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Pension and Other Postretirement Benefits (Tables)
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2022
Retirement Benefits [Abstract]  
Schedule of plan assets, benefit obligations, funded status for the U.S. and Canadian plans
Our plan assets, benefit obligations, funded status and amounts recognized on our consolidated balance sheets for our North America and United Kingdom plans as of the December 31 measurement date are as follows:
Pension PlansRetiree Medical Plans
 North AmericaUnited KingdomNorth America
December 31,December 31,December 31,
 202220212022202120222021
 (in millions)
Change in plan assets
Fair value of plan assets as of January 1$830 $846 $505 $491 $— $— 
Return on plan assets(142)15 (136)20 — — 
Employer contributions2 14 25 26 1 4 
Plan participant contributions— — — — 1 — 
Pension retiree annuity purchase(372)— — — — — 
Benefit payments(35)(46)(23)(27)(2)(4)
Foreign currency translation(10)1 (51)(5)— — 
Fair value of plan assets as of December 31273 830 320 505 — — 
Change in benefit obligation
Benefit obligation as of January 1(841)(884)(590)(643)(32)(35)
Service cost(16)(20)— — — — 
Interest cost(19)(21)(10)(9)(1)(1)
Benefit payments35 46 23 27 2 4 
Foreign currency translation9 (1)58 6 — — 
Pension retiree annuity purchase372 — — — — — 
Plan curtailments20 — — — — — 
Change in assumptions and other166 39 172 29 8 — 
Benefit obligation as of December 31(274)(841)(347)(590)(23)(32)
Funded status as of December 31$(1)$(11)$(27)$(85)$(23)$(32)
Schedule of amounts recognized in consolidated balance sheets
Amounts recognized on the consolidated balance sheets consist of the following:
Pension PlansRetiree Medical Plans
 North AmericaUnited KingdomNorth America
 December 31,December 31,December 31,
 202220212022202120222021
 (in millions)
Other assets$23 $16 $— $— $— $— 
Accrued expenses— — — — (2)(3)
Other liabilities(24)(27)(27)(85)(21)(29)
$(1)$(11)$(27)$(85)$(23)$(32)
Schedule of pre-tax amounts recognized in accumulated other comprehensive loss
Pre-tax amounts recognized in accumulated other comprehensive loss consist of the following:
Pension PlansRetiree Medical Plans
 North AmericaUnited KingdomNorth America
 December 31,December 31,December 31,
 202220212022202120222021
 (in millions)
Prior service cost$— $3 $1 $1 $— $— 
Net actuarial loss (gain)6 43 56 89 (4)4 
$6 $46 $57 $90 $(4)$4 
Schedule of net periodic benefit cost and other amounts recognized in accumulated other comprehensive loss
Net periodic benefit cost (income) and other amounts recognized in other comprehensive (income) loss for the years ended December 31 included the following:
 Pension PlansRetiree Medical Plans
North AmericaUnited KingdomNorth America
 202220212020202220212020202220212020
 (in millions)
Service cost$16 $20 $17 $— $— $— $— $— $— 
Interest cost19 21 25 10 9 11 1 1 1 
Expected return on plan assets(22)(24)(30)(14)(14)(14)— — — 
Settlement loss21 — — — — — — — — 
Curtailment gains(4)— — — — — — — — 
Amortization of prior service cost1 1 1 — — — — — — 
Amortization of actuarial loss (gain)— 5 3 2 4 3 — — (1)
Net periodic benefit cost (income)31 23 16 (2)(1)— 1 1 — 
Net actuarial (gain) loss (2)(31)(1)(22)(36)(4)(8)— 1 
Settlement loss(21)— — — — — — — — 
Curtailment effects(20)— — — — — — — — 
Curtailment gains4 — — — — — — — — 
Amortization of prior service (cost) benefit(1)(1)(1)— — — — — — 
Amortization of actuarial (loss) gain— (5)(3)(2)(4)(3)— — 1 
Total recognized in other comprehensive (income) loss(40)(37)(5)(24)(40)(7)(8)— 2 
Total recognized in net periodic benefit cost (income) and other comprehensive (income) loss$(9)$(14)$11 $(26)$(41)$(7)$(7)$1 $2 
Schedule of benefit obligations in excess of fair value of plan assets
The following table presents aggregated information for those individual defined benefit pension plans that have an ABO in excess of plan assets as of December 31, which, for 2022, excludes two of the North American defined benefit pension plans and, for 2021, excludes the three North American defined benefit pension plans, as each has plan assets in excess of its ABO:
North AmericaUnited Kingdom
2022202120222021
 (in millions)
Accumulated benefit obligation$(163)$— $(347)$(590)
Fair value of plan assets143 — 320 505 
The following table presents aggregated information for those individual defined benefit pension plans that have a projected benefit obligation (PBO) in excess of plan assets as of December 31, which excludes two North American defined benefit pension plans that have plan assets in excess of its PBO:
North AmericaUnited Kingdom
2022202120222021
 (in millions)
Projected benefit obligation$(167)$(684)$(347)$(590)
Fair value of plan assets143 656 320 505 
Schedule of expected future pension and retiree medical benefit payments
The expected future benefit payments for our pension and retiree medical plans are as follows:
Pension PlansRetiree Medical Plans
North AmericaUnited KingdomNorth America
 (in millions)
2023$13 $23 $2 
202414 24 2 
202515 25 2 
202616 25 2 
202717 26 2 
2028-203289 139 8 
Schedule of assumptions used in determining the benefit obligations and expense
The following assumptions were used in determining the benefit obligations and expense:
Pension PlansRetiree Medical Plans
 North AmericaUnited KingdomNorth America
 202220212020202220212020202220212020
Weighted-average discount rate—obligation5.1 %2.8 %2.4 %4.8 %2.0 %1.5 %5.0 %2.7 %2.2 %
Weighted-average discount rate—expense3.6 %2.4 %3.1 %2.0 %1.5 %2.0 %2.7 %2.2 %3.0 %
Weighted-average cash balance interest crediting rate—obligation 3.9 %3.0 %3.0 %n/an/an/an/an/an/a
Weighted-average cash balance interest crediting rate—expense3.0 %3.0 %3.0 %n/an/an/an/an/an/a
Weighted-average rate of increase in future compensation3.8 %4.2 %4.2 %n/an/an/an/an/an/a
Weighted-average expected long-term rate of return on assets—expense3.9 %3.2 %4.1 %3.4 %3.3 %3.4 %n/an/an/a
Weighted-average retail price index—obligationn/an/an/a3.2 %3.3 %3.0 %n/an/an/a
Weighted-average retail price index—expensen/an/an/a3.3 %3.0 %3.0 %n/an/an/a
______________________________________________________________________________
n/a—not applicable
Schedule of fair values of U.S. and Canadian pension plan assets
The fair values of our pension plan assets as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, by major asset class, are as follows:
 North America
December 31, 2022
Total Fair
Value		Quoted
Prices in
Active
Markets
(Level 1)		Significant
Other
Observable
Inputs
(Level 2)		Significant
Unobservable
Inputs
(Level 3)
 (in millions)
Cash and cash equivalents(1)
$3 $2 $1 $— 
Equity mutual funds
Index equity(2)
28 28 — — 
Pooled equity(3)
16 — 16 — 
Fixed income    
U.S. Treasury bonds and notes(4)
14 14 — — 
    Fixed income mutual funds(5)
16 — 16 — 
Corporate bonds and notes(6)
109 — 109 — 
Government and agency securities(7)
81 — 81 — 
Other(8)
6 — 6 — 
Total assets at fair value by fair value levels$273 $44 $229 $— 
Accruals and payables—net— 
Total assets$273    
 United Kingdom
December 31, 2022
Total Fair
Value		Quoted
Prices in
Active
Markets
(Level 1)		Significant
Other
Observable
Inputs
(Level 2)		Significant
Unobservable
Inputs
(Level 3)
 (in millions)
Cash and cash funds(9)
$26 $9 $17 $— 
Pooled equity funds(10)
41 — 41 — 
Pooled diversified funds(11)
44 — 44 — 
Debt funds
Pooled U.K. government fixed and index-linked securities funds(12)
67 — 67 — 
Pooled global debt funds(13)
47 — 47 — 
Pooled liability-driven investment funds(14)
30 — 30 — 
Total assets at fair value by fair value levels$255 $9 $246 $— 
Funds measured at NAV as a practical expedient(15)
61 
Total assets at fair value316 
Receivable from redemption4 
Total assets$320 
 North America
December 31, 2021
 Total Fair
Value		Quoted
Prices in
Active
Markets
(Level 1)		Significant
Other
Observable
Inputs
(Level 2)		Significant
Unobservable
Inputs
(Level 3)
 (in millions)
Cash and cash equivalents(1)
$14 $10 $4 $— 
Equity mutual funds
Index equity(2)
157 157 — — 
Pooled equity(3)
34 — 34 — 
Fixed income
U.S. Treasury bonds and notes(4)
61 61 — — 
Corporate bonds and notes(6)
460 — 460 — 
Government and agency securities(7)
103 — 103 — 
Other(8)
7 — 7 — 
Total assets at fair value by fair value levels$836 $228 $608 $— 
Accruals and payables—net(6)   
Total assets$830    
 United Kingdom
December 31, 2021
 Total Fair
Value		Quoted
Prices in
Active
Markets
(Level 1)		Significant
Other
Observable
Inputs
(Level 2)		Significant
Unobservable
Inputs
(Level 3)
 (in millions)
Cash and cash funds(9)
$15 $8 $7 $— 
Pooled equity funds(10)
122 — 122 — 
Pooled diversified funds(11)
52 — 52 — 
Debt funds
Pooled U.K. government fixed and index-linked securities funds(12)
78 — 78 — 
Pooled global debt funds(13)
88 — 88 — 
Pooled liability-driven investment funds(14)
67 — 67 — 
Total assets at fair value by fair value levels$422 $8 $414 $— 
Funds measured at NAV as a practical expedient(15)
83 
Total assets$505 
_______________________________________________________________________________
(1)Cash and cash equivalents are primarily short-term U.S. treasury bills and short-term money market funds.
