40-F

UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 40-F

[   ] Registration statement pursuant to Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

or

[ X ] Annual report pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

For the fiscal year ended: December 31, 2020 Commission File Number: 001-35571

Gold Standard Ventures Corp.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

British Columbia	1040	Not Applicable
(Province or Other Jurisdiction of	(Primary Standard Industrial Classification	(I.R.S. Employer
Incorporation or Organization)	Code)	Identification No.)

Suite 610 - 815 West Hastings Street
Vancouver, B.C. V6C 1B4
(604) 669-5702
(Address and telephone number of registrant’s principal executive offices)

Gold Standard Ventures (US) Inc.
2320 Last Chance Road
Elko, Nevada 89801
(775) 738-9572
(Name, address (including zip code) and telephone number (including area code) of agent for service in the United States)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of Each Class:	Trading Symbol	Name of Each Exchange On Which
		Registered:
Common Shares, no par value	GSV	NYSE American LLC

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:
None

Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act:
None

For annual reports, indicate by check mark the information filed with this form:
[ X ] Annual Information Form [ X ] Audited Annual Financial Statements

Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the registrant’s classes of capital or common stock as of the close of the period covered by the annual report:
As of December 31, 2020, there were 318,006,340 common shares outstanding.

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports) and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.
[ X ] Yes [   ]

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to submit such files).
[ X ] Yes [   ] No

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is an emerging growth company as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
[   ] Emerging growth company

If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.
[   ]

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report.
[ X ]

EXPLANATORY NOTE

Gold Standard Ventures Corp. (the “Registrant”, “we” or “us”) is a Canadian corporation eligible to prepare this annual report (the “Annual Report”) pursuant to Section 13 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), on Form 40-F pursuant to the multi-jurisdictional disclosure system of the Exchange Act. We are a “foreign private issuer” as defined in Rule 3b-4 under the Exchange Act. Accordingly, our equity securities are exempt from Sections 14(a), 14(b), 14(c), 14(f) and 16 of the Exchange Act pursuant to Rule 3a12-3.

PRINCIPAL DOCUMENTS

The following documents have been filed as part of this Annual Report on Form 40-F and incorporated by reference herein:

A. Annual Information Form

Our Annual Information Form (the “AIF”) for the year ended December 31, 2020 is attached as Exhibit 99.1 of this Annual Report on Form 40-F.

B. Audited Annual Financial Statements

Our audited annual financial statements (“Audited Financial Statements”) for the year ended December 31, 2020, including the Independent Auditors’ Report of Registered Public Accounting Firm, are attached as Exhibit 99.2 of this Form 40-F. The Audited Financial Statements are stated in Canadian Dollars (CDN$) and are prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB).

C. Management’s Discussion and Analysis

Our management’s discussion and analysis (the “MD&A”) for the year ended December 31, 2020 is attached as Exhibit 99.3 of this Form 40-F.

D. Certifications

See Exhibits 31.1, 31.2, 32.1 and 32.2 to this Form 40-F.

FORWARD LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Annual Report on Form 40-F and the exhibits attached hereto contain “forward-looking statements,” as defined in Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), and Section 21E of the Exchange Act, that are based on our current expectations, assumptions, estimates and projections. These forward-looking statements are subject to various known and unknown risks and uncertainties. Generally, the forward-looking statements can be identified by the use of terminology followed by or that include words such as “may”, “would”, “could”, “should”, “believes”, “estimates”, “projects”, “potential”, “expects”, “seeks”, “plans”, “intends”, “anticipates”, “targeted”, “continues”, “forecasts”, “designed”, “goal”, or the negative of those words or other similar or comparable words. Forward-looking statements may relate to future financial conditions, results of operations, plans, objectives, performance or business developments.

Forward looking statements include known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those projected in the forward-looking statements made by, or on our behalf. The forward looking statements referred to in our AIF attached hereto as Exhibit 99.1 under the headings Item 2.1 “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward Looking Statements and Forward Looking Information” and Item 7.1 “Risks Relating to the Company” and in the documents incorporated by reference to this Form 40-F are not exhaustive of the factors that may affect any of our forward-looking statements. In addition, although we have attempted to identify important factors that could cause actual achievements, events or conditions to differ materially from those identified in the forward-looking statements, there may be other factors that cause achievements, events or conditions not to be as anticipated, estimated or intended.

These forward-looking statements are based on the beliefs, expectations and opinions of management on the date the statements are made. We do not assume any obligation to update forward-looking statements, except as required by applicable securities laws, if circumstances or management’s beliefs, expectations or opinions should change. For the reasons set forth above, persons should not place undue reliance on forward-looking statements.

CURRENCY

Unless otherwise indicated, all dollar amounts in this Form 40-F are in Canadian dollars. The exchange rate of Canadian dollars into United States dollars, on December 31, 2020, based on the noon buying rate in New York City for cable transfers in Canadian dollars as certified for customs purposes by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, was CDN$1.00 = US$0.7841.

NOTE TO UNITED STATES READERS-DIFFERENCES IN UNITED STATES AND CANADIAN REPORTING PRACTICES

We are permitted under the multi-jurisdictional disclosure system adopted by the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”), to prepare this Form 40-F in accordance with Canadian disclosure requirements, which differ from those of the SEC. We have prepared our financial statements, which are filed as Exhibit 99.2 to this Form 40-F, in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board, and they are not comparable with financial statements of U.S. and other companies prepared in accordance with U. S. generally accepted accounting principles.

RESOURCE AND RESERVE ESTIMATES

The AIF and the MD&A, both incorporated by reference herein, were prepared in accordance with the requirements of Canadian securities laws, which differ from the requirements of U.S. securities laws. Unless otherwise indicated, all reserve and resource estimates contained in or incorporated by reference in this Annual Report have been prepared in accordance with Canadian National Instrument 43-101 - Standards of Disclosure for Mineral Projects (“NI 43-101”) and the Canadian Institute of Mining Metallurgy and Petroleum Classification System (the “CIM”) “Standards on Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves”, adopted by the CIM Council, as amended. NI 43-101 is a rule developed by the Canadian Securities Administrators that establishes standards for all public disclosure an issuer makes of scientific and technical information concerning mineral projects. These definitions differ significantly from the definitions in requirements under United States securities laws adopted by the SEC.

Under Canadian rules, estimates of inferred mineral resources may not form the basis of feasibility or pre-feasibility studies, except in rare cases. Investors are cautioned not to assume that all or any part of

an inferred mineral resource exists or is economically or legally mineable. An “inferred mineral resource” is that part of a mineral resource for which quantity and grade or quality are estimated on the basis of limited geological evidence and sampling. Geological evidence is sufficient to imply but not verify geological and grade or quality continuity. An inferred mineral resource has a lower level of confidence than that applying to an indicated mineral resource and must not be converted to a mineral reserve. It is reasonably expected that the majority of inferred mineral resources could be upgraded to indicated mineral resources with continued exploration.

Investors are cautioned not to assume that all or any part of mineral reserves and mineral resources determined in accordance with NI 43-101 and CIM standards will qualify as, or be identical to, mineral reserves and mineral resources estimated under the standards of the SEC applicable to U.S. companies. The SEC has adopted amendments to its disclosure rules to modernize the mineral property disclosure requirements for issuers whose securities are registered with the SEC. As a foreign private issuer filing this Annual Report on Form 40-F with the SEC pursuant to the multi-jurisdictional disclosure system, the Company is not required to provide disclosure on its mineral properties under the SEC's new rules and will continue to provide disclosure under NI 43-101 and the CIM standards. If the Company ceases to be a foreign private issuer or lose its eligibility to file its annual report on Form 40-F pursuant to the multi-jurisdictional disclosure system, then the Company will be subject to the new SEC rules, which differ from the requirements of NI 43-101 and the CIM standards.

Accordingly, information contained in the AIF and MD&A incorporated by reference in this Annual Report on Form 40-F that contain descriptions of the Company's mineral deposits may not be comparable to similar information made public by U.S. companies subject to the reporting and disclosure requirements under the United States federal securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder.

DISCLOSURE CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

A. Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

At the end of the period covered by this Annual Report on Form 40-F, an evaluation was carried out under the supervision of, and with the participation of our management, including the Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”) and the Chief Financial Officer (“CFO”), of the effectiveness of the design and operations of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) and Rule 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act). Based on that evaluation, the CEO and the CFO have concluded that as of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report, our disclosure controls and procedures were adequately designed and effective in ensuring that: (i) information required to be disclosed by us in reports that we file or submit to the SEC under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in applicable SEC rules and forms and (ii) material information required to be disclosed in our reports filed under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our management, including the CEO and the CFO, as appropriate, to allow for accurate and timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

B. Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

For management’s report on internal control over financial reporting, see “Management’s Report on Internal Controls over Financial Reporting” in our MD&A attached as Exhibit 99.3 to this Annual Report on Form 40-F and incorporated by reference herein.¹

____________________
1 _{NTD: Cross-reference to be confirmed upon receipt of MD&A.}

Our independent registered public accounting firm Davidson & Company LLP has audited our management’s assessment of our internal control over financial reporting. Davidson & Company LLP’s report is located with our Audited Consolidated Financial Statements, which are incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 99.2.

C. Changes in Internal Controls over Financial Reporting

During the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020, no changes occurred in our internal control over financial reporting that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

NYSE AMERICAN STATEMENT OF CORPORATE GOVERNANCE DIFFERENCES

We are subject to a variety of corporate governance guidelines and requirements of the Toronto Stock Exchange, the NYSE American (the “NYSE American”), the Canadian Securities Administrators and the SEC. We believe that we meet or exceed the applicable corporate governance requirements. Although we are listed on the NYSE American, we are not required to comply with all of that exchange's corporate governance rules which are applicable to U.S. companies. The significant ways in which the NYSE American governance rules differ for us, as a foreign company, are a reduced quorum requirement for shareholder meetings, shareholder approval for issuance of common shares that could result in a 20% increase in the number of outstanding common shares, and shareholder approval for amendments to option plans. A company seeking relief under or from these provisions must provide written certification from independent local counsel that the non-complying practice is not prohibited by home country law. In addition, the company must provide English language disclosure of any significant ways in which its corporate governance practices differ from those followed by domestic companies pursuant to NYSE American standards. This disclosure may be provided on the company’s website but must be included in the company’s annual report distributed to shareholders in the United States.

We review our governance practices and monitor developments in Canada and the United States on an ongoing basis to ensure we remain in compliance with applicable rules and standards. The Board is committed to sound corporate governance practices which are both in the interest of our shareholders and contribute to effective and efficient decision making.

NOTICES PURSUANT TO REGULATION BTR

There were no notices required by Rule 104 of Regulation BTR that the Company sent during the year ended December 31, 2020 concerning any equity security subject to a blackout period under Rule 101 of Regulation BTR.

AUDIT COMMITTEE AND AUDIT COMMITTEE FINANCIAL EXPERT

A. Audit Committee

We have a separately-designated standing audit committee established in accordance with section 3(a)(58)(A) of the Exchange Act (the “Audit Committee”). The members of our Audit Committee are identified under the heading Item 18 “Audit Committee” in the AIF, which is attached as Exhibit 99.1 to this Annual Report and incorporated by reference herein. In the opinion of the Board, all members of the Audit Committee are “financially literate” and “independent,” as such terms are defined by the NYSE American’s corporate governance listing standards applicable to us and as determined by Rule 10A-3 under the Exchange Act.

B. Audit Committee Financial Expert

The Board has determined that Zara Boldt, Chair of the Audit Committee, is “independent” and has the necessary qualifications to be designated as an “audit committee financial expert,” within the meaning of applicable SEC rules and NYSE American rules.

The SEC has indicated that the designation or identification of a person as an audit committee financial expert does not make such person an “expert” for any purpose, impose any duties, obligations or liabilities on such person greater than those imposed on members of the Audit Committee and the Board who do not carry this designation or identification, or affect the duties, obligations or liabilities of any other member of the Audit Committee or the Board.

C. Audit Committee Charter

Our Audit Committee Charter is provided in Schedule A to the AIF, which is attached as Exhibit 99.1 to this Annual Report and incorporated by reference herein. The Charter also is available in print to any shareholder that provides us with a written request.

CODE OF ETHICS

We have adopted a Code of Business Ethics (the “Code”) covering our executive officers. The Code is available on our website in our Corporate Policy Manual at http://goldstandardv.com/corporate/governance/ and from our office at the address listed on the cover of this Form 40-F.

All amendments and all waivers of the Code to the officers covered by it will be posted on our website, furnished to the SEC as required, and provided to any shareholder who requests them. During the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020, we did not grant any waiver, including an implicit waiver, from a provision of the Code to any executive officer or director.

PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES

Davidson & Company LLP acted as our independent registered public accounting firm for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019. For a description of the total amount Davidson & Company LLP billed to us for services performed in the last two fiscal years by category of service (audit fees, audit-related fees, tax fees and all other fees), see Item 18.9: “External Audit Service Fees (By Category)” in our AIF, which is attached as Exhibit 99.1 to this Form 40-F and incorporated by reference herein.

AUDIT COMMITTEE PRE-APPROVAL POLICIES AND PROCEDURES

For a description of our pre-approval policies and procedures related to the provision of non-audit services, see Item 18.8 “Audit Committee - Pre-Approval Policies and Procedures” and Item 18.9:

“External Audit Service Fees (By Category)” in the AIF, which is attached as Exhibit 99.1 to this Form 40-F and incorporated by reference herein.

OFF-BALANCE SHEET ARRANGEMENTS

We do not have any material off balance sheet arrangements that have or are reasonably likely to have a current or future effect on our financial condition, changes in financial condition, revenues or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources.

TABULAR DISCLOSURE OF CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS

The following table lists as of December 31, 2020 information with respect to our known contractual obligations.

Payments due by period

		Less than			More than
Contractual Obligations	Total	1 year	1 - 3 years	3 - 5 years	5 years
	CDN$	CDN$	CDN$	CDN$	CDN$
Office Leases	310,887	209,031	101,856	-	-
Consulting Agreements 1, 2	845,000	169,000	338,000	338,000	Ongoing
Mining Leases and Agreements 3,4	14,220,371	3,321,779	5,735,766	5,162,826	Ongoing
Total	15,376,258	3,699,810	6,175,622	5,500,826	Ongoing

(1)	These amounts assume that consulting fees will remain constant at current levels and do not include any amount for discretionary annual bonuses.
(2)	This amount represents the total fees payable under consulting agreements with officers and directors of the Company over the next five years.
(3)	Where applicable, this amount has been converted from U.S. dollars to Canadian dollars using the noon exchange rate of the Bank of Canada on December 31, 2020 of US$1.00 = C$1.2732
(4)	Amounts shown for mining leases and agreements include estimates of option payments, mineral lease payments, work commitments and tax levies that are required to maintain the Company’s interest in the Railroad-Pinion Project and the Lewis Gold Project in good standing.

MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE

Pursuant to Section 1503(a) of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010, issuers that are operators, or that have a subsidiary that is an operator, of a coal or other mine in the United States are required to disclose in their periodic reports filed with the SEC information regarding specified health and safety violations, orders and citations, related assessments and legal actions, and mining-related fatalities under the regulation of the Federal Mine Safety and Health Review Administration under the Federal Mine Safety and Health Act of 1977. During the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020, we were not subject to any citations, orders or other legal actions under the Federal Mine Safety and Health Act of 1977.

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

Additional information relating to our company, including the Audited Financial Statements, the MD&A and the AIF, can be found on SEDAR at www.sedar.com, on the SEC website at www.sec.gov,

or on our website at http://goldstandardv.com. Shareholders may also contact the Secretary of the Company by phone at 1-604-669-5702 or by e-mail at info@goldstandardv.com to request copies of these documents and this annual report on Form 40-F.

CONTACTING THE BOARD

Shareholders, employees and other interested parties may communicate directly with the Board by:

•	writing to:	Jason Attew
		President and CEO
		Suite 610 - 815 West Hastings St.
		Vancouver, BC V6C 1B4
•	calling:	1-604-669-5702
•	emailing:	jason.attew@goldstandardv.com

UNDERTAKINGS

We undertake to make available, in person or by telephone, representatives to respond to inquiries made by the SEC staff, and to furnish promptly, when requested to do so by the SEC staff, information relating to the securities registered pursuant to Form 40-F, the securities in relation to which the obligation to file an annual report on Form 40-F arises, or transactions in said securities.

CONSENT TO SERVICE OF PROCESS

We have previously filed with the SEC a written consent to service of process and power of attorney on Form F-X. Any change to the name or address of our agent for service shall be communicated promptly to the SEC by amendment to the Form F-X referencing our file number.

EXHIBIT INDEX²

The following documents are being filed with the SEC as exhibits to this Annual Report on Form 40-F.

Exhibit	Description
99.1	Annual Information Form of the Company for the year ended December 31, 2020
99.2	Audited Consolidated Financial Statements for the year ended December 31, 2020 and notes thereto, together with the report of auditors thereon
99.3	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of the Company for the year ended December 31, 2020
99.4	Certifications by the Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) of the Exchange Act, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
99.5	Certifications by the Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) of the Exchange Act, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
99.6	Certifications by the Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
99.7	Certifications by the Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
99.8	Consent of Davidson & Company LLP
99.9	Consent of Art Ibrado
99.10	Consent of Matthew Sletten
99.11	Consent of Steven Ristorcelli
99.12	Consent of Michael Dufresne
99.13	Consent of Michael Lindholm
99.14	Consent of Thomas Dyer
99.15	Consent of Gary Simmons
99.16	Consent of Carl Defilippi
99.17	Consent of Richard DeLong
99.18	Consent of Kenneth Myers
99.19	Consent of Steven Koehler
99.20	Consent of Warren Black
99.21	Consent of Steven Nicholls
101	The following financial information from the Company’s audited annual consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2020, formatted in XBRL

____________________
2 _{NTD: List of expert/QP consents to be finalized upon receipt of MD&A.}

(Extensible Business Reporting Language) and furnished electronically herewith: (1) Consolidated Statements of Financial Position; (2) Consolidated Statements of Loss and Comprehensive Loss; (3) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows; (4) Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders Equity; and (5) Notes to Financial Statements.

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Exchange Act, the Company certifies that it meets all of the requirements for filing on Form 40-F and has duly caused this Annual Report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

GOLD STANDARD VENTURES CORP.

/s/ Jason Attew

Name: Jason Attew

Title: President and Chief Executive Officer

Date: March 29, 2021

EX-99.1

Exhibit 99.1

ANNUAL INFORMATION FORM

For the Year Ended December 31, 2020

(Dated March 26, 2021)

GOLD STANDARD VENTURES CORP.
Suite 610 – 815 West Hastings Street
Vancouver, B.C.
V6C 1B4

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ITEM 1:	PRELIMINARY NOTES	4
1.1	Effective Date of Information	4
1.2	Financial Statements and Management Discussion and Analysis	4
1.3	Currency	4
1.4	Imperial and Metric Conversions	4
ITEM 2:	CAUTIONARY NOTES	5
2.1	Cautionary Note Regarding Forward Looking Statements and Forward Looking Information	5
2.2	Cautionary Notes Regarding Mineral Resource Estimates	8
ITEM 3:	CORPORATE STRUCTURE	10
3.1	Name, Address and Incorporation	10
3.2	Inter-corporate Relationships	10
ITEM 4:	GENERAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE BUSINESS	11
4.1	Overview	11
4.2	Three Year History	11
ITEM 5:	DESCRIPTION OF THE BUSINESS	17
ITEM 6:	MATERIAL MINERAL PROJECT	19
6.1	Mineral Projects	19
	Pinion Area Exploration History	21
	Dark Star Area Exploration History	22
	Jasperoid Wash	22
6.2	Recent Developments	43
ITEM 7:	RISK FACTORS	43
7.1	Risks Relating to the Company	43
7.2	Risks Relating to the Mining Industry	51
7.3	Risks Relating to Shares	55
ITEM 8:	DIVIDENDS	59
ITEM 9:	DESCRIPTION OF CAPITAL STRUCTURE	59
ITEM 10:	MARKET FOR SECURITIES	60
10.1	Trading Price and Volume	60
10.2	Prior Sales	60
ITEM 11:	ESCROWED SECURITIES AND SECURITIES SUBJECT TO CONTRACTUAL RESTRICTION ON TRANSFER	62
ITEM 12:	DIRECTORS AND OFFICERS	62
12.1	Name, Occupation and Security Holding	62
12.2	Cease Trade Orders, Bankruptcies, Penalties or Sanctions	68
12.3	Conflicts of Interest	69
ITEM 13:	LEGAL PROCEEDINGS AND REGULATORY ACTIONS	70
13.1	Legal Proceedings	70
13.2	Regulatory Actions	70
ITEM 14:	INTEREST OF MANAGEMENT AND OTHERS IN MATERIAL TRANSACTIONS	70
ITEM 15:	TRANSFER AGENT AND REGISTRAR	70
ITEM 16:	MATERIAL CONTRACTS	71
ITEM 17:	INTERESTS OF EXPERTS	71
17.1	Names of Experts	71
17.2	Interests of Experts	72
ITEM 18:	AUDIT COMMITTEE	72
18.1	The Audit Committee Charter	72
18.2	Composition of Audit Committee	72
18.3	Relevant Education and Experience	73
18.4	Reliance on Certain Exemptions	73

-2-

18.5	Reliance on the Exemption in Subsection 3.3 (2) or Section 3.6	73
18.6	Reliance on Section 3.8	74
18.7	Audit Committee Oversight	74
18.8	Pre-Approval Policies and Procedures	74
18.9	External Audit Service Fees (By Category)	74
ITEM 19:	ADDITIONAL INFORMATION	74
SCHEDULE “A” – Audit Committee Charter

-3-

ITEM 1: PRELIMINARY NOTES

1.1 Effective Date of Information

References to “Gold Standard Ventures”, “Gold Standard”, “GSV”, the “Company”, “its”, “our” and “we”, or related terms in this Annual Information Form (“AIF”), refer to Gold Standard Ventures Corp. and includes, where the context requires, its subsidiaries.

All information contained in this AIF is as at December 31, 2020, unless otherwise stated.

1.2 Financial Statements and Management Discussion and Analysis

This AIF should be read in conjunction with the Company’s audited consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2020 (the “Financial Statements”), and the accompanying Management’s Discussion and Analysis (“MD&A”) for such period. The Financial Statements and MD&A are available on the System for Electronic Document Analysis and Retrieval (“SEDAR”) website at www.sedar.com under the Company’s profile.

1.3 Currency

All references to “$” or “dollars” in this AIF are to lawful currency of Canada unless otherwise expressly stated.

References to “US$” are to United States dollars.

1.4 Imperial and Metric Conversions

To Convert From	To	Multiply By
Feet (“ft”)	Metres (“m”)	0.305
Metres (“m”)	Feet (“ft”)	3.281
Miles (“mi”)	Kilometres (“km”)	1.609
Kilometres (“km”)	Miles (“mi”)	0.621
Acres	Hectares	0.405
Hectares	Acres	2.471

-4-

ITEM 2: CAUTIONARY NOTES

2.1 Cautionary Note Regarding Forward Looking Statements and Forward Looking Information

Certain statements and information contained in this AIF constitute “forward looking statements” and “forward looking information” within the meaning of applicable securities legislation. Forward looking statements and forward looking information include statements concerning the Company’s current expectations, estimates, projections, assumptions and beliefs, and, in certain cases, can be identified by the use of words such as “seeks”, “plans”, “expects”, “is expected”, “budget”, “estimates”, “intends”, “anticipates”, or “believes”, or variations of such words and phrases or statements that certain actions, events or results “may”, “could”, “should”, “would”, “might” or “will”, “occur” or “be achieved”, or the negative forms of any of these words and other similar expressions.

Examples of forward looking information in this AIF may pertain to the following, among others:

1.	existence and estimates of mineral resources or mineral reserves and timing of development thereof;
2.	exploration and work programs, including reference to the Company’s plans of operations and notices of intent in place for the Railroad-Pinion Project (as defined below);
3.	plans and estimated costs related to pursuing a multi-faceted exploration, permitting, development, metallurgical testing and engineering program in the South Railroad (as defined below) portion of the Railroad-Pinion Project to advance the Updated PFS (as defined below) to feasibility level;
4.	the need for additional funding to acquire further property interests and maintain and/or carry out exploration work thereon, and for general and administrative and working capital purposes;
5.	plans to pursue minority interests in certain key private land parcels where the Company currently holds less than a 100% interest;
6.	performance characteristics of mineral properties;
7.	results of various projects;
8.	design of mining operations;
9.	estimated production rates, capital expenditures, operating costs, and expected or anticipated economic returns from the Railroad-Pinion Project;
10.	anticipated processing and recovery operations;
11.	the anticipated infrastructure needed to support the Railroad-Pinion Project;
12.	planned environmental, permitting and compliance activities, including the anticipated need for an Environmental Impact Statement and an Individual Section 404 Permit from the United States Army Corps of Engineers;
13.	the anticipated results of required evaluations of social and community issues connected with the Railroad-Pinion Project;
14.	the timing of completion of cultural resource surveys, analysis of sampled mineralized material and hydrogeological evaluation in respect of the SRMP (as defined below);
15.	the timing and content of the TPPC (as defined below) to be submitted in respect of the Railroad-Pinion Project;

-5-

16.	mineral resource or mineral reserve predictions based on recent drilling results;
17.	the anticipation that sales of common shares in the capital of the Company (“Common Shares”) by hedging or arbitrage trading activity may occur;
18.	projections of market prices and costs, including estimates of costs and budgeting for potential exploration operations and mining scenarios;
19.	estimated property holding and maintenance costs for the Railroad-Pinion Project;
20.	drilling plans and timing of drilling;
21.	the production of a formal environmental, social and governance report;
22.	the Company’s intention not to declare or pay dividends in the foreseeable future, along with the intention to retain all future earnings, if any, and other cash resources for future operation and development;
23.	treatment under governmental regulatory regimes and tax laws, including the expectation that the Company will be a passive foreign investment company for the taxable year ended December 31, 2020; and
24.	capital expenditure programs and the timing and method of financing thereof.

Forward looking statements and forward looking information reflect the Company’s current expectations and assumptions, and are subject to a number of known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause the Company’s actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from any anticipated future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by the forward looking statements and forward looking information, including without limitation:

1.	the Company’s limited operating history;
2.	the Company’s history of losses and expectation of future losses;
3.	uncertainty as to the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern;
4.	the existence of mineral resources and mineral reserves on the Company’s mineral properties;
5.	the Company’s ability to obtain adequate financing for exploration and development;
6.	the Company’s ability to attract and retain qualified personnel;
7.	the Company’s ability to carry out operations in accordance with plans in the face of significant disruptions;
8.	the Company’s ability to convert mineral resource estimates previously classified as Inferred to Indicated or Measured;
9.	fluctuations in foreign exchange or interest rates and stock market volatility;
10.	uncertainty as to the Company’s ability to maintain effective internal controls;
11.	the involvement by some of the Company’s directors and officers with other natural resource companies;
12.	the uncertain nature of estimating mineral resources and mineral reserves;
13.	uncertainty surrounding the Company’s ability to successfully develop its mineral properties;
14.	exploration, development and mining risks, including risks related to infrastructure, accidents and equipment breakdowns;

-6-

15.	risks related to natural disasters, climate change, terrorism, civil unrest, public health concerns (including health epidemics or outbreaks of communicable diseases such as the coronavirus) and other geopolitical uncertainties;
16.	title defects to the Company’s mineral properties;
17.	the Company’s ability to obtain all necessary permits and other approvals;
18.	risks related to equipment shortages, access restrictions and inadequate infrastructure;
19.	increased costs and restrictions on operations due to compliance with environmental legislation and potential lawsuits;
20.	fluctuations in the market price of gold, other metals and certain other commodities (such as natural gas, fuel, oil, and electricity);
21.	the Company’s ability to secure additional financing to continue exploration and development activities on the Railroad-Pinion Project and meet future obligations as required from time to time;
22.	intense competition in the mining industry; and
23.	the Company’s ability to comply with applicable regulatory requirements.

In making the forward looking statements and developing the forward looking information included in this AIF, the Company has made various material assumptions, including, but not limited to:

1.	the results of the Company’s proposed exploration programs on the Railroad-Pinion Project will be consistent with current expectations;
2.	the Company’s assessment and interpretation of potential geological structures and mineralization at the Railroad-Pinion Project are accurate in all material respects;
3.	the quantity and grade of mineral resources contained in the Railroad-Pinion Project are accurate in all material respects;
4.	further financing being required to complete the work programs and drilling on the Railroad-Pinion Project as recommended in the Updated PFS Technical Report (as defined below);
5.	the price for gold, other precious metals and commodities will not change significantly from current levels;
6.	the Company will be able to secure additional financing to continue exploration and, if warranted, development activities on the Railroad-Pinion Project and meet future obligations as required from time to time;
7.	the Company will be able to obtain regulatory approvals and permits in a timely manner and on terms consistent with current expectations;
8.	the involvement by some of the Company’s directors and officers with other natural resource companies will not result in a conflict of interest which adversely effects the Company;
9.	the Company will be able to procure drilling and other mining equipment, energy and supplies in a timely and cost efficient manner to meet the Company’s needs from time to time;
10.	the Company’s capital and operating costs will not increase significantly from current levels or as outlined in the Updated PFS Technical Report;
11.	key personnel will continue their employment with the Company and the Company will be able to recruit and retain additional qualified personnel, as needed, in a timely and cost efficient manner;
12.	there will be no significant adverse changes in the Canada/U.S. currency exchange or interest rates and stock markets;
13.	there will be no significant changes in the ability of the Company to comply with environmental, safety and other regulatory requirements; and

-7-

14. the absence of any material adverse effects arising as a result of political instability, terrorism, sabotage, natural disasters, public health concerns, equipment failures or adverse changes in government legislation or the socio-economic conditions in Nevada (“NV”) and the surrounding area with respect to the Railroad-Pinion Project and operations.

Other assumptions are discussed throughout this AIF and elsewhere in the Company’s public disclosure record.

The Company’s ability to predict the results of its operations or the effects of various events on its operating results is inherently uncertain. Accordingly, readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on the forward looking statements and forward looking information or the assumptions on which the Company’s forward looking statements and forward looking information are based. Investors are advised to carefully review and consider the risk factors identified in this AIF under, among other places, ITEM 7: “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in the Company’s public disclosure record for a discussion of the factors that could cause the Company’s actual results, performance and achievements to be materially different from any anticipated future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by the forward looking statements and forward looking information. Investors are further cautioned that the foregoing list of risks and assumptions is not exhaustive and prospective investors should consult the more complete discussion of the Company’s business, financial condition and prospects that is included in this AIF and elsewhere in the Company’s public disclosure record.

Although the Company believes that the assumptions on which the forward looking statements are made and forward looking information is provided are reasonable, based on the information available to the Company on the date such statements were made or such information was provided, no assurances can be given as to whether these assumptions will prove to be correct. The forward looking statements and forward looking information contained in this AIF are expressly qualified in their entirety by the foregoing cautionary statements. Furthermore, the above risks are not intended to represent a complete list of the risks that could affect the Company and readers should not place undue reliance on forward looking statements and forward looking information in this AIF.

Forward looking statements and forward looking information speak only as of the date the statements are made or such information is provided. The Company assumes no obligation to update publicly or otherwise revise any forward looking statements or forward looking information to reflect actual results, changes in assumptions or changes in other factors affecting forward looking statements or forward looking information, except to the extent required by applicable laws. If the Company does update one or more forward looking statements or forward looking information, no inference should be drawn that the Company will make additional updates with respect to those or other forward looking statements or forward looking information.

2.2 Cautionary Notes Regarding Mineral Resource Estimates

The disclosure in this AIF has been prepared in accordance with the requirements of Canadian securities laws, which differ from the requirements of United States securities laws. Disclosure, including scientific or technical information, has been made in accordance with Canadian National Instrument 43-101 Standards of Disclosure for Mineral Projects (“NI 43-101”). NI 43-101 is a rule developed by the Canadian Securities Administrators that establishes standards for all public disclosure an issuer makes of scientific and technical information concerning mineral projects. Canadian standards, including NI 43-101, differ significantly from the requirements of the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). In particular, and without limiting the generality of the foregoing, the term “resource” does not equate to the term “reserve”. Under United States standards, mineralization may not be classified as a “reserve” unless the determination has been made that the mineralization could be economically and legally produced or extracted at the time the reserve determination is made. The SEC’s disclosure standards normally do not permit the inclusion of information concerning “measured mineral resources”, “indicated mineral resources” or “inferred mineral resources” or other descriptions of the amount of mineralization in mineral deposits that do not constitute “reserves” by United States standards in documents filed with the SEC. United States investors should also understand that “measured mineral resources”, “indicated mineral resources” and “inferred mineral resources” have a great amount of uncertainty as to their existence and as to their economic and legal feasibility. Investors are cautioned not to assume that any part, or all, of the mineral deposits in these categories will ever be converted into mineral reserves. In accordance with Canadian rules, estimates of “inferred mineral resources” cannot form the basis of feasibility or other economic studies. Although it is reasonably expected that the majority of “inferred resources”

-8-

could be upgraded to “indicated resources” with continued exploration, investors are cautioned not to assume that all or any part of an “inferred mineral resource” exists or is economically or legally mineable. In addition, the definitions of “proven” and “probable mineral reserves” used in NI 43-101 differ from the definitions in SEC Industry Guide 7 under Regulation S-K of the United States Securities Act of 1933. Disclosure of “contained ounces” is permitted disclosure under Canadian legislation; however, the SEC normally only permits issuers to report mineralization that does not constitute reserves as in place tonnage and grade without reference to unit measures. Accordingly, information contained in this AIF containing descriptions of the Company’s mineral properties may not be comparable to similar information made public by U.S. companies subject to the reporting and disclosure requirements under the United States federal securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder.

The forward looking statements and forward looking information contained herein are based on information available as of March 26, 2021.

[remainder of page left blank intentionally]

-9-

ITEM 3: CORPORATE STRUCTURE

3.1 Name, Address and Incorporation

The Company was incorporated on February 6, 2004 under the Business Corporations Act (British Columbia) (the “BCBCA”) under the name “TCH Minerals Inc.”. The Company changed its name to “Ripple Lake Minerals Ltd.” on May 13, 2004 and again to “Ripple Lake Diamonds Inc.” on July 26, 2004. On August 16, 2007 the Company consolidated its share capital on a ten for one basis and changed its name to “Devonshire Resources Ltd.”. On November 18, 2009 the Company consolidated its share capital on a further four to one basis and changed its name to its current name “Gold Standard Ventures Corp.”.

The registered and head office of the Company is located at Suite 610 - 815 West Hastings Street, Vancouver, B.C. V6C 1B4, telephone: (604) 669 - 5702, fax (604) 687 - 3567.

3.2 Inter-corporate Relationships

The Company currently has five wholly-owned subsidiaries: JKR Gold Resources ULC (“JKR”), a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company incorporated under the BCBCA, Gold Standard Ventures (US) Inc. (“GSV US”), a wholly-owned subsidiary of JKR incorporated pursuant to the laws of NV, Tacoma Exploration LLC, a wholly-owned subsidiary of GSV US formed as a limited liability company under the laws of Wyoming, Battle Mountain Gold Inc. (“Battle Mountain”), a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company incorporated under the BCBCA and Madison Enterprises (Nevada) Inc., a wholly-owned subsidiary of Battle Mountain incorporated pursuant to the laws of NV.

-10-

ITEM 4: GENERAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE BUSINESS

4.1 Overview

The Company is a British Columbia company focused on the development of district-scale and other gold-bearing mineral resource properties exclusively in the State of Nevada, United States and the permitting, exploration and derisking of such properties. None of the Company’s properties are currently in production.

The Company’s flagship property is the Railroad-Pinion project located along the Piñon mountain range approximately 15 miles (24 kilometers) south-southeast of Carlin, NV, in the Railroad mining district (the “Railroad-Pinion Project” or “Railroad-Pinion”). The Railroad-Pinion Project has two adjacent parts: the North Railroad portion (“North Railroad”), which includes the POD, Sweet Hollow and North Bullion deposits (collectively, the “North Bullion Deposit”) and the South Railroad portion (“South Railroad”), which includes the Dark Star deposit (the “Dark Star Deposit”), the Pinion deposit (the “Pinion Deposit”) and the Jasperoid Wash deposit (the “Jasperoid Wash Deposit”). The Railroad-Pinion Project is an intermediate to advanced stage gold development project with a favorable structural, geological and stratigraphic setting situated at the southeast end of the Carlin Trend of north-central Nevada, adjacent to and south of Nevada Gold Mines’ Rain Mining District. The Carlin Trend is a northwest alignment of sedimentary rock-hosted gold deposits where more than 40 separate gold deposits have been delineated in domed geological complexes with past production exceeding 80,000,000 ounces of gold. Each dome or “window” is cored by igneous intrusions that uplift and expose Paleozoic rocks and certain stratigraphic contacts that are favorable for the formation of Carlin-style gold deposits. The Railroad-Pinion Project is centered on the fourth and southernmost dome-shaped window on the Carlin Trend.

Scientific and technical disclosure for the Railroad-Pinion Project is supported by the technical report with an effective date of February 13, 2020, entitled “South Railroad Project NI 43-101 Technical Report, Updated Preliminary Feasibility Study, Carlin Trend, Nevada, USA”, (the “Updated PFS Technical Report”), prepared by M3 Engineering & Technology Corporation (“M3”). The Updated PFS Technical Report can be accessed at www.sedar.com under the Company’s profile. The Updated PFS Technical Report is the Company’s current technical report for the Railroad-Pinion Project and replaces the technical report entitled “South Railroad Project NI 43-101 Technical Report, Preliminary Feasibility Study, Carlin Trend, Nevada, USA”, with an effective date of September 9, 2019 (the “Initial PFS Technical Report”).

4.2 Three Year History

As of March 26, 2021, there were (i) 357,476,205 Common Shares, (ii) 16,628,447 stock options to purchase up to an aggregate of 16,628,447 Common Shares at a weighted average exercise price of $1.40 per Common Share expiring from September 29, 2021 to March 15, 2026, (iii) 4,086,301 restricted share units convertible to 4,086,301 Common Shares, and (iv) no warrants, outstanding.

Financings

On February 22, 2018, the Company completed a short form prospectus offering of 13,750,440 Common Shares at a price of $2.05 per Common Share to the public in certain provinces of Canada and the United States for gross proceeds of $28,188,402 (the “2018 Public Offering”) through a syndicate of underwriters co-led by Macquarie Capital Markets Canada Ltd. and BMO Nesbitt Burns Inc., including Cormark Securities Inc. and PI Financial Corp.

Concurrent with the 2018 Public Offering, Oceana Gold Corporation (TSX/ASX/NZX:OCG) (“Oceana”) subscribed for 2,680,900 Common Shares and Goldcorp Inc. (“Goldcorp”), now a wholly-owned subsidiary of Newmont Corporation (“Newmont”), subscribed for 2,195,100 Common Shares, both at a price of $2.05 per Common Share for gross proceeds of $9,995,800 (the “February 2018 Private Placement”).

It was a term of Oceana’s subscription agreement from the February 2018 Private Placement (the “Oceana Subscription Agreement”) that as long as Oceana owned not less than 9.9% of the issued and outstanding Common Shares, Oceana was entitled to, amongst other things, a right to participate in any future equity financings of the Company in order to (i) maintain its then equity ownership interest in the Company; and/or (ii) increase its equity

-11-

ownership interest to a maximum of 19.9% of the then issued and outstanding Common Shares. Oceana now owns less than 9.9% of the issued and outstanding Common Shares and as a result, Oceana no longer has these rights under the Oceana Subscription Agreement.

It is a term of Goldcorp’s subscription agreement from the February 2018 Private Placement that as long as Goldcorp owns not less than 7.5% of the issued and outstanding Common Shares, Goldcorp shall be entitled to:

1.	receive monthly exploration reports updating the status of the Company’s work programs on its mineral properties including, but not limited to, reasonable access to the Company’s scientific and technical data, work plans and programs, permitting information, results of operations and technical personnel from time to time; and
2.	participate in any future equity financings of the Company in order to:
	i.	maintain its then equity ownership interest in the Company; and/or
	ii.	increase its equity ownership interest to a maximum of 19.9% of the then issued and outstanding Common Shares, provided that the purchase price per Common Share under such equity financing (a “Subsequent Financing”) shall be equal to the volume weighted average price of the Common Shares on the Toronto Stock Exchange (“TSX”) for the 20 trading days immediately preceding the date of the Company’s public announcement of such financing plus 4%, rounded up or down to the nearest whole cent.

For so long as Goldcorp beneficially owns not less than 7.5% of the issued and outstanding Common Shares (on an undiluted basis), Goldcorp must give the Company prior written notice of its intention to sell more than 1% percent of the then issued and outstanding Common Shares in any 30 day period and, upon receipt of such notice, the Company shall have five business days to purchase or designate the purchasers of all or any part of such shares, failing which Goldcorp may thereafter sell any remaining shares for an additional 30 days.

On September 5, 2018, the Company completed a private placement of 5,230,901 Common Shares at a price of $2.05 per share for aggregate proceeds of $10,723,347 (the “September 2018 Private Placement”, and together with the February 2018 Private Placement, the “2018 Private Placements”). As part of the September 2018 Private Placement, Goldcorp and Oceana exercised their participation rights and purchased 2,926,829 and 975,609 Common Shares, respectively, which represented approximately 13.6% and 15.57% of the issued and outstanding Common Shares, respectively, on a non-diluted basis immediately following the September 2018 Private Placement.

On July 31, 2019, the Company completed a short form prospectus offering of 17,250,000 Common Shares at a price of $1.22 per Common Share to the public in certain provinces of Canada and the United States for gross proceeds of $21,045,000 (the “2019 Public Offering”) through a syndicate of underwriters led by BMO Capital Markets.

On April 17, 2020, the Company entered into an at-the-market equity distribution agreement with BMO Capital Markets to establish an at-the-market equity program in the United States, with the intention of issuing up to $14,875,000 of Common Shares. The Common Shares issued under the at-the-market equity program will be issued from treasury to the public from time to time, and will be sold at the prevailing market price at the time of sale through the NYSE American LLC or any other existing trading market for the Common Shares in the United States. The Company sold 15,097,478 Common Shares for this at-the-market equity program for gross proceeds of $14,871,337.

On July 16, 2020, the Company announced a strategic partnership with Orion Mine Finance (“Orion”). As part of the partnership, Orion purchased approximately US$20.5 million of Common Shares, entered into a silver streaming agreement to purchase 100% of the silver production from the South Railroad Project at a price of 15% of the prevailing market price for silver in exchange for a US$2.0 million payment to the Company and agreed to provide the Company with a term sheet up to US$200 million to help finance construction of the South Railroad Project.

-12-

On August 14, 2020, the Company entered into an at-the-market equity distribution agreement with BMO Capital Markets to establish an at-the-market equity program in the United States, with the intention of issuing up to $25,000,000 of Common Shares. The Common Shares issued under the at-the-market equity program will be issued from treasury to the public from time to time, and will be sold at the prevailing market price at the time of sale through the NYSE American LLC or any other existing trading market for the Common Shares in the United States. The Company issued 15,000,000 common shares for aggregate gross proceeds of $15,678,000. The Company terminated the August program in September 2020.

On February 17, 2021, the Company completed a bought deal financing with a syndicate of underwriters led by BMO Capital Markets and including Canaccord Genuity Corp., National Bank Financial Inc., PI Financial Corp., Haywood Securities Inc., Paradigm Capital Inc., Stifel Nicolaus Canada Inc., and TD Securities Inc. (collectively, the “Underwriters”) pursuant to which it issued 39,215,000 Common Shares, including the full exercise of the over-allotment option by the Underwriters, at a price of $0.88 per Common Shares for an aggregate gross proceeds of $34,509,200.

U.S. Registration

The Company is also a reporting issuer in the United States and required to file disclosure reports with the SEC under the United States Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “U.S. Exchange Act”) to provide information to public investors in the United States (in addition to the Company’s continuous disclosure obligations in Canada).

Stock Exchange Listings

The Common Shares are listed for trading on the TSX and the NYSE American under the symbol “GSV”.

Plan of Operations

On November 6, 2020, the Company submitted its Plan of Operations to the Bureau of Land Management Nevada (“BLM”), outlining the plans to build and operate the proposed South Railroad Project. On February 1, 2021, the Company announced its Plan of Operations had been ruled complete by the BLM. Having the Plan of Operations ruled complete by the BLM allows the company to commence the Environmental Impact Statement (“EIS”) process pursuant to the National Environmental Policy Act. Under current guidelines, and taking into account the assumptions set out in the Plan of Operations, the EIS process is estimated to take between 12 to 18 months to complete.

Updated PFS

On February 18, 2020, the Company announced the results from the Updated PFS. The first South Railroad PFS recommended a series of trade-off and optimization studies which were completed by the Company and incorporated into the Updated PFS. The trade-off studies lowered initial expected capital costs from $194M to $132.9M, increasing the after-tax IRR associated with the Railroad Pinion Project from 27.8% to 40%, and increasing the after-tax NPV from $241.5M to $265.0M. Please see “Material Mineral Project” for a fulsome discussion of the Updated PFS and the Company’s Railroad Pinion Project.

Exploration

Virgin Deposit

On May 5, 2020, the Company announced an initial mineral resources estimate (“MRE”) for the Virgin gold and silver deposit (the “Virgin Deposit”) on its 100% owned/controlled Lewis Project. The Lewis Project is located approximately 100 km west of the South Railroad Project.

The MRE reports an Inferred Mineral Resource of 205,827 troy ounces of gold and 3,537,268 troy ounces of silver contained in 7.74 million tonnes at a grade of 0.83 g Au/t and at a grade of 14.22 g Ag/t , yielding a combined total of 248,300 troy ounces of gold equivalent (“AuEq”) at a combined grade of 1.0 g/t AuEq (using a ratio of 80 to 1 silver to gold). On June 19, 2020, the Company subsequently filed a technical report for the Lewis Project entitled “Technical

-13-

Report and Mineral Resource Estimate for the Lewis Project, Lander County, Nevada USA” with an effective date of May 1, 2020.

Railroad Pinion

On August 4, 2020, the Company announced its plans for phase 1 of its 2020 development and exploration program on the Railroad Pinion Project, including an estimated 20,410 m of RC and core drilling in 136 holes. The 2020 development and exploration program was subsequently expanded by the Company on September 15, 2020 to include additional RC drilling. The objectives of the 2020 development and exploration program were:

1.	to complete the conversion of Pinion Phase 4 to Measured and Indicated confidence level;
2.	drill test additional near surface targets at Dark Star and POD / Sweet Hollow with the goal of expanding the oxide resource;
3.	to further advance the Feasibility Study for the South Railroad Project;
4.	to file the south Railroad Plan of Operations (see “Plan of Operations” above); and
5.	begin step-out exploration drilling at the LT oxide discovery.

On October 20, 2020, the Company announced drill results from 24 of 75 holes in the 2020 Pinion deposit development and exploration program. The key highlights of this drilling included:

• Four holes (PR20-14, -15, -19 and -23) from the southern portion of the drill program intersected vertically- continuous zones of oxide mineralization that are thicker- and higher-grade than modeled from existing drilling.
  These intercepts occurred along an approximate 450m strike length oriented at N60W – an orientation that is parallel to the Pinion Main and South gold zones to the north. Results included: 42.7m of 0.92 g Au/t, including 7.6m of 2.69 g Au/t in hole PR20-14; 38.1m of 0.97 g Au/t in PR20-15; 64.0m of 0.81 g Au/t, including 22.9m of 1.20 g Au/t in hole PR20-19; and 29.0m of 0.77 g Au/t, including 12.2m of 1.28 g Au/t in PR20-23.

• Drill holes PR20-19, -20, and -27 intersected thick zones of oxide mineralization and all three ended in altered multilithic breccia with oxide gold values ranging from 0.7 g Au/t to 1.37 g Au/t.

• Three holes (PR20-09, -10 and -11) intersected shallow oxide mineralization in the southeast portion of the drill pattern.

• Infill drilling and Anaconda-style mapping of new drill site excavations continued to confirm favorable geologic patterns in the Phase 4 area, including: repetition of fault and anticlinal fold orientations, an increase in igneous dikes and sills, and the strength of the gold system in the multilithic breccia host unit. Surface mapping identified the SB Target, which appears to connect with the N60W trend identified above and has 300m of untested strike length to southeast.

For a complete summary of these exploration results, and the related information regarding data verification, sampling methodology, chain of custody, quality control and quality assurance, please see the Company’s press release filed on SEDAR (www.sedar.com) dated October 20, 2020.

On October 29, 2020, the Company reported the results of 10 exploration RC holes drilled at the LT oxide gold discovery which demonstrated the continuity of oxide gold mineralization along a strike length of approximately 200m, with highlights including:

• The down-dip test in drill hole LT20-01 intersected 25.9m of 0.79 g Au/t, including 6.1m of 1.47 g Au/t; a strike test to the northeast in drill hole LT20-08 intersected 30.5m of 0.78 g Au/t, including 7.6m of 1.58 g Au/t; and the up-dip test in drill hole LT20-02 intersected 15.2m of 0.97 g Au/t.

-14-

• LT20-03, an inclined RC hole approximately 77m south of LT19-02, intersected 30.5m of 0.39 g Au/t of near- surface, oxidized mineralization.

• Continuous channel samples identified two main zones of oxide mineralization: 1) a 24m-wide zone averaging 0.97 g Au/t on the north end of the current drill pattern, and 2) a 12m-wide zone averaging 7.05 g Au/t on the south end which remains untested by drilling. The southern zone is associated with a northeast-striking fault zone.

For a complete summary of these exploration results, and the related information regarding data verification, sampling methodology, chain of custody, quality control and quality assurance in respect of drilling, please see the Company’s press release filed on SEDAR (www.sedar.com) dated October 29, 2020.

On November 12, 2020, the Company announced additional results from the 2020 development and exploration program at the Pinion Deposit resulting from 36 RC holes drilled at the Pinion Deposit. The key highlights from these RC holes included:

• Drill hole PR20-26 intersected 77.7m of 2.24 g Au/t, including 22.9m of 4.21 g Au/t, and PR20-34 intersected 38.1m of 4.37 g Au/t, including 16.8m of 5.41 g Au/t. These drill holes are on the southern margin of the drill pattern and represent the best oxide intercepts ever completed at the Pinion Deposit.

• Nine holes (PR20-26, -28, -29, -30, -34, -35, -36, -37 and -42) ended in altered multilithic breccia with oxide gold values ranging from 0.31 g Au/t to 2.52 g Au/t. These holes intersected thicker and higher gold grades than predicted by the resource model.

• Pinion Phase 4 drilling defined a new N60W striking zone of higher than average deposit gold grade, considerable breccia thickness and an increase in igneous sills and dikes. Along this trend, oxide mineralization exhibited vertical and strike continuity over an area approximately 300m (along a NW/SE strike) by approximately 170m wide. Mineralization remains open for another 600m to the southeast of this drilling and at depth.

• PR20-34 also intersected a reduced gold zone of 10.7m of 2.14 g Au/t (at a 1.0 g Au/t cutoff) in the Tripon Pass Formation, immediately above the oxide intercept of 38.1m of 4.37 g Au/t. This reduced intercept represents a new gold host and style of mineralization at Pinion.

• In the northern portion of the drill pattern, three holes intersected vertically-continuous zones of +1 g Au/t oxide mineralization, including 32.0m of 1.14 g Au/t, including 10.7m of 2.40 g Au/t in PR20-47; 24.4m of 1.55 g Au/t, including 16.8m of 2.11 g Au/t in PR20-59; and 25.9m of 3.66 g Au/t, including 12.2m of 6.45 g Au/t in PR20- 60. These holes intersected higher gold grades than predicted by the resource model.

For a complete summary of these exploration results, and the related information regarding data verification, sampling methodology, chain of custody, quality control and quality assurance in respect of drilling, please see the Company’s press release filed on SEDAR (www.sedar.com) dated November 12, 2020.

On November 18, 2020, the Company reported results from nine RC drill holes at the Dark Star Deposit at the Railroad-Pinion Project. Six of these drill holes targeted and intersected up-dip, near-surface oxide mineralization to the east of the Company’s drilling at Main Dark Star. The key highlights from these drill results included:

• Stepout holes DR20-01 through -06 intersected thick intervals of oxide mineralization to the east of the existing drilling at Main Dark Star. These results expanded mineralization to the east beyond the current block model approximately 60m.

• DR20-09 intersected 231.7m @ 2.66 g Au/t, with mineralization starting just below surface and being oxide to depth. The hole infilled a gap in drilling to tie surface sample results to vertically-continuous, +1 g Au/t oxide mineralization at North Dark Star.

-15-

For a complete summary of these exploration results, and the related information regarding data verification, sampling methodology, chain of custody, quality control and quality assurance in respect of drilling, please see the Company’s press release filed on SEDAR (www.sedar.com) dated November 18, 2020.

Acquisitions and Dispositions

No significant acquisitions or dispositions have been completed by the Company since the commencement of its financial year ended December 31, 2020.

Corporate Changes

On December 2, 2020, the Company announced that the CEO succession plan had been finalized. Mr. Jonathan Awde handed over the role of President and CEO to Jason Attew who joined the company on December 2, 2020. On January 5, 2021, the Company announced the departures of Mr. Michael Waldkirch (CFO until March 31, 2021), Mr. Glenn Kumoi (VP, General Counsel and Corporate Secretary until March 16, 2021) and Mr. William Gehlen (former Manager, Corporate Development) and the hiring of Mr. Lawrence Radford, Chief Operating Officer, Mr. Jordan Neeser, Chief Financial Officer, and Mr. Michael McDonald, VP Corporate Development and Investor Relations. On February 22, 2021, Mr. Jonathan Awde announced his resignation from the board of directors of the Company.

-16-

ITEM 5: DESCRIPTION OF THE BUSINESS

Summary

The Company is a British Columbia company focused on the development of district-scale and other gold-bearing mineral resource properties exclusively in the State of Nevada, United States and the permitting, exploration and derisking of such properties. None of the Company’s properties are currently in production.

Specialized Skill and Knowledge

Management is comprised of a team of individuals who have extensive expertise and experience in the mineral exploration and mining industry and are complemented by an experienced board of directors. See ITEM 12: “Directors And Officers”.

Competitive Conditions

The Company competes with other mineral exploration and mining companies for mineral properties, joint venture partners, equipment and supplies, qualified personnel and exploration and development capital. See ITEM 7: “Risk Factors” below.

Cycles

Given the general weather conditions and exploration season in north central NV, the Company’s exploration and evaluation assets expenditures tend to be greater from May to December than in the rest of the year.

Environmental Protection

The current and future operations of the Company, including potential development activities on its Railroad-Pinion Project or areas in which it has an interest, are subject to laws and regulations governing exploration, development, tenure, production, taxes, labour standards, occupational health, wastes disposal, greenhouse gas emissions, protection and remediation of environment, reclamation, mine safety, toxic substances and other matters. Compliance with such laws and regulations increases the costs of and delays planning, designing, drilling and developing the Company’s properties. The Company attempts to diligently apply technically proven and economically feasible measures to advance protection of the environment throughout the exploration and development process. Current costs associated with compliance are considered to be normal.

Employees and Consultants

The Company maintains a head office in Vancouver, B.C. and a branch office in Elko County, NV.

As of March 26, 2021, the Company had 14 full time employees based in the Company’s NV office (December 31, 2020 – 12 employees) and 5 persons at its Vancouver head office (December 31, 2020 – 6 persons). As operations require, the Company also retains geologists, engineers, and other consultants on a short term or per diem basis in Vancouver and NV, and in the field at its Railroad-Pinion Project.

Foreign Operations

The Railroad-Pinion Project and the Lewis Gold Project are located in NV and the Company maintains an office in Elko County, NV.

Social or Environmental Policies

The Company has adopted an environmental policy to ensure that it is maintaining sound environmental practices in all activities (the “Environmental Policy”). Pursuant to the Environmental Policy, the Company:

-17-

• examines the potential impact to the environment of all proposed activities and takes steps to minimize, or where possible, eliminate the impact;

• ensures that all activities are in compliance with all environmental permits and regulations;

• on a routine basis, determines the Company’s impact on the environment and through continuous improvement, strives to attain higher levels of environmental performance;

• maintains a high-level of environmental protection by applying practices and technology that minimize impacts and enhance environmental quality;

• maintains open dialogue with local communities, ranchers and other stakeholders within the area of influence of the Company’s project areas;

• progressively and regularly reclaims disturbed areas in accordance with approved reclamation plans, and incorporates new technology where practical;

• encourages cooperative research programs with state and federal agencies to better understand and monitor impacts associated with the Company’s project areas; and

• trains all employees and, contractors as appropriate, to help them better understand their environmental responsibility related to the Company’s project areas.

The Company has also formed a Technical, Health, Safety and Environment Committee (the “HSEC”), which, among other things, monitors, on behalf of the board of directors of the Company (the “Board”), the Company’s compliance with its approved environmental policies. The HSEC reviews with management any extraordinary event or condition involving an environmental impact or significant risk, including, where appropriate, reporting and making recommendations to management and the Board. The Company is also working towards producing its first formal environmental, social and governance report.

-18-

ITEM 6: MATERIAL MINERAL PROJECT

6.1 Mineral Projects

The Company considers the Railroad-Pinion Project comprised of North Railroad and South Railroad, its material mineral project for purposes of NI 43-101. Set forth below is certain mining and technical information in relation to those deposits.

The technical information included in this section is a summary of the technical information disclosed in the Updated PFS Technical Report. Any additional drilling or metallurgical results disclosed subsequent to the effective date of the Updated PFS Technical Report are included in “Material Mineral Project - Mineral Projects – Recent Developments”.

The Updated PFS Technical Report is the Company’s current technical report for the Railroad-Pinion Project and presents the results of the South Railroad preliminary feasibility study (the “Updated PFS”), incorporating new design-work, scheduling and projected costs in support of mineral resource and mineral reserve estimates for the Dark Star Deposit and the Pinion Deposit.

Extensive metallurgical testing has been completed for the Dark Star Deposit and the Pinion Deposit and is ongoing for the Jasperoid Wash Deposit. The North Railroad portion of the property has not been tested comprehensively for metallurgical response. The Company reports mineral reserves only for the Dark Star Deposit and the Pinion Deposit, and the mine schedule, process-plant design and financial analysis set out in the Updated PFS Technical Report includes only these two deposits.

Project Description, Location and Access

Railroad-Pinion is located along the Piñon mountain range at the southeast end of the Carlin Trend, approximately 442 km west of Salt Lake City, Utah, and 467 km east of Reno, NV. It is between 13 and 29 km south of Interstate 80, which is a four lane, east-west, transcontinental highway that serves as the primary highway in northern NV.

Primary access to Railroad-Pinion is by a series of paved and gravel roads from Elko, NV (population 18,300). The Railroad-Pinion Project can be reached by travelling westbound from Elko for 32 km on Interstate 80 to the town of Carlin (population 2,400), and then south on State Highway 278 for 24 km. The Railroad-Pinion Project area may also be reached during the summer and autumn months by traveling 48 km southwestward from Elko, NV on the Bullion Road, a dirt/gravel road.

The Railroad-Pinion Project constitutes a land position totalling 53,569 gross acres (21,679 hectares) and, with partial interests taken into consideration, 50,599 net acres (20,477 net hectares) of land in Elko County, NV. The Company owns, or otherwise controls 100% of the subsurface mineral rights on a total of 29,941 gross acres (12,117 hectares) of land held as patented or unpatented mineral lodes (claims). This includes 1,455 unpatented claims owned by the Company and 207 unpatented claims held under lease. The Company also owns or leases 30 patented claims. There is also a total of 23,628 gross acres (9,562 gross hectares) of private lands of which the Company’s ownership of the subsurface mineral rights varies from 49.2% to 100%, for a net position of approximately 20,658 acres (8,360 hectares). The Company is pursuing the minority interest in certain key private land parcels where it holds less than a 100% interest.

The Company owns or otherwise controls 100% of the mineral lands on which the Pinion Deposit, Dark Star Deposit, Jasperoid Wash Deposit, and the North Bullion Deposit are situated, subject to the terms of its leases, as applicable, and certain subsurface minority mineral interest holders in certain fee lands whom hold an approximate 0.8% to 1.51% mineral interest not subject to lease held by the Company. The lands on which the Pinion Deposit, Dark Star Deposit, Jasperoid Wash Deposit, and the North Bullion Deposit are situated are comprised of approximately 7,360 gross acres (2,978.49 hectares) and 7,320.19 net acres (2,962.38 hectares).

Private surface and private mineral property are wholly owned and subject to lease agreement payments and property taxes (paid on an annual basis) as determined by Elko County. The estimated holding cost for the patented claims,

-19-

unpatented claims, and private lands held by the Company is $1,214,845 per annum. Unpatented lode mining claims grant the holder 100% of the locatable mineral rights and access to the surface for exploration activities which cause insignificant surface disturbance. Ownership of the unpatented mining claims is in the name of the holder (locator), subject to the paramount title of the United States of America, under the administration of the Bureau of Land Management (the “BLM”). Under the Mining Law of 1872, which governs the location of unpatented mining claims on federal lands, the locator has the right to explore, develop, and mine minerals on unpatented mining claims without payments of production royalties to the U.S. government, subject to the surface management regulation of the BLM. Currently, annual claim-maintenance fees are the only federal payments related to unpatented mining claims. The mineral rights do not expire if the unpatented claims are maintained by paying an annual fee of $165 per claim to the U.S. Department of Interior, BLM prior to the end of the business day on August 31 every year. A notice of intent to hold must also be filed with the Elko County Recorder on or before November 1 annually, along with a filing fee of $12.00 per claim, plus a $412.00 document fee.

