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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

The Merger represents a business combination pursuant to ASC 805-50, which was accounted for as a transaction between entities under common control as Dr. Soon-Shiong and his affiliates were the controlling stockholders of both the company and NantCell for all of the periods presented in this report. As a result, all of the assets and liabilities of NantCell were combined with ours at their historical carrying amounts on the closing date of the Merger. We recast our prior period financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2021 to reflect the conveyance of NantCell’s common shares as if the Merger had occurred as of the earliest date of the consolidated financial statements presented. All material intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Basis of Presentation

The consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP and pursuant to the rules and regulations of the SEC. Certain items in the prior years’ consolidated financial statements have been reclassified to conform to the current presentation. These reclassifications had no effect on the reported results of operations. The consolidated financial statements reflect all adjustments which are, in the opinion of management, necessary for a fair presentation of our financial position and results of operations.

Principles of Consolidation

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the company, its wholly-owned subsidiaries, and a VIE for which the company is the primary beneficiary. Any material intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated upon consolidation. For consolidated entities in which we have less than 100% ownership, we record net loss attributable to noncontrolling interests, net of tax, on the consolidated statement of operations equal to the percentage of the ownership interest retained in such entities by the respective noncontrolling parties.

We assess whether we are the primary beneficiary of a VIE at the inception of the arrangement and at each reporting date. This assessment is based on our power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impacts the VIE’s economic performance and our obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits from the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE.

If the entity is within the scope of the variable interest model and meets the definition of a VIE, we consider whether we must consolidate the VIE or provide additional disclosures regarding our involvement with the VIE. If we determine that we are the primary beneficiary of the VIE, we will consolidate the VIE. This analysis is performed at the initial investment in the entity or upon any reconsideration event.

For entities we hold as an equity investment that are not consolidated under the VIE model, we consider whether our investment constitutes a controlling financial interest in the entity and therefore should be considered for consolidation under the voting interest model.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make certain estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates, including those related to the valuation of equity-based awards, deferred income taxes and related valuation allowances, preclinical and clinical trial accruals, impairment assessments, CVR measurement and assessments, the measurement of right-of-use assets and lease liabilities, useful lives of long-lived assets, loss contingencies, fair value calculation of warrants, stock options, derivative liabilities, and convertible promissory notes, fair value measurements, revenue interest liability, and the assessment of our ability to fund our operations for at least the next 12 months from the date of issuance of these consolidated financial statements. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other market-specific and relevant assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. Estimates are assessed each period and updated to reflect current information. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Contingencies

We record accruals for loss contingencies to the extent that we conclude it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of the related loss can be reasonably estimated. We accrue for the best estimate of a loss within a range; however, if no estimate in the range is better than any other, then we accrue the minimum amount in the range. If we determine that a material loss is reasonably possible, we disclose the possible loss or range of loss, or that the amount of loss cannot be estimated at this time. We evaluate, on a quarterly basis, developments in legal proceedings and other matters that could cause a change in the potential amount of the liability recorded or the range of potential losses disclosed. Moreover, we record gain contingencies only when they are realizable and the amount is known. Additionally, we record our rights to insurance recoveries, limited to the extent of incurred or probable losses, as a receivable when such recoveries have been agreed to with our third-party insurers and when receipt is deemed probable. This includes instances when our third-party insurers have agreed to pay, on our behalf, certain legal defense costs and settlement amounts directly to applicable law firms and a settlement fund.

Concentration of Credit Risk and Other Risks and Uncertainties

Financial instruments that potentially subject us to concentrations of risk consist principally of cash and cash equivalents, marketable securities, and a convertible note receivable.

We attempt to minimize credit risk associated with our cash and cash equivalents by periodically evaluating the credit quality of our primary financial institutions. Our investment portfolio is maintained in accordance with our investment policy. While we maintain cash deposits in FDIC insured financial institutions in excess of federally insured limits, we do not believe that we are exposed to significant credit risk due to the financial position of the depository institutions in which those deposits are held. We have not experienced any losses on such accounts.