(2)The index equity funds are mutual funds that utilize a passively managed investment approach designed to track specific equity indices. They are valued at quoted market prices in an active market, which represent the net asset values of the shares held by the plan.
(3)The equity pooled mutual funds consist of pooled funds that invest in common stock and other equity securities that are traded on U.S., Canadian, and foreign markets.
(4)U.S. Treasury bonds and notes are valued based on quoted market prices in an active market.
(5)The fixed income mutual funds invest primarily in high-quality longer duration fixed income securities which include bonds, debt securities and other similar instruments. The funds are priced based on a daily published net asset value.
(6)Corporate bonds and notes, including private placement securities, are valued by institutional bond pricing services, which gather information from market sources and integrate credit information, observed market movements and sector news into their pricing applications and models.
(7)Government and agency securities consist of U.S. municipal bonds and Canadian provincial bonds that are valued by institutional bond pricing services, which gather information on current trading activity, market movements, trends, and specific data on specialty issues.
(8)Other includes primarily mortgage-backed, asset-backed securities and U.S. Treasury strips. Mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities are valued by institutional pricing services, which gather information from market sources and integrate credit information,
observed market movements and sector news into their pricing applications and models. U.S. Treasury strips are valued using stripped interest and stripped principal yield curves based on data obtained from various dealer contacts and live data sources.
(9)Cash and cash funds include a cash fund that holds primarily short-dated term money market securities.
(10)Pooled equity funds invest in a broad array of global equity, equity-related securities, a range of diversifiers and may use derivatives for efficient portfolio management. The funds are valued at net asset value (NAV) as determined by the fund managers based on the value of the underlying net assets of the fund.
(11)Pooled diversified funds invest in a broad array of asset classes and a range of diversifiers including the use of derivatives. The funds are valued at NAV as determined by the fund managers based on the value of the underlying net assets of the fund.
(12)Pooled U.K. government fixed and index-linked securities funds invest primarily in Sterling denominated fixed income and inflation-linked fixed income securities issued or guaranteed by the U.K. government and may use derivatives for efficient portfolio management. The funds are valued at NAV as determined by the fund managers based on the value of the underlying net assets of the fund.
(13)Pooled global debt funds invest in a broad array of debt securities from corporate and government bonds to emerging markets and high-yield fixed and floating rate securities of varying maturities and may use derivatives for efficient portfolio management. The funds are valued at NAV as determined by the fund managers based on the value of the underlying net assets of the fund.
(14)Pooled liability-driven investment funds invest primarily in gilt repurchase agreements, physical U.K. government gilts, other inflation linked fixed income securities, and derivatives to provide exposure to interest rates and inflation, thus hedging these elements of risk associated with pension liabilities. The funds are valued at NAV as determined by the fund managers based on the value of the underlying net assets of the fund.
(15)Funds measured at NAV as a practical expedient include funds of funds with return strategies with exposure to varying asset classes and credit strategies, as well as alternative investment strategies not precluding multi-asset credit strategies, global macro strategies, commodities, fixed income, equities and currency, and funds that invest primarily in freehold and leasehold property in the United Kingdom. The funds are valued using NAV as determined by the fund managers based on the value of the underlying assets of the fund.