The Company has completed its federal claim maintenance fee obligations for the owned and leased unpatented claims for 2020-2021 assessment year. The federal claim maintenance fees for the claims for the 2020-2021 assessment year are due on or before September 1, 2021. The Company’s estimated claim maintenance fee cost for the owned and leased unpatented claims is $294,414 per annum, and the Company’s total estimated annual cost to maintain its property package is $1,509,259.

Portions of the unpatented and private lands are encumbered with royalties predominantly in the form of standard Net (or Gross) Smelter Return (“NSR” or “GSR”) and Mineral Production (“MP”) royalty agreements, or Net Profit Interest (“NPI”) agreements. The currently relevant royalty encumbrances for the Railroad-Pinion Project are summarized as follows:

• 1.0% NSR royalty to Royal Standard Minerals, Inc. and Manhattan Mining Co. on the portion of the property acquired by statutory plan of arrangement;

• 1.5% MP royalty to Kennecott Holdings Corporation on claims noted as the Selco Group;

• 5.0% NSR royalty to the owners of the undivided private mineral interests;

• The Company owns an approximate 99.2% mineral interest in Sections 21 and 27 by way of several lease agreements. Pursuant to the terms of the relevant lease agreements, Sections 21 and 27 are subject to a 5.0% NSR royalty to the lessors of the leased property;

• Section 22 is comprised of the TC 1 through 39, and TC 37R and 38R unpatented lode mining claims owned by Gold Standard. The TC claims are subject to the following royalties: (1) an unknown/unspecified NSR royalty to “GSI, Inc., of Virginia”; and (2) a 2.0%) NSR royalty to Waterton Global Value LP;

• 1.0% NSR royalty to Aladdin Sweepstake Consolidated Mining Company on the portion of the property acquired by statutory plan of arrangement, specifically the PIN#1 to PIN#12 lode mining claims;

• 4.0% NSR royalty to ANG Pony LLC for mining claims acquired by the Company in Sections 34 and 36 in T30N, R53E, and Sections 2 and 4 in T29, R53E;

• 3.0% NSR royalty to Peter Maciulaitis for certain mining claims in Sections 24 and 26 in T30N, R53E;

• A 3.0% NSR royalty (relative to mineral interest) to Linda Zunino and Tony Zunino, Trustees of the Delert J. Zunino and Linda Zunino Family Trusts dated October 11, 1994, and a 3.0% NSR royalty (relative to mineral interest) to John C. Carpenter and Roseann Carpenter, husband and wife, on Section 23 in T29N, R53E;

• A 3.0% NSR royalty to Nevada Sunrise LLC on the 14 WMH claims situated in Sections 1, 2, 3, and 11 in T29N, R53E; and

-20-

• A 3.5% NSR royalty (relative to mineral interest) to Dominek Pieretti and Tusca Sullivan on Sections 3, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 17, 19, 21, 29, 31, and 33 in T29N, R53E, and Section 33 in T30N, R53E.

The estimated total annual cost for maintaining the Railroad-Pinion Project is $1,377,632, including lease payments and claims maintenance.

The Company currently has three Plans of Operations and two Notices of Intent (“NOI’s”) in place with the BLM for South Railroad. The Company has drafted a Historic Properties Treatment Plan (“HPTP”) for archaeological sites within the Railroad Exploration Project Plan of Operations. The draft HPTP is currently being evaluated by the BLM. Activities at the Jasperoid Wash Deposit are permitted with an approved BLM NOI for an area situated in Section 16 in T29N, R53E. The bond for this NOI has been posted in the amount of $31,956. The Company has received a Water Pollution Control Permit issued by the Nevada Division of Environmental Protection (“NDEP”) for the North Bullion Deposit that expires in November 2019. There is also a Surface Area Disturbance Permit (“SADP”) issued by NDEP for the North Bullion Deposit. The Company has received a Reclamation Permit (“RP”) that includes the Pinion, Dark Star, and Irene reclamation plans. This RP covers both private land and public land disturbances. The Company is in the process of applying for a permanent RP, and is permitted to operate in Section 25 in T30N, R53E at the Dark Star Deposit as long as it keeps the total disturbance to less than five acres at any given time. For South Railroad, the Company has received an SADP and Environmental Assessment (“EA”) that covers approximately 19.3 km² and allows up to 101 ha of disturbance. The SADP EA expires on July 2022.

The Company is not aware of any significant factors or risks that may affect access, title, or the right or ability to perform work on the Railroad-Pinion Project.

Exploration and Mining History

The Railroad-Pinion Project is being explored on an ongoing basis by the Company using geological mapping, geochemical and geophysical surveying, and drilling. Exploration work by the Company commenced in 2010 and has resulted in the identification of 17 prospect areas or zones of mineralization within the property.

Twenty-one different historical operators are known to have drilled 1,084 holes, for a total of 152,566.1 m, from 1969 through 2008. As of the effective date of the Updated PFS Technical Report, the Company had drilled 848 holes for a total of 248,227.1 m. At least 74% of all drilling used RC drilling methods. However, the amount of RC drilling may be understated because the hole-types are not known for a substantial number of holes drilled in the late 1980s and 1990s, when RC drilling was common.

The Railroad mining district was intermittently active as a copper, lead, silver, zinc and gold district from 1869 until the early 1960s, when modern exploration began. Since 1967, numerous companies have explored in the Railroad-Pinion Project area as a whole, and conducting rock and soil sampling, surveying and drilling programs throughout the property. As the work progressed in the Railroad mining district, new geologic interpretations plus base- and precious-metal surface sample results were combined with favorable drill results, expanding the target types and widening the range of commodities being explored for.

South Railroad

Pinion Area Exploration History

Exploration activity at the Pinion Deposit area dates back to the discovery of the Pinion prospect by Newmont in 1980. Newmont referred to the prospect as Trout Creek. The majority of the historical work was conducted in the late 1980s and early to mid-1990s and overlaps somewhat with that of the adjacent North Railroad. This work identified a Carlin-type gold deposit at the Pinion prospect in Sections 22 and 27 in T30N and R53E, which for a time was known as the South Bullion deposit. An additional zone of gold-silver mineralization was discovered and partly delineated at the Dark Star prospect in Section 25 in T30N, R53E.

Historical drilling began in 1980 with RC methods. Historical exploration in the Pinion area identified two discrete zones of mineralization (Main and North) with the majority of the historical drilling having been completed at the

-21-

Main zone, including the testing of the Jasperoid breccia outcrops located near the southern boundary of Section 22 in T30N and R53E. Historical drilling extended the Main zone gold mineralization well into Section 27 to the southeast. The north zone is located approximately 300 m northeast of the Jasperoid outcrops of the Main zone.

In 2014, the Company acquired a large portion of the Pinion Deposit and surrounding area mineral rights from Scorpio Gold Corporation. Subsequently, the Company expanded their land position to include all of South Railroad.

Dark Star Area Exploration History

The Dark Star Deposit is located approximately 3 km east of the Pinion Main zone. Historical exploration work was conducted at the Dark Star area from 1990 through 1999 by Crown, Westmont, Cyprus, Cameco and RSM, Mirandor, and Kinross. In 1990, Crown identified a surface gold anomaly through rock and soil sampling in what became the Dark Star Deposit.

Drilling in 1991 confirmed the presence of subsurface gold mineralization at the Dark Star Deposit. Further historical drilling identified an approximately north-south-trending mineralized zone that became known as the Dark Star Corridor.

Jasperoid Wash

The Jasperoid Wash Deposit is located 7.5 km southwest of the Dark Star Deposit. In 1988, Westmont conducted geologic mapping, and rock and soil sampling over the Jasperoid Wash and Black Creek regional area. The geochemical sampling identified a large anomalous mineralized system and a 13-hole RC drilling program followed in 1989. Nine of the 13 holes drilled in 1989 intersected intervals of ≥0.01 to 0.03 oz Au/ton (0.34 to 1.03 g Au/t). Follow-up drilling programs were conducted in 1990, 1991, and 1992 by drilling 34 RC and three core holes. Low-grade gold mineralization was intersected in 22 of the holes.

In 1997, Cameco collected 35 rock-chip samples to test the anomaly within the hydrothermally altered Diamond Peak and Chainman-Dale Canyon formations of the Jasperoid Wash prospect. Four RC holes were drilled, totalling 556.3 m, targeting structural intersections. Significant gold mineralization was not intersected in the 1997 drilling at Jasperoid Wash, although two of the holes intersected low-grade, anomalous mineralization.

In 1998, Cameco completed gradient IP/Resistivity geophysical surveys over the Jasperoid Wash area and identified a large zone of low chargeability and high resistivity in the western part of the survey area. This was reportedly tested in 1998 by four RC holes totalling 677 m. Significant gold mineralization was not intersected in the drilling, although two of the drill holes intersected low-grade anomalous gold.

North Railroad

The earliest prospecting and mineral exploration in North Railroad likely dates to the mid-1860s. In 1869, the Railroad mining district was established in the area of Bunker Hill and the district was also known as the Bullion or Empire City district. Initially silver, lead, and copper ore was shipped to Chicago and San Francisco. A smelter was built in 1872 at the nearby town of Bullion. Beginning in 1905, shipments from operating mines, old dumps and slag were sent to Salt Lake City. Early production in the district was mainly silver, lead, and copper extracted from numerous underground mines on the northern flank of Bunker Hill. There were also minor, undeveloped gold veins in intrusive rocks.

Beginning in 1910, and until the mines quit production in the 1960s, zinc became the prominent metal mined. Modern-era exploration began in 1967 when American Selco optioned claims from Aladdin Sweepstake Consolidated Mining, launching a period of surface sampling, geophysics, geological mapping and surface drilling in the Railroad district and North Railroad that has continued to the date of the Updated PFS Technical Report. Records are incomplete but historical exploration was likely conducted in various areas at various times by 15 companies. These companies collected 6,260 soil samples, 3,508 rock samples and drilled 382 holes.

-22-

The Company commenced exploration at North Railroad in 2009 and began drilling in the North Bullion Deposit area in 2010. Historic exploration data has not been compiled for the North Bullion Deposit separately from that of the Railroad-Pinion Project as a whole. The North Bullion Deposit was a blind gold discovery in 2010, when a process of vectoring from surface gravity surveys, combined with geological models and geological drill hole data, led to favorable intercepts in the area and subsequent extensive exploration by the Company. The gold system remains open in all directions and spans an area of 400 m by 1,200 m.

Geological Setting, Mineralization and Deposit Types

Regional and Local Geology

The Railroad-Pinion Project is located in the southern portion of the Carlin trend, centered on the Railroad dome in the Piñon Range, which is comprised of Ordovician through Permian marine sedimentary rocks. Eastern assemblage formations throughout the property include the Pogonip, Hanson Creek, Eureka Quartzite, Lone Mountain Dolomite, Oxyoke, Beacon Peak, Sentinel Mountain Dolomite, and Devils Gate Limestone and Tripon Pass formations. Siliceous clastic units include those of the Webb, Chainman, and Tonka formations. The north-south-striking Bullion fault corridor separates Tertiary volcanic rocks to the east from the Paleozoic sedimentary units in the range, which have been intruded by a complex of Eocene igneous rocks centered south of Bald Mountain, in the core and east flank of the range.

The gold-silver deposits within the Railroad-Pinion Project that are the focus of the Updated PFS Technical Report are considered to be Carlin-type, sedimentary-rock-hosted deposits. Precious metal mineralization is generally submicroscopic, disseminated, and hosted principally in sedimentary rocks, with some mineralization in felsic dikes and sills as well.

Dark Star

In South Railroad, the “Dark Star Main” and “Dark Star North” zones, which comprise the Dark Star Deposit are hosted primarily within Pennsylvanian-Permian rocks, with minor amounts of gold mineralization found in the Chainman Formation and Tertiary conglomerates. The deposits are centered along the roughly north-south Dark Star fault corridor, within which is a horst block and associated silicified zone bounded by the West fault and Dark Star fault. Gold mineralization in the horst block is hosted in the middle, coarse-grained conglomeratic and bioclastic limestone-bearing unit of a Pennsylvanian-Permian undifferentiated sequence interpreted to be equivalent to the Tomera Formation. Mineralization dips steeply to the west near the surface at Dark Star Main and Dark Star North, but dips less steeply at depth at Dark Star Main.

Pinion

Also, in South Railroad, the Pinion Deposit is situated in a sequence of Paleozoic sedimentary rocks exposed within large horst blocks in which the sedimentary rocks have been broadly folded into a south- to southeastward-plunging, asymmetric anticline. The axis of this Pinion anticline trends approximately N50ºW to N60ºW and can be traced for approximately 3.2 km. The limbs of the anticline dip shallowly at 10° to 25° to the west, and more steeply at 35° to 50° to the east. Disseminated gold and silver mineralization at the Pinion Deposit is strongly controlled by a 3 m to 120 m-thick dissolution-collapse breccia at the contact between calcarenite of the Devils Gate Limestone and the overlying silty micrite of the Tripon Pass Formation. Gold deposition was contemporaneous with breccia development, quartz veins formation, silica ± barite replacement and infill of open spaces.

Jasperoid Wash

The Jasperoid Wash Deposit, also located in South Railroad, is hosted by altered Tertiary feldspar porphyry dikes and their host Pennsylvanian-Permian conglomeratic rocks of a Tomera Formation equivalent. The deposit has approximate extents of 1,400 m to the north and a width of about 1,100 m, and is partially contained within an elongate, north to south, steeply dipping structural corridor. Drilling shows the deposit dips steeply to the west nearby and within Tertiary dikes; east of the dikes, the deposit dips gently to the west. The gold is inferred to be submicroscopic in grain size, however, petrographic studies have yet to be performed.

-23-

North Railroad

In North Railroad, disseminated gold mineralization has been defined by drilling in the North Bullion, POD, and Sweet Hollow zones. The mineralization is focused in the footwall of the Bullion fault zone. Faults appear to be important controls on mineralization. In general, gold-silver mineralization is localized in gently to moderately dipping, strongly sheared rocks of the Webb and Tripon Pass formations, in dissolution-collapse breccia developed above and within silty micrite of the Tripon Pass Formation, and calcarenite of the Devils Gate Limestone. The top of gold mineralization varies from 105 m to 400 m below the surface and varies in dip from 10° to 45° to the east. Gold is associated with “sooty” sulfide minerals, silica, carbon, clay, barite, realgar, and orpiment.

Exploration

The Company has been exploring the Railroad-Pinion Project as a whole since 2010, discovering new exploration targets and advancing known prospects and deposits by executing systematic, geological model-driven and aggressive exploration. Prior to 2015, exploration activities by the Company were focused in North Railroad. Work completed in 2015 was largely focused on the Pinion Deposit in South Railroad, after its acquisition in 2014. Exploration work by the Company since 2010 has resulted in the identification of 17 prospect areas or zones of mineralization within the overall property position, including the Bald Mountain area and the North Bullion Deposit in North Railroad, the Pinion Deposit, the Dark Star Deposit, and the Jasperoid Wash Deposit, and other areas of the South Railroad portion of the property.

2009 – 2019 Geophysics

There is a significant and growing body of geophysical information for the Railroad-Pinion Project that includes gravity, controlled-source audio magneto-telluric (“CSAMT”) and ground magnetic surveys. These surveys have been employed to aid in identifying geological structures, key lithologies and zones of hydrothermal alteration related to mineralization. Additionally, the geophysical surveys have aided in drill-hole targeting and have assisted in the definition of multiple exploration targets.

A ground magnetic survey was completed over the Bullion stock area in 2014. A total of 197 line-km were surveyed with total magnetic intensity recorded in continuous mode at 2-second intervals on lines 100 m apart. The lines were oriented east-west.

The Company completed six gravity surveys from 2009 to 2015, collecting measurements from 3,991 stations covering a large portion of the property. The gravity surveys were designed to delineate structures, particularly those in areas lacking bedrock exposures, and/or those areas under cover, and to identify rock types and alteration related to sedimentary-rock hosted and skarn-type mineralization. During 2017, gravity measurements at an additional 1,027 stations were taken, covering 23 km² in South Railroad. The 2017 gravity survey was conducted by Magee Geophysical Services LLC and was interpreted by Wright Geophysics.

Seven CSAMT surveys were completed by the Company from 2012 to 2016, covering the Bullion fault corridor, the North Bullion Deposit, the Pinion Deposit, and the Dark Star Deposit, and the Dark Star fault corridor. A total of 85 line-km of CSAMT data were collected during the seven CSAMT surveys. The 2016 CSAMT survey involved 21.2 line-km focused on the Dark Star fault corridor, with nine east-west lines at variable spacing from 200 m to 500 m, that were oriented perpendicular to the main fault trend in the area.

During 2017, another 68 line-km of CSAMT were surveyed with 21 lines across the Dark Star fault corridor, Ski Track and Bullion to East Pine Mountain areas. The data were acquired by Zonge International Inc. and interpreted by Wright Geophysics.

James Wright of Wright Geophysics designed, supervised, and interpreted the 2016 CSAMT survey. An interpretation of the results by Wright is summarized as follows:

• a major north-south-oriented structural zone – the Dark Star fault corridor – exists along the east side of all 2016 sections, juxtaposing Tertiary rocks against older sedimentary rocks. The zone has two major normal

-24-

faults bounding a predominantly Pennsylvania-Permian horst block. Both bounding faults have multiple parallel faults and lesser splays;



• a north-south-oriented horst of Pennsylvania-Permian clastic rocks beneath approximately 80 m of Tertiary and Quaternary cover is bounded by two major faults and runs parallel to and 450 m west of the Dark Star fault corridor;

• the above horst is terminated to the north by a north-northeast-trending fault and is divided to the south by a major cross-cutting west-northwest-trending fault. South of that the two horsts appear to merge to the south of this cross-cutting structure; and

• the Dark Star Main and Dark Star North deposits correlate with high resistivity from a depth of 0 to 25 m to a depth of 200 to 400 m, respectively. The near-surface high resistivity features may be related to alteration.

In 2016, the Company purchased a portion of an airborne magnetic survey from EDCON-PRJ that covered the entire Piñon Range including North Railroad and South Railroad and their surroundings. The Bullion stock forms a strong and large magnetic high, and several of the major structures were extended by the airborne interpretation of Wright.

Seismic surveys were performed in 2017 and 2018 at the Pinion Deposit, the Dark Star Deposit, and the North Bullion Deposit. In total, three east-west-oriented lines for 37.2 line-km were surveyed. In 2019 three additional seismic lines, totaling 21 line-km, were surveyed directly over and to the north of the North Bullion Deposit. The seismic data were acquired by Bird Seismic Services and processed and interpreted by Columbia Geophysical, Sterling Seismic Services Ltd., and Wright Geophysics.

2010 – 2018 Geochemistry

Historical data and subsequent work by the Company has shown there is a positive correlation between anomalous gold and arsenic concentrations in soil samples, and near-surface gold mineralization confirmed with drilling. The Company collected approximately 7,450 soil samples from 2010 to 2015. These were collected over grids in six areas with lines 50 m to 100 m apart and samples taken at spacings of 50 m. During 2017 and 2018, a total of 7,823 soil samples were collected from South Railroad in the Ski Track, Dixie, and Jasperoid Wash areas, and near the southern limit of the property. Samples were taken at intervals of 50 m along lines spaced 100 m apart.

To expand the rock geochemistry database in areas that lacked historical sampling, the Company collected approximately 3,500 rock samples throughout the Dark Star Deposit, the Pinion Deposit, and the North Bullion Deposit areas from 2010 to 2015. Samples were collected from outcrops, road cuts and field traverses parallel with topography. The majority of these rock samples comprise simple “grab” samples, but chip, channel and scoop sampling techniques were employed to a lesser degree.

The Company did not collect any rock, soil or scoop samples in 2016. During 2017 and 2018, a total of 1,550 rock samples were collected from the Ski Track, Dixie, and Jasperoid Wash areas of the property. The geochemical exploration work described above identified eight drill targets, some of which have returned significant intercepts of gold, silver, copper, lead and zinc.

Sampling methods, quality and representativity of surface sampling at the Railroad-Pinion Project have not been analyzed because drilling results form the basis for the mineral resource estimates.

2009 – 2019 Geologic Mapping

During 2009 through 2016, the Company geologists carried out Anaconda-style, layer-based geological mapping that covers a total of 150 km² within and near the Railroad-Pinion Project. The mapping was done at scales of 1:6,000 to 1:2,000. During 2016-2018, approximately 53.5 km² were mapped in the Dark Star Deposit, Dixie, the Jasperoid Wash Deposit, Ski Track, Elliot Dome, and east Pine Mountain areas. Additional mapping was conducted at a scale of 1:2,000 in the Ski Track and LT areas during 2018.

-25-

Drilling

The Company has conducted drilling on the Railroad-Pinion Project as a whole since 2010 to test the extent of known mineralization, support ongoing geological modelling and resolve current geological models. After the Company’s acquisition of South Railroad in 2014, efforts focused on the Pinion Deposit and Dark Star Deposit and their surrounding areas.

Gold Standard has drilled an additional 66 holes on the Railroad-Pinion Project in late 2019 that are not included in the subsequent discussions in this section. Most were drilled following the effective dates of the databases for the Dark Star Deposit, the Pinion Deposit and the Jasperoid Wash Deposit. The new holes at the Dark Star Deposit and the Pinion Deposit, many of which were drilled to collect metallurgical samples and geotechnical data, were evaluated with respect to their respective mineral resource models. All were determined to have minimal to no impact on estimated volumes and grades.

South Railroad Drilling by the Company

Drilling in South Railroad by the Company commenced in 2012. A total of 168,676.7 m were drilled in 694 holes. Approximately 83% of the meters and 84% of the holes were drilled with RC methods. Diamond-core drilling accounts for about 16% of the meters and 15% of the holes; the balance of the drilling was done using RC followed by core tails. Both angle and vertical drilling was done.

A Company representative checked each drill rig at least once per day during drilling to monitor sample collection. For core drilling, Company geologists completed paper or digital logs on the whole core. The logs captured and illustrated core recovery, sample intervals, lithologic data, hydrothermal alteration, mineralogy and structural features. Structural features were measured with respect to the core axis. When available, structural features were measured on core oriented using a Reflex Act 2 orienting device. Photographs were taken of all drill core, labeled with drill hole footages and sample intervals. RC drill chips were also logged on paper or digital logs by Company geologists. The data from the paper drill logs were later captured in electronic spreadsheets for both core and RC drill holes.

The Company’s RC holes were drilled with water injection. Face-return bits were utilized when not impeded by excess water. Tri-cone bits were only used when the hammer bits were unable to function due to excessive water pressure.

Dark Star Area Drilling by the Company

In 2015, the Company began drilling in the Dark Star Deposit to extend historically known shallow oxidized gold mineralization and to test other exploration targets. In 2015 through 2019, the Company drilled a total of 73,798.9 m in 306 holes. RC drilling accounts for about 83% of the holes and 79% of the meters drilled by the Company. All 2015-2019 core drilling was done with two 12-hr shifts per day. The RC drills operated for one or two 12-hr shifts per day. RC samples were collected continuously over 1.524 m (5 ft) intervals and split with a rotating wet splitter located beneath the cyclone.

Pinion Area Drilling by the Company

The Company’s drilling in the Pinion Deposit has totalled 51,307.5 m in 272 holes drilled from 2012 through the of the effective date of the Updated PFS Technical Report. The great majority of the drilling, approximately 90% of the meters drilled, was done with RC methods. Following acquisition of the Pinion Deposit in 2014, the Company focused their drilling on the expansion and infill drilling of various zones of what is now the Pinion Deposit. The 2014 drilling produced significant gold intervals at the Pinion Deposit indicating that gold mineralization associated with multi-lithic breccia and certain structures remained open along and across strike. Further drilling of 23 holes in 2015 also provided significant gold intercepts indicating the mineralized system was still open in a number of directions.

In 2016, the Company drilled a total of 23 holes in the Pinion Deposit for a total of 8,804.2 m. This drilling was designed to extend known zones of mineralization, provide infill data for specific zones, and provide material for metallurgical testing. Several holes were drilled to test the Irene geological and geochemical target 2.0 km west of the Pinion Deposit and at the Sentinel target to the north of the Pinion Deposit.

-26-

The 2016 drilling resulted in several significant gold intersections, defined as averaging greater than the 0.14 g Au/t cut-off grade that was used previously for the 2016 estimate of Pinion Deposit gold mineral resources. Most significantly, the 2016 drilling identified a new stratigraphic target called the Sentinel zone, which is located at the north end of the Pinion Deposit and comprises gold hosted within the Sentinel Mountain dolomite and the top of the underlying Oxyoke sandstone, below the Devils Gate Limestone. The Sentinel gold mineralization is shallow, oxidized, and open to the north and west.

The Company’s 2014 through 2018 RC drilling was conducted on one or two 12-hr shifts per day. RC samples were collected continuously over 1.524 m (5 ft) intervals and split with a rotating wet splitter located beneath the cyclone. The splitter reduced the samples to approximately 2.3 to 9.1 kg, which were collected in pre-numbered sample bags. A few grams of each 1.524 m interval were placed in chip trays for logging.

Results from the 2014 through 2018 drilling were used with data from historical drilling to estimate the current gold mineral resources at the Pinion Deposit.

Jasperoid Wash Area Drilling by the Company

The Company’s drilling at the Jasperoid Wash Deposit commenced in 2017. Since then a total of 17,997.5 m have been drilled in 60 holes. RC drilling accounts for about 90% of the holes and 70% of the meters drilled by the Company.

The 2017 and 2018 RC drilling was conducted by National Exploration Wells and Pumps (“National”) using a 450 Schramm, 685 Schramm and an EDM 95. The drilling contractor, Major, also drilled at the Jasperoid Wash Deposit and used a 455 Schramm. Bit sizes were 5¼ in. to 6½ in. in diameter. The rig was operated on two 12-hr shifts per day. RC samples were collected continuously over 1.524 m (5 ft) intervals and split with a rotating wet splitter located beneath the cyclone. A drilling technician placed a few grams of each 1.524 m interval in plastic chip trays for logging.

Core drilling in 2017 and 2018 was carried out by National and First Drilling of Elko, NV using a CT14 and an LF90, respectively. Core sizes drilled were PQ3, HQ3 and NQ3.

The results of the drilling, together with historical drill data from the Jasperoid Wash Deposit, have been used to estimate the current gold mineral resources at the Jasperoid Wash Deposit.

Subsequent to the effective date of the mineral resource estimate at the Jasperoid Wash Deposit, 21 additional drill holes (5,210.3 m) were completed at Jasperoid Wash, two were core holes (610.8 m) and the remainder were RC (4,599.5 m). These holes’ data were received on April 24, 2019 and evaluated on April 29, 2019. No auditing or QA/QC evaluations were done on this post-model drill-hole data set.

North Bullion Deposits Drilling by the Company

Drilling by the Company in the North Bullion Deposit commenced in 2010 and a total of 60,481.4 m had been drilled in 119 holes through the end of 2016. An additional 25 holes were completed in 2017 for a total of 10,299.8 m.

2010-2013 North Bullion Deposit Drilling by the Company

From 2010 through 2013, the Company drilled 83 holes totalling 42,593.8 m in the North Bullion Deposit. In 2010, the Company utilized gravity data and geological models to identify an untested target that lead to intercepts of 32 m of 1.39 g Au/t and 43.6 m of 1.21 g/t Au in hole RR10-8 at the North Bullion Deposit. This discovery of blind, sedimentary-rock hosted, Carlin-style gold mineralization lead to additional drilling conducted from 2010 to 2013 within the North Bullion Deposit and eventually to the estimated gold mineral resources.

The Company’s 2010 and 2013 RC drilling was conducted by Hard Rock Exploration Inc. and National, using a TH75 and 685 Schramm, respectively. Bit sizes were 5 ¼ in. to 6 ½ in. diameter bits. The rig was operated on one or two 12 hr shifts per day. RC samples were collected continuously over 1.524 m (5 ft) intervals and split with a rotating wet

-27-

splitter located beneath the cyclone. A drilling technician placed a few grams of each 1.524 m interval in plastic chip trays for logging.

Core drilling in 2010 to 2013 was done by Redcor Drilling Inc. with an LF-230 rig. Core sizes were PQ3, HQ3 and NQ3. No drilling was done in 2014.

2015 North Bullion Deposits Drilling by the Company

In 2015, the Company drilled two core holes and two RC holes with core tail holes totalling 1,666.4 m. The RC drilling was conducted by National using a 685 Schramm. Bit sizes were 5 ¼ in. to 6 ½ in. diameter bits. The rig was operated on one or two 12-hr shifts per day. RC samples were collected continuously over 1.524 m (5 ft) intervals and split with a rotating wet splitter located beneath the cyclone. A drilling technician placed a few grams of each 1.524 m interval in plastic chip trays for logging.

The 2015 core drilling was performed by Timberline Drilling of Elko Nevada using an LF90 drill rig. Core sizes were PQ3, HQ3 and NQ3. Core was also drilled by TonaTec Exploration LLC of Utah. The rig may have been a CS2000. Core sizes were PQ3, HQ3 and NQ3.

2016-2017 North Bullion Deposits Drilling by the Company

A total of 16,221.1 m were drilled in 31 holes in 2016 and 2017. Most of the RC drilling was conducted by National using a 685 Schramm. Bit sizes were 5 ¼ in. to 6 ½ in. diameter bits. The rig was operated on one or two 12-hr shifts per day. RC samples were collected continuously over 1.524 m (5 ft) intervals and split with a rotating wet splitter located beneath the cyclone. A drilling technician placed a few grams of each 1.524 m interval in plastic chip trays for logging.

Boart Longyear of Elko, NV was the contractor for four RC holes drilled in 2017. A track-mounted drill of unknown type was used; specific methods and procedures are not reported.

Core drilling was performed by Timberline Drilling of Elko, NV using an LF90 drill rig. Core sizes were PQ3, HQ3, and NQ3. Core was also drilled by First Drilling. The rig used was an LF90 drill rig. Core sizes were PQ3, HQ, and NQ3. The results from drilling completed prior to August 18, 2017 were used to estimate the current gold mineral resources at the North Bullion Deposit.

Sample Preparation, Analyses And Security

North Railroad

Commencing in 2010, drilling company employees collected the Company’s RC samples at the rig. Those samples were then picked up at the drill sites by representatives of ALS Minerals (“ALS”) or Inspectorate America Corporation, a division of Bureau Veritas Mineral Laboratories USA (“Bureau Veritas”) and transported by truck to their respective laboratories in either Elko or Reno, NV (for ALS), or Elko, NV (for Bureau Veritas). Excessively wet samples were kept at the drill sites for a few days to drain and dry prior to collection by the laboratory staff.

ALS and Bureau Veritas were, and continue to be, commercial laboratories independent of the Company. ALS is accredited to the standard ISO/IEC 17025:2005 for specific analytical procedures, while most of their laboratories have attained ISO 9001:2008 certification. Bureau Veritas’ laboratories in Sparks, NV is accredited to the standard ISO/IEC 17025:2017, RG- MINERAL:2017. The Bureau Veritas laboratory in Vancouver, British Columbia is accredited to the standard ISO/IEC 17025:2005 and ISO 9001:2008.

Core samples were transported daily from the drill sites to the Company’s logging and core-cutting facility in Elko by Company personnel. After logging and marking core-sample intervals by Company geologists, the core was photographed prior to being sawed lengthwise by contractor technicians. Whole HQ-size core was sawed in half. Whole PQ-size core was sawed in quarters. One half of the HQ core, and three quarters of the PQ core, were returned to the core boxes and the remainder was placed in pre-numbered sample bags that were closed with ties. Following

-28-

insertion of QA/QC blanks and certified reference materials (“CRMs”), the core samples were transported by representatives of ALS or Bureau Veritas to their respective laboratories for preparation and analysis.

Samples prepared by their respective laboratories were generally dried and crushed and then riffle-split to obtain subsamples, which were then pulverized. Gold was determined by fire-assay fusion methods and in some cases with gravimetric finish. Separate aliquots were analyzed for silver and major, minor and trace elements by inductively-coupled plasma-emission spectrometry following an aqua regia digestion.

South Railroad

Commencing in 2012, the Company’s RC samples stored by the drill rig were collected at the drill sites by representatives of ALS or Bureau Veritas and transported via truck to their respective laboratories in Elko, NV. Excessively wet samples were kept at the drill sites for a few days to drain and dry prior to collection by the laboratory staff.

Core samples were transported daily from the drill sites to the Company’s logging and core cutting facility in Elko by Company personnel. After logging and marking core-sample intervals by Company geologists, the core was photographed prior to being sawed lengthwise by contractor technicians. Whole HQ-size core was sawed in half. Whole PQ-size core was sawed in quarters. One half of the HQ core, and three quarters of the PQ core, were returned to the core boxes and the remainder was placed in pre-numbered sample bags that were closed with ties. Following insertion of QA/QC blanks and CRM, the core samples were transported by representatives of ALS or Bureau Veritas to their respective laboratories for preparation and analysis.

Samples prepared by their respective laboratories were generally dried and crushed and then riffle-split to obtain subsamples, which were then pulverized. Gold was determined by fire-assay fusion methods and in some cases with gravimetric finish. Separate aliquots were analyzed for silver and major, minor and trace elements by inductively-coupled plasma-emission spectrometry following an aqua regia digestion. Selected previously assayed drill-sample pulps were also analyzed for elemental barium using an energy-dispersive, x-ray fluorescence procedure and hand-held NITON XRF analyzers.

Data Verification

Various audits and checks were performed by Mine Development Associates Inc. of Reno, NV (“MDA”) to verify collar coordinates, down-hole deviation surveys, geology and assay data in the drill-hole database. All Company gold assay data was verified using digital laboratory certificates. However, about one third of the Pinion Deposit assays and one quarter of the Dark Star Deposit assays from historical drill campaigns were unsupported with original assay certificates. Drill-hole data lacking adequate supporting documentation, as well as data from holes observed during sectional modeling to be inconsistent with surrounding holes, were treated as lower confidence, or excluded from use in modeling and estimation. The North Bullion Deposit database has undergone extensive verification.

In 2019, the Company supplemented their Pinion Deposit silver database with re-assayed individual samples for which composites of multiple intervals had previously been analyzed. Over 50% of the original certificates were available for all silver data and were used for verification. QA/QC data was also evaluated, and the silver data was deemed acceptable for use in estimation of classified mineral resources.

Cyanide-soluble gold assays at the Dark Star Deposit and the Pinion Deposit were not verified, and no QA/QC data was available for evaluation. Inorganic carbon and sulfide sulfur data were audited and determined to be adequate for use in their respective estimates done for metallurgical characterization. Carbonate carbon was also verified as adequate. No QA/QC data was associated with the carbon and sulfur analyses.

There is no evidence of significant historical QA/QC programs for drilling in South Railroad prior to 2014. For the Company’s programs, the QA/QC program was minimal in 2014 through 2016 but was more comprehensive in 2017 and 2018. The results and amount of QA/QC data, as well as non-remedied QA/QC “failures”, were considered in mineral resource classification for the Dark Star Deposit, the Pinion Deposit and the Jasperoid Wash Deposit. The

-29-

Updated PFS Technical Report concluded that the Dark Star Deposit, the Pinion Deposit and the Jasperoid Wash Deposit analytical data were adequate for the purposes used in the Updated PFS Technical Report.

The Updated PFS Technical Report concluded that the QA/QC protocols employed by the Company throughout the 2010 to 2017 drilling programs at the North Bullion Deposit were adequate and appropriate for ensuring high accuracy and precision in the sample assays.

Mineral Processing and Metallurgical Testing

Extensive metallurgical testing has been completed for the Dark Star Deposit and the Pinion Deposit, and is ongoing for the Jasperoid Wash Deposit. North Railroad has not been tested comprehensively for metallurgical response. The Pinion Deposit and the Dark Star Deposit have different geo-metallurgical characteristics, which are summarized as follows:

The Pinion Deposit can be characterized as hard and abrasive material, with a steep feed P80 vs. gold recovery response. Much of the gold is contained in the rock ground mass and requires fine crushing (-1/4 in.) to liberate gold for the most efficient cyanide-leach extraction. Gold recovery has proven to be sensitive to high barite/silica content. Materials with higher barite content demonstrate significantly lower gold recovery than low-barite materials. Gold recovery from the high-barite materials benefits the most from fine crushing. This deposit can be heap leached without crushing, at low gold recovery, conventionally crushed and leached at modestly higher gold recovery, or high pressure grinding roll (“HPGR”) -crushed at significantly higher gold recovery. Additional metallurgical testing and trade-off economic analysis of the three heap-leach flowsheet options will be required to make the final decision on how to proceed at the Pinion Deposit.

The Dark Star Deposit can be characterized as hard and moderately abrasive material, with a flat feed P80 vs. gold recovery response. Most of the gold is contained in fractures that have been oxidized and accessible to cyanide solutions that easily pass through the rock matrix. Consequently, high gold extractions are achieved at coarse particle size, requiring no crushing prior to heap leaching.

Due to the multiple material types, and the dependence of gold recoveries on head grades and crush size, 66 gold and silver recovery vs. head grade equations were developed, along with recovery vs. solution-to-ore ratio equations. These equations were used to develop ore routing, optimize the mine schedule, and estimate gold and silver production over the life of mine (“LOM”).

Pinion Deposit Tests 2016 – 2019

The Company commissioned bottle-roll test and column leach test programs in 2015-2016, 2016-2017, 2018, and 2019 on the Pinion Deposit. The following table shows the head assays of the samples used.

Head Assays and Geo-metallurgical Characterization of Pinion Samples

Component	2015-2016		2016-2017		2018	2019
	Range	Averag e	Range	Average	Average	Range	Average
Au grade, ppm	0.19 - 4.4	0.81	0.23 - 1.82	0.76	0.736	0.25 - 2.87	0.85
Ag grade, ppm	0.62 - 72.3	6.9	3.3 - 38.7	10.4	4.53	0.5 - 29.1	7.7

Column Leach Testing

Column leach tests were performed on 12.5-mm and 25-mm materials in 2016-2017, and in 2019. A summary of the tests results is shown in the following table.

-30-

Summary of Column Leach Test Results for Pinion

	P80, mm	2016-2017		2019
		Range	Average	Range	Average
Au Recovery, %	12.5	55.8 – 90.4	70	29.8 - 80	63
	25	51.5 - 69.5	56.4	30.5 – 81.2	59.9
Ag Recovery, %	12.5	5.4 – 47.3	22.7	9.5 – 76.4	30.6
	25	9.7 – 44.8	22.6	9.5 – 76.4	30.6
CN-, kg/t			1.0		0.76
Lime, kg/t			0.56		0.93

Pinion Deposit HPGR Testing

The Company commissioned Kappes, Cassiday & Associates of Reno, NV (“KCA”) to perform HPGR-crush column-leach testing on a drill core composite sample from the Pinion Main zone. HPGR crushing showed improvement in gold and silver extraction compared to conventionally crushed ore. Cyanide consumption was low to moderate. Lime consumption ranged from 0.5 to 1.2 kg/tonne.

Dark Star Deposit Metallurgical Testing

Head assays and geo-metallurgical characterization analyses were obtained for 68 composites in 2017 and 50 composites in 2019, using a combination of four separate laboratories: KCA, ALS, the University of British Columbia and FLSmidth. The following table shows the results of the head assays and geo-metallurgical characterization.

Head Assays and Geo-metallurgical Characterization of Dark Star Samples

Component	2017		2019
	Range	Average	Range	Average
Au grade, ppm	0.177 - 7.35	1.59	0.182 - 5.62	1.23
Ag grade, ppm	0.27 - 5.07	0.71	0.50 - 3.50	1.01

Drill core composites from the Dark Star Deposit were subjected to bottle-roll leach testing at target P80 sizes of 75 µm and 1,700 µm in 2017 and 2019. Percentage of gold recoveries where in the low to mid 80s. Cyanide consumption ranged from 0.4 to 1.8 kg/tonne, while lime consumption ranged from 0.8 to 1.3 kg/tonne.

Dark Star Column-Leach Tests

Forty-one (41) 2017 composites and fifty 2019 composites were column leached utilizing material crushed to 100% passing 19 mm (target P80 = 12.5 mm), and 100% passing 37.5 mm (target P80 = 25 mm). The results of the tests summarized in the following table, show good recoveries for transition and oxide ores.

-31-

Summary of Column Leach Test Results for Dark Star

	P80, mm or Type	2017		2019
		Range	Average	Range	Average
Au Recovery, %	12.5	15.0 - 94.8	78.9
	25
	Sulfide	15 – 25.5	20.3	28.4 – 39.9	35.1
	Transition	57.8 – 85.8	69.7	47.5 – 84.7	67.2
	Oxide	56.3 – 94.9	84.1	63.3 – 94.7	84.4
CN-, kg/t			1.07		0.95
Lime, kg/t			1.15		0.92

Dark Star HPGR Metallurgical Test Work

Column-leach tests were performed on eight HPGR composite-sample charges, four from Dark Star Main and four from Dark Star North. The Dark Star Main HPGR column-leach gold extractions are significantly higher than the conventional-crushed column charge. The Dark Star North HPGR gold extractions are only marginally higher than the conventional-crushed composite at similar crush size.

Comminution Characterization and Load Permeability Tests

The testing programs included comminution characterization using JK SMC testing and Bond abrasion measurements, as well as load permeability testing on column leach tailing.

Geo-metallurgy Characterization and Recovery Models

Large geo-metallurgy databases have been developed for the Pinion Deposit and the Dark Star Deposit to assist in evaluating material type selections, representing different Au and Ag recovery response. The corresponding geo-metallurgical analysis has identified key variables, within both deposits, that were used to select the different metallurgical recovery zones requiring separate gold recovery modeling.

Pinion Deposit Geo-Metallurgy

The following is a summary of the four gold and silver recovery zones in the Pinion Deposit:

• Mtp (Tripon Pass) – Tripon Pass mineralization is a formation unit that sits on top of the multi-lithic breccia (mlbx) which hosts the majority of the Au mineralization at Pinion.

• Mlbx Pinion East (Ba > 4.0%, Hi SiO2) – The Pinion East Zone is carved out of a larger mlbx zone that is characterized by high barium (Ba) > 4.0% and high quartz (SiO2) > 65%.

• Mlbx Pinion West – The Pinion West Zone captures all the remaining Pinion mlbx zone of mineralization that is not contained within the Pinion East (Ba > 4.0%, Hi SiO2) zone.

• Ddg (Devils Gate) – Devils Gate mineralization is stratigraphically positioned underneath the Pinion mlbx.

Dark Star Deposit Geo-Metallurgy

The Dark Star Deposit mineralization is hosted in two connected zones: Dark Star North and Dark Star Main. Dark Star North can be characterized as a relatively high-grade heap leachable zone, whereas Dark Star Main is lower grade and contains more transitional mineralization. Within both zones, gold mineralization is mainly contained within three formation units: ST-U (upper siltstone), CGL (middle conglomerate), and ST-L (lower siltstone). Geo-metallurgical evaluations did not detect significant variation in gold recovery based upon the host formation but did identify a significant difference in gold recovery response in local regions of low and high silica intensity (SI), as logged by the geologists. SI is characterized by the geologists using a scale of 0 to 3, with 0 indicating no (or low) silica and 3 being

-32-

the highest silica. Recovery models for silver were not developed for the Dark Star Deposit because of its low silver contents.

The following is a summary of the four gold recovery zones, in the Dark Star Deposit:

• Dark Star Main (SI<2.0)

• Dark Star Main (SI>2.0)

• Dark Star North (SI<2.0)

• Dark Star North (SI>2.0)

Au and Ag Recovery Methodology

Four steps were used in developing final Au and Ag recovery models for the Pinion Deposit and the Dark Star Deposit:

Step 1:	Determining the gold extraction for each variability composite using a combination of fine grind/crush bottle rolls and medium/coarse crush column tests.
Step 2:	Develop head grade vs. tails grade models to use in final development of the gold recovery equations.
Step 3:	Build a database of the laboratory solution:ore (“S/O”) ratio data at various percentages of total extractable gold. A correction factor is applied to each laboratory S/O ratio data point to scale up the laboratory data to commercial scale. Typical laboratory S/O ratio data is tabulated for the following percentages of total extractable gold: 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95% and 99%.
Step 4:	Incorporating steps 1-3 into final recovery models that reflect commercial scale inefficiencies and deductions for solution losses, plus application of cumulative S/O ratios over the life of the project to predict timing of gold recovery.

Sixty-four (64) recovery vs. grade equations were developed of the form: Recovery % = k1 ln(head grade) + k2, which were used with the recovery vs. S/O ratio relationships to predict metal production over the LOM.

Reagent Consumption

Reagent consumptions and requirements, including cyanide, lime and cement were estimated by KCA based on metallurgical test work completed to date for the Pinion and Dark Star material. Reagent consumptions are summarized below.

In KCA’s experience, field cyanide consumptions are typically 25% to 33% of observed laboratory consumptions. Cyanide consumptions for the ROM and HPGR-crushed Pinion and Dark Star material have been estimated at 33% of the laboratory consumptions.

As there were no column leach tests performed on ROM material, cyanide consumptions have been estimated based on column leach tests on 37.5-mm crushed materials from the Pinion Deposit and the Dark Star Deposit. ROM cyanide consumption in the field are typically be 80% less than crushed ore consumption. Laboratory cyanide consumptions for Pinion material at 37.5 mm crush ranged from 0.66 kg/t to 1.19 kg/t, with an average consumption of 0.85 kg/t. Dark Star laboratory cyanide consumptions at 37.5 mm crush ranged from 0.46 kg/t to 1.31 kg/t, with an average consumption of 0.87 kg/t. Based on this data, field cyanide consumptions are estimated at 0.22 kg/t and 0.23 kg/t for ROM Pinion and Dark Star material, respectively.

-33-

Laboratory cyanide consumption for Pinion material ranged from 0.48 kg/t to 0.89 kg/t with an average consumption of 0.67 kg/t. Dark Star laboratory cyanide consumption ranged from 0.63 kg/t to 0.89 kg/t with an average consumption of 0.76 kg/t. Based on this data, field cyanide consumptions are estimated at 0.22 kg/t and 0.25 kg/t for Pinion and Dark Star HPGR crushed material, respectively.

Lime is required for pH control for the ROM ore during leaching. Because hydrated lime was utilized in the lab leach tests, the laboratory lime consumptions are adjusted to predict consumptions of quicklime (pebble lime, CaO) in the field. Estimated quicklime consumption for Pinion and Dark Star ROM ores is 1.0 kg/t of ore.

Cement is required for heap permeability and pH control during leaching for the Pinion and Dark Star HPGR crushed material. Based on compacted permeability tests, cement requirements are estimated at 2.0 kg/t ore and 7.0 kg/t ore for Pinion and Dark Star HPGR crushed material, respectively for a maximum heap height of 60 m.

Mineral Resource Estimate and Mineral Reserve Estimate

Mineral Resource Estimate

MDA modeled geology and metal domains for the Dark Star Deposit, the Pinion Deposit and the Jasperoid Wash Deposit and then estimated and classified gold mineral resources. A silver mineral reserve estimate was also produced for the Pinion Deposit. The Company provided the geologic modeling for the various deposits and were intimately involved with metal domain modeling. Block sizes were 9 m x 9 m x 9 m for the Dark Star Deposit and the Pinion Deposit, and 6 m x 6 m x 6 m for the Jasperoid Wash Deposit. Estimation was done using inverse-distance methods with powers ranging from two to four. Multiple models were estimated in order to optimize the estimation parameters.

The estimate of mineral resources for the Railroad-Pinion Project, excluding the North Bullion Deposit, is the block-diluted inverse-distance estimate and is reported at variable cutoffs for open-pit mining. The cutoff for oxidized and transitional redox material is 0.14 g Au/t, whereas the cutoff for sulfide material is 1.0 g Au/t. Mineral resources were classified as Measured, Indicated or Inferred for each deposit separately. Factors considered for classification include results of data verification and QA/QC results, the level of geologic understanding of each deposit and the performance of past mineral resource block models with new drilling. Sulfide material at the Dark Star Deposit was reported at a higher cutoff grade of 1.0 g Au/t. The following tables present the pit-constrained estimated mineral resources for the Dark Star Deposit, the Pinion Deposit and the Jasperoid Wash Deposit based on a $1,500/oz gold price. Mineral resources that are not mineral reserves do not have demonstrated economic viability.

The effective date of the Pinion and Dark Star mineral resource estimate is August 7, 2019. The effective date of the Jasperoid Wash mineral resource estimate is November 15, 2018.

-34-

Dark Star, Pinion and Jasperoid Wash Estimated Mineral Resources

Dark Star Measured(1)
Cutoff, g Au/t		Tonnes	g Au/t	oz Au
0.140		5,857,000	1.31	246,000
Dark Star Indicated(1)
Cutoff, g Au/t		Tonnes	g Au/t	oz Au
variable(2)		26,860,000	0.78	675,000
Dark Star Measured and Indicated(1)
Cutoff, g Au/t		Tonnes	g Au/t	oz Au
variable(2)		32,717,000	0.88	921,000
Dark Star Inferred(1)
Cutoff, g Au/t		Tonnes	g Au/t	oz Au
variable(2)		2,479,000	0.70	56,000
(1)	Mineral resources are inclusive of mineral reserves.
(2)	South Railroad - Cutoff for oxide and transitional mineral resources is 0.14 g Au/t, and for sulfide mineral resources is 1.0 g Au/t.

Pinion Measured(1)
Cut off, g Au/t		Tonnes	g Au/t	oz Au	g Ag/t	oz Ag
0.140		1,304,000	0.64	27,000	5.15	216,000
Pinion Indicated(1)
Cut off, g Au/t		Tonnes	g Au/t	oz Au	g Ag/t	oz Ag
0.140		27,621,000	0.58	517,000	4.18	3,713,000
Pinion Measured and Indicated(1)
Cut off, g Au/t		Tonnes	g Au/t	oz Au	g Ag/t	oz Ag
0.140		28,925,000	0.58	544,000	4.22	3,929,000
Pinion Inferred(1)
Cut off, g Au/t		Tonnes	g Au/t	oz Au	g Ag/t	oz Ag
0.140		10,810,000	0.64	224,000	3.80	1,322,000
(1)	Mineral resources are inclusive of mineral reserves.

Jasperoid Wash Inferred Mineral Resources(1)
Category	Cut off, g Au/t	Tonnes	g Au/t	oz Au
Inferred	0.140	10,569,000	0.33	111,000
(1) Mineral resources are inclusive of mineral reserves.

-35-

Barium was estimated into the Pinion Deposit block model for use in metallurgical characterization of the Pinion mineralized material. The average barium grade is ~1.7% for the gold mineralization grading at least 0.14 g Au/t. Factoring between barium analytical results were required, which added some uncertainty to the model.

Cyanide-soluble gold block models were produced for the Pinion Deposit and the Dark Star Deposit. These estimates appear reasonable in areas with Company drilling, however, there is less confidence in some areas where cyanide-soluble gold data is lacking, such as where historical drilling is predominant.

An acid-base accounting model was generated for the Pinion Deposit and the Dark Star Deposit to characterize waste material for mine planning and handling. Because of limited data, these estimates can only be considered as guides for environmental planning.

The North Bullion Deposit gold mineral resources were estimated within modeled mineralized lode solids using variable search ellipsoids by APEX Geoscience Ltd. of Edmonton, Alberta. The reported mineral resource was estimated using inverse distance squared, and the parent block size for the sub-blocked model was 10 m x 10 m x 3 m. The following table presents the pit-constrained estimated mineral resources for the North Bullion Deposit based on a $1,350/oz gold price. Mineral resources that are not mineral reserves do not have demonstrated economic viability.

The effective date of the North Bullion mineral resource estimate is September 15, 2017.

North Bullion Mineral Resources

North Bullion Indicated Mineral Resources
Cut off, g Au/t	Tonnes	g Au/t	oz Au
0.140	2,920,000	0.96	90,100
North Bullion Inferred Mineral Resources
Cut off, g Au/t	Tonnes	g Au/t	oz Au
Variable(1)	10,970,000	2.28	805,800
(1) Cutoff for potential underground sulfide mineral resources is 2.25 g Au/t.

The following table combines all mineral resources for the entire Railroad-Pinion Project.

Total Railroad-Pinion Mineral Resources

Total Railroad-Pinion Measured and Indicated Mineral Resources(1)
Category		Cut off, g Au/t(2)(3)	Tonnes	g Au/t	oz Au
Measured		Variable	7,161,000	0.98	273,000
Indicated		Variable	57,401,000	0.77	1,282,100
Measured & Indicated Total		Variable	64,562,000	0.75	1,555,100
Total Railroad-Pinion Inferred Mineral Resources
Category		Cut off, g Au/t(2) (3)	Tonnes	g Au/t	oz Au
Inferred		variable	34,828,000	1.07	1,196,800
(1)	Mineral resources are inclusive of mineral reserves.
(2)	South Railroad cutoff for oxide and transitional mineral resources is 0.14 g Au/t, and for sulfide mineral resources is 1.0 g Au/t.
(3)	North Bullion cutoff for potential underground sulfide mineral resources is reported at 2.25 g Au/t.

Mineral Reserve Estimate

Measured and Indicated mineral resources were used as the basis to define mineral reserves for both the Dark Star Deposit and the Pinion Deposit. Mineral reserve definition was done by first identifying ultimate pit limits using economic parameters and applying pit optimization techniques. The resulting optimized pit shells were then used for guidance in pit design to allow access for equipment and personnel. Modifying factors including mining, processing,

-36-

metallurgical, infrastructure, economic, marketing, legal, environmental, social and governmental factors have been applied in the estimate of mineral reserves.

MDA provided the final production schedule to M3 who developed the final cash-flow model which demonstrates that the Pinion Deposit and the Dark Star Deposit make a positive cash flow and are reasonable with respect to statement of mineral reserves for these deposits.

The total Proven and Probable mineral reserves are shown in in the tables below. Within the designed pits there are a total of 145.0 million tonnes of waste associated with the in-pit mineral reserves. This results in an overall project strip ratio of 3.07 tonnes of waste for each tonne of material processed. The effective date of the mineral reserve estimates at Pinion and Dark Star is February 13, 2020.

Proven and Probable Mineral Reserves

Dark Star	K Tonnes	g Au/t	K Ozs Au
Proven	5,430	1.39	243
Probable	23,881	0.83	640
P&P	29,311	0.94	883
Pinion	K Tonnes	g Au/t	K Ozs Au	g Ag/t	K Ozs Ag
Proven	1,073	0.66	23	5.52	191
Probable	16,814	0.63	341	4.65	2,515
P&P	17,887	0.63	364	4.70	2,705

Consolidated Gold Reserves

Dark Star & Pinion	K Tonnes	g Au/t	K Ozs Au
Proven	6,503	1.27	266
Probable	40,695	0.75	980
P&P	47,198	0.82	1,246

(1)	Cutoff grades were calculated based on applicable economic factors and were calculated for different deposits and material types for the various processing methods.
(2)	Proven and Probable mineral reserves for the Pinion Deposit include silver as reported above.
(3)	Due to lack of silver at the Dark Star Deposit, consolidated gold reserves are reported without silver to avoid reporting erroneous average silver grade.

As of the effective date of the Updated PFS Technical Report, the authors of the Updated PFS Technical Report were not aware of any unusual factors relating to environmental, permitting, legal, title, taxation, socio-economic, marketing, or political matters that could materially affect the mineral resource or mineral reserve estimates.

Mining Operations

The Updated PFS Technical Report includes mine plans for the Dark Star Deposit and the Pinion Deposit; each are planned as open-pit, truck and shovel operations. The truck and shovel method provides reasonable costs and selectivity for these deposits.

The production schedule considers the processing of material by ROM, HPGR and toll processing. HPGR stockpiles of lower-grade material will be utilized to ensure that higher-grade material is processed first. The stockpiles will be maintained near the crusher. All ROM material will be dumped in place directly on the ROM leach pad. Monthly periods were used to create the production schedule with pre-stripping starting at the Dark Star Deposit at Month -8. Start of ROM processing is assumed to be Month 1. HPGR processing is started three years after the start of ROM processing. Prior to that time, the ROM material will be processed up to the maximum spray capacity of 22,500 tonnes

-37-

per day of material or up to 8.2 million tonnes per year. Once HPGR processing starts, the maximum HPGR rate is targeted at 10,000 tonnes per day or 3,650,000 tonnes per year on a 365 day per year basis and ROM processing is reduced as to not exceed the total spray processing available.

Toll processing occurs from Year 2 through Year 5, and the rate is limited to 255 tonnes per day. Only Dark Star sulfide material with greater than 1.17 g Au/t would be toll processed, and the material would be stockpiled near Dark Star prior to being loaded in a contractor’s over-the-road haul truck.

The total Dark Star mining rate would ramp up from 20,000 tonnes per day to about 60,000 tonnes per day over a period of 5 months. A maximum of 120,000 tonnes per day is used in the production schedule during the peak mining of deeper Dark Star material. Mining is to start in Dark Star North and Dark Star Main and then progress to the Pinion Deposit in Year 4.

The Updated PFS assumes owner mining in order to keep the cost lower than it would be with contract mining. The production schedule was used along with additional efficiency factors, cycle times and productivity rates to develop the first principle hours required for primary mining equipment to achieve the production schedule. Primary mining equipment includes drills, loaders, hydraulic shovels and 136-tonne (150-ton) capacity haul trucks.

Waste storage facility designs were created for the Updated PFS to contain the material that is not processed. A 1.3 swell factor was assumed which provides for both swell when mined and compaction when placed into the facility.

Processing and Recovery Operations

The process selected for recovery of gold and silver from the Pinion Deposit and the Dark Star Deposit ore is a conventional heap-leach recovery circuit. Ore will be mined by standard open pit mining methods from two separate pits. Lower-grade Pinion and Dark Star ore will be truck-stacked on the heap as ROM ore directly, without crushing, at an average rate of 12,500 tonnes of ore per day in 9 m lifts; lime will be added directly to the haul trucks for pH control. Higher grade Pinion and Dark Star (low clay) ore will be processed in a three-stage crushing circuit with a HPGR at an average rate of 10,000 tonnes of ore per day. Ore will be crushed to 100% passing 14 mm, treated with cement and agglomerated, then conveyor-stacked onto heap leach pad in 7 m lifts. Lime will be added to crushed Pinion ore for additional pH control.

Stacked ore will be leached with a dilute cyanide solution using a drip irrigation system. After percolating through the ore, the pregnant gold and silver bearing solution will flow by gravity to a pregnant solution tank where it is pumped to a carbon adsorption circuit to recover the precious metal from solution. The gold and silver will be stripped from the loaded carbon using a desorption process, followed by electrowinning to produce a precipitate sludge. The precipitate sludge will be processed using a retort oven for drying and mercury recovery, and then refined in a melting furnace to produce gold and silver doré bars.

Infrastructure

Project infrastructure for South Railroad has been developed to support the mining and heap leaching operations. Access to the site will be provided by a new ten-mile access road to the facility following an existing dirt road east of highway 278. Electrical power will be generated onsite by generators powered by liquefied natural gas. Project buildings located at the site will include Security and Emergency services, Administration, Change House, Crushing, Truck Shop, ADR/Refinery Plant, and Laboratory buildings. These will mainly be located between Pinion and Dark Star pits for ease of access and be connected by local roads and haul routes.

Environment, Permitting and Compliance Activities

The Company has been conducting environmental baseline studies over the past several years as part of their ongoing permitting efforts and in preparation for the submittal of permit applications for conduct mining operations. The main portion for the project area has been surveyed for surface water resources, including Waters of the United States, biological resources and cultural resources. The project access road, the powerline route and the water management area remain to be surveyed. The Company continues its efforts to secure water rights, access roads rights and power

-38-

line routes for the South Railroad Project. In 2018, the Company commenced material characterization testing of the mineralized material and waste rock to determine the metal leaching and acid generation potential. Additionally, an evaluation of the groundwater resources was commenced to determine groundwater supply potential, as well as the potential impacts from groundwater pumping and pit lake development. The Company had a meeting with the BLM in January 2019 to determine any additional baseline data collection needs for the permitting process.

Within and adjacent to the project area there are Greater Sage Grouse and Golden Eagles. These species will have an effect on how the project is permitted and what mitigation is required or proposed. The Company is working with the BLM on the management of these species.

The review and approval process for the Plan Application by the BLM constitutes a federal action under the National Environmental Policy Act (“NEPA”) and BLM regulations. For the BLM to process the Plan Application the BLM is required to comply with the NEPA and prepare either an Environmental Assessment or an Environmental Impact Statement. The Company anticipates that the BLM will require an Environmental Impact Statement due to the mine dewatering and potential pit lake. The Company will also need an Individual Section 404 Permit from the United States Army Corps of Engineers and this agency will be a cooperating agency on the NEPA documents.

There are a number of environmental permits issued by the NDEP that are necessary to develop the project and which Company needs to permit the project. The NDEP issues permits that address water and air pollution, as well as land reclamation. The Nevada Division of Water Resources issues water rights for the use and management of water.

The South Railroad Mine Project (“SRMP”), which is located within South Railroad, is a previously explored minerals property with exploration related disturbance. However, there have been very long periods of non-operation. There are no known ongoing environmental issues with any of the regulatory agencies. The Company has been conducting baseline data collection for a couple of years for environmental studies required to support the Plan Application and permitting process. The waste and mineralized material characterization and the hydrogeologic evaluation are currently in their latter stages of development. Material characterization indicates the need to manage a significant portion of the waste rock as potentially acid generating in engineered facilities. Additional results to date indicate limited cultural issues: air quality impacts appear to be within NV standards; traffic and noise issues are present but at low levels; and socioeconomic impacts are positive.

