares outstanding at the end of the period, adjusted proportionately for shares added and redeemed based on the amount of time the shares were outstanding during such period. There were no shares held by USCF at December 31, 2021.
Offering Costs
Offering costs incurred in connection with the registration of additional shares after the initial registration of shares are borne by USO. These costs include registration fees paid to regulatory agencies and all legal, accounting, printing and other expenses associated with such offerings. These costs are accounted for as a deferred charge and thereafter amortized to expense over twelve months on a straight-line basis or a shorter period if warranted.
Cash Equivalents
Cash equivalents include money market funds and overnight deposits or time deposits with original maturity dates of six months or less.
Reclassification
Certain amounts in the accompanying financial statements were reclassified to conform to the current presentation.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires USCF to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amount of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of the revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results may differ from those estimates and assumptions.
NOTE 3 — FEES PAID BY THE FUND AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS
USCF Management Fee
Under the LP Agreement, USCF is responsible for investing the assets of USO in accordance with the objectives and policies of USO. In addition, USCF has arranged for one or more third parties to provide administrative, custody, accounting, transfer agency and other necessary services to USO. For these services, USO is contractually obligated to pay USCF a fee, which is paid monthly, equal to 0.45% per annum of average daily total net assets.
Ongoing Registration Fees and Other Offering Expenses
USO pays all costs and expenses associated with the ongoing registration of its shares subsequent to the initial offering. These costs include registration or other fees paid to regulatory agencies in connection with the offer and sale of shares, and all legal, accounting, printing and other expenses associated with such offer and sale. For the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, USO incurred $1,260,041, $3,203,939 and $504,876 respectively, in registration fees and other offering expenses.
Independent Directors’ and Officers’ Expenses
USO is responsible for paying its portion of the directors’ and officers’ liability insurance for USO and the Related Public Funds and the fees and expenses of the independent directors who also serve as audit committee members of USO and the Related Public Funds. USO shares the fees and expenses on a pro rata basis with each Related Public Fund, as described above, based on the relative assets of each Related Public Fund computed on a daily basis. These fees and expenses for the year ending December 31, 2021 are estimated to be a total of $745,448 for USO and, in the aggregate for USO and the Related Public Funds, $1,081,963. For the year ended December 31, 2020, these fees and expenses were $585,896 for USO and the Related Public Funds. USO’s portion of such fees and expenses for the year ended December 31, 2020 was $391,372. For the year ended December 31, 2019, these fees and expenses were $556,951 for USO and the Related Public Funds. USO’s portion of such fees and expenses for the year ended December 31, 2019 was $333,741.
Licensing Fees
As discussed in Note 4 below, USO entered into a licensing agreement with the NYMEX on April 10, 2006, as amended on October 20, 2011. Pursuant to the agreement, USO and the Related Public Funds, other than BNO, USCI and CPER, pay a licensing fee that is equal to 0.015% on all net assets. During the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, USO incurred $446,110, $512,944 and $215,376, respectively under this arrangement.
Investor Tax Reporting Cost
The fees and expenses associated with USO’s audit expenses and tax accounting and reporting requirements are paid by USO. These costs are estimated to be $6,800,000 for the year ending December 31, 2021. For the years ending December 31, 2020, and 2019 USO’s investor reporting costs totaled $2,178,975 and $1,400,997 respectively. Tax reporting costs fluctuate between years due to the number of shareholders during any given year.
Other Expenses and Fees
In addition to the fees described above, USO pays all brokerage fees and other expenses in connection with the operation of USO, excluding costs and expenses paid by USCF as outlined in Note 4 – Contracts and Agreements below.
NOTE 4 — CONTRACTS AND AGREEMENTS
Marketing Agent Agreement
USO is party to a marketing agent agreement, dated as of March 13, 2006, as amended from time to time, with the Marketing Agent and USCF, whereby the Marketing Agent provides certain marketing services for USO as outlined in the agreement. The fees of the Marketing Agent, which are borne by USCF, include a marketing fee of $425,000 per annum plus the following incentive fee: 0.00% on USO’s assets from $0 – $500 million; 0.04% on USO’s assets from $500 million – $4 billion and 0.03% on USO’s assets in excess of $4 billion. In no event may the aggregate compensation paid to the Marketing Agent and any affiliate of USCF for distribution-related services exceed 10% of the gross proceeds of USO’s offering.