We also monitor the creditworthiness of the borrower of the convertible promissory note. We believe that any concentration of credit risk in its convertible note receivable was mitigated in part by our ability to convert, if necessary, at the qualifying financing event or upon a payment default into shares of the senior class of equity securities of the borrower.

Product candidates developed by us will require approvals or clearances from the FDA or international regulatory agencies prior to commercial sales. There can be no assurance that any of our product candidates will receive any of the required approvals or clearances. If we were to be denied approval or clearance or any such approval or clearance was to be delayed, it would have a material adverse impact on us.

Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash

Cash equivalents include highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less from the date of purchase.

Restricted cash includes a certificate of deposit held as a substitute letter of credit for one of our leased properties. This certificate of deposit is included in other assets, on the consolidated balance sheet as the landlord is the beneficiary of the account and we are not able to access the funds during the term of the lease.

Marketable Securities and Other Investments

Marketable Debt Securities

We have typically invested our cash in a variety of financial instruments, including investment-grade short- to intermediate-term corporate debt securities, government-sponsored securities and European bonds; however, after our entry into the RIPA, we can no longer invest our excess funds in corporate or European bonds. Certain of our investments are subject to credit, liquidity, market, and interest-rate risks. The general condition of the financial markets and the economy may increase those risks and may affect the value and liquidity of investments and restrict our ability to access the capital markets. Marketable debt securities with remaining maturities of 12 months or less are classified as short-term and marketable securities with remaining maturities greater than 12 months are classified as long-term. All marketable debt securities are reported at fair value and any unrealized gains and losses are reported as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income, on the consolidated statement of stockholders’ deficit, with the exception of unrealized losses believed to be other-than-temporary, which are recorded in interest and investment income (loss), net, on the consolidated statement of operations. Realized gains and losses from sales of securities and the amounts, net of tax, reclassified out of accumulated other comprehensive income, if any, are determined on a specific identification basis.

Marketable Equity Securities

Investments in mutual funds and equity securities, other than equity method investments, are recorded at fair market value, if fair value is readily determinable and any unrealized gains and losses are included in other expense, net, on the consolidated statement of operations. Realized gains and losses from the sale of the securities are determined on a specific identification basis and the amounts are included in other expense, net, on the consolidated statement of operations.

Evaluating Investments for Other-than-Temporary Impairments

We periodically evaluate whether declines in fair values of our investments below their book value are other-than-temporary. This evaluation consists of several qualitative and quantitative factors regarding the severity and duration of the unrealized loss, as well as our ability and intent to hold the investment until a forecasted recovery occurs. Additionally, we assess whether we have plans to sell the security or whether it is more likely than not we will be required to sell any investment before recovery of its amortized cost basis. Factors considered include quoted market prices, recent financial results and operating trends, implied values from any recent transactions or offers of investee securities, credit quality of debt instrument issuers, other publicly available information that may affect the value of our investments, duration and severity of the decline in value, and our strategy and intentions for holding the investment. There were no other-than-temporary impairments recorded during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021.

Equity Method of Accounting

In circumstances where we have the ability to exercise significant influence over the operating and financial policies of a company in which we have an investment, we utilize the equity method of accounting for recording investment activity. In assessing whether we exercise significant influence, we consider the nature and magnitude of our investment, the voting and protective rights we hold, any participation in the governance of the other company and other relevant factors such as the presence of a collaborative or other business relationship. Under the equity method of accounting, we record our share of the income or loss of the other company as loss on equity method investment, in our consolidated statement of operations.

Property, Plant and Equipment, Net

Property, plant and equipment are stated at historical cost less accumulated depreciation. Historical cost includes expenditures that are directly attributable to the acquisition of the items. All repairs and maintenance are charged to operating expenses during the financial period in which they are incurred. Depreciation of property, plant and equipment is calculated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets, as follows:


Buildings						39 years
Software						3 years
Laboratory equipment						5 to 7 years
Furniture & fixtures						5 years
IT equipment						3 years
Leasehold improvements						The lesser of the lease term or life of the asset

Upon disposal of property, plant and equipment, the cost and related accumulated depreciation are removed from the consolidated financial statements and the net amount, less any proceeds, is included in other expense, net, on the consolidated statement of operations.