Cultural resource and biology surveys have been completed over the SRMP and additional cultural resource surveys will be completed over the access road route in 2020. Sample collection for the characterization of the mineralized material and waste has been completed and analysis of those samples is underway. The characterization report will be completed in the first half of 2020. The hydrogeologic evaluation commenced in the third quarter of 2018 and the report will be completed in the second quarter of 2020.

Social and community impacts have been and are being considered and evaluated for the Plan Amendment and Plan Application performed for the project in accordance with the NEPA and other federal laws. Potentially affected Native American tribes, tribal organizations and/or individuals are consulted during the preparation of all plan amendments to advise on the proposed projects that may have an effect on cultural sites, resources and traditional activities.

Potential community impacts to existing population and demographics, income, employment, economy, public finance, housing, community facilities and community services are evaluated for potential impacts as part of the NEPA process. There are no known social or community issues that would have a material impact on the project’s ability to extract mineral resources. Identified socioeconomic issues (employment, payroll, services and supply purchases, and state and local tax payments) are anticipated to be positive.

A tentative plan for permanent closure (“TPPC”) for the project would be submitted to the NEDP with the Water Pollution Control Permit (“WPCP”) application. In the TPPC, the proposed heap leach closure approach would consist of fluid management through evaporation, covering the heap leach growth media, and then revegetating. The design of the process components is not sufficiently advanced to determine the closure costs. Any residual heap leach drainage will be managed with evaporation cells.

-39-

Water Management

The Company developed a water management plan for South Railroad in support of the Updated PFS (the “Water Management Plan”). The Water Management Plan formed the basis for evaluating the infrastructure and associated cost to manage water through the life cycle of the mine. The purpose of the Water Management Plan is to present the water management strategies that focus on water as an asset and allow the Company to proactively plan and manage water from development to post-closure such that operational and stakeholder water needs are met, and that human health and the environment are protected.

To support the development of water management strategies for the project, the following pre-design studies/activities were completed:

• analytical and numerical groundwater model to estimate pit dewatering requirements and potential impacts for the Dark Star North pit;

• evaluation and modeling of long-term climate records and 24-hour design storms used as input for event- based stormwater modeling, continuous water balance modeling and infiltration modeling;

• stormwater modeling and calculations for locating and sizing stormwater management infrastructure;

• infiltration modeling to predict the amount of seepage from the waste rock disposal facilities that will require management during operation, closure, and post-closure periods;

• water balance modeling to evaluate the supplies of and demands of site water over the LOM;

• evaluation of water disposal alternatives; and

• closure cover assessment to limit or eliminate post-closure water handling and treatment demands.

The water management strategy and technical investigations to support the Water Management Plan resulted in the following Updated PFS level infrastructure:

• stormwater management and seepage collection facilities, such as channels, ponds, culverts, tanks, attenuation structures, down drains, and other related open-channel stormwater controls;

• a groundwater dewatering system needed to mine ore below the groundwater table in the Dark Star pits; and

• a rapid infiltration basin for water disposal to handle excess water generated by the Dark Star groundwater dewatering system.

Capital Expenditure

The estimated capital expenditure schedule for the LOM is shown in the following table.

Capital Expenditure Schedule

Capital Expenditure ($000)	Initial	Expansion	Sustaining
	Year -1	Year 3	Year 1	Year 2	Year 3	Year 4	Year 5	Year 6	Year 7	Year 8
Pre-stripping	$20,559
Mine	$15,542		$7,251	$6,596	$6,728	$7,016	$7,410	$7,826	$8,265	$6,106
Process	$92,615	$61,873	$12,678	$6,031		$4,912	$1,501	$1,593	$1,691	$793
Owner’s Cost	$4,160	$2,971
Total	$132,877	$64,844	$19,930	$12,627	$6,728	$11,928	$8,911	$9,419	$9,956	$6,899

-40-

Operating Cost Summary

The total estimated production cost includes mine operations, process plant operations, general administration, reclamation and closure, and government fees. The following table shows the estimated operating costs over the LOM by area.

LOM Operating Costs

LOM Operating Cost ($000)
Mining	$336,365
Process Plant	$157,412
General & Administrative	$33,120
Toll Processing	$13,063
Refining	$4,612
Total Operating Cost	$544,573
Royalty	$20,149
Salvage Value	-$20,329
Reclamation/Closure	$33,094
Total Production Cost	$577,487

The Updated PFS indicates an average gold production over the estimated 8-year LOM of about 114,420 ounces per year, with peak production in Year 5 of 209,189 ounces of gold. Cash costs⁽¹⁾ are estimated to be $582 per ounce of gold after by-product credit, and AISC⁽¹⁾ are estimated to be $707 per ounce of gold. The resulting after-tax cash flow is $357.6 million, for an after-tax net NPV (5%) of $265.0 million and an estimated payback period of 3.3 years. A summary of the pre-tax and after-tax Updated PFS economic indicators is shown in the following table.

Economic Analysis Summary

Indicators	Before Tax	After Tax
LOM Cash Flow ($000)	$439,733	$357,611
NPV @ 5% ($000)	$331,423	$265,045
NPV @ 10% ($000)	$249,453	$195,068
IRR	46.1%	40.0%
Payback (years)	3.2	3.3

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

The Company has included certain non-GAAP financial measures in this AIF, including cash costs and all-in sustaining costs (AISC) per ounce of gold sold. These non-GAAP financial measures do not have any standardised meaning. Accordingly, these financial measures are intended to provide additional information and should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for measures of performance prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (“IFRS”).

Cash Costs

Cash costs are reflective of the expected cost of production. The Company reports expected cash costs on an ounces of gold sold basis. Other companies may calculate these measures differently and should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for measures of performance prepared in accordance with IFRS. Expected cash costs reported by the Company includes mining, processing, transport, refining, general administration costs of the mine operations and

(1) See “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” for a discussion of these measures.

-41-

royalties, but are exclusive of amortization, reclamation, capital and exploration costs and net of any value of the byproducts.

All-in Sustaining Costs

This AIF refers to expected AISC per ounce which is a non-GAAP measure, however, it is a measure the Company believes more fully-defines the total costs associated with producing gold. This measurement has no standardized meaning under IFRS, accordingly there may be some variation in method of computation of “all-in sustaining costs” as determined by the Company compared with other mining companies. Expected AISC reported by the Company includes mine cash costs, land access payments, royalties, and sustaining capital expenditures, but excludes non-sustaining capitalized stripping and end of life reclamation costs. The expected LOM AISC of $707/oz increases to $719/oz if end of mine life reclamation costs are included in accordance with the World Gold Council guidance on AISC.

The following table shows a summary of pre-tax cash flow for the LOM.

Pre-Tax Cash Flow

	LOM	Year-1	Year 1	Year 2	Year 3	Year 4	Year 5	Year 6	Year 7	Year 8
Payable Metals
Gold(kozs)	918		83	130	111	193	208	79	56	50
Silver(kozs)	1,040		-	-	-	57	171	301	298	192
Revenues ($000)
Gold	$1,284,999		$116,572	$181,802	$156,087	$270,219	$291,400	$110,728	$78,894	$69,398
Silver	$17,794		$0	$0	$0	$969	$2,930	$5,158	$5,099	$3,289
Total Revenues	$1,302,793		$116,572	$181,802	$156,087	$271,189	$294,330	$115,887	$83,993	$72,687
Operating Cost ($000)
Mining	$336,365		$42,348	$51,718	$73,552	$47,202	$39,410	$38,831	$28,777	$14,471
Process Plant	$157,412		$18,455	$16,532	$15,813	$22,451	$24,099	$21,841	$23,047	$14,174
G&A	$33,120		$3,680	$3,680	$3,680	$3,680	$3,680	$3,680	$3,680	$3,680
Toll Ore Processing	$13,063		$0	$805	$1,324	$6,002	$4,932	$0	$0	$0
Refining	$4,612		$418	$653	$560	$970	$1,046	$397	$283	$249
Total Operating Cost	$544,573		$64,901	$73,388	$94,929	$80,306	$73,167	$64,750	$55,787	$32,574
Royalty	$20,149		$1,803	$2,812	$2,414	$4,194	$4,552	$1,793	$1,299	$1,124
Salvage Value	-$20,329		$0	$0	$0	$0	$0	-$1,713	-$17,116	$0
Reclamation/Closure	$33,094		$2,183	$2,183	$3,876	$3,876	$3,422	$3,422	$1,729	$1,729
Total Production Cost	$577,487		$68,887	$78,383	$101,219	$88,376	$81,141	$68,251	$41,699	$35,427
Operating Income	$725,306		$47,685	$103,420	$54,867	$182,813	$213,189	$47,636	$42,294	$37,260
Depreciation ($000)
Initial Capital	$132,877		$18,988	$32,541	$23,240	$16,596	$11,866	$11,853	$11,866	$5,926
Sustaining Capital	$152,697		$2,848	$6,685	$16,806	$23,930	$20,069	$17,459	$16,075	$15,650
Total Depreciation	$285,574		$21,836	$39,227	$40,046	$40,526	$31,935	$29,312	$27,941	$21,577
Net Income after Depreciation	$439,733		$25,849	$64,193	$14,822	$142,286	$181,254	$18,324	$14,353	$15,683
Cash Flow ($000)
Net Income before Taxes	$439,733		$25,849	$64,193	$14,822	$142,286	$181,254	$18,324	$14,353	$15,683
Add back Depreciation	$285,574		$21,836	$39,227	$40,046	$40,526	$31,935	$29,312	$27,941	$21,577
Operating Cash Flow	$725,306		$47,685	$103,420	$54,867	$182,813	$213,189	$47,636	$42,294	$37,260
Initial Capital Expenditures ($000)
Pre-stripping	$20,559	$20,559
Mining	$15,542	$15,542
Process	$92,615	$92,615
Owner's Cost	$4,160	$4,160
Expansion Capital Expenditures ($000)
Mining	$0				$0
Process	$61,873				$61,873
Owner's Cost	$2,971				$2,971
Sustaining Capital Expenditures ($000)
Mining	$58,654		$7,251	$6,596	$6,728	$7,016	$7,410	$7,826	$8,265	$6,106
Process	$29,200		$12,678	$6,031	$0	$4,912	$1,501	$1,593	$1,691	$793
Total Capital	$285,574	$132,877	$19,930	$12,627	$71,571	$11,928	$8,911	$9,419	$9,956	$6,899
Cash Flow before Taxes ($000)	$439,733	-$132,877	$29,896	$89,703	-$14,229	$166,529	$203,057	$42,414	$32,475	$28,763
Cumulative Cash Flow before Taxes ($000)		-$132,877	-$102,981	-$13,277	-$27,506	$139,023	$342,079	$384,493	$416,968	$445,731
Financial Indicators before Taxes ($000)
NPV @0%	$439,733
NPV @5%	$331,423
NPV @10%	$249,453
IRR	46.1%
Payback (years)	3.2					-	-	-	-

-42-

Exploration and Development

The authors of the Updated PFS Technical Report recommended a multi-faceted program focused on the gold deposits in the South Railroad portion of the Railroad-Pinion Project to advance the Updated PFS to feasibility level including exploration, permitting, development, metallurgical testing and engineering. The estimated cost to conduct the proposed program is US$21 million and consists of the following activities:

• mapping and sampling within under-explored portions of the property, and exploration/reconnaissance initial drilling of 10,000 m in about 20 drill holes;

• infill drilling at the Pinion Deposit to potential upgrade the Inferred mineral resources to Measured or Indicated mineral resources, for a total 16,150 m and can be done with RC and core methods;

• additional core and RC drilling at the Dark Star Deposit to determine the ultimate footprint of the deposit;

• condemnation drilling of 3,300 m in 10 drill holes is recommended within and near the footprints of the planned facilities for the mine site;

• metallurgical work requirements to advance the Pinion Deposit and the Dark Star Deposit to feasibility study level;

• initiation of permitting and NEPA activities in support of open-pit mining at the Pinion Deposit and the Dark Star Deposit;

• trade-off studies, engineering to feasibility level and geotechnical work in support of facilities;

• additional testing and monitoring wells as requiring by state and federal agencies as part of the EIS process; and

• geotechnical studies for assessing pit designs at a feasibility level.

The Company will require additional financing for the upcoming fiscal year in order to fund the complete work program on the Railroad-Pinion Project recommended in the Updated PFS Technical Report.

6.2 Recent Developments

No material changes have occurred since the Updated PFS Technical Report.

ITEM 7: RISK FACTORS

The operations of the Company are highly speculative due to, among other things, the high-risk nature of the Company’s business, which includes the acquisition, financing, exploration and, if warranted, development of mineral properties, and any investment in Common Shares involves a high degree of risk and should be considered speculative. While the Company considers the risks set out below to be the most significant to potential investors, they are not the only ones facing the Company. Additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to the Company, or that the Company currently deems immaterial, may also materially adversely affect the Company’s operations, business and financial condition. If any of these risks materialize into actual events or circumstances, the Company’s assets, liabilities, financial condition, results of operations (including future results of operations), business and business prospects, are likely to be materially and adversely affected. In such circumstances, the price of the Common Shares could decline and investors may lose all or part of their investment. Accordingly, potential investors should carefully consider the risks set out below and elsewhere in the Company’s public disclosure record before purchasing Common Shares.

7.1 Risks Relating to the Company

-43-

The Company has a limited operating history.

The Company has a limited history of operations and its only mineral resource property is in the exploration stage. The Company has not generated any operating revenues. As such, it is subject to many risks common to such enterprises, including under-capitalization, cash shortages, limitations with respect to personnel and lack of revenues.

The Company has incurred losses since its inception and expects to incur losses for the foreseeable future.

The Company has not been profitable since its inception, has had negative cash flow from operational activities and does not expect to generate revenues in the foreseeable future. For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020, the Company had a loss and comprehensive loss of $10,740,593 (2019 - $9,719,054). As at December 31, 2020, the Company had an accumulated deficit of $82,596,360 (2019 - $72,927,747). To become profitable, the Company must continue to establish commercial quantities of mineral reserves on its properties, and then either develop such properties or locate and enter into agreements with third party operators to bring such properties into production. Mineral exploration and development involves a high degree of risk. Even a combination of careful evaluation, experience and knowledge cannot eliminate this risk and few properties that are explored are ultimately developed into producing mines. In the event the Company undertakes development activity on its Railroad-Pinion Project, there is no certainty that the Company will produce revenues, operate profitably or provide a return on investment in the future. It could be years before the Company receives any revenues from the production of gold or other precious metals, if ever. The Company may suffer significant additional losses in the future and may never be profitable.

The Company may not be able to continue as a going concern.

The Company has limited financial resources and no operating revenues. To maintain its existing interest in the Railroad-Pinion Project, the Company has contractually agreed to make certain expenditures for and on the Railroad-Pinion Project. The Company’s ability to continue as a going concern is dependent upon, among other things, the Company continuing to establish commercial quantities of mineral reserves on its properties and obtaining the necessary financing to develop and profitably produce such minerals or, alternatively, disposing of its interests on a profitable basis. Any unexpected costs, problems or delays could severely impact the Company’s ability to continue exploration and, if applicable, development activities. Should the Company be unable to continue as a going concern, realization of assets and settlement of liabilities in other than the normal course of business may be at amounts materially different than the Company’s estimates. The amounts attributed to the Railroad-Pinion Project in the Financial Statements represent acquisition and exploration costs and should not be taken to represent realizable value. The Company will require additional financing for the upcoming fiscal year in order to maintain its operations and exploration activities. These material uncertainties raise substantial doubt on the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern.

The Company’s exploration efforts may be unsuccessful.

Mineral resource exploration and, if warranted, development, is a speculative business, characterized by a number of significant risks, including, among other things, unprofitable efforts resulting not only from the failure to discover mineral deposits but also from finding mineral deposits, which, though present, are insufficient in volume and/or grade to return a profit from production. There is no certainty that the expenditures that have been made and may be made in the future by the Company related to the exploration of its Railroad-Pinion Project will result in discoveries of mineralized material in commercial quantities.

Most exploration projects do not result in the discovery of commercially viable mineral deposits and no assurance can be given that any particular level of recovery or mineral reserves will in fact be realized or that the Railroad-Pinion Project or any portion thereof will ever qualify as a commercially viable deposit which can be legally and economically exploited.

-44-

The Railroad-Pinion Project has limited mineral resources and reserves.

The Company’s sole mineral project, the Railroad-Pinion Project, is considered an intermediate to advanced stage exploration project with a favourable structural, geological and stratigraphic setting that is situated at the southeast end of the Carlin Trend. Other than as described in the Updated PFS Technical Report as summarized under ITEM 6: “Material Mineral Project”, the Railroad-Pinion Project has no known NI 43-101 mineral resources or reserves.

The Company will require additional capital to develop its Railroad-Pinion Project or complete further exploration programs.

The Company’s current operations do not generate any cash flow. Future work on the Railroad-Pinion Project will require additional financing. At December 31, 2020, the Company had cash and cash equivalents of $18,635,636 and a working capital surplus of $14,869,650. In September 2020, the Company filed a final base prospectus qualifying the distribution of up to 400,000,000 worth of common shares, debt securities, subscription receipts, warrants, units, or any combination thereof in all of the provinces and territories of Canada. Further financing will be required to fund the complete work program on the Railroad-Pinion Project recommended in the Updated PFS Technical Report and to maintain the Company’s current land position and for ongoing activities. If the Company is successful in identifying additional resources through additional drilling and analysis, it will require significant amounts of additional capital to construct processing facilities and to develop metallurgical processes to extract those resources at any mine site. There are no assurances that the Company will be able to obtain additional funding to allow the Company to fund such costs in whole or in part. Failure to obtain such additional financing could result in the delay or indefinite postponement of further exploration and/or development and the possible, partial or total loss of the Company’s interest in the Railroad-Pinion Project. The Company will also require additional funding to acquire further property interests and maintain and/or carry out exploration work thereon and for general and administrative and working capital purposes.

The Company’s ability to arrange financing in the future will depend, in part, upon the prevailing capital market conditions as well as its business performance. There can be no assurance that the Company will be successful in its efforts to arrange additional financing on terms satisfactory to it or at all. If the Company raises additional financing through the issuance of Common Shares from its treasury, control of the Company may change and existing shareholders of the Company (“Shareholders”) will suffer additional dilution.

Calculations of mineral resources and reserves are only estimates.

The estimating of mineral reserves and resources is a subjective process and the accuracy of such estimates is a function of the quantity and quality of available data and the assumptions used and judgments made in interpreting engineering and geological information. Assay results from RC or core drilling can be subject to errors at the laboratory analysing the drill samples. In addition, RC or core drilling may lead to samples which may not be representative of the gold and other metals in the entire deposit. There is significant uncertainty in any mineral resource or mineral reserve estimate, and the actual deposits encountered and the economic viability of mining a deposit may differ materially from the Company’s estimates. Estimated mineral resources or mineral reserves may have to be recalculated based on changes in metal prices, further exploration or development activity, metallurgy or actual production experience. These changes could materially and adversely affect estimates of the volume or grade of mineralization, estimated recovery rates or other important factors that influence estimates of mineral resources and mineral reserves. Any material change in the quantity of mineral resources and mineral reserves, mineralization, grade or stripping ratio may affect the economic viability of the Railroad-Pinion Project. In addition, there can be no assurance that gold recoveries or other metal recoveries in small-scale laboratory tests will be duplicated in larger scale tests under on site conditions or during production. Save for the mineral resources and mineral reserves described in the Updated PFS Technical Report, as of the date of this AIF, there are no known mineral resources or mineral reserves on the Railroad-Pinion Project.

The Company may not have clear title to its Railroad-Pinion Project.

The Company’s ability to explore and operate its Railroad-Pinion Project depends on the validity of its title to such project. The mineral claims currently making up the Railroad-Pinion Project consist of both patented and unpatented mining claims.

-45-

Unpatented mining claims are unique property interests and are generally considered to be subject to greater risk than other real property interests because the validity of unpatented mining claims is often uncertain. Unpatented mining claims provide only possessory title and their validity is often subject to contest by third parties or the federal government. These uncertainties relate to such things as the sufficiency of mineral discovery, proper posting and marking of boundaries, assessment work, unregistered agreements, undetected defects and possible conflicts with other claims not determinable from descriptions of record. Since a substantial portion of all mineral exploration, development and mining in the United States now occurs on unpatented mining claims, this uncertainty is inherent in the mining industry.

No assurances can be given that title defects to the Railroad-Pinion Project or any future properties in which the Company may seek to acquire an interest do not exist. Such defects may impair the Company’s development of the underlying property and result in the loss of all or a portion of the property to which the title defect relates.

Title insurance is generally not available for mineral properties and the Company’s ability to ensure that it has obtained secure claim to individual mineral properties or mining concessions may be severely constrained. The Railroad-Pinion Project may be subject to prior unregistered agreements, transfers or claims, and title may be affected by, among other things, undetected defects. The Company will also remain at risk that the mining claims may be forfeited either to the United States government or to rival private claimants due to failure to comply with statutory requirements as to location and maintenance of the claims or challenges to whether a discovery of a valuable mineral exists on every claim. The Railroad-Pinion Project is also subject to annual compliance with assessment work and/or fee requirements, property taxes, lease payments and other contractual payments and obligations. Any failure to make such payments or comply with such requirements or obligations could result in the loss of all or a portion of the Company’s interest in the Railroad-Pinion Project.

Certain of the Company’s subsurface mineral rights to the Railroad-Pinion Project are secured or controlled by a contractual interest in private surface and mineral property in the form of various surface use agreements and mining/mineral leases. Subject to the terms of those agreements and leases, certain of those agreements and leases may have not have provisions for automatic renewal. If the Company is not able to negotiate for the extension of those agreements and leases they may expire and no longer form part of the Company’s mineral portfolio.

The Company’s operations are subject to various governmental and regulatory requirements.

The Company’s current and future operations, including exploration and development activities and, if applicable, commencement of production on its Railroad-Pinion Project, require permits from various federal, state and local governmental authorities, as well as approval of members of surrounding communities. Such operations are also subject to extensive federal, state, and local laws, regulations and policies governing various matters, including:

1.	environmental protection;
2.	management and use of toxic substances and explosives;
3.	management of natural resources;
4.	exploration and development of mines, production and post-closure reclamation;
5.	exports;
6.	price controls;
7.	taxation and mining royalties;
8.	regulations concerning business dealings with native groups;
9.	management of tailing and other waste generated by operations;
10.	labor standards and occupational health and safety, including mine safety; and
11.	historic and cultural preservation.

-46-

Permits and studies may be necessary prior to operation of the Railroad-Pinion Project or other exploration properties in which the Company may acquire an interest and there can be no guarantee that the Company will be able to obtain or maintain all necessary permits that may be required to commence construction or operation of mining facilities at these properties on terms that enable operations to be conducted at economically justifiable costs. The Company cannot be certain that all permits and approvals which it may require for its future operations will be obtainable on reasonable terms or that such laws and regulations would not have an adverse effect on any mining project that it might undertake. To the extent such permits and approvals are required and are not obtained, the Company may be delayed or prohibited from proceeding with planned exploration or development of the Railroad-Pinion Project, which would adversely affect the Company’s business, prospects and operations.

Failure to comply with applicable laws, regulations and permitting requirements may result in enforcement actions including orders issued by regulatory or judicial authorities causing operations to cease or be curtailed, and may include corrective measures requiring capital expenditures, installation of additional equipment or remedial actions. Parties engaged in mining operations may be required to compensate those suffering loss or damage by reason of the mining activities and may have civil or criminal fines or penalties imposed upon them for violation of applicable laws or regulations. Amendments to current laws and regulations and permits governing operations and activities of mining companies, or more stringent implementation thereof, could have a material adverse impact on the Company and cause increases in capital expenditures or exploration costs, reduction in levels of exploration or abandonment or delays in the development of mining properties.

The Company may experience difficulty attracting and retaining qualified personnel.

The success of the Company will be largely dependent upon the experience, judgment, discretion, integrity, good faith and performance of its management and key employees, such as Jason Attew, President and Chief Executive Officer, Jordan Neeser, its incoming Chief Financial Officer, as well as the other members of management and the Board, remaining with the Company. The Company does not maintain life insurance policies in respect of its key personnel.

The Company’s future success will also be highly dependent on its ability to attract and retain key individuals to act as directors and/or executives who have the necessary skills and abilities to successfully grow the Company.

Locating mineral deposits depends on a number of factors, not the least of which is the technical skill and expertise of the personnel involved. The competition for qualified personnel in the mineral resource industry is intense and there can be no assurance that the Company will be able to continue to attract and retain all personnel necessary for the development and operation of its business. Failure to retain existing management and key employees or to attract and retain additional key individuals could have a materially adverse impact upon the Company’s success.

The Company is subject to foreign currency fluctuations.

The Company’s financial results are reported in Canadian dollars. The Railroad-Pinion Project is located in the United States and the Company incurs most of its expenditures in United States dollars. Any appreciation in the currency of the United States against the Canadian dollar will increase the Company’s costs of carrying out operations and its ability to continue to finance its operations. Such fluctuations could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial results.

Failure to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s operations.

Effective for the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company was required to be fully compliant with the United States Sarbanes-Oxley Act (“SOX”). The Company is required to document and test its internal control procedures in order to satisfy the requirements of Section 404 of SOX, which requires annual management assessments of the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. During the course of the Company’s future testing, the Company may identify material weaknesses. If the Company fails to achieve and maintain the adequacy of its internal controls, as such standards are modified, supplemented or amended from time to time, the Company may not be able to conclude on an ongoing basis that the Company has effective internal control over financial reporting in accordance with Section 404 of SOX. Moreover, effective internal controls are necessary for the Company

-47-

to produce reliable financial reports and are important to help prevent financial fraud. If the Company cannot provide reliable financial reports or prevent fraud, the Company’s business and operating results could be harmed, investors could lose confidence in the Company’s reported financial information, and the trading price of the Common Shares could drop significantly. In addition, any failure to implement required new or improved controls, or difficulties encountered in their implementation, could harm the Company’s operating results or cause it to fail to meet its reporting obligations. Future acquisitions of companies, if any, may provide the Company with challenges in implementing the required processes, procedures and controls in its acquired operations. No evaluation can provide complete assurance that the Company’s internal control over financial reporting will detect or uncover all failures of persons within the Company to disclose material information otherwise required to be reported. The effectiveness of the Company’s processes, procedures and controls could also be limited by simple errors or faulty judgments. There is no certainty that the Company will be successful in complying with Section 404 of SOX on an ongoing basis.

Conflicts of interest may arise among the Board as a result of their involvement with other natural resource companies.

Certain of the directors of the Company are also directors and/or officers of other companies that are similarly engaged in the business of acquiring, developing, and exploiting natural resource properties. Such associations may give rise to conflicts of interest from time to time if the Company were to enter into negotiations to acquire an interest in a mineral project in which their other companies hold an interest, or the Company were to enter into negotiations to sell an interest in its mineral properties to, or enter into a joint venture with, any of these companies. The directors of the Company are required to act honestly and in good faith with a view to the best interests of the Company and disclose any interest which they may have in any project or opportunity of the Company. If a conflict of interest arises at a meeting of the Board, any director with a conflict must disclose his interest and abstain from voting on such matter. As a result of these conflicts of interests, the Company may miss the opportunity to participate in certain transactions, which may have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business prospects, operations and financial position.

The Company’s growth, future profitability and ability to obtain financing may be impacted by global financial conditions.

In recent years, global financial markets have been characterized by extreme volatility impacting many industries, including the mining industry. Global financial conditions remain subject to sudden and rapid destabilizations in response to future economic shocks, as government authorities may have limited resources to respond to future crises. A sudden or prolonged slowdown in the financial markets or other economic conditions, including but not limited to, consumer spending, employment rates, business conditions, inflation, fuel and energy costs, consumer debt levels, lack of available credit, the state of the financial markets, interest rates and tax rates, may adversely affect the Company’s growth and profitability. Future economic shocks may be precipitated by a number of causes, including, but not limited to, material changes in the price of oil and other commodities, the volatility of metal prices, governmental policies, geopolitical instability, war, terrorism, the devaluation and volatility of global stock markets, natural disasters and the current outbreak of COVID-19 and any future emergence and spread of pathogens. Any sudden or rapid destabilization of global economic conditions could impact the Company’s ability to obtain equity or debt financing in the future on terms favorable to the Company or at all. In such an event, the Company’s operations and financial condition could be adversely impacted.

A cyber security incident could adversely affect the Company’s ability to operate its business.

Information systems and other technologies, including those related to the Company’s financial and operational management, and its technical and environmental data, are an integral part of the Company’s business activities. Network and information systems related events, such as computer hacking, cyber-attacks, computer viruses, worms or other destructive or disruptive software, process breakdowns, denial of service attacks, or other malicious activities or any combination of the foregoing or power outages, natural disasters, terrorist attacks, or other similar events could result in damages to the Company’s property, equipment and data. These events also could result in significant expenditures to repair or replace damaged property or information systems and/or to protect them from similar events in the future. Furthermore any security breaches such as misappropriation, misuse, leakage, falsification, accidental release or loss of information contained in the Company’s information technology systems including personnel and other data that could damage its reputation and require the Company to expend significant capital and other resources

-48-

to remedy any such security breach. Insurance held by the Company may mitigate losses however in any such events or security breaches may not be sufficient to cover any consequent losses or otherwise adequately compensate the Company for any disruptions to its business that may result and the occurrence of any such events or security breaches could have a material adverse effect on the business of the Company. There can be no assurance that these events and/or security breaches will not occur in the future or not have an adverse effect of the business of the Company.

The Company’s operations may be adversely affected if its licenses and permits are challenged, revoked, amended, not issued or not renewed

The development projects and operations of the Company require licenses and permits from various governmental authorities. However, such licenses and permits are subject to challenge and change in various circumstances. Applicable governmental authorities may revoke or refuse to issue, amend or renew necessary permits. The loss of such permits may hinder the Company’s ability to operate and could have a material effect on the Company’s financial performance and results of operations. There can be no guarantee that the Company will be able to obtain or maintain all necessary licenses and permits that may be required to explore and develop its properties, or commence construction of or operation of mining facilities that economically justify the cost. The Company endeavors to be in compliance with these licenses and permits, and underlying laws and regulations, at all times.

The Company may be subject to, or affected by, litigation in the future.

Legal proceedings may be brought against the Company, which could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial condition or prospects. Regulatory and government agencies may bring, or be subject to, legal proceedings in connection with the enforcement of applicable laws and regulations, as well as the granting of permits, and as a result the Company may be subject to expenses of investigations and defense, fines or penalties for violations if proven, and potentially cost and expense to remediate, increased operating costs or changes to operations, and cessation of operations if ordered to do so or required in order to resolve such proceedings.

In the event of a dispute arising at the Company foreign operations, the Company may be subject to the exclusive jurisdiction of foreign courts or may not be successful in subjecting foreign persons to the jurisdiction of courts in Canada. The Company’s inability to enforce its rights could have an adverse effect on its future cash flows, earnings, results of operations and financial condition.

Tax Uncertainty.

Tax rates and methods of calculating tax in jurisdictions related to the Company’s business may be subject to changes. The Company’s interpretation of taxation law where it operates and as applied to its transactions and activities may be different than that of applicable tax authorities. As a result, tax treatment of certain operations, actions or transactions may be challenged and reassessed by applicable tax authorities, which could result in adverse tax consequences for the Company, including additional taxes, penalties, interest and may also adversely affect the Company’s ability to repatriate earnings and otherwise deploy its assets.

Negative operating cash flow

The Company is a development stage company and has not generated cash flow from operations. The Company is devoting significant resources to the development of its properties; however, there can be no assurance that it will generate positive cash flow from operations in the future. The Company expects to continue to incur negative consolidated operating cash flow and losses until such time as it achieves commercial production at a particular project. The Company currently has negative cash flow from operating activities.

In the event that the Company’s operating cash flow is not positive in future financial periods it may need to raise additional capital in order to fund operations. There is no guarantee that additional funds will be available on terms acceptable to the Company or at all.

-49-

Dilution from equity financing could negatively impact holders of Common Shares

The Company may from time to time raise funds through the issuance of Common Shares or the issuance of debt instruments or other securities convertible into Common Shares. The Company cannot predict the size or price of future issuances of Common Shares or the size or terms of future issuances of debt instruments or other securities convertible into Common Shares, or the effect, if any, that future issuances and sales of the Company’s securities will have on the market price of the Common Shares. Sales or issuances of substantial numbers of Common Shares, or the perception that such sales could occur, may adversely affect prevailing market prices of the Offered Shares. With any additional sale or issuance of Common Shares, or securities convertible into Common Shares, investors will suffer dilution to their voting power and the Company may experience dilution in its earnings per share.

The Common Shares do not pay dividends

No dividends on the Common Shares have been declared or paid to date. The Company anticipates that, for the foreseeable future, it will retain its cash resources for the operation and development of its business. Payment of any future dividends will be at the discretion of the Board after taking into account many factors, including earnings, operating results, financial condition, current and anticipated cash needs and any restrictions in financing agreements, and the Company may never pay dividends.

Coronavirus (COVID-19)

The Company faces risks related to health epidemics and other outbreaks of communicable diseases, which could significantly disrupt its operations and may materially and adversely affect its business and financial conditions. The Company’s business could be adversely impacted by the effects global outbreak of COVID-19, and the related measures being taken in the jurisdictions in which the Company operates including travel bans and “stay at home orders”. The extent to which the coronavirus and related restrictions impacts the Company’s business, including its operations and the market for its securities, will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted at this time, and include the duration, severity and scope of the outbreak and the actions taken to contain or treat the coronavirus outbreak. In particular, the continued spread of the coronavirus globally could materially and adversely impact the Company’s business including without limitation, employee health, workforce productivity, increased insurance premiums, increased expenses, limitations on travel, the availability of industry experts and personnel, restrictions to its drill program and/or the timing to process drill and other metallurgical testing, and other factors that will depend on future developments beyond the Company’s control, which may have a material and adverse effect on the its business, financial condition and results of operations. There can be no assurance that the Company’s personnel will not be impacted by these pandemic diseases and ultimately see its workforce productivity reduced or incur increased medical costs / insurance premiums as a result of these health risks. In addition, a significant outbreak of coronavirus could result in a widespread global health crisis that could adversely affect global economies and financial markets resulting in an economic downturn that could have an adverse effect on the demand for precious metals and our future prospects. Such public health crises can result in volatility and disruptions in the supply and demand for gold and other metals and minerals, global supply chains and financial markets, as well as declining trade and market sentiment and reduced mobility of people, all of which could affect commodity prices, interest rates, credit ratings, credit risk, share prices and inflation.

Numerous state and local jurisdictions have imposed, and others in the future may impose, “shelter-in-place” orders, quarantines, executive orders and similar government orders and restrictions for their residents to control the spread of COVID-19. The Company’s development activities, including infill drilling as well as exploration drilling are considered an “essential business” in Nevada and are permitted to continue, so long as these activities are conducted in a safe manner and social distancing measures are maintained. However, if the governor of Nevada were to issue an order restricting or re-classifying the Company’s activities, this could have an adverse effect on the Company’s business and operations.

-50-

7.2 Risks Relating to the Mining Industry

Exploration and development of mineral properties involve a high degree of risk and few properties that are explored are ultimately developed into producing properties.

Exploration and development of mineral properties involve a high degree of risk and few properties that are explored are ultimately developed into producing properties. There is no assurance that the Company’s exploration activities will result in any discoveries of commercial bodies of ore. There is also no assurance that even if commercial quantities of ore are discovered, a property will be brought into commercial production or that the metallurgical processing will produce economically viable saleable products. The commercial viability of a deposit once discovered and the decision as to whether it should be brought into production will depend upon the results of exploration programs and/or feasibility studies, and the recommendations of qualified engineers and/or geologists, all of which involves significant expense. This decision will also involve consideration and evaluation of several significant factors including, but not limited to:

1.	costs of bringing a property into production, including exploration and development work, preparation of feasibility studies and construction of production facilities;
2.	availability and costs of financing;
3.	ongoing costs of production;
4.	market prices for the minerals to be produced;
5.	environmental compliance regulations and restraints (including potential environmental liabilities associated with historical exploration activities); and
6.	political climate and/or governmental regulation and control.

Many of these factors are beyond the Company’s control.

Furthermore, mining and metallurgy are an inexact science and, accordingly, there always remains an element of risk that a mine may not prove to be commercially viable. Until a deposit is actually mined and processed, the quantity of mineral reserves, mineral resources and grades must be considered as estimates only. In addition, the determination and valuation of mineral reserves and mineral resources is based on, among other things, assumed metal prices.

Market fluctuations and metal prices may render mineral resources and mineral reserves uneconomic. Any material change in quantity of mineral reserves, mineral resources, grade, tonnage, percent extraction of those mineral reserves recoverable by underground mining techniques or stripping ratio for those mineral reserves recoverable by open pit mining techniques may affect the economic viability of a mining project.

The Company is subject to substantial operating hazards and risks beyond its control.

The exploration, development and operation of mineral properties is inherently dangerous and involves many risks that even a combination of experience, knowledge and careful evaluation may not be able to overcome, including, but not limited to:

1.	difficult surface or underground conditions;
2.	water conditions;
3.	unexpected or unusual rock conditions or geological operating conditions, including rock bursts, cave-ins, ground fall, slope failures and landslides;
4.	fires, explosions, flooding, adverse weather conditions and earthquakes;
5.	unanticipated variations in grade and other geological problems;
6.	failure of pit walls or dams;
7.	adverse environmental conditions or hazards;

-51-

8.	mechanical and equipment performance problems; and
9.	power failures and interruptions.

These risks could result in damage to, or destruction of, mineral properties, production facilities or other properties, personal injury or death, including to the Company’s employees, environmental damage, delays in mining, increased production costs, asset write downs, monetary losses and possible legal liability. While the Company maintains insurance to insure against general commercial liability claims, such insurance will not cover all of the potential risks associated with the Company’s operations at economically feasible premiums or at all. Currently, the Company is not insured against most environmental risks or nuclear or terrorism incidents.

Losses from any one or more of these events that are not covered by the Company’s insurance policies may cause the Company to incur significant costs that could materially adversely affect its financial condition and ability to fund activities on the Railroad-Pinion Project and the Lewis Gold Project. A significant loss could force the Company to reduce or terminate its operations and even result in bankruptcy.

Mineral exploration and development activities are subject to geologic uncertainty and inherent variability.

There is inherent variability between duplicate samples taken adjacent to each other and between sampling points that cannot be reasonably eliminated. There may also be unknown geologic details that have not been identified or correctly appreciated at the current level of delineation of the Railroad-Pinion Project. This results in uncertainties that cannot be reasonably eliminated from the estimation process. Some of the resulting variances can have a positive effect and others can have a negative effect on exploration activities.

The Company may face equipment shortages, access restrictions and lack of infrastructure.

Natural resource exploration, development and mining activities are dependent on the availability of mining, drilling and related equipment in the particular areas where such activities are conducted. A limited supply of such equipment or access restrictions may affect the availability of such equipment to the Company and may delay exploration, development or extraction activities. Certain equipment may not be immediately available, or may require long lead time orders. A delay in obtaining necessary equipment for mineral exploration, including drill rigs, could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s operations and financial results.

Mining, processing, development and exploration activities also depend, to one degree or another, on the availability of adequate infrastructure. Reliable access roads, bridges, power sources, fuel and water supply, water rights and the availability of skilled labor and other infrastructure are important determinants, which affect capital and operating costs. The lack of availability on acceptable terms or the delay in the availability of any one or more of these items could prevent or delay development of the Railroad-Pinion Project.

In accordance with the laws of the State of NV, the Company will need to obtain permits to drill water wells in connection with its future exploration and, if applicable, development and production activities at the Railroad-Pinion Project. However, the amount of water that the Company will be entitled to use from those wells will not be determined by the appropriate regulatory authorities until a future date. A final determination of these rights will be dependent in part on the Company’s ability to demonstrate a beneficial use for the amount of water that it intends to use. Unless the Company is successful in developing the Railroad-Pinion Project to a point where it can commence commercial production of gold or other precious metals, it may not be able to demonstrate such beneficial use. Accordingly, there is no assurance that the Company will have access to the amount of water needed to operate a mine at the Railroad-Pinion Project.

The Company’s activities are subject to environmental laws and regulations that may increase the Company’s costs and restrict its operations.

All phases of the Company’s operations will be subject to federal, state and local environmental laws and regulations, in addition to securing the necessary permits to advance exploration activities at the Railroad-Pinion Project. These laws and regulations address, among other things, the maintenance of air and water quality standards, land reclamation, the generation, transportation, storage and disposal of solid and hazardous waste, and the protection of natural

-52-

resources and endangered species as well as mitigation measures required for endangered or other species. Environmental legislation is evolving in a manner that will require stricter standards and enforcement, increased fines and penalties for non-compliance, more stringent environmental assessments of proposed projects, and a heightened degree of responsibility for companies and their officers, directors and employees. Compliance with environmental laws and regulations may require significant capital outlays on behalf of the Company and may cause material changes or delays in the Company’s intended activities. Future changes in environmental regulation, if any, may adversely affect the Company’s operations, make its operations prohibitively expensive, or prohibit them altogether.

Environmental hazards may exist on the Railroad-Pinion Project or on properties in which the Company may hold interests in the future that are unknown to the Company at the present and that have been caused by the Company or by previous owners or operators of the properties, or that may have occurred naturally. The Company may be liable for remediating such damages.

Failure to comply with applicable environmental laws, regulations and permitting requirements may result in enforcement actions thereunder, including orders issued by regulatory or judicial authorities, causing operations to cease or be curtailed, and may include corrective measures requiring capital expenditures, installation of additional equipment, or remedial actions.

Future production, if any, at the Railroad-Pinion Project or any future properties will involve the use of hazardous materials. Should these materials leak or otherwise be discharged from their containment systems, the Company may become subject to liability. At present, the Company maintains only limited insurance for environmental risks which may not cover or adequately protect the Company from all potential liabilities including, but not limited to, pollution or other hazards as a result of the disposal of waste products occurring from exploration or production.

In addition, neighbouring landowners and other third parties could file claims based on environmental statutes and common law for personal injury and property damage allegedly caused by the release of hazardous substances or other waste material into the environment on or around the Railroad-Pinion Project or other future properties. There can be no assurance that the Company’s defence of such claims will be successful. A successful claim against the Company could have a material adverse affect on its business prospects, financial condition and results of operations.

The Company is subject to the volatility in the market price of gold and other metals, which in the past have fluctuated widely.

The market price of gold and other metals has experienced volatile and significant price movements over short periods of time, and is affected by numerous factors beyond the Company’s control, including:

1.	international economic and political trends;
2.	expectations of inflation;
3.	currency exchange fluctuations (specifically, the U.S. dollar relative to other currencies);
4.	interest rates;
5.	global or regional consumption patterns;
6.	world events or global instability;
7.	acts of terrorism;
8.	speculative activities;
9.	purchases and sales of gold by central banks;
10.	availability and costs of substitutes; and
11.	increased production due to improved mining and production methods.

The effect of these factors on metal prices cannot be predicted. A decrease in the price of gold or other relevant metal prices at any time during exploration, development or production, if any, of the Railroad-Pinion Project may prevent

-53-

such project from being economically mined or may result in the write-off of assets whose value is impaired as a result of lower metal prices. A sustained period of declining gold and other applicable metal prices would adversely affect the Company’s financial performance, financial position and results of operations.

The Company’s competition is intense in all phases of its business.

The Company competes with many companies in the mining industry, including large, established mining companies. There is a limited supply of land prospective for minerals available for claim-staking, lease or acquisition in the United States, particularly NV, and other areas where the Company may conduct exploration activities. The Company may be at a competitive disadvantage in acquiring mineral properties, since it will be competing with individuals and companies, many of which have greater financial resources, operational experience and technical capabilities. The Company’s competitors may be able to respond more quickly to new laws and regulations or emerging technologies, or devote greater resources to the expansion or efficiency of their operations than the Company can. In addition, current and potential competitors may make strategic acquisitions or establish cooperative relationships among themselves or with third parties. The Company’s inability to successfully compete with other companies would have a material adverse effect on its results of operation and business.

Legislation has been proposed that would significantly affect the mining industry.

Periodically, members of the U.S. Congress have introduced bills that would supplant or alter the provisions of the General Mining Law of 1872, which governs the unpatented claims that the Company currently controls within its Railroad-Pinion Project. One such amendment has become law and has imposed a moratorium on patenting of mining claims, which reduced the security of title provided by unpatented claims such as those in the Railroad-Pinion Project. If additional legislation is enacted, it could substantially increase the cost of holding unpatented mining claims by requiring payment of royalties, and could significantly impair the Company’s ability to develop mineral resources on unpatented mining claims. Such bills have proposed, among other things, to make permanent the patent moratorium, to impose a federal royalty on production from unpatented mining claims and to declare certain lands as unsuitable for mining. Although it is impossible to predict at this time what royalties may be imposed in the future, the imposition of such royalties could adversely affect the potential for development of such mining claims, and the economics of operating mines on federal unpatented mining claims. Passage of such legislation could adversely affect the Company’s business.

The Company’s operations are subject to issues relating to security.

Civil disturbances and criminal activities such as trespass, illegal mining, theft, vandalism and terrorism may cause disruptions at the Company’s operations in NV. Such incidents may halt or delay exploration, increase operating costs, result in harm to employees or trespassers, decrease operational efficiency, increase community tensions or result in criminal and/or civil liability for the Company or its employees and/or financial damages or penalties. The manner in which the Company’s personnel respond to civil disturbances and criminal activities can give rise to additional risks where those responses are not conducted in accordance with applicable laws. The failure to conduct security operations in accordance with these standards can result in harm to employees or community members, increase community tensions, result in reputational harm to the Company and its partners or result in criminal and civil liability for the Company or its employees and financial damages or penalties. It is not possible to determine with certainty the future costs that the Company may incur in dealing with the issues described above at its operations.

7.3 Risks Relating to Shares

We have never paid dividends and do not expect to do so in the foreseeable future.

The Company has not declared or paid any dividends on the Common Shares and does not expect to do so in the foreseeable future. Future earnings, if any, will likely be retained to finance growth. Any return on investment in the Common Shares will come from the appreciation, if any, in the value thereof. The payment of any future dividends will depend upon the Company’s earnings, if any, its then-existing financial requirements and other factors, and will be at the discretion of the Board.

-54-

The trading price for our Common Shares is volatile.

The Common Shares are listed on the TSX in Canada and NYSE American in the United States. During the past year, trading in the Common Shares has, at times, been limited, sporadic and subject to large fluctuations in market price, which may result in losses to investors. There are no assurances that an active, stable market will develop or be sustained in the future. Between January 1, 2020 and December 31, 2020, the trading price of the Common Shares on the TSX has ranged from a low of $0.46 per Common Share to a high of $1.50 per Common Share and on the NYSE American from a low of US$0.27 per Common Share to a high of US$1.14 per Common Share. If an active, stable public market for the Common Shares does not develop in the future, or if developed, is not sustained, the liquidity of the Common Shares may be limited. The liquidity of the trading market in the Common Shares, and the market price for the Common Shares, may be adversely affected by, among other things:

1.	the price of gold and other metals;
2.	the Company’s operating performance and the performance of competitors and other similar companies;
3.	the public’s reaction to the Company’s press releases, other public announcements and the Company’s filings with the various securities regulatory authorities;
4.	the results of the Company’s exploration programs and/or resource estimates (initial or otherwise) for the Railroad-Pinion Project;
5.	the Company’s ability to obtain adequate financing for further exploration and development;
6.	changes in the Company’s financial performance or prospects;
7.	changes in general economic conditions;
8.	the number of Common Shares to be publicly-traded after a public offering or private placement of securities of the Company;
9.	the arrival or departure of key personnel;
10.	acquisitions, strategic alliances or joint ventures involving the Company or its competitors;
11.	changes or perceived changes in the Company’s creditworthiness;
12.	performance and prospects for companies in the mining industry generally;
13.	the number of holders of the Common Shares;
14.	the interest of securities dealers in making a market for the Common Shares;
15.	prevailing interest rates;
16.	changes in global business or macroeconomic conditions;
17.	the current outbreak of novel coronavirus (COVID-19) that was first reported from Wuhan, China and any future emergence and spread of similar pathogens; and
18.	the factors listed under the heading “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward looking Statements and Forward Looking Information” above.

The market price of the Common Shares is also affected by many variables not directly related to the Company’s success and therefore not within the Company’s control, including other developments that affect the market for all resource sector shares, the breadth of the public market for the Common Shares, and the attractiveness of alternative investments. In addition, the stock market in general, and the market for mining company stocks in particular, has historically experienced significant price and volume fluctuations, and in the mining sector, such stocks have suffered significant declines. Volatility in the market price for a particular issuer’s securities has often been unrelated to the operating performance of that issuer. As a result of any of these factors, the market price of the Common Shares at any given point in time may not accurately reflect the long-term value of the Company. Volatility in the Common Share price also increases the risk of securities class action litigation.

-55-

Market Price of our Common Shares.

Sales of a substantial number of the Common Shares or other equity-related securities in the public markets by the Company or its significant Shareholders could also depress the market price of the Common Shares and impair the Company’s ability to raise capital through the sale of additional equity securities. The price of the Common Shares could be affected by possible sales of Common Shares by hedging or arbitrage trading activity which the Company anticipates may occur involving its Common Shares.

Future sales or issuances of Common Shares or the exercise of options and warrants could cause the market price of the Common Shares to decrease significantly, dilute investors’ voting power and reduce earnings per Common Share.

The Company may in the future sell additional equity or equity-linked securities or grant to some or all of its directors, officers, key employees and consultants options to purchase Common Shares. The Company cannot predict the size of future sales and issuances of equity or equity-linked securities or the effect, if any, that such future sales and issuances will have on the market price of the Common Shares. Sales or issuances of a substantial number of equity or equity-linked securities, or the perception that such sales could occur, may adversely affect the prevailing market price for the Common Shares and impair the Company’s ability to raise capital through the sale of additional equity securities.

The Company’s current operations do not generate any cash flow and the Company will require significant additional financing to fund further exploration and/or development activities or to fulfill its obligations under applicable agreements for the Railroad-Pinion Project. The Board has the authority to authorize certain offers and sales of additional securities without the vote of, or prior notice to, Shareholders, and given its current stage of development, the Company believes the most realistic source of funds presently available to it is through the sale of equity capital. While there are no assurances the Company will be able to raise additional financing on reasonably commercial terms or at all, such additional financings may involve the issuance of a significant number of Common Shares at prices less than the current market price for the Common Shares. Any future issuance of equity securities will dilute the voting power of existing Shareholders and reduce earnings per Common Share, if any. In addition, additional sales of equity securities may decrease the price of the Common Shares and/or result in a change of control.

Potential Dilution of Present and Prospective Shareholdings.

In order to finance future operations and development efforts, the Company may raise funds through the issue of Common Shares or the issue of securities convertible into or exercisable for Common Shares. The Company cannot predict the size of future issues of Common Shares or the issue of securities convertible into or exercisable for Common Shares or the effect, if any, that future issues and sales of the Common Shares will have on the market price of the Common Shares. Any transaction involving the issue of previously unissued shares, or securities convertible into or exercisable for shares, would result in dilution, which may be substantial, to existing holders of shares.

The Common Shares are subject to maintaining TSX and NYSE American requirements which could affect their continued listing.

Failure to meet the applicable maintenance requirements of the TSX or the NYSE American could result in the Common Shares being delisted from the TSX or the NYSE American. In order to maintain these listings, the Company must maintain certain objective standards, such as share prices, shareholders’ equity, market capitalization and share distribution targets. There are no assurances that the Company will continue to meet the maintenance requirements of the TSX or the NYSE American in the future.

A delisting of the Common Shares could adversely affect the Company’s reputation, the Company’s ability to raise funds through the sale of equity or securities convertible into equity and the terms of any such fundraising, the liquidity and market price of the Common Shares and the ability of broker-dealers to purchase the Common Shares.

In the event the Company is delisted from the NYSE American, the Common Shares may be eligible for trading on the over-the-counter market in the United States. However, the over-the-counter market will likely be less liquid and

-56-

more price volatile than the NYSE American, possibly resulting in lower prices that could impair future financings and result in the loss of confidence by investors, customers, suppliers and employees.

We may lose our foreign private issuer status in the future, which could result in significant additional costs and expenses.

The Company is a foreign private issuer under applicable U.S. federal securities laws and, therefore, is not required to comply with all the periodic disclosure and current reporting requirements of the U.S. Exchange Act. As a result, the Company does not file the same reports that a U.S. domestic issuer files with the SEC, although the Company is required to file with or furnish to the SEC the continuous disclosure documents that the Company is required to file in Canada under Canadian securities laws. Further, the Company’s officers, directors, and principal Shareholders are exempt from the reporting and “short swing” profit recovery rules of Section 16 of the U.S. Exchange Act. In addition, as a foreign private issuer, the Company is exempt from the proxy rules under the U.S. Exchange Act.

The Company could in the future lose its foreign private issuer status if a majority of its Common Shares are held by residents in the United States and it fails to continue meeting any one of the additional “business contacts” requirements. If the Company loses its status as a foreign private issuer measured on the last day of its second fiscal quarter (i.e., June 30), it would commence reporting on January 1 of the following year on forms required of U.S. companies, such as Forms 10-K, 10-Q and 8-K. These forms require more detailed and extensive disclosure than the disclosure required by the forms available to a foreign private issuer. The regulatory and compliance costs under U.S. federal securities laws as a U.S. domestic issuer, together with attendant management costs, may be significantly more than the costs incurred as a Canadian foreign private issuer eligible to use not only the disclosure system for foreign private issuers but also the multi-jurisdictional disclosure system implemented by the SEC and the securities regulatory authorities in Canada (“MJDS”). Further, to the extent that the Company was to offer or sell its securities outside of the United States, the Company would have to comply with the more restrictive Regulation S requirements that apply to U.S. issuers and would no longer be able to use the MJDS forms for registered offerings by Canadian companies in the United States. This could limit the Company’s ability to access the capital markets in the future. In addition, the Company may lose the ability to rely upon certain exemptions from corporate governance requirements that are available to foreign private issuers. The Company would regain the foreign private issuer status upon re-meeting the eligibility requirements on the last day of its next following second fiscal quarter.

As a foreign private issuer whose Common Shares are listed on the NYSE American, we may follow certain home country corporate governance practices instead of certain NYSE American requirements.

As a foreign private issuer whose Common Shares are listed on the NYSE American, the Company is permitted to follow certain home country (i.e. Canadian) corporate governance practices instead of certain requirements of the NYSE American rules. Among other things, as a foreign private issuer the Company may follow home country practice with regard to, the composition of the Board, director nomination procedure, compensation of officers and quorum at Shareholders’ meetings. In addition, the Company may follow its home country law, instead of the NYSE American rules, which require that the Company obtain Shareholder approval for certain dilutive events, such as for the establishment or amendment of certain equity based compensation plans, an issuance that will result in a change of control of the Company, certain transactions other than a public offering involving issuances of a 20% or more interest in the Company and certain acquisitions of the stock or assets of another company. Accordingly, the Shareholders may not be afforded the same protection as provided under NYSE American’s corporate governance rules. A foreign private issuer that elects to follow a home country practice instead of such requirements must submit to NYSE American in advance a written statement from an independent counsel in the issuer’s home country certifying that the issuer’s practices are not prohibited by the home country’s laws. In addition, a foreign private issuer must disclose in its annual reports filed with the SEC each such requirement that it does not follow and describe the home country practice followed by the issuer instead of any such requirement.

We may be a “passive foreign investment company” for U.S. tax purposes which could subject U.S. Shareholders to increased tax liability.

The Company believes that it was a passive foreign investment company for the taxable year ended December 31, 2020, and expects to be a passive foreign investment company for the taxable year ending December 31, 2021. The

-57-

Company will not be providing qualified electing fund information. As a result, a U.S. Shareholder could be subject to increased tax liability, possibly including an interest charge, upon the sale or other disposition of the United States Shareholder’s Common Shares or upon the receipt of “excess distributions”. U.S. holders should consult with tax advisers with regard to their holding of Common Shares.

The ability of investors to enforce civil liabilities under U.S. securities laws may be limited.

Substantially all of the Company’s directors and executive officers reside outside the United States, and all or a significant portion of their assets may be, and a substantial portion of the Company’s assets are, located outside the United States. As a result, it may not be possible for investors in the Company’s securities to effect service of process within the United States upon such persons or to enforce in U.S. courts or outside the United States judgments obtained against such persons outside the United States. It is not clear whether a foreign court would accept jurisdiction and impose civil liability if proceedings were commenced in a foreign jurisdiction predicated solely upon U.S. federal securities laws.

Readers are cautioned that the foregoing list of risks, uncertainties and other factors is not exhaustive.

-58-

ITEM 8: DIVIDENDS

All of the Common Shares are entitled to an equal share in the dividends declared and paid by the Company. There are no restrictions in the Company’s Articles which could prevent the Company from paying dividends as long as there are no reasonable grounds for believing that the Company is insolvent or the payment of the dividend would render the Company insolvent. However, the Company has not paid any dividends since incorporation and it is not contemplating that any dividends will be paid in the foreseeable future.

The Company intends to retain all future earnings, if any, and other cash resources for the future operation and development of its business, and accordingly, does not intend to declare or pay any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Payment of any future dividends will be at the discretion of the Board after taking into account many factors including the Company’s operating results, financial condition and current and anticipated cash needs.

ITEM 9: DESCRIPTION OF CAPITAL STRUCTURE

The authorized capital of the Company consists of an unlimited number of Common Shares without par value. The following Common Shares were issued and outstanding as of the dates set out below:

Type of Security	Amount Authorized or to be Authorized	Outstanding as at December 31, 2020	Outstanding as at March 26, 2021
Common Shares	Unlimited	318,006,340	357,476,205

The Common Shares are not subject to any future call or assessment. All Common Shares rank equally as to voting rights, participation in a distribution of the assets of the Company on a liquidation, dissolution or winding-up of the Company and the entitlement to dividends. The Shareholders are entitled to receive notice of all meetings of Shareholders and to attend and vote the Common Shares at the meetings. Each Common Share carries with it the right to one vote. The Common Shares have no pre-emptive, conversion, exchange, redemption, retraction, purchase for cancellation or surrender provisions and there are no sinking fund provisions in relation to the Common Shares.

In the event of the liquidation, dissolution or winding-up of the Company or other distribution of its assets, the Shareholders will be entitled to receive, on a pro rata basis, all of the assets remaining after the Company has paid out its liabilities. Distribution in the form of dividends, if any, will be set by the Board. See ITEM 8: “Dividends” above for particulars of the Company’s dividend policy.

Provisions as to the modification, amendment or variation of the rights attached to the capital of the Company are contained in the Company’s Articles and the BCBCA. Generally speaking, substantive changes to the share capital require the approval of the Shareholders by either an ordinary (50% +1 of the votes cast) or special resolution (at least 66 2/3% of the votes cast). However, in certain cases, the directors may, subject to the BCBCA, alter the Company’s authorized and issued share capital to, inter alia, create one or more classes of shares or, if none of the shares of a class are allotted or issued, eliminate that class of shares; increase, reduce or eliminate the maximum number of shares that the Company is authorized to issue out of any class of shares; subdivide or consolidate all or any of its unissued, or fully paid issued, shares; or alter the identifying name of any of its shares.

On June 1, 2011, the Company adopted a shareholder rights plan (the “Original Rights Plan”). At the Company’s 2014 annual general meeting, the Shareholders approved an extension of the Original Rights Plan for a further three years. At the Company’s 2017 annual general meeting, the Shareholders approved a new Rights Plan (the “Rights Plan”), which is a new generation plan that integrates the new takeover bid regime set out in National Instrument 62-104 – Take-Over Bids and Issuer Bids. The Rights Plan is not an amended and restated version of the Original Rights Plan.

The purpose of the Rights Plan is to prevent, to the extent possible, a creeping takeover bid of the Company to ensure that (i) every Shareholder will have an equal opportunity to participate in such a bid, and (ii) all Shareholders are treated fairly in connection with such a bid. The Rights Plan discourages coercive or unfair creeping takeover bids by

-59-

creating significant potential dilution of any Common Shares which may be acquired or held by a takeover acquiror if such Common Shares are not acquired in a manner permitted by the Rights Plan. The potential for significant dilution to the holdings of such an acquiror occurs because the Rights Plan provides that all holders of Common Shares who are not related to the acquiror will be entitled to exercise rights issued to them under the Rights Plan and to acquire Common Shares at a substantial discount to prevailing market prices, however, the acquiror and the persons related to the acquiror will not be entitled to exercise any rights under the Rights Plan.

ITEM 10: MARKET FOR SECURITIES

10.1 Trading Price and Volume

The Common Shares currently trade on the TSX in Canada and NYSE American in the United States under the symbol “GSV”. As of March 26, 2021 the closing price of the Common Shares was $0.76 per Common Share on the TSX and US$0.60 on the NYSE American.

The following table sets out the high and low sale prices and the volume of trading of the Common Shares on the TSX and NYSE American on a monthly basis since the commencement of the Company’s fiscal year ended December 31, 2020.