The above fee does not include website construction and development, which are also borne by USCF.
Custody, Transfer Agency and Fund Administration and Accounting Services Agreements
USCF engaged The Bank of New York Mellon, a New York corporation authorized to do a banking business (“BNY Mellon”), to provide USO and each of the Related Public Funds with certain custodial, administrative and accounting, and transfer agency services, pursuant to the following agreements with BNY Mellon dated as of March 20, 2020 (together, the “BNY Mellon Agreements”), which were effective as of April 1, 2020: (i) a Custody Agreement; (ii) a Fund Administration and Accounting Agreement; and (iii) a Transfer Agency and Service Agreement. USCF pays the fees of BNY Mellon for its services under the BNY Mellon Agreements and such fees are determined by the parties from time to time.
Brown Brothers Harriman and Co. (“BBH&Co.”) previously served as the Administrator, Custodian, Transfer Agent and Fund Accounting Agent for USO and the Related Public Funds prior to BNY Mellon commencing such services on April 1, 2020. Certain fund accounting and fund administration services rendered by BBH&Co. to USO and the Related Public Funds terminated on May 31, 2020 to allow for the transition to BNY Mellon.
Brokerage and Futures Commission Merchant Agreements
USO entered into a brokerage agreement with RBC Capital Markets LLC (“RBC”) to serve as USO’s FCM effective October 10, 2013. USO has engaged each of RCG Division of Marex Spectron (“RCG”), E D & F Man Capital Markets Inc. (“MCM”) and Macquarie Futures USA LLC (“MFUSA”) to serve as an additional FCM to USO effective on May 28, 2020, June 5, 2020, and December 3, 2020, respectively. The agreements with USO’s FCMs require the FCMs to provide services to USO in connection with the purchase and sale of Oil Futures Contracts and Other Oil-Related Investments that may be purchased and sold by or through the applicable FCM for USO’s account. In accordance with the FCM agreements, USO pays each FCM commissions of approximately $7 to $8 per round-turn trade, including applicable exchange, clearing and NFA fees for Oil Futures Contracts and options on Oil Futures Contracts. Such fees include those incurred when purchasing Oil Futures Contracts and options on Oil Futures Contracts when USO issues shares as a result of a Creation Basket, as well as fees incurred when selling Oil Futures Contracts and options on Oil Futures Contracts when USO redeems shares as a result of a Redemption Basket. Such fees are also incurred when Oil Futures Contracts and options on Oil Futures Contracts are purchased or redeemed for the purpose of rebalancing the portfolio. USO also incurs commissions to brokers for the purchase and sale of Oil Futures Contracts, Other Oil-Related Investments or short-term obligations of the United States of two years or less (“Treasuries”).
| Year ended | Year ended | Year ended | ||||||||||
| December 31, 2021 | December 31, 2020 | December 31, 2019 | ||||||||||
| Total commissions accrued to brokers | $ | 1,123,971 | $ | 6,104,865 | $ | 2,423,017 | ||||||
| Total commissions as annualized percentage of average total net assets | 0.04 | % | 0.18 | % | 0.17 | % | ||||||
| Commissions accrued as a result of rebalancing | $ | 858,171 | $ | 5,072,915 | $ | 2,052,263 | ||||||
| Percentage of commissions accrued as a result of rebalancing | 76.35 | % | 83.10 | % | 84.70 | % | ||||||
| Commissions accrued as a result of creation and redemption activity | $ | 265,800 | $ | 1,031,950 | $ | 370,754 | ||||||
| Percentage of commissions accrued as a result of creation and redemption activity | 23.65 | % | 16.90 | % | 15.30 | % | ||||||
The decrease in total commissions accrued to brokers for the year ended December 31, 2021, compared to the year ended December 31, 2020, was due primarily to a lower number of crude oil futures contracts being held and traded.
NYMEX Licensing Agreement
USO and the NYMEX entered into a licensing agreement on April 10, 2006, as amended on October 20, 2011, whereby USO was granted a non-exclusive license to use certain of the NYMEX’s settlement prices and service marks. Under the licensing agreement, USO and the Related Public Funds, other than BNO, USCI and CPER, pay the NYMEX an asset-based fee for the license, the terms of which are described in Note 3. USO expressly disclaims any association with the NYMEX or endorsement of USO by the NYMEX and acknowledges that “NYMEX” and “New York Mercantile Exchange” are registered trademarks of the NYMEX.
