10-K

☑ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☑ No ☐

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☑

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☑ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☑ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☑

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive oﬃcers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ☐ No ☑

The aggregate market value of the registrant’s common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant as of June 30, 2022 was approximately $8,478.4 million based on the closing price per share on that date of $53.70 as reported on the New York Stock Exchange.

The number of shares of the registrant’s common stock, par value $0.01, outstanding as of Feb 23, 2023 was 138,012,302.

Statements in this report and the schedules hereto that are not purely historical facts or that necessarily depend upon future events, including statements about expected market share gains, forecasted financial performance or other statements about anticipations, beliefs, expectations, hopes, intentions or strategies for the future, may be forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. Readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on forward-looking statements. In addition, oral statements made by our directors, officers and employees to the investor and analyst communities, media representatives and others, depending upon their nature, may also constitute forward-looking statements. All forward-looking statements are based upon currently available information and the Company’s current assumptions, expectations and projections about future events. Forward-looking statements are by nature inherently uncertain, and actual results or events may differ materially from the results or events described in the forward-looking statements as a result of many factors. The Company undertakes no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise. Any forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties, many of which are beyond the Company’s control or may be currently unknown to the Company, that could cause actual events or results to differ materially from the events or results described in the forward-looking statements, including risks or uncertainties related to the Company’s other acquisitions, the Company’s growth strategies, including gaining market share and its digital strategies, or the Company’s revenues and operating results being highly dependent on, among other things, the homebuilding industry, lumber prices and the economy, including labor and supply shortages. The Company may not succeed in addressing these and other risks. Further information regarding the risk factors that could affect our financial and other results are included as Item 1A of this annual report on Form 10-K and may also be described from time to time in the other reports the Company files with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). Consequently, all forward-looking statements in this report are qualified by the factors, risks and uncertainties contained therein.

We are a leading supplier and manufacturer of building materials, manufactured components and construction services to professional homebuilders, sub-contractors, remodelers and consumers. The Company operates 569 locations in 42 states across the United States, which are internally organized into geographic operating divisions. Due to the similar economic characteristics, categories of products, distribution methods and customers, our operating divisions are aggregated into one reportable segment.

We offer an integrated solution to our customers by providing manufacturing, supply and installation of a full range of structural and related building products. Our manufactured products include our factory-built roof and floor trusses, wall panels, vinyl windows, custom millwork and trim, as well as engineered wood that we design, cut, and assemble specifically for each home. We also assemble interior and exterior doors into pre-hung units. Additionally, we supply our customers with a broad offering of professional grade building products not manufactured by us, such as dimensional lumber and lumber sheet goods and various window, door and millwork lines. Our full range of construction-related services include professional installation, turn-key framing and shell construction, spanning all of our product categories. Further, through our Paradigm subsidiary, we offer software solutions and services for the building products industry.

Builders FirstSource, Inc. is a Delaware corporation formed in 1998 as BSL Holdings, Inc. On October 13, 1999, our name changed to Builders FirstSource, Inc. Our common stock trades on the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) under the symbol “BLDR”.

We operate in the professional segment (“Pro Segment”) of the U.S. residential building products supply market. Customers in the Pro Segment primarily include production and custom homebuilders, remodeling contractors, and multifamily builders. While we are the largest building product supplier according to HBS Dealer magazine’s 2022 Top 200 ProDealers list and the only building supplier with manufacturing capabilities with over $10 billion in sales, the industry remains highly fragmented with competition from large national dealers, specialty dealers, large building supply retailers, regional and local material distributors and smaller privately owned suppliers, truss manufacturers and lumberyards. As such, the industry presents significant opportunities for growth and a number of potential acquisitions.

The residential building products industry is driven by the level of activity in both the U.S. residential new construction market and the U.S. residential repair and remodeling market. Growth within these markets is linked to a number of key factors, including demographic trends, housing demand, interest rates, employment levels, availability of credit, foreclosure rates, consumer confidence, the availability of qualified tradesmen, and the state of the economy in general.

The residential building products industry is characterized by several key trends, including greater utilization of manufactured components, an expanding role of the distributor in providing turn-key services and a consolidation of suppliers by homebuilders, as described in more detail below. Additionally, there is increasing interest in using digital tools to help drive end-to-end efficiencies throughout the construction industry.

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the single-family residential construction market was an estimated $384.4 billion in 2022, which was 14.7% lower than 2021, and continues to be lower than the historical high of $470.4 billion in 2006. Further, according to the Home Improvement Research Institute (“HIRI”) in its September 2022 semi-annual forecast, the professional repair and remodel end market was an estimated $180.7 billion in 2022, which was 10.2% higher than 2021.

We serve a broad customer base across the United States. We have a diverse geographic footprint, as we have operations in 47 of the top 50 and 86 of the top 100 U.S. Metropolitan Statistical Areas (“MSAs”), as ranked by single family housing permits based on available 2022 U.S. Census data. Given the local nature of our business, we have historically and will continue to locate our facilities in close proximity to our key customers and co-locate multiple operations in one facility to improve efficiency.

We have a diversified customer base, ranging from large production builders to small custom homebuilders, as well as multifamily builders, repair and remodeling contractors and light commercial contractors. For the year ended December 31, 2022, our top 10 customers accounted for approximately 18% of net sales, with our largest customer accounting for approximately 5% of net sales. Our top 10 customers are comprised primarily of the largest national production homebuilders, including publicly traded companies such as D.R. Horton, Inc., Dream Finders Homes, Inc., Lennar Corporation, Pulte Homes, Inc., Taylor Morrison Home Corporation, and Toll Brothers Inc.

In addition to the largest production homebuilders, we also service and supply regional production and local custom homebuilders as well as repair and remodeling contractors and multifamily builders. These customers require high levels of service and a broad product offering. Our sales team expects to work very closely with the designers on a day-to-day basis in order to ensure the appropriate products are identified, ordered or produced and delivered on time to the building site. To account for these increased service costs, pricing in the industry is tied to the level of service provided and the volumes purchased. Servicing a broad range of homebuilders, including single-family and multifamily builders, and remodeling contractors allows us to more effectively manage market conditions that may have an outsized adverse impact on a specific customer segment.

Lumber and Lumber Sheet Goods. Lumber and lumber sheet goods include dimensional lumber, plywood and oriented strand board (“OSB”) products used in on-site house framing. Lumber & lumber sheet goods are our largest sales volume product category. The products in this category are highly sensitive to fluctuations in market prices for such commodities.

Manufactured Products. Manufactured products are factory-built substitutes for job-site framing and include wood floor and roof trusses, steel roof trusses, wall panels, and engineered wood that we design, cut, and assemble for each home. Manufactured products also include our proprietary whole-house framing solution, Ready-Frame®, which designs, pre-cuts, labels, and bundles lumber and lumber sheet goods into customized framing packages, saving builders both time and money and improving job site safety. Our manufactured products allow builders to build higher quality homes more efficiently. Roof trusses, floor trusses, and wall panels are built in a factory-controlled environment. Engineered floors and beams are cut to the required size and packaged for the given application at many of our locations. Without manufactured products, builders construct these items on site, where weather and variable labor quality can negatively impact construction cost, quality and installation time. In addition, engineered wood beams have greater structural strength than conventional framing materials, allowing builders to frame houses with more open space creating a wider variety of house designs. Engineered wood floors and open-web floor trusses are also stronger and straighter than conventionally framed floors. While not as sensitive to commodity price fluctuations as lumber and lumber sheet goods, the products in this category are constructed using lumber and lumber sheet goods, and thus are somewhat sensitive to commodity price fluctuations.

Windows, Doors and Millwork. Windows and doors are comprised of the manufacturing, assembly and distribution of windows, and the assembly and distribution of interior and exterior door units. We manufacture a portion of the vinyl windows that we distribute in our plant in Houston, Texas which allows us to supply builders, primarily in the Texas market, with cost-competitive products. Our pre-hung interior and exterior doors consist of a door slab with hinges and door jambs attached, reducing on-site installation time and providing higher quality finished door units than those constructed on site. These products typically require a high degree of product knowledge and training to sell. Millwork includes interior trim and custom features, including those that we manufacture under the Synboard ® brand name. Synboard is produced from extruded PVC and offers several advantages over traditional wood features, such as greater durability and no ongoing maintenance, such as periodic caulking and painting.