Period	TSX			NYSE American
	$ High	$ Low	Volume	US$ High	US$ Low	Volume
January 2020	1.15	0.93	3,496,572	0.90	0.73	11,194,100
February 2020	1.04	0.82	13,612,130	0.79	0.61	3,715,749
March 2020	0.92	0.46	11,191,865	0.70	0.27	7,899,555
April 2020	0.95	0.68	6,286,467	0.67	0.48	3,304,883
May 2020	1.07	0.86	6,541,802	0.77	0.61	2,147,815
June 2020	1.20	0.89	5,172,353	0.87	0.65	3,366,423
July 2020	1.25	1.02	8,838,252	0.93	0.76	3,771,506
August 2020	1.50	1.07	15,257,541	1.14	0.79	4,977,114
September 2020	1.19	0.96	5,717,947	0.92	0.71	3,752,774
October 2020	1.07	0.87	2,920,298	0.80	0.65	1,399,117
November 2020	0.95	0.82	2,028,268	0.73	0.62	1,273,985
December 2020	1.05	0.87	2,238,652	0.82	0.67	3,483,957

10.2 Prior Sales

The following table summarizes the issuance of securities convertible into or exercisable for Common Shares by the Company since the commencement of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020 and up to March 26, 2021:

-60-

Stock Options and Restricted Share Units

		Exercise Price per
Date of Issuance	Security	Security ($)	Number of Securities
January 30, 2020	Stock Options	1.05	2,140,306
January 30, 2020	Restricted Share Units	-	927,276
September 23, 2020	Stock Options	1.02	40,000
December 2, 2020	Stock Options	0.854	1,600,000
December 2, 2020	Restricted Share Units	-	292,740
December 4, 2020	Stock Options	0.91	50,000
January 4, 2021	Stock Options	0.927	1,450,000
January 4, 2021	Restricted Share Units	-	585,437
January 21, 2021	Stock Options	0.84	3,477,655
January 21, 2021	Restricted Share Units	-	1,930,439
January 29, 2021	Stock Options	0.886	542,430
March 4, 2021	Stock Options	0.797	550,000
March 4, 2021	Restricted Share Units	-	100,000
March 15, 2021	Stock Options	0.78	10,000

-61-

ITEM 11: ESCROWED SECURITIES AND SECURITIES SUBJECT TO CONTRACTUAL RESTRICTION ON TRANSFER

To the knowledge of the directors and officers of the Company, no securities of the Company are subject to escrow or a contractual restriction on transfer as of the date of this AIF.

ITEM 12: DIRECTORS AND OFFICERS

12.1 Name, Occupation and Security Holding

The following are the names and provinces/states of residence of the directors and executive officers of the Company, the positions and offices they currently hold with the Company, their principal occupations during the five preceding years, and the number and percentage of Common Shares beneficially owned, or controlled or directed, directly or indirectly, by each of them. Each director will hold office until the next annual general meeting of the Company unless his office is earlier vacated in accordance with the provisions of the BCBCA or the Company’s Articles.

Name, Province/State of Residence and Position with the Company	Principal occupation during last five years	Date of first appointment as a Director of the Company	Number and Percentage of Common Shares held at March 15, 2021(1)
Jason Attew British Columbia, Canada President and Chief Executive Officer	Previously was the Chief Financial Officer of Goldcorp Inc., a mining company, from August, 2016 until May, 2019 and prior to that was a managing director a BMO Nesbitt Burns from February 2007 until July, 2016.	December 2, 2020	1,298,740 or 0.36%
Zara Boldt London, UK Director	Professional Accountant (CPA, CGA); CFO and Corporate Secretary of Lucara Diamond Corp., a mining company, since April, 2018; Director of Bluestone Resources Inc., a mining company, since 2017. CFO and Corporate Secretary of Strongbow Exploration Inc., a Canadian mineral exploration company, from September 2015 to June 2018; CFO and Corporate Secretary of Kaminak Gold Corporation (“Kaminak”), a junior mining company, from January 2016 to July 2016; Vice-President of Finance and CFO of Stornoway Diamond Corporation, a Canadian diamond exploration and development company, from 2010 to 2015.	Director since September 12, 2017	52,000 or 0.01%
Ron Clayton Nevada, USA Director	Director of Mayfair Gold Corp. since June 2020, President and Chief Executive Officer of 1911 Gold Corporation (formerly Havilah Mining Corporation), a mining exploration company, since January 15, 2019. Former President and Chief Executive Officer of Tahoe Resources Inc. (“Tahoe”), August 2016 to June 2018; Chief Operating Officer of Tahoe March 2010 to August 2016.	Director since January 30, 2018	60,000 or 0.01%

-62-

Name, Province/State of Residence and Position with the Company	Principal occupation during last five years	Date of first appointment as a Director of the Company	Number and Percentage of Common Shares held at March 15, 2021(1)
Don Harris Nevada, USA General Manager	Registered Geologist; Operations Manager, Gold Standard, February, 2019 to present. Senior Geologist, Gold Standard, May 2017 to February 2019. Former Manager of Nevada Surface Geology for Newmont, May 2006 to April 2007, Vice President of Advanced Projects at Midway Gold Corporation (“Midway”), July 2008 to June 2010 and Director of Exploration at Hycroft Mining Corporation (“Hycroft”), January 2015 to April 2017.	N/A	26,944 or 0.007%
Michael McDonald British Columbia, Canada Vice President, Corporate Development & Investor Relations	Vice President, Corporate Development & Investor Relations for Gold Standard, January 2021 to present, Head of Investor Relations for SSR Mining Inc., September 2019 to December 2020, Vice President, Metals Marketing for Goldcorp Inc., May 2017 to August 2019 and Director, Business Development for SSR Mining Inc. from February 2011 to March 2017.	N/A	132,000 or 0.03%
D. Bruce McLeod British Columbia, Canada Lead Director	President and Chief Executive Officer of Sabina Gold & Silver Corp. (TSX - SBB), a mining company, February 2015 to present.	Director since September 29, 2016	233,000 or 0.06%
Robert J. McLeod British Columbia, Canada Director	Professional geologist, March 2003 to present; President and Chief Executive Officer, IDM Mining Ltd. (TSXV - IDM), a mining company, September 2013 to March 2019.	Initially appointed on July 13, 2010 Subsequently re-elected on June 28, 2011 (2)	215,540 or 0.06%
Alex Morrison Colorado, USA Director	Director of Dakota Territory Resource Corp as of July 2020, Director of Taseko Mines Limited, April 2011 to July 2020; Director of Detour Gold Corporation, May 2010 to December 2018; Director of Pershing Gold Corporation, November 2012 to February 2018; Director of Gold Resource Corporation, March 2016 to present; Director of Energy Fuels Inc., August 2019 to present.	Director since September 12, 2017	60,000 or 0.01%
Jordan Neeser British Columbia, Canada Incoming Chief Financial Officer and Corporate Secretary	Chartered Professional Accountant, Chief Financial Officer and Corporate Secretary of Conifex Timber Inc. from April 2020 to March 2021, previously the Manager of Capital Markets at the Jim Pattison Group, and Group Controller at First Quantum Minerals Ltd. from 2007 to 2014.	N/A	100,000 or 0.02%

-63-

Name, Province/State of Residence and Position with the Company	Principal occupation during last five years	Date of first appointment as a Director of the Company	Number and Percentage of Common Shares held at March 15, 2021(1)
Lawrence Radford Nevada, USA Chief Operating Officer	Started as the Vice President, Operations and was promoted into various roles including Chief Operating Officer and Chief Technical Officer of Hecla Mining Corp. from October, 2011 until December, 2019.	N/A	Nil.
Jamie D.R. Strauss London, United Kingdom Director	Director, Strauss Partners, London based boutique mining finance firm, 2009 to present. Director of Altius Minerals Corporation, a mining company, 2009 to present. Director of Bacanora Lithium plc, a mining company, 2016 to present. Director of Digbee Ltd., a London based alternative research platform, 2016 to present.	Director since September 5, 2012	222,317 or 0.06%
William E. Threlkeld Colorado, USA Director	Geologist, Senior Vice-President, Seabridge Gold Inc. 2001 to present.	Director since March 17, 2011	167,200 or 0.04%
Michael N. Waldkirch British Columbia, Canada Chief Financial Officer	Chartered Professional Accountant, 1998 to present; Chief Financial Officer, Gold Standard, July 2010 to present.	N/A	1,469,947 or 0.41%

(1)

This information is not within the knowledge of the management of the Company and has been furnished by the respective individuals, or has been extracted from the register of shareholdings maintained by the Company’s transfer agent or from insider reports filed by the individuals and available through the Internet at www.sedi.ca.

(2)

Mr. Robert McLeod was initially appointed as a director of the Company in connection with the completion of the Company’s statutory plan of arrangement with JKR on July 13, 2010. On March 17, 2011, Mr. Robert McLeod stepped down as a director of the Company in order to accommodate the appointment of William E. Threlkeld as a director of the Company. Mr. Robert McLeod was subsequently re-elected as a director of the Company at the Company’s annual general meeting held on June 28, 2011.

The Company has the following committees whose members are as follows:

Name of Committee	Members of Committee
Audit Committee(1)	Zara Boldt (Chair) Alex Morrison Ron Clayton
Compensation Committee	Alex Morrison (Chair) Ron Clayton Jamie D. R. Strauss

-64-

Name of Committee	Members of Committee
Corporate Governance and Nominating Committee	Ron Clayton (Chair) Zara Boldt D. Bruce McLeod
Technical, Health, Safety and Environment Committee(2)	Ron Clayton (Chair) William E. Threlkeld D. Bruce McLeod
Disclosure Committee	Jason Attew (Chair) Michael Waldkirch Don Harris Michael McDonald Jordan Neeser (appointed as of March 16, 2021) Lawrence Radford

(1)	See ITEM 18: “Audit Committee” below.
(2)	As of January 21, 2021, the Health, Safety and Environment Committee became the Technical, Health, Safety and Environment Committee.

As of March 26, 2021, the directors and executive officers of the Company, as a group, beneficially owned, directly or indirectly, 4,037,688 Common Shares representing 1.12% of the total issued and outstanding Common Shares.

Management

The following sets forth further background information on each of the directors and executive officers of the Company.

Jason Attew, President and Chief Executive Officer

Mr. Attew held various positions at Goldcorp including the Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer and Corporate Development, Senior Vice President, Corporate Development and Strategy since August 15, 2016. Mr. Attew is a mining and metals banking executive with over 25 years of experience encompassing mine operations, project management, corporate finance and investment banking. Mr. Attew has advised on over $50 billion of corporate transactions, raised over $17 billion in growth capital via equity and debt capital markets. Mr. Attew began his career as a Project Manager for a geological exploration company before embarking on a finance career in 2001. He was a Managing Director of BMO’s Global Metals & Mining team. Mr. Attew holds a Bachelor of Science from the University of British Columbia, as well as a Masters of Business Administration from Queen’s University.

Zara Boldt, Director

Ms. Boldt is a professional accountant (CPA, CGA) with over fifteen years of progressively senior financial leadership roles with public companies in the mineral exploration and development industry. Ms. Boldt is currently the CFO and Corporate Secretary of Lucara Diamond Corp., a mining company, since April, 2018. Ms. Boldt has also served as CFO and Corporate Secretary of Strongbow Exploration Inc., a Canadian mineral exploration company and Chief Financial Officer & Corporate Secretary of Kaminak, where she was responsible for corporate due diligence and the negotiation, documentation and execution of a plan of arrangement for an acquisition transaction valued at $520 million. Prior to Kaminak, Ms. Boldt served as the Vice-President, Finance and Chief Financial Officer for Stornoway Diamond Corporation where she was a member of the senior management team responsible for arranging financing in excess of $900 million for the development of the Renard Project in Quebec.

Ron Clayton, Director

Mr. Clayton is a seasoned mining executive with over 40 years of mine operating experience and led the construction of the Escobal mine. Mr. Clayton joined Tahoe as the first Chief Operating Officer on March 30, 2010, was appointed President on March 12, 2014 and was further appointed Chief Executive Officer on August 16, 2016, serving until June 25, 2018. Prior to joining Tahoe, Mr. Clayton was Senior Vice President, Operations, and the General Manager

-65-

of several underground mines for Hecla Mining Company. He also held the position of Vice President, Operations with Stillwater Mining Company and a number of engineering and operations management positions with Climax Molybdenum Company and Homestake Mining Company. Mr. Clayton earned his Bachelor of Science Degree in Mining Engineering from the Colorado School of Mines and is a graduate of the Tuck School of Business Executive Program at Dartmouth College.

Don Harris, Operations Manager

Don Harris has 30 years’ experience as a mine development geologist and manager, including 17 years with Newmont, where Mr. Harris was a significant contributor to the resource and reserve growth at Gold Quarry and Emigrant Mines. Outside of Newmont, Mr. Harris has contributed to the mine and resource development at the Hycroft mine (Hycroft) and the Pan mine (Midway). Over his career, Don has held a multitude of positions, including Manager of Nevada Surface Geology for Newmont, Vice President of Advanced Projects at Midway Gold, and Director of Exploration at Hycroft Mining. These positions have led to the successful development and/or production of over 30 million ounces gold and 300 million ounces silver. Since joining GSV in 2017, he has been responsible for guiding the Dark Star and Pinion Deposits towards future mine development. Don has a BS in geology from the University of Wyoming and an MS in geology from Northern Arizona University. Don is a Registered Geologist with SME (146776) and a qualified person as defined by NI-43-101.

Michael McDonald, Vice President, Corporate Development & Investor Relations

Mr. McDonald has held senior corporate roles at SSR Mining and Goldcorp. He was a key member of the corporate development team at SSR Mining during its acquisition of the Marigold mine in Nevada, and most recently oversaw the investor relations program during the merger with Alacer Gold. Mr. McDonald started his career in investment banking and holds a Bachelor of Commerce, Finance, from the University of British Columbia. Based out of the Company’s Vancouver office, Mr. McDonald will be responsible for managing the investor relations program, progressing key corporate development initiatives, and working with the senior executive team in developing and executing the corporate strategy.

Bruce McLeod, Lead Director

Mr. Bruce McLeod is a Mining Engineer with over 30 years of experience in all areas of the mining industry. Most recently he was a director of Kaminak, which was acquired in 2016 by Goldcorp for $520 million. Mr. Bruce McLeod is currently the President, CEO and a director of Sabina Gold & Silver Corp. (TSX-SBB). Prior to that, he served in a senior capacity with a number successful junior mining ventures including: President and CEO of Mercator Minerals Ltd.; President, CEO and director of Creston Moly Corp., and founder of both Sherwood Copper Corp and Stornoway Diamond Corporation. He also served on the board of directors of Palmerejo Silver and Gold Corp. (acquired by Coeur D’Alene Mines) and Ariane Gold (acquired by Cambior Inc.) and has been involved in numerous projects at various stages of development while with the Northair Group. Mr. Bruce McLeod was the co-recipient of AMEBC’s EA Scholz Award for excellence in mine development in 2009 and primarily focuses on project development, strategic planning, and financing activities. Mr. Bruce McLeod holds a Bachelors of Science in Mining Engineering from Montana College of Mineral Science and Technology and is a member of the British Columbia Association of Professional Engineers and Geoscientists.

Robert J. McLeod, Director

Mr. Robert McLeod is a professional geologist (March 2003) with a Masters of Science, Geology, from Queens University, Kingston, Ontario (1998) and a Bachelors of Science, Geology, from the University of British Columbia (1993).

Mr. Robert McLeod was the President and Chief Executive Officer of IDM Mining Ltd (TSXV-IDM), from September 2013 to March 2019, where he was previously VP Exploration since 2010. He was previously Chief Executive Officer and VP Exploration for Full Metal Minerals Ltd. (TSXV-FMM) from June 2003 until November 2014. He is also a director of Lithium-X (TSXV-LlX), Redstar Gold Corp. (TSXV-RGC), Independence Gold Corp. (TSXV-IGO) and Dolly Varden Silver Corporation (TSX.V: DV). He was formerly Vice-President, Exploration for Atna Resources Ltd.

-66-

(TSX-ATN) from February 2003 to February 2004. From 2000 to 2003 Mr. Robert McLeod was a Project Geologist for Miramar Mining Corp. and a Senior Geologist for Grayd Resource Corporation from 1998 to 2000.

Alex Morrison, Director

Mr. Morrison is a mining executive and Chartered Professional Accountant with over 35 years of experience in the mining industry. Mr. Morrison has held Board and senior executive positions with a number of mining companies, most recently serving as a Director of Dakota Territory Resource Corp as well as a Director of Detour Gold Corporation until December 2018 and as Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of Franco-Nevada Corporation from 2007 to 2010. From 2002 to 2007, Mr. Morrison held increasingly senior positions at Newmont, including Vice President, Operations Services and Vice President, Information Technology. Prior to that, Mr. Morrison was Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of NovaGold Resources Inc., Vice President and Controller of Homestake Mining Company and held senior financial positions at Phelps Dodge Corporation and Stillwater Mining Company. Mr. Morrison began his career with PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP after obtaining his Bachelor of Arts in Business Administration from Trinity Western University.

Jordan Neeser, Chief Financial Officer

Mr. Neeser has held senior financial roles at Conifex Timber, the Jim Pattison Group, and First Quantum Minerals. He brings experience in financial reporting, corporate finance, and corporate development from his roles as group controller at First Quantum during a period of significant growth, managing capital markets investments at the Jim Pattison Group, and recently as Chief Financial Officer at Conifex. Mr. Neeser started his career with KPMG, is a Chartered Professional Accountant (CPA, CA), and holds a Bachelor of Commerce, Accounting, from the University of British Columbia.

Lawrence Radford, Chief Operating Officer

Mr. Radford has held senior operational roles at Hecla Mining, Kinross Gold, and Barrick Gold. He brings a strong background in project construction and commissioning, technical support, and leading safety and productivity improvements at precious metal operations across the world. Mr. Radford most recently held the role of Chief Operating Officer at Hecla, and previously managed the construction of both the Fort Knox heap leach operation in Alaska (Kinross) and the Cowal gold mine in Australia (Barrick). He holds a Bachelor of Science, Mining Engineering, from the University of Idaho and an MBA from the University of Alaska Fairbanks.

Jamie D. R. Strauss, Director

Mr. Strauss is launching an alternative research platform for the mining industry. He remains a director of the boutique mining finance firm, Strauss Partners Ltd., based in London, England and has worked as a stockbroker in the City of London for over 30 years. He was Managing Director of UK Equity Products for BMO Capital Markets 2007-2009. Mr. Strauss is also a non-executive director of Altius Minerals Corporation (TSX) and Bacanora Lithium plc (London-AIM).

William E. Threlkeld, Director

Since 2001, Mr. Threlkeld has been a Senior Vice President of Seabridge Gold, Inc. where he is responsible for, among other things, designing and executing exploration and resource delineation programs. From 1997 to 2000, he was Vice-President, Exploration, for Greenstone Resources Ltd., responsible for resource delineation on three Central American gold deposits and development of an organization and strategy to identify new mineral investments. From 1991 to 1997, he was a Vice President and Exploration Manager at Placer Dome Inc. where he was responsible for its exploration activity and investment in South America. Mr. Threlkeld obtained a Masters of Science in Economic Geology from the University of Western Ontario.

-67-

Michael N. Waldkirch, Chief Financial Officer (until March 31, 2021)

Mr. Waldkirch holds a Bachelor of Arts in Economics from the University of British Columbia and has been a Chartered Professional Accountant since 1998. Since 1999, Mr. Waldkirch has also held the position of Senior Partner with the Public Accounting firm Michael Waldkirch and Company Inc., Chartered Professional Accountants, in Vancouver, B.C.

12.2 Cease Trade Orders, Bankruptcies, Penalties or Sanctions

Corporate Cease Trade Orders

Except as disclosed below, no director or executive officer of the Company is, or was within the ten years prior to the date of this AIF, a director, chief executive officer or chief financial officer of any company that was the subject of a cease trade or similar order, or an order that denied the other issuer access to any statutory exemptions, for a period of more than thirty consecutive days:

1.	while that person was acting as a director, chief executive officer or chief financial officer; or
2.	after that person ceased acting as a director, chief executive officer or chief financial officer which resulted from an event that occurred while that person was acting in that capacity.

Bruce McLeod was a President, CEO and a director of Mercator Minerals Ltd. (“Mercator”) when it negotiated and the SEC issued an order on November 8, 2011 revoking Mercator’s registration under the U.S. Exchange Act. In early 1998, Mercator, through its then management, filed a registration statement under the U.S. Exchange Act with the SEC which became effective in 1998 without further action by Mercator. Mercator’s subsequent management and directors (including Mr. Bruce McLeod) were not aware that the registration statement had become effective and accordingly no further filings were made with the SEC. In June 2011, Mercator received notice from the SEC advising that its registration statement had become effective in 1998 and was delinquent in its SEC filings. As Mercator was unable to make the requisite filings for the period from 1998 to 2011, Mercator negotiated with the SEC and on November 8, 2011 an order was issued by the SEC under section 12G of the U.S. Exchange Act revoking Mercator’s registration. The 12G order restricted members of a national securities exchange, broker or dealer from effecting any transaction in or inducing the purchase or sale of Mercator’s shares in the United States. On November 8, 2011, Mercator filed a Form 40-F registration statement under the U.S. Exchange Act with the SEC, which became effective on January 9, 2012, in order to remove the restrictions on market participants under the section 12G order so that trading in Mercator’s shares in the United States could resume.

Corporate Bankruptcies

Except as disclosed below, no director, executive officer or securityholder holding a sufficient number of securities of the Company to affect materially the control of the Company, is, or has been within the ten years before the date of this AIF, a director or executive officer of any company that, while that person was acting in that capacity, or within one year of that person ceasing to act in that capacity, became bankrupt, made a proposal under any legislation relating to bankruptcy or insolvency or was subject to or instituted any proceedings, arrangement or compromise with creditors or had a receiver, receiver manager or trustee appointed to hold its assets.

Bruce McLeod was President, CEO and a director of Mercator when it filed a Notice of Intention to Make a Proposal under the Bankruptcy Act on August 26, 2014. Mr. Bruce McLeod ceased to hold office and resigned from the board of directors at Mercator on September 4, 2014. Pursuant to the Bankruptcy Act, Mercator was deemed to have filed an assignment in bankruptcy on September 5, 2014 as a result of allowing the ten-day period within which Mercator was required to submit a cash flow forecast to the official receiver to lapse.

Michael Waldkirch is a former director and officer (CFO and Corporate Secretary) of Northern Star Mining Corp. (“Northern Star”), a reporting issuer whose common shares were previously listed for trading on the TSXV. Effective August 18, 2010 Northern Star filed a Notice of Intention to Make a Proposal (the “Proposal”) under the Bankruptcy and Insolvency Act (Canada) (the “Bankruptcy Act”) and appointed Deloitte & Touche Inc. as its trustee. On January

-68-

24, 2011, the deadline for filing its Proposal under the Bankruptcy Act expired and Northern Star was deemed to have filed an assignment in bankruptcy as of such date. Mr. Waldkirch resigned as an officer of Northern Star effective January 24, 2011.

Personal Bankruptcies

No director, executive officer or securityholder holding a sufficient number of securities of the Company to affect materially the control of the Company has, within the ten years prior to the date of this AIF, become bankrupt, made a proposal under any legislation relating to bankruptcy or insolvency, or become subject to or instituted any proceedings, arrangement or compromise with creditors, or had a receiver, receiver manager or trustee appointed to hold his or her assets.

Penalties or Sanctions

Except as disclosed below, no director, executive officer or securityholder holding a sufficient number of securities to materially affect the control of the Company has been subject to any penalties or sanctions imposed by a court relating to securities legislation or by a securities regulatory authority or has entered into a settlement agreement with a securities regulatory authority or been subject to any other penalties or sanctions imposed by a court or regulatory body that would likely to be considered important to a reasonable investor in making an investment decision.

Michael N. Waldkirch is a former director, CEO, CFO, Corporate Secretary and President of Spirit Bear Capital Corp. (“Spirit Bear”), a capital pool company that was halted from trading by the TSXV on May 15, 2014 for failure to complete a qualifying transaction within 24 months of its listing. The shares of Spirit Bear were subsequently transferred to the TSXV’s NEX board and trading was reinstated on August 5, 2014.

12.3 Conflicts of Interest

The directors and officers of the Company may, from time to time, serve as directors or officers of other issuers or organizations or may be involved with the business and operations of other issuers or organizations, in which case a conflict of interest may arise between their duties as a director or officer of the Company and their duties as a director or officer of such other issuers or organizations. In particular, certain of the directors and officers of the Company are involved in executive or director positions with other mineral exploration companies whose operations may, from time to time, be in direct competition with those of the Company or with entities which may, from time to time, provide financing to, or make equity investments in, competitors of the Company. See ITEM 12.1: “Directors And Officers -Name, Occupation and Security Holding” above for a description of other mineral exploration companies in which the directors and officers of the Company are currently involved with.

The directors and officers of the Company are aware of the existence of laws governing accountability of directors and officers for corporate opportunity and requiring disclosure by directors of conflicts of interest and the Company will rely upon such laws in respect of any directors’ or officers’ conflicts of interest or in respect of any breaches of duty by any of its directors or officers. All such conflicts will be disclosed by such directors or officers in accordance with the BCBCA and they will govern themselves in respect thereof to the best of their ability in accordance with the obligations imposed upon them by law.

Save and except as aforesaid or otherwise disclosed in this AIF, in the notes to the Financial Statements and its MD&A, to the Company’s knowledge, there are no known existing or potential conflicts of interest between the Company and any director or officer of the Company.

-69-

ITEM 13: LEGAL PROCEEDINGS AND REGULATORY ACTIONS

13.1 Legal Proceedings

During the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020, the Company is not and was not a party to, and its property is not and was not the subject of, any legal proceedings and no such proceedings are known by the Company to be contemplated.

13.2 Regulatory Actions

During the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020, there were no penalties or sanctions imposed against, or settlement agreements with any court relating to securities legislation or with securities regulatory authority entered into by the Company or any other penalties or sanctions imposed by a court or regulatory body against the Company that would likely be considered important to a reasonable investor in making an investment decision.

ITEM 14: INTEREST OF MANAGEMENT AND OTHERS IN MATERIAL TRANSACTIONS

Other than as disclosed in this AIF, in the notes to the Financial Statements and its MD&A, no director or executive officer of the Company, and no Shareholder holding of record or beneficially, directly or indirectly, more than 10% of the outstanding Common Shares, and none of the respective associates or affiliates of any of the foregoing, had any material interest, direct or indirect, in any transaction with the Company or in any proposed transaction within the three most recently completed financial years or the current financial year of the Company that has materially affected or is reasonably expected to materially affect the Company.

ITEM 15: TRANSFER AGENT AND REGISTRAR

The Company’s registrar and transfer agent for its Common Shares is Computershare Trust Company of Canada located at 3rd Floor - 510 Burrard Street, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6C 3B9.

-70-

ITEM 16: MATERIAL CONTRACTS

Other than contracts entered into in the ordinary course of business, there were no material contracts entered into by the Company since the commencement of the Company’s fiscal year ended December 31, 2020 or before such time that are still in effect, and up to March 26, 2021.

ITEM 17: INTERESTS OF EXPERTS

17.1 Names of Experts

The following table lists the persons and companies who have prepared or certified a report, valuation, statement or opinion described or included in a filing, or referred to in a filing, made under National Instrument 51-102 Continuous Disclosure Obligations by the Company during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020 or subsequent thereto:

Name of Individual or Company	Document Prepared or Certified
Davidson & Company LLP	Audited consolidated financial statements of the Company for the years ended December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018.
Dr. Art Ibrado, PE. M3 Matthew Sletten, PE. M3 Thomas L. Dyer, PE. MDA	Updated PFS Technical Report dated effective February 13, 2020 and news releases dated February 18, 2020 and March 24, 2020.
M3	Updated PFS Technical Report dated effective February 13, 2020.
Steven Ristorcelli, CPG. MDA Michael Lindholm, CPG. MDA Michael B. Dufresne, P.Geol., P.Geo. APEX Geoscience Ltd. Gary L. Simmons, QP-MMSA. GL Simmons Consulting, LLC Carl Defilippi, RM-SME. Kappes, Cassiday and Associates Richard DeLong, QP-MMSA., RG., PG. EM Strategies Inc. Kenneth L. Myers, PE. The MINES Group	Updated PFS Technical Report dated effective February 13, 2020.
Mark Laffoon, PE and Project Director Steven Nicholls, MAIG (#3555), Principal Geologist and Managing Director with APEX Geoscience Ltd. (Australia)	News release dated March 24, 2020.

-71-

Name of Individual or Company	Document Prepared or Certified
Michael Dufresne, P.Geol., P.Geo. Steven Nicholls, MAIG Warren Black, P.Geo. of APEX,	Technical Report and Mineral Resource Estimate for the Lewis Project, Lander County, Nevada, USA dated effective May 1, 2020 and the news release dated May 5, 2020.
Steven R. Koehler	Management’s Discussion and Analysis for the three months ended March 31, 2020, Management’s Discussion and Analysis for the six months ended June 30, 2020, Management’s Discussion and Analysis for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, and news releases dated February 18, 2020, March 24, 2020, May 5, 2020, August 4, 2020, September 15, 2020, October 20, 2020, October 29, 2020, November 12, 2020 and November 18, 2020.
Donald Harris	News releases dated February 18, 2020 and March 24, 2020.
Mark Laffoon, PE	News releases dated February 18, 2020 and March 24, 2020.

17.2 Interests of Experts

To the knowledge of the Company, none of the experts named above or their respective associates or affiliates held, as of the date of the applicable report, valuation, statement or opinion referred to in ITEM 17.1: ‘‘Interests of Experts - Names of Experts” above, or currently hold any registered or beneficial interests, direct or indirect, in any securities or other property of the Company, other than Steven R. Koehler, the Company’s Manager of Projects, who holds 150,074 Common Shares and who holds stock options to purchase up to an aggregate of 539,869 Common Shares at exercise prices ranging from $0.886 per Common Share to $2.12 per Common Share and expiring between August 1, 2022 and January 29, 2026 and Don Harris, the Company’s General Manager, who holds 26,944 Common Shares, stock options to purchase up to an aggregate of 781,963 Common Shares at exercise prices ranging from $0.84 per Common Share to $2.12 per Common Share and expiring between August 1, 2022 and January 21, 2026 and 198,536 restricted share units converting into Common Shares upon vesting between January 29, 2022 and January 21, 2024.

ITEM 18: AUDIT COMMITTEE

National Instrument 52-110 Audit Committees of the Canadian Securities Administrators (“NI 52-110”) requires the Company to disclose annually in its AIF certain information concerning the constitution of its audit committee and its relationship with its external auditor as set forth below.

18.1 The Audit Committee Charter

The Company’s audit committee is governed by an audit committee charter, the text of which is attached as Schedule A to this AIF.

18.2 Composition of Audit Committee

The audit committee is comprised of three directors, being Zara Boldt (Chair), Alex Morrison and Ron Clayton. All three members of the audit committee are considered (i) “independent” as that term is defined in applicable securities legislation and (ii) “financially literate”.

-72-

18.3 Relevant Education and Experience

All of the audit committee members are businesspeople with experience in financial matters; each has an understanding of accounting principles used to prepare financial statements and varied experience as to general application of such accounting principles, as well as the internal controls and procedures necessary for financial reporting, garnered from working in their individual fields of endeavor.

Ms. Boldt is a professional accountant (CPA, CGA) with over fifteen years of progressively senior financial leadership roles with public companies in the mineral exploration and development industry. Ms. Boldt is currently the CFO and Corporate Secretary of Lucara Diamond Corp., a mining company, since April, 2018. Ms. Boldt has also served as CFO and Corporate Secretary of Strongbow Exploration Inc., a Canadian mineral exploration company and Chief Financial Officer & Corporate Secretary of Kaminak, where she was responsible for corporate due diligence and the negotiation, documentation and execution of a plan of arrangement for an acquisition transaction valued at $520 million. Prior to Kaminak, Ms. Boldt served as the Vice-President, Finance and Chief Financial Officer for Stornoway Diamond Corporation where she was a member of the senior management team responsible for arranging financing in excess of $900 million for the development of the Renard Project in Quebec.

Mr. Morrison is a mining executive and Chartered Professional Accountant with over 25 years of experience in the mining industry. Mr. Morrison has held Board and senior executive positions with a number of mining companies, most recently serving as a Director of Detour Gold Corporation until December 2018, and as Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of Franco-Nevada Corporation from 2007 to 2010. From 2002 to 2007, Mr. Morrison held increasingly senior positions at Newmont, including Vice President, Operations Services and Vice President, Information Technology. Prior to that, Mr. Morrison was Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of NovaGold Resources Inc., Vice President and Controller of Homestake Mining Company and held senior financial positions at Phelps Dodge Corporation and Stillwater Mining Company. Mr. Morrison began his career with PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP after obtaining his Bachelor of Arts in Business Administration from Trinity Western University.

Mr. Clayton is a seasoned mining executive with over 40 years of mine operating experience and led the construction of the Escobal mine. He was formerly the President, Chief Executive Officer of 1911 Gold Corporation (formerly Havilah Mining Corporation), a mining exploration company, since January 15, 2019. Former President and Chief Executive Officer of Tahoe Resources Inc. (“Tahoe”), August 2016 to June 2018; Chief Operating Officer of Tahoe March 2010 to August 2016. Prior to joining Tahoe, Mr. Clayton was Senior Vice President, Operations, and the General Manager of several underground mines for Hecla Mining Company. He also held the position of Vice President, Operations with Stillwater Mining Company and a number of engineering and operations management positions with Climax Molybdenum Company and Homestake Mining Company. Mr. Clayton earned his Bachelor of Science Degree in Mining Engineering from the Colorado School of Mines and is a graduate of the Tuck School of Business Executive Program at Dartmouth College.

18.4 Reliance on Certain Exemptions

Since the commencement of the Company’s financial year ended December 31, 2020 and up to March 26, 2021, the Company has not relied on the exemptions contained in sections 2.4 (De Minimis Non-Audit Services), 3.2 (Initial Public Offerings), 3.4 (Events Outside Control of Member), 3.5 (Death, Disability or Resignation of Audit Committee Member) or Part 8 (Exemptions) of NI 52-110.

18.5 Reliance on the Exemption in Subsection 3.3 (2) or Section 3.6

Since the commencement of the Company’s financial year ended December 31, 2020 and up to March 26, 2021, the Company has not relied on the exemptions contained in subsections 3.3(2) (Controlled Companies) or section 3.6 (Temporary Exemption for Limited and Exceptional Circumstances) of NI 52-110.

-73-

18.6 Reliance on Section 3.8

Since the commencement of the Company’s financial year ended December 31, 2020 and up to March 26, 2021, the Company has not relied on the exemption contained in section 3.8 (Acquisition of Financial Literacy) of NI 52-110.

18.7 Audit Committee Oversight

Since the commencement of the Company’s financial year ended December 31, 2020 and up to March 26, 2021, the Board has adopted all recommendations of the audit committee to nominate or compensate an external auditor.

18.8 Pre-Approval Policies and Procedures

The audit committee has not adopted specific policies and procedures for the engagement of non-audit services, save for the requirement that all non-audit services to be performed by the Company’s external auditor must be pre-approved and monitored by the audit committee. Subject to NI 52-110, the engagement of non-audit services is considered by the Board, and where applicable the audit committee, on a case-by-case basis.

18.9 External Audit Service Fees (By Category)

In the following table, “audit fees” are fees billed by the Company’s external auditor for services provided in auditing the Financial Statements. “Audit-related fees” are fees not included in audit fees that are billed by the auditor for assurance and related services that are reasonably related to the performance of the audit or review of the Financial Statements. “Tax fees” are fees billed by the auditor for professional services rendered for tax compliance, tax advice and tax planning. “All other fees” are fees billed by the auditor for products and services not included in the foregoing categories.

The fees paid by the Company to its external auditor, Davidson & Company LLP, for services rendered to the Company in each of the last two fiscal years, by category, are as follows:

Financial Year Ending	Audit Fees	Audit Related Fees	Tax Fees	All Other Fees
December 31, 2020	$115,000 (1)	$31,500 (2)	Nil	$42,975 (4)
December 31, 2019	$118,500 (1)	$31,500 (2)	Nil	$25,500 (3)

(1)	Audit fees, including those relating to Section 404 of SOX.
(2)	Review engagement of quarterly filings. All such fees were pre-approved by the audit committee.
(3)	Assistance with regard to the Company’s short form prospectus for the 2019 Public Offering and other services. All such fees were pre-approved by the audit committee.
(4)	Assistance with regard to the Company’s short form prospectus for all 2020 Financings and other services. All such fees were pre-approved by the audit committee.

ITEM 19: ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

Additional information including directors’ and officer’s remuneration and indebtedness, principal holders of the Company’s securities, securities authorized for issuance under equity compensation plans, and corporate governance practices, is contained in the Company’s information circular dated May 12, 2020, for its 2020 annual general and special meeting of Shareholders held on June 24, 2020.

Additional financial information is also provided in the Company’s audited Financial Statements and related MD&A for its fiscal year ended December 31, 2020.

Additional information relating to the Company may be found on SEDAR at www.sedar.com.

-74-

SCHEDULE “A”
AUDIT COMMITTEE CHARTER

PURPOSE

The overall purpose of the Audit Committee (the "Committee") is to ensure that the Company’s management has designed and implemented an effective system of internal financial controls, to oversee the accounting and financial reporting processes of the Company and audits of the Company’s financial statements, to review and report on the integrity of the consolidated financial statements of the Company and to review the Company’s compliance with regulatory and statutory requirements as they relate to financial statements, taxation matters and disclosure of material facts.

COMPOSITION, PROCEDURES AND ORGANIZATION

1.	The Committee shall consist of at least three members of the Board of Directors (the "Board"), all of whom shall be "independent directors", in accordance with National Instrument 52-110 Audit Committees, the United States Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and the NYSE American Company Guide, unless an exemption is available.
2.	All of the members of the Committee shall be "financially literate" (i.e. able to read and understand a set of financial statements that present a breadth and level of complexity of the issues that can reasonably be expected to be raised by the Company’s financial statements.
3.	At least one member of the Committee shall have accounting or related financial expertise (i.e. able to analyze and interpret a full set of financial statements, including the notes thereto, in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles) and “financial sophistication” (as that term is defined under the rules of the NYSE American LLC).
4.	The Board, at its organizational meeting held after each annual general meeting of the shareholders, shall appoint the members of the Committee for the ensuing year. The Board may at any time remove or replace any member of the Committee and may fill any vacancy in the Committee.
5.	Unless the Board shall have appointed a Chair of the Committee or in the event of the absence of the chair, the members of the Committee shall elect a Chair from among their number.
6.	The secretary of the Committee shall be designated from time to time from one of the members of the Committee or, failing that, shall be the Company’s corporate secretary, unless otherwise determined by the Committee.
7.	The quorum for meetings shall be a majority of the members of the Committee, present in person or by telephone or other telecommunication device that permits all persons participating in the meeting to speak and to hear each other.
8.	The Committee shall have access to such officers and employees of the Company and to the Company’s external auditors, and to such information respecting the Company, as it considers necessary or advisable in order to perform its duties and responsibilities.
9.	Meetings of the Committee shall be conducted as follows, as appropriate:
	a.	the Committee shall meet at least quarterly at such times and at such locations as may be requested by the chair of the Committee. The external auditors or any member of the Committee may request a meeting of the Committee;
	b.	the Chair of the Committee shall be responsible for developing and setting the agenda for Committee meetings and determining the time and place of such meetings;
	c.	the following management representatives shall be invited to attend all meetings, except in camera sessions and private sessions with the external auditors:

			Chief Executive Officer
			Chief Financial Officer
	d.	other management representatives shall be invited to attend as necessary;
	e.	notice of the time and place of every meeting of the Committee shall be given in writing to each member of the Committee a reasonable time before the meeting; and
	f.	if the financial statements of the Company are reviewed or audited during a quarterly period, the external auditors shall receive notice of and have the right to attend such meetings of the Committee.
10.	The external auditors shall have a direct line of communication to the Committee through its Chair and may bypass management if deemed necessary. The Committee, through its Chair, may contact directly any employee in the Company as it deems necessary, and any employee may bring before the Committee any matter involving questionable, illegal or improper financial practices or transactions.
11.	The Committee shall have authority to engage independent counsel and other advisors as it determines necessary to carry out its duties, to set and pay the compensation for any advisors employed by the Audit Committee and to communicate directly with the external auditors. In addition, the Committee shall receive appropriate funding from the Company, as determined by the Committee for: (i) compensation of the external auditors engaged for the purpose of preparing or issuing an audit report or performing other audit, review or attest services for the Company; and (ii) payment of ordinary administrative expenses of the Company that are necessary or appropriate in carrying out its duties.
12.	The Committee may, at the request of the Board or on its own initiative, investigate relevant matters as it considers necessary or appropriate in the circumstances and is authorized to engage and compensate any outside advisors that it determines to be necessary to permit it to carry out its duties.
13.	The Committee may, in its discretion, delegate all or a portion of its duties and responsibilities to a subcommittee, management or, to the extent otherwise permitted by applicable plans, laws or regulations, to any other body or individual.
14.	Subject to any statute or constating documents of the Company, the Committee determines its own procedures at meetings and may conduct meetings by telephone and keeps minutes of its proceedings.

RESPONSIBILITIES

Subject to the powers and duties of the Board, the Board hereby delegates to the Audit Committee the following powers and duties to be performed by the Audit Committee on behalf of and for the Board. Nothing in this Charter is intended to or does confer on any member a higher standard of care or diligence than that which applies to the directors as a whole.

1.	The overall responsibilities of the Committee shall be as follows:
	a.	to assist the Board in the discharge of its responsibilities relating to the Company’s accounting principles, reporting practices and internal controls and its approval of the Company’s annual and quarterly consolidated financial statements;
	b.	to establish and maintain a direct line of communication with the Company’s external auditors and assess their performance;
	c.	to ensure that the management of the Company has designed, implemented and is maintaining an effective system of internal financial controls;

	d.	to provide oversight on the risks relating to financing, potential fraud, data protection, title and other forms of legal rights with respect to Company’s material properties, water rights, and the mitigation measures undertaken with respect to each of these risks; and
	e.	to report regularly to the Board on the fulfilment of its duties and responsibilities.
2.	The responsibilities of the Committee as they relate to the external auditors shall be as follows:
	a.	to recommend to the Board a firm of external auditors to be engaged by the Company, and to verify the independence of such external auditors, including obtaining from the external auditors a formal written statement delineating all relationships between the auditor and the Company and to discuss with the external auditor any disclosed relationships or services that may impact the objectivity and independence of the external auditor;
	b.	to review and approve the fee, scope and timing of the audit and other related services rendered by the external auditors;
	c.	review the audit plan of the external auditors prior to the commencement of the audit;
	d.	to review with the external auditors, upon completion of their audit, as appropriate:
		i. contents of their report;
		ii. scope and quality of the audit work performed;
		iii. adequacy of the Company’s financial and auditing personnel;
		iv. co-operation received from the Company’s personnel during the audit;
		v. internal resources used;
		vi. significant transactions outside of the normal business of the Company;
		vii. significant proposed adjustments and recommendations for improving internal accounting controls, accounting principles or management systems; and
		viii. the non-audit services provided by the external auditors;
	e.	to discuss with the external auditors the quality and not just the acceptability of the Company’s accounting principles;
	f.	to implement structures and procedures to ensure that the Committee meets the external auditors on a regular basis in the absence of management; and
	g.	to ensure receipt from the auditors of a formal written statement delineating all relationships between the auditor and the Company consistent with The Public Company Accounting Oversight Board Rule 3526, and to actively engage in a dialogue with the auditor with respect to any disclosed relationships or services that may impact the objectivity and independence of the auditor and to take, or recommend that the full Board take, appropriate action to oversee the independence of the outside auditor.
3.	The responsibilities of the Committee as they relate to the internal control procedures of the Company are to:
	a.	review the appropriateness and effectiveness of the Company’s policies and business practices which impact on the financial integrity of the Company, including those relating to insurance, accounting, information services and systems and financial controls, management reporting and risk management;
	b.	review the Company’s Code of Conduct and Ethics Policy and recommend to the Board changes which the Committee may deem appropriate, and review compliance with the Code of Conduct and Ethics Policy;

	c.	review any unresolved issues between management and the external auditors that could affect the financial reporting or internal controls of the Company (including without limitation resolving any disagreements between management and the auditor regarding financial reporting); and
	d.	review periodically the Company’s financial and auditing procedures and the extent to which recommendations made by the external auditors have been implemented.
4.	The Committee is also charged with the responsibility to:
	a.	review the Company’s quarterly statements of earnings, including the impact of unusual items and changes in accounting principles and estimates and report to the Board with respect thereto;
	b.	review and approve the financial sections of:
		i. the annual report to shareholders;
		ii. the annual information form;
		iii. prospectuses; and
		iv. other public reports requiring approval by the Board, and report to the Board with respect thereto;
	c.	review regulatory filings and decisions as they relate to the Company’s consolidated financial statements;
	d.	review the appropriateness of the policies and procedures used in the preparation of the Company’s consolidated financial statements and other required disclosure documents, and consider recommendations for any material change to such policies;
	e.	review and report on the integrity of the Company’s consolidated financial statements;
	f.	review the minutes of any audit committee meeting of subsidiary companies if applicable;
	g.	review with management, the external auditors and, if necessary, with legal counsel, any litigation, claim or other contingency, including tax assessments that could have a material effect upon the financial position or operating results of the Company and the manner in which such matters have been disclosed in the consolidated financial statements;
	h.	review and pre-approve all non-audit services proposed to be provided to the Company by its external auditors;
	i.	review and approve the Company’s hiring policies in relation to partners and employees of the Company’s external auditors and formal external auditor;
	j.	review the Company’s compliance with regulatory and statutory requirements as they relate to financial statements, tax matters and disclosure of material facts; and
	k.	develop a calendar of activities to be undertaken by the Committee for each ensuing year and to submit the calendar in the appropriate format to the Board of Directors following each annual general meeting of shareholders.

COMPLAINTS

The Audit Committee has established a Whistleblower Policy for (i) the receipt, retention and treatment of complaints received by the Company; and (ii) the confidential and anonymous submission by employees and consultants of the Company and its subsidiaries of complaints or concerns regarding Company Matters.

The Committee is required to review the Whistleblower Policy annually to ensure that it achieves the objective of enabling the confidential submission of concerns regarding questionable accounting or auditing matters and properly dealing with the receipt, treatment and retention of such complaints.

REPORTING AND ASSESSMENT

The Committee reports to the Board of Directors.

The Committee reviews its Charter and through the annual evaluation conducted by the Corporate Governance and Nomination Committee, conducts an assessment of its performance, the performance of the Committee Chair, and the performance of each member on an annual basis.

EFFECTIVE DATE

This Charter was last reviewed and approved by the Board on December 10, 2020.

EX-99.2

Exhibit 99.2

CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2020

EXPRESSED IN CANADIAN DOLLARS

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

To the Shareholders and Directors of Gold Standard Ventures Corp.

Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated statements of financial position of Gold Standard Ventures Corp. (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, and the related consolidated statements of loss and comprehensive loss, changes in shareholders’ equity, and cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, in conformity with International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 Framework) (“COSO”) and our report dated March 26, 2021 expressed an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Critical Audit Matter

The critical audit matter communicated below is matter arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.

Assessment of impairment indicators of exploration and evaluation assets (“E&E assets”)

As described in Note 3 to the consolidated financial statements, the carrying amount of the Company’s E&E assets was $244,065,107 as at December 31, 2020 and are a significant portion (91%) of the Company’s total assets.

The principal considerations for our determination that performing procedures relating to the assessment of impairment indicators of E&E assets is a critical audit matter are that there was judgment by management when assessing whether there were indicators of impairment for the E&E assets, specifically related to assessing: (i) the Company’s ability and intention, to continue to explore their E&E assets; (ii) the results of exploration work which also determine to what extent the mineral reserves and resources may or may not be commercially viable for extraction. This in turn led to a high degree of auditor judgment, subjectivity and effort in performing procedures to evaluate audit evidence relating to the judgements made by management in their assessment of indicators of impairment that could give rise to the requirement to conduct a formal impairment test.

Addressing the matter involved performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence in connection with forming our overall opinion on the consolidated financial statements. These procedures include, among others:

• evaluating management’s assessment of indicators of impairment;

• testing the effectiveness of key controls associated with evaluating the E&E assets;

• assessing the Company’s right to explore in the relevant exploration area which included confirming mineral rights are in good standing and compliance with underlying agreements;

• evaluating the Company’s ability and intent to carry out significant exploration and evaluation activity; and

• assessing the adequacy of the associated disclosures in the financial statements.

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2010.

	/s/ DAVIDSON & COMPANY LLP
Vancouver, Canada	Chartered Professional Accountants
March 26, 2021

2

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

To the Shareholders and Directors of Gold Standard Ventures Corp.

Opinion on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

We have audited Gold Standard Ventures Corp.’s (the “Company”) internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 Framework) ( the “COSO criteria”). In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020, based on the COSO criteria.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”), the Company’s consolidated statements of financial position as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, and the related consolidated statements of loss and comprehensive loss, changes in shareholders’ equity, and cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, and the related notes and our report dated March 26, 2021 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

Basis for Opinion

The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting of the 2020 Management’s Discussion and Analysis. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the entity’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.

Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

An entity’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board. An entity’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the entity; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board, and that receipts and expenditures of the entity are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the entity; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the entity’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

	/s/ DAVIDSON & COMPANY LLP
Vancouver, Canada	Chartered Professional Accountants
March 26, 2021

4

GOLD STANDARD VENTURES CORP.

(An Exploration Stage Company)

December 31, 2020

(Expressed in Canadian Dollars)

	Page
Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm	1
Contents	5
Consolidated Statements of Financial Position	6
Consolidated Statements of Loss and Comprehensive Loss	7
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows	8
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity	9
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements	10

5

GOLD STANDARD VENTURES CORP.

(An Exploration Stage Company)

Consolidated Statements of Financial Position

(Expressed in Canadian Dollars)

	December 31,		December 31,
	2020		2019
	$		$
Assets
Current
Cash	18,635,636		7,260,572
Receivables	114,935		42,565
Prepaid expenses	429,331		436,361
	19,179,902		7,739,498
Exploration and evaluation assets (Notes 3 and 12)	244,065,107		221,330,931
Reclamation bonds (Note 4)	3,499,646		2,122,559
Property and equipment (Note 5)	174,936		297,164
Right-of-use assets (Note 6)	526,959		730,809
	267,446,550		232,220,961
Liabilities
Current
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities (Notes 7 and 12)	4,124,229		2,665,559
Current portion of lease liabilities (Note 6)	186,023		163,281
	4,310,252		2,828,840
Lease liabilities (Note 6)	378,252		566,597
Deferred revenue (Note 8)	2,582,119		-
Provision for site reclamation (Note 9)	1,985,521		964,960
	9,256,144		4,360,397
Shareholders' equity
Share capital (Note 10)	330,813,214		290,532,540
Reserves (Note 10)	9,973,552		10,255,771
Deficit	(82,596,360	)	(72,927,747	)
	258,190,406		227,860,564
	267,446,550		232,220,961

Nature and Continuance of Operations (Note 1), Commitments (Note 15), Subsequent Events (Note 17)

These consolidated financial statements were authorized for issuance by the Board of Directors on March 26, 2021.

On Behalf of the Board of Directors:

“Alex Morrison”	“Zara Boldt”
Alex Morrison, Director	Zara Boldt, Director

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements

6

GOLD STANDARD VENTURES CORP.

(An Exploration Stage Company)

Consolidated Statements of Loss and Comprehensive Loss

(Expressed in Canadian Dollars)

	For the year ended December 31,
	2020		2019
	$		$
Expenses
Accretion expenses (Notes 8 and 9)	50,204		8,804
Community relations	6,573		14,202
Consulting fees	495,968		618,996
Depreciation (Notes 5 and 6)	326,078		362,108
Foreign exchange loss	405,513		270,134
Insurance	513,001		440,805
Interest expense on lease liabilities (Note 6)	48,572		59,738
Investor relations	465,922		202,686
Management fees (Note 12)	2,437,062		1,389,747
Office	575,795		530,279
Professional fees (Note 12)	1,673,209		1,092,525
Property investigation	3,691		96,859
Regulatory and shareholders service	492,466		318,350
Share-based compensation (Notes 10 and 12)	2,478,400		2,837,076
Travel and related	286,669		731,738
Wages and salaries (Note 12)	506,164		864,257
	(10,765,287	)	(9,838,304	)
Interest income	24,694		119,250
Loss and comprehensive loss for the year	(10,740,593	)	(9,719,054	)
Basic and diluted loss per share	(0.04	)	(0.04	)
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding (basic and diluted)	294,983,142		267,354,321

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements

7

GOLD STANDARD VENTURES CORP.

(An Exploration Stage Company)

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(Expressed in Canadian Dollars)

	For the year ended December 31,
	2020		2019
	$		$
Cash flows used in operating activities
Loss for the year	(10,740,593	)	(9,719,054	)
Items not affecting cash:
Depreciation	326,078		362,108
Share-based compensation	2,478,400		2,837,076
Accretion expenses	50,204		8,804
Unrealized foreign exchange	(4,073	)	35,637
Changes in non-cash working capital items
Increase in receivables	(72,370	)	(7,873	)
Decrease in prepaid expenses	7,030		3,869
Increase in accounts payable and accrued liabilities	251,336		182,016
	(7,703,988	)	(6,297,417	)
Cash flows used in investing activities
Reclamation bonds	(1,494,330	)	(71,676	)
Exploration and evaluation assets expenditures	(20,516,085	)	(24,130,901	)
	(22,010,415	)	(24,202,577	)
Cash flows from financing activities
Proceeds from share issuances	38,353,487		21,045,000
Share issuance costs	(1,408,588	)	(1,751,571	)
Proceeds from exercise of stock options	1,715,250		269,350
Proceeds from deferred revenue	2,594,000		-
Repayment of lease liabilities	(164,682	)	(135,945	)
	41,089,467		19,426,834
Net change in cash	11,375,064		(11,073,160	)
Cash, beginning of year	7,260,572		18,333,732
Cash, end of year	18,635,636		7,260,572
Non-cash transactions
Exploration and evaluation assets expenditures in accounts payable	3,028,199		1,888,979
Share issuance costs in accounts payable and accrued liabilities	68,114		-
Reclassification of stock options expired	1,071,980		579,937
Reclassification of stock options exercised	1,137,027		216,991
Reclassification of cancelled restricted share units	-		68,072
Reclassification of restricted share units vested	551,612		238,869
Capitalization of right-of-use assets and lease liabilities	-		934,659
Provision for site reclamation	1,078,871		-

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements

8

GOLD STANDARD VENTURES CORP.

(An Exploration Stage Company)

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity

(Expressed in Canadian Dollars)

								Total
	Number of							Shareholders'
	Shares Issued	Share Capital		Reserves		Deficit		Equity
		$		$		$		$
Balance at December 31, 2018	259,809,678	270,513,901		8,522,564		(63,856,702	)	215,179,763
Shares issued for cash	17,250,000	21,045,000		-		-		21,045,000
Share issuance costs	-	(1,751,571	)	-		-		(1,751,571	)
Stock options exercised	355,000	486,341		(216,991	)	-		269,350
Restricted share units vested	113,208	238,869		(238,869	)	-		-
Stock options expired	-	-		(579,937	)	579,937		-
Restricted share units cancelled	-	-		(68,072	)	68,072		-
Share-based compensation	-	-		2,837,076		-		2,837,076
Loss for the year	-	-		-		(9,719,054	)	(9,719,054	)
Balance at December 31, 2019	277,527,886	290,532,540		10,255,771		(72,927,747	)	227,860,564
Shares issued for cash	37,716,669	38,353,487		-		-		38,353,487
Share issuance costs	-	(1,476,702	)	-		-		(1,476,702	)
Stock options exercised	2,325,000	2,852,277		(1,137,027	)	-		1,715,250
Restricted share units vested	436,785	551,612		(551,612	)	-		-
Stock options expired	-	-		(1,071,980	)	1,071,980		-
Share-based compensation	-	-		2,478,400		-		2,478,400
Loss for the year	-	-		-		(10,740,593	)	(10,740,593	)
Balance at December 31, 2020	318,006,340	330,813,214		9,973,552		(82,596,360	)	258,190,406

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements

9

GOLD STANDARD VENTURES CORP.

(An Exploration Stage Company)

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

For the year ended December 31, 2020

(Expressed in Canadian Dollars)

NOTE 1 - Nature and Continuance of Operations

Gold Standard Ventures Corp. (the “Company”) was incorporated on February 6, 2004 under the Business Corporations Act (British Columbia) and is listed for trading on the Toronto Stock Exchange (“TSX”) under the symbol “GSV” and on the NYSE American under the symbol “GSV”.

The Company’s head office, principal address and registered and records office is located at Suite 610 – 815 West Hastings Street, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V6C 1B4.

The Company’s exploration and evaluation assets are at the exploration stage and are without a known body of commercial ore. The business of exploring for minerals involves a high degree of risk. Few properties that are explored are ultimately developed into producing mines. Major expenditures may be required to establish ore reserves, to develop metallurgical processes, to acquire construction and operating permits and to construct mining and processing facilities. The amounts shown as exploration and evaluation assets cost represent acquisition, holding and deferred exploration costs and do not necessarily represent present or future recoverable values. The recoverability of the amounts shown for exploration and evaluation assets cost is dependent upon the Company obtaining the necessary financing to complete the exploration and development of the properties, the discovery of economically recoverable reserves and future profitable operations or through sale of the assets.

These consolidated financial statements have been prepared on the assumption that the Company and its subsidiaries will continue as a going concern, meaning it will continue in operation for the foreseeable future and will be able to realize assets and discharge liabilities in the ordinary course of operations. Different bases of measurement may be appropriate if the Company is not expected to continue operations for the foreseeable future. As at December 31, 2020, the Company had not advanced its properties to commercial production and is not able to finance day to day activities through operations. The Company’s continuation as a going concern is dependent upon the successful results from its exploration activities and its ability to attain profitable operations and generate funds therefrom and/or raise equity capital or borrowings sufficient to meet current and future obligations. The Company estimates it has sufficient working capital to continue operations for the upcoming year.

NOTE 2 - Significant Accounting Policies and Basis of Preparation

The following is a summary of significant accounting policies used in the preparation of these consolidated financial statements.

Statement of compliance
These consolidated financial statements, including comparatives, have been prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (“IFRS”) as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (“IASB”) and Interpretations issued by the International Financial Reporting Interpretations Committee (“IFRIC”).

Basis of presentation
These consolidated financial statements of the Company have been prepared on an accrual basis and are based on historical costs, except for financial instruments measured at fair value. The consolidated financial statements are presented in Canadian dollars unless otherwise noted.

Basis of consolidation
These consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries, JKR Gold Resources ULC, Gold Standard Ventures (US) Inc., Tacoma Exploration LLC, Battle Mountain Gold Inc., and Madison Enterprises (Nevada) Inc., from their dates of formation or acquisition. The Company’s Canadian subsidiaries are holding companies while its US subsidiaries are operating companies. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions between the Company and its subsidiaries have been eliminated upon consolidation.

10

GOLD STANDARD VENTURES CORP.

(An Exploration Stage Company)

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

For the year ended December 31, 2020

(Expressed in Canadian Dollars)

NOTE 2 - Significant Accounting Policies and Basis of Preparation (continued)

Foreign currency translation
The functional currency of an entity is the currency of the primary economic environment in which the entity operates. The functional currency of the Company and each of its subsidiaries is the Canadian dollar. The functional currency determinations were conducted through an analysis of the consideration factors identified in IAS 21 – The Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates.

Transactions in currencies other than Canadian dollars are recorded at exchange rates prevailing on the dates of the transactions. At the end of each reporting period, monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are translated at the period end exchange rate while non-monetary assets and liabilities are translated at historical rates. Revenues and expenses are translated at the exchange rates approximating those in effect on the date of the transactions. Exchange gains and losses arising on translation are included in profit or loss.

Use of estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with IFRS requires management to make certain estimates, judgments and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported revenues and expenses during the year.

Although management uses historical experience and its best knowledge of the amount, events or actions to form the basis for judgments and estimates, actual results may differ from these estimates.

The most significant items that require estimates and judgements as the basis for determining the stated amounts include the uncertainty of COVID-19 pandemic, recoverability of exploration and evaluation assets, determination of functional currency, going concern, valuation of share-based compensation, recognition of deferred tax amounts, reclamation provisions, leases, and deferred revenue.

Critical judgments exercised in applying accounting policies that have the most significant effect on the amounts recognized in the consolidated financial statements are as follows:

Uncertainty of COVID-19 pandemic

In March 2020 the World Health Organization declared coronavirus COVID-19 a global pandemic. This contagious disease outbreak, which has continued to spread, has adversely affected workforces, customers, economies, and financial markets globally, leading to an economic downturn. It has also disrupted the normal operations of many businesses, including the Company’s. This outbreak could decrease spending, adversely affect and harm the Company’s business and results of operations. It is not possible for us to predict the duration or magnitude of the adverse results of the outbreak and its effects on the Company’s business or results of operations at this time.

Economic recoverability and probability of future economic benefits of exploration and evaluation assets

Management has determined that exploration, evaluation, and related costs incurred which were capitalized may have future economic benefits and may be economically recoverable. Management uses several criteria in its assessments of economic recoverability and probability of future economic benefits including, geologic and other technical information, a history of conversion of mineral deposits with similar characteristics to its own properties to proven and probable mineral reserves, the quality and capacity of existing infrastructure facilities, evaluation of permitting and environmental issues and local support for the project.

Determination of functional currency

The Company determines the functional currency through an analysis of several indicators such as expenses and cash flow, financing activities, retention of operating cash flows, and frequency of transactions within the reporting entity.

11

GOLD STANDARD VENTURES CORP.