NOTE 5 — FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS, OFF-BALANCE SHEET RISKS AND CONTINGENCIES
USO may engage in the trading of futures contracts, options on futures contracts, cleared swaps and OTC swaps (collectively, “derivatives”). USO is exposed to both market risk, which is the risk arising from changes in the market value of the contracts, and credit risk, which is the risk of failure by another party to perform according to the terms of a contract.
USO may enter into futures contracts, options on futures contracts, cleared swaps, and OTC-swaps to gain exposure to changes in the value of an underlying commodity. A futures contract obligates the seller to deliver (and the purchaser to accept) the future delivery of a specified quantity and type of a commodity at a specified time and place. Some futures contracts may call for physical delivery of the asset, while others are settled in cash. The contractual obligations of a buyer or seller may generally be satisfied by taking or making physical delivery of the underlying commodity or by making an offsetting sale or purchase of an identical futures contract on the same or linked exchange before the designated date of delivery. Cleared swaps are agreements that are eligible to be cleared by a clearinghouse, e.g., ICE Clear Europe, and provide the efficiencies and benefits that centralized clearing on an exchange offers to traders of futures contracts, including credit risk intermediation and the ability to offset positions initiated with different counterparties. OTC swaps are entered into between two parties in private contracts. In an OTC swap, each party bears credit risk to the other party, i.e., the risk that the other party may not be able to perform its obligations under the OTC swap.
The purchase and sale of futures contracts, options on futures contracts and cleared swaps require margin deposits with an FCM. Additional deposits may be necessary for any loss on contract value. The Commodity Exchange Act requires FCMs to segregate all customer transactions and assets from the FCM’s proprietary transactions and assets. To reduce the credit risk that arises in connection with OTC swaps, USO will generally enter into an agreement with each counterparty based on the Master Agreement published by the International Swaps and Derivatives Association, Inc., which provides for the netting of its overall exposure to its counterparty. The Master Agreement is negotiated as between the parties and would address, among other things, the exchange of margin between the parties.
Futures contracts, options on futures contracts and cleared swaps involve, to varying degrees, elements of market risk (specifically commodity price risk) and exposure to loss in excess of the amount of variation margin. The face or contract amounts reflect the extent of the total exposure USO has in the particular classes of instruments. Additional risks associated with the use of futures contracts are an imperfect correlation between movements in the price of the futures contracts and the market value of the underlying securities and the possibility of an illiquid market for a futures contract. Buying and selling options on futures contracts exposes investors to the risks of purchasing or selling futures contracts.
As to OTC swaps, valuing OTC derivatives is less certain than valuing actively traded financial instruments such as exchange-traded futures contracts and securities or cleared swaps, because the price and terms on which such OTC derivatives are entered into or can be terminated are individually negotiated, and those prices and terms may not reflect the best price or terms available from other sources. In addition, while market makers and dealers generally quote indicative prices or terms for entering into or terminating OTC contracts, they typically are not contractually obligated to do so, particularly if they are not a party to the transaction. As a result, it may be difficult to obtain an independent value for an outstanding OTC derivatives transaction.
A novel strain of coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization on March 11, 2020. The situation is evolving with various cities and countries around the world responding in different ways to address the outbreak. There are direct and indirect economic effects developing for various industries and individual companies throughout the world. Management will continue to monitor the impact COVID-19 has on USO and reflect the consequences as appropriate in USO’s accounting and financial reporting. The pandemic spread of the novel coronavirus and related geopolitical events could lead to increased market volatility, disruption to U.S. and world economies and markets and may have significant adverse effects on USO and its investments.
All of the futures contracts held by USO through December 31, 2021 were exchange-traded. The risks associated with exchange-traded contracts are generally perceived to be less than those associated with OTC swaps since, in OTC swaps, a party must rely solely on the credit of its respective individual counterparties. However, in the future, if USO were to enter into non-exchange traded contracts, it would be subject to the credit risk associated with counterparty non-performance. The credit risk from counterparty non-performance associated with such instruments is the net unrealized gain, if any, on the transaction. USO has credit risk under its futures contracts since the sole counterparty to all domestic and foreign futures contracts is the clearinghouse for the exchange on which the relevant contracts are traded. In addition, USO bears the risk of financial failure by the clearing broker.