Specialty Building Products and Services. Specialty building products and services consist of various products, including vinyl, composite and wood siding, exterior trim, metal studs, cement, roofing, insulation, wallboard, ceilings, cabinets and hardware. This category also includes services such as turn-key framing, shell construction, design assistance and professional installation of products spanning all of our product categories. We provide professional installation and turn-key services as a solution for our homebuilder customers. Through our installation services program, we help homebuilders realize efficiencies through improved scheduling, resulting in reduced cycle time and better cost controls. By utilizing an energy efficiency software program, we also assist homebuilders in designing energy efficient homes in order to meet increasingly stringent energy rating requirements. Upgrading to our premium windows, doors, and insulating products can reduce overall cost to the homebuilder by minimizing costs of the required heating/cooling system. We work closely with the homebuilder to select the appropriate mix of our products to meet current and forthcoming energy codes. We believe these services require scale, capital and sophistication that smaller competitors do not possess. We also offer software products through our Paradigm subsidiary, including drafting, estimating, quoting, and virtual home design services, which provide software solutions to retailers, distributors, manufacturers and homebuilders that help them boost sales, reduce costs, and become more competitive. We believe that the homebuilding and remodeling industries are increasingly adopting digital solutions and that we are well positioned to take advantage of these trends because of our scale and prior investments in digital technologies, including our acquisition of Paradigm.

We compete in a fragmented marketplace. We believe our integrated approach and scale allow us to compete effectively through our comprehensive product lines, prefabricated components and value-added services, combined with the knowledge of our integrated sales forces to enable our homebuilder customers to complete construction more quickly, with higher quality and at a lower cost. While we expect these benefits to be particularly valuable to our customers in market environments characterized by labor shortages and sourcing challenges, we expect such benefits will also be increasingly valued and demanded by our customers operating under normal market conditions.

Our manufacturing facilities utilize industry leading technology, including automated robotic truss lines, and high-quality materials to improve product quality, increase efficiency, reduce lead times and minimize production errors. We manufacture products within two of our product categories: manufactured products, and windows, doors & millwork.

Manufactured Products — Trusses and Wall Panels. Truss and wall panel production has two steps — design and fabrication. Each house requires its own set of designed shop drawings, which vary by builder type — production versus custom builders. Production builders use prototype house plans as they replicate houses. These house plans may be minimally modified to suit individual customer demand. We maintain an electronic master file of trusses and wall panels for each builder’s prototype houses. For custom builders, the components are designed individually for each house. We download the shop drawings from our design department to computerized saws. We assemble the cut lumber to form roof trusses, floor trusses or wall panels, before shipping the finished components by house to the job site. In addition, we offer our Ready-Frame® framing system which uses specialty software to calculate project-specific lumber needs to provide pre-cut and labeled packages delivered and ready to assemble on the jobsite.

Manufactured Products — Engineered Wood. As with trusses and wall panels, engineered wood components have design and fabrication steps. We design engineered wood floors using a master filing system similar to the truss and wall panel system. Engineered wood beams are designed to ensure the beam will be structurally sound in the given application. After the design phase, a printed layout is generated. We use this layout to cut the engineered wood to the required length and assemble all of the components into a house package. We design and fabricate engineered wood at many of our distribution locations.

Custom Millwork. Our manufactured custom millwork consists primarily of interior and exterior pre-hung door systems, intricate interior and exterior mouldings, custom and premium windows, finish hardware, stair parts, mantels and columns units.

Windows. We manufacture a full line of traditional vinyl windows at an approximately 200,000 square foot manufacturing facility located in Houston, Texas. The process begins by purchasing vinyl lineal extrusions. We cut these extrusions to size and join them together to form the window frame and sash. We then purchase sheet glass and cut it to size. We combine two pieces of identically shaped glass with a sealing compound to create a glass unit with improved insulating capability. We then insert the sealed glass unit and glaze it into the window frame and sash. The unit is completed when we install a balance to operate the window and add a lock to secure the window in a closed position.

Pre-hung Doors. We manufacture pre-hung interior and exterior doors at many of our locations. We insert door slabs and pre-cut door jambs into a door machine, which bores holes into the doors for the door hardware and applies the jambs and hinges to the door slab. We then apply the casing that frames interior doors at a separate station. Exterior doors do not have a casing, and instead may have sidelights applied to the sides of the door, a transom attached over the top of the door unit and a door sill applied to the threshold.

By pursuing the Company’s four pillar strategic priorities as outlined below, we intend to build on our advantaged market position to create value for our shareholders by increasing profits and net cash flow generation, while making us a more valuable partner to our customers. The resulting cash flow should provide meaningful opportunities for increased investment in organic and acquisitive growth that preserve our balance sheet strength, grow our return on invested capital and return capital to our shareholders.

Maximize our share of wallet by capturing above-market growth in our higher margin value-added products. We believe our national manufacturing footprint and differentiated capabilities will allow us to capture growth in our higher margin value-added products, including trusses, wall panels and millwork. We believe our value-added products address the growing demand for ways to build homes more efficiently, addressing labor constraints and rising costs. We plan to accelerate this growth by further expanding our national manufacturing footprint to serve locations that do not currently have adequate access to these higher margin products. By focusing on our differentiated platform and broad product mix, we are able to offer a complete array of products and services that would otherwise need to be sourced from various distributors, providing us an opportunity to capture a greater share of wallet. This operational platform often will make us a preferred distributor for large-scale national homebuilders as well as local and custom homebuilders looking for more efficient ways to build a home. We have also made significant investments in digital solutions that we believe position us to take advantage of long-term digitization trends in the homebuilding and remodel industries. We believe that customers continue to place an increased value on these capabilities, which further differentiates us from our competitors.

Leverage our competitive strengths to capitalize on housing market share. We intend to leverage our core business strengths including local market presence, national footprint, unmatched scale in manufacturing capability, breadth of product portfolio, and end market exposure to expand our sales and profit margins. Our customers continue to emphasize the importance of local access, competitive pricing, a broad product portfolio, sales force knowledge, labor-saving manufactured products, on-site services and overall “ease of use” with their building products suppliers. Our comprehensive product offering, experienced sales force, strong strategic vendor relationships, location coverage in important markets, and tenured senior management team position us well to capitalize on strong demand in the new home construction market and the repair and remodel segment. Our large delivery fleet,

professional drivers, well positioned locations, and comprehensive inventory management enable us to provide “just-in-time” product delivery, ensuring a smoother and faster production cycle for the homebuilder. Our comprehensive network of products, services and facilities provides a strategically advantaged service model which enhances our value to our customers and provides a strong platform to drive growth. We have also expanded our operational footprint in the multifamily and light commercial markets to position us for further growth in these growing end-markets.

Optimize our highly scalable cost structure with operational excellence initiatives. We continue to focus on standardizing and automating processes and technology-based workflows to minimize costs, streamline our operations and enhance working capital efficiency. We are implementing operational excellence initiatives that are designed to further improve efficiency, as well as customer service. These initiatives, including distribution and logistics, pricing and margin management, back-office efficiencies, customer integration and systems-enabled process improvements, should yield significant cost savings. The scope and scale of our existing infrastructure, customer base, and logistical capabilities mean that improvements in efficiency, when replicated across our network, can yield substantial profit margin expansion.

Strong emphasis on putting our people first. Our team members are a critical resource, and every single one makes a difference. Enhancing talent acquisition, employee development and retention will ensure we continue to attract and retain this valuable component of our business. Our team members are the face of the Company to our customers and the communities in which we operate. Their contributions in serving our customers are a fundamental component in our success. We care about our team members and strive to have a strong environmental, health and safety program that drives world-class safety results and ensures our team members leave their workplace safely, every day. We have developed programs to help progress our people’s careers, such as our Pilot Leadership Development Program, and we strive to maintain a performance-based culture.