Property, Plant and Equipment, Net, Impairment

We review impairment of property, plant and equipment for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Recoverability is measured by a comparison of the carrying amount to the future net cash flows that the assets are expected to generate. If such assets are considered to be impaired, the impairment to be recognized is measured by the amount by which the carrying amount of the assets exceeds the projected undiscounted future cash flows arising from the assets using a discount rate determined by management to be commensurate with the risk inherent to our current business model.

Business Combinations

Business combinations are accounted for using the acquisition method of accounting in accordance with ASC 805-50. These standards require that the total cost of acquisition be allocated to the tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their respective fair values at the date of acquisition, with the excess purchase price recorded as goodwill. The allocation of the purchase price is dependent upon certain valuations and other studies. Acquisition costs are expensed as incurred.

Contingent consideration incurred in connection with a business combination are recorded at their fair values on the acquisition date and re-measured at their fair values each subsequent reporting period until the related contingencies are resolved. The resulting changes in fair value are recorded as research and development expense, on the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. Changes in fair value reflect changes to our assumptions regarding probabilities of successful achievement of related milestones, the timing in which the milestones are expected to be achieved, and the discount rate used to estimate the fair value of the obligation.

Common Control Transactions

Transactions between us and entities where Dr. Soon-Shiong and his affiliates are the controlling stockholders are accounted for as common control transactions whereby the net assets acquired or transferred are accounted at their carrying value. Any difference between the carrying value and consideration recognized is treated as a capital transaction. Cash consideration up to the carrying value of the net assets acquired or transferred is presented as an investing activity on the consolidated statement of cash flows. Cash consideration in excess of the carrying value of the net assets acquired or transferred is presented as a financing activity on the consolidated statement of cash flows.

Intangible Assets, Net

Intangible assets acquired in a business combination or an asset acquisition are initially recognized at their fair value on the acquisition date. Acquired indefinite-lived assets, such as IPR&D, are not amortized until they become definite-lived assets, upon the successful completion of the associated research and development effort. At that time, we evaluate whether the recorded

amounts are impaired and make any necessary adjustments, and then determine the useful life of the asset and begin amortization. If the associated research and development effort is abandoned, the related IPR&D assets is written-off and an impairment charge recorded.

Acquired definite-lived intangible assets are amortized using the straight-line method over their respective estimated useful lives. The amortization of these intangible assets is included in selling, general and administrative expense, on the consolidated statement of operations. Intangible assets are tested for impairment at least annually or more frequently if indicators of potential impairment exist.

Patents

Patent costs, including related legal costs, are expensed as incurred and recorded in selling, general and administrative expense on the consolidated statement of operations.

Fair Value Measurements

Fair value is defined as an exit price that would be received from the sale of an asset or paid to transfer a liability in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. We use a three-tier fair value hierarchy to classify and disclose all assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis, as well as assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis, in periods subsequent to their initial measurement. The hierarchy requires us to use observable inputs when available, and to minimize the use of unobservable inputs, when determining fair value.

The three tiers are defined as follows:

•Level 1—Observable inputs that reflect quoted market prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets at the measurement date. Since valuations are based on quoted prices that are readily and regularly available in an active market, the valuation of these products does not entail a significant degree of judgment. Our Level 1 assets consist of bank deposits, money market funds, and marketable equity securities.

•Level 2—Observable inputs other than quoted prices in active markets that are observable either directly or indirectly in the marketplace for identical or similar assets and liabilities. Our Level 2 assets consist of corporate debt securities including commercial paper, government-sponsored securities, and corporate bonds, as well as foreign municipal securities.

•Level 3—Valuations based on inputs that are unobservable and significant to the overall fair value measurement.

We utilize a third-party pricing service to assist in obtaining fair value pricing for our investments in marketable debt securities. Inputs are documented in accordance with the fair value disclosure hierarchy. The fair values of financial instruments other than marketable securities and cash and cash equivalents are determined through a combination of management estimates and third-party valuations.

During the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, no transfers were made into or out of the Level 1, 2 or 3 categories. We will continue to review the fair value inputs on a quarterly basis.