USO’s cash and other property, such as Treasuries, deposited with its FCMs are considered commingled with all other customer funds, subject to such FCM’s segregation requirements. In the event of an FCM’s insolvency, recovery may be limited to a pro rata share of segregated funds available. It is possible that the recovered amount could be less than the total of cash and other property deposited. The insolvency of an FCM could result in the complete loss of USO’s assets posted with that FCM; however, the majority of USO’s assets are held in investments in Treasuries, cash and/or cash equivalents with USO’s custodian and would not be impacted by the insolvency of an FCM. The failure or insolvency of USO’s custodian, however, could result in a substantial loss of USO’s assets.
USCF invests a portion of USO’s cash in money market funds that seek to maintain a stable per share NAV. USO is exposed to any risk of loss associated with an investment in such money market funds. As of December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, USO held investments in money market funds in the amounts of $1,544,534,000 and $418,534,000, respectively. USO also holds cash deposits with its custodian. As of December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, USO held cash deposits and investments in Treasuries in the amounts of $719,884,396 and $2,890,704,139 respectively, with the custodian and FCMs. Some or all of these amounts may be subject to loss should USO’s custodian and/or FCMs cease operations.
For derivatives, risks arise from changes in the market value of the contracts. Theoretically, USO is exposed to market risk equal to the value of futures contracts purchased and unlimited liability on such contracts sold short or that the value of the futures contract could fall below zero. As both a buyer and a seller of options, USO pays or receives a premium at the outset and then bears the risk of unfavorable changes in the price of the contract underlying the option.
USO’s policy is to continuously monitor its exposure to market and counterparty risk through the use of a variety of financial, position and credit exposure reporting controls and procedures. In addition, USO has a policy of requiring review of the credit standing of each broker or counterparty with which it conducts business.
The financial instruments held by USO are reported in its statements of financial condition at market or fair value, or at carrying amounts that approximate fair value, because of their highly liquid nature and short-term maturity.
Settlement of SEC and CFTC Investigations
On November 8, 2021, USCF and USO announced a resolution with each of the SEC and the CFTC relating to matters set forth in certain Wells Notices issued by the staffs of each of the SEC and CFTC as more fully described below.
On August 17, 2020, USCF, USO, and John Love received a “Wells Notice” from the staff of the SEC (the “SEC Wells Notice”). The SEC Wells Notice stated that the SEC staff made a preliminary determination to recommend that the SEC file an enforcement action against USCF, USO, and Mr. Love alleging violations of Sections 17(a)(1) and 17(a)(3) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “1933 Act”), and Section 10(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “1934 Act”), and Rule 10b-5 thereunder.
Subsequently, on August 19, 2020, USCF, USO, and Mr. Love received a Wells Notice from the staff of the CFTC (the “CFTC Wells Notice”). The CFTC Wells Notice stated that the CFTC staff made a preliminary determination to recommend that the CFTC file an enforcement action against USCF, USO, and Mr. Love alleging violations of Sections 4o(1)(A) and (B) and 6(c)(1) of the Commodity Exchange Act of 1936, as amended (the “CEA”), 7 U.S.C. §§ 6o(1)(A) and (B) and 9(1) (2018), and CFTC Regulations 4.26, 4.41, and 180.1(a), 17 C.F.R. §§ 4.26, 4.41, 180.1(a) (2019).
On November 8, 2021, acting pursuant to an offer of settlement submitted by USCF and USO, the SEC issued an order instituting cease-and-desist proceedings, making findings, and imposing a cease-and-desist order pursuant to Section 8A of the 1933 Act, directing USCF and USO to cease and desist from committing or causing any violations of Section 17(a)(3) of the 1933 Act, 15 U.S.C. § 77q(a)(3) (the “SEC Order”). In the SEC Order, the SEC made findings that, from April 24, 2020 to May 21, 2020, USCF and USO violated Section 17(a)(3) of 1933 Act, which provides that it is “unlawful for any person in the offer or sale of any securities to engage in any transaction, practice, or course of business which operates or would operate as a fraud or deceit upon the purchaser.” USCF and USO consented to entry of the SEC Order without admitting or denying the findings contained therein, except as to jurisdiction.