Environmental, social and governance strategy. We are also committed to making informed choices that improve our corporate governance, financial strength, operational efficiency, environmental stewardship, community engagement and resource management. Consistent with our core values, our goal is to be recognized by our customers as the preferred supplier, by our employees as a safe, diverse and inclusive workforce, by the industry as being at the forefront of innovation, by our stakeholders as an ethical company and by the communities in which we serve as a good corporate citizen. We recognize that the environmental sustainability of our products is important to both us as a company and to our customers. We prioritize purchasing and supplying sustainable wood products led by the Sustainable Forestry Initiative. Helping homebuilders become more productive, more efficient, and safer is fundamental to what we do and we are passionate about building this future together.

Leverage free cash flow to accelerate strategic growth. The highly fragmented nature of the Pro Segment of the U.S. residential new construction building products supply market presents substantial acquisition opportunities. Our long-term acquisition strategy is focused on the continued growth of our prefabricated components business and on the potential for geographic expansion. First, we plan to selectively seek acquisition targets that manufacture prefabricated components such as factory-built roof and floor trusses, wall panels, and engineered wood, as well as other value-added products such as vinyl windows and millwork. We also intend to pursue potential acquisitions that present an opportunity to add manufacturing capabilities in a relatively short period of time. Second, there remain a number of attractive homebuilding markets where we do not currently operate. We believe that our proven operating model can be successfully adapted to these markets and where homebuilders, many of whom we currently serve elsewhere, would value our broad product and service offering, professional expertise, and superior customer service. When entering a new market, our strategy is to acquire market-leading distributors and subsequently expand their product offerings or add manufacturing facilities while integrating their operations into our centralized platform. This strategy allows us to quickly achieve the scale required to maximize profitability and leverage existing customer relationships in the local market. Our management has shown the capability to effectively and efficiently integrate newly acquired businesses, increase productivity and drive value. We have successfully integrated approximately 60 acquisitions since 1998, including the BMC and ProBuild transactions both of which were company and industry transforming.

We seek to attract and retain customers through exceptional customer service, leading product quality, broad product and service offerings, and competitive pricing. This strategy is centered on building and maintaining strong customer relationships rather than traditional marketing and advertising. We strive to add value for the homebuilders through shorter lead times, lower total project costs, faster project completion and higher quality. We believe by executing this strategy we will continue to generate new business.

Our experienced, locally focused sales force is at the core of our sales effort. This sales effort involves deploying salespeople who are skilled in housing construction to meet with a homebuilder’s construction superintendent, local purchasing agent, or local executive with the goal of becoming their primary product supplier. If selected by the homebuilder, the salesperson and his or her team review blueprints for the contracted homes and advise the homebuilder in areas such as opportunities for cost reduction, increased energy efficiencies, and regional aesthetic preferences. Next, the team determines the specific package of products that are needed to complete the project and schedules a sequence of site deliveries. Our large delivery fleet and comprehensive inventory management systems enable us to provide “just-in-time” product delivery, ensuring a smoother and faster production cycle for the homebuilder. Throughout the construction process, the salesperson makes frequent site visits to ensure timely delivery and proper installation, and to make suggestions for efficiency improvements. We believe this level of service is highly valued by our customers and generates significant customer loyalty. At December 31, 2022, we employed approximately 2,400 sales representatives, who are generally paid a commission based on gross margin dollars collected and worked with approximately 2,600 sales coordinators and product specialists.

We purchase inventory primarily for distribution, some of which is also utilized in our manufacturing plants. The key materials we purchase include dimensional lumber, OSB and plywood, engineered wood, windows, doors, millwork, and roofing. Our largest suppliers are national companies such as Boise Cascade Company, Weyerhaeuser Company, West Fraser Timber Co. Ltd., Specialty Building Products, James Hardie Industries plc, and Louisiana-Pacific Corp. We believe marketplace supply allows us to competitively source most of our requirements without reliance on any particular supplier and that our diversity of suppliers affords us purchasing flexibility. Due to our centralized procurement platform for commodity wood products and corporate oversight of purchasing programs, we believe we are able to maximize the advantages of both our and our suppliers’ broad geographic footprints and negotiate purchases across multiple markets to achieve more favorable contracts with respect to price, terms of sale, and supply. Additionally, for certain customers, we institute purchasing programs on commodity wood products such as OSB and lumber to align portions of our procurement costs with our customer pricing commitments. We balance our OSB and lumber purchases with a mix of contract and spot market purchases to ensure consistent supply of product necessary to fulfill customer contracts, to source products at the lowest possible cost, and to minimize our exposure to the volatility of commodity lumber prices.

We currently source products from thousands of suppliers in order to reduce our dependence on any single company and to maximize purchasing leverage. Although no purchases from any single supplier represented more than approximately 8% of our total materials purchases for the year ended December 31, 2022, we believe we are one of the largest customers for many suppliers, and therefore have significant purchasing leverage. We have found that using multiple suppliers ensures a stable source of products and the best purchasing terms as the suppliers compete to gain and maintain our business.

We maintain strong relationships with our suppliers, and we believe opportunities exist to improve purchasing terms in the future, including inventory storage or “just-in-time” delivery to reduce our inventory carrying costs. We will continue to pursue additional procurement cost savings which would further enhance our margins and cash flow.

We have and will continue to experience robust competition for homebuilder business due to the highly fragmented nature of the Pro Segment. We face competition from other large national dealers that focus on the Pro Segment, including U.S. LBM, 84 Lumber and Carter Lumber; specialty dealers, such as roofing building supply companies; regional and local building supplies dealers; single and multi-site lumber yards; framing contractors; component manufacturers including Universal Forest Products and Stark Truss; and millwork operators such as American Cedar & Millwork and Westpac. We believe that we have competitive advantages over our competitors due to our long-standing customer relationships, local market knowledge, competitive pricing, superior service, broad product offering and large-scale procurement capabilities. We cultivate long-term relationships with professional builders and work to retain our customers by delivering a full range of high-quality products on time, and offering trade credit, competitive pricing and integrated service and product packages, such as turn-key framing and shell construction, as well as manufactured components and installation. We believe that our local market knowledge, strong customer relationships, superior service, and operational efficiencies allow us to cost-effectively supply our customers, which both enhances profitability and reduces the risk of losing customers to competitors.

At December 31, 2022, we had approximately 29,000 employees. Less than 1% are covered by collective bargaining agreements, where we believe our relations with the labor unions are generally good. Employee levels are managed to align with the pace of business and management believes it has sufficient human capital to operate its business successfully.

Our people are the key to our success and our continued focus on delivering exceptional customer service and innovative solutions. In managing our human capital, our goal is to ensure their safety, growth and development in an inclusive and team-based environment. By participating in regular surveys and focus groups, we place a strong emphasis on enhancing and increasing the retention and engagement level of our team members. Key areas of the Company’s human capital focus include the following:

We care about our team members and anyone who enters our workplace. We strive to have a strong environmental, health and safety program that focuses on implementing policies and training programs. We also perform self-audits to ensure our team members leave their workplace safely, every day. Over the past several years, we have developed and implemented programs designed to promote workplace safety, with the goal of reducing the frequency and severity of employee injuries. We review and monitor our performance closely by updating our executive team monthly on progress.

During 2022, our experience and continuing focus on workplace safety enabled us to preserve business continuity without sacrificing our commitment to keeping our team members and workplace visitors safe.

The Company also aspires to reduce its lost time and recordable injuries each year. In 2022, we reduced our Total Recordable Incident Rate for the seventh consecutive year and by approximately 22% over the prior year.

We also broadly provide accessible safety training to our employees in a number of formats to accommodate the learner’s style, pace, location, and access to technology.

Our team members are the face of the Company to our customers and the communities in which we operate. Their contributions in serving our customers are a fundamental component in our success, and every single team member makes a difference.