Collaboration Arrangements

We analyze our collaboration arrangements to assess whether they are within the scope of FASB ASC Topic 808, Collaborative Arrangements (ASC 808). A collaborative arrangement is a contractual arrangement that involves a joint operating activity. These arrangements involve two or more parties who are active participants in the activity, and are exposed to significant risks and rewards dependent on the commercial success of the activity. This assessment is performed throughout the life of the arrangement based on changes in the responsibilities of all parties in the arrangement. To the extent the collaboration agreement is within the scope of ASC 808, we also assess whether the arrangement contains multiple elements that are within the scope of other accounting literature. If we conclude that some or all aspects of the agreement are distinct and represent a transaction with a customer, we account for those aspects of the arrangement within the scope of FASB ASC Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (ASC 606). Amounts that are owed by collaboration partners within the scope of ASC 808 are recognized as an offset to research and development expense as such amounts are incurred by the collaboration partner. The amounts owed to a collaboration partner are classified as research and development expense.

Our collaboration arrangements require us to acquire certain equipment for exclusive use in the joint operating activities. These equipment purchases do not have an alternative use and are therefore expensed as incurred within research and development expense.

Preclinical and Clinical Trial Accruals

As part of the process of preparing the consolidated financial statements, we are required to estimate expenses resulting from obligations under contracts with vendors, clinical research organizations and consultants. The financial terms of these contracts vary and may result in payment flows that do not match the periods over which materials or services are provided under such contracts.

We estimate clinical trial and research agreement-related expenses based on the services performed, pursuant to contracts with research institutions and clinical research organizations and other vendors that conduct clinical trials and research on our behalf. In accruing clinical and research-related fees, we estimate the time period over which services will be performed and activity expended in each period. If the actual timing of the performance of services or the level of effort varies from the estimate, we will adjust the accrual accordingly. Payments made under these arrangements in advance of the receipt of the related services are recorded as prepaid expenses until the services are rendered.

Transactions with Related Parties

As outlined in Note 10, Related-Party Debt, and Note 11, Related-Party Agreements, we have various agreements with related parties. These arrangements can be billed and settled in cash monthly, billed quarterly and settled in cash the following month, or estimated in advance and collected or paid upfront based on expected utilization. Monthly accruals are made for all quarterly billing arrangements.

Lease Obligations

For all leases other than short-term leases, at the lease commencement date, a right-of-use asset and a lease liability are recognized. The right-of-use asset represents the right to use the leased asset for the lease term. At the commencement date, lease right-of-use assets and lease liabilities are determined based on the present value of lease payments to be made over the lease term. Leases are classified as either finance leases or operating leases.

As the rate implicit in lease contracts are not readily determinable, we utilize its incremental borrowing rate as a discount rate for purposes of determining the present value of lease payments, which is based on the estimated interest rate at which we could borrow on a collateralized basis the amount of the lease payments in the same currency, for a similar term, in a similar economic environment. Prospectively, we will remeasure the lease liability at the net present value of the remaining lease payments using the same incremental borrowing rate that was in effect as of the lease commencement or transition date.

Operating lease right-of-use assets also include any rent paid prior to the commencement date, less any lease incentives received, and initial direct costs incurred. Lease expense for minimum lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. We determine the lease term by assuming the exercise of renewal options that are reasonably assured. The exercise of lease renewal options is at our sole discretion. Several of our leases have renewal options, however, the exercise of renewal is only assured for five of our cGMP facilities where we have made significant improvements or extended the lease.

We combine our lease components (e.g., fixed payments including rent, real estate taxes and insurance costs) with non-lease components (e.g., common-area maintenance costs and equipment maintenance costs) and as such, we account for lease and non-lease components as a single component. Lease expense also includes amounts relating to variable lease payments. Variable lease payments include amounts relating to common area maintenance and real estate taxes.

We do not recognize right-of-use assets and lease liabilities for qualifying short-term leases with an initial lease term of 12 months or less at lease inception. Such leases are expensed on a straight-line basis over the lease term. The lease term includes the non-cancellable period of the lease and any additional periods covered by either options to renew or not to terminate when the company is reasonably certain to exercise.