Separately, on November 8, 2021, acting pursuant to an offer of settlement submitted by USCF, the CFTC issued an order instituting cease-and-desist proceedings, making findings, and imposing a cease-and-desist order pursuant to Section 6(c) and (d) of the CEA, directing USCF to cease and desist from committing or causing any violations of Section 4o(1)(B) of the CEA, 7 U.S.C. § 6o(1) (B), and CFTC Regulation 4.41(a)(2), 17 C.F.R. § 4.41(a)(2) (the “CFTC Order”). In the CFTC Order, the CFTC made findings that, from on or about April 22, 2020 to June 12, 2020, USCF violated Section 4o(1)(B) of the CEA and CFTC Regulation 4.41(a)(2), which make it unlawful for any commodity pool operator (“CPO”) to engage in “any transaction, practice, or course of business which operates as a fraud or deceit upon any client or participant or prospective client or participant” and prohibit a CPO from advertising in a manner which “operates as a fraud or deceit upon any client or participant or prospective client or participant,” respectively. USCF consented to entry of the CFTC Order without admitting or denying the findings contained therein, except as to jurisdiction.
Pursuant to the SEC Order and the CFTC Order, in addition to the command to cease and desist from committing or causing any violations of Section 17(a)(3) of the 1933 Act, Section 4o(1)(B) of the CEA, and CFTC Regulation 4.14(a)(2), civil monetary penalties totaling two million five hundred thousand dollars ($2,500,000) in the aggregate were required to be paid to the SEC and CFTC, of which one million two hundred fifty thousand dollars ($1,250,000) was paid by USCF to each of the SEC and the CFTC, respectively, pursuant to the offsets permitted under the orders.
In re: United States Oil Fund, LP Securities Litigation
On June 19, 2020, USCF, USO, John P. Love, and Stuart P. Crumbaugh were named as defendants in a putative class action filed by purported shareholder Robert Lucas (the “Lucas Class Action”). The Court thereafter consolidated the Lucas Class Action with two related putative class actions filed on July 31, 2020 and August 13, 2020, and appointed a lead plaintiff. The consolidated class action is pending in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York under the caption In re: United States Oil Fund, LP Securities Litigation, Civil Action No. 1:20-cv-04740.
On November 30, 2020, the lead plaintiff filed an amended complaint (the “Amended Lucas Class Complaint”). The Amended Lucas Class Complaint asserts claims under the 1933 Act, the Exchange Act, and Rule 10b-5. The Amended Lucas Class Complaint challenges statements in registration statements that became effective on February 25, 2020 and March 23, 2020 as well as subsequent public statements through April 2020 concerning certain extraordinary market conditions and the attendant risks that caused the demand for oil to fall precipitously, including the COVID-19 global pandemic and the Saudi Arabia-Russia oil price war. The Amended Lucas Class Complaint purports to have been brought by an investor in USO on behalf of a class of similarly-situated shareholders who purchased USO securities between February 25, 2020 and April 28, 2020 and pursuant to the challenged registration statements. The Amended Lucas Class Complaint seeks to certify a class and to award the class compensatory damages at an amount to be determined at trial as well as costs and attorney’s fees. The Amended Lucas Class Complaint named as defendants USCF, USO, John P. Love, Stuart P. Crumbaugh, Nicholas D. Gerber, Andrew F Ngim, Robert L. Nguyen, Peter M. Robinson, Gordon L. Ellis, and Malcolm R. Fobes III, as well as the marketing agent, ALPS Distributors, Inc., and the Authorized Participants: ABN Amro, BNP Paribas Securities Corporation, Citadel Securities LLC, Citigroup Global Markets, Inc., Credit Suisse Securities USA LLC, Deutsche Bank Securities Inc., Goldman Sachs & Company, J.P. Morgan Securities Inc., Merrill Lynch Professional Clearing Corporation, Morgan Stanley & Company Inc., Nomura Securities International Inc., RBC Capital Markets LLC, SG Americas Securities LLC, UBS Securities LLC, and Virtu Financial BD LLC.
The lead plaintiff has filed a notice of voluntary dismissal of its claims against BNP Paribas Securities Corporation, Citadel Securities LLC, Citigroup Global Markets Inc., Credit Suisse Securities USA LLC, Deutsche Bank Securities Inc., Morgan Stanley & Company, Inc., Nomura Securities International, Inc., RBC Capital Markets, LLC, SG Americas Securities LLC, and UBS Securities LLC.