Our Company strives to foster a culture that encourages collaboration, flexibility and fairness to enable all team members to contribute to their full potential. We are committed to enhancing our efforts related to diversity and inclusion across all aspects of our organization, including hiring, promotion and developmental opportunities. We conduct both in-person and online diversity training through our online learning management system. We continue to create greater awareness, eliminate unconscious bias and foster more open and honest communication through our Corporate Inclusion Council.

To assess and improve our efforts, the Company recently surveyed employees finding that the majority of employees feel welcome, safe and included, treated fairly with opportunities to reach full potential, supported professionally, emotionally and socially and are comfortable sharing experiences and opinions, and valued as a team member. We identified four key priorities through our survey: enhance awareness, increase diversity of the workforce, improve and enhance communication, and increase inclusion and engagement. With these priorities in mind we have launched diversity and inclusion trainings, introduced quarterly town halls and engaged in regular Company-wide communications, introduced leadership development and sales trainings, and are in the process of establishing regional and local employee resource groups.

In order to attract and retain top talent, we provide several resources in a variety of formats that promote the ongoing learning and development of our team members. We offer leadership development training for new and existing leaders in topics such as: Effective Communication, Conducting Performance Management, Developing Successful and Productive Teams, Conflict Resolution & Management, Providing Exceptional Customer Service, Hiring for Fit and Building a Diverse and Inclusive Team. We have maintained our commitment to learning and development through our online learning management system and limited on-site courses facilitated in a safe setting by our training and development team. Our online course catalog offers approximately 11,000 courses which are available to all team members.

Our operations are dependent upon our information technology systems, which encompass all of our major business functions. Our primary enterprise resource planning (“ERP”) systems, which we currently use for operations representing the majority of our sales, are proprietary systems that have been highly customized by our computer programmers. The materials required for thousands of standard builder plans are stored by the system for rapid quoting or order entry. Hundreds of price lists are maintained on hundreds of thousands of SKUs, facilitating rapid price changes in a changing product cost environment. A customer’s order can be tracked at each stage of the process and billing can be customized to reduce a customer’s administrative costs and payment speed.

We have a customized financial reporting system that consolidates financial, sales and workforce data from our ERP systems and our human resource information system (“HRIS”), delivering standardized enterprise key performance indicators. This technology platform provides management with robust corporate and location level performance management by leveraging standardized metrics and analytics allowing us to plan, track and report performance and compensation measures.

We have developed a proprietary program for use in our component plants. This software reviews product designs for errors, schedules the plants and provides the data used to measure plant efficiency. In addition, we have purchased several software products that have been integrated with our primary ERP system. These programs assist in various aspects of our business such as analyzing blueprints to generating material lists, purchasing lumber products at the lowest cost, delivery management, resource planning and scheduling and financial planning and analysis.

In 2022, we announced the decision to move the Company to a new ERP system. The program will begin in 2023 kicking off with detailed planning, design, build and testing followed by several years of deployment across our broad network of operating sites. As part of this program, we intend to utilize technology-enabled opportunities to enhance our operating model and transform our business creating further value for all our stakeholders.

Our first and fourth quarters have historically been, and are generally expected to continue to be, adversely affected by weather causing reduced construction activity during these quarters. In addition, quarterly results historically have reflected, and are expected to continue to reflect, fluctuations from period to period arising from the following:

The composition and level of working capital typically change during periods of increasing sales as we carry more inventory and receivables. Working capital levels typically increase in the first and second quarters of the year due to higher sales during the peak residential construction season. These increases may result in negative operating cash flows during this peak season, which historically have been financed through available cash and borrowing availability under credit facilities. Generally, collection of receivables and reduction in inventory levels following the peak building and construction season positively impact cash flow.

We are subject to the informational requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and in accordance therewith, we file reports, proxy and information statements and other information with the SEC. Our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, proxy and information statements and other information and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 are available through the investor relations section of our website under the links to “Financial Information.” Our Internet address is www.bldr.com. Reports are available on our website free of charge as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file them with, or furnish them to, the SEC. In addition, our officers and directors file with the SEC initial statements of beneficial ownership and statements of change in beneficial ownership of our securities, which are also available on our website at the same location. We are not including

this or any other information on our website as a part of, nor incorporating it by reference into, this Form 10-K or any of our other SEC filings.

In addition to our website, the SEC maintains an Internet site that contains our reports, proxy and information statements, and other information that we electronically file with, or furnish to, the SEC at www.sec.gov.

Risks associated with our business, any investment in our securities, and with achieving the forward looking statements contained in this report or in our news releases, websites, public filings, investor and analyst conferences or elsewhere, include the risk factors described below. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we currently deem immaterial may also impair our business operations. Any of these risks, whether known or unknown, could cause our actual results to differ materially from expectations and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations, and we may not succeed in addressing these challenges and risks. You should read these Risk Factors in conjunction with “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in Item 7 and our consolidated financial statements and related notes in Item 8.

The industry in which we operate is dependent upon the residential homebuilding industry, as well as the U.S. economy, the credit markets and other important factors.

The building products industry is highly dependent on new home and multifamily construction as well as repair and remodel, which in turn are dependent upon a number of factors, including interest rates, consumer confidence, employment rates, foreclosure rates, housing inventory levels and occupancy, housing demand and the health of the U.S. economy and mortgage markets. Unfavorable changes in demographics, credit markets, including rising mortgage and other interest rates, consumer confidence, household incomes, inflation, housing affordability, or housing inventory levels and occupancy, or a weakening of the U.S. economy or of any regional or local economy in which we operate could adversely affect consumer spending, result in decreased demand for our products, and adversely affect our business. Production of new homes and multifamily buildings may also decline because of shortages of qualified tradesmen, reliance on inadequately capitalized builders and sub-contractors, shortages of suitable building lots and material, and lack of financing or more expensive financing available to homebuilders. In addition, the building industry is subject to various local, state, and federal statutes, ordinances, and regulations concerning zoning, building design and safety, construction, energy and water conservation and similar matters, including regulations that impose restrictive zoning and density requirements in order to limit the number of homes that can be built within the boundaries of a particular area or in order to maintain certain areas as primarily or exclusively residential. Regulatory restrictions may increase our operating expenses and limit the availability of suitable building lots for our customers, which could negatively affect our sales and earnings. Because we have substantial fixed costs, relatively modest declines in our customers’ production levels could have a significant adverse effect on our financial condition, operating results and cash flows.

Prices of building products are subject to fluctuations arising from changes in supply and demand, national and international economic conditions, including inflation and interest rates, labor costs, competition, market speculation, government regulation, and trade policies, as well as from periodic delays in the delivery of lumber and other products. For example, prices of wood products, including lumber and panel products, are subject to significant volatility, such as the spike in lumber prices experienced in our industry in 2020 and 2021 and the more recent decline in lumber prices. The prices of wood products directly affect our sales and earnings. In particular, low prices for wood products over a sustained period can adversely affect our financial condition, operating results and cash flows, as can excessive spikes in prices. If lumber or structural panel prices were to significantly decline from current levels, our sales and profits would be negatively affected as compared to 2022 operating results. Our lumber and lumber sheet goods product category represented 35.6% of total net sales for the year ended December 31, 2022. We have limited ability to manage the timing and amount of pricing changes for building products. In addition, the supply of building products fluctuates based on available manufacturing capacity. A shortage of capacity or excess capacity in the industry can result in significant increases or declines in prices for those building products, often within a short period of time. Such price fluctuations can adversely affect our financial condition, operating results and cash flows.

In addition, the building products industry is cyclical in nature. Industry forecasters expect that we will face future downturns in the homebuilding industry which could have an adverse effect on our operating results, financial condition or cash flows. We are not able to predict the timing, severity or duration of any future downturns in the housing market.

Our industry is highly fragmented and competitive, and increased competitive pressure may adversely affect our results.