(An Exploration Stage Company)

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

For the year ended December 31, 2020

(Expressed in Canadian Dollars)

NOTE 2 - Significant Accounting Policies and Basis of Preparation (continued)

Use of estimates (continued)
Going concern

The financial statements have been prepared on a going concern basis, which assumes that the Company will be able to realize its assets and discharge its liabilities in the normal course of business for the foreseeable future. The assessment of the Company’s ability to fund future operations and continue as a going concern involves judgement. Estimates and assumptions are continually evaluated and are based on historical experience and other factors, including expectations of future events that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. If the going concern assumption is not appropriate for the financial statements, then adjustments may be necessary to the carrying value of assets and liabilities and the statement of financial position classifications used (Note 1).

Information about assumptions and estimation uncertainties that have a significant risk of resulting in material adjustments are as follows:

Valuation of share-based compensation

The Company uses the Black-Scholes option pricing model for valuation of share-based compensation. Option pricing models require the input of subjective assumptions including expected price volatility, risk-free interest rate, and forfeiture rate. Changes in the input assumptions can materially affect the fair value estimate and the Company’s earnings and equity reserves.

Income taxes

In assessing the probability of realizing income tax assets, management makes estimates related to expectation of future taxable income, applicable tax opportunities, expected timing of reversals of existing temporary differences and the likelihood that tax positions taken will be sustained upon examination by applicable tax authorities. In making its assessments, management gives additional weight to positive and negative evidence that can be objectively verified.

Reclamation provisions

The Company’s reclamation provision represents management’s best estimate of the present value of the future cash outflows required to settle the obligation. Management assesses these provisions on an annual basis or when new information becomes available. This assessment includes the estimation of the future reclamation costs, the timing of these expenditures, inflation, and the impact of changes in discount rates, interest rates and foreign exchange rates. The actual future expenditures may differ from the amounts currently provided if the estimates made are significantly different than actual results or if there are significant changes in environmental and/or regulatory requirements in the future.

Valuation of right-of-use asset and lease liabilities

The application of IFRS 16 requires the Company to make judgments that affect the valuation of the right-of-use assets and the valuation of lease liabilities. These include assessing lease agreements to determine the contract term and interest rate used for discounting of future cash flows.

The lease term determined by the Company is comprised of the non-cancellable period of lease agreements, periods covered by an option to extend the lease if the Company is reasonably certain to exercise that option and periods covered by an option to terminate the lease if the Company is reasonably certain not to exercise that option.

The present value of the lease payment is determined using a discount rate representing the rate of a commercial mortgage rate, observed in the period when the lease agreement commences or is modified.

12

GOLD STANDARD VENTURES CORP.

(An Exploration Stage Company)

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

For the year ended December 31, 2020

(Expressed in Canadian Dollars)

NOTE 2 - Significant Accounting Policies and Basis of Preparation (continued)

Use of estimates (continued)
Deferred revenue

The Company entered into a silver streaming arrangement (“Silver Stream”) with OMF Fund III (HG) Ltd. (“Orion”) on October 29, 2020. The upfront payment for the Silver Stream discussed in Note 8 has been accounted for as deferred revenue, as management has determined that the agreement is not a derivative as it will be satisfied through the delivery of non-financial items (i.e. silver commodity from the Company’s potential future production), rather than cash or financial assets. A market-based discount rate is utilized at the inception of the stream agreement to determine a discount rate for computing the interest charges for the significant financing component of the deferred revenue balance. As product is delivered, the deferred revenue amount including accreted interest will be drawn down. The draw down rate requires the use of proven and probable reserves and certain resources in the calculation that are beyond indicated and inferred resources which management is reasonably confident are transferable to proven and probable reserves. Key estimates used in determining the significant financing component include the discount rate and the reserve and resources assumed for conversion.

Financial instruments
Financial assets

On initial recognition, financial assets are recognized at fair value and are subsequently classified and measured at: (i) amortized cost; (ii) fair value through other comprehensive income (“FVOCI”); or (iii) fair value through profit or loss (“FVTPL”). The classification of financial assets is generally based on the business model in which a financial asset is managed and its contractual cash flow characteristics. A financial asset is measured at fair value net of transaction costs that are directly attributable to its acquisition except for financial assets at FVTPL where transaction costs are expensed. All financial assets not classified and measured at amortized cost or FVOCI are classified as FVTPL. On initial recognition of an equity instrument that is not held for trading, the Company may irrevocably elect to present subsequent changes in the investment’s fair value in other comprehensive income/loss.

The classification determines the method by which the financial assets are carried on the statement of financial position subsequent to inception and how changes in value are recorded. Receivables and reclamation bonds are measured at amortized cost with subsequent impairments recognized in profit or loss. Cash is classified as FVTPL.

Impairment

An ‘expected credit loss’ impairment model applies which requires a loss allowance to be recognized based on expected credit losses. The estimated present value of future cash flows associated with the asset is determined and an impairment loss is recognized for the difference between this amount and the carrying amount as follows: the carrying amount of the asset is reduced to estimated present value of the future cash flows associated with the asset, discounted at the financial asset’s original effective interest rate, either directly or through the use of an allowance account and the resulting loss is recognized in profit or loss for the period.

In a subsequent period, if the amount of the impairment loss related to financial assets measured at amortized cost decreases, the previously recognized impairment loss is reversed through profit or loss to the extent that the carrying amount of the investment at the date the impairment is reversed does not exceed what the amortized cost would have been had the impairment not been recognized.

Financial liabilities

Financial liabilities are designated as either: (i) fair value through profit or loss; or (ii) amortized cost. All financial liabilities are classified and subsequently measured at amortized cost except for financial liabilities at FVTPL. The classification determines the method by which the financial liabilities are carried on the statement of financial position subsequent to inception and how changes in value are recorded. Accounts payable and accrued liabilities are classified and carried on the statement of financial position at amortized cost.

As at December 31, 2020, the Company does not have any derivative financial liabilities.

13

GOLD STANDARD VENTURES CORP.

(An Exploration Stage Company)

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

For the year ended December 31, 2020

(Expressed in Canadian Dollars)

NOTE 2 - Significant Accounting Policies and Basis of Preparation (continued)

Exploration and evaluation assets
Costs incurred on mineral resource properties before the Company has acquired the right to explore those properties are expensed as incurred.

Costs directly related to the acquisition and exploration of exploration and evaluation assets are capitalized once the legal rights to explore the exploration and evaluation assets are acquired or obtained. When the technical and commercial viability of a mineral resource has been demonstrated and a development decision has been made, the capitalized costs of the related property are first tested for impairment, then transferred to mining assets and depreciated using the units of production method on commencement of commercial production.

If it is determined that capitalized acquisition, exploration and evaluation costs are not recoverable, or the property is abandoned or management has determined an impairment in value, the property is written down to its recoverable amount. Exploration and evaluation assets are reviewed for impairment when facts and circumstances suggest that the carrying amount may exceed its recoverable amount.

Restoration and environmental obligations
The Company recognizes liabilities for statutory, contractual, constructive or legal obligations associated with the retirement of long-term assets, when those obligations result from the acquisition, construction, development or normal operation of the assets. The net present value of future restoration cost estimates arising from the decommissioning of plant and other site preparation work is capitalized to exploration and evaluation assets along with a corresponding increase in the restoration provision in the period incurred. Discount rates using a pre-tax rate that reflect the time value of money are used to calculate the net present value. The restoration asset will be depreciated on the same basis as the related assets.

The Company’s estimates of restoration costs could change as a result of changes in regulatory requirements, discount rates and assumptions regarding the amount and timing of the future expenditures. These changes are recorded directly to the related asset with a corresponding entry to the restoration provision. The Company’s estimates are reviewed annually for changes in regulatory requirements, discount rates, effects of inflation and changes in estimates.

Changes in the net present value, excluding changes in amount and timing of the Company’s estimates of reclamation costs, are charged to profit or loss for the period.

The net present value of restoration costs arising from subsequent site damage that is incurred on an ongoing basis during production are charged to profit or loss in the period incurred.

Leases
At inception of a contract, the Company assesses whether a contract is, or contains, a lease. A contract is, or contains, a lease if the contract conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset for a period of time in exchange for consideration. The Company assesses whether the contract involves the use of an identified asset, whether the right to obtain substantially all of the economic benefits from use of the asset during the term of the arrangement exists, and if the Company has the right to direct the use of the asset. At inception or on reassessment of a contract that contains a lease component, the Company allocates the consideration in the contract to each lease component on the basis of their relative standalone prices.

As a lessee, the Company recognizes a right-of-use asset and a lease liability at the commencement date of a lease. The right-of-use asset is initially measured at cost, which is comprised of the initial amount of the lease liability adjusted for any lease payments made at or before the commencement date, plus any decommissioning and restoration costs, less any lease incentives received.

The right-of-use asset is subsequently depreciated using the straight line method from the commencement date to the earlier of the end of the lease term, or the end of the useful life of the asset. In addition, the right-of-use asset may be reduced due to impairment losses, if any, and adjusted for certain remeasurements of the lease liability.

14

GOLD STANDARD VENTURES CORP.

(An Exploration Stage Company)

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

For the year ended December 31, 2020

(Expressed in Canadian Dollars)

NOTE 2 - Significant Accounting Policies and Basis of Preparation (continued)

Leases (continued)
A lease liability is initially measured at the present value of the lease payments that are not paid at the commencement date, discounted by the interest rate implicit in the lease, or if that rate cannot be readily determined, the incremental borrowing rate. Lease payments included in the measurement of the lease liability are comprised of:

• fixed payments, including in-substance fixed payments, less any lease incentives receivable;

• variable lease payments that depend on an index or a rate, initially measured using the index or rate as at the commencement date;

• amounts expected to be payable under a residual value guarantee;

• exercise prices of purchase options if the Company is reasonably certain to exercise that option; and

• payments of penalties for terminating the lease, if the lease term reflects the lessee exercising an option to terminate the lease.

The lease liability is measured at amortized cost using the effective interest method. It is remeasured when there is a change in future lease payments arising from a change in an index or rate, or if there is a change in the estimate or assessment of the expected amount payable under a residual value guarantee, purchase, extension or termination option. Variable lease payments not included in the initial measurement of the lease liability are charged directly to profit or loss.

The Company has elected not to recognize right-of-use assets and lease liabilities for short-term leases that have a lease term of 12 months or less and leases of low-value assets. The lease payments associated with these leases are charged directly to profit or loss on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

Share-based compensation
The Company operates an employee stock option plan and a restricted share unit award plan. Share-based compensation to employees is measured at the fair value of the instruments issued and amortized over the vesting periods. Share-based compensation to non-employees is measured at the fair value of goods or services received or the fair value of the equity instruments issued, if it is determined the fair value of the goods or services cannot be reliably measured, and are recorded at the date the goods or services are received. The corresponding amount is recorded to reserves. The fair value of options is determined using the Black–Scholes pricing model which incorporates all market vesting conditions and the fair value of restricted share units is determined using the fair value on grant date. The number of shares and options expected to vest is reviewed and adjusted at the end of each reporting period such that the amount recognized for services received as consideration for the equity instruments granted shall be based on the number of equity instruments that eventually vest. When vested options are forfeited or are not exercised at the expiry date, the amount previously recognized in share-based compensation is transferred to deficit.

Property and equipment
Property and equipment are stated at historical cost less accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment losses.

Subsequent costs are included in the asset’s carrying amount or recognized as a separate asset, as appropriate, only when it is probable that future economic benefits associated with the item will flow to the Company and the cost of the item can be measured reliably. The carrying amount of any replaced parts is derecognized. All other repairs and maintenance are charged to profit or loss during the fiscal period in which they are incurred.

Gains and losses on disposal are determined by comparing the proceeds with the carrying amount and are recognized in profit or loss.

Depreciation is calculated using a straight-line or a declining balance method to write off the cost of the assets. The depreciation rates applicable to each category of property and equipment are as follows:

Asset	Basis	Period and Rate
Computers	Declining-balance	55%
Leasehold Improvements	Straight-line	Remaining lease term

15

GOLD STANDARD VENTURES CORP.

(An Exploration Stage Company)

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

For the year ended December 31, 2020

(Expressed in Canadian Dollars)

NOTE 2 - Significant Accounting Policies and Basis of Preparation (continued)

Deferred revenue
The Company recognizes deferred revenue in the event it receives payments from customers in consideration for future commitments to deliver metals and before such sale meets the criteria for revenue recognition. The Company will recognize amounts in revenue as the metals are delivered to the customer. Specifically, for the metal agreement entered into with Orion, the Company will determine the amortization of deferred revenue to the consolidated statement of income (loss) on a per unit basis using the estimated total quantity of metal expected to be delivered to Orion over the term of the mine life of the Company’s potential future production.

There is a significant financing component associated with the Silver Stream as funds were received in advance of the delivery of concentrate. When a significant financing component is recognized, finance expense will be higher and revenues will be higher as the larger deferred revenue balance is amortized to revenues.

Income taxes
Current income tax:

Current income tax assets and liabilities for the current period are measured at the amount expected to be recovered from or paid to the taxation authorities. The tax rates and tax laws used to compute the amount are those that are enacted or substantively enacted, at the reporting date, in the country where the Company operates and generates taxable income.

Current income tax relating to items recognized directly in other comprehensive income (loss) or equity is recognized in other comprehensive income (loss) or equity and not in profit or loss. Management periodically evaluates positions taken in the tax returns with respect to situations in which applicable tax regulations are subject to interpretation and establishes provisions where appropriate.

Deferred income tax:

Deferred income tax is provided for, based on temporary differences at the reporting date between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their carrying amounts for financial reporting purposes. The carrying amount of deferred income tax assets is reviewed at the end of each reporting period and recognized only to the extent that it is probable that sufficient taxable profit will be available to allow all or part of the deferred income tax asset to be utilized.

Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are measured at the tax rates that are expected to apply to the year when the asset is realized or the liability is settled, based on tax rates (and tax laws) that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the end of the reporting period.

Deferred income tax assets and deferred income tax liabilities are offset, if a legally enforceable right exists to set off current tax assets against current income tax liabilities and the deferred income taxes relate to the same taxable entity and the same taxation authority.

Impairment of non-financial assets
The carrying amount of the Company’s assets (which includes property and equipment and exploration and evaluation assets) is reviewed at each reporting date to determine whether there is any indication of impairment. If such indication exists, the recoverable amount of the asset is estimated in order to determine the extent of the impairment loss. An impairment loss is recognized whenever the carrying amount of an asset or its cash generating unit exceeds its recoverable amount. Impairment losses are recognized in profit or loss. Assets that have an indefinite useful life are not subject to amortization and are tested annually for impairment.

16

GOLD STANDARD VENTURES CORP.

(An Exploration Stage Company)

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

For the year ended December 31, 2020

(Expressed in Canadian Dollars)

NOTE 2 - Significant Accounting Policies and Basis of Preparation (continued)

Impairment of non-financial assets (continued)
The recoverable amount of an asset is the greater of an asset’s fair value less cost to sell and value in use. In assessing value in use, the estimated future cash flows are discounted to their present value using a pre-tax discount rate that reflects the current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the asset. For an asset that does not generate cash inflows largely independent of those from other assets, the recoverable amount is determined for the cash-generating unit to which the asset belongs.

An impairment loss is only reversed if there is an indication that the impairment loss may no longer exist and there has been a change in the estimates used to determine the recoverable amount, however, not to an amount higher than the carrying amount that would have been determined had no impairment loss been recognized in previous years.

Loss per share
Basic earnings (loss) per share is computed by dividing net earnings (loss) available to common shareholders by the weighted average number of shares outstanding during the reporting period. Diluted earnings (loss) per share is computed similar to basic earnings (loss) per share except that the weighted average shares outstanding are increased to include additional shares for the assumed exercise of stock options and warrants, if dilutive. The number of additional shares is calculated by assuming that outstanding stock options and warrants were exercised and that the proceeds from such exercises were used to acquire common stock at the average market price during the reporting periods. Potentially dilutive options excluded from diluted loss per share totalled 10,648,362 (2019 – 10,338,720).

Government assistance
The Company received certain government assistances in the form of forgivable loans from the Canadian and U.S. governments in connection with the COVID-19 pandemic. When there is reasonable assurance that the amounts will be forgiven, the Company reduces the loan and credits the forgiven amounts to the related expenses. The Company includes government assistance that has not been forgiven or is repayable in accounts payable and accrued liabilities.

Standards issued or amended but not yet effective
The Company has not applied the following revised IFRS that has been issued but was not yet effective at December 31, 2020. This accounting standard is not currently expected to have a significant effect on the Company’s accounting policies or financial statements.

• IAS 16, Property, Plant and Equipment - Proceeds before Intended Use (effective January 1, 2022). The amendment prohibits deducting from the cost of property, plant and equipment amounts received from selling items produced while preparing the asset for its intended use. Instead, a company will recognize such sale proceeds and related cost in profit or loss.

17

GOLD STANDARD VENTURES CORP.

(An Exploration Stage Company)

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

For the year ended December 31, 2020

(Expressed in Canadian Dollars)

NOTE 3 – Exploration and Evaluation Assets

Expenditures for the years related to exploration and evaluation assets located in Nevada, USA were as follows:

	Railroad-
	Pinion	Lewis Gold
	Project	Project	Total
	$	$	$
Balance as at December 31, 2018	158,287,872	38,378,837	196,666,709
Claim maintenance fees	388,849	88,369	477,218
Consulting	1,929,576	145,746	2,075,322
Data analysis	376,619	-	376,619
Drilling	7,948,972	464,391	8,413,363
Economic assessments	1,127,651	-	1,127,651
Engineering	156,688	-	156,688
Environmental and permitting	1,736,801	18,272	1,755,073
Equipment rental	148,781	12,570	161,351
Geological	69,667	-	69,667
Geotechnical	71,381	-	71,381
Hydrology	1,648,207	-	1,648,207
Lease payments	1,690,657	122,343	1,813,000
Metallurgy	2,037,771	-	2,037,771
Sampling and processing	403,224	533	403,757
Site development and reclamation	3,482,076	101,978	3,584,054
Supplies	491,265	1,835	493,100
	23,708,185	956,037	24,664,222
Balance as at December 31, 2019	181,996,057	39,334,874	221,330,931

18

 

GOLD STANDARD VENTURES CORP.

(An Exploration Stage Company)

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

For the year ended December 31, 2020

(Expressed in Canadian Dollars)

NOTE 3 - Exploration and Evaluation Assets (continued)

	Railroad-
	Pinion	Lewis Gold
	Project	Project	Total
	$	$	$
Balance as at December 31, 2019	181,996,057	39,334,874	221,330,931
Claim maintenance fees	399,726	90,729	490,455
Consulting	1,068,158	16,934	1,085,092
Data Analysis	274,113	-	274,113
Drilling	8,771,435	-	8,771,435
Economic assessments	1,259,910	-	1,259,910
Engineering	147,665	-	147,665
Environmental and permitting	1,872,415	57,798	1,930,213
Equipment rental	193,709	-	193,709
Geological	39,442	-	39,442
Geotechnical	484,804	-	484,804
Hydrology	394,116	-	394,116
Lease payments	1,579,111	122,099	1,701,210
Metallurgy	749,040	-	749,040
Provision for site reclamation	1,078,871	-	1,078,871
Sampling and processing	771,180	-	771,180
Site development and reclamation	2,828,830	2,494	2,831,324
Supplies	493,281	-	493,281
Vehicle	38,316	-	38,316
	22,444,122	290,054	22,734,176
Balance as at December 31, 2020	204,440,179	39,624,928	244,065,107

Railroad-Pinion Project

The Railroad-Pinion project is located in Elko County, Nevada, USA.

During the period from August 2009 to December 2018, the Company entered into various agreements to acquire or lease certain claims, properties and surface rights subject to net smelter return royalties (“NSR”) ranging between 1% and 5%. As well, certain claims are subject to a 1.5% mineral production royalty. The agreements are subject to specific lease terms, extension options, back-in rights, buy down or purchase provisions, and work commitments as further detailed in the Company’s most recent annual audited consolidated financial statements.

During the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company entered into certain amendment agreements to amend various surface use and mining lease agreements (“Amendment Agreements”) to extend the primary term of these surface use and mining lease agreements for an additional eight years. The Company incurred a total of US$150,000 upon execution of these Amendment Agreements.

During the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company entered into an amendment agreement to amend a mining lease agreement to extend the primary term of a mining lease agreement for an additional eight years. The Company incurred US$5,000 upon execution of the amendment agreement.

19

GOLD STANDARD VENTURES CORP.

(An Exploration Stage Company)

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

For the year ended December 31, 2020

(Expressed in Canadian Dollars)

NOTE 3 - Exploration and Evaluation Assets – (continued)

Payment requirements from 2021 to 2025 under agreements are approximately as follows:

	Total	Total
	Work	Lease
	commitment	payment	Total
	US$	US$	US$
2021	1,300,000	1,215,000	2,515,000
2022	1,400,000	826,000	2,226,000
2023	1,300,000	782,000	2,082,000
2024	1,300,000	676,000	1,976,000
2025	1,300,000	676,000	1,976,000
	6,600,000	4,175,000	10,775,000

Lewis Gold Project

During the year ended December 31, 2017, the Company acquired a 100% right, title and interest in mining claims located in the Battle Mountain Mining District in Lander County, Nevada, USA (the “Lewis Gold Project”).

The Lewis Gold Project is subject to an advance minimum annual royalty in the amount of US$60,000 in cash, which is subject to an annual escalation based upon a defined consumer price index. The advance minimum royalty payments are to be credited against any production royalty payable in the same year. Production royalties include a 3.5% NSR for gold and silver and a 4% NSR for other minerals such as lead, zinc, and copper.

NOTE 4 - Reclamation Bonds

In relation to its exploration and evaluation assets, the Company has posted reclamation bonds as at December 31, 2020 of $3,499,646 (US$2,747,965) (2019 - $2,122,559 (US$1,634,040)).

NOTE 5 - Property and Equipment

	Leasehold
	improvements	Computers	Total
	$	$	$
Cost:
At December 31, 2018, 2019, and 2020	683,758	70,287	754,045
Depreciation:
At December 31, 2018	257,976	40,647	298,623
Charge for the year	141,958	16,300	158,258
At December 31, 2019	399,934	56,947	456,881
Charge for the year	114,892	7,336	122,228
At December 31, 2020	514,826	64,283	579,109
Net book value:
At December 31, 2019	283,824	13,340	297,164
At December 31, 2020	168,932	6,004	174,936

20

GOLD STANDARD VENTURES CORP.

(An Exploration Stage Company)

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

For the year ended December 31, 2020

(Expressed in Canadian Dollars)

NOTE 6 – Right-of-Use Assets and Lease Liabilities

Right-of-Use Assets

	Office Leases
Cost:	$
At December 31, 2018	-
Initial adoption of IFRS 16	934,659
At December 31, 2019 and 2020	934,659
Depreciation:
At December 31, 2018	-
Charge for the year	203,850
At December 31, 2019	203,850
Charge for the year	203,850
At December 31, 2020	407,700
Net book value:
At December 31, 2019	730,809
At December 31, 2020	526,959

Lease Liabilities

	$
Lease liabilities recognized as of January 1, 2019	884,987
Lease payments made	(195,683	)
Interest expense on lease liabilities	59,738
Foreign exchange adjustment	(19,164	)
At December 31, 2019	729,878
Lease payments made	(213,254	)
Interest expense on lease liabilities	48,572
Foreign exchange adjustment	(921	)
	564,275
Less: current portion	(186,023	)
At December 31, 2020	378,252

The remaining minimum future lease payments, excluding estimated operating costs, for the term of the lease including assumed renewal periods are as follows:

	$
Fiscal 2021	226,647
Fiscal 2022	197,151
Fiscal 2023	94,055
Fiscal 2024 and beyond	129,836

21

GOLD STANDARD VENTURES CORP.

(An Exploration Stage Company)

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

For the year ended December 31, 2020

(Expressed in Canadian Dollars)

NOTE 7 – Accounts Payable and Accrued Liabilities

	December 31, 2020	December 31, 2019
	$	$
Accounts payable	2,573,208	1,604,972
Accrued liabilities	1,511,021	1,060,587
Government assistance	40,000	-
	4,124,229	2,665,559

NOTE 8 – Deferred Revenue

On October 29, 2020, the Company entered into the Silver Stream, whereby Orion made an upfront cash payment of US$2,000,000, pursuant to which the Company will deliver to Orion 100% of the silver production from the potential South Railroad mine over the life of mine. Orion will pay an ongoing cash purchase price equal to 15% of the prevailing silver price at the time of delivery. The upfront payment for the Silver Stream has been accounted for as deferred revenue as the agreement will be satisfied through the delivery of non-financial items (i.e. silver commodity from the Company’s production), rather than cash or financial assets. The drawdown of the deferred revenue will be credited to future sales in the corresponding period.

	$
Deferred revenue proceeds	2,594,000
Accretion	36,556
Foreign exchange adjustment	(48,437	)
Balance as at December 31, 2020	2,582,119

NOTE 9 – Provision for Site Reclamation

The Company recorded a provision for the estimated cost of site reclamation relating to exploration activities at its Railroad-Pinion Project. As at December 31, 2020, the Company used an inflation rate of 2.16% (2019 – 2.16%) and an average discount rate of 3.09% (2019 – 3.09%) in calculating the estimated obligation. The undiscounted uninflated value of the cash flows required to settle the provision is approximately $2,161,338 and is expected to be incurred over the next 18 years.

	Railroad-Pinion
	Project
	$
Balance as at December 31, 2018	1,004,499
Foreign exchange adjustment	(48,343	)
Accretion expense for the year	8,804
Balance as at December 31, 2019	964,960
Change in estimate	1,078,871
Foreign exchange adjustment	(71,958	)
Accretion expense for the year	13,648
Balance as at December 31, 2020	1,985,521

22

GOLD STANDARD VENTURES CORP.

(An Exploration Stage Company)

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

For the year ended December 31, 2020

(Expressed in Canadian Dollars)

NOTE 10 - Share Capital and Reserves

Authorized Share Capital

Unlimited number of common shares without par value.

Issued Share Capital

In January 2019, the Company issued 113,208 common shares of the Company at a value of $2.11 per share in connection to the vesting of restricted share units.

In July 2019, the Company completed an underwritten public offering financing and issued 17,250,000 common shares of the Company at a price of $1.22 per share for gross proceeds totalling $21,045,000, and incurred cash commissions and expenses of $1,751,571.

During the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company issued 355,000 common shares on the exercise of stock options for proceeds of $269,350.

In January 2020, the Company issued 144,045 common shares of the Company at a weighted average value of $1.98 per share in connection to the vesting of restricted share units.

In July 2020, the Company closed a non-brokered private placement and issued 6,619,191 shares of the Company for gross proceeds of $6,950,150.

In December 2020, the Company closed a non-brokered private placement and issued 1,000,000 shares of the Company for gross proceeds of $854,000, and incurred share issuance costs of $7,614.

In December 2020, the Company issued 292,740 common shares of the Company at a value of $0.91 per share in connection to the vesting of restricted share units.

During the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company issued 2,325,000 common shares on the exercise of stock options for proceeds of $1,715,250.

During the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company issued 30,097,478 common shares for gross proceeds totalling $30,549,337, and incurred cash commission and expenses of $1,469,088 under an at-the-market equity program.

Share Purchase Warrants

There were no share purchase warrants outstanding as at December 31, 2019 and 2020

Stock Options

The Company has a Stock Option Plan whereby the maximum number of common shares reserved for issue under the plan shall not exceed 8% of the outstanding common shares of the Company, as at the date of the grant. The exercise price of each option granted under the plan may not be less than the Discounted Market Price (as that term is defined in the policies of the TSX). Options may be granted for a maximum term of five years from the date of the grant, are non-transferable and generally expire within 90 days of termination of employment, consulting arrangement or holding office as a director or officer of the Company, are subject to provisions as determined by the Board of Directors (the “Board”) and, in the case of death, expire within one year thereafter. Upon death, the options may be exercised by legal representation or designated beneficiaries of the holder of the option.

23

GOLD STANDARD VENTURES CORP.

(An Exploration Stage Company)

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

For the year ended December 31, 2020

(Expressed in Canadian Dollars)

NOTE 10 - Share Capital and Reserves (continued)

Stock Options (continued)

During the year ended December 31, 2019, 355,000 stock options were exercised and the fair value of $216,991 attributable to these stock options was transferred from reserves to share capital. Additionally, 545,000 stock options expired unexercised and the fair value of $579,937 attributable to these stock options was transferred from reserves to deficit. In addition, during the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company granted a total of 1,921,424 stock options exercisable for up to five years as follows:

• 1,821,424 stock options with an exercise price of $1.74 per share vest one-third immediately, one-third on January 31, 2020, and one-third on January 31, 2021, with a fair value of $1,534,992.

• 50,000 stock options with an exercise price of $1.49 per share vest one-third immediately, one-third on March 15, 2020, and one-third on March 15, 2021, with a fair value of $32,988.

• 50,000 stock options with an exercise price of $1.20 per share vest one-third immediately, one-third on August 16, 2020, and one-third on August 16, 2021, with a fair value of $28,802.

During the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company expensed a total of $1,918,737 as share-based compensation over the vesting period.

During the year ended December 31, 2020, 2,325,000 stock options were exercised and the fair value of $1,137,027 attributable to these stock options was transferred from reserves to share capital. Additionally, 1,195,664 stock options expired unexercised and the fair value of $1,071,980 attributable to these stock options was transferred from reserves to deficit. In addition, during the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company granted a total of 3,830,306 stock options exercisable for up to five years as follows:

• 2,140,306 stock options with an exercise price of $1.05 per share vest one-third immediately, one-third on January 30, 2021, and one-third on January 30, 2022, with a fair value of $998,552.

• 40,000 stock options with an exercise price of $1.02 per share vest one-third immediately, one-third on September 23, 2021, and one-third on September 23, 2022, with a fair value of $16,780.

• 1,400,000 stock options with an exercise price of $0.854 per share vest one-third on December 2, 2021, one-third on December 2, 2022, and one-third on December 2, 2023, with a fair value of $599,397.

• 200,000 stock options with an exercise price of $0.854 per share vest immediately, with a fair value of $85,628.

• 50,000 stock options with an exercise price of $0.91 per share vest one-third immediately, one-third on December 4, 2021, and one-third on December 4, 2022, with a fair value of $20,607.

During the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company expensed a total of $1,231,724 as share-based compensation over the vesting period.

The fair value of options granted is estimated on the grant date using the Black-Scholes option pricing model using the following weighted average variables:

	For the year ended December 31,
	2020	2019
Risk-free interest rate	0.92%	1.80%
Expected option life in years	4 years	4 years
Expected stock price volatility	58%	62%
Expected dividend rate	0%	0%

24

GOLD STANDARD VENTURES CORP.

(An Exploration Stage Company)

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

For the year ended December 31, 2020

(Expressed in Canadian Dollars)

NOTE 10 - Share Capital and Reserves (continued)

Stock Options (continued)

A summary of stock option activities is as follows:

	Number of		Weighted average
	options		exercise price
			$
Outstanding at December 31, 2018	9,317,296		1.75
Exercised	(355,000	)	0.76
Granted	1,921,424		1.72
Expired	(545,000	)	2.12
Outstanding at December 31, 2019	10,338,720		1.76
Exercised	(2,325,000	)	0.74
Granted	3,830,306		0.97
Expired	(1,195,664	)	1.72
Outstanding at December 31, 2020	10,648,362		1.70

A summary of the stock options outstanding and exercisable at December 31, 2020 is as follows:

Exercise	Number	Number
Price	Outstanding	Exercisable	Expiry Date
$
3.16	457,500	457,500	September 29, 2021
2.24	325,000	325,000	June 1, 2022
2.12	1,734,560	1,734,560	August 1, 2022
2.25	600,000	600,000	September 12, 2022
1.96	100,000	100,000	January 15, 2023
2.11	1,920,248	1,920,248	March 5, 2023
1.96	110,000	110,000	September 14, 2023
1.74	1,526,048	1,017,365	January 31, 2024
1.49	50,000	33,333	March 15, 2024
1.20	50,000	33,333	August 16, 2024
1.05	2,085,006	695,002	January 30, 2025
1.02	40,000	13,333	September 23, 2025
0.854	1,400,000	-	December 2, 2025
0.854	200,000	200,000	December 2, 2025
0.91	50,000	16,667	December 4, 2025
	10,648,362	7,256,341

The stock option reserve records items recognized as share-based compensation expense until such time that the stock options are exercised, at which time the corresponding amount will be transferred to share capital. If vested options expire unexercised or are forfeited, the amount recorded is transferred to deficit.

25

GOLD STANDARD VENTURES CORP.

(An Exploration Stage Company)

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

For the year ended December 31, 2020

(Expressed in Canadian Dollars)

NOTE 10 - Share Capital and Reserves (continued)

Restricted Share Units (“RSUs”)

The Company has a Restricted Share Unit Award Plan (“RSU Plan”) whereby the maximum number of common shares reserved for issue under the RSU Plan shall not exceed 6,746,579 common shares of the Company. In addition, the aggregate number of common shares issuable pursuant to the RSU Plan combined with all of the Company’s other security-based compensation arrangements, including the Company’s Stock Option Plan, shall not exceed 8% of the Company’s outstanding shares.

During the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company granted 664,730 RSUs to certain officers and directors with a fair value of $1,156,630. Certain RSUs issued to officers of the Company vest either one-third every year or approximately three years from the grant date. The directors of the Company, who have been granted RSUs, have the entitlement to have one-third of the grant vest every year. However, the RSUs will vest only when the director’s position on the Board has been terminated. The Company expensed a total of $918,339 as share-based compensation for values of RSUs vested. In addition, the Company cancelled 155,284 RSUs and the fair value of $68,072 attributable to these RSUs was transferred from reserves to deficit.

In January 2020, the Company granted 927,276 RSUs to certain officers and directors with a fair value of $973,640. Certain RSUs issued to officers of the Company vest one-third every year. The directors of the Company, who have been granted RSUs, have the entitlement to have one-third of the grant vest every year. However, the RSUs will vest only when the director’s position on the Board has been terminated.

In December 2020, the Company granted 292,740 RSUs to an officer and director with a fair value of $266,393. These RSUs vested immediately.

During the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company expensed a total of $1,246,676 (2019 - $918,339) as share-based compensation over the vesting period.

A summary of restricted share unit activities is as follows:

	Number of
	RSUs
Outstanding at December 31, 2018	567,110
Vested	(113,208	)
Granted	664,730
Cancelled	(155,284	)
Outstanding at December 31, 2019	963,348
Vested	(436,785	)
Granted	1,220,016
Outstanding at December 31, 2020	1,746,579

26

GOLD STANDARD VENTURES CORP.

(An Exploration Stage Company)

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

For the year ended December 31, 2020

(Expressed in Canadian Dollars)

NOTE 11 - Segmented Information

The Company has one operating segment, being the acquisition and exploration of exploration and evaluation assets.

Geographic information is as follows:

	As at December 31, 2020
	Canada	US	Total
	$	$	$
Reclamation bonds	-	3,499,646	3,499,646
Property and equipment	2,736	172,200	174,936
Exploration and evaluation assets	-	244,065,107	244,065,107
Right-of-use assets	304,213	222,746	526,959
	306,949	247,959,699	248,266,648
	As at December 31, 2019
	Canada	US	Total
	$	$	$
Reclamation bonds	-	2,122,559	2,122,559
Property and equipment	19,611	277,553	297,164
Exploration and evaluation assets	-	221,330,931	221,330,931
Right-of-use assets	374,417	356,392	730,809
	394,028	224,087,435	224,481,463

NOTE 12 - Related Party Transactions

During the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company entered into the following transactions with related parties, not disclosed elsewhere in these financial statements:

i.	As at December 31, 2020, $156,648 (2019 - $389,127) was included in accounts payable and accrued liabilities owing to officers and directors of the Company in relation to management fees, professional fees and reimbursement of expenses.
ii.	The Company received $nil (2019 - $12,000) of rent from a company related by way of common officers.

Summary of key management personnel compensation:

Key management personnel includes those persons having authority and responsibility for planning, directing, and controlling the activities of the Company as a whole. The Company has determined that key management personnel consists of members of the Board and corporate officers, including the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer.

	For the year ended December 31,
	2020	2019
	$	$
Management fees*	2,437,062	1,389,747
Professional fees	266,407	265,456
Exploration and evaluation assets expenditures	277,845	255,977
Wages and salaries	57,530	45,172
Share-based compensation	2,053,092	1,889,776
	5,091,936	3,846,128
* includes termination benefits of $1,199,899.

27

GOLD STANDARD VENTURES CORP.

(An Exploration Stage Company)

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

For the year ended December 31, 2020

(Expressed in Canadian Dollars)

NOTE 13 - Capital Disclosure and Management

The Company considers its capital structure to include the components of shareholders’ equity. Management’s objective is to ensure that there is sufficient capital to minimize liquidity risk and to continue as a going concern. As an exploration stage company, the Company is currently unable to self-finance its operations.

Although the Company has been successful in the past in obtaining financing through the sale of equity securities, there can be no assurance that the Company will be able to obtain adequate financing in the future, or that the terms of such financings will be favourable.

The Company’s share capital is not subject to any external restrictions and the Company did not change its approach to capital management during the year.

NOTE 14 - Financial Instruments and Risk Management

Financial instruments measured at fair value are classified into one of three levels in the fair value hierarchy according to the relative reliability of the inputs used to estimate the fair values. The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are:

• Level 1 – Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities;

• Level 2 – Inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability either directly or indirectly; and

• Level 3 – Inputs that are not based on observable market data.

The Company’s financial instruments consist of cash, receivables, reclamation bonds, and accounts payable and accrued liabilities. The fair value of these financial instruments, other than cash, approximates their carrying values due to the short-term nature of these instruments. Cash is measured at fair value using level 1 inputs.

The Company is exposed to a variety of financial risks by virtue of its activities including currency, credit, interest rate, liquidity, and commodity price.

a) Currency risk

The Company conducts exploration and evaluation activities in the United States. As such, it is subject to risk due to fluctuations in the exchange rates for the Canadian and US dollars. As at December 31, 2020, the Company had a foreign currency net monetary asset position of approximately US$8,480,000. Each 1% change in the US dollar relative to the Canadian dollar will result in a foreign exchange gain/loss of approximately $84,800.

b) Credit risk

Credit risk is the risk of financial loss to the Company if a counterparty to a financial instrument fails to meet its contractual obligations. The Company’s cash is held in large Canadian and U.S. financial institutions and the Company considers this risk to be remote.

c) Interest rate risk

Interest rate risk is the risk that the fair value of future cash flows of a financial instrument will fluctuate because of changes in market interest rates. The Company is exposed to limited interest rate risk as it only holds cash and highly liquid short-term investments.

28

GOLD STANDARD VENTURES CORP.

(An Exploration Stage Company)

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

For the year ended December 31, 2020

(Expressed in Canadian Dollars)

NOTE 14 - Financial Instruments and Risk Management (continued)

d) Liquidity risk

Liquidity risk is the risk that the Company will not be able to meet its obligations as they come due. The Company’s ability to continue as a going concern is dependent on management’s ability to raise the required capital through future equity or debt issuances. The Company manages its liquidity risk by forecasting cash flows from operations and anticipating any investing and financing activities. Management and the Board are actively involved in the review, planning, and approval of significant expenditures and commitments. The Company is exposed to liquidity risk.

e) Commodity price risk

The ability of the Company to raise funds to explore and develop its exploration and evaluation assets and the future profitability of the Company are directly related to the price of gold. The Company monitors gold prices to determine the appropriate course of action to be taken.

NOTE 15 - Commitments

a)	The Company has a consulting agreement with an officer of the Company to provide management consulting services to the Company for an indefinite term. The agreement requires payment of $14,083 per month and subject to a provision for a two-year payout in the event of termination without cause and three-year payout in the event of a change in control.
b)	The Company has an employment agreement with an employee of the Company to provide exploration services to the Company for an indefinite term. The agreement requires payment of US$14,850 per month. Included in the agreement is a provision for a two-year payout in the event of a termination following a change in control.
c)	The Company has an employment agreement with a former officer of the Company to provide corporate secretarial and legal services to the Company for an indefinite term. The agreement requires payment of $19,167 per month. Included in the agreement is a provision for a two-year payout in the event of termination without cause or in the event of a change in control (Note 17b).
d)	The Company has two separate employment agreements with an officer and an employee of the Company to provide exploration services to the Company for an indefinite term. The agreements require total combined payments of US$31,875 per month. Included in each agreement is a provision for a one-year payout in the event of a termination following a change in control.
e)	The Company has an employment agreement with an officer and director of the Company to provide corporate management services to the Company for an indefinite term. The agreement requires payment of $36,667 per month. Included in the agreement is a provision for a twelve-month plus an additional one month payout for each full year of employment, up to a maximum of twenty four-month payout in the event of termination without cause. In addition, the agreement includes a provision of a twenty four-month payout in the event of termination within twelve months of a change in control.

29

GOLD STANDARD VENTURES CORP.

(An Exploration Stage Company)

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

For the year ended December 31, 2020

(Expressed in Canadian Dollars)

NOTE 16 – Income Taxes

The reconciliation of the combined Canadian federal and provincial income tax rate to the income tax recovery presented in the accompanying statements of comprehensive loss is provided below:

	Years ended December 31,
	2020		2019
	$		$
Loss before income taxes	(10,740,593	)	(9,719,054	)
Expected income tax recovery at statutory tax rates	(2,900,000	)	(2,624,000	)
Impact of different statutory tax rates on earnings of subsidiaries	10,000		62,000
Change in statutory, foreign tax rates and other	(189,000	)	(103,000	)
Foreign exchange	964,000		2,119,000
Non-deductible expenditures	687,000		804,000
Share issuance costs	(399,000	)	(473,000	)
Adjustment in prior years provision statutory tax returns and expiry of non-capital losses	118,000		772,000
Change in unrecognized deductible temporary differences and others	1,709,000		(557,000	)
Total	-		-

Significant components of deferred tax assets that have not been recognized are as follows:

	As of December 31,
	2020	2019
	$	$
Share issuance costs	936,000	1,064,000
Non-capital losses	17,308,000	14,420,000
Provision for site reclamation	417,000	203,000
Allowable capital losses	229,000	109,000
Property and equipment	159,000	135,000
Exploration and evaluation assets	2,641,000	4,050,000
Total	21,690,000	19,981,000

Significant components of unrecognized deductible temporary differences and unused tax losses that have not been recognized on the statements of financial position are as follows:

	As of December 31,
	2020	Expiry dates	2019	Expiry dates
	$		$
Share issuance costs	3,468,000	2021 to 2024	3,941,000	2020 to 2023
Non-capital losses	71,328,000	2027 to 2040	60,395,000	2027 to 2039
Provision for site reclamation	1,986,000	No Expiry	965,000	No Expiry
Capital losses	849,000	No Expiry	404,000	No Expiry
Property and equipment	622,000	No Expiry	506,000	No Expiry
Exploration and evaluation assets	11,062,000	No Expiry	17,777,000	No Expiry

Tax attributes are subject to review, and potential adjustment, by tax authorities.

30

GOLD STANDARD VENTURES CORP.

(An Exploration Stage Company)

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

For the year ended December 31, 2020

(Expressed in Canadian Dollars)

NOTE 17 – Subsequent Events

a)	In January 2021, the Company granted 5,470,085 stock options to certain officers, directors, employees and consultants of the Company with a weighted average exercise price of $0.868 per option exercisable for a period of 5 years vesting one-third every year. In addition, the Company granted 2,515,876 restricted share units to certain officers and directors with various vesting conditions.
b)	In January 2021, the Company terminated an employment agreement with a former officer without cause and paid termination benefits of $782,000.
c)	In February 2021, the Company completed an underwritten public offering financing and issued 39,215,000 common shares of the Company at a price of $0.88 per share for gross proceeds totalling $34,509,200.
d)	In March 2021, the Company granted 560,000 stock options to an officer and an employee of the Company with a weighted exercise price of $0.794 per option exercisable for a period of 5 years vesting one-third every year and 50,000 stock options expired unexercised. In addition, the Company granted 100,000 restricted share units to the same officer vesting one-third every year.

31

EX-99.3

Exhibit 99.3

Management’s Discussion and Analysis
For the year ended
December 31, 2020

General

The purpose of this Management’s Discussion and Analysis (“MD&A”) is to explain management’s point of view regarding the past performance and future outlook of Gold Standard Ventures Corp. (the “Company”). This MD&A also provides information to improve the reader’s understanding of the financial statements and related notes as well as important trends and risks affecting the Company’s financial performance, and should therefore be read in conjunction with the Company’s annual audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto (the “Financial Statements”) and the Company’s annual information form (the “AIF”) for the year ended December 31, 2020.

All information contained in this MD&A is current as of March 26, 2021 unless otherwise stated.

All financial information in this MD&A has been prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (“IFRS”) and all dollar amounts are expressed in Canadian dollars unless otherwise indicated.

Additional information on the Company is available on SEDAR at www.sedar.com and EDGAR at www.sec.gov and at the Company’s website, www.goldstandardv.com. The date of this MD&A is March 26, 2021.

Forward-Looking Statements

Certain statements and information contained in this MD&A constitute “forward-looking statements” and “forward looking information” within the meaning of applicable securities legislation. Forward-looking statements and forward looking information include statements concerning the Company’s current expectations, estimates, projections, assumptions and beliefs, and, in certain cases, can be identified by the use of words such as “seeks”, “plans”, “expects”, “is expected”, “budget”, “estimates”, “intends”, “anticipates”, or “believes”, or variations of such words and phrases or statements that certain actions, events or results “may”, “could”, “should”, “would”, “might” or “will”, “occur” or “be achieved”, or the negative forms of any of these words and other similar expressions.

Examples of forward-looking information in this MD&A may pertain to the following, among others:

1.	the existence and estimates of mineral resources or mineral reserves and the timing of development thereof;
2.	the implementation of exploration and work programs, including reference to the Company’s plans of operations in place for the Railroad-Pinion Project (as defined below);
3.	plans, objectives and estimated costs related to pursuing a targeted exploration, permitting, development, metallurgical testing and engineering program in the South Railroad (as defined below) portion of the Railroad-Pinion Project to advance the Updated PFS (as defined below) to feasibility level;
4.	the belief that LT target is a high value oxide target that will receive additional exploration focus in 2021;
5.	plans related to, and estimated timing of completion of, the Feasibility Study (as defined below);
6.	the completion of the environmental impact statement (“EIS”) process;

Gold Standard Ventures Corp. - Management Discussion and Analysis Page - 2 -

7.	advancing the South Railroad portion of the Railroad-Pinion Project towards a potential production decision through the completion of a proposed Feasibility Study, and the Company’s intention to advance exploration to contribute additional value to the South Railroad portion of the Railroad-Pinion Project.
8.	the need for and plans to seek additional funding to complete the work program recommended in the Updated PFS Technical Report (as defined below), to maintain the Company’s current land position, operations and development and exploration activities, and to construct processing facilities and to develop metallurgical processes to extract resources at its proposed mine sites;
9.	the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern being dependent upon successful results from its exploration, evaluation and development activities and its ability to attain profitable operations and generate funds therefrom and/or raise equity capital or borrowings sufficient to meet current and future obligations;
10.	plans to pursue minority interests in certain key private land parcels where the Company currently holds less than a 100% interest;
11.	performance characteristics of mineral properties;
12.	the expectation that the majority of Inferred Mineral Resources could be upgraded to Indicated Mineral Resources with continued drilling;
13.	the satisfaction of certain milestones in connection with the Orion Transactions (as defined below);
14.	the realization of the potential benefits of the Orion Transactions;
15.	projections of market prices and costs, including estimates of costs and budgeting for potential exploration operations and mining scenarios;
16.	estimated property holding and maintenance costs for the Railroad-Pinion Project;
17.	drilling plans and timing of drilling;
18.	treatment under governmental regulatory regimes and tax laws, including the belief that the Company was a passive foreign investment company for the tax year ended December 31, 2020 and the expectation that the Company will be a passive foreign investment company for the current tax year and future tax years;
19.	estimated exploration and evaluation asset lease obligations and tax levies for the Railroad-Pinion Project;
20.	capital expenditure programs and the timing and method of financing thereof, and the Company’s expectation that it will fund its capital commitments with current cash on hand and proceeds from future financings;
21.	the present intention of the Company not to pay dividends;
22.	the expectation that the Company will not generate revenues in the foreseeable future; and
23.	the potential impact of COVID-19 on the Company’s operations, and the potential for decreased spending, which may adversely affect and harm the Company’s business and results of operations.

Gold Standard Ventures Corp. - Management Discussion and Analysis Page - 3 -

Forward-looking statements and forward looking information reflect the Company’s current expectations and assumptions, and are subject to a number of known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause the Company’s actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from any anticipated future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements and forward looking information, including without limitation:

1.	the Company’s limited operating history;
2.	the Company’s history of losses and expectation of future losses;
3.	uncertainty as to the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern;
4.	the existence of mineral resources and mineral reserves on the Company’s mineral properties;
5.	the Company’s ability to obtain adequate financing for exploration and development, and meet its current and future capital needs;
6.	the Company’s ability to attract and retain qualified personnel;
7.	the Company’s ability to carry out operations in accordance with plans in the face of significant disruptions;
8.	the Company’s ability to convert mineral resource estimates previously classified as Inferred to Indicated or Measured;
9.	fluctuations in foreign exchange or interest rates and stock market volatility;
10.	uncertainty as to the Company’s ability to maintain effective internal controls;
11.	the involvement by some of the Company’s directors and officers with other natural resource companies;
12.	the uncertain nature of estimating mineral resources and mineral reserves;
13.	uncertainty surrounding the Company’s ability to successfully develop its mineral properties;
14.	the satisfaction of the necessary conditions precedent required to complete the Orion Transactions;
15.	exploration, development and mining risks, including risks related to infrastructure, accidents and equipment breakdowns;
16.	risks related to natural disasters, climate change, terrorism, civil unrest, public health concerns (including health epidemics or pandemics or outbreaks of communicable diseases such as COVID- 19) and other geopolitical uncertainties;
17.	title defects to the Company’s mineral properties;
18.	the Company’s ability to obtain all necessary permits and other approvals;
19.	risks related to equipment shortages, road and water access restrictions and inadequate infrastructure;
20.	increased costs and restrictions on operations due to compliance with environmental legislation and potential lawsuits;

Gold Standard Ventures Corp. - Management Discussion and Analysis Page - 4 -

21.	fluctuations in the market price of gold, other metals and certain other commodities (such as natural gas, fuel, oil, and electricity);
22.	the Company’s ability to secure additional financing to continue exploration and development activities on the Railroad-Pinion Project and meet future obligations as required from time to time;
23.	intense competition in the mining industry; and
24.	the Company’s ability to comply with applicable regulatory requirements.

In making the forward-looking statements and developing the forward looking information included in this MD&A, the Company has made various material assumptions, including, but not limited to:

1.	the results of the Company’s proposed exploration programs on the Railroad-Pinion Project will be consistent with current expectations;
2.	the Company’s assessment and interpretation of potential geological structures and mineralization at the Railroad-Pinion Project are accurate in all material respects;
3.	the quantity and grade of mineral resources and mineral reserves contained in the Railroad-Pinion Project are accurate in all material respects;
4.	further financing being required and available on reasonable terms to complete the work programs and drilling on the Railroad-Pinion Project as recommended in the Updated PFS Technical Report;
5.	the price for gold, other precious metals and commodities will not change significantly from current levels;
6.	the Company will be able to secure additional financing on reasonable terms to continue exploration and development activities on the Railroad-Pinion Project and meet future obligations as required from time to time;
7.	the Company will be able to obtain regulatory approvals, permits and water rights in a timely manner and on terms consistent with current expectations;
8.	the involvement by some of the Company’s directors and officers with other natural resource companies will not result in a conflict of interest which adversely affects the Company;
9.	the Company will be able to procure drilling and other mining equipment, energy and supplies in a timely and cost efficient manner to meet the Company’s needs from time to time;
10.	the Company’s capital and operating costs will not increase significantly from current levels or as outlined in the Updated PFS Technical Report;
11.	key personnel will continue their employment with the Company and the Company will be able to recruit and retain additional qualified personnel, as needed, in a timely and cost efficient manner;
12.	there will be no significant adverse changes in the Canada/U.S. currency exchange or interest rates and stock markets;
13.	there will be no significant changes in the ability of the Company to comply with environmental, safety and other regulatory requirements;

Gold Standard Ventures Corp. - Management Discussion and Analysis Page - 5 -

14.	that the measures the Company has put in place in connection with the COVID-19 pandemic will be sufficient to allow operations to continue and that the COVID-19 pandemic will not escalate to materially adversely affect and harm the Company’s business and results of operations; and
15.	the absence of any material adverse effects arising as a result of political instability, terrorism, sabotage, natural disasters, public health concerns, equipment failures or adverse changes in government legislation or the socio-economic conditions in Nevada and the surrounding area with respect to the Railroad-Pinion Project and operations.

Other assumptions are discussed throughout this MD&A and elsewhere in the Company’s public disclosure record.

The Company’s ability to predict the results of its operations or the effects of various events on its operating results is inherently uncertain. Accordingly, readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on the forward-looking statements and forward looking information or the assumptions on which the Company’s forward-looking statements and forward looking information are based. Investors are advised to carefully review and consider the risk factors identified in this MD&A under, among other places, Risks and Uncertainties and elsewhere in the Company’s public disclosure record for a discussion of the factors that could cause the Company’s actual results, performance and achievements to be materially different from any anticipated future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements and forward looking information. Investors are further cautioned that the foregoing list of risks and assumptions is not exhaustive and prospective investors should consult the more complete discussion of the Company’s business, financial condition and prospects that is included in this MD&A and elsewhere in the Company’s public disclosure record.

Although the Company believes that the assumptions on which the forward-looking statements are made and forward looking information is provided are reasonable, based on the information available to the Company on the date such statements were made or such information was provided, no assurances can be given as to whether these assumptions will prove to be correct. The forward-looking statements and forward looking information contained in this MD&A are expressly qualified in their entirety by the foregoing cautionary statements. Furthermore, the above risks are not intended to represent a complete list of the risks that could affect the Company and readers should not place undue reliance on forward-looking statements and forward looking information in this MD&A.

Forward-looking statements and forward looking information speak only as of the date the statements are made or such information is provided. The Company assumes no obligation to update publicly or otherwise revise any forward-looking statements or forward looking information to reflect actual results, changes in assumptions or changes in other factors affecting forward-looking statements or forward looking information, except to the extent required by applicable laws. If the Company does update one or more forward-looking statements or forward looking information, no inference should be drawn that the Company will make additional updates with respect to those or other forward-looking statements or forward looking information.

Cautionary Notes Regarding Mineral Resource Estimates

The disclosure in this MD&A has been prepared in accordance with the requirements of Canadian securities laws, which differ from the requirements of United States securities laws. Disclosure, including scientific or technical information, has been made in accordance with Canadian National Instrument 43-101 Standards of Disclosure for Mineral Projects (“NI 43-101”). NI 43-101 is a regulation developed by the Canadian Securities Administrators that establishes standards for all public disclosure an issuer makes of scientific and technical information concerning mineral projects. Canadian standards, including NI 43-101, differ significantly from the requirements of the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). In particular, and without limiting the generality of the foregoing, the term “resource” does not equate to the term “reserve”. Under United States standards, mineralization may not be classified as a “reserve” unless the determination

Gold Standard Ventures Corp. - Management Discussion and Analysis Page - 6 -

has been made that the mineralization could be economically and legally produced or extracted at the time the reserve determination is made. The SEC’s disclosure standards normally do not permit the inclusion of information concerning “measured mineral resources”, “indicated mineral resources” or “inferred mineral resources” or other descriptions of the amount of mineralization in mineral deposits that do not constitute “reserves” by United States standards in documents filed with the SEC. United States investors should also understand that “measured mineral resources”, “indicated mineral resources” and “inferred mineral resources” have a great amount of uncertainty as to their existence and as to their economic and legal feasibility. Investors are cautioned not to assume that any part, or all, of the mineral deposits in these categories will ever be converted into mineral reserves. In accordance with Canadian rules, estimates of “inferred mineral resources” cannot form the basis of feasibility or other economic studies. Although it is reasonably expected that the majority of “inferred mineral resources” could be upgraded to “indicated mineral resources” with continued exploration, investors are cautioned not to assume that all or any part of an “inferred mineral resource” exists or is economically or legally mineable. In addition, the definitions of “proven” and “probable mineral reserves” used in NI 43-101 differ from the definitions in SEC Industry Guide 7 under Regulation S-K of the United States Securities Act of 1933. Disclosure of “contained ounces” is permitted disclosure under Canadian legislation; however, the SEC normally only permits issuers to report mineralization that does not constitute reserves as in place tonnage and grade without reference to unit measures. Accordingly, information contained in this MD&A containing descriptions of the Company’s mineral properties may not be comparable to similar information made public by U.S. companies subject to the reporting and disclosure requirements under the United States federal securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder.

The forward-looking statements and forward-looking information contained herein are based on information available as of March 26, 2021.

Strategy and Overall Performance

The Company is advancing the South Railroad portion of the Railroad-Pinion Project towards a potential production decision through a Feasibility Study. The Company intends to advance exploration to contribute additional value to the South Railroad portion of the Railroad-Pinion Project.

The Company has a limited history of operations and its only material mineral project, the Railroad-Pinion Project, is in the exploration, permitting, development and de-risking stages. The Company has not been profitable since its inception, has had negative cash flow from operational activities and does not expect to generate revenues in the foreseeable future.

For the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company had a loss and comprehensive loss of $10,740,593 (2019 - $9,719,054). As at December 31, 2020, the Company had an accumulated deficit of $82,596,360 (2019 - $72,927,747). As at December 31, 2020, the Company had cash of $18,635,636 and working capital of $14,869,650. Further financing will be required to fund the complete work program recommended in the Updated PFS Technical Report and to maintain the Company’s current land position and for ongoing activities. The Company will require significant amounts of additional capital to construct processing facilities, to purchase a mining fleet and to develop metallurgical processes to extract resources at any mine site.

The Company’s ability to arrange financing in the future will depend, in part, upon the prevailing capital market conditions, business performance, and other factors such as volatility in the market price of gold.

Gold Standard Ventures Corp. - Management Discussion and Analysis Page - 7 -

The Company’s flagship property is the Railroad-Pinion project located along the Piñon mountain range approximately 15 miles (24 kilometers) south-southeast of Carlin, Nevada, in the Railroad mining district (the “Railroad-Pinion Project”). The Railroad-Pinion Project has two adjacent parts: the North Railroad portion (“North Railroad”), which includes the POD, Sweet Hollow and North Bullion deposits (collectively, the “North Bullion Deposit”) and the South Railroad portion (“South Railroad”), which includes the Dark Star deposit (the “Dark Star Deposit”), the Pinion deposit (the “Pinion Deposit”) and the Jasperoid Wash deposit (the “Jasperoid Wash Deposit”). The Railroad-Pinion Project is an intermediate to advanced stage gold project with a favorable structural, geological and stratigraphic setting situated at the southeast end of the Carlin Trend of north-central Nevada, adjacent to and south of Nevada Gold Mines’ Rain Mining District. The Carlin Trend is a northwest alignment of sedimentary rock-hosted gold deposits where more than 40 separate gold deposits have been delineated in domed geological complexes with past production exceeding 80,000,000 ounces of gold. Each dome or “window” is cored by igneous intrusions that uplift and expose Paleozoic rocks and certain stratigraphic contacts that are favorable for the formation of Carlin-style gold deposits. The Railroad-Pinion Project is centered on the fourth and southernmost dome-shaped window on the Carlin Trend.

The Railroad-Pinion Project constitutes a land position totalling 53,569 gross acres (21,679 hectares) and, with partial interests taken into consideration, 50,599 net acres (20,477 net hectares) of land in Elko County, Nevada. The Company owns, or otherwise controls 100% of the subsurface mineral rights on a total of 29,941 gross acres (12,117 hectares) of land held as patented or unpatented mineral lodes (claims). This includes 1,455 unpatented claims owned by the Company and 207 unpatented claims held under lease. The Company also owns or leases 30 patented claims. There is also a total of 23,628 gross acres (9,562 gross hectares) of private lands of which the Company’s ownership of the subsurface mineral rights varies from 49.2% to 100%, for a net position of approximately 20,658 acres (8,360 hectares). The Company is pursuing the minority interest in certain key private land parcels where it holds less than a 100% interest.

The Company owns or otherwise controls 100% of the mineral lands on which the Pinion Deposit, Dark Star Deposit, Jasperoid Wash Deposit, and the North Bullion Deposit are situated, subject to the terms of its leases, as applicable, and certain subsurface minority mineral interest holders in certain fee lands who hold an approximate 0.8% to 1.51% mineral interest not subject to leases held by the Company. The lands on which the Pinion Deposit, the Dark Star Deposit, the Jasperoid Wash Deposit, and the North Bullion Deposit are situated are comprised of approximately 7,360 gross acres (2,978.49 hectares) and 7,320.19 net acres (2,962.38 hectares).

Portions of the patented, unpatented and private lands are encumbered with royalties predominantly in the form of standard Net (or Gross) Smelter Return (“NSR”) agreements or Net Profit Interest (“NPI”) agreements which the Company has sought to negotiate and reduce over time. See Item 6 “MATERIAL MINERAL PROJECT” in the AIF and the Financial Statements for a discussion of the currently active NSR and NPI encumbrances on the Railroad-Pinion Project.

Note regarding Acreage Disclosure

In this MD&A, the term “gross mineral acres” or “gross acres” in connection with a mineral interest means the total size in number of acres of the property (or a specific piece of property) in which the Company controls a mineral interest. The gross mineral acres are the maximum number of mineral acres the Company could potentially control in a particular piece of property. For example, if the Company leases a fifty percent (50%) mineral interest in a fee land parcel that is a total of 640 acres in size, then that particular parcel is 640 gross mineral acres.