The depreciable life of operating right-of-use-assets and leasehold improvements is limited by the expected lease term.

Sale-Leaseback Transaction

A sale-leaseback transaction occurs when an entity sells an asset it owns and immediately leases the asset back from the buyer. The seller then becomes the lessee and the buyer becomes the lessor. When entering into a sale-leaseback transaction as a seller-lessee, the requirements in ASC 606, and all related ASUs to such Topic are applied in determining whether the transfer of an asset shall be accounted for as a sale of the asset by assessing whether it satisfies a performance obligation under the contract by transferring control of an asset. If the company transfers control of an asset to the buyer-lessor, the transfer is accounted for as a sale and the company derecognizes the transferred asset. The subsequent leaseback of the asset is accounted for in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 842, Leases, in the same manner as any third-party lease. If the company does not transfer control of an asset to the buyer-lessor, the sale-leaseback transaction is accounted for as a financing arrangement.

Warrants

The company accounts for warrants as either equity-classified or liability-classified instruments based on an assessment of the warrant’s specific terms and applicable authoritative guidance in ASC 480 and ASC 815. The assessment considers whether the warrants are freestanding financial instruments pursuant to ASC 480, meet the definition of a liability pursuant to ASC 480, and whether the warrants meet all of the requirements for equity classification under ASC 815, including whether the warrants are indexed to the company’s own stock and whether the warrant holders could potentially require “net cash settlement” in a circumstance outside of the company’s control, among other conditions for equity classification. This assessment, which requires the use of professional judgment, is conducted at the time of warrant issuance and as of each subsequent quarterly period end date while the warrants are outstanding.

For warrants that meet all criteria for equity classification, the warrants are required to be recorded as a component of additional paid-in capital, on the consolidated statement of stockholders’ deficit at the time of issuance. For warrants that do not meet all the criteria for equity classification, the warrants are required to be recorded at their initial fair value on the date of issuance, and on each balance sheet date thereafter. Changes in the estimated fair value of the warrants are recognized as a non-cash gain or loss in other expense, net, on the consolidated statement of operations. The fair value of the warrants was estimated using the Black-Scholes option pricing model.

Fair Value Option Election

The company accounted for a convertible note issued on March 31, 2023 under the FVO election of ASC 825 until it was amended and restated on December 29, 2023. Prior to its extinguishment on December 29, 2023, the convertible note was a debt host financial instrument containing embedded features wherein the entire financial instrument was initially measured at its issuance-date estimated fair value and then subsequently remeasured at estimated fair value on a recurring basis at each reporting period date.

Changes in the estimated fair value of this convertible note were recorded in other expense, net, on the consolidated statement of operations, except that changes in estimated fair value caused by changes in the instrument-specific credit risk were recorded in other comprehensive (loss) income. In accordance with ASC 470-50, when the convertible note was extinguished on December 29, 2023, the cumulative amount previously recorded in other comprehensive (loss) income resulting from changes in the instrument-specific credit risk were reclassified and reported in current earnings on the consolidated statement of operations. See Note 10, Related-Party Debt, for more information.

Debt Modification and Extinguishment

The company evaluates amendments to its debt instruments in accordance with ASC 470-50. This evaluation includes comparing (1) if applicable, the net present value of future cash flows of the amended debt to that of the original debt and (2) the change in fair value of an embedded conversion feature to that of the carrying amount of the debt immediately prior to amendment to determine, in each case, if a change greater than 10% occurred. In instances where the net present value of future cash flows or the fair value of an embedded conversion feature, if any, changed more than 10%, the company applies extinguishment accounting. In instances where the net present value of future cash flows and the fair value of an embedded conversion feature, if any, changed less than 10%, the company accounts for the amendment to the debt as a debt modification. Gains and losses on debt amendments that are considered extinguishments are recognized in current earnings or in additional paid-in capital if the transactions are with entities under common control. Debt amendments that are considered debt modifications are accounted for prospectively through yield adjustments, based on the revised terms. The increase in fair value of the embedded conversion feature from the debt modification was accounted for as an increase in debt discount with a corresponding increase in additional paid-in capital. Legal fees and other costs incurred with third parties that are directly related to debt modifications are expensed as incurred. Amounts paid by the company to the lenders, are reflected as additional debt discount and amortized as an adjustment of interest expense over remaining term of modified debt using the effective interest rate method.