The building products supply industry is highly fragmented and competitive. We face, and will continue to face, significant competition from local, regional and other national building materials chains, as well as from privately-owned single site enterprises. Any of these competitors may (1) foresee the course of market development more accurately than we do, (2) develop products that are superior to our products, (3) have the ability to produce or supply similar products at a lower cost, (4) develop stronger relationships with local homebuilders or commercial builders or (5) adapt more quickly to new technologies or evolving customer requirements than we do. As a result, we may not be able to compete successfully with them. In addition, home center retailers, which have historically concentrated their sales efforts on retail consumers and small contractors, have intensified their marketing efforts, including expanding e-commerce offerings, to professional homebuilders in recent years and may continue to intensify these efforts in the future. Furthermore, certain product manufacturers sell and distribute their products directly to production homebuilders or commercial builders, and the volume of such direct sales could increase in the future. Additionally, manufacturers of products distributed by us may elect to sell and distribute directly to homebuilders or commercial builders in the future or enter into exclusive supplier arrangements with other distributors. Consolidation of production homebuilders or commercial builders may result in increased competition for their business. Finally, we may not be able to maintain our operating costs or product prices at a level sufficiently low for us to compete effectively. If we are unable to compete effectively, our financial condition, operating results and cash flows may be adversely affected.

Homebuyer demand may shift towards smaller homes creating fluctuations in demand for our products.

Home affordability can be a key driver in demand for our products and home prices have increased meaningfully over the past several years. Home affordability is influenced by a number of economic factors, such as the level of employment, consumer confidence, consumer income, supply of houses, the availability of financing and interest rates. Changes in the inventory of available homes as well as economic factors relative to home prices may result in homes becoming less affordable. Furthermore, consumer preferences could shift to smaller or larger homes in the future. This could cause homebuyer demand to soften or shift substantially which could have an adverse impact on our financial condition, operating results and cash flows if we are unable to respond to the new market demands effectively.

A range of factors may make our quarterly revenues, earnings and cash flows variable.

We have historically experienced, and in the future will continue to experience, variability in revenues, earnings and cash flows on a quarterly basis. The factors expected to contribute to this variability include, among others: (1) the volatility of prices of lumber, wood products and other building products, (2) the cyclical nature of the homebuilding industry, (3) general economic conditions in the various areas that we serve, (4) the intense competition in the industry, including expansion and growth strategies by competitors, (5) the production schedules of our customers and suppliers, (6) the effects of the weather and (7) labor costs, labor shortages and available capacity to meet customer demand for our products. These factors, among others, make it difficult to project our operating results and cash flows on a consistent basis, which may affect the price of our stock.

We may be unable to successfully implement our growth strategy, which includes increasing sales of our prefabricated components and other value-added products, pursuing strategic acquisitions, opening new facilities, implementing operational excellence, pursuing digitization opportunities and initiatives, and maintaining a balanced debt level.

Our long-term strategy depends in part on growing our sales of prefabricated components and other value-added products, increasing our market share, and implementing various initiatives to increase our operational efficiency, improve our margins, optimize our pricing strategies, and streamline the customer experience. If any of these initiatives are not successful, or require extensive investment, our growth may be limited, and we may be unable to achieve or maintain expected levels of growth and profitability.

Our long-term business plan also provides for continued growth through strategic acquisitions and organic growth through the construction of new facilities or the expansion of existing facilities. Failure to identify and acquire suitable acquisition candidates on appropriate terms could have a material adverse effect on our growth strategy. Moreover, our liquidity position, or the requirements of our debt instruments could prevent us from obtaining the capital required to effect new acquisitions or expand our existing facilities. Our failure to make successful acquisitions or to build or expand needed facilities, including manufacturing facilities, produce saleable product, or meet customer demand in a timely manner could adversely affect our financial condition, operating results, and cash flows. A negative impact on our financial condition, operating results and cash flows, or our decision to invest in strategic acquisitions or new facilities, could adversely affect our ability to maintain a balanced debt level.

Furthermore, we have made significant investments, and intend to continue to invest, in technology solutions designed to increase the efficiency of the homebuilding process. There is no guarantee that such solutions will be effective, will be adopted by our customers, will be able to compete with alternative technology solutions, including from start-up and more well established technology companies or our competitors, or that we will realize the anticipated benefits from our investments in these solutions. As a result, we may suffer losses on these investments or lose market share if competing technology solutions are more widely adopted than the technology solutions we are developing.

We have consummated a number of strategic acquisitions as part of our growth strategy and intend to continue to pursue strategic acquisitions in the future as part of our growth strategy. Strategic acquisitions involve risks and if we are unable to realize the anticipated benefits of these transactions or identify suitable acquisition candidates in the future, our growth, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

Strategic acquisitions are an important part of our growth strategy and we seek to identify attractive acquisition opportunities that we believe will be accretive and result in increased sales and EBITDA, cost savings, synergies and various other benefits. Assessing the viability and realizing the benefits of these transactions is subject to significant uncertainty. Additionally, in connection with evaluating potential strategic transactions, we may incur significant expenses for the evaluation and due diligence investigation and negotiation of any potential transaction. Furthermore, multiples for acquisition targets have generally increased over the past few years and we face increased competition from other acquirors for attractive acquisition opportunities. As a result, we may not be able to consummate acquisitions on favorable terms, if at all. We may also not be able to obtain necessary approvals to consummate acquisitions. An inability to continue to identify and consummate attractive acquisitions could adversely affect our growth.

If we complete an acquisition, we need to successfully integrate the target company’s products, services, associates and systems into our business operations in order to realize the anticipated benefits from an acquisition. Integration can be a complex and time-consuming process, and if the integration is not fully successful or is delayed for a material period of time, we may not achieve the anticipated synergies or benefits of the acquisition. Although we have been successful in the past with the integration of numerous acquisitions, we may not be able to successfully integrate the operations of any future acquired businesses with our own in an efficient and cost-effective manner or without significant disruption to our or the acquired companies’ existing operations. Furthermore, even if a target company is successfully integrated, an acquisition may fail to further our business strategy as anticipated, expose us to increased competition or challenges with respect to our products or services, and expose us to additional liabilities. Any impairment of goodwill or other intangible assets acquired in a strategic transaction may reduce our earnings. Moreover, acquisitions involve significant risks and uncertainties, including uncertainties as to the future financial performance of the acquired business, the achievement of expected synergies, difficulties integrating acquired personnel and corporate cultures into our business, the potential loss of key employees, customers or suppliers, difficulties in integrating different computer and accounting systems, exposure to unforeseen liabilities of acquired companies and the diversion of management attention and resources from existing operations. We may be unable to successfully complete potential acquisitions due to multiple factors, such as issues related to regulatory review of the proposed transactions. We may also be required to incur additional debt or issue additional shares of our common stock in order to consummate acquisitions in the future. Potential new debt may be substantial and may limit our flexibility in using our cash flow from operations. The issuance of new shares of our common stock could dilute the equity value of our existing stockholders. Our failure to fully integrate future acquired businesses effectively or to manage other consequences of our acquisitions, including increased indebtedness, could prevent us from remaining competitive and, ultimately, could adversely affect our financial condition, operating results and cash flows.

Production homebuilders and multifamily builders historically have exerted and will continue to exert significant pressure on their outside suppliers, including on us, to keep prices low because of their market share and their ability to leverage such market share in the highly fragmented building products supply industry. Given this pricing pressure, we may not be able to pass along price increases for lumber, wood products, other building products, or related labor costs to our customers, which could impact our margins. In addition, continued consolidation among production homebuilders or multifamily and commercial builders, or changes in such builders’ purchasing policies or payment practices, could result in additional pricing pressure, and our financial condition, operating results and cash flows may be adversely affected.

Furthermore, in periods of economic downturn these pricing pressures tend to increase. As a result, we may face heightened pricing pressures in the event of an economic downturn, and our financial condition, operating results and cash flows may be adversely affected.

The loss of any of our significant customers or a reduction in the quantity of products they purchase could affect our financial health.

Our ten largest customers generated approximately 18% of our net sales for the year ended December 31, 2022. We cannot guarantee that we will maintain or improve our relationships with these customers or that we will supply these customers at historical

levels. Moreover, in the event of any downturn, some of our homebuilder customers may exit or severely curtail building activity in certain of our markets.