USCF, USO, and the individual defendants in In re: United States Oil Fund, LP Securities Litigation intend to vigorously contest such claims and have moved for their dismissal.
Wang Class Action
On July 10, 2020, purported shareholder Momo Wang filed a putative class action complaint, individually and on behalf of others similarly situated, against defendants USO, USCF, John P. Love, Stuart P. Crumbaugh, Nicholas D. Gerber, Andrew F Ngim, Robert L. Nguyen, Peter M. Robinson, Gordon L. Ellis, Malcolm R. Fobes, III, ABN Amro, BNP Paribas Securities Corp., Citadel Securities LLC, Citigroup Global Markets Inc., Credit Suisse Securities USA LLC, Deutsche Bank Securities Inc., Goldman Sachs & Company, JP Morgan Securities Inc., Merrill Lynch Professional Clearing Corp., Morgan Stanley & Company Inc., Nomura Securities International Inc., RBC Capital Markets LLC, SG Americas Securities LLC, UBS Securities LLC, and Virtu Financial BD LLC, in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California as Civil Action No. 3:20-cv-4596 (the “Wang Class Action”).
The Wang Class Action asserted federal securities claims under the 1933 Act, challenging disclosures in a March 19, 2020 registration statement. It alleged that the defendants failed to disclose to investors in USO certain extraordinary market conditions and the attendant risks that caused the demand for oil to fall precipitously, including the COVID-19 global pandemic and the Saudi Arabia-Russia oil price war. The Wang Class Action was voluntarily dismissed on August 4, 2020.
Mehan Action
On August 10, 2020, purported shareholder Darshan Mehan filed a derivative action on behalf of nominal defendant USO, against defendants USCF, John P. Love, Stuart P. Crumbaugh, Nicholas D. Gerber, Andrew F Ngim, Robert L. Nguyen, Peter M. Robinson, Gordon L. Ellis, and Malcolm R. Fobes, III (the “Mehan Action”). The action is pending in the Superior Court of the State of California for the County of Alameda as Case No. RG20070732.
The Mehan Action alleges that the defendants breached their fiduciary duties to USO and failed to act in good faith in connection with a March 19, 2020 registration statement and offering and disclosures regarding certain extraordinary market conditions that caused demand for oil to fall precipitously, including the COVID-19 global pandemic and the Saudi Arabia-Russia oil price war. The complaint seeks, on behalf of USO, compensatory damages, restitution, equitable relief, attorney’s fees, and costs. All proceedings in the Mehan Action are stayed pending disposition of the motion(s) to dismiss in In re: United States Oil Fund, LP Securities Litigation.
USCF, USO, and the other defendants intend to vigorously contest such claims.
In re United States Oil Fund, LP Derivative Litigation
On August 27, 2020, purported shareholders Michael Cantrell and AML Pharm. Inc. DBA Golden International filed two separate derivative actions on behalf of nominal defendant USO, against defendants USCF, John P. Love, Stuart P. Crumbaugh, Andrew F Ngim, Gordon L. Ellis, Malcolm R. Fobes, III, Nicholas D. Gerber, Robert L. Nguyen, and Peter M. Robinson in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York at Civil Action No. 1:20-cv-06974 (the “Cantrell Action”) and Civil Action No. 1:20-cv-06981 (the “AML Action”), respectively.
The complaints in the Cantrell and AML Actions are nearly identical. They each allege violations of Sections 10(b), 20(a), and 21D of the Exchange Act, Rule 10b-5 thereunder, and common law claims of breach of fiduciary duties, unjust enrichment, abuse of control, gross mismanagement, and waste of corporate assets. These allegations stem from USO’s disclosures and defendants’ alleged actions in light of the extraordinary market conditions in 2020 that caused demand for oil to fall precipitously, including the COVID-19 global pandemic and the Saudi Arabia-Russia oil price war. The complaints seek, on behalf of USO, compensatory damages, restitution, equitable relief, attorney’s fees, and costs. The plaintiffs in the Cantrell and AML Actions have marked their actions as related to the Lucas Class Action.
The Court consolidated the Cantrell and AML Actions under the caption In re United States Oil Fund, LP Derivative Litigation, Civil Action No. 1:20-cv-06974 and appointed co-lead counsel. All proceedings in In re United States Oil Fund, LP Derivative Litigation are stayed pending disposition of the motion(s) to dismiss in In re: United States Oil Fund, LP Securities Litigation.