Gold Standard Ventures Corp. - Management Discussion and Analysis Page - 8 -

On the other hand, the term “net mineral acres” or “net acres” means the product of: (a) the total gross acres of the property (or specific piece of property) in which the Company controls a mineral interest; and (b) the percentage of the Company’s mineral interest therein which it controls by way of lease or actual ownership. For example, if the Company leases a fifty percent (50%) mineral interest in a fee land parcel that is a total of 640 acres in size, then the Company controls a total of 320 net mineral acres in that particular parcel. For the calculation of the gross and net mineral acreage for its properties, the Company does not include the surface in split estate fee land parcels.

Material Projects

The Company has identified the Railroad-Pinion Project, comprised of North Railroad and South Railroad, as the Company’s sole material mineral project for purposes of NI 43-101.

Scientific and technical disclosure for the Railroad-Pinion Project is supported by the technical report with an effective date of February 13, 2020, entitled “South Railroad Project NI 43-101 Technical Report, Updated Preliminary Feasibility Study, Carlin Trend, Nevada, USA”, prepared by M3 Engineering & Technology Corporation (the “Updated PFS Technical Report”). The Updated PFS Technical Report can be accessed at www.sedar.com under the Company’s profile. The Updated PFS Technical Report is the Company’s current technical report for the Railroad-Pinion Project.

The Company has focused on drilling and other exploration activities to prepare mineral resource estimates for each deposit, as well as mineral reserve estimates and a preliminary feasibility study for the Pinion Deposit and the Dark Star Deposit (the “Updated PFS”), as summarized below and detailed in the Updated PFS Technical Report. The Company plans additional drilling and exploration activities to investigate potential development opportunities for the Railroad-Pinion Project.

Pinion

The mineral resource estimate for the Pinion Deposit was constrained within a US$1,500/ounce Au optimized pit shell using gold cut-off grades of 0.14 g/t Au for heap leach material (oxide and transitional). The Pinion Deposit mineral resource estimate comprises a Measured Mineral Resource of 1.30 million tonnes averaging 0.64 g/t Au, representing a total of 27,000 contained ounces of gold, an Indicated Mineral Resource of 27.62 million tonnes averaging 0.58 g/t Au, representing a total of 517,000 contained ounces of gold, and an additional Inferred Mineral Resource of 10.81 million tonnes averaging 0.64 g/t Au, representing a further 224,000 contained ounces of gold. The Pinion Deposit silver (“Ag”) resource estimate was constrained to the gold block model and comprises a Measured Mineral Resource of 1.30 million tonnes averaging 5.15 g/t Ag, representing a total of 216,000 contained ounces of silver, an Indicated Mineral Resource of 27.62 million tonnes averaging 4.18 g/t Ag, representing a total of 3.71 million contained ounces of silver and an additional Inferred Mineral Resource of 10.81 million tonnes averaging 3.80 g/t Ag, representing a total of 1.32 million contained ounces of silver. Mineral Resources are inclusive of Mineral Reserves.

The mineral reserve estimate for the Pinion Deposit is based on an open pit mine plan and production schedule, a gold price of US$1,275/ounce and a silver price of US$16.50/ounce. The Pinion Deposit mineral reserve estimate comprises a Probable Reserve of 16.81 million tonnes averaging 0.63 g/t Au, representing a total of 341,000 contained ounces of gold and a Proven Reserve of 1.07 million tonnes averaging 0.66 g/t Au, representing a total of 23,000 contained ounces of gold. The Pinion Deposit silver reserve estimate comprises a Probable Reserve of 16.81 million tonnes averaging 4.65 g/t Ag, representing a total of 2.51 million contained ounces of silver, and a Proven Reserve of 1.07 million tonnes averaging 5.52 g/t Ag, representing a total of 191,000 contained ounces of silver.

Gold Standard Ventures Corp. - Management Discussion and Analysis Page - 9 -

Dark Star

The mineral resource estimate for the Dark Star Deposit was constrained within a US$1,500 ounces/of gold optimized pit shell using gold cut-off grades of 0.14 g/t Au for heap leach material (oxide and transitional) and 1.0 g/t Au for sulfide material. The Dark Star Deposit mineral resource estimate comprises a Measured Mineral Resource of 5.86 million tonnes averaging 1.31 g/t Au, representing a total of 246,000 contained ounces of gold, an Indicated Mineral Resource of 26.86 million tonnes averaging 0.78 g/t Au, representing a total of 675,000 contained ounces of gold, and an additional Inferred Mineral Resource of 2.48 million tonnes averaging 0.70 g/t Au, representing a further 56,000 contained ounces of gold. Mineral Resources are inclusive of Mineral Reserves.

The mineral reserve estimate for the Dark Star Deposit is based on an open pit mine plan and production schedule and a gold price of US$1,275/ounce. The Dark Star Deposit mineral reserve estimate comprises a Probable Reserve of 23.88 million tonnes averaging 0.83 g/t Au, representing a total of 640,000 contained ounces of gold and a Proven Reserve of 5.43 million tonnes averaging 1.39 g/t Au, representing a total of 243,000 contained ounces of gold.

Jasperoid Wash

The mineral resource estimate for the Jasperoid Wash Deposit was constrained within a US$1,500 ounces/of gold optimized pit shell using gold cut-off grades of 0.14 g/t Au for heap leach material (oxide and transitional). The Jasperoid Wash Deposit mineral resource estimate comprises an Inferred Mineral Resource of 10.57 million tonnes averaging 0.33 g/t Au, representing a total of 111,000 contained ounces of gold.

North Bullion

The Sweet Hollow and POD oxide Indicated and Inferred Mineral Resource uses a cut-off grade of 0.14 g/t Au, which is constrained within an optimized pit shell and includes an Indicated Mineral Resource of 2.92 million tonnes at 0.96 g/t Au for 90,100 contained ounces of gold and an Inferred Mineral Resource of 3.36 million tonnes at 0.43 g/t Au for 46,600 contained ounces of gold. The North Bullion deposit sulphide Inferred Mineral Resource uses a cut-off grade of 1.25 g/t Au, which is constrained within an optimized pit shell, and is comprised of 2.05 million tonnes at 2.60 g/t Au for 171,400 contained ounces of gold. The North Bullion deposit underground Inferred Mineral Resource, which is reported at a lower 2.25 g/t Au cut-off grade, comprises 5.55 million tonnes at 3.29 g/t Au for 587,700 contained ounces of gold.

Calculations of mineral resources and reserves are only estimates

Measured, Indicated and Inferred Mineral Resources are not Mineral Reserves. Mineral Resources, which are not Mineral Reserves, do not have demonstrated economic viability. There has been insufficient exploration to define the Inferred Mineral Resources disclosed above as an Indicated or Measured Mineral Resource; however, it is reasonably expected that the majority of the Inferred Mineral Resources could be upgraded to Indicated Mineral Resources with continued drilling. There is no guarantee that any further part of the Mineral Resources discussed herein will be converted into a Mineral Reserve in the future.

Gold Standard Ventures Corp. - Management Discussion and Analysis Page - 10 -

Updated Preliminary Feasibility Study

Highlights including forecasted costs, project parameters, production targets and financial indicators from the Updated PFS on South Railroad include:

Updated PFS Highlights

Total Reserve Tonnes	47.2 M Tonnes (Proven: 6.5M Tonnes and Probable 40.7M Tonnes)
Average Grade	0.82 g Au/t Au ; 4.70 g Ag/t Ag (Pinion)
Contained Gold / Silver Ounces	1.246 M oz Au (Proven: 0.266 M oz Au and Probable 0.980 M oz Au) ; 2.705 M oz Ag (Proven : 0.191 M oz Ag and Probable 2.514 M oz Ag)
Average Recovery	72% ROM Au; 76% HPGR Au; 22% ROM Ag; 43% HPGR Ag
Average Annual Metal Placement	156,000 Ounces Au (Year 1-8); 541,000 Ounces Ag (Year 4-8)
Average Annual Metal Production	115,000 Ounces Au (Year 1-8), 205,000 Ounces Ag (Year 4-8)
Average Annual Tonnes Moved	24 Million Tonnes
Average Annual Reserve Tonnes2	5.9 Million Tonnes
Strip Ratio	3.07:1
Initial Capital Expenditures	$132.9 M
Expansion Capital Expenditures	$64.8 M
Sustaining Capital Expenditures	$87.9 M
Average Life of Mine Mining Costs	$1.75/Tonne
Average Life of Mine Processing Costs	$1.83/Tonne ROM $4.95/Tonne HPGR
G & A	$0.70/ore Tonne
Contingency	15%
Life of Mine Pre-Tax Cash Flow	$439.7 M
Life of Mine Pre-Tax Net Present Value (“NPV”) (5%)	$331.4 M
Life of Mine Pre-Tax Internal Rate of Return (“IRR”)	46.1%
Life of Mine Net Cash Flow After Tax	$357.6 M
Life of Mine After Tax NPV (5%)	$265.0 M
Life of Mine After-Tax IRR	40.0%
Cash Costs After By-Product Credit1	$582/oz
All-in Sustaining Costs (“AISC”)1	$707/oz
Payback Period	3.3 Years

(1)	See “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” for a discussion of these measures.
(2)	The Updated PFS was conducted using assumed metal prices of US$1,400/oz gold and US$17.11/oz silver. The mineral reserve estimate that provides the basis for the Updated PFS was conducted at assumed metal prices of US$1,275/oz gold and US$16.50/oz silver.

Gold Standard Ventures Corp. - Management Discussion and Analysis Page - 11 -

Planned Production Data

Life of Mine	Initial 8 Years + prestrip (8 months)
Average Annual Total Mine Throughput	24 Million Tonnes/year
Average Annual Ore Throughput	5.9 Million Tonnes/year
Total Ore Tonnes	47.2 Million Tonnes (Proven: 6.5M Tonnes and Probable 40.7M Tonnes)
Run of Mine Ore Tonnes	30.7 Million Tonnes
HPGR Crusher Ore Tonnes	16.1 Million Tonnes
Sulfide Toll Mill	0.37 Million Tonnes
Average Grade	0.82 g Au/t 4.70 g Ag/t (Pinion only)
Contained Ounces	1,246,000 oz Au (Proven: 266,000 oz Au and Probable 980,000 oz Au) 2,705,000 oz Ag (Pinion only) (Proven : 191,000 oz Ag and Probable 2,514,000 oz Ag)
Payable Metals	918,000 oz Au 1,040,000 oz Ag (Pinion only)

(1)      The Updated PFS was conducted using assumed metal prices of US$1,400/oz gold and US$17.11/oz silver. The mineral reserve estimate that provides the basis for the Updated PFS was conducted at assumed metal prices of US$1,275/oz gold and US$16.50/oz silver.

Recommendations for the Railroad-Pinion Project

The authors of the Updated PFS Technical Report recommended a multi-faceted program focused on the gold deposits in South Railroad to advance the Updated PFS to a feasibility level including exploration, permitting, development, metallurgical testing and engineering. The estimated cost to conduct the proposed program is US$21 million.

Q4 Developments

On October 20, 2020, the Company announced encouraging drill results from 24 of 75 holes of the 2020 Pinion Deposit development program. The planned total of 16,206m of drilling in 60 RC holes and 15 metallurgical core holes has been completed. Results are from 24 RC holes; all other RC and core results are pending. Oxide results include 42.7m of 0.92 g Au/t, including 7.6m of 2.69 g Au/t in hole PR20-14; 38.1m of 0.97 g Au/t in PR20-15; 64.0m of 0.81 g Au/t, including 22.9m of 1.20 g Au/t in hole PR20-19; and 29.0m of 0.77 g Au/t, including 12.2m of 1.28 g Au/t in PR20-23. The data to date suggests that targeted Inferred resources are likely to be upgraded to Indicated or Measured confidence levels.

Objectives of the drilling included: 1) decreasing drill spacing on the Pinion Phase 4 Inferred oxide resource for potential conversion to Measured and Indicated; 2) provide material for metallurgical testing; and 3) tighten the drill spacings near historic Cameco holes SB-136, an RC hole that intersected 102.1m of 1.38 g Au/t, and SB-162-99, a core hole that twinned and verified the SB-136 results with an intercept of 112.0m of 1.24 g Au/t.

Gold Standard Ventures Corp. - Management Discussion and Analysis Page - 12 -

Key Highlights from Pinion include:

• Four holes (PR20-14, -15, -19 and -23) from the southern portion of the drill program intersected vertically- continuous zones of oxide mineralization that are thicker and higher-grade than modeled from existing drilling. These intercepts occur along an approximate 450m strike length oriented at N60W - an orientation that is parallel to the Pinion Main and South gold zones to the north. Results include: 42.7m of 0.92 g Au/t, including 7.6m of 2.69 g Au/t in hole PR20-14; 38.1m of 0.97 g Au/t in PR20-15; 64.0m of 0.81 g Au/t, including 22.9m of 1.20 g Au/t in hole PR20-19; and 29.0m of 0.77 g Au/t, including 12.2m of 1.28 g Au/t in PR20-23.

• Drill holes PR20-19, -20, and -27 intersected thick zones of oxide mineralization and all three ended in altered multilithic breccia with oxide gold values ranging from 0.7 g Au/t to 1.37 g Au/t. Additional drilling is planned to further evaluate the depth and strike extent of this open-ended mineralization.

• Three holes (PR20-09, -10 and -11) intersected shallow oxide mineralization in the southeast portion of the drill pattern. Oxide mineralization in this area begins approximately 40m to 55m below the current topographic surface and remains open to east and south for additional drill testing.

• Infill drilling and Anaconda-style mapping of new drill site excavations continues to confirm favorable geologic patterns in the Phase 4 area, including: repetition of fault and anticlinal fold orientations, an increase in igneous dikes and sills, and the strength of the gold system in the multilithic breccia host unit.
  Surface mapping has identified the SB Target, which appears to connect with the N60W trend identified above and has 300m of untested strike length to southeast.

• Cyanide soluble gold assays confirm the consistently oxidized nature of gold mineralization within the multilithic breccia host at Pinion Phase 4. Correlation exists between the visual logging of oxidized zones containing limonite and/or hematite in drill samples and the cyanide soluble gold assays.

For a complete summary of these exploration results, and the related information regarding data verification, sampling methodology, chain of custody, quality control and quality assurance, please see the Company’s press release filed on SEDAR (www.sedar.com) dated October 20, 2020.

On October 29, 2020, the Company reported the results of 10 exploration RC holes drilled at the LT oxide gold discovery.

A planned total of 1,324.4m of drilling in 10 RC holes has been completed year to date. Oxide results include 30.5m of 0.78 g Au/t, including 7.6m of 1.58 g Au/t in hole LT20-08; 24.3m of 0.73 g Au/t, including 6 .1m of 1. 26 g Au /t in LT20-01; 15.2m of 0.96 g Au/t in LT20-02; and 30.5m of 0.39 g Au/t in LT20-03. These oxide intercepts begin at or close to the current topographic surface, they establish strike and downdip continuity to mineralization and are open in multiple directions.

Key Highlights from LT:

• Inclined drill holes LT20-01, -02 and -08 were collared from the same drill site approximately 55m north of discovery hole LT19-02. The down-dip test in LT20-01, intersected 25.9m of 0.79 g Au/t, including 6 .1m of 1.47 g Au/t; a strike test to the northeast in LT20-08 intersected 30.5m of 0.78 g Au/t, including 7.6m of 1.58 g Au/t; and the up-dip test in LT20-02 intersected 15.2m of 0.97 g Au/t. Oxide mineralization in these holes begins at the current topographic surface.

• LT20-03, an inclined RC hole approximately 77m south of LT19-02, intersected 30.5m of 0.39 g Au/t of near-surface, oxidized mineralization.

Gold Standard Ventures Corp. - Management Discussion and Analysis Page - 13 -

• Surface mapping and channel sampling was conducted in 2020 to better understand the controls of LT mineralization. To date, 252 three-meter channel samples were collected with individual assay values ranging from 0.001 to 11.9 g Au/t. Continuous channel samples identified two significant zones of oxide mineralization: 1) a 24m-wide zone averaging 0.97 g Au/t on the north end of the current drill pattern, and 2) a 12m-wide zone averaging 7.05 g Au/t on the south end which remains untested by drilling. The southern zone is associated with a northeast-striking fault zone. The channel sampling program further refines the select rock chip sampling program from 2018. Results from the earlier program returned assay values ranging from <0.005 to 12.90 g Au/t, and included individual rock samples of 12.90 g Au/t, 11.20 g Au/t, 6.65 g Au/t and 4.50 g Au/t collected from surface outcrops over a 400m by 200m area (see the October 11, 2018 news release).

• Cyanide solubility assays average 82.7% for the reported significant intercepts. Cyanide solubility assays > 60% are considered oxide for Carlin-type gold systems.

• Gold mineralization is hosted in silicified, iron oxide (limonite, goethite, hematite) bearing breccia in the hanging wall of a north-striking quartz feldspar porphyry dike. All of the Company’s previous discoveries (e.g. Dark Star, Pinion, North Bullion, Jasperoid Wash and Dixie) are localized in dike-filled fault corridors, which are ideal structural locations for the development of gold systems.

These results expand upon and demonstrate continuity of oxide gold mineralization along a strike length of approximately 200m. Oxide mineralization is open in multiple directions. LT is an important oxide target that will receive additional exploration focus in 2021.

For a complete summary of these exploration results, and the related information regarding data verification, sampling methodology, chain of custody, quality control and quality assurance in respect of drilling, please see the Company’s press release filed on SEDAR (www.sedar.com) dated October 29, 2020.

On November 12, 2020, the Company announced that its 2020 Pinion deposit development program has found a new higher-grade oxide zone with potential to grow. The new zone at Pinion exhibits thicker breccia as well as favourable oxide grades based on drill results on the Railroad-Pinion Project.

The drill results released are from an additional 36 RC holes. With this release, all RC holes (60 total) have been reported. Results from 15 core holes are pending.

Oxide results include 77.7m of 2.24 g Au/t, including 22.9m of 4.21 g Au/t in PR20-26; 38.1m of 4.37 g Au/t, including 16.8m of 5.41 g Au/t in PR20-34; 25.9m of 3.66 g Au/t, including 12.2m of 6.45 g Au/t in PR20-60; and 39.6m of 1.36 g Au/t, including 15.2m of 2.03 g Au/t in PR20-37. These results identify a number of new opportunities at Pinion and the greater South Railroad project, including: 1) a N60W trending zone of higher-grade oxide mineralization at Pinion that remains open to the south, east and at depth; 2) a potential expansion of the Pinion Phase 4 resource; and 3) a new gold host unit - the Tripon Pass Formation - which hosts +1 g Au/t reduced mineralization.

Objectives of the drilling included: 1) decreasing drill spacing on the Pinion Phase 4 inferred oxide resource for conversion to Measured and Indicated; 2) providing material for metallurgical testing; and 3) tightening the drill spacings near historic Cameco holes SB-136, an RC hole that intersected 102.1m of 1.38 g Au/t, and SB-162-99, a core hole that twinned and verified the SB-136 results with an intercept of 112.0m of 1.24 g Au/t. All of these objectives have been successfully completed.

Gold Standard Ventures Corp. - Management Discussion and Analysis Page - 14 -

Key Highlights for Pinion include:

• Drill hole PR20-26 intersected 77.7m of 2.24 g Au/t, including 22.9m of 4.21 g Au/t , and PR20-34 intersected 38.1m of 4.37 g Au/t, including 16.8m of 5.41 g Au/t. These drill holes are on the southern margin of the drill pattern and represent the best oxide intercepts ever completed at the Pinion deposit.

• Nine holes (PR20-26, -28, -29, -30, -34, -35, -36, -37 and -42) in this release and three holes (PR20-19, - 20 and -27) announced last month (see October 20, 2020 news release) ended in altered multilithic breccia with oxide gold values ranging from 0.31 g Au/t to 2.52 g Au/t. These holes intersected thicker and higher gold grades than predicted by the resource model.

• Pinion Phase 4 drilling has defined a new N60W striking zone of higher than average deposit gold grade, considerable breccia thickness and an increase in igneous sills and dikes. Along this trend, oxide mineralization exhibits vertical and strike continuity over an area approximately 300m (along a NW/SE strike) by approximately 170m wide. Mineralization remains open for another 600m to the southeast of this drilling and at depth. Additional drilling is in progress to further define this zone, both at depth and along strike.

• PR20-34 also intersected a reduced gold zone of 10.7m of 2.14 g Au/t (at a 1.0 g Au/t cutoff) in the Tripon Pass Formation, immediately above the oxide intercept of 38.1m of 4.37 g Au/t. This reduced intercept represents a new gold host and style of mineralization at Pinion.

• In the northern portion of the drill pattern, three holes intersected vertically-continuous zones of +1 g Au/t oxide mineralization, including 32.0m of 1.14 g Au/t, including 10.7m of 2.40 g Au/t in PR20-47; 24.4m of 1.55 g Au/t, including 16.8m of 2.11 g Au/t in PR20-59; and 25.9m of 3.66 g Au/t, including 12.2m of 6.45 g Au/t in PR20-60. These holes intersected higher gold grades than predicted by the resource model.

For a complete summary of these exploration results, and the related information regarding data verification, sampling methodology, chain of custody, quality control and quality assurance in respect of drilling, please see the Company’s press release filed on SEDAR (www.sedar.com) dated November 12, 2020.

Recent Developments

On February 1, 2021, the Company announced that its recently submitted PoO, outlining the Company’s plans to build and operate the South Railroad project, was ruled complete by the Bureau of Land Management Nevada (“BLM”). Having the PoO ruled complete by the BLM allows the Company to commence the EIS process pursuant to the National Environmental Policy Act (“NEPA”). Under current guidelines and taking into account the assumptions set out in the PoO, the EIS process is estimated to take between 12 to 18 months to complete.

The scientific and technical content and interpretations contained in this MD&A have been reviewed and approved by Steven R. Koehler, the Company’s Manager of Projects, BSc. Geology, CPG-10216, and a “qualified person”, as defined by NI 43-101.

Gold Standard Ventures Corp. - Management Discussion and Analysis Page - 15 -

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

The Updated PFS includes certain non-GAAP financial measures which are reported in this MD&A, including cash costs and all-in sustaining costs (AISC) per ounce of gold sold. These non-GAAP financial measures do not have any standardised meaning. Accordingly, these financial measures are intended to provide additional information and should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for measures of performance prepared in accordance with IFRS.

Cash Costs

Cash costs are reflective of the expected cost of production. In the Updated PFS, the Company has calculated expected cash costs on an ounces of gold sold basis. Other companies may calculate these measures differently. Non-GAAP financial measures should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for measures of performance prepared in accordance with IFRS. Expected cash costs estimated by the Company in the Updated PFS include mining, processing, transport, refining, general administration costs of the mine operations and royalties, but are exclusive of amortization, reclamation, capital and exploration costs and net of any value of the by-products.

All-in Sustaining Costs

The Updated PFS summary included in this MD&A refers to expected AISC per ounce which is a non-GAAP financial measure, however, it is a measure the Company believes more fully-defines the total costs associated with producing gold. This measurement has no standardized meaning under IFRS, accordingly there may be some variation in the method of computation of “all-in sustaining costs” as determined by the Company compared with other mining companies. Expected AISC reported by the Company in the Updated PFS includes mine cash costs, land access payments, royalties, and sustaining capital expenditures, but excludes non-sustaining capitalized stripping and end of life reclamation costs. The expected life of mine AISC of $707/oz increases to $719/oz if end of mine life reclamation costs are included in accordance with the World Gold Council guidance on AISC.

Exploration and Acquisition Expenditures

During the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company incurred $22,734,176 (2019 - $24,664,222) in acquisition and deferred exploration and development costs.

Gold Standard Ventures Corp. - Management Discussion and Analysis Page - 16 -

The following is a breakdown of the material components of the Company’s exploration and evaluation asset additions for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019:

	Railroad-
	Pinion	Lewis Gold
	Project	Project	Total
Year Ended December 31, 2020	$	$	$
Exploration expenses
Claim maintenance fees	399,726	90,729	490,455
Consulting	1,068,158	16,934	1,085,092
Data Analysis	274,113	-	274,113
Drilling	8,771,435	-	8,771,435
Economic assessments	1,259,910	-	1,259,910
Engineering	147,665	-	147,665
Environmental and permitting	1,872,415	57,798	1,930,213
Equipment rental	193,709	-	193,709
Geological	39,442	-	39,442
Geotechnical	484,804	-	484,804
Hydrology	394,116	-	394,116
Lease payments	1,579,111	122,099	1,701,210
Metallurgy	749,040	-	749,040
Provision for site reclamation	1,078,871	-	1,078,871
Sampling and processing	771,180	-	771,180
Site development and reclamation	2,828,830	2,494	2,831,324
Supplies	493,281	-	493,281
Vehicle	38,316	-	38,316
	22,444,122	290,054	22,734,176
Year Ended December 31, 2019	$	$	$
Exploration expenses
Claim maintenance fees	388,849	88,369	477,218
Consulting	1,929,576	145,746	2,075,322
Data analysis	376,619	-	376,619
Drilling	7,948,972	464,391	8,413,363
Economic assessments	1,127,651	-	1,127,651
Engineering	156,688	-	156,688
Environmental and permitting	1,736,801	18,272	1,755,073
Equipment rental	148,781	12,570	161,351
Geological	69,667	-	69,667
Geotechnical	71,381	-	71,381
Hydrology	1,648,207	-	1,648,207
Lease payments	1,690,657	122,343	1,813,000
Metallurgy	2,037,771	-	2,037,771
Sampling and processing	403,224	533	403,757
Site development and reclamation	3,482,076	101,978	3,584,054
Supplies	491,265	1,835	493,100
	23,708,185	956,037	24,664,222

Gold Standard Ventures Corp. - Management Discussion and Analysis Page - 17 -

The total cumulative acquisition and exploration costs of the Company to December 31, 2020 are summarized as follows:

	Railroad-	Lewis Gold
	Pinion Project	Project	Total
	$	$	$
Property acquisition and staking costs	17,644,831	35,745,391	53,390,222
NSR Buy-Down	4,427,850	-	4,427,850
Exploration expenses
Claim maintenance fees	2,537,938	339,764	2,877,702
Consulting	16,765,384	479,084	17,244,468
Data analysis/geological	5,881,860	85,593	5,967,453
Drilling/site development	119,074,031	2,310,898	121,384,929
Economic assessments	2,966,785	-	2,966,785
Engineering	439,180	-	439,180
Environmental	4,288,885	80,718	4,369,603
Geotechnical	1,210,871	-	1,210,871
Hydrology	2,973,050	-	2,973,050
Lease payments	11,900,174	472,791	12,372,965
Legal fees for property acquisition	10,412	-	10,412
Metallurgy	4,847,900	-	4,847,900
Provision for site reclamation	2,024,881	-	2,024,881
Sampling and processing	6,732,257	110,689	6,842,946
Travel	469,491	-	469,491
Vehicle	244,398	-	244,398
Cumulative acquisition and exploration costs at December 31, 2020	204,440,179	39,624,928	244,065,107

Corporate Activities

In March 2020 the World Health Organization declared coronavirus (COVID-19) a global pandemic. This contagious disease outbreak, which has continued to spread, has adversely affected workforces, customers, economies, and financial markets globally, leading to an economic downturn. It has also disrupted the normal operations of many businesses, including the Company. This outbreak could decrease spending, adversely affect and harm the Company’s business and results of operations. It is not possible for the Company to predict the duration or magnitude of the adverse results of the outbreak and its effects on the Company’s business or results of operations at this time.

As of March 1, 2021, Nevada has begun rolling out the COVID-19 vaccine to individuals over 65 years of age, at risk individuals, and front line first responders. As a result, some of the Company’s employees have already received vaccinations, while others remain in the queue as Nevada continues to receive supplies. Until such time the Company continues to take actions to minimize risks to both employees and persons interacting within the Company. This includes wearing masks during office meetings, 6 foot separation guidelines, and frequent hand washing.

In April 2020, the Company established an at-the-market equity program (the “April ATM Program”) whereby the Company could, from time to time, sell common shares of the Company for aggregate gross proceeds of up to $14,875,000. The sale of common shares were made through “at-the-market distributions”, as defined in National Instrument 44-102 Shelf Distributions, directly on the NYSE American LLC. In connection to the April ATM Program, the Company issued 15,097,478 common shares for aggregate gross proceeds of $14,871,485.

In July 2020, the Company entered into a binding letter of intent with Orion Mine Finance (“Orion”) relating to a series of transactions totaling approximately US$22.5 million (“Orion Transactions”).

Gold Standard Ventures Corp. - Management Discussion and Analysis Page - 18 -

Concurrently with the execution of the binding letter of intent, Orion acquired approximately $1.01 million (US$0.7 million) in common shares of the Company under the at-the-market program establish in April 2020 and purchased an additional 17,662,646 common shares for a total of $19.78 million (US$14.62 million) from an existing shareholder. Pursuant to the Orion Transactions, Orion purchased an additional $6.95 million (US$5.1 million) in common shares of the Company through a non-brokered private placement at $1.05 per common share. The Company and Orion also agreed to enter into a silver streaming agreement where the Company agreed to deliver 100% of the future silver production for the life of the proposed mine on South Railroad, which is a limited portion of the lands owned or controlled by the Company at a price of 15% of the prevailing market price of silver. Finally, Orion has agreed to provide a proposal for up to US$200 million of financing support to the Company to help finance the construction of the South Railroad portion of the Railroad-Pinion Project following the satisfaction of certain milestones.

In August 2020, the Company established another at-the-market equity program (the “August ATM Program”) whereby the Company could, from time to time, sell common shares of the Company for aggregate gross proceeds of up to $25,000,000. The Company issued 15,000,000 common shares for aggregate gross proceeds of $15,678,000 under the August ATM Program. The Company terminated the August ATM Program in September 2020.

In September 2020, the Company filed a final base shelf prospectus qualifying the distribution of up to $400,000,000 worth of common shares, debt securities, subscription receipts, warrants, units, or any combination thereof in all of the provinces and territories of Canada (the “2020 Base Shelf”).

In November 2020, the Company and Orion closed a silver streaming agreement (“Silver Stream”) as referred to in the binding letter of intent, whereby, in exchange for US$2,000,000, the Company will deliver 100% of the future silver production for the life of the proposed mine on South Railroad, which is a limited portion of the lands owned or controlled by the Company at a price of 15% of the then prevailing market price of silver.

In December 2020, Jonathan Awde, former President and CEO of the Company, stepped down from his executive positions. Concurrently, the Company appointed Jason Attew as the new CEO and President. In connection with his appointment, Mr. Attew subscribed to 1 million common shares of the Company for aggregate proceeds of $854,000 through a non-brokered private placement.

During the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company granted a total of 3,830,306 stock options exercisable for periods of 5 years with a weighted average exercise price of $0.97 per share to directors, executive officers, employees and consultants of the Company. In addition, the Company granted 1,220,016 restricted share units to executive officers and directors of the Company. The Company also received total proceeds of $1,715,250 from the exercise of 2,325,000 stock options and 1,195,664 stock options expired unexercised.

As at December 31, 2020, the Company had a cash position of $18,635,636 and working capital of $14,869,650. See “Liquidity, Financial Position and Capital Resources” below.

Recent Developments

In January 2021, the Company announced the appointment of three senior executives, Lawrence Radford as Chief Operating Officer effective January 4, 2021, Jordan Neeser as Corporate Secretary and Chief Financial Officer which will take effect in March 2021 and Michael McDonald as Vice President of Corporate Development and Investor Relations effective January 4, 2021. The Company also announced the departure of Glenn Kumoi, former Vice President - General Counsel and Corporate Secretary, and William Gehlen, former Manager, Corporate Development and the upcoming departure of Michael Waldkirch, Chief Financial Officer.

Gold Standard Ventures Corp. - Management Discussion and Analysis Page - 19 -

In February 2021, the Company closed a bought deal financing and issued a total of 39,215,000 common shares of the Company at $0.88 per share for aggregate gross proceeds of $34,509,200. The net proceeds will be used for development, permitting, and exploration activities at the Railroad-Pinion Project and for general corporate purposes. In addition, Jonathan Awde resigned from the Board of Directors of the Company.

In March 2021, the Company engaged Cutfield Freeman & Co. to provide independent advice on all aspects of mining finance related to the Company’s South Railroad project.

Subsequent to December 31, 2020, the Company granted a total of 6,020,085 stock options exercisable for periods of 5 years with a weighted average exercise price of $0.861 per share to directors, executive officers, employees and consultants of the Company. In addition, the Company granted 2,615,876 restricted share units to executive officers and directors of the Company and 50,000 stock options expired unexercised.

Selected Annual Information

All financial information in this MD&A has been prepared in accordance with IFRS.

The following financial data is derived from the Company’s annual audited consolidated financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018:

	2020		2019		2018
	$		$		$
Revenues (interest income)	24,694		119,250		397,158
General and administrative expenses	(10,765,287	)	(9,838,304	)	(10,547,736	)
Loss and comprehensive loss	(10,740,593	)	(9,719,054	)	(10,238,910	)
Basic and diluted loss per common share	(0.04	)	(0.04	)	(0.04	)
Working capital	14,869,650		4,910,658		16,908,104
Exploration and evaluation assets	244,065,107		221,330,931		196,666,709
Total assets	267,446,550		232,220,961		218,134,484
Total liabilities	9,256,144		4,360,397		2,954,721

The Company’s mineral projects are in the exploration, permitting, developing and de-risking stages and, to date, the Company has not generated any revenues other than interest income. As at December 31, 2020, the Company had not yet achieved profitable operations and has accumulated losses of $82,596,360 (2019 -$72,927,747) since inception. These losses resulted in a net loss per share (basic and diluted) for the year ended December 31, 2020 of $0.04 (2019 - $0.04).

Results of Operations

As a development and exploration company, the Company has yet to generate any revenue from its planned operations and has, to date, incurred annual net losses from operating and administrative expenses.

Operating and Administrative Expenses

The Company’s operating and administrative expenses for the year ended December 31, 2020 totalled $10,765,287 (2019 - $9,838,304), including share-based compensation incurred during the period, valued at $2,478,400 (2019 - $2,837,076) calculated using the Black Scholes option pricing model.

Gold Standard Ventures Corp. - Management Discussion and Analysis Page - 20 -

The following tables detail changes in major expenditures between the year ended December 31, 2020 and 2019:

Expenses	Increase / Decrease in Expenses	Explanation for Change
Management fees	Increase of $1,047,315	Increase due to termination benefits of $1,199,899 paid to the former President and CEO.
Professional fees	Increase of $580,684	Increased due to legal fees related to the filing of the 2020 Base Shelf and the Orion Transactions.
Share-based compensation	Decrease of $358,676	Value of stock options and restricted share units vested in 2020 was lower than the comparative period.
Travel and related	Decrease of $445,069	Decreased due to restricted travel in connection with the COVID-19 pandemic and corporate cost cutting measures.
Wages and salaries	Decrease of $358,093	Decreased due to fewer employees, severance paid in 2019 and government assistance received.

The following tables detail changes in major expenditures between the year ended December 31, 2019 and 2018:

Expenses	Increase / Decrease in Expenses	Explanation for Change
Consulting fees	Decrease of $372,495	Decreased due to fewer marketing and financial advisory consultants engaged along with extensive corporate cost cutting initiatives.
Professional fees	Decrease of $279,049	Decreased due to lower legal fees and decreased corporate activities, along with corporate costs cutting measures.
Rent	Decrease of $281,480	Decreased due to change of accounting policy in 2019 for the office leases.
Share-based compensation	Decrease of $1,044,950	Value of stock options and restricted share units vested in fiscal 2019 was lower than the comparative year.

Gold Standard Ventures Corp. - Management Discussion and Analysis Page - 21 -

Summary of Quarterly Results

The following selected quarterly consolidated financial information is derived from the financial statements of the Company.

	4th Quarter		3rd Quarter		2nd Quarter		1st Quarter
Three months ended	Dec 31, 2020		Sep 30, 2020		Jun 30, 2020		Mar 31, 2020
	$		$		$		$
Interest income	9,209		3,750		2,470		9,265
Loss and comprehensive loss	(4,960,082	)	(2,099,504	)	(1,687,410	)	(1,993,597	)
Loss per share-basic and diluted	(0.02	)	(0.01	)	(0.01	)	(0.01	)
	4th Quarter		3rd Quarter		2nd Quarter		1st Quarter
Three months ended	Dec 31, 2019		Sep 30, 2019		Jun 30, 2019		Mar 31, 2019
	$		$		$		$
Interest income	39,129		13,187		16,185		50,749
Loss and comprehensive loss	(2,508,443	)	(2,288,827	)	(2,136,796	)	(2,784,988	)
Loss per share-basic and diluted	(0.01	)	(0.01	)	(0.01	)	(0.01	)

Variances quarter over quarter can be explained as follows:

• In the quarters ended March 31, 2019, September 30, 2019, December 31, 2019, June 30, 2020, and December 31, 2020, the Company recorded a foreign exchange loss of $162,765, $80,589, $32,668, $145,442, and $479,154, respectively, due to the weakening of the U.S. dollar in those periods.

• In the quarters ended June 30, 2019, March 31, 2020 and September 30, 2020, the Company recorded a foreign exchange gain of $5,888, $125,423 and $90,228, respectively, due to the strengthening of the U.S. dollar in those periods.

• In the quarter ended December 31, 2020, the Company paid termination benefits of $1,199,899 to the former President and CEO.

Fourth Quarter

During the fourth quarter, the Company and Orion closed the Silver Stream whereby, in exchange for US$2,000,000, the Company will deliver 100% of the future silver production for the life of the proposed mine on South Railroad.

In addition, the Company announced that the CEO succession plan had been finalized. Jonathan Awde handed over the role of President and CEO to Jason Attew who joined the Company on December 2, 2020. In connection with his appointment, Mr. Attew subscribed to 1 million common shares of the Company for aggregate proceeds of $854,000 through a non-brokered private placement. See “Corporate Activities” above.

The Company’s operating and administrative expenses for the quarter ended December 31, 2020 totalled $4,969,291. The major expenses for the quarter ended December 31, 2020 were management fees, including year-end bonuses and termination benefits, of $1,596,312, professional fees of $892,413, consulting fees of $185,745, share-based compensation of $819,968, and wages and salaries of $137,209.

The Company incurred a total of $8,407,585 and $135,079 in deferred exploration expenses on its Railroad-Pinion Project and Lewis Gold project (as defined below), respectively, during the fourth quarter. See “Overall Performance - Exploration and Acquisition Activities” above.

Gold Standard Ventures Corp. - Management Discussion and Analysis Page - 22 -

Liquidity, Financial Position and Capital Resources

To date, the Company has established mineral resources at the Pinion Deposit, the Dark Star Deposit, the Jasperoid Wash Deposit and the North Bullion Deposit, and mineral reserves at the Pinion Deposit and the Dark Star Deposit (see “Overall Performance” above), but is not in commercial production on any portion of the Railroad-Pinion Project or the Company’s Lewis Gold Project in Nevada’s Battle Mountain Trend (the “Lewis Gold Project”). Accordingly, the Company does not generate cash from operations. The Company finances its development and exploration activities by raising capital from equity markets from time to time.

As at December 31, 2020 and 2019, the Company’s liquidity and capital resources were as follows:

	December 31, 2020	December 31, 2019
	$	$
Cash	18,635,636	7,260,572
Receivables	114,935	42,565
Prepaid expenses	429,331	436,361
Total current assets	19,179,902	7,739,498
Payables and accrued liabilities	4,124,229	2,665,559
Current portion of lease liabilities	186,023	163,281
Working capital	14,869,650	4,910,658

The Company’s financial success will be dependent on the extent to which it can develop and discover new, and expand its current, mineral deposits.

As at December 31, 2020, the Company had a cash position of $18,635,636 (2019 - $7,260,572) derived from the net proceeds of the August ATM Program, private placement with Orion and the exercise of stock options. As at December 31, 2020, the Company’s working capital was $14,869,650 (2019 - $4,910,658).

The Company’s ability to continue as a going concern is dependent upon successful results from its exploration, evaluation and development activities and its ability to attain profitable operations and generate funds therefrom and/or raise equity capital or borrowings sufficient to meet current and future obligations. The Company will require additional financing for the upcoming fiscal year in order to maintain its operations and development and exploration activities. The Company’s ability to arrange financing in the future will depend, in part, upon the prevailing capital market conditions and the price of gold as well as its business performance. There can be no assurance that the Company will be successful in its efforts to arrange additional financing on terms satisfactory to it or at all. If the Company raises additional financing through the issuance of shares from its treasury, control of the Company may change and existing shareholders will suffer additional dilution. See “Risks and Uncertainties” below. In February 2021, the Company closed a bought deal financing and issued a total of 39,215,000 common shares of the Company at $0.88 per share for aggregate gross proceeds of $34,509,200. The net proceeds will be used for development, permitting, and exploration activities at the Railroad-Pinion Project and for general corporate purposes.

Off Balance Sheet Arrangements

The Company has no off balance sheet arrangements.

Gold Standard Ventures Corp. - Management Discussion and Analysis Page - 23 -

Commitments

The Company’s contractual obligations for the next five years and thereafter as disclosed in the summary table of contractual obligations as follows:

	Payments Due by Period
Contractual Obligations	Total	2021	2022 to 2023	2024 to 2025	After 2025
	$	$	$	$	$
Office Leases	310,887	209,031	101,856	-	-
Consulting Agreements 1, 2	845,000	169,000	338,000	338,000	Ongoing
Mining leases and agreements3, 4	14,220,371	3,321,779	5,735,766	5,162,826	Ongoing

(1)	These amounts assume that consulting fees will remain constant at current levels and do not include any amount for discretionary annual bonuses.
(2)	This amount represents the total salaries payable under employment agreements with certain key employees of the Company over the next five years.
(3)	Where applicable, this amount has been converted from U.S. dollars to Canadian dollars using the noon exchange rate of the Bank of Canada on December 31, 2020 of US$1.00 = C$1.2732.
(4)	Amounts shown for mining leases and agreements include estimates of option payments, mineral lease payments, work commitments and tax levies that are required to maintain the Company’s interest in the Railroad-Pinion Project and the Lewis Gold Project in good standing. See “Overall Performance ”.

The Company expects to fund these commitments with the current cash on hand and proceeds from future financing to fully meet the above obligations.

Related Party Transactions

During the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company engaged in the following transactions with related parties, not disclosed elsewhere in this MD&A:

• Incurred professional fees of $266,407 (2019 - $265,456) to a company controlled by Michael Waldkirch, Chief Financial Officer of the Company.

• Received rent payments of $nil (2019 - $12,000) from Barksdale Resources Corp., a company related by way of common officers.

• As at December 31, 2020, $156,648 (2019 - $389,127) was included in accounts payable and accrued liabilities owing to current and former officers and directors of the Company in relation to management fees, professional fees and reimbursement of expenses.

Summary of key management personnel compensation:

	For the year ended December 31,
	2020	2019
	$	$
Management fees*	2,437,062	1,389,747
Professional fees	266,407	265,456
Exploration and evaluation assets expenditures	277,845	255,977
Wages and salaries	57,530	45,172
Share-based compensation	2,053,092	1,889,776
Total	5,091,936	3,846,128
* includes termination benefits of $1,199,899.

Gold Standard Ventures Corp. - Management Discussion and Analysis Page - 24 -

In accordance with International Accounting Standard (“IAS”) 24, key management personnel includes those persons having authority and responsibility for planning, directing, and controlling the activities of the Company as a whole. The Company has determined that key management personnel consists of members of the Company’s Board of Directors (the “Board”) and corporate officers, including the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer.

Risks and Uncertainties

The business and operations of the Company are subject to numerous risks, many of which are beyond the Company’s control. For a detailed discussion of the risk factors affecting the Company and its development and exploration activities, please refer to the AIF which can be accessed on SEDAR at www.sedar.com and EDGAR at www.sec.gov.

The Company considers the risks set out in the AIF to be some of the most significant to potential investors in the Company, but not all of the risks are associated with an investment in securities of the Company are set out in the AIF. If any of these risks materialize into actual events or circumstances or other possible additional risks and uncertainties of which the Company is currently unaware or which it considers to be material in relation to the Company’s business actually occur, the Company’s assets, liabilities, financial condition, results of operations (including future results of operations), business and business prospects, are likely to be materially and adversely affected. In such circumstances, the price of the Company’s securities could decline and investors may lose all or part of their investment.

Mineral exploration and development is subject to a high degree of risk, which even a combination of experience, knowledge and careful evaluation may fail to overcome. These risks may be even greater in the Company’s case given its formative stage of development.

Critical Accounting Estimates

The preparation of the Financial Statements in conformity with IFRS requires management to make estimates and assumptions. These estimates and assumptions affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, as well as the reported revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Based on historical experience and current conditions, management makes assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. These estimates and assumptions form the basis for judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities and reported amounts for revenues and expenses. Different assumptions would result in different estimates, and actual results may differ from results based on these estimates. These estimates and assumptions are also affected by management’s application of accounting policies. Critical accounting estimates are those that affect the Financial Statements materially and involve a significant level of judgment by management.

Although management uses historical experience and its best knowledge of the amount, events or actions to form the basis for judgments and estimates, actual results may differ from these estimates.

The most significant accounts that require estimates and judgements as the basis for determining the stated amounts include the recoverability of exploration and evaluation assets, determination of functional currency, going concern, valuation of share-based compensation, recognition of deferred tax amounts, reclamation provisions, leases and deferred revenue.

Gold Standard Ventures Corp. - Management Discussion and Analysis Page - 25 -

Critical judgments exercised in applying accounting policies that have the most significant effect on the amounts recognized in the Financial Statements are as follows:

Economic recoverability and probability of future economic benefits of exploration and evaluation assets

Management has determined that exploration, evaluation, and related costs incurred which were capitalized may have future economic benefits and may be economically recoverable. Management uses several criteria in its assessments of economic recoverability and probability of future economic benefits including, geologic and other technical information, a history of conversion of mineral deposits with similar characteristics to its own properties to proven and probable mineral reserves, the quality and capacity of existing infrastructure facilities, evaluation of permitting and environmental issues and local support for the project.

Determination of functional currency

The Company determines the functional currency through an analysis of several indicators such as expenses and cash flow, financing activities, retention of operating cash flows, and frequency of transactions within the reporting entity.

Going concern

The financial statements have been prepared on a going concern basis, which assumes that the Company will be able to realize its assets and discharge its liabilities in the normal course of business for the foreseeable future. The assessment of the Company’s ability to fund future operations and continue as a going concern involves judgement. Estimates and assumptions are continually evaluated and are based on historical experience and other factors, including expectations of future events that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. If the going concern assumption is not appropriate for the financial statements, then adjustments may be necessary to the carrying value of assets and liabilities and the statement of financial position classifications used.

Information about assumptions and estimation uncertainties that have a significant risk of resulting in material adjustments are as follows:

Valuation of share-based compensation

The Company uses the Black-Scholes option pricing model for valuation of share-based compensation. Option pricing models require the input of subjective assumptions including expected price volatility, risk-free interest rate, and forfeiture rate. Changes in the input assumptions can materially affect the fair value estimate and the Company’s earnings and equity reserves.

Income taxes

In assessing the probability of realizing income tax assets, management makes estimates related to expectation of future taxable income, applicable tax opportunities, expected timing of reversals of existing temporary differences and the likelihood that tax positions taken will be sustained upon examination by applicable tax authorities. In making its assessments, management gives additional weight to positive and negative evidence that can be objectively verified.

Gold Standard Ventures Corp. - Management Discussion and Analysis Page - 26 -

Reclamation provisions

The Company’s reclamation provision represents management’s best estimate of the present value of the future cash outflows required to settle the obligation. Management assesses these provisions on an annual basis or when new information becomes available. This assessment includes the estimation of the future reclamation costs, the timing of these expenditures, inflation, and the impact of changes in discount rates, interest rates and foreign exchange rates. The actual future expenditures may differ from the amounts currently provided if the estimates made are significantly different than actual results or if there are significant changes in environmental and/or regulatory requirements in the future.

Valuation of right-of-use asset and lease liabilities

The application of IFRS 16 requires the Company to make judgments that affect the valuation of the right-of-use assets and the valuation of lease liabilities. These include assessing lease agreements to determine the contract term and interest rate used for discounting of future cash flows.

The lease term determined by the Company is comprised of the non-cancellable period of lease agreements, periods covered by an option to extend the lease if the Company is reasonably certain to exercise that option and periods covered by an option to terminate the lease if the Company is reasonably certain not to exercise that option.

The present value of the lease payment is determined using a discount rate representing the rate of a commercial mortgage rate, observed in the period when the lease agreement commences or is modified.

Deferred revenue

The Company entered into the Silver Stream with Orion on October 29, 2020. The upfront payment for the Silver Stream discussed in Note 8 of the Financial Statements has been accounted for as deferred revenue, as management has determined that the agreement is not a derivative as it will be satisfied through the delivery of non-financial items (i.e. silver commodity from the Company’s potential future production), rather than cash or financial assets.

A market-based discount rate is utilized at the inception of the stream agreement to determine a discount rate for computing the interest charges for the significant financing component of the deferred revenue balance. As product is delivered, the deferred revenue amount including accreted interest will be drawn down. The draw down rate requires the use of proven and probable reserves and certain resources in the calculation that are beyond proven and probable reserves which management is reasonably confident are transferable to reserves. Key estimates used in determining the significant financing component include the discount rate and the reserve and resources assumed for conversion.

Changes in Accounting Policies including Initial Adoption

There were no changes to the Company’s accounting policies during the year ended December 31, 2020, except for the following:

Government assistance

The Company received certain government assistances in the form of forgivable loans from the Canadian and U.S. governments in connection with the COVID-19 pandemic. When there is reasonable assurance that the amounts will be forgiven, the Company reduces the loan and credits the forgiven amounts to the related expenses. The Company includes government assistance that has not been forgiven or is repayable in accounts payable and accrued liabilities.

Gold Standard Ventures Corp. - Management Discussion and Analysis Page - 27 -

Deferred revenue

The Company recognizes deferred revenue in the event it receives payments from customers in consideration for future commitments to deliver metals and before such sale meets the criteria for revenue recognition. The Company will recognize amounts in revenue as the metals are delivered to the customer. Specifically, for the metal agreement entered into with Orion, the Company will determine the amortization of deferred revenue to the consolidated statement of income (loss) on a per unit basis using the estimated total quantity of metal expected to be delivered to Orion over the term of the mine life of the Company’s potential future production.

There is a significant financing component associated with the Silver Stream as funds were received in advance of the delivery of concentrate. When a significant financing component is recognized, finance expense will be higher and revenues will be higher as the larger deferred revenue balance is amortized to revenues.

Financial Instruments and Risk Management

Financial instruments measured at fair value are classified into one of three levels in the fair value hierarchy according to the relative reliability of the inputs used to estimate the fair values. The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are:

• Level 1 - Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities;

• Level 2 - Inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability either directly or indirectly; and

• Level 3 - Inputs that are not based on observable market data.

The Company’s financial instruments consist of cash, receivables, reclamation bonds, and accounts payable and accrued liabilities. The fair value of these financial instruments, other than cash, approximates their carrying values due to the short-term nature of these instruments. Cash and investments are measured at fair value using level 1 inputs.

The Company is exposed to a variety of financial risks by virtue of its activities including currency, credit, interest rate, liquidity, commodity price and equity price risk.

1. Currency risk

The Company conducts exploration and evaluation activities in the United States. As such, it is subject to risk due to fluctuations in the exchange rates between the Canadian and U.S. dollars. As at December 31, 2020, the Company had a foreign currency net monetary asset position of approximately US$8,480,000. Each 1% change in the U.S. dollar relative to the Canadian dollar will result in a foreign exchange gain/loss of approximately $84,800.

2. Credit risk

Credit risk is the risk of financial loss to the Company if a counterparty to a financial instrument fails to meet its contractual obligations. As the Company’s cash is held in large Canadian and U.S. financial institutions, it is not exposed to significant credit risk.

3. Interest rate risk

Interest rate risk is the risk that the fair value of future cash flows of a financial instrument will fluctuate because of changes in market interest rates. The Company is exposed to limited interest rate risk as it only holds cash and highly liquid short-term investments.

Gold Standard Ventures Corp. - Management Discussion and Analysis Page - 28 -

4. Liquidity risk

Liquidity risk is the risk that the Company will not be able to meet its obligations as they come due. The Company’s ability to continue as a going concern is dependent on management’s ability to raise the required capital through future equity or debt issuances. The Company manages its liquidity risk by forecasting cash flows from operations and anticipating any investing and financing activities. Management and the Board are actively involved in the review, planning, and approval of significant expenditures and commitments.

5. Commodity price risk

The ability of the Company to explore and develop its exploration and evaluation assets and the future profitability of the Company are directly related to the price of gold. The Company monitors gold prices to determine the appropriate course of action to be taken.

Disclosure of Data for Outstanding Common Shares, Restricted Share Units, Options and Warrants

As at March 26, 2021, the Company has 357,476,205 outstanding common shares, 4,086,301 restricted share units and no outstanding warrants. A summary of the stock options outstanding and exercisable as at the date of this MD&A is as follows:

Exercise	Number	Number
Price	Outstanding	Exercisable	Expiry Date
$
3.16	457,500	457,500	September 29, 2021
2.24	325,000	325,000	June 1, 2022
2.12	1,734,560	1,734,560	August 1, 2022
2.25	600,000	600,000	September 12, 2022
1.96	100,000	100,000	January 15, 2023
2.11	1,870,248	1,870,248	March 5, 2023
1.96	110,000	110,000	September 14, 2023
1.74	1,526,048	1,526,048	January 31, 2024
1.49	50,000	50,000	March 15, 2024
1.20	50,000	33,333	August 16, 2024
1.05	2,085,006	1,390,004	January 30, 2025
1.02	40,000	13,333	September 23, 2025
0.854	1,400,000	-	December 2, 2025
0.854	200,000	200,000	December 2, 2025
0.91	50,000	16,666	December 4, 2025
0.927	1,450,000	-	January 4, 2026
0.84	3,477,655	-	January 21, 2026
0.886	542,430	-	January 29, 2026
0.797	550,000	-	March 4, 2026
0.78	10,000	-	March 15, 2026
	16,628,447	8,426,692

Gold Standard Ventures Corp. - Management Discussion and Analysis Page - 29 -

Corporate Governance

The Board substantially follows the recommended corporate governance guidelines for public companies under applicable Canadian securities legislation and the rules of the NYSE American LLC to ensure transparency and accountability to shareholders. The current Board is comprised of 7 individuals, 6 of whom are neither executive officers nor employees of the Company and are independent of management. The Company has also established four standing committees, being the audit committee, compensation committee, technical, health, safety and environment committee, and nominating and corporate governance committee. Each committee comprised of 3 directors, all of whom are independent of management.

Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

National Instrument 52-109 Certification of Disclosure in Issuers’ Annual and Interim Filings (“NI 52-109”) of the Canadian Securities Administrators requires the Company to issue concurrently with the filing of its annual and interim filings a “Certification of Annual Filings” and “Certification of Interim Filings”, respectively (each, a “Certification“). Each Certification requires the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer (together, the “Certifying Officers”) to state that they are responsible for establishing and maintaining Disclosure Controls and Procedures (“DC&P”) and Internal Control Over Financial Reporting (“ICFR”), as defined in NI 52-109.

Each Certification requires the Certifying Officers to state that they designed DC&P, or caused it to be designed under their supervision, to provide reasonable assurance that: (i) material information relating to the Company is made known to the Certifying Officers by others; and (ii) information required to be disclosed by the Company in reports filed with, or submitted to, securities regulatory authorities is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified under Canadian securities legislation. In addition, the Certification requires the Certifying Officers to state that they have designed ICFR, or caused it to be designed under their supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes.

In designing the Company’s ICFR, the Company has adopted the “Internal Control - Integrated Framework” issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013). However, due to the inherent limitations in any control system, ICFR may not prevent or detect all misstatements and no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that DC&P will detect or uncover every situation involving the failure of persons to disclose material information otherwise required to be set forth in periodic reports. Also projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. The Company’s ICFR and DC&P are designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes and that material information relating to the Company is made known to the Certifying Officers by others and that the requisite information is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified under Canadian securities legislation.

The Certifying Officers evaluated, or caused to be evaluated under their supervision, the effectiveness of the Company’s DC&P and ICFR as at December 31, 2020 and concluded, based on such evaluation, that there were no material weaknesses or significant deficiencies in the design or effectiveness of the Company’s DC&P and ICFR at that time.

There have been no changes in the Company’s ICFR that occurred during the year ended December 31, 2020 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s ICFR.

Gold Standard Ventures Corp. - Management Discussion and Analysis Page - 30 -

Other MD&A Requirements

Additional information relating to the Company may be found on SEDAR at www.sedar.com and EDGAR at www.sec.gov including, but not limited to:

• the Company’s AIF dated March 26, 2021 for the year ended December 31, 2020; and

• the Company’s audited consolidated Financial Statements for the year ended December 31, 2020.

This MD&A has been approved by the Board effective March 26, 2021.

Gold Standard Ventures Corp. - Management Discussion and Analysis Page - 31 -

EX-99.4

Exhibit 99.4

Certification Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

I, Jason Attew, certify that:

1.	I have reviewed this annual report on Form 40-F of Gold Standard Ventures Corp.;
2.	Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;
3.	Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the issuer as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;
4.	The issuer’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the issuer and have:

a)	Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the issuer, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;
b)	Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;
c)	Evaluated the effectiveness of the issuer’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and
d)	Disclosed in this report any change in the issuer’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the period covered by the annual report that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the issuer’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5.      The issuer’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the issuer’s auditors and the audit committee of the issuer’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

a)	All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the issuer’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and
b)	Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the issuer’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: March 29, 2021

By: /s/ Jason Attew
Jason Attew
President and Chief Executive Officer

EX-99.5

Exhibit 99.5

Certification Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

I, Michael N. Waldkirch, certify that:

1.	I have reviewed this annual report on Form 40-F of Gold Standard Ventures Corp.;
2.	Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;
3.	Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the issuer as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;
4.	The issuer’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the issuer and have:

a)	Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the issuer, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;
b)	Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;
c)	Evaluated the effectiveness of the issuer’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and
d)	Disclosed in this report any change in the issuer’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the period covered by the annual report that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the issuer’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5.      The issuer’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the issuer’s auditors and the audit committee of the issuer’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

a)	All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the issuer’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and
b)	Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the issuer’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: March 29, 2021

By: /s/ Michael N. Waldkirch
Michael N. Waldkirch
Chief Financial Officer

EX-99.6

Exhibit 99.6

Section 906 Certification

Certification Pursuant to
18 U.S.C. Section 1350

As Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

In connection with the Annual Report on Form 40-F of Gold Standard Ventures Corp., a British Columbia corporation (the “Company”), for the period ending December 31, 2020 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), the undersigned officer of the Company certifies, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that:

1.	The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (15 U.S.C. 78m(a) or 78o(d)); and
2.	The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

Dated: March 29, 2021

/s/ Jason Attew
Jason Attew
President and Chief Executive Officer

EX-99.7

Exhibit 99.7

Section 906 Certification

Certification Pursuant to
18 U.S.C. Section 1350

As Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

In connection with the Annual Report on Form 40-F of Gold Standard Ventures Corp., a British Columbia corporation (the “Company”), for the period ending December 31, 2020 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), the undersigned officer of the Company certifies, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that:

1.	The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (15 U.S.C. 78m(a) or 78o(d)); and
2.	The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

Dated: March 29, 2021

/s/ Michael N. Waldkirch
Michael N. Waldkirch
Chief Financial Officer

EX-99.8

Exhibit 99.8

CONSENT OF DAVIDSON & COMPANY LLP

We hereby consent to the incorporation by reference in this Annual Report on Form 40-F for the year ended December 31, 2020 of Gold Standard Ventures Corp. (the “Company”) of our reports dated March 26, 2021 relating to the consolidated financial statements of the Company and the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, which appears in the Exhibit incorporated by reference in this Annual Report.

/s/ DAVIDSON & COMPANY LLP

March 29, 2021
	Davidson & Company LLP
	Chartered Professional Accountants
	Vancouver, Canada

EX-99.9

Exhibit 99.9

CONSENT OF ART IBRADO

The undersigned hereby consents to the references to, and the information derived from, the technical report with an effective date of February 13, 2020, entitled “Form 43-101F1 Technical Report Updated Preliminary Feasibility Study, Elko County, Nevada”, and to the references, as applicable, to the undersigned’s name included in or incorporated by reference in the Annual Report on Form 40-F being filed by Gold Standard Ventures Corp., dated March 29, 2021, and the registration statements on Form F-10 (No. 333-248661) and Form S-8 (No. 333-225533) of Gold Standard Ventures Corp.

Dated: March 29, 2021	/s/ Art Ibrado
	Art Ibrado, PE

EX-99.10

Exhibit 99.10

CONSENT OF MATTHEW SLETTEN

The undersigned hereby consents to the references to, and the information derived from, the technical report with an effective date of February 13, 2020, entitled “Form 43-101F1 Technical Report Updated Preliminary Feasibility Study, Elko County, Nevada”, and to the references, as applicable, to the undersigned’s name included in or incorporated by reference in the Annual Report on Form 40-F being filed by Gold Standard Ventures Corp., dated March 29, 2021, and the registration statements on Form F-10 (No. 333-248661) and Form S-8 (No. 333-225533) of Gold Standard Ventures Corp.