In addition, production homebuilders, multifamily builders and other customers may: (1) seek to purchase some of the products that we currently sell directly from manufacturers, (2) elect to establish their own building products manufacturing and distribution facilities or (3) give advantages to manufacturing or distribution intermediaries in which they have an economic stake. Continued consolidation among production homebuilders could also result in a loss of some of our present customers to our competitors. The loss of one or more of our significant customers or deterioration in our relations with any of them could significantly affect our financial condition, operating results and cash flows. Furthermore, our customers are not required to purchase any minimum amount of products from us. The contracts into which we have entered with most of our professional customers typically provide that we supply particular products or services for a certain period of time when and if ordered by the customer. Should our customers purchase our products in significantly lower quantities than they have in the past, such decreased purchases could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, operating results and cash flows.

Product shortages, loss of key suppliers, and our dependence on third-party suppliers and manufacturers could affect our financial health.

Our ability to offer a wide variety of products to our customers is dependent upon our ability to obtain adequate product supply from manufacturers and other suppliers. Historically, our products are obtainable from various sources and in sufficient quantities. While the COVID-19 pandemic caused significant disruptions and delays in the manufacture and distribution of building products throughout the industry supply chain, we are beginning to see a return to pre-pandemic levels in many areas. That said, the loss of, or an ongoing substantial decrease in the availability of products from our suppliers or the loss of key supplier arrangements could adversely impact our financial condition, operating results, and cash flows.

Although in many instances we have agreements with our suppliers, these agreements are generally terminable by either party on limited notice. Failure by our suppliers to continue to supply us with products on commercially reasonable terms, or at all, could put pressure on our operating margins or have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, operating results and cash flows. Short-term changes in the cost of these materials, some of which are subject to significant fluctuations, are oftentimes, but not always, passed on to our customers. Our delayed ability to pass on material price increases to our customers could adversely impact our financial condition, operating results and cash flows.

Furthermore, the inability of our suppliers to meet our supply needs in a timely manner or our quality standards could cause delays to delivery date requirements of our customers. Such failures could result in the cancellation of orders, customers’ refusal to accept deliveries, a reduction in purchase prices, and ultimately, termination of customer relationships, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and liquidity. In that case, we may be required to seek alternative sources of materials or products. Our inability to identify and secure alternative sources of supply could have a material and adverse effect on our ability to satisfy customer orders. While we have largely been able to manage these supply chain disruptions to date, there is no guarantee that we will be able to do so in the future.

Failure to attract and retain our key employees and the impact of our recent leadership changes may adversely impact our ability to successfully execute our business strategies.

Our success depends in part on our ability to attract, hire, train and retain qualified managerial, operational, sales and other personnel. We face significant competition for these types of employees in our industry and from other industries. We may be unsuccessful in attracting and retaining the personnel we require to conduct and expand our operations successfully. In addition, key personnel may leave us and compete against us. Our success also depends to a significant extent on the continued service of our senior management team. We may be unsuccessful in replacing key managers who either resign or retire. The loss of any member of our senior management team or other experienced senior employees could impair our ability to execute our business plan, cause us to lose customers and reduce our net sales, or lead to employee morale problems and/or the loss of other key employees. In any such event, our financial condition, operating results and cash flows could be adversely affected.

Furthermore, we have had recent leadership changes and transitions involving our senior leadership team, as previously announced. Such leadership changes can be inherently difficult to manage, and an inadequate transition may cause disruption to our business, including to our relationships with our customers, suppliers, vendors and employees. It may also make it more difficult for us to hire and retain key employees. In addition, any failure to ensure the effective transfer of knowledge and a smooth transition could hinder our strategic planning, execution and future performance.

In addition, competition for non-management employees has increased significantly since the COVID-19 pandemic resulting in higher labor costs and labor shortages at our facilities. As a result, we may continue to face higher operating expenses and may lose revenue opportunities if we lack capacity due to labor shortages to meet customer demand. While only a small percentage of our

workforce is unionized, there can be no assurance that additional employees will not conduct union organization campaigns or become union members in the future and a failure to renew existing collective bargaining agreements on favorable terms could lead to further labor shortages and higher labor costs.

We may be adversely affected by any disruption in our respective information technology systems.

Our operations are dependent upon our information technology systems, which encompass all of our major business functions. Our primary ERP systems are proprietary systems that have been highly customized by our computer programmers. Our centralized financial reporting system currently draws data from our ERP systems. We rely upon our information technology systems to run critical accounting and financial information systems, process receivables, manage and replenish inventory, fill and ship customer orders on a timely basis, and coordinate our sales activities across all products and services. A substantial disruption in our information technology systems for any prolonged time period could result in problems and delays in generating critical financial and operational information, processing receivables, receiving inventory and supplies and filling customer orders. These disruptions could adversely affect our operating results as well as our customer service and relationships. Our systems, or those of our significant customers or suppliers, might be damaged or interrupted by natural or man-made events or by computer viruses, physical or electronic break-ins, or similar disruptions affecting the global Internet.

In addition, we rely on a number of third-party service providers to execute certain business processes and maintain certain information technology systems and infrastructure, and any breach of security or disruption in their systems could impair our ability to operate effectively. Such disruptions, delays, problems, or associated costs relating to our systems or those of our significant customers, suppliers or third-party providers could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, operating results and cash flows.

Furthermore, advances in computer and software capabilities, encryption technology, and other discoveries increase the complexity of our technological environment, including how each interacts with our various software platforms. Such advances could delay or hinder our ability to process transactions or could compromise the integrity of our data, resulting in a material adverse impact on our financial condition and results of operations. The risk of system disruption is increased when significant system changes are undertaken. If we fail to timely integrate and update our information technology systems and processes, including our new ERP system, we may fail to realize the cost savings or operational benefits anticipated to be derived from these initiatives.

We are subject to cybersecurity risks and expect to incur increasing costs in an effort to minimize those risks.

Our business employs systems that allow for the secure storage and transmission of customers’, vendors’ and employees’ proprietary information. Security breaches could expose us to a risk of loss or misuse of this information, litigation and potential liability. We may not have the resources or technical sophistication to anticipate or prevent rapidly evolving types of cyber-attacks. Any compromise of our security could result in a violation of applicable privacy and other laws, significant legal and financial exposure, damage to our reputation and a loss of confidence in our security measures, which could harm our business. The regulatory environment related to information security and privacy is increasingly rigorous, with new and constantly changing requirements applicable to our business, and compliance with those requirements could result in additional costs. Our computer systems have been, and will likely continue to be, subjected to computer viruses or other malicious codes, unauthorized access attempts and cyber- or phishing-attacks. Additionally, we may be impacted by intrusions or failures of critical infrastructure such as the power grid or communications systems. These events could compromise ours’ and our customers’ and suppliers’ confidential information, impede or interrupt our business operations, and could result in other negative consequences, including remediation costs, loss of revenue, litigation and reputational damage. While we have not experienced any material losses relating to cyber-attacks or other information security breaches to date, we have been the subject of attempted hacking and cyber-attacks and there can be no assurance that we will not suffer such significant losses in the future. As cyber-attacks become more sophisticated, we expect to incur increasing costs to strengthen our systems from outside intrusions. While we have implemented administrative and technical controls and have taken other preventive actions, such as deploying company-wide cybersecurity training and conducting threat simulations to reduce the risk of cyber incidents and protect our information technology, they may be insufficient to prevent physical and electronic break-ins, cyber-attacks or other security breaches to our computer systems.

Our operating results vary according to the amount and type of products we sell to each of our primary customer types: single-family homebuilders, remodeling contractors, and multifamily, commercial and other contractors. Gross margins on sales to single-family, multifamily, commercial and other contractors vary based on a variety of factors, including the purchase volumes of the individual customer, the mix of products sold to that customer, the cost to serve that customer, the size and selling price of the project being constructed and the number of upgrades added to the project before or during its construction.

We generate significant business from the large single-family homebuilders; however, our gross margins on sales to them tend to be lower than our gross margins on sales to other market segments. A shift in our sales mix towards the larger homebuilders could negatively impact our gross margins.