Revenue Interest Liability

On December 29, 2023, we entered into the RIPA with Infinity and Oberland. Pursuant to the RIPA, Oberland acquired certain Revenue Interests from us for a gross purchase price of $200.0 million paid on closing. In addition, Oberland may purchase additional Revenue Interests from us in exchange for the $100.0 million Second Payment upon satisfaction of certain conditions specified in the RIPA. Under the RIPA, Oberland has the right to receive quarterly payments from us based on, among other things, a certain percentage of our worldwide net sales, excluding those in China, during such quarter. The RIPA is considered a sale of future revenues and is accounted for as a liability net of a debt discount comprised of deferred issuance costs, the fair value of a freestanding option agreement related to the SPOA, and the fair value of embedded derivatives requiring bifurcation on the consolidated balance sheet. The company imputes interest expense associated with this liability using the effective interest rate method. The effective interest rate is calculated based on the rate that would enable the debt to be repaid in full over the anticipated life of the arrangement. Interest expense is recognized over the estimated term on the consolidated statement of operations. The interest rate on this liability may vary during the term of the agreement depending on a number of factors, including the level of actual and forecasted net sales. The company evaluates the interest rate quarterly based on actual and forecasted net sales utilizing the prospective method. A significant increase or decrease in actual or forecasted net sales will materially impact the revenue interest liability, interest expense, and the time period for repayment.

Income Taxes

We recognize deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of temporary differences between the financial reporting and tax basis of assets and liabilities, as well as for operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using the tax rates that are expected to apply to taxable income for the years in which those tax assets and liabilities are expected to be realized or settled. We record valuation allowances to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount we believe is more likely than not to be realized.

We recognize uncertain tax positions when the position will more likely than not be upheld on examination by the taxing authorities based solely upon the technical merits of the positions. We recognize interest and penalties, if any, related to unrecognized income tax uncertainties in income tax benefit (expense), on the consolidated statement of operations. We did not have any accrued interest or penalties associated with uncertain tax positions as of December 31, 2023 and 2022.

Stock Repurchases

In 2015, the Board of Directors approved the 2015 Share Repurchase Program. As it is our intent for the repurchased shares to be retired, we have elected to account for the shares repurchased using the constructive retirement method. For shares repurchased in excess of par, we record the purchase price in excess of par value in accumulated deficit, on the consolidated balance sheet.

Derivative Liabilities

Embedded derivatives that are required to be bifurcated from the underlying debt instrument that do not meet the derivative scope exception and equity classification criteria are accounted for and valued as separate financial instruments. The terms of an embedded derivative related to a contingent exercisable prepayment feature of a convertible note have been evaluated and deemed to require bifurcation. This embedded derivative will be initially measured at fair value and will be remeasured to fair value at each reporting date until the derivative is settled.

In addition, the RIPA contains certain features that meet the definition of being an embedded derivative requiring bifurcation as a separate compound financial instrument apart from the RIPA. The derivative liability is initially measured at fair value upon issuance and is subject to remeasurement at each reporting period with changes in fair value recognized in other expense, net, on the consolidated statement of operations.

Revenue Recognition

We have primarily generated revenues from non-exclusive license agreements related to our cell lines, the sale of our bioreactors and related consumables and grant programs. The nonexclusive license agreements with a limited number of pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies grant them the right to use our cell lines and intellectual property for non-clinical use. These agreements generally include upfront fees and annual research license fees for such use, as well as commercial license fees for sales of the licensee products developed or manufactured using our intellectual property and cell lines. We have generated revenues from product sales of our proprietary GMP-in-a-Box bioreactors and related consumables, primarily to related parties. Additionally, we also generated revenues from grant programs.

A performance obligation is a promise in a contract to transfer a distinct good or service to the customer. A contract’s transaction price is allocated to each distinct performance obligation based on relative standalone selling price and recognized as revenue when, or as, the performance obligation is satisfied.