USCF, USO, and the other defendants intend to vigorously contest the claims in In re United States Oil Fund, LP Derivative Litigation.
NOTE 6 — FINANCIAL HIGHLIGHTS
The following table presents per share performance data and other supplemental financial data for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019 for the shareholders. This information has been derived from information presented in the financial statements.
| Year ended | Year ended | Year ended | ||||||||||
| December 31, 2021 | December 31, 2020 | December 31, 2019* | ||||||||||
| Per Share Operating Performance: | ||||||||||||
| Net asset value, beginning of year | $ | 33.07 | $ | 102.27 | $ | 76.68 | ||||||
| Total income (loss) | 21.48 | (68.95 | ) | 26.34 | ||||||||
| Total expenses | (0.37 | ) | (0.25 | ) | (0.75 | ) | ||||||
| Net increase (decrease) in net asset value | 21.11 | (69.20 | ) | 25.59 | ||||||||
| Net asset value, end of year | $ | 54.18 | $ | 33.07 | $ | 102.27 | ||||||
| Total Return | 63.83 | % | (67.66 | )% | 33.37 | % | ||||||
| Ratios to Average Net Assets | ||||||||||||
| Total income (loss) | 54.68 | % | (54.88 | )% | 33.77 | % | ||||||
| Management fees | 0.45 | % | 0.45 | % | 0.45 | % | ||||||
| Total expenses excluding management fees | 0.36 | % | 0.38 | % | 0.34 | % | ||||||
| Net income (loss) | 53.87 | % | (55.71 | )% | 32.97 | % | ||||||
*On April 28, 2020, there was a 1-for-8 reverse share split. The Financial Highlights have been adjusted for the periods shown to reflect the 1-for-8 reverse share split on a retroactive basis.
Total returns are calculated based on the change in value during the period. An individual shareholder’s total return and ratio may vary from the above total returns and ratios based on the timing of contributions to and withdrawals from USO.
NOTE 7 - QUARTERLY FINANCIAL DATA (Unaudited)
The following summarized (unaudited) quarterly financial information presents the results of operations and other data for the three-month periods ended March 31, June 30, September 30 and December 31, 2021 and 2020.
| First | Second | Third | Fourth | |||||||||||||
| Quarter | Quarter | Quarter | Quarter | |||||||||||||
| 2021 | 2021 | 2021 | 2021 | |||||||||||||
| Total Income (Loss) | $ | 727,913,736 | $ | 661,006,102 | $ | 140,294,965 | $ | 97,012,862 | ||||||||
| Total Expenses | 6,444,629 | 6,768,609 | 5,628,576 | 5,111,607 | ||||||||||||
| Net Income (Loss) | $ | 721,469,107 | $ | 654,237,493 | $ | 134,666,389 | $ | 91,901,255 | ||||||||
| Net Income (Loss) per Share | $ | 7.33 | $ | 9.47 | $ | 2.78 | $ | 1.53 | ||||||||
| First | Second | Third | Fourth | |||||||||||||
| Quarter | Quarter | Quarter | Quarter | |||||||||||||
| 2020* | 2020 | 2020 | 2020 | |||||||||||||
| Total Income (Loss) | $ | (1,614,034,624 | ) | $ | (916,724,948 | ) | $ | 91,637,158 | $ | 562,237,243 | ||||||
| Total Expenses | 3,338,866 | 10,338,213 | 7,746,606 | 6,872,723 | ||||||||||||
| Net Income (Loss) | $ | (1,617,373,490 | ) | $ | (927,063,161 | ) | $ | 83,890,552 | $ | 555,364,520 | ||||||
| Net Income (Loss) per Share | $ | (68.33 | ) | $ | (5.92 | ) | $ | 0.47 | $ | 4.58 | ||||||
*On April 28, 2020, there was a 1-for-8 reverse share split. The unaudited Quarterly Financial data has been adjusted for the period shown to reflect the 1-for-8 reverse a share split on a retroactive basis.