In addition, we typically realize higher gross margins on more highly engineered and customized products, or ancillary products that are often purchased based on convenience and are therefore less price sensitive to our customers. For example, sales of lumber and lumber sheet goods tend to generate lower gross margins due to their commodity nature and the relatively low switching costs of sourcing those products from different suppliers. Structural components and millwork, doors and windows often generate higher gross margins relative to other products due to their increased complexity and opportunity for efficiency gains. A shift in our sales mix towards the lumber and lumber sheet goods product category could negatively impact our gross margins.

The implementation of our supply chain and technology initiatives could disrupt our operations, and these initiatives might not provide the anticipated benefits or might fail.

We have made, and we plan to continue to make, significant investments in our supply chain and technology. These initiatives are designed to streamline our operations to allow our employees to continue to provide high quality service to our customers, while simplifying customer interaction and providing our customers with a more interconnected purchasing experience. The cost and potential problems and interruptions associated with the implementation of these initiatives, including those associated with managing third-party service providers and employing new web-based tools and services, could disrupt or reduce the efficiency of our operations. In the event that we continue to grow, there can be no assurance that we will be able to keep up, expand or adapt our IT infrastructure to meet evolving demand on a timely basis and at a commercially reasonable cost, or at all. In addition, our improved supply chain and new or upgraded technology might not provide the anticipated benefits, it might take longer than expected to realize the anticipated benefits or the initiatives might fail altogether.

Furthermore, our customers are continuing to increasingly demand and rely on increased technology in their operations. We anticipate digitization trends in the home-building industry to continue and have made significant investments in technology solutions to further drive digitization of the home-building industry. While we believe such trends present opportunities for our business, we may be unsuccessful in keeping pace with the development of such technologies, which could result in loss of customers.

We regularly invest resources to update and improve our internal information technology systems and software platforms. Should our investments not succeed, or if delays or other issues with new or existing internal technology systems and software platforms disrupt our operations, our business could be harmed.

We rely on our network infrastructure, ERP systems, data hosting, public cloud and software-as-a-service providers, and internal technology systems for many of our development, marketing, operational, support, sales, accounting and financial reporting activities. We are continually investing resources to update and improve these systems and environments in order to meet existing needs, as well as the growing and changing requirements of our business and customers. If we experience prolonged delays or unforeseen difficulties in updating and upgrading our systems and architecture, including our new ERP system, we may experience outages and may not be able to deliver certain offerings or develop new offerings and enhancements that we need to remain competitive. Improvements, upgrades and, to a greater extent, system conversions, are often complex, costly and time consuming. In addition, such improvements can be challenging to integrate with our existing technology systems, or may uncover problems with our existing technology systems. Unsuccessful implementation of hardware or software updates and improvements could result in outages, disruption in our business operations, loss of revenue or damage to our reputation.

We occupy most of our facilities under long-term non-cancelable leases. We may be unable to renew leases at the end of their terms. If we close a facility, we are still obligated under the applicable lease.

Most of our facilities are leased. Many of our leases are non-cancelable, typically have initial expiration terms ranging from five to 15 years and most provide options to renew for specified periods of time. We believe that leases we enter into in the future will likely be for similar terms (five to 15 years), will be non-cancelable and will feature similar renewal options. If we close or idle a facility we would remain committed to perform our obligations under the applicable lease, which would include, among other things, payment of the base rent, insurance, taxes and other expenses on the leased property for the balance of the lease term. We have closed or idled a number of facilities for which we continue to remain liable. Our obligation to continue making rental payments with respect to leases for closed or idled facilities could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations. At the end of a lease term, for those locations where we have no renewal options remaining, we may be unable to renew the lease without additional cost, if at all. If we are unable to renew our facility leases, we may close or, if possible, relocate the facility, which could subject us to additional costs and risks which could have a material adverse effect on our business. Additionally, the revenue and profit generated at a relocated facility may not equal the revenue and profit generated at the former operation.

Our level of indebtedness could adversely affect our ability to raise additional capital to fund our operations, limit our ability to react to changes in the economy or our industry, and prevent us from meeting our obligations under our debt instruments.

As of December 31, 2022, our debt totaled $3,015.4 million, which includes $201.4 million of finance lease and other finance obligations. We have a $1.8 billion revolving credit facility with maturity dates between December 17, 2026 and January 17, 2028 (“Revolving facility”), under which we had $264.0 million in outstanding borrowings and $128.9 million of letters of credit outstanding as of December 31, 2022. In addition, we also have $505.2 million in obligations under operating leases.

In addition, our debt instruments contain cross-default provisions that could result in our debt being declared immediately due and payable under a number of debt instruments, even if we default on only one debt instrument. In such event, it is possible that we would not be able to satisfy our obligations under all of such accelerated indebtedness simultaneously.

Our financial condition and operating performance, including that of our subsidiaries, are also subject to prevailing economic and competitive conditions and to certain financial, business and other factors beyond our control. There are no assurances that we will maintain a level of liquidity sufficient to permit us to pay the principal, premium and interest on our indebtedness.

If our cash flows and capital resources are insufficient to fund our debt service obligations, we may be forced to reduce or delay capital expenditures, sell assets, seek additional capital, or restructure or refinance our indebtedness. These alternative measures may not be successful and may not permit us to meet our scheduled debt service obligations. In the absence of such operating results and resources, we could face substantial liquidity problems and might be required to dispose of material assets or operations in an effort to meet our debt service and other obligations. The agreements governing our debt instruments restrict our ability to dispose of assets and to use the proceeds from such dispositions. We may not be able to consummate those dispositions or be able to obtain the proceeds that we could realize from them, and these proceeds may not be adequate to meet any debt service obligations then due.

We may have future capital needs and may not be able to obtain additional financing on acceptable terms.

We are substantially reliant on cash on hand and borrowing availability under the Revolving facility, which totaled $1,487.5 million at December 31, 2022, to provide working capital and fund our operations. Our working capital requirements are likely to grow as we continue to grow organically and through acquisitions. Our inability to renew, amend or replace our debt instruments when required or when business conditions warrant could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Economic and credit market conditions, the performance of our industry, and our financial performance, as well as other factors, may constrain our financing abilities. Our ability to secure additional financing, if available, and to satisfy our financial obligations under indebtedness outstanding from time to time will depend upon our future operating performance, the availability of credit, economic conditions and financial, business and other factors, many of which are beyond our control. Significant worsening of current housing market conditions or the macroeconomic factors that affect our industry could require us to seek additional capital and have a material adverse effect on our ability to secure such capital on favorable terms, if at all.

We may be unable to secure additional financing, financing on favorable terms or our operating cash flow may be insufficient to satisfy our financial obligations under indebtedness outstanding from time to time. The agreements governing our debt instruments, moreover, restrict the amount of permitted indebtedness allowed. In addition, if financing is not available when needed, or is available on unfavorable terms, we may be unable to take advantage of business opportunities, including potential acquisitions, or respond to competitive pressures, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations. If additional funds are raised through the issuance of additional equity or convertible debt securities, our stockholders may experience significant dilution.

We may incur additional indebtedness in the future, including collateralized debt, subject to the restrictions contained in the agreements governing our debt instruments. If new debt is added to our current debt levels, the related risks that we now face could intensify.

Our debt instruments contain various covenants that limit our ability to operate our business.

Our financing arrangements, including the agreements governing our debt instruments, contain various provisions that limit our ability to, among other things:

The agreement governing the Revolving facility contains a financial covenant requiring the satisfaction of a minimum fixed charge ratio of 1.00 to 1.00 if our excess availability falls below the greater of $80.0 million or 10% of the maximum borrowing amount, which was $180.0 million as of December 31, 2022.

These provisions may restrict our ability to expand or fully pursue our business strategies. Our ability to comply with the agreements governing our debt instruments may be affected by changes in our operating and financial performance, changes in general business and economic conditions, adverse regulatory developments, a change in control or other events beyond our control. The breach of any of these provisions could result in a default under our indebtedness, which could cause those and other obligations to become due and payable. If any of our indebtedness is accelerated, we may not be able to repay it.