Under our license agreements with customers, we typically promise to provide a license to use certain cell lines and related patents, the related know-how, and future research and development data that affect the license. We have concluded that these promises represent one performance obligation due to the highly interrelated nature of the promises. We provide the cell lines and know-how immediately upon entering into the contracts. Research and development data are provided throughout the term of the contract when and if available.

The license agreements may include non-refundable upfront payments, event-based milestone payments, sales-based royalty payments, or some combination of these. The event-based milestone payments represent variable consideration and we use the most likely amount method to estimate this variable consideration. Given the high degree of uncertainly around the achievement of these milestones, we do not recognize revenue from these milestone payments until the uncertainty associated with these payments is resolved. We currently estimate variable consideration related to milestone payments to be zero and, as such, no revenue has been recognized for milestone payments. We recognize revenue from sales-based royalty payments when or as sales occur. On a quarterly basis, we re-evaluate our estimate of milestone variable consideration to determine whether any amount should be included in the transaction price and recorded in revenue prospectively.

We also have sold our proprietary GMP-in-a-Box bioreactors and related consumables to affiliated companies. The arrangements typically include delivery of bioreactors, consumables, and providing installation service and perpetual software licenses for using the equipment. We recognize revenue when customers obtain control and can benefit from the promised goods or services, generally upon installation of the bioreactors, in an amount that reflects the consideration that we expect to receive in exchange for those goods or services. Upfront payments and fees are recorded as deferred revenue upon receipt and recognized as revenue when we satisfy our performance obligations under these arrangements.

Grant revenue is typically paid for reimbursable costs incurred over the duration of the associated research project or clinical trial and is recognized either when expenses reimbursable under the grants have been incurred and payments under the grants become contractually due or when cash is received, depending on the certainty of payment and other factors specific to each grant.

Research and Development Costs

Major components of research and development costs include cash compensation and other personnel-related expenses, stock-based compensation, depreciation and amortization expense on research and development property and equipment and intangible assets, costs of preclinical studies, clinical trials costs, including CROs and related clinical manufacturing, including third-party CMOs, costs of drug development, costs of materials and supplies, facilities cost, overhead costs, regulatory and compliance costs, and fees paid to consultants and other entities that conduct certain research and development activities on our behalf. Costs incurred in research and development are expensed as incurred.

The company classifies its research and development expenses as either external or internal. The company’s external research and development expenses support its various preclinical and clinical programs. The company’s internal research and development expenses include payroll and benefits expenses, facilities and equipment expense, and other indirect research and development expenses incurred in support of its research and development activities. The company’s external and internal resources are not directly tied to any one research or drug discovery program and are typically deployed across multiple programs and are not allocated to specific product candidates or development programs.

Included in research and development costs are clinical trial and research expenses based on the services performed pursuant to contracts with research institutions and clinical research organizations and other vendors that conduct clinical trials and research on our behalf. We record accruals for estimated costs under these contracts. When evaluating the adequacy of the accrued liabilities, we analyze the progress of the preclinical studies or clinical trials, including the phase or completion of events, invoices received, contracted costs and purchase orders. Significant judgments and estimates are made in determining the accrued balances at the end of any reporting period based on the facts and circumstances known at that time. Although we do not expect the estimates to be materially different from the amounts actually incurred, if the estimates of the status and timing of services performed differ from the actual status and timing of services performed, we may report amounts that are too high or too low in any particular period. Actual results could differ from our estimates. We adjust the accruals in the period when actual costs become known.

Stock-Based Compensation

We account for stock-based compensation under the provisions of ASC 718. We estimate fair value of each stock option award on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The Black-Scholes option pricing model requires the use of subjective assumptions, including, but not limited to, expected stock price volatility over the term of the awards and the expected term of the stock options. We measure the fair value of an equity-classified award at the grant date and recognize the stock-based compensation expense over the period of vesting on the straight-line basis for our outstanding share awards that do not contain a performance condition. For awards subject to performance-based vesting conditions, we assess the probability of the individual milestones under the award being achieved and stock-based compensation expense is recognized over the service period using the graded vesting method once management believes the performance criteria is probable of being met. For awards with service or performance conditions, we recognize the effect of forfeitures in compensation cost in the period that the award was forfeited. See Note 14, Stock-Based Compensation, for more information.