Dated: March 29, 2021	/s/ Matthew Sletten
	Matthew Sletten, PE

EX-99.11

Exhibit 99.11

CONSENT OF STEVEN RISTORCELLI

The undersigned hereby consents to the references to, and the information derived from, the technical report with an effective date of February 13, 2020, entitled “Form 43-101F1 Technical Report Updated Preliminary Feasibility Study, Elko County, Nevada”, and to the references, as applicable, to the undersigned’s name included in or incorporated by reference in the Annual Report on Form 40-F being filed by Gold Standard Ventures Corp., dated March 29, 2021, and the registration statements on Form F-10 (No. 333-248661) and Form S-8 (No. 333-225533) of Gold Standard Ventures Corp.

Dated: March 29, 2021	/s/ Steven Ristorcelli
	Steven Ristorcelli, CPG

EX-99.12

Exhibit 99.12

CONSENT OF MICHAEL DUFRESNE

The undersigned hereby consents to the references to, and the information derived from, (i) the technical report with an effective date of February 13, 2020, entitled “Form 43-101F1 Technical Report Updated Preliminary Feasibility Study, Elko County, Nevada”, (ii) the technical report with an effective date of May 1, 2020, entitled “Technical Report and Mineral Resource Estimate for the Lewis Project, Lander County, Nevada, USA”, and to the references, as applicable, to the undersigned’s name included in or incorporated by reference in the Annual Report on Form 40-F being filed by Gold Standard Ventures Corp., dated March 29, 2021, and the registration statements on Form F-10 (No. 333-248661) and Form S-8 (No. 333-225533) of Gold Standard Ventures Corp.

Dated: March 29, 2021	/s/ Michael Dufresne
	Michael Dufresne, M.Sc., P.Geol., P.Geo

EX-99.13

Exhibit 99.13

CONSENT OF MICHAEL LINDHOLM

The undersigned hereby consents to the references to, and the information derived from, the technical report with an effective date of February 13, 2020, entitled “Form 43-101F1 Technical Report Updated Preliminary Feasibility Study, Elko County, Nevada”, and to the references, as applicable, to the undersigned’s name included in or incorporated by reference in the Annual Report on Form 40-F being filed by Gold Standard Ventures Corp., dated March 29, 2021, and the registration statements on Form F-10 (No. 333-248661) and Form S-8 (No. 333-225533) of Gold Standard Ventures Corp.

Dated: March 29, 2021	/s/ Michael Lindholm
	Michael Lindholm, CPG

EX-99.14

Exhibit 99.14

CONSENT OF THOMAS DYER

The undersigned hereby consents to the references to, and the information derived from, the technical report with an effective date of February 13, 2020, entitled “Form 43-101F1 Technical Report Updated Preliminary Feasibility Study, Elko County, Nevada”, and to the references, as applicable, to the undersigned’s name included in or incorporated by reference in the Annual Report on Form 40-F being filed by Gold Standard Ventures Corp., dated March 29, 2021, and the registration statements on Form F-10 (No. 333-248661) and Form S-8 (No. 333-225533) of Gold Standard Ventures Corp.

Dated: March 29, 2021	/s/ Thomas Dyer
	Thomas Dyer, CPG

EX-99.15

Exhibit 99.15

CONSENT OF GARY SIMMONS

The undersigned hereby consents to the references to, and the information derived from, the technical report with an effective date of February 13, 2020, entitled “Form 43-101F1 Technical Report Updated Preliminary Feasibility Study, Elko County, Nevada”, and to the references, as applicable, to the undersigned’s name included in or incorporated by reference in the Annual Report on Form 40-F being filed by Gold Standard Ventures Corp., dated March 29, 2021, and the registration statements on Form F-10 (No. 333-248661) and Form S-8 (No. 333-225533) of Gold Standard Ventures Corp.

Dated: March 29, 2021	/s/ Gary Simmons
	Gary Simmons, QP-MMSA

EX-99.16

Exhibit 99.16

CONSENT OF CARL DEFILIPPI

The undersigned hereby consents to the references to, and the information derived from, the technical report with an effective date of February 13, 2020, entitled “Form 43-101F1 Technical Report Updated Preliminary Feasibility Study, Elko County, Nevada”, and to the references, as applicable, to the undersigned’s name included in or incorporated by reference in the Annual Report on Form 40-F being filed by Gold Standard Ventures Corp., dated March 29, 2021, and the registration statements on Form F-10 (No. 333-248661) and Form S-8 (No. 333-225533) of Gold Standard Ventures Corp.

Dated: March 29, 2021	/s/ Carl Defilippi
	Carl Defilippi, RM-SME

EX-99.17

Exhibit 99.17

CONSENT OF RICHARD DELONG

The undersigned hereby consents to the references to, and the information derived from, the technical report with an effective date of February 13, 2020, entitled “Form 43-101F1 Technical Report Updated Preliminary Feasibility Study, Elko County, Nevada”, and to the references, as applicable, to the undersigned’s name included in or incorporated by reference in the Annual Report on Form 40-F being filed by Gold Standard Ventures Corp., dated March 29, 2021, and the registration statements on Form F-10 (No. 333-248661) and Form S-8 (No. 333-225533) of Gold Standard Ventures Corp.

Dated: March 29, 2021	/s/ Richard Delong
	Richard Delong, QP-MMSA, RG, PG

EX-99.18

Exhibit 99.18

CONSENT OF KENNETH MYERS

The undersigned hereby consents to the references to, and the information derived from, the technical report with an effective date of February 13, 2020, entitled “Form 43-101F1 Technical Report Updated Preliminary Feasibility Study, Elko County, Nevada”, and to the references, as applicable, to the undersigned’s name included in or incorporated by reference in the Annual Report on Form 40-F being filed by Gold Standard Ventures Corp., dated March 29, 2021, and the registration statements on Form F-10 (No. 333-248661) and Form S-8 (No. 333-225533) of Gold Standard Ventures Corp.

Dated: March 29, 2021	/s/ Kenneth Myers
	Kenneth Myers, PE

EX-99.19

Exhibit 99.19

CONSENT OF STEVEN KOEHLER

The undersigned hereby consents to the references to the undersigned’s name included in or incorporated by reference, and the information attributed to the undersigned, in the Annual Report on Form 40-F being filed by Gold Standard Ventures Corp., dated March 29, 2021, and the registration statements on Form F-10 (No. 333-248661) and Form S-8 (No. 333-225533) of Gold Standard Ventures Corp.

Dated: March 29, 2021	/s/ Steven Koehler
	Steven Koehler, PE

EX-99.20

Exhibit 99.20

CONSENT OF WARREN BLACK

The undersigned hereby consents to the references to, and the information derived from, the technical report with an effective date of May 1, 2020, entitled “Technical Report and Mineral Resource Estimate for the Lewis Project, Lander County, Nevada, USA”, and to the references, as applicable, to the undersigned’s name included in or incorporated by reference in the Annual Report on Form 40-F being filed by Gold Standard Ventures Corp., dated March 29, 2021, and the registration statements on Form F-10 (No. 333-248661) and Form S-8 (No. 333-225533) of Gold Standard Ventures Corp.

Dated: March 29, 2021	/s/ Warren Black
	Warren Black, M. Sc., P.Geo.

EX-99.21

Exhibit 99.21

CONSENT OF STEVEN NICHOLLS

The undersigned hereby consents to the references to, and the information derived from, the technical report with an effective date of May 1, 2020, entitled “Technical Report and Mineral Resource Estimate for the Lewis Project, Lander County, Nevada, USA”, and to the references, as applicable, to the undersigned’s name included in or incorporated by reference in the Annual Report on Form 40-F being filed by Gold Standard Ventures Corp., dated March 29, 2021, and the registration statements on Form F-10 (No. 333-248661) and Form S-8 (No. 333-225533) of Gold Standard Ventures Corp.

Dated: March 29, 2021	/s/ Steven Nicholls
	Steven Nicholls, BA.Sc., MAIG

XML

Document and Entity Information	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2020 shares
Document And Entity Information
Entity Registrant Name	Gold Standard Ventures Corp.
Entity Central Index Key	0001321847
Document Type	40-F
Document Period End Date	Dec. 31, 2020
Amendment Flag	false
Current Fiscal Year End Date	--12-31
Document Registration Statement	false
Document Annual Report	true
Is Entity's Reporting Status Current?	Yes
Entity Interactive Data Current	Yes
Auditor Attestation Flag	true
Entity Emerging Growth Company	false
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding	318,006,340
Document Fiscal Period Focus	FY
Document Fiscal Year Focus	2020
Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code	A1
Entity File Number	001-35571

XML

Consolidated Statements of Financial Position - CAD ($)	Dec. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Current
Cash	$ 18,635,636	$ 7,260,572
Receivables	114,935	42,565
Prepaid expenses	429,331	436,361
Total current assets	19,179,902	7,739,498
Exploration and evaluation assets (Notes 3 and 12)	244,065,107	221,330,931
Reclamation bonds (Note 4)	3,499,646	2,122,559
Property and equipment (Note 5)	174,936	297,164
Right-of-use assets (Note 6)	526,959	730,809
Total assets	267,446,550	232,220,961
Current
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities (Notes 7 and 12)	4,124,229	2,665,559
Current portion of lease liabilities (Note 6)	186,023	163,281
Total Current liabilities	4,310,252	2,828,840
Lease liabilities (Note 6)	378,252	566,597
Deferred revenue (Note 8)	2,582,119
Provision for site reclamation (Note 9)	1,985,521	964,960
Total Liabilities	9,256,144	4,360,397
Shareholders' equity
Share capital (Note 10)	330,813,214	290,532,540
Reserves (Note 10)	9,973,552	10,255,771
Deficit	(82,596,360)	(72,927,747)
Total shareholders' equity	258,190,406	227,860,564
Total liabilities and shareholders' equity	$ 267,446,550	$ 232,220,961

XML

Consolidated Statements of Loss and Comprehensive Loss - CAD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Expenses
Accretion expenses (Notes 8 and 9)	$ 50,204	$ 8,804
Community relations	6,573	14,202
Consulting fees	495,968	618,996
Depreciation (Notes 5 and 6)	326,078	362,108
Foreign exchange loss	405,513	270,134
Insurance	513,001	440,805
Interest expense on lease liabilities (Note 6)	48,572	59,738
Investor relations	465,922	202,686
Management fees (Note 12)	2,437,062	1,389,747
Office	575,795	530,279
Professional fees (Note 12)	1,673,209	1,092,525
Property investigation	3,691	96,859
Regulatory and shareholders service	492,466	318,350
Share-based compensation (Notes 10 and 12)	2,478,400	2,837,076
Travel and related	286,669	731,738
Wages and salaries (Note 12)	506,164	864,257
Total expense	(10,765,287)	(9,838,304)
Interest income	24,694	119,250
Loss and comprehensive loss for the year	$ (10,740,593)	$ (9,719,054)
Basic and diluted loss per share	$ (0.04)	$ (0.04)
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding (basic and diluted)	294,983,142	267,354,321

XML

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows - CAD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Cash flows used in operating activities
Loss for the year	$ (10,740,593)	$ (9,719,054)
Items not affecting cash:
Depreciation	326,078	362,108
Share-based compensation	2,478,400	2,837,076
Accretion expenses	50,204	8,804
Unrealized foreign exchange	(4,073)	35,637
Changes in non-cash working capital items
Increase in receivables	(72,370)	(7,873)
Decrease in prepaid expenses	7,030	3,869
Increase in accounts payable and accrued liabilities	251,336	182,016
Net cash provided by operating activities	(7,703,988)	(6,297,417)
Cash flows used in investing activities
Reclamation bonds	(1,494,330)	(71,676)
Exploration and evaluation assets expenditures	(20,516,085)	(24,130,901)
Net cash provided by investing activities	(22,010,415)	(24,202,577)
Cash flows from financing activities
Proceeds from share issuances	38,353,487	21,045,000
Share issuance costs	(1,408,588)	(1,751,571)
Proceeds from exercise of stock options	1,715,250	269,350
Proceeds from deferred revenue	2,594,000
Repayment of lease liabilities	(164,682)	(135,945)
Net cash provided by financing activities	41,089,467	19,426,834
Net change in cash	11,375,064	(11,073,160)
Cash, beginning of year	7,260,572	18,333,732
Cash, end of year	18,635,636	7,260,572
Non-cash transactions
Exploration and evaluation assets expenditures in accounts payable	3,028,199	1,888,979
Share issuance costs in accounts payable and accrued liabilities	68,114
Reclassification of stock options expired	1,071,980	579,937
Reclassification of stock options exercised	1,137,027	216,991
Reclassification of cancelled restricted share units		68,072
Reclassification of restricted share units vested	551,612	238,869
Capitalization of right-of-use assets and lease liabilities		934,659
Provision for site reclamation	$ 1,078,871

XML

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders' Equity - CAD ($)	Shares Capital [Member]	Reserves [Member]	Deficit [Member]	Total
Balance at Dec. 31, 2018	$ 270,513,901	$ 8,522,564	$ (63,856,702)	$ 215,179,763
Balance share at Dec. 31, 2018	259,809,678
Shares issued for cash	$ 21,045,000			21,045,000
Shares issued for cash, shares	17,250,000
Share issuance costs	$ (1,751,571)			(1,751,571)
Stock options exercised	$ 486,341	(216,991)		269,350
Stock options exercised, shares	355,000
Restricted share units vested	$ 238,869	(238,869)
Restricted share units vested, shares	113,208
Stock options expired		(579,937)	579,937
Restricted share units cancelled		(68,072)	68,072
Share-based compensation		2,837,076		2,837,076
Loss for the year			(9,719,054)	(9,719,054)
Balance at Dec. 31, 2019	$ 290,532,540	10,255,771	(72,927,747)	227,860,564
Balance share at Dec. 31, 2019	277,527,886
Shares issued for cash	$ 38,353,487			38,353,487
Shares issued for cash, shares	37,716,669
Share issuance costs	$ (1,476,702)			(1,476,702)
Stock options exercised	$ 2,852,277	(1,137,027)		1,715,250
Stock options exercised, shares	2,325,000
Restricted share units vested	$ 551,612	(551,612)
Restricted share units vested, shares	436,785
Stock options expired		(1,071,980)	1,071,980
Share-based compensation		2,478,400		2,478,400
Loss for the year			(10,740,593)	(10,740,593)
Balance at Dec. 31, 2020	$ 330,813,214	$ 9,973,552	$ (82,596,360)	$ 258,190,406
Balance share at Dec. 31, 2020	318,006,340

XML

Nature and Continuance of Operations

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2020

Disclosure of Nature and Continuance of Operations [Abstract]

Nature and Continuance of Operations

NOTE 1 - Nature and Continuance of Operations

Gold Standard Ventures Corp. (the “Company”) was incorporated on February 6, 2004 under the Business Corporations Act (British Columbia) and is listed for trading on the Toronto Stock Exchange (“TSX”) under the symbol “GSV” and on the NYSE American under the symbol “GSV”.

The Company’s head office, principal address and registered and records office is located at Suite 610 – 815 West Hastings Street, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V6C 1B4.

The Company’s exploration and evaluation assets are at the exploration stage and are without a known body of commercial ore. The business of exploring for minerals involves a high degree of risk. Few properties that are explored are ultimately developed into producing mines. Major expenditures may be required to establish ore reserves, to develop metallurgical processes, to acquire construction and operating permits and to construct mining and processing facilities. The amounts shown as exploration and evaluation assets cost represent acquisition, holding and deferred exploration costs and do not necessarily represent present or future recoverable values. The recoverability of the amounts shown for exploration and evaluation assets cost is dependent upon the Company obtaining the necessary financing to complete the exploration and development of the properties, the discovery of economically recoverable reserves and future profitable operations or through sale of the assets.

These consolidated financial statements have been prepared on the assumption that the Company and its subsidiaries will continue as a going concern, meaning it will continue in operation for the foreseeable future and will be able to realize assets and discharge liabilities in the ordinary course of operations. Different bases of measurement may be appropriate if the Company is not expected to continue operations for the foreseeable future. As at December 31, 2020, the Company had not advanced its properties to commercial production and is not able to finance day to day activities through operations. The Company’s continuation as a going concern is dependent upon the successful results from its exploration activities and its ability to attain profitable operations and generate funds therefrom and/or raise equity capital or borrowings sufficient to meet current and future obligations. The Company estimates it has sufficient working capital to continue operations for the upcoming year.

XML

Significant Accounting Policies and Basis of Preparation

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2020

Disclosure of Significant Accounting Policies and Basis of Preparation [Abstract]

Significant Accounting Policies and Basis of Preparation

NOTE 2 - Significant Accounting Policies and Basis of Preparation

The following is a summary of significant accounting policies used in the preparation of these consolidated financial statements.

Statement of compliance
These consolidated financial statements, including comparatives, have been prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (“IFRS”) as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (“IASB”) and Interpretations issued by the International Financial Reporting Interpretations Committee (“IFRIC”).

Basis of presentation
These consolidated financial statements of the Company have been prepared on an accrual basis and are based on historical costs, except for financial instruments measured at fair value. The consolidated financial statements are presented in Canadian dollars unless otherwise noted.

Basis of consolidation
These consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries, JKR Gold Resources ULC, Gold Standard Ventures (US) Inc., Tacoma Exploration LLC, Battle Mountain Gold Inc., and Madison Enterprises (Nevada) Inc., from their dates of formation or acquisition. The Company’s Canadian subsidiaries are holding companies while its US subsidiaries are operating companies. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions between the Company and its subsidiaries have been eliminated upon consolidation.

Foreign currency translation
The functional currency of an entity is the currency of the primary economic environment in which the entity operates. The functional currency of the Company and each of its subsidiaries is the Canadian dollar. The functional currency determinations were conducted through an analysis of the consideration factors identified in IAS 21 – The Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates.

Transactions in currencies other than Canadian dollars are recorded at exchange rates prevailing on the dates of the transactions. At the end of each reporting period, monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are translated at the period end exchange rate while non-monetary assets and liabilities are translated at historical rates. Revenues and expenses are translated at the exchange rates approximating those in effect on the date of the transactions. Exchange gains and losses arising on translation are included in profit or loss.

Use of estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with IFRS requires management to make certain estimates, judgments and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported revenues and expenses during the year.

Although management uses historical experience and its best knowledge of the amount, events or actions to form the basis for judgments and estimates, actual results may differ from these estimates.

The most significant items that require estimates and judgements as the basis for determining the stated amounts include the uncertainty of COVID-19 pandemic, recoverability of exploration and evaluation assets, determination of functional currency, going concern, valuation of share-based compensation, recognition of deferred tax amounts, reclamation provisions, leases, and deferred revenue.

Critical judgments exercised in applying accounting policies that have the most significant effect on the amounts recognized in the consolidated financial statements are as follows:

Uncertainty of COVID-19 pandemic

In March 2020 the World Health Organization declared coronavirus COVID-19 a global pandemic. This contagious disease outbreak, which has continued to spread, has adversely affected workforces, customers, economies, and financial markets globally, leading to an economic downturn. It has also disrupted the normal operations of many businesses, including the Company’s. This outbreak could decrease spending, adversely affect and harm the Company’s business and results of operations. It is not possible for us to predict the duration or magnitude of the adverse results of the outbreak and its effects on the Company’s business or results of operations at this time.

Economic recoverability and probability of future economic benefits of exploration and evaluation assets

Management has determined that exploration, evaluation, and related costs incurred which were capitalized may have future economic benefits and may be economically recoverable. Management uses several criteria in its assessments of economic recoverability and probability of future economic benefits including, geologic and other technical information, a history of conversion of mineral deposits with similar characteristics to its own properties to proven and probable mineral reserves, the quality and capacity of existing infrastructure facilities, evaluation of permitting and environmental issues and local support for the project.

Determination of functional currency

The Company determines the functional currency through an analysis of several indicators such as expenses and cash flow, financing activities, retention of operating cash flows, and frequency of transactions within the reporting entity.

Going concern

The financial statements have been prepared on a going concern basis, which assumes that the Company will be able to realize its assets and discharge its liabilities in the normal course of business for the foreseeable future. The assessment of the Company’s ability to fund future operations and continue as a going concern involves judgement. Estimates and assumptions are continually evaluated and are based on historical experience and other factors, including expectations of future events that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. If the going concern assumption is not appropriate for the financial statements, then adjustments may be necessary to the carrying value of assets and liabilities and the statement of financial position classifications used (Note 1).

Information about assumptions and estimation uncertainties that have a significant risk of resulting in material adjustments are as follows:

Valuation of share-based compensation

The Company uses the Black-Scholes option pricing model for valuation of share-based compensation. Option pricing models require the input of subjective assumptions including expected price volatility, risk-free interest rate, and forfeiture rate. Changes in the input assumptions can materially affect the fair value estimate and the Company’s earnings and equity reserves.

Income taxes

In assessing the probability of realizing income tax assets, management makes estimates related to expectation of future taxable income, applicable tax opportunities, expected timing of reversals of existing temporary differences and the likelihood that tax positions taken will be sustained upon examination by applicable tax authorities. In making its assessments, management gives additional weight to positive and negative evidence that can be objectively verified.

Reclamation provisions

The Company’s reclamation provision represents management’s best estimate of the present value of the future cash outflows required to settle the obligation. Management assesses these provisions on an annual basis or when new information becomes available. This assessment includes the estimation of the future reclamation costs, the timing of these expenditures, inflation, and the impact of changes in discount rates, interest rates and foreign exchange rates. The actual future expenditures may differ from the amounts currently provided if the estimates made are significantly different than actual results or if there are significant changes in environmental and/or regulatory requirements in the future.

Valuation of right-of-use asset and lease liabilities

The application of IFRS 16 requires the Company to make judgments that affect the valuation of the right-of-use assets and the valuation of lease liabilities. These include assessing lease agreements to determine the contract term and interest rate used for discounting of future cash flows.

The lease term determined by the Company is comprised of the non-cancellable period of lease agreements, periods covered by an option to extend the lease if the Company is reasonably certain to exercise that option and periods covered by an option to terminate the lease if the Company is reasonably certain not to exercise that option.

The present value of the lease payment is determined using a discount rate representing the rate of a commercial mortgage rate, observed in the period when the lease agreement commences or is modified.

Deferred revenue

The Company entered into a silver streaming arrangement (“Silver Stream”) with OMF Fund III (HG) Ltd. (“Orion”) on October 29, 2020. The upfront payment for the Silver Stream discussed in Note 8 has been accounted for as deferred revenue, as management has determined that the agreement is not a derivative as it will be satisfied through the delivery of non-financial items (i.e. silver commodity from the Company’s potential future production), rather than cash or financial assets. A market-based discount rate is utilized at the inception of the stream agreement to determine a discount rate for computing the interest charges for the significant financing component of the deferred revenue balance. As product is delivered, the deferred revenue amount including accreted interest will be drawn down. The draw down rate requires the use of proven and probable reserves and certain resources in the calculation that are beyond indicated and inferred resources which management is reasonably confident are transferable to proven and probable reserves. Key estimates used in determining the significant financing component include the discount rate and the reserve and resources assumed for conversion.

Financial instruments
Financial assets

On initial recognition, financial assets are recognized at fair value and are subsequently classified and measured at: (i) amortized cost; (ii) fair value through other comprehensive income (“FVOCI”); or (iii) fair value through profit or loss (“FVTPL”). The classification of financial assets is generally based on the business model in which a financial asset is managed and its contractual cash flow characteristics. A financial asset is measured at fair value net of transaction costs that are directly attributable to its acquisition except for financial assets at FVTPL where transaction costs are expensed. All financial assets not classified and measured at amortized cost or FVOCI are classified as FVTPL. On initial recognition of an equity instrument that is not held for trading, the Company may irrevocably elect to present subsequent changes in the investment’s fair value in other comprehensive income/loss.

The classification determines the method by which the financial assets are carried on the statement of financial position subsequent to inception and how changes in value are recorded. Receivables and reclamation bonds are measured at amortized cost with subsequent impairments recognized in profit or loss. Cash is classified as FVTPL.

Impairment

An ‘expected credit loss’ impairment model applies which requires a loss allowance to be recognized based on expected credit losses. The estimated present value of future cash flows associated with the asset is determined and an impairment loss is recognized for the difference between this amount and the carrying amount as follows: the carrying amount of the asset is reduced to estimated present value of the future cash flows associated with the asset, discounted at the financial asset’s original effective interest rate, either directly or through the use of an allowance account and the resulting loss is recognized in profit or loss for the period.

In a subsequent period, if the amount of the impairment loss related to financial assets measured at amortized cost decreases, the previously recognized impairment loss is reversed through profit or loss to the extent that the carrying amount of the investment at the date the impairment is reversed does not exceed what the amortized cost would have been had the impairment not been recognized.

Financial liabilities

Financial liabilities are designated as either: (i) fair value through profit or loss; or (ii) amortized cost. All financial liabilities are classified and subsequently measured at amortized cost except for financial liabilities at FVTPL. The classification determines the method by which the financial liabilities are carried on the statement of financial position subsequent to inception and how changes in value are recorded. Accounts payable and accrued liabilities are classified and carried on the statement of financial position at amortized cost.

As at December 31, 2020, the Company does not have any derivative financial liabilities.

Exploration and evaluation assets
Costs incurred on mineral resource properties before the Company has acquired the right to explore those properties are expensed as incurred.

Costs directly related to the acquisition and exploration of exploration and evaluation assets are capitalized once the legal rights to explore the exploration and evaluation assets are acquired or obtained. When the technical and commercial viability of a mineral resource has been demonstrated and a development decision has been made, the capitalized costs of the related property are first tested for impairment, then transferred to mining assets and depreciated using the units of production method on commencement of commercial production.

If it is determined that capitalized acquisition, exploration and evaluation costs are not recoverable, or the property is abandoned or management has determined an impairment in value, the property is written down to its recoverable amount. Exploration and evaluation assets are reviewed for impairment when facts and circumstances suggest that the carrying amount may exceed its recoverable amount.

Restoration and environmental obligations
The Company recognizes liabilities for statutory, contractual, constructive or legal obligations associated with the retirement of long-term assets, when those obligations result from the acquisition, construction, development or normal operation of the assets. The net present value of future restoration cost estimates arising from the decommissioning of plant and other site preparation work is capitalized to exploration and evaluation assets along with a corresponding increase in the restoration provision in the period incurred. Discount rates using a pre-tax rate that reflect the time value of money are used to calculate the net present value. The restoration asset will be depreciated on the same basis as the related assets.

The Company’s estimates of restoration costs could change as a result of changes in regulatory requirements, discount rates and assumptions regarding the amount and timing of the future expenditures. These changes are recorded directly to the related asset with a corresponding entry to the restoration provision. The Company’s estimates are reviewed annually for changes in regulatory requirements, discount rates, effects of inflation and changes in estimates.

Changes in the net present value, excluding changes in amount and timing of the Company’s estimates of reclamation costs, are charged to profit or loss for the period.

The net present value of restoration costs arising from subsequent site damage that is incurred on an ongoing basis during production are charged to profit or loss in the period incurred.

Leases
At inception of a contract, the Company assesses whether a contract is, or contains, a lease. A contract is, or contains, a lease if the contract conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset for a period of time in exchange for consideration. The Company assesses whether the contract involves the use of an identified asset, whether the right to obtain substantially all of the economic benefits from use of the asset during the term of the arrangement exists, and if the Company has the right to direct the use of the asset. At inception or on reassessment of a contract that contains a lease component, the Company allocates the consideration in the contract to each lease component on the basis of their relative standalone prices.

As a lessee, the Company recognizes a right-of-use asset and a lease liability at the commencement date of a lease. The right-of-use asset is initially measured at cost, which is comprised of the initial amount of the lease liability adjusted for any lease payments made at or before the commencement date, plus any decommissioning and restoration costs, less any lease incentives received.

The right-of-use asset is subsequently depreciated using the straight line method from the commencement date to the earlier of the end of the lease term, or the end of the useful life of the asset. In addition, the right-of-use asset may be reduced due to impairment losses, if any, and adjusted for certain remeasurements of the lease liability.

A lease liability is initially measured at the present value of the lease payments that are not paid at the commencement date, discounted by the interest rate implicit in the lease, or if that rate cannot be readily determined, the incremental borrowing rate. Lease payments included in the measurement of the lease liability are comprised of:

• fixed payments, including in-substance fixed payments, less any lease incentives receivable;

• variable lease payments that depend on an index or a rate, initially measured using the index or rate as at the commencement date;

• amounts expected to be payable under a residual value guarantee;

• exercise prices of purchase options if the Company is reasonably certain to exercise that option; and

• payments of penalties for terminating the lease, if the lease term reflects the lessee exercising an option to terminate the lease.

The lease liability is measured at amortized cost using the effective interest method. It is remeasured when there is a change in future lease payments arising from a change in an index or rate, or if there is a change in the estimate or assessment of the expected amount payable under a residual value guarantee, purchase, extension or termination option. Variable lease payments not included in the initial measurement of the lease liability are charged directly to profit or loss.

The Company has elected not to recognize right-of-use assets and lease liabilities for short-term leases that have a lease term of 12 months or less and leases of low-value assets. The lease payments associated with these leases are charged directly to profit or loss on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

Share-based compensation
The Company operates an employee stock option plan and a restricted share unit award plan. Share-based compensation to employees is measured at the fair value of the instruments issued and amortized over the vesting periods. Share-based compensation to non-employees is measured at the fair value of goods or services received or the fair value of the equity instruments issued, if it is determined the fair value of the goods or services cannot be reliably measured, and are recorded at the date the goods or services are received. The corresponding amount is recorded to reserves. The fair value of options is determined using the Black–Scholes pricing model which incorporates all market vesting conditions and the fair value of restricted share units is determined using the fair value on grant date. The number of shares and options expected to vest is reviewed and adjusted at the end of each reporting period such that the amount recognized for services received as consideration for the equity instruments granted shall be based on the number of equity instruments that eventually vest. When vested options are forfeited or are not exercised at the expiry date, the amount previously recognized in share-based compensation is transferred to deficit.

Property and equipment
Property and equipment are stated at historical cost less accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment losses.

Subsequent costs are included in the asset’s carrying amount or recognized as a separate asset, as appropriate, only when it is probable that future economic benefits associated with the item will flow to the Company and the cost of the item can be measured reliably. The carrying amount of any replaced parts is derecognized. All other repairs and maintenance are charged to profit or loss during the fiscal period in which they are incurred.

Gains and losses on disposal are determined by comparing the proceeds with the carrying amount and are recognized in profit or loss.

Depreciation is calculated using a straight-line or a declining balance method to write off the cost of the assets. The depreciation rates applicable to each category of property and equipment are as follows:

Asset	Basis	Period and Rate
Computers	Declining-balance	55%
Leasehold Improvements	Straight-line	Remaining lease term

Deferred revenue
The Company recognizes deferred revenue in the event it receives payments from customers in consideration for future commitments to deliver metals and before such sale meets the criteria for revenue recognition. The Company will recognize amounts in revenue as the metals are delivered to the customer. Specifically, for the metal agreement entered into with Orion, the Company will determine the amortization of deferred revenue to the consolidated statement of income (loss) on a per unit basis using the estimated total quantity of metal expected to be delivered to Orion over the term of the mine life of the Company’s potential future production.

There is a significant financing component associated with the Silver Stream as funds were received in advance of the delivery of concentrate. When a significant financing component is recognized, finance expense will be higher and revenues will be higher as the larger deferred revenue balance is amortized to revenues.

Income taxes
Current income tax:

Current income tax assets and liabilities for the current period are measured at the amount expected to be recovered from or paid to the taxation authorities. The tax rates and tax laws used to compute the amount are those that are enacted or substantively enacted, at the reporting date, in the country where the Company operates and generates taxable income.

Current income tax relating to items recognized directly in other comprehensive income (loss) or equity is recognized in other comprehensive income (loss) or equity and not in profit or loss. Management periodically evaluates positions taken in the tax returns with respect to situations in which applicable tax regulations are subject to interpretation and establishes provisions where appropriate.

Deferred income tax:

Deferred income tax is provided for, based on temporary differences at the reporting date between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their carrying amounts for financial reporting purposes. The carrying amount of deferred income tax assets is reviewed at the end of each reporting period and recognized only to the extent that it is probable that sufficient taxable profit will be available to allow all or part of the deferred income tax asset to be utilized.

Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are measured at the tax rates that are expected to apply to the year when the asset is realized or the liability is settled, based on tax rates (and tax laws) that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the end of the reporting period.

Deferred income tax assets and deferred income tax liabilities are offset, if a legally enforceable right exists to set off current tax assets against current income tax liabilities and the deferred income taxes relate to the same taxable entity and the same taxation authority.

Impairment of non-financial assets
The carrying amount of the Company’s assets (which includes property and equipment and exploration and evaluation assets) is reviewed at each reporting date to determine whether there is any indication of impairment. If such indication exists, the recoverable amount of the asset is estimated in order to determine the extent of the impairment loss. An impairment loss is recognized whenever the carrying amount of an asset or its cash generating unit exceeds its recoverable amount. Impairment losses are recognized in profit or loss. Assets that have an indefinite useful life are not subject to amortization and are tested annually for impairment.

The recoverable amount of an asset is the greater of an asset’s fair value less cost to sell and value in use. In assessing value in use, the estimated future cash flows are discounted to their present value using a pre-tax discount rate that reflects the current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the asset. For an asset that does not generate cash inflows largely independent of those from other assets, the recoverable amount is determined for the cash-generating unit to which the asset belongs.

An impairment loss is only reversed if there is an indication that the impairment loss may no longer exist and there has been a change in the estimates used to determine the recoverable amount, however, not to an amount higher than the carrying amount that would have been determined had no impairment loss been recognized in previous years.

Loss per share
Basic earnings (loss) per share is computed by dividing net earnings (loss) available to common shareholders by the weighted average number of shares outstanding during the reporting period. Diluted earnings (loss) per share is computed similar to basic earnings (loss) per share except that the weighted average shares outstanding are increased to include additional shares for the assumed exercise of stock options and warrants, if dilutive. The number of additional shares is calculated by assuming that outstanding stock options and warrants were exercised and that the proceeds from such exercises were used to acquire common stock at the average market price during the reporting periods. Potentially dilutive options excluded from diluted loss per share totalled 10,648,362 (2019 – 10,338,720).

Government assistance
The Company received certain government assistances in the form of forgivable loans from the Canadian and U.S. governments in connection with the COVID-19 pandemic. When there is reasonable assurance that the amounts will be forgiven, the Company reduces the loan and credits the forgiven amounts to the related expenses. The Company includes government assistance that has not been forgiven or is repayable in accounts payable and accrued liabilities.

Standards issued or amended but not yet effective
The Company has not applied the following revised IFRS that has been issued but was not yet effective at December 31, 2020. This accounting standard is not currently expected to have a significant effect on the Company’s accounting policies or financial statements.

• IAS 16, Property, Plant and Equipment - Proceeds before Intended Use (effective January 1, 2022). The amendment prohibits deducting from the cost of property, plant and equipment amounts received from selling items produced while preparing the asset for its intended use. Instead, a company will recognize such sale proceeds and related cost in profit or loss.

XML

Exploration and Evaluation Assets

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2020

Disclosure of Exploration and Evaluation Assets [Abstract]

Exploration and Evaluation Assets

NOTE 3 – Exploration and Evaluation Assets

Expenditures for the years related to exploration and evaluation assets located in Nevada, USA were as follows:

	Railroad-
	Pinion	Lewis Gold
	Project	Project	Total
	$	$	$
Balance as at December 31, 2018	158,287,872	38,378,837	196,666,709
Claim maintenance fees	388,849	88,369	477,218
Consulting	1,929,576	145,746	2,075,322
Data analysis	376,619	-	376,619
Drilling	7,948,972	464,391	8,413,363
Economic assessments	1,127,651	-	1,127,651
Engineering	156,688	-	156,688
Environmental and permitting	1,736,801	18,272	1,755,073
Equipment rental	148,781	12,570	161,351
Geological	69,667	-	69,667
Geotechnical	71,381	-	71,381
Hydrology	1,648,207	-	1,648,207
Lease payments	1,690,657	122,343	1,813,000
Metallurgy	2,037,771	-	2,037,771
Sampling and processing	403,224	533	403,757
Site development and reclamation	3,482,076	101,978	3,584,054
Supplies	491,265	1,835	493,100
	23,708,185	956,037	24,664,222
Balance as at December 31, 2019	181,996,057	39,334,874	221,330,931

	Railroad-
	Pinion	Lewis Gold
	Project	Project	Total
	$	$	$
Balance as at December 31, 2019	181,996,057	39,334,874	221,330,931
Claim maintenance fees	399,726	90,729	490,455
Consulting	1,068,158	16,934	1,085,092
Data Analysis	274,113	-	274,113
Drilling	8,771,435	-	8,771,435
Economic assessments	1,259,910	-	1,259,910
Engineering	147,665	-	147,665
Environmental and permitting	1,872,415	57,798	1,930,213
Equipment rental	193,709	-	193,709
Geological	39,442	-	39,442
Geotechnical	484,804	-	484,804
Hydrology	394,116	-	394,116
Lease payments	1,579,111	122,099	1,701,210
Metallurgy	749,040	-	749,040
Provision for site reclamation	1,078,871	-	1,078,871
Sampling and processing	771,180	-	771,180
Site development and reclamation	2,828,830	2,494	2,831,324
Supplies	493,281	-	493,281
Vehicle	38,316	-	38,316
	22,444,122	290,054	22,734,176
Balance as at December 31, 2020	204,440,179	39,624,928	244,065,107

Railroad-Pinion Project

The Railroad-Pinion project is located in Elko County, Nevada, USA.

During the period from August 2009 to December 2018, the Company entered into various agreements to acquire or lease certain claims, properties and surface rights subject to net smelter return royalties (“NSR”) ranging between 1% and 5%. As well, certain claims are subject to a 1.5% mineral production royalty. The agreements are subject to specific lease terms, extension options, back-in rights, buy down or purchase provisions, and work commitments as further detailed in the Company’s most recent annual audited consolidated financial statements.

During the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company entered into certain amendment agreements to amend various surface use and mining lease agreements (“Amendment Agreements”) to extend the primary term of these surface use and mining lease agreements for an additional eight years. The Company incurred a total of US$150,000 upon execution of these Amendment Agreements.

During the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company entered into an amendment agreement to amend a mining lease agreement to extend the primary term of a mining lease agreement for an additional eight years. The Company incurred US$5,000 upon execution of the amendment agreement.

Payment requirements from 2021 to 2025 under agreements are approximately as follows:

	Total	Total
	Work	Lease
	commitment	payment	Total
	US$	US$	US$
2021	1,300,000	1,215,000	2,515,000
2022	1,400,000	826,000	2,226,000
2023	1,300,000	782,000	2,082,000
2024	1,300,000	676,000	1,976,000
2025	1,300,000	676,000	1,976,000
	6,600,000	4,175,000	10,775,000

Lewis Gold Project

During the year ended December 31, 2017, the Company acquired a 100% right, title and interest in mining claims located in the Battle Mountain Mining District in Lander County, Nevada, USA (the “Lewis Gold Project”).

The Lewis Gold Project is subject to an advance minimum annual royalty in the amount of US$60,000 in cash, which is subject to an annual escalation based upon a defined consumer price index. The advance minimum royalty payments are to be credited against any production royalty payable in the same year. Production royalties include a 3.5% NSR for gold and silver and a 4% NSR for other minerals such as lead, zinc, and copper.

XML

Reclamation Bonds

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2020

Disclosure of Reclamation Bonds [Abstract]

Reclamation Bonds

NOTE 4 - Reclamation Bonds

In relation to its exploration and evaluation assets, the Company has posted reclamation bonds as at December 31, 2020 of $3,499,646 (US$2,747,965) (2019 - $2,122,559 (US$1,634,040)).

XML

Property and Equipment

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2020

Disclosure of detailed information about property, plant and equipment [abstract]

Property and Equipment

NOTE 5 - Property and Equipment

	Leasehold
	improvements	Computers	Total
	$	$	$
Cost:
At December 31, 2018, 2019, and 2020	683,758	70,287	754,045
Depreciation:
At December 31, 2018	257,976	40,647	298,623
Charge for the year	141,958	16,300	158,258
At December 31, 2019	399,934	56,947	456,881
Charge for the year	114,892	7,336	122,228
At December 31, 2020	514,826	64,283	579,109
Net book value:
At December 31, 2019	283,824	13,340	297,164
At December 31, 2020	168,932	6,004	174,936

XML

Right-of-Use Assets and Lease Liabilities

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2020

Presentation of leases for lessee [abstract]

Right-of-Use Assets and Lease Liabilities

NOTE 6 – Right-of-Use Assets and Lease Liabilities

Right-of-Use Assets

	Office Leases
Cost:	$
At December 31, 2018	-
Initial adoption of IFRS 16	934,659
At December 31, 2019 and 2020	934,659
Depreciation:
At December 31, 2018	-
Charge for the year	203,850
At December 31, 2019	203,850
Charge for the year	203,850
At December 31, 2020	407,700
Net book value:
At December 31, 2019	730,809
At December 31, 2020	526,959

Lease Liabilities

	$
Lease liabilities recognized as of January 1, 2019	884,987
Lease payments made	(195,683	)
Interest expense on lease liabilities	59,738
Foreign exchange adjustment	(19,164	)
At December 31, 2019	729,878
Lease payments made	(213,254	)
Interest expense on lease liabilities	48,572
Foreign exchange adjustment	(921	)
	564,275
Less: current portion	(186,023	)
At December 31, 2020	378,252

The remaining minimum future lease payments, excluding estimated operating costs, for the term of the lease including assumed renewal periods are as follows:

	$
Fiscal 2021	226,647
Fiscal 2022	197,151
Fiscal 2023	94,055
Fiscal 2024 and beyond	129,836

XML

Accounts Payable and Accrued Liabilities

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2020

Disclosure of Accounts Payable and Accrued Liabilities [Abstract]

Accounts Payable and Accrued Liabilities

NOTE 7 – Accounts Payable and Accrued Liabilities

	December 31, 2020	December 31, 2019
	$	$
Accounts payable	2,573,208	1,604,972
Accrued liabilities	1,511,021	1,060,587
Government assistance	40,000	-
	4,124,229	2,665,559

XML

Deferred Revenue

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2020

Disclosure of Accounts Payable and Accrued Liabilities [Abstract]

Deferred Revenue

NOTE 8 – Deferred Revenue

On October 29, 2020, the Company entered into the Silver Stream, whereby Orion made an upfront cash payment of US$2,000,000, pursuant to which the Company will deliver to Orion 100% of the silver production from the potential South Railroad mine over the life of mine. Orion will pay an ongoing cash purchase price equal to 15% of the prevailing silver price at the time of delivery. The upfront payment for the Silver Stream has been accounted for as deferred revenue as the agreement will be satisfied through the delivery of non-financial items (i.e. silver commodity from the Company’s production), rather than cash or financial assets. The drawdown of the deferred revenue will be credited to future sales in the corresponding period.

	$
Deferred revenue proceeds	2,594,000
Accretion	36,556
Foreign exchange adjustment	(48,437	)
Balance as at December 31, 2020	2,582,119

XML

Provision for Site Reclamation

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2020

Provision For Site Reclamation

Provision for Site Reclamation

NOTE 9 – Provision for Site Reclamation

The Company recorded a provision for the estimated cost of site reclamation relating to exploration activities at its Railroad-Pinion Project. As at December 31, 2020, the Company used an inflation rate of 2.16% (2019 – 2.16%) and an average discount rate of 3.09% (2019 – 3.09%) in calculating the estimated obligation. The undiscounted uninflated value of the cash flows required to settle the provision is approximately $2,161,338 and is expected to be incurred over the next 18 years.

	Railroad-Pinion
	Project
	$
Balance as at December 31, 2018	1,004,499
Foreign exchange adjustment	(48,343	)
Accretion expense for the year	8,804
Balance as at December 31, 2019	964,960
Change in estimate	1,078,871
Foreign exchange adjustment	(71,958	)
Accretion expense for the year	13,648
Balance as at December 31, 2020	1,985,521

XML

Share Capital and Reserves

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2020

Disclosure of classes of share capital [abstract]

Share Capital and Reserves

NOTE 10 - Share Capital and Reserves

Authorized Share Capital

Unlimited number of common shares without par value.

Issued Share Capital

In January 2019, the Company issued 113,208 common shares of the Company at a value of $2.11 per share in connection to the vesting of restricted share units.

In July 2019, the Company completed an underwritten public offering financing and issued 17,250,000 common shares of the Company at a price of $1.22 per share for gross proceeds totalling $21,045,000, and incurred cash commissions and expenses of $1,751,571.

During the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company issued 355,000 common shares on the exercise of stock options for proceeds of $269,350.

In January 2020, the Company issued 144,045 common shares of the Company at a weighted average value of $1.98 per share in connection to the vesting of restricted share units.

In July 2020, the Company closed a non-brokered private placement and issued 6,619,191 shares of the Company for gross proceeds of $6,950,150.

In December 2020, the Company closed a non-brokered private placement and issued 1,000,000 shares of the Company for gross proceeds of $854,000, and incurred share issuance costs of $7,614.

In December 2020, the Company issued 292,740 common shares of the Company at a value of $0.91 per share in connection to the vesting of restricted share units.

During the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company issued 2,325,000 common shares on the exercise of stock options for proceeds of $1,715,250.

During the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company issued 30,097,478 common shares for gross proceeds totalling $30,549,337, and incurred cash commission and expenses of $1,469,088 under an at-the-market equity program.

Share Purchase Warrants

There were no share purchase warrants outstanding as at December 31, 2019 and 2020

Stock Options

The Company has a Stock Option Plan whereby the maximum number of common shares reserved for issue under the plan shall not exceed 8% of the outstanding common shares of the Company, as at the date of the grant. The exercise price of each option granted under the plan may not be less than the Discounted Market Price (as that term is defined in the policies of the TSX). Options may be granted for a maximum term of five years from the date of the grant, are non-transferable and generally expire within 90 days of termination of employment, consulting arrangement or holding office as a director or officer of the Company, are subject to provisions as determined by the Board of Directors (the “Board”) and, in the case of death, expire within one year thereafter. Upon death, the options may be exercised by legal representation or designated beneficiaries of the holder of the option.

During the year ended December 31, 2019, 355,000 stock options were exercised and the fair value of $216,991 attributable to these stock options was transferred from reserves to share capital. Additionally, 545,000 stock options expired unexercised and the fair value of $579,937 attributable to these stock options was transferred from reserves to deficit. In addition, during the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company granted a total of 1,921,424 stock options exercisable for up to five years as follows:

• 1,821,424 stock options with an exercise price of $1.74 per share vest one-third immediately, one-third on January 31, 2020, and one-third on January 31, 2021, with a fair value of $1,534,992.

• 50,000 stock options with an exercise price of $1.49 per share vest one-third immediately, one-third on March 15, 2020, and one-third on March 15, 2021, with a fair value of $32,988.

• 50,000 stock options with an exercise price of $1.20 per share vest one-third immediately, one-third on August 16, 2020, and one-third on August 16, 2021, with a fair value of $28,802.

During the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company expensed a total of $1,918,737 as share-based compensation over the vesting period.

During the year ended December 31, 2020, 2,325,000 stock options were exercised and the fair value of $1,137,027 attributable to these stock options was transferred from reserves to share capital. Additionally, 1,195,664 stock options expired unexercised and the fair value of $1,071,980 attributable to these stock options was transferred from reserves to deficit. In addition, during the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company granted a total of 3,830,306 stock options exercisable for up to five years as follows:

• 2,140,306 stock options with an exercise price of $1.05 per share vest one-third immediately, one-third on January 30, 2021, and one-third on January 30, 2022, with a fair value of $998,552.

• 40,000 stock options with an exercise price of $1.02 per share vest one-third immediately, one-third on September 23, 2021, and one-third on September 23, 2022, with a fair value of $16,780.

• 1,400,000 stock options with an exercise price of $0.854 per share vest one-third on December 2, 2021, one-third on December 2, 2022, and one-third on December 2, 2023, with a fair value of $599,397.

• 200,000 stock options with an exercise price of $0.854 per share vest immediately, with a fair value of $85,628.

• 50,000 stock options with an exercise price of $0.91 per share vest one-third immediately, one-third on December 4, 2021, and one-third on December 4, 2022, with a fair value of $20,607.

During the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company expensed a total of $1,231,724 as share-based compensation over the vesting period.

The fair value of options granted is estimated on the grant date using the Black-Scholes option pricing model using the following weighted average variables:

	For the year ended December 31,
	2020	2019
Risk-free interest rate	0.92%	1.80%
Expected option life in years	4 years	4 years
Expected stock price volatility	58%	62%
Expected dividend rate	0%	0%

A summary of stock option activities is as follows:

	Number of		Weighted average
	options		exercise price
			$
Outstanding at December 31, 2018	9,317,296		1.75
Exercised	(355,000	)	0.76
Granted	1,921,424		1.72
Expired	(545,000	)	2.12
Outstanding at December 31, 2019	10,338,720		1.76
Exercised	(2,325,000	)	0.74
Granted	3,830,306		0.97
Expired	(1,195,664	)	1.72
Outstanding at December 31, 2020	10,648,362		1.70

A summary of the stock options outstanding and exercisable at December 31, 2020 is as follows:

Exercise	Number	Number
Price	Outstanding	Exercisable	Expiry Date
$
3.16	457,500	457,500	September 29, 2021
2.24	325,000	325,000	June 1, 2022
2.12	1,734,560	1,734,560	August 1, 2022
2.25	600,000	600,000	September 12, 2022
1.96	100,000	100,000	January 15, 2023
2.11	1,920,248	1,920,248	March 5, 2023
1.96	110,000	110,000	September 14, 2023
1.74	1,526,048	1,017,365	January 31, 2024
1.49	50,000	33,333	March 15, 2024
1.20	50,000	33,333	August 16, 2024
1.05	2,085,006	695,002	January 30, 2025
1.02	40,000	13,333	September 23, 2025
0.854	1,400,000	-	December 2, 2025
0.854	200,000	200,000	December 2, 2025
0.91	50,000	16,667	December 4, 2025
	10,648,362	7,256,341

The stock option reserve records items recognized as share-based compensation expense until such time that the stock options are exercised, at which time the corresponding amount will be transferred to share capital. If vested options expire unexercised or are forfeited, the amount recorded is transferred to deficit.

Restricted Share Units (“RSUs”)

The Company has a Restricted Share Unit Award Plan (“RSU Plan”) whereby the maximum number of common shares reserved for issue under the RSU Plan shall not exceed 6,746,579 common shares of the Company. In addition, the aggregate number of common shares issuable pursuant to the RSU Plan combined with all of the Company’s other security-based compensation arrangements, including the Company’s Stock Option Plan, shall not exceed 8% of the Company’s outstanding shares.

During the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company granted 664,730 RSUs to certain officers and directors with a fair value of $1,156,630. Certain RSUs issued to officers of the Company vest either one-third every year or approximately three years from the grant date. The directors of the Company, who have been granted RSUs, have the entitlement to have one-third of the grant vest every year. However, the RSUs will vest only when the director’s position on the Board has been terminated. The Company expensed a total of $918,339 as share-based compensation for values of RSUs vested. In addition, the Company cancelled 155,284 RSUs and the fair value of $68,072 attributable to these RSUs was transferred from reserves to deficit.

In January 2020, the Company granted 927,276 RSUs to certain officers and directors with a fair value of $973,640. Certain RSUs issued to officers of the Company vest one-third every year. The directors of the Company, who have been granted RSUs, have the entitlement to have one-third of the grant vest every year. However, the RSUs will vest only when the director’s position on the Board has been terminated.

In December 2020, the Company granted 292,740 RSUs to an officer and director with a fair value of $266,393. These RSUs vested immediately.

During the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company expensed a total of $1,246,676 (2019 - $918,339) as share-based compensation over the vesting period.

A summary of restricted share unit activities is as follows:

	Number of
	RSUs
Outstanding at December 31, 2018	567,110
Vested	(113,208	)
Granted	664,730
Cancelled	(155,284	)
Outstanding at December 31, 2019	963,348
Vested	(436,785	)
Granted	1,220,016
Outstanding at December 31, 2020	1,746,579

XML

Segmented Information

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2020

Disclosure of operating segments [abstract]

Segmented Information

NOTE 11 - Segmented Information

The Company has one operating segment, being the acquisition and exploration of exploration and evaluation assets.

Geographic information is as follows:

	As at December 31, 2020
	Canada	US	Total
	$	$	$
Reclamation bonds	-	3,499,646	3,499,646
Property and equipment	2,736	172,200	174,936
Exploration and evaluation assets	-	244,065,107	244,065,107
Right-of-use assets	304,213	222,746	526,959
	306,949	247,959,699	248,266,648
	As at December 31, 2019
	Canada	US	Total
	$	$	$
Reclamation bonds	-	2,122,559	2,122,559
Property and equipment	19,611	277,553	297,164
Exploration and evaluation assets	-	221,330,931	221,330,931
Right-of-use assets	374,417	356,392	730,809
	394,028	224,087,435	224,481,463

XML

Related Party Transactions

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2020

Related party transactions [abstract]

Related Party Transactions

NOTE 12 - Related Party Transactions

During the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company entered into the following transactions with related parties, not disclosed elsewhere in these financial statements:

i.	As at December 31, 2020, $156,648 (2019 - $389,127) was included in accounts payable and accrued liabilities owing to officers and directors of the Company in relation to management fees, professional fees and reimbursement of expenses.
ii.	The Company received $nil (2019 - $12,000) of rent from a company related by way of common officers.

Summary of key management personnel compensation:

Key management personnel includes those persons having authority and responsibility for planning, directing, and controlling the activities of the Company as a whole. The Company has determined that key management personnel consists of members of the Board and corporate officers, including the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer.

	For the year ended December 31,
	2020	2019
	$	$
Management fees*	2,437,062	1,389,747
Professional fees	266,407	265,456
Exploration and evaluation assets expenditures	277,845	255,977
Wages and salaries	57,530	45,172
Share-based compensation	2,053,092	1,889,776
	5,091,936	3,846,128
* includes termination benefits of $1,199,899.

XML

Capital Disclosure and Management

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2020

Disclosure of capital disclosure and Management [Abstract]

Capital Disclosure and Management

NOTE 13 - Capital Disclosure and Management

The Company considers its capital structure to include the components of shareholders’ equity. Management’s objective is to ensure that there is sufficient capital to minimize liquidity risk and to continue as a going concern. As an exploration stage company, the Company is currently unable to self-finance its operations.

Although the Company has been successful in the past in obtaining financing through the sale of equity securities, there can be no assurance that the Company will be able to obtain adequate financing in the future, or that the terms of such financings will be favourable.

The Company’s share capital is not subject to any external restrictions and the Company did not change its approach to capital management during the year.

XML

Financial Instruments and Risk Management

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2020

Disclosure of detailed information about financial instruments [abstract]

Financial Instruments and Risk Management

NOTE 14 - Financial Instruments and Risk Management

Financial instruments measured at fair value are classified into one of three levels in the fair value hierarchy according to the relative reliability of the inputs used to estimate the fair values. The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are:

• Level 1 – Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities;

• Level 2 – Inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability either directly or indirectly; and

• Level 3 – Inputs that are not based on observable market data.

The Company’s financial instruments consist of cash, receivables, reclamation bonds, and accounts payable and accrued liabilities. The fair value of these financial instruments, other than cash, approximates their carrying values due to the short-term nature of these instruments. Cash is measured at fair value using level 1 inputs.

The Company is exposed to a variety of financial risks by virtue of its activities including currency, credit, interest rate, liquidity, and commodity price.

a) Currency risk

The Company conducts exploration and evaluation activities in the United States. As such, it is subject to risk due to fluctuations in the exchange rates for the Canadian and US dollars. As at December 31, 2020, the Company had a foreign currency net monetary asset position of approximately US$8,480,000. Each 1% change in the US dollar relative to the Canadian dollar will result in a foreign exchange gain/loss of approximately $84,800.

b) Credit risk

Credit risk is the risk of financial loss to the Company if a counterparty to a financial instrument fails to meet its contractual obligations. The Company’s cash is held in large Canadian and U.S. financial institutions and the Company considers this risk to be remote.

c) Interest rate risk

Interest rate risk is the risk that the fair value of future cash flows of a financial instrument will fluctuate because of changes in market interest rates. The Company is exposed to limited interest rate risk as it only holds cash and highly liquid short-term investments.

d) Liquidity risk

Liquidity risk is the risk that the Company will not be able to meet its obligations as they come due. The Company’s ability to continue as a going concern is dependent on management’s ability to raise the required capital through future equity or debt issuances. The Company manages its liquidity risk by forecasting cash flows from operations and anticipating any investing and financing activities. Management and the Board are actively involved in the review, planning, and approval of significant expenditures and commitments. The Company is exposed to liquidity risk.

e) Commodity price risk

The ability of the Company to raise funds to explore and develop its exploration and evaluation assets and the future profitability of the Company are directly related to the price of gold. The Company monitors gold prices to determine the appropriate course of action to be taken.

XML

Commitments

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2020

Disclosure of Commitments [Abstract]

Commitments

NOTE 15 - Commitments

a)	The Company has a consulting agreement with an officer of the Company to provide management consulting services to the Company for an indefinite term. The agreement requires payment of $14,083 per month and subject to a provision for a two-year payout in the event of termination without cause and three-year payout in the event of a change in control.
b)	The Company has an employment agreement with an employee of the Company to provide exploration services to the Company for an indefinite term. The agreement requires payment of US$14,850 per month. Included in the agreement is a provision for a two-year payout in the event of a termination following a change in control.
c)	The Company has an employment agreement with a former officer of the Company to provide corporate secretarial and legal services to the Company for an indefinite term. The agreement requires payment of $19,167 per month. Included in the agreement is a provision for a two-year payout in the event of termination without cause or in the event of a change in control (Note 17b).
d)	The Company has two separate employment agreements with an officer and an employee of the Company to provide exploration services to the Company for an indefinite term. The agreements require total combined payments of US$31,875 per month. Included in each agreement is a provision for a one-year payout in the event of a termination following a change in control.
e)	The Company has an employment agreement with an officer and director of the Company to provide corporate management services to the Company for an indefinite term. The agreement requires payment of $36,667 per month. Included in the agreement is a provision for a twelve-month plus an additional one month payout for each full year of employment, up to a maximum of twenty four-month payout in the event of termination without cause. In addition, the agreement includes a provision of a twenty four-month payout in the event of termination within twelve months of a change in control.

XML

Income Taxes

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2020

Major components of tax expense (income) [abstract]

Income Taxes

NOTE 16 – Income Taxes

The reconciliation of the combined Canadian federal and provincial income tax rate to the income tax recovery presented in the accompanying statements of comprehensive loss is provided below:

	Years ended December 31,
	2020		2019
	$		$
Loss before income taxes	(10,740,593	)	(9,719,054	)
Expected income tax recovery at statutory tax rates	(2,900,000	)	(2,624,000	)
Impact of different statutory tax rates on earnings of subsidiaries	10,000		62,000
Change in statutory, foreign tax rates and other	(189,000	)	(103,000	)
Foreign exchange	964,000		2,119,000
Non-deductible expenditures	687,000		804,000
Share issuance costs	(399,000	)	(473,000	)
Adjustment in prior years provision statutory tax returns and expiry of non-capital losses	118,000		772,000
Change in unrecognized deductible temporary differences and others	1,709,000		(557,000	)
Total	-		-

Significant components of deferred tax assets that have not been recognized are as follows:

	As of December 31,
	2020	2019
	$	$
Share issuance costs	936,000	1,064,000
Non-capital losses	17,308,000	14,420,000
Provision for site reclamation	417,000	203,000
Allowable capital losses	229,000	109,000
Property and equipment	159,000	135,000
Exploration and evaluation assets	2,641,000	4,050,000
Total	21,690,000	19,981,000

Significant components of unrecognized deductible temporary differences and unused tax losses that have not been recognized on the statements of financial position are as follows:

	As of December 31,
	2020	Expiry dates	2019	Expiry dates
	$		$
Share issuance costs	3,468,000	2021 to 2024	3,941,000	2020 to 2023
Non-capital losses	71,328,000	2027 to 2040	60,395,000	2027 to 2039
Provision for site reclamation	1,986,000	No Expiry	965,000	No Expiry
Capital losses	849,000	No Expiry	404,000	No Expiry
Property and equipment	622,000	No Expiry	506,000	No Expiry
Exploration and evaluation assets	11,062,000	No Expiry	17,777,000	No Expiry

Tax attributes are subject to review, and potential adjustment, by tax authorities.

XML

Subsequent Events

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2020

Disclosure of non-adjusting events after reporting period [abstract]

Subsequent Events

NOTE 17 – Subsequent Events

a)	In January 2021, the Company granted 5,470,085 stock options to certain officers, directors, employees and consultants of the Company with a weighted average exercise price of $0.868 per option exercisable for a period of 5 years vesting one-third every year. In addition, the Company granted 2,515,876 restricted share units to certain officers and directors with various vesting conditions.
b)	In January 2021, the Company terminated an employment agreement with a former officer without cause and paid termination benefits of $782,000.
c)	In February 2021, the Company completed an underwritten public offering financing and issued 39,215,000 common shares of the Company at a price of $0.88 per share for gross proceeds totalling $34,509,200.
d)	In March 2021, the Company granted 560,000 stock options to an officer and an employee of the Company with a weighted exercise price of $0.794 per option exercisable for a period of 5 years vesting one-third every year and 50,000 stock options expired unexercised. In addition, the Company granted 100,000 restricted share units to the same officer vesting one-third every year.

XML

Significant Accounting Policies and Basis of Preparation (Policies)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2020

Disclosure of Significant Accounting Policies and Basis of Preparation [Abstract]

Statement of compliance

Statement of compliance
These consolidated financial statements, including comparatives, have been prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (“IFRS”) as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (“IASB”) and Interpretations issued by the International Financial Reporting Interpretations Committee (“IFRIC”).