NOTE 8 — FAIR VALUE OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS
USO values its investments in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification 820 – Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures (“ASC 820”). ASC 820 defines fair value, establishes a framework for measuring fair value in generally accepted accounting principles, and expands disclosures about fair value measurement. The changes to past practice resulting from the application of ASC 820 relate to the definition of fair value, the methods used to measure fair value, and the expanded disclosures about fair value measurement. ASC 820 establishes a fair value hierarchy that distinguishes between: (1) market participant assumptions developed based on market data obtained from sources independent of USO (observable inputs) and (2) USO’s own assumptions about market participant assumptions developed based on the best information available under the circumstances (unobservable inputs). The three levels defined by the ASC 820 hierarchy are as follows:
Level I – Quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the reporting entity has the ability to access at the measurement date.
Level II – Inputs other than quoted prices included within Level I that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly. Level II assets include the following: quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active, inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability, and inputs that are derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data by correlation or other means (market-corroborated inputs).
Level III – Unobservable pricing input at the measurement date for the asset or liability. Unobservable inputs shall be used to measure fair value to the extent that observable inputs are not available.
In some instances, the inputs used to measure fair value might fall within different levels of the fair value hierarchy. The level in the fair value hierarchy within which the fair value measurement in its entirety falls shall be determined based on the lowest input level that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety.
The following table summarizes the valuation of USO’s securities at December 31, 2021 using the fair value hierarchy:
| At December 31, 2021 | Total | Level I | Level II | Level III | ||||||||||||
| Short-Term Investments | $ | 1,544,534,000 | $ | 1,544,534,000 | $ | — | $ | — | ||||||||
| Exchange-Traded Futures Contracts | ||||||||||||||||
| United States Contracts | 114,437,224 | 114,437,224 | — | — | ||||||||||||
The following table summarizes the valuation of USO’s securities at December 31, 2020 using the fair value hierarchy:
| At December 31, 2020 | Total | Level I | Level II | Level III | ||||||||||||
| Short-Term Investments | $ | 418,534,000 | $ | 418,534,000 | $ | — | $ | — | ||||||||
| Exchange-Traded Futures Contracts | ||||||||||||||||
| United States Contracts | 401,443,958 | 401,443,958 | — | — | ||||||||||||
Effective January 1, 2009, USO adopted the provisions of Accounting Standards Codification 815 — Derivatives and Hedging, which require presentation of qualitative disclosures about objectives and strategies for using derivatives, quantitative disclosures about fair value amounts and gains and losses on derivatives.
Fair Value of Derivative Instruments
| Statements of | Fair Value | Fair Value | ||||||||
| Financial | at December 31, | at December 31, | ||||||||
| Derivatives not Accounted for as Hedging Instruments | Condition Location | 2021 | 2020 | |||||||
| Futures - Commodity Contracts | Assets | $ | 114,437,224 | $ | 401,443,958 | |||||
The Effect of Derivative Instruments on the Statements of Operations
| For the year ended | For the year ended | For the year ended | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| December 31, 2021 | December 31, 2020 | December 31, 2019 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Change in | Change in | Change in | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Location of | Realized | Unrealized | Realized | Unrealized | Realized | Unrealized | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Derivatives not | Gain (Loss) | gain (Loss) | Gain (Loss) on | Gain (Loss) | Gain (Loss) on | Gain (Loss) | Gain (Loss) on | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Accounted for | on Derivatives | on Derivatives | Derivatives | in Derivatives | Derivatives | in Derivatives | Derivatives | |||||||||||||||||||||
| as Hedging | Recognized in | Recognized in | Recognized in | Recognized in | Recognized in | Recognized in | Recognized in | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Instruments | Income | Income | Income | Income | Income | Income | Income | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Futures - Commodity Contracts | Realized gain (loss) on closed positions | $ | 1,911,763,583 | $ | (2,251,576,260 | ) | $ | 220,179,889 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Change in unrealized gain (loss) on open positions | $ | (287,006,734 | ) | $ | 363,923,391 | $ | 231,913,525 | |||||||||||||||||||||
NOTE 9 — RECENT ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS
In August 2018, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2018-13, which changes certain fair value measurement disclosure requirements. The new ASU, in addition to other modifications and additions, removes the requirement to disclose the amount and reasons for transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy, and USO’s policy for the timing of transfers between levels. The amendments are effective for financial statements issued for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, and interim periods within those fiscal years. USO has evaluated the implications of certain provisions of the ASU and has determined that there will be no material impacts to the financial statements.
NOTE 10 — SUBSEQUENT EVENTS
USO has performed an evaluation of subsequent events through the date the financial statements were issued. This evaluation did not result in any subsequent events that necessitated disclosures and/or adjustments.