Comprehensive Loss

Comprehensive loss is defined as the change in equity of a business enterprise during a period from transactions and other events and circumstances from non-owner sources. Comprehensive income or loss is composed of net (loss) income and other comprehensive (loss) income. Our other comprehensive income or loss consists of net unrealized gains (losses) on marketable debt securities classified as available-for-sale, net of income taxes and foreign currency translation adjustments.

Noncontrolling Interests

Noncontrolling interests are recorded for the entities that we consolidate but are not wholly-owned by the company. Noncontrolling interests are classified as a separate component of equity on the consolidated balance sheet and consolidated statement of stockholders’ deficit. Additionally, net loss attributable to noncontrolling interests is reflected separately from consolidated net loss on the consolidated statement of operations and the consolidated statement of stockholders’ deficit.

We record the noncontrolling interests’ share of loss based on the percentage of ownership interest retained by the respective noncontrolling interest holders.

Foreign Currencies

We have operations and hold assets in Italy and South Korea. The functional currency of the subsidiary in Italy is the Euro, based on the nature of the transactions occurring within this entity, and accordingly, assets and liabilities of this subsidiary are translated into U.S. dollars at exchange rates prevailing as of the balance sheet dates, while the operating results are translated into U.S. dollars using the average exchange rates for the period correlating with those operating results. Adjustments resulting from translating the financial statements of the foreign subsidiary into U.S. dollars are recorded as a component of other comprehensive (loss) income, on the consolidated statement of comprehensive loss. Transaction gains and losses are recorded in other expense, net, on the consolidated statement of operations.

Basic and Diluted Net Loss Per Share of Common Stock

Basic and Diluted Net Loss per Share of Common Stock

Basic net loss per share is calculated by dividing the net loss attributable to ImmunityBio common stockholders by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding for the period. Diluted loss per share is computed by dividing net loss attributable to ImmunityBio common stockholders by the weighted-average number of common shares, including the number of additional shares that would have been outstanding if the potential common shares had been issued and if the additional common shares were dilutive.

Segment and Geographic Information

We operate in one reporting segment focused on creating the next generation of immunotherapies to address serious unmet needs within oncology and infectious diseases. Our CEO is the chief operating decision-maker of the company, and manages and allocates resources to our operations on a company-wide basis. Consistent with this decision-making process, our CEO uses consolidated, single-segment financial information for purposes of evaluating performance, forecasting future-period financial results, allocating resources, and setting incentive targets.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Application of New or Revised Accounting Standards – Not Yet Adopted

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, to improve its income tax disclosure requirements. Under the ASU, entities must annually (1) disclose specific categories in the rate reconciliation, (2) provide additional information for reconciling items that meet a quantitative threshold, and (3) disclose more detailed information about income taxes paid, including by jurisdiction; pretax income (or loss) from continuing operations; and income tax expense (or benefit). The ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2025, with early adoption permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact of this standard on our disclosures.

In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures, which requires disclosure of incremental segment information on an annual and interim basis. This ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024 on a retrospective basis. We are currently evaluating the impact of this standard on our disclosures.

In August 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-05, Business Combinations-Joint Venture Formations (Subtopic 805-60): Recognition and Initial Measurement, which requires a joint venture to initially measure all contributions received upon its formation at fair value. This ASU is applicable to joint venture entities with a formation date on or after January 1, 2025 on a prospective basis. We will apply this guidance prospectively in future reporting periods after the guidance is effective to any future arrangements meeting the definition of a joint venture.

In March 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-01, Leases (Topic 842): Common Control Arrangements, which requires that leasehold improvements associated with common control leases be amortized over the useful life of the leasehold improvements to the common control group, regardless of the lease term. This ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, including interim periods within those fiscal years. We are currently evaluating the impact of this standard on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

Other recent authoritative guidance issued by the FASB (including technical corrections to the ASC) and the SEC during the year ended December 31, 2023 did not, or are not expected to, have a material effect on our consolidated financial statements.