Basis of presentation

Basis of presentation
These consolidated financial statements of the Company have been prepared on an accrual basis and are based on historical costs, except for financial instruments measured at fair value. The consolidated financial statements are presented in Canadian dollars unless otherwise noted.

Basis of consolidation

Basis of consolidation
These consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries, JKR Gold Resources ULC, Gold Standard Ventures (US) Inc., Tacoma Exploration LLC, Battle Mountain Gold Inc., and Madison Enterprises (Nevada) Inc., from their dates of formation or acquisition. The Company’s Canadian subsidiaries are holding companies while its US subsidiaries are operating companies. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions between the Company and its subsidiaries have been eliminated upon consolidation.

Foreign currency translation

Foreign currency translation
The functional currency of an entity is the currency of the primary economic environment in which the entity operates. The functional currency of the Company and each of its subsidiaries is the Canadian dollar. The functional currency determinations were conducted through an analysis of the consideration factors identified in IAS 21 – The Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates.

Transactions in currencies other than Canadian dollars are recorded at exchange rates prevailing on the dates of the transactions. At the end of each reporting period, monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are translated at the period end exchange rate while non-monetary assets and liabilities are translated at historical rates. Revenues and expenses are translated at the exchange rates approximating those in effect on the date of the transactions. Exchange gains and losses arising on translation are included in profit or loss.

Use of estimates

Use of estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with IFRS requires management to make certain estimates, judgments and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported revenues and expenses during the year.

Although management uses historical experience and its best knowledge of the amount, events or actions to form the basis for judgments and estimates, actual results may differ from these estimates.

The most significant items that require estimates and judgements as the basis for determining the stated amounts include the uncertainty of COVID-19 pandemic, recoverability of exploration and evaluation assets, determination of functional currency, going concern, valuation of share-based compensation, recognition of deferred tax amounts, reclamation provisions, leases, and deferred revenue.

Critical judgments exercised in applying accounting policies that have the most significant effect on the amounts recognized in the consolidated financial statements are as follows:

Uncertainty of COVID-19 pandemic

In March 2020 the World Health Organization declared coronavirus COVID-19 a global pandemic. This contagious disease outbreak, which has continued to spread, has adversely affected workforces, customers, economies, and financial markets globally, leading to an economic downturn. It has also disrupted the normal operations of many businesses, including the Company’s. This outbreak could decrease spending, adversely affect and harm the Company’s business and results of operations. It is not possible for us to predict the duration or magnitude of the adverse results of the outbreak and its effects on the Company’s business or results of operations at this time.

Economic recoverability and probability of future economic benefits of exploration and evaluation assets

Management has determined that exploration, evaluation, and related costs incurred which were capitalized may have future economic benefits and may be economically recoverable. Management uses several criteria in its assessments of economic recoverability and probability of future economic benefits including, geologic and other technical information, a history of conversion of mineral deposits with similar characteristics to its own properties to proven and probable mineral reserves, the quality and capacity of existing infrastructure facilities, evaluation of permitting and environmental issues and local support for the project.

Determination of functional currency

The Company determines the functional currency through an analysis of several indicators such as expenses and cash flow, financing activities, retention of operating cash flows, and frequency of transactions within the reporting entity.

Going concern

The financial statements have been prepared on a going concern basis, which assumes that the Company will be able to realize its assets and discharge its liabilities in the normal course of business for the foreseeable future. The assessment of the Company’s ability to fund future operations and continue as a going concern involves judgement. Estimates and assumptions are continually evaluated and are based on historical experience and other factors, including expectations of future events that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. If the going concern assumption is not appropriate for the financial statements, then adjustments may be necessary to the carrying value of assets and liabilities and the statement of financial position classifications used (Note 1).

Information about assumptions and estimation uncertainties that have a significant risk of resulting in material adjustments are as follows:

Valuation of share-based compensation

The Company uses the Black-Scholes option pricing model for valuation of share-based compensation. Option pricing models require the input of subjective assumptions including expected price volatility, risk-free interest rate, and forfeiture rate. Changes in the input assumptions can materially affect the fair value estimate and the Company’s earnings and equity reserves.

Income taxes

In assessing the probability of realizing income tax assets, management makes estimates related to expectation of future taxable income, applicable tax opportunities, expected timing of reversals of existing temporary differences and the likelihood that tax positions taken will be sustained upon examination by applicable tax authorities. In making its assessments, management gives additional weight to positive and negative evidence that can be objectively verified.

Reclamation provisions

The Company’s reclamation provision represents management’s best estimate of the present value of the future cash outflows required to settle the obligation. Management assesses these provisions on an annual basis or when new information becomes available. This assessment includes the estimation of the future reclamation costs, the timing of these expenditures, inflation, and the impact of changes in discount rates, interest rates and foreign exchange rates. The actual future expenditures may differ from the amounts currently provided if the estimates made are significantly different than actual results or if there are significant changes in environmental and/or regulatory requirements in the future.

Valuation of right-of-use asset and lease liabilities

The application of IFRS 16 requires the Company to make judgments that affect the valuation of the right-of-use assets and the valuation of lease liabilities. These include assessing lease agreements to determine the contract term and interest rate used for discounting of future cash flows.

The lease term determined by the Company is comprised of the non-cancellable period of lease agreements, periods covered by an option to extend the lease if the Company is reasonably certain to exercise that option and periods covered by an option to terminate the lease if the Company is reasonably certain not to exercise that option.

The present value of the lease payment is determined using a discount rate representing the rate of a commercial mortgage rate, observed in the period when the lease agreement commences or is modified.

Deferred revenue

The Company entered into a silver streaming arrangement (“Silver Stream”) with OMF Fund III (HG) Ltd. (“Orion”) on October 29, 2020. The upfront payment for the Silver Stream discussed in Note 8 has been accounted for as deferred revenue, as management has determined that the agreement is not a derivative as it will be satisfied through the delivery of non-financial items (i.e. silver commodity from the Company’s potential future production), rather than cash or financial assets. A market-based discount rate is utilized at the inception of the stream agreement to determine a discount rate for computing the interest charges for the significant financing component of the deferred revenue balance. As product is delivered, the deferred revenue amount including accreted interest will be drawn down. The draw down rate requires the use of proven and probable reserves and certain resources in the calculation that are beyond indicated and inferred resources which management is reasonably confident are transferable to proven and probable reserves. Key estimates used in determining the significant financing component include the discount rate and the reserve and resources assumed for conversion.

Financial instruments

Financial instruments
Financial assets

On initial recognition, financial assets are recognized at fair value and are subsequently classified and measured at: (i) amortized cost; (ii) fair value through other comprehensive income (“FVOCI”); or (iii) fair value through profit or loss (“FVTPL”). The classification of financial assets is generally based on the business model in which a financial asset is managed and its contractual cash flow characteristics. A financial asset is measured at fair value net of transaction costs that are directly attributable to its acquisition except for financial assets at FVTPL where transaction costs are expensed. All financial assets not classified and measured at amortized cost or FVOCI are classified as FVTPL. On initial recognition of an equity instrument that is not held for trading, the Company may irrevocably elect to present subsequent changes in the investment’s fair value in other comprehensive income/loss.

The classification determines the method by which the financial assets are carried on the statement of financial position subsequent to inception and how changes in value are recorded. Receivables and reclamation bonds are measured at amortized cost with subsequent impairments recognized in profit or loss. Cash is classified as FVTPL.

Impairment

An ‘expected credit loss’ impairment model applies which requires a loss allowance to be recognized based on expected credit losses. The estimated present value of future cash flows associated with the asset is determined and an impairment loss is recognized for the difference between this amount and the carrying amount as follows: the carrying amount of the asset is reduced to estimated present value of the future cash flows associated with the asset, discounted at the financial asset’s original effective interest rate, either directly or through the use of an allowance account and the resulting loss is recognized in profit or loss for the period.

In a subsequent period, if the amount of the impairment loss related to financial assets measured at amortized cost decreases, the previously recognized impairment loss is reversed through profit or loss to the extent that the carrying amount of the investment at the date the impairment is reversed does not exceed what the amortized cost would have been had the impairment not been recognized.

Financial liabilities

Financial liabilities are designated as either: (i) fair value through profit or loss; or (ii) amortized cost. All financial liabilities are classified and subsequently measured at amortized cost except for financial liabilities at FVTPL. The classification determines the method by which the financial liabilities are carried on the statement of financial position subsequent to inception and how changes in value are recorded. Accounts payable and accrued liabilities are classified and carried on the statement of financial position at amortized cost.

As at December 31, 2020, the Company does not have any derivative financial liabilities.

Exploration and evaluation assets

Exploration and evaluation assets
Costs incurred on mineral resource properties before the Company has acquired the right to explore those properties are expensed as incurred.

Costs directly related to the acquisition and exploration of exploration and evaluation assets are capitalized once the legal rights to explore the exploration and evaluation assets are acquired or obtained. When the technical and commercial viability of a mineral resource has been demonstrated and a development decision has been made, the capitalized costs of the related property are first tested for impairment, then transferred to mining assets and depreciated using the units of production method on commencement of commercial production.

If it is determined that capitalized acquisition, exploration and evaluation costs are not recoverable, or the property is abandoned or management has determined an impairment in value, the property is written down to its recoverable amount. Exploration and evaluation assets are reviewed for impairment when facts and circumstances suggest that the carrying amount may exceed its recoverable amount.

Restoration and environmental obligations

Restoration and environmental obligations
The Company recognizes liabilities for statutory, contractual, constructive or legal obligations associated with the retirement of long-term assets, when those obligations result from the acquisition, construction, development or normal operation of the assets. The net present value of future restoration cost estimates arising from the decommissioning of plant and other site preparation work is capitalized to exploration and evaluation assets along with a corresponding increase in the restoration provision in the period incurred. Discount rates using a pre-tax rate that reflect the time value of money are used to calculate the net present value. The restoration asset will be depreciated on the same basis as the related assets.

The Company’s estimates of restoration costs could change as a result of changes in regulatory requirements, discount rates and assumptions regarding the amount and timing of the future expenditures. These changes are recorded directly to the related asset with a corresponding entry to the restoration provision. The Company’s estimates are reviewed annually for changes in regulatory requirements, discount rates, effects of inflation and changes in estimates.

Changes in the net present value, excluding changes in amount and timing of the Company’s estimates of reclamation costs, are charged to profit or loss for the period.

The net present value of restoration costs arising from subsequent site damage that is incurred on an ongoing basis during production are charged to profit or loss in the period incurred.

Leases

Leases
At inception of a contract, the Company assesses whether a contract is, or contains, a lease. A contract is, or contains, a lease if the contract conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset for a period of time in exchange for consideration. The Company assesses whether the contract involves the use of an identified asset, whether the right to obtain substantially all of the economic benefits from use of the asset during the term of the arrangement exists, and if the Company has the right to direct the use of the asset. At inception or on reassessment of a contract that contains a lease component, the Company allocates the consideration in the contract to each lease component on the basis of their relative standalone prices.

As a lessee, the Company recognizes a right-of-use asset and a lease liability at the commencement date of a lease. The right-of-use asset is initially measured at cost, which is comprised of the initial amount of the lease liability adjusted for any lease payments made at or before the commencement date, plus any decommissioning and restoration costs, less any lease incentives received.

The right-of-use asset is subsequently depreciated using the straight line method from the commencement date to the earlier of the end of the lease term, or the end of the useful life of the asset. In addition, the right-of-use asset may be reduced due to impairment losses, if any, and adjusted for certain remeasurements of the lease liability.

A lease liability is initially measured at the present value of the lease payments that are not paid at the commencement date, discounted by the interest rate implicit in the lease, or if that rate cannot be readily determined, the incremental borrowing rate. Lease payments included in the measurement of the lease liability are comprised of:

• fixed payments, including in-substance fixed payments, less any lease incentives receivable;

• variable lease payments that depend on an index or a rate, initially measured using the index or rate as at the commencement date;

• amounts expected to be payable under a residual value guarantee;

• exercise prices of purchase options if the Company is reasonably certain to exercise that option; and

• payments of penalties for terminating the lease, if the lease term reflects the lessee exercising an option to terminate the lease.

The lease liability is measured at amortized cost using the effective interest method. It is remeasured when there is a change in future lease payments arising from a change in an index or rate, or if there is a change in the estimate or assessment of the expected amount payable under a residual value guarantee, purchase, extension or termination option. Variable lease payments not included in the initial measurement of the lease liability are charged directly to profit or loss.

The Company has elected not to recognize right-of-use assets and lease liabilities for short-term leases that have a lease term of 12 months or less and leases of low-value assets. The lease payments associated with these leases are charged directly to profit or loss on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

Share-based compensation

Share-based compensation
The Company operates an employee stock option plan and a restricted share unit award plan. Share-based compensation to employees is measured at the fair value of the instruments issued and amortized over the vesting periods. Share-based compensation to non-employees is measured at the fair value of goods or services received or the fair value of the equity instruments issued, if it is determined the fair value of the goods or services cannot be reliably measured, and are recorded at the date the goods or services are received. The corresponding amount is recorded to reserves. The fair value of options is determined using the Black–Scholes pricing model which incorporates all market vesting conditions and the fair value of restricted share units is determined using the fair value on grant date. The number of shares and options expected to vest is reviewed and adjusted at the end of each reporting period such that the amount recognized for services received as consideration for the equity instruments granted shall be based on the number of equity instruments that eventually vest. When vested options are forfeited or are not exercised at the expiry date, the amount previously recognized in share-based compensation is transferred to deficit.

Property and equipment

Property and equipment
Property and equipment are stated at historical cost less accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment losses.

Subsequent costs are included in the asset’s carrying amount or recognized as a separate asset, as appropriate, only when it is probable that future economic benefits associated with the item will flow to the Company and the cost of the item can be measured reliably. The carrying amount of any replaced parts is derecognized. All other repairs and maintenance are charged to profit or loss during the fiscal period in which they are incurred.

Gains and losses on disposal are determined by comparing the proceeds with the carrying amount and are recognized in profit or loss.

Depreciation is calculated using a straight-line or a declining balance method to write off the cost of the assets. The depreciation rates applicable to each category of property and equipment are as follows:

Asset	Basis	Period and Rate
Computers	Declining-balance	55%
Leasehold Improvements	Straight-line	Remaining lease term

Deferred revenue

Deferred revenue
The Company recognizes deferred revenue in the event it receives payments from customers in consideration for future commitments to deliver metals and before such sale meets the criteria for revenue recognition. The Company will recognize amounts in revenue as the metals are delivered to the customer. Specifically, for the metal agreement entered into with Orion, the Company will determine the amortization of deferred revenue to the consolidated statement of income (loss) on a per unit basis using the estimated total quantity of metal expected to be delivered to Orion over the term of the mine life of the Company’s potential future production.

There is a significant financing component associated with the Silver Stream as funds were received in advance of the delivery of concentrate. When a significant financing component is recognized, finance expense will be higher and revenues will be higher as the larger deferred revenue balance is amortized to revenues.

Income taxes

Income taxes
Current income tax:

Current income tax assets and liabilities for the current period are measured at the amount expected to be recovered from or paid to the taxation authorities. The tax rates and tax laws used to compute the amount are those that are enacted or substantively enacted, at the reporting date, in the country where the Company operates and generates taxable income.

Current income tax relating to items recognized directly in other comprehensive income (loss) or equity is recognized in other comprehensive income (loss) or equity and not in profit or loss. Management periodically evaluates positions taken in the tax returns with respect to situations in which applicable tax regulations are subject to interpretation and establishes provisions where appropriate.

Deferred income tax:

Deferred income tax is provided for, based on temporary differences at the reporting date between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their carrying amounts for financial reporting purposes. The carrying amount of deferred income tax assets is reviewed at the end of each reporting period and recognized only to the extent that it is probable that sufficient taxable profit will be available to allow all or part of the deferred income tax asset to be utilized.

Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are measured at the tax rates that are expected to apply to the year when the asset is realized or the liability is settled, based on tax rates (and tax laws) that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the end of the reporting period.

Deferred income tax assets and deferred income tax liabilities are offset, if a legally enforceable right exists to set off current tax assets against current income tax liabilities and the deferred income taxes relate to the same taxable entity and the same taxation authority.

Impairment of non-financial assets

Impairment of non-financial assets
The carrying amount of the Company’s assets (which includes property and equipment and exploration and evaluation assets) is reviewed at each reporting date to determine whether there is any indication of impairment. If such indication exists, the recoverable amount of the asset is estimated in order to determine the extent of the impairment loss. An impairment loss is recognized whenever the carrying amount of an asset or its cash generating unit exceeds its recoverable amount. Impairment losses are recognized in profit or loss. Assets that have an indefinite useful life are not subject to amortization and are tested annually for impairment.

The recoverable amount of an asset is the greater of an asset’s fair value less cost to sell and value in use. In assessing value in use, the estimated future cash flows are discounted to their present value using a pre-tax discount rate that reflects the current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the asset. For an asset that does not generate cash inflows largely independent of those from other assets, the recoverable amount is determined for the cash-generating unit to which the asset belongs.

An impairment loss is only reversed if there is an indication that the impairment loss may no longer exist and there has been a change in the estimates used to determine the recoverable amount, however, not to an amount higher than the carrying amount that would have been determined had no impairment loss been recognized in previous years.

Loss per share

Loss per share
Basic earnings (loss) per share is computed by dividing net earnings (loss) available to common shareholders by the weighted average number of shares outstanding during the reporting period. Diluted earnings (loss) per share is computed similar to basic earnings (loss) per share except that the weighted average shares outstanding are increased to include additional shares for the assumed exercise of stock options and warrants, if dilutive. The number of additional shares is calculated by assuming that outstanding stock options and warrants were exercised and that the proceeds from such exercises were used to acquire common stock at the average market price during the reporting periods. Potentially dilutive options excluded from diluted loss per share totalled 10,648,362 (2019 – 10,338,720).

Government assistance

Government assistance
The Company received certain government assistances in the form of forgivable loans from the Canadian and U.S. governments in connection with the COVID-19 pandemic. When there is reasonable assurance that the amounts will be forgiven, the Company reduces the loan and credits the forgiven amounts to the related expenses. The Company includes government assistance that has not been forgiven or is repayable in accounts payable and accrued liabilities.

Standards issued or amended but not yet effective

Standards issued or amended but not yet effective
The Company has not applied the following revised IFRS that has been issued but was not yet effective at December 31, 2020. This accounting standard is not currently expected to have a significant effect on the Company’s accounting policies or financial statements.

• IAS 16, Property, Plant and Equipment - Proceeds before Intended Use (effective January 1, 2022). The amendment prohibits deducting from the cost of property, plant and equipment amounts received from selling items produced while preparing the asset for its intended use. Instead, a company will recognize such sale proceeds and related cost in profit or loss.

XML

Significant Accounting Policies and Basis of Preparation (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2020

Disclosure of Significant Accounting Policies and Basis of Preparation [Abstract]

Schedule of Depreciation Rates Applicable

Depreciation is calculated using a straight-line or a declining balance method to write off the cost of the assets. The depreciation rates applicable to each category of property and equipment are as follows:

Asset	Basis	Period and Rate
Computers	Declining-balance	55%
Leasehold Improvements	Straight-line	Remaining lease term

XML

Exploration and Evaluation Assets (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2020

Disclosure of Exploration and Evaluation Assets [Abstract]

Schedule of Expenditures for Exploration and Evaluation Assets

Expenditures for the years related to exploration and evaluation assets located in Nevada, USA were as follows:

	Railroad-
	Pinion	Lewis Gold
	Project	Project	Total
	$	$	$
Balance as at December 31, 2018	158,287,872	38,378,837	196,666,709
Claim maintenance fees	388,849	88,369	477,218
Consulting	1,929,576	145,746	2,075,322
Data analysis	376,619	-	376,619
Drilling	7,948,972	464,391	8,413,363
Economic assessments	1,127,651	-	1,127,651
Engineering	156,688	-	156,688
Environmental and permitting	1,736,801	18,272	1,755,073
Equipment rental	148,781	12,570	161,351
Geological	69,667	-	69,667
Geotechnical	71,381	-	71,381
Hydrology	1,648,207	-	1,648,207
Lease payments	1,690,657	122,343	1,813,000
Metallurgy	2,037,771	-	2,037,771
Sampling and processing	403,224	533	403,757
Site development and reclamation	3,482,076	101,978	3,584,054
Supplies	491,265	1,835	493,100
	23,708,185	956,037	24,664,222
Balance as at December 31, 2019	181,996,057	39,334,874	221,330,931

	Railroad-
	Pinion	Lewis Gold
	Project	Project	Total
	$	$	$
Balance as at December 31, 2019	181,996,057	39,334,874	221,330,931
Claim maintenance fees	399,726	90,729	490,455
Consulting	1,068,158	16,934	1,085,092
Data Analysis	274,113	-	274,113
Drilling	8,771,435	-	8,771,435
Economic assessments	1,259,910	-	1,259,910
Engineering	147,665	-	147,665
Environmental and permitting	1,872,415	57,798	1,930,213
Equipment rental	193,709	-	193,709
Geological	39,442	-	39,442
Geotechnical	484,804	-	484,804
Hydrology	394,116	-	394,116
Lease payments	1,579,111	122,099	1,701,210
Metallurgy	749,040	-	749,040
Provision for site reclamation	1,078,871	-	1,078,871
Sampling and processing	771,180	-	771,180
Site development and reclamation	2,828,830	2,494	2,831,324
Supplies	493,281	-	493,281
Vehicle	38,316	-	38,316
	22,444,122	290,054	22,734,176
Balance as at December 31, 2020	204,440,179	39,624,928	244,065,107

Schedule of Payment Requirements

Payment requirements from 2021 to 2025 under agreements are approximately as follows:

	Total	Total
	Work	Lease
	commitment	payment	Total
	US$	US$	US$
2021	1,300,000	1,215,000	2,515,000
2022	1,400,000	826,000	2,226,000
2023	1,300,000	782,000	2,082,000
2024	1,300,000	676,000	1,976,000
2025	1,300,000	676,000	1,976,000
	6,600,000	4,175,000	10,775,000

XML

Property and Equipment (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2020

Disclosure of detailed information about property, plant and equipment [abstract]

Property and Equipment

	Leasehold
	improvements	Computers	Total
	$	$	$
Cost:
At December 31, 2018, 2019, and 2020	683,758	70,287	754,045
Depreciation:
At December 31, 2018	257,976	40,647	298,623
Charge for the year	141,958	16,300	158,258
At December 31, 2019	399,934	56,947	456,881
Charge for the year	114,892	7,336	122,228
At December 31, 2020	514,826	64,283	579,109
Net book value:
At December 31, 2019	283,824	13,340	297,164
At December 31, 2020	168,932	6,004	174,936

XML

Right-of-Use Assets and Lease Liabilities (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2020

Presentation of leases for lessee [abstract]

Schedule of Right-of-Use Assets

Right-of-Use Assets

	Office Leases
Cost:	$
At December 31, 2018	-
Initial adoption of IFRS 16	934,659
At December 31, 2019 and 2020	934,659
Depreciation:
At December 31, 2018	-
Charge for the year	203,850
At December 31, 2019	203,850
Charge for the year	203,850
At December 31, 2020	407,700
Net book value:
At December 31, 2019	730,809
At December 31, 2020	526,959

Schedule of Lease Liabilities

Lease Liabilities

	$
Lease liabilities recognized as of January 1, 2019	884,987
Lease payments made	(195,683	)
Interest expense on lease liabilities	59,738
Foreign exchange adjustment	(19,164	)
At December 31, 2019	729,878
Lease payments made	(213,254	)
Interest expense on lease liabilities	48,572
Foreign exchange adjustment	(921	)
	564,275
Less: current portion	(186,023	)
At December 31, 2020	378,252

Schedule of Remaining Minimum Future Lease Payments, Excluding Estimated Operating Costs

The remaining minimum future lease payments, excluding estimated operating costs, for the term of the lease including assumed renewal periods are as follows:

	$
Fiscal 2021	226,647
Fiscal 2022	197,151
Fiscal 2023	94,055
Fiscal 2024 and beyond	129,836

XML

Accounts Payable and Accrued Liabilities (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2020

Disclosure of Accounts Payable and Accrued Liabilities [Abstract]

Schedule of Accounts Payable and Accrued Liabilities

	December 31, 2020	December 31, 2019
	$	$
Accounts payable	2,573,208	1,604,972
Accrued liabilities	1,511,021	1,060,587
Government assistance	40,000	-
	4,124,229	2,665,559

XML

Deferred Revenue (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2020

Disclosure of Accounts Payable and Accrued Liabilities [Abstract]

Schedule of Deferred Revenue

	$
Deferred revenue proceeds	2,594,000
Accretion	36,556
Foreign exchange adjustment	(48,437	)
Balance as at December 31, 2020	2,582,119

XML

Provision for Site Reclamation (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2020

RSM [Member]

Schedule of Provision Site Reclamation

	Railroad-Pinion
	Project
	$
Balance as at December 31, 2018	1,004,499
Foreign exchange adjustment	(48,343	)
Accretion expense for the year	8,804
Balance as at December 31, 2019	964,960
Change in estimate	1,078,871
Foreign exchange adjustment	(71,958	)
Accretion expense for the year	13,648
Balance as at December 31, 2020	1,985,521

XML

Share Capital and Reserves (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2020

Disclosure of classes of share capital [line items]

Schedule of Stock Options Activities

A summary of stock option activities is as follows:

	Number of		Weighted average
	options		exercise price
			$
Outstanding at December 31, 2018	9,317,296		1.75
Exercised	(355,000	)	0.76
Granted	1,921,424		1.72
Expired	(545,000	)	2.12
Outstanding at December 31, 2019	10,338,720		1.76
Exercised	(2,325,000	)	0.74
Granted	3,830,306		0.97
Expired	(1,195,664	)	1.72
Outstanding at December 31, 2020	10,648,362		1.70

Schedule of Fair Value of Options Granted Using Black-scholes Option Pricing Model

The fair value of options granted is estimated on the grant date using the Black-Scholes option pricing model using the following weighted average variables:

	For the year ended December 31,
	2020	2019
Risk-free interest rate	0.92%	1.80%
Expected option life in years	4 years	4 years
Expected stock price volatility	58%	62%
Expected dividend rate	0%	0%

Schedule of Stock Options Outstanding and Exercisable

A summary of the stock options outstanding and exercisable at December 31, 2020 is as follows:

Exercise	Number	Number
Price	Outstanding	Exercisable	Expiry Date
$
3.16	457,500	457,500	September 29, 2021
2.24	325,000	325,000	June 1, 2022
2.12	1,734,560	1,734,560	August 1, 2022
2.25	600,000	600,000	September 12, 2022
1.96	100,000	100,000	January 15, 2023
2.11	1,920,248	1,920,248	March 5, 2023
1.96	110,000	110,000	September 14, 2023
1.74	1,526,048	1,017,365	January 31, 2024
1.49	50,000	33,333	March 15, 2024
1.20	50,000	33,333	August 16, 2024
1.05	2,085,006	695,002	January 30, 2025
1.02	40,000	13,333	September 23, 2025
0.854	1,400,000	-	December 2, 2025
0.854	200,000	200,000	December 2, 2025
0.91	50,000	16,667	December 4, 2025
	10,648,362	7,256,341

Number of RSUs [Member]

Disclosure of classes of share capital [line items]

Schedule of Stock Options Activities

A summary of restricted share unit activities is as follows:

	Number of
	RSUs
Outstanding at December 31, 2018	567,110
Vested	(113,208	)
Granted	664,730
Cancelled	(155,284	)
Outstanding at December 31, 2019	963,348
Vested	(436,785	)
Granted	1,220,016
Outstanding at December 31, 2020	1,746,579

XML

Segmented Information (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2020

Disclosure of operating segments [abstract]

Schedule of Geographic Information

Geographic information is as follows:

	As at December 31, 2020
	Canada	US	Total
	$	$	$
Reclamation bonds	-	3,499,646	3,499,646
Property and equipment	2,736	172,200	174,936
Exploration and evaluation assets	-	244,065,107	244,065,107
Right-of-use assets	304,213	222,746	526,959
	306,949	247,959,699	248,266,648
	As at December 31, 2019
	Canada	US	Total
	$	$	$
Reclamation bonds	-	2,122,559	2,122,559
Property and equipment	19,611	277,553	297,164
Exploration and evaluation assets	-	221,330,931	221,330,931
Right-of-use assets	374,417	356,392	730,809
	394,028	224,087,435	224,481,463

XML

Related Party Transactions (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2020

Related party transactions [abstract]

Schedule of Key Management Personnel Compensation

The Company has determined that key management personnel consists of members of the Board and corporate officers, including the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer.

	For the year ended December 31,
	2020	2019
	$	$
Management fees*	2,437,062	1,389,747
Professional fees	266,407	265,456
Exploration and evaluation assets expenditures	277,845	255,977
Wages and salaries	57,530	45,172
Share-based compensation	2,053,092	1,889,776
	5,091,936	3,846,128
* includes termination benefits of $1,199,899.

XML

Income Taxes (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2020

Major components of tax expense (income) [abstract]

Schedule of Reconciliation of Combined Canadian Federal And Provincial Income Tax Rate

The reconciliation of the combined Canadian federal and provincial income tax rate to the income tax recovery presented in the accompanying statements of comprehensive loss is provided below:

	Years ended December 31,
	2020		2019
	$		$
Loss before income taxes	(10,740,593	)	(9,719,054	)
Expected income tax recovery at statutory tax rates	(2,900,000	)	(2,624,000	)
Impact of different statutory tax rates on earnings of subsidiaries	10,000		62,000
Change in statutory, foreign tax rates and other	(189,000	)	(103,000	)
Foreign exchange	964,000		2,119,000
Non-deductible expenditures	687,000		804,000
Share issuance costs	(399,000	)	(473,000	)
Adjustment in prior years provision statutory tax returns and expiry of non-capital losses	118,000		772,000
Change in unrecognized deductible temporary differences and others	1,709,000		(557,000	)
Total	-		-

Schedule of Components of Deferred Tax Assets

Significant components of deferred tax assets that have not been recognized are as follows:

	As of December 31,
	2020	2019
	$	$
Share issuance costs	936,000	1,064,000
Non-capital losses	17,308,000	14,420,000
Provision for site reclamation	417,000	203,000
Allowable capital losses	229,000	109,000
Property and equipment	159,000	135,000
Exploration and evaluation assets	2,641,000	4,050,000
Total	21,690,000	19,981,000

Schedule of Unrecognized Deductible Temporary Differences and Unused Tax Losses

Significant components of unrecognized deductible temporary differences and unused tax losses that have not been recognized on the statements of financial position are as follows:

	As of December 31,
	2020	Expiry dates	2019	Expiry dates
	$		$
Share issuance costs	3,468,000	2021 to 2024	3,941,000	2020 to 2023
Non-capital losses	71,328,000	2027 to 2040	60,395,000	2027 to 2039
Provision for site reclamation	1,986,000	No Expiry	965,000	No Expiry
Capital losses	849,000	No Expiry	404,000	No Expiry
Property and equipment	622,000	No Expiry	506,000	No Expiry
Exploration and evaluation assets	11,062,000	No Expiry	17,777,000	No Expiry

XML

Significant Accounting Policies and Basis of Preparation (Details) - shares	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Disclosure of Significant Accounting Policies and Basis of Preparation [Abstract]
Potentially dilutive options and warrants excluded from diluted loss per share	10,648,362	10,338,720

XML

Significant Accounting Policies and Basis of Preparation (Schedule of Depreciation Rates Applicable) (Details)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2020
Computers [Member]
Disclosure of detailed information about property, plant and equipment [line items]
Basis	Declining-balance
Period and Rate	55%
Leasehold Improvements [Member]
Disclosure of detailed information about property, plant and equipment [line items]
Basis	Straight-line
Period and Rate	Remaining lease term

XML

Exploration and Evaluation Assets (Railroad-Pinion Project) (Narrative) (Details)	1 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Aug. 31, 2009	Dec. 31, 2020 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2020 CAD ($)	Dec. 31, 2019 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2019 CAD ($)
Disclosure of quantitative information about right-of-use assets [line items]
Annual lease payment			$ 164,682		$ 135,945
Claims, properties and surface rights [Member] | Bottom of range [Member]
Disclosure of quantitative information about right-of-use assets [line items]
Net Smelter Royalty (NSR)	1.00%
Claims, properties and surface rights [Member] | Top of range [Member]
Disclosure of quantitative information about right-of-use assets [line items]
Net Smelter Royalty (NSR)	5.00%
Mineral Production Royalty [Member]
Disclosure of quantitative information about right-of-use assets [line items]
Percentage of mineral production royalty payable	1.50%
Execution of Amendment Agreements [Member] | USD [Member]
Disclosure of quantitative information about right-of-use assets [line items]
Annual lease payment		$ 5,000		$ 150,000

XML

Exploration and Evaluation Assets (Lewis Gold Project) (Narrative) (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2017
BMG [Member]
Disclosure of quantitative information about right-of-use assets [line items]
Percentage of interest acquired		100.00%
Lewis Gold Project [Member] | Gold and Silver [Member]
Disclosure of quantitative information about right-of-use assets [line items]
Net Smelter Royalty (NSR)	3.50%
Lewis Gold Project [Member] | Other Minerals [Member]
Disclosure of quantitative information about right-of-use assets [line items]
Net Smelter Royalty (NSR)	4.00%
Lewis Gold Project [Member] | USD [Member]
Disclosure of quantitative information about right-of-use assets [line items]
Minimum annual royalty amount	$ 60,000

XML

Exploration and Evaluation Assets (Schedule of Expenditures for Exploration and Evaluation Assets) (Details) - CAD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Disclosure of quantitative information about right-of-use assets [line items]
Balance Begining	$ 221,330,931	$ 196,666,709
Claim maintenance fees	490,455	477,218
Consulting	1,085,092	2,075,322
Data Analysis	274,113	376,619
Drilling	8,771,435	8,413,363
Economic assessments	1,259,910	1,127,651
Engineering	147,665	156,688
Environmental and permitting	1,930,213	1,755,073
Equipment rental	193,709	161,351
Geological	39,442	69,667
Geotechnical	484,804	71,381
Hydrology	394,116	1,648,207
Lease payments	1,701,210	1,813,000
Metallurgy	749,040	2,037,771
Provision for site reclamation	1,078,871
Sampling and processing	771,180	403,757
Site development and reclamation	2,831,324	3,584,054
Supplies	493,281	493,100
Vehicle	38,316
Total Exploration expenses	22,734,176	24,664,222
Balance Ending	244,065,107	221,330,931
Railroad-Pinion Project [Member]
Disclosure of quantitative information about right-of-use assets [line items]
Balance Begining	181,996,057	158,287,872
Claim maintenance fees	399,726	388,849
Consulting	1,068,158	1,929,576
Data Analysis	274,113	376,619
Drilling	8,771,435	7,948,972
Economic assessments	1,259,910	1,127,651
Engineering	147,665	156,688
Environmental and permitting	1,872,415	1,736,801
Equipment rental	193,709	148,781
Geological	39,442	69,667
Geotechnical	484,804	71,381
Hydrology	394,116	1,648,207
Lease payments	1,579,111	1,690,657
Metallurgy	749,040	2,037,771
Provision for site reclamation	1,078,871
Sampling and processing	771,180	403,224
Site development and reclamation	2,828,830	3,482,076
Supplies	493,281	491,265
Vehicle	38,316
Total Exploration expenses	22,444,122	23,708,185
Balance Ending	204,440,179	181,996,057
Lewis Gold Project [Member]
Disclosure of quantitative information about right-of-use assets [line items]
Balance Begining	39,334,874	38,378,837
Claim maintenance fees	90,729	88,369
Consulting	16,934	145,746
Data Analysis
Drilling		464,391
Economic assessments
Engineering
Environmental and permitting	57,798	18,272
Equipment rental		12,570
Geological
Geotechnical
Hydrology
Lease payments	122,099	122,343
Metallurgy
Provision for site reclamation
Sampling and processing		533
Site development and reclamation	2,494	101,978
Supplies		1,835
Vehicle
Total Exploration expenses	290,054	956,037
Balance Ending	$ 39,624,928	$ 39,334,874

XML

Exploration and Evaluation Assets (Schedule of Payment Requirements ) (Details)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2020 USD ($)
Disclosure of maturity analysis of operating lease payments [line items]
Total Work commitment	$ 6,600,000
Total Lease payment	4,175,000
Total	10,775,000
2021 [Member]
Disclosure of maturity analysis of operating lease payments [line items]
Total Work commitment	1,300,000
Total Lease payment	1,215,000
Total	2,515,000
2022 [Member]
Disclosure of maturity analysis of operating lease payments [line items]
Total Work commitment	1,400,000
Total Lease payment	826,000
Total	2,226,000
2023 [Member]
Disclosure of maturity analysis of operating lease payments [line items]
Total Work commitment	1,300,000
Total Lease payment	782,000
Total	2,082,000
2024 [Member]
Disclosure of maturity analysis of operating lease payments [line items]
Total Work commitment	1,300,000
Total Lease payment	676,000
Total	1,976,000
2025 [Member]
Disclosure of maturity analysis of operating lease payments [line items]
Total Work commitment	1,300,000
Total Lease payment	676,000
Total	$ 1,976,000

XML

Reclamation Bonds (Details)	Dec. 31, 2020 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2020 CAD ($)	Dec. 31, 2019 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2019 CAD ($)
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Reclamation bonds		$ 3,499,646		$ 2,122,559
USD [Member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Reclamation bonds	$ 2,747,965		$ 1,634,040

XML

Property and Equipment (Schedule of Property and Equipment) (Details) - CAD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Disclosure of detailed information about property, plant and equipment [line items]
Beginning Balance	$ 297,164
Ending Balance	174,936	$ 297,164
Cost [Member]
Disclosure of detailed information about property, plant and equipment [line items]
Beginning Balance	754,045	754,045
Ending Balance	754,045	754,045
Cost [Member] | Leasehold Improvements [Member]
Disclosure of detailed information about property, plant and equipment [line items]
Beginning Balance	683,758	683,758
Ending Balance	683,758	683,758
Cost [Member] | Computers [Member]
Disclosure of detailed information about property, plant and equipment [line items]
Beginning Balance	70,287	70,287
Ending Balance	70,287	70,287
Depreciation [Member]
Disclosure of detailed information about property, plant and equipment [line items]
Beginning Balance	456,881	298,623
Charge for the year	122,228	158,258
Ending Balance	579,109	456,881
Depreciation [Member] | Leasehold Improvements [Member]
Disclosure of detailed information about property, plant and equipment [line items]
Beginning Balance	399,934	257,976
Charge for the year	114,892	141,958
Ending Balance	514,826	399,934
Depreciation [Member] | Computers [Member]
Disclosure of detailed information about property, plant and equipment [line items]
Beginning Balance	56,947	40,647
Charge for the year	7,336	16,300
Ending Balance	64,283	56,947
Net Book Value [Member]
Disclosure of detailed information about property, plant and equipment [line items]
Beginning Balance	297,164
Ending Balance	174,936	297,164
Net Book Value [Member] | Leasehold Improvements [Member]
Disclosure of detailed information about property, plant and equipment [line items]
Beginning Balance	283,824
Ending Balance	168,932	283,824
Net Book Value [Member] | Computers [Member]
Disclosure of detailed information about property, plant and equipment [line items]
Beginning Balance	13,340
Ending Balance	$ 6,004	$ 13,340

XML

Right-of-Use Assets and Lease Liabilities (Schedule of Right-of-Use Assets) (Details) - CAD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Disclosure of quantitative information about right-of-use assets [line items]
At December 31, 2019	$ 730,809
At December 31, 2020	526,959	$ 730,809
Office Leases [Member] | Cost [Member]
Disclosure of quantitative information about right-of-use assets [line items]
At December 31, 2019	934,659
Initial adoption of IFRS 16		934,659
At December 31, 2020	934,659	934,659
Office Leases [Member] | Depreciation [Member]
Disclosure of quantitative information about right-of-use assets [line items]
At December 31, 2019	203,850
Charge for the year	203,850	203,850
At December 31, 2020	407,700	203,850
Office Leases [Member] | Net Book Value [Member]
Disclosure of quantitative information about right-of-use assets [line items]
At December 31, 2019	730,809
At December 31, 2020	$ 526,959	$ 730,809

XML

Right-of-Use Assets and Lease Liabilities (Schedule of Lease Liabilities) (Details) - CAD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Presentation of leases for lessee [abstract]
Lease liabilities recognized as of January 1	$ 729,878	$ 884,987
Lease payments made	(213,254)	(195,683)
Interest expense on lease liabilities	48,572	59,738
Foreign exchange adjustment	(921)	(19,164)
Lease liabilities recognized as of December 31	564,275	729,878
Less: current portion	(186,023)	$ (163,281)
At December 31, 2020	$ 378,252

XML

Right-of-Use Assets and Lease Liabilities (Schedule of Remaining Minimum Future Lease Payments) (Details)	Dec. 31, 2020 CAD ($)
2021 [Member]
Disclosure of maturity analysis of operating lease payments [line items]
Remaining minimum future lease payments, excluding estimated operating costs	$ 226,647
2022 [Member]
Disclosure of maturity analysis of operating lease payments [line items]
Remaining minimum future lease payments, excluding estimated operating costs	197,151
2023 [Member]
Disclosure of maturity analysis of operating lease payments [line items]
Remaining minimum future lease payments, excluding estimated operating costs	94,055
2024 and beyond [Member]
Disclosure of maturity analysis of operating lease payments [line items]
Remaining minimum future lease payments, excluding estimated operating costs	$ 129,836

XML

Accounts Payable and Accrued Liabilities (Schedule of Accounts Payable and Accrued Liabilities) (Details) - CAD ($)	Dec. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Disclosure of Accounts Payable and Accrued Liabilities [Abstract]
Accounts payable	$ 2,573,208	$ 1,604,972
Accrued liabilities	1,511,021	1,060,587
Government assistance	40,000
Total accounts payable and accrued liabilities	$ 4,124,229	$ 2,665,559

XML

Deferred Revenue (Schedule of Deferred Revenue) (Details)	Dec. 31, 2020 CAD ($)	Oct. 29, 2020 USD ($)
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Deferred revenue proceeds	$ 2,594,000
Accretion	36,556
Foreign exchange adjustment	(48,437)
Balance as at December 31, 2020	$ 2,582,119
Orion [Member] | USD [Member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Upfront cash payment		$ 2,000,000

XML

Provision for Site Reclamation (Narrative) (Details) - CAD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Provision For Site Reclamation Narrative
Inflation rate	2.16%	2.16%
Discount rate	3.09%	3.09%
Undiscounted uninflated value of the cash flows	$ 2,161,338
Period of undiscounted uninflated value of the cash flows required to settle provision	18 years

XML

Provision for Site Reclamation (Schedule of Provision for Site Reclamation) (Details) - CAD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Provision For Site Reclamation Schedule Of Provision For Site Reclamation
Balance as at December 31	$ 964,960	$ 1,004,499
Change in estimate	1,078,871
Foreign exchange adjustment	(71,958)	(48,343)
Accretion expense for the year	50,204	8,804
Balance as at December 31	$ 1,985,521	$ 964,960

XML

Share Capital and Reserves (Narrative) (Details)	1 Months Ended			12 Months Ended
	Jul. 31, 2020 CAD ($) shares	Jan. 31, 2020 CAD ($) shares $ / shares	Jul. 31, 2019 CAD ($) $ / shares shares	Dec. 31, 2020 CAD ($) shares $ / shares	Dec. 31, 2019 CAD ($) shares $ / shares	Jan. 31, 2019 $ / shares shares
Disclosure of classes of share capital [line items]
Proceeds from common share				$ 38,353,487	$ 21,045,000
Stock option, granted | shares				3,830,306	1,921,424
Weighted average exercise price | $ / shares				$ 0.74	$ 0.76
Stock option, Exercise | shares				2,325,000	355,000
Proceeds from Stock options				$ 1,715,250	$ 269,350
Stock option, Expired | shares				1,195,664	545,000
Stock option expense				$ 1,231,724	$ 1,918,737
Issuance costs				$ 1,476,702	$ 1,751,571
Officers and directors [Member]
Disclosure of classes of share capital [line items]
Stock option, granted | shares		927,276		292,740	664,730
Option term		Certain RSUs issued to officers of the Company vest one-third every year. The directors of the Company, who have been granted RSUs, have the entitlement to have one-third of the grant vest every year. However, the RSUs will vest only when the director’s position on the Board has been terminated.			Certain RSUs issued to officers of the Company vest either one-third every year or approximately three years from the grant date. The directors of the Company, who have been granted RSUs, have the entitlement to have one-third of the grant vest every year. However, the RSUs will vest only when the director’s position on the Board has been terminated.
Fair value of stock options		$ 973,640		$ 266,393	$ 1,156,630
Vesting of restricted share units [Member]
Disclosure of classes of share capital [line items]
Common share issued | shares		144,045				113,208
Price per share | $ / shares						$ 2.11
Weighted average exercise price | $ / shares		$ 1.98
Underwritten public offering financing [Member]
Disclosure of classes of share capital [line items]
Common share issued | shares			17,250,000
Price per share | $ / shares			$ 1.22
Proceeds from common share			$ 21,045,000
Net of cash commissions and expenses			$ 1,751,571
Stock Option [Member]
Disclosure of classes of share capital [line items]
Common share issued | shares				325,000	355,000
Stock option, granted | shares				3,830,306	1,921,424
Stock option, Exercise | shares				325,000	355,000
Proceeds from Stock options					$ 269,350
Fair value of stock options				$ 1,137,027	$ 216,991
Stock option, Expired | shares				1,195,664	545,000
Fair value transferred from reserves to deficit				$ 1,071,980	$ 579,937
Non-brokered private placement [Member]
Disclosure of classes of share capital [line items]
Common share issued | shares	6,619,191			1,000,000
Proceeds from common share	$ 6,950,150			$ 854,000
Issuance costs				$ 7,614
Restricted share units [Member]
Disclosure of classes of share capital [line items]
Common share issued | shares				292,740
Price per share | $ / shares				$ 0.91
At-the-market equity program [Member]
Disclosure of classes of share capital [line items]
Common share issued | shares				30,097,478
Proceeds from common share				$ 30,549,337
Net of cash commissions and expenses				$ 1,469,088
Stock Option One [Member]
Disclosure of classes of share capital [line items]
Stock option, granted | shares				2,140,306	1,821,424
Weighted average exercise price | $ / shares				$ 1.05	$ 1.74
Fair value of stock options				$ 998,552	$ 1,534,992
Stock Option Two [Member]
Disclosure of classes of share capital [line items]
Stock option, granted | shares				40,000	50,000
Weighted average exercise price | $ / shares				$ 1.02	$ 1.49
Fair value of stock options				$ 16,780	$ 32,998
Stock Option Three [Member]
Disclosure of classes of share capital [line items]
Stock option, granted | shares				1,400,000	50,000
Weighted average exercise price | $ / shares				$ 0.854	$ 1.20
Fair value of stock options				$ 599,397	$ 28,802
Restricted Share Unit (RSU) [Member]
Disclosure of classes of share capital [line items]
Stock option, Cancelled | shares					155,284
Fair value transferred from reserves to deficit					$ 68,072
Stock option expense				$ 1,246,676	$ 918,339
Common Stock reserved for issue | shares				6,746,579
Stock Option Four [Member]
Disclosure of classes of share capital [line items]
Stock option, granted | shares				200,000
Weighted average exercise price | $ / shares				$ 0.854
Fair value of stock options				$ 85,628
Stock Option Five [Member]
Disclosure of classes of share capital [line items]
Stock option, granted | shares				50,000
Weighted average exercise price | $ / shares				$ 0.91
Fair value of stock options				$ 20,607

XML

Share Capital and Reserves (Schedule of Fair Value of Options Granted Using Black-scholes Option Pricing Model) (Details) - yr	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Disclosure of classes of share capital [abstract]
Risk-free interest rate	0.92%	1.80%
Expected option life in years	4	4
Expected stock price volatility	58.00%	62.00%
Expected dividend rate	0.00%	0.00%

XML

Share Capital and Reserves (Schedule of Stock Options Activities) (Details)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2020 shares $ / shares	Dec. 31, 2019 shares $ / shares
Disclosure of terms and conditions of share-based payment arrangement [line items]
Outstanding at December 31,	10,338,720	9,317,296
Exercised	(2,325,000)	(355,000)
Granted	3,830,306	1,921,424
Expired	(1,195,664)	(545,000)
Outstanding at December 31,	10,648,362	10,338,720
Weighted average exercise price outstanding at December 31, | $ / shares	$ 1.76	$ 1.75
Exercised | $ / shares	0.74	0.76
Granted | $ / shares	0.97	1.72
Expired | $ / shares	1.72	2.12
Weighted average exercise price outstanding at December 31, | $ / shares	$ 1.70	$ 1.76
Number of RSUs [Member]
Disclosure of terms and conditions of share-based payment arrangement [line items]
Outstanding at December 31,	963,348	567,110
Vested	(436,785)	(113,208)
Granted	1,220,016	664,730
Cancelled		(155,284)
Outstanding at December 31,	1,746,579	963,348

XML

Share Capital and Reserves (Schedule of Stock Options Outstanding and Exercisable) (Details)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2020 shares $ / shares	Dec. 31, 2019 shares	Dec. 31, 2018 shares
Disclosure of number and weighted average remaining contractual life of outstanding share options [line items]
Number Outstanding	10,648,362	10,338,720	9,317,296
Number Exercisable	7,256,341
3.16 [Member]
Disclosure of number and weighted average remaining contractual life of outstanding share options [line items]
Exercise Price | $ / shares	$ 3.16
Number Outstanding	457,500
Number Exercisable	457,500
Expiry Date	September 29, 2021
2.24 [Member]
Disclosure of number and weighted average remaining contractual life of outstanding share options [line items]
Exercise Price | $ / shares	$ 2.24
Number Outstanding	325,000
Number Exercisable	325,000
Expiry Date	June 1, 2022
2.12 [Member]
Disclosure of number and weighted average remaining contractual life of outstanding share options [line items]
Exercise Price | $ / shares	$ 2.12
Number Outstanding	1,734,560
Number Exercisable	1,734,560
Expiry Date	August 1, 2022
2.25 [Member]
Disclosure of number and weighted average remaining contractual life of outstanding share options [line items]
Exercise Price | $ / shares	$ 2.25
Number Outstanding	600,000
Number Exercisable	600,000
Expiry Date	September 12, 2022
1.96 [Member]
Disclosure of number and weighted average remaining contractual life of outstanding share options [line items]
Exercise Price | $ / shares	$ 1.96
Number Outstanding	100,000
Number Exercisable	100,000
Expiry Date	January 15, 2023
2.11 [Member]
Disclosure of number and weighted average remaining contractual life of outstanding share options [line items]
Exercise Price | $ / shares	$ 2.11
Number Outstanding	1,920,248
Number Exercisable	1,920,248
Expiry Date	March 5, 2023
1.96 [Member]
Disclosure of number and weighted average remaining contractual life of outstanding share options [line items]
Exercise Price | $ / shares	$ 1.96
Number Outstanding	110,000
Number Exercisable	110,000
Expiry Date	September 14, 2023
1.74 [Member]
Disclosure of number and weighted average remaining contractual life of outstanding share options [line items]
Exercise Price | $ / shares	$ 1.74
Number Outstanding	1,526,048
Number Exercisable	1,017,365
Expiry Date	January 31, 2024
1.49 [Member]
Disclosure of number and weighted average remaining contractual life of outstanding share options [line items]
Exercise Price | $ / shares	$ 1.49
Number Outstanding	50,000
Number Exercisable	33,333
Expiry Date	March 15, 2024
1.20 [Member]
Disclosure of number and weighted average remaining contractual life of outstanding share options [line items]
Exercise Price | $ / shares	$ 1.20
Number Outstanding	50,000
Number Exercisable	33,333
Expiry Date	August 16, 2024
1.05 [Member]
Disclosure of number and weighted average remaining contractual life of outstanding share options [line items]
Exercise Price | $ / shares	$ 1.05
Number Outstanding	2,085,006
Number Exercisable	695,002
Expiry Date	January 30, 2025
1.02 [Member]
Disclosure of number and weighted average remaining contractual life of outstanding share options [line items]
Exercise Price | $ / shares	$ 1.02
Number Outstanding	40,000
Number Exercisable	13,333
Expiry Date	September 23, 2025
0.854 [Member]
Disclosure of number and weighted average remaining contractual life of outstanding share options [line items]
Exercise Price | $ / shares	$ 0.854
Number Outstanding	1,400,000
Number Exercisable
Expiry Date	December 2, 2025
0.854 [Member]
Disclosure of number and weighted average remaining contractual life of outstanding share options [line items]
Exercise Price | $ / shares	$ 0.854
Number Outstanding	200,000
Number Exercisable	200,000
Expiry Date	December 2, 2025
0.91 [Member]
Disclosure of number and weighted average remaining contractual life of outstanding share options [line items]
Exercise Price | $ / shares	$ 0.91
Number Outstanding	50,000
Number Exercisable	16,667
Expiry Date	December 4, 2025

XML

Segmented Information (Schedule of Geographic Information) (Details) - CAD ($)	Dec. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018
Disclosure of geographical areas [line items]
Reclamation bonds	$ 3,499,646	$ 2,122,559
Property and equipment	174,936	297,164
Exploration and evaluation assets	244,065,107	221,330,931	$ 196,666,709
Right-of-use assets	526,959	730,809
Total acquisition and exploration of exploration and evaluation assets	248,266,648	224,481,463
Canada [Member]
Disclosure of geographical areas [line items]
Reclamation bonds
Property and equipment	2,736	19,611
Exploration and evaluation assets
Right-of-use assets	304,213	374,417
Total acquisition and exploration of exploration and evaluation assets	306,949	394,028
US [Member]
Disclosure of geographical areas [line items]
Reclamation bonds	3,499,646	2,122,559
Property and equipment	172,200	277,553
Exploration and evaluation assets	244,065,107	221,330,931
Right-of-use assets	222,746	356,392
Total acquisition and exploration of exploration and evaluation assets	$ 247,959,699	$ 224,087,435

XML

Related Party Transactions (Narriative) (Details) - Directors [Member] - CAD ($)	Dec. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Disclosure of transactions between related parties [line items]
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities	$ 156,648	$ 389,127
Rent received		$ 12,000

XML

Related Party Transactions (Schedule of Key Management Personnel Compensation) (Details) - CAD ($)		12 Months Ended
		Dec. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Disclosure of transactions between related parties [line items]
Management fees		$ 2,437,062	$ 1,389,747
Professional fees		1,673,209	1,092,525
Exploration and evaluation assets expenditures		22,734,176	24,664,222
Wages and salaries		506,164	864,257
Key Management Personnel [Memeber]
Disclosure of transactions between related parties [line items]
Management fees	[1]	2,437,062	1,389,747
Professional fees		266,407	265,456
Exploration and evaluation assets expenditures		277,845	255,977
Wages and salaries		57,530	45,172
Share-based compensation		2,053,092	1,889,776
Total of key management personnel compensation		5,091,936	$ 3,846,128
Termination benefits		$ 1,199,899

[1] includes termination benefits of $1,199,899.

XML

Financial Instruments and Risk Management (Details) - 12 months ended Dec. 31, 2020	USD ($)	CAD ($)
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Each 1% change in US dollar to Canadian dollar foreign exchange gain/loss		$ 84,800
USD [Member]
Statement Line Items [Line Items]
Foreign currency net monetary asset position	$ 8,480,000

XML

Commitments (Details) - 12 months ended Dec. 31, 2020	USD ($)	CAD ($)
Officer [Member]
Disclosure of maturity analysis of operating lease payments [line items]
Minimum monthly payments		$ 14,083
Employee [Member] | USD [Member]
Disclosure of maturity analysis of operating lease payments [line items]
Minimum monthly payments	$ 14,850
Former Officer [Member]
Disclosure of maturity analysis of operating lease payments [line items]
Minimum monthly payments		19,167
Officer and Employee [Member] | USD [Member]
Disclosure of maturity analysis of operating lease payments [line items]
Minimum monthly payments	$ 31,875
Officer and Director [Member]
Disclosure of maturity analysis of operating lease payments [line items]
Minimum monthly payments		$ 36,667

XML

Income Taxes (Schedule of Reconciliation of Combined Canadian Federal And Provincial Income Tax Rate) (Details) - CAD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Major components of tax expense (income) [abstract]
Loss before income taxes	$ (10,740,593)	$ (9,719,054)
Expected income tax recovery at statutory tax rates	(2,900,000)	(2,624,000)
Impact of different statutory tax rates on earnings of subsidiaries	10,000	62,000
Change in statutory, foreign tax rates and other	(189,000)	(103,000)
Foreign exchange	964,000	2,119,000
Non-deductible expenditures	687,000	804,000
Share issuance costs	(399,000)	(473,000)
Adjustment in prior years provision statutory tax returns and expiry of non-capital losses	118,000	772,000
Change in unrecognized deductible temporary differences and others	1,709,000	(557,000)
Total

XML

Income Taxes (Schedule of Components of Deferred Tax Assets) (Details) - CAD ($)	Dec. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Disclosure of temporary difference, unused tax losses and unused tax credits [line items]
Deferred tax assets	$ 21,690,000	$ 19,981,000
Share issuance costs [Member]
Disclosure of temporary difference, unused tax losses and unused tax credits [line items]
Deferred tax assets	936,000	1,064,000
Non-capital losses [Member]
Disclosure of temporary difference, unused tax losses and unused tax credits [line items]
Deferred tax assets	17,308,000	14,420,000
Provision for site reclamation [Member]
Disclosure of temporary difference, unused tax losses and unused tax credits [line items]
Deferred tax assets	417,000	203,000
Allowable Capital losses [Member]
Disclosure of temporary difference, unused tax losses and unused tax credits [line items]
Deferred tax assets	229,000	109,000
Property and equipment [Member]
Disclosure of temporary difference, unused tax losses and unused tax credits [line items]
Deferred tax assets	159,000	135,000
Exploration and evaluation assets [Member]
Disclosure of temporary difference, unused tax losses and unused tax credits [line items]
Deferred tax assets	$ 2,641,000	$ 4,050,000

XML

Income Taxes (Schedule of Unrecognized Deductible Temporary Differences and Unused Tax Losses) (Details) - CAD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Share issuance costs [Member]
Disclosure of temporary difference, unused tax losses and unused tax credits [line items]
Unrecognized deductible temporary differences and unused tax losses	$ 3,468,000	$ 3,941,000
Expiry date	2021 to 2024	2020 to 2023
Non-capital losses [Member]
Disclosure of temporary difference, unused tax losses and unused tax credits [line items]
Unrecognized deductible temporary differences and unused tax losses	$ 71,328,000	$ 60,395,000
Expiry date	2027 to 2040	2027 to 2039
Provision for site reclamation [Member]
Disclosure of temporary difference, unused tax losses and unused tax credits [line items]
Unrecognized deductible temporary differences and unused tax losses	$ 1,986,000	$ 965,000
Expiry date	No Expiry	No Expiry
Capital losses [Member]
Disclosure of temporary difference, unused tax losses and unused tax credits [line items]
Unrecognized deductible temporary differences and unused tax losses	$ 849,000	$ 404,000
Expiry date	No Expiry	No Expiry
Property and equipment [Member]
Disclosure of temporary difference, unused tax losses and unused tax credits [line items]
Unrecognized deductible temporary differences and unused tax losses	$ 622,000	$ 506,000
Expiry date	No Expiry	No Expiry
Exploration and evaluation assets [Member]
Disclosure of temporary difference, unused tax losses and unused tax credits [line items]
Unrecognized deductible temporary differences and unused tax losses	$ 11,062,000	$ 17,777,000
Expiry date	No Expiry	No Expiry

XML

Subsequent Events (Details)	1 Months Ended			12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2021 shares $ / shares	Feb. 28, 2021 CAD ($) $ / shares shares	Jan. 31, 2021 CAD ($) shares $ / shares	Dec. 31, 2020 CAD ($) shares $ / shares	Dec. 31, 2019 CAD ($) shares $ / shares
Disclosure of non-adjusting events after reporting period [line items]
Options granted				3,830,306	1,921,424
Expired				1,195,664	545,000
Weighted average exercise price | $ / shares				$ 0.97	$ 1.72
Gross proceeds from public offering | $				$ 38,353,487	$ 21,045,000
Restricted share units [Member]
Disclosure of non-adjusting events after reporting period [line items]
Number of share issued				292,740
Per share price | $ / shares				$ 0.91
Certain officers, directors, employees and consultants [Member]
Disclosure of non-adjusting events after reporting period [line items]
Options granted			5,470,085
Weighted average exercise price | $ / shares			$ 0.868
Option exercisable period			5 years
Option vesting period			vesting one-third every year
Certain officers and directors [Member] | Restricted share units [Member]
Disclosure of non-adjusting events after reporting period [line items]
Options granted			2,515,876
Former Officer [Member]
Disclosure of non-adjusting events after reporting period [line items]
Termination benefits | $			$ 782,000
Public Offering [Member]
Disclosure of non-adjusting events after reporting period [line items]
Number of share issued		39,215,000
Per share price | $ / shares		$ 0.88
Gross proceeds from public offering | $		$ 34,509,200
Officer and Employee [Member]
Disclosure of non-adjusting events after reporting period [line items]
Options granted	560,000
Expired	50,000
Exercise price | $ / shares	$ 0.794
Option exercisable period	5 years
Option vesting period	vesting one-third every year
Officer and Employee [Member] | Restricted share units [Member]
Disclosure of non-adjusting events after reporting period [line items]
Options granted	100,000
Option vesting period	vesting one-third every year