Our variable rate indebtedness subjects us to interest rate risk, which could cause our indebtedness service obligations to increase significantly.

Interest rates may increase in the future. As a result, interest rates on our Revolving facility could be higher or lower than current levels. As of December 31, 2022, we had approximately $264.0 million, or 8.8%, of our outstanding debt at variable interest rates. If interest rates increase, our debt service obligations on the variable rate indebtedness would increase even though the amount borrowed remained the same, and our net income and cash flows, including cash available for servicing our indebtedness, would correspondingly decrease. Further, an increase in interest rates could also trigger a limitation on the deductibility of those interest costs, increasing our tax expense and further decreasing our net income and cash flows. In recent years, the Company has executed several debt transactions designed to optimize our debt structure and extend maturities. The Company is likely to execute similar debt transactions in the future. However, there can be no assurance that we will be successful in anticipating the direction of interest rates or changes in market conditions, which could result in future debt transactions having a material adverse impact on our financial condition, operating results and cash flows.

A 1.0% increase in interest rates on the Revolving facility would result in approximately $2.6 million in additional interest expense annually as we had $264.0 million in outstanding borrowings as of December 31, 2022. The Revolving facility also assesses variable commitment and outstanding letter of credit fees based on quarterly average loan utilization.

If the housing market declines, we may be required to take impairment charges relating to our operations or temporarily idle or permanently close under-performing locations.

If conditions in the housing industry continue to deteriorate we may need to take goodwill and/or asset impairment charges relating to certain of our reporting units. Any such non-cash charges would have an adverse effect on our financial results. In addition, in response to industry conditions, we may have to temporarily idle or permanently close certain facilities in under-performing markets. Widespread facility closures could have a significant adverse effect on our financial condition, operating results and cash flows.

Our inability to effectively deploy our excess capital may negatively affect return on equity and stockholder value.

Throughout 2022, we generated significant excess cash flows. Our business plan calls for us to execute a variety of strategies to deploy excess capital including, but not limited to, continued organic balance sheet growth and the consideration of potential acquisition opportunities to further deploy our excess capital when we expect such opportunities to significantly enhance long-term stockholder value. We have also repurchased approximately $4.4 billion of our shares since January 2021 through the date of this filing, and intend to continue repurchasing shares pursuant to share repurchase authorization approved by our board of directors and announced on November 28, 2022. Our inability to effectively and timely deploy our excess capital through these strategies may constrain growth in earnings and return on equity and thereby diminish potential growth in stockholder value.

The nature of our business exposes us to product liability, product warranty, casualty, construction defect, asbestos, vehicle and other claims and legal proceedings.

We are involved in product liability, product warranty, casualty, construction defect, asbestos, vehicle and other claims relating to the products we manufacture and distribute, and services we provide or have provided that, if adversely determined, could adversely affect our financial condition, operating results, and cash flows. We rely on manufacturers and other suppliers to provide us with many of the products we sell and distribute. Because we have no direct control over the quality of such products manufactured or supplied by such third-party suppliers, we are exposed to risks relating to the quality of such products. The Company has a number of known and threatened construction defect legal claims. We are also involved in several asbestos personal injury suits due to the alleged sale of asbestos-containing products by legacy businesses that we acquired. In addition, we are exposed to potential claims arising from the conduct of our respective employees and subcontractors, and builders and their subcontractors, for which we may be contractually liable. Although we currently maintain what we believe to be suitable and adequate insurance in excess of our self-insured amounts, there can be no assurance that we will be able to maintain such insurance on acceptable terms or that such insurance will provide adequate protection against potential liabilities. Product liability, product warranty, casualty, construction defect, asbestos, vehicle, and other claims can be expensive to defend and can divert the attention of management and other personnel for significant periods, regardless of the ultimate outcome. Claims of this nature could also have a negative impact on customer confidence in our products and our company. In addition, we are involved on an ongoing basis in other types of legal proceedings, such as workers’ compensation proceedings. We cannot assure you that any current or future claims against us will not adversely affect our financial condition, operating results and cash flows.

Federal, state, local and other regulations could impose substantial costs and/or restrictions on our operations that would reduce our net income.

We are subject to various federal, state, local and other regulations, including, among other things, regulations promulgated by the Department of Transportation and applicable to our fleet of delivery trucks, work safety regulations promulgated by the Department of Labor’s Occupational Safety and Health Administration, employment regulations, including immigration and work-authorization laws and regulations promulgated by the United States Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, tariff regulations on imported products promulgated by the Federal government, accounting standards issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) or similar entities, state and local regulations relating to our escrow business, and state and local zoning restrictions and building codes. More burdensome regulatory requirements in these or other areas may increase our general and administrative costs and adversely affect our financial condition, operating results and cash flows. Moreover, failure to comply with the regulatory requirements applicable to our business could expose us to substantial penalties that could adversely affect our financial condition, operating results and cash flows and damage our reputation.

Future changes to tax laws and regulations could have an adverse impact on our business.

We are subject to income and other taxes in the United States. We are subject to ongoing tax audits in various jurisdictions. We regularly assess the likely outcome of these audits in order to determine the appropriateness of our tax provision. However, there can be no assurance that we will accurately predict the outcome of these audits, and the amounts ultimately paid upon resolution of audits could be materially different from the amounts previously included in our income tax expense and therefore could have a material impact on our tax provision, net income and cash flows. In addition, our effective tax rate in the future could be adversely affected by changes to our operating structure, changes in the valuation of deferred tax assets and liabilities, changes in tax laws, and the discovery of new information in the course of our tax return preparation. Any future changes in federal and state tax laws and regulations could have an adverse direct impact on our corporate taxes and/or an adverse indirect impact such as making purchasing a home less attractive, which could reduce demand for homes. Adverse impacts from any future changes in federal and state laws and regulations on our business could include an adverse impact on our financial condition, operating results and cash flows.

We are subject to potential exposure to environmental liabilities and are subject to environmental regulation.

We are subject to various federal, state and local environmental laws, ordinances and regulations. Although we believe that our facilities are in material compliance with such laws, ordinances, and regulations, as owners and lessees of real property, we can be held liable for the investigation or remediation of contamination on such properties, in some circumstances, without regard to whether we knew of or were responsible for such contamination. No assurance can be provided that remediation may not be required in the future as a result of spills or releases of petroleum products or hazardous substances, the discovery of unknown environmental conditions, more stringent standards regarding existing residual contamination, or changes in legislation, laws, rules or regulations. More burdensome environmental regulatory requirements may increase our general and administrative costs and adversely affect our financial condition, operating results and cash flows.

The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and its contributory effects on the economy could adversely impact, our business, financial condition, liquidity, capital and results of operations.

While the level of disruption caused by, and the economic impact of, the COVID-19 pandemic lessened in 2022, there is no assurance that the pandemic will not worsen again, including as a result of the emergence of new strains of the virus, or another health-related emergency will not emerge. Any worsening of the pandemic, a new health-related emergency and their effects on the economy could have an adverse impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Unstable global economic conditions may have serious adverse consequences on our business, financial condition, and operations.

We are operating in an uncertain economic environment. The global credit and financial markets have experienced extreme volatility and disruptions, including severely diminished liquidity and credit availability, declines in consumer confidence, declines in economic growth, increases in unemployment rates, high rates of inflation, and uncertainty about economic stability and a potential recession. While our management team continually monitors market conditions and economic factors throughout our footprint, we are unable to predict the duration or severity of such conditions or factors. If conditions were to worsen nationally, regionally or locally, then we could see a decrease in housing starts, which would adversely affect our business, financial condition, operating results, and cash flows.

In addition, the financial markets and the global economy may also be adversely affected by the current or anticipated impact of military conflict, including the current conflict between Russia and Ukraine, which is increasing volatility in commodity and energy prices, creating supply chain issues and causing instability in financial markets. Sanctions imposed by the United States and other countries in response to such conflict could further adversely impact the financial markets and the global economy, and any economic countermeasures by the affected countries or others could exacerbate market and economic instability. The specific consequences of the conflict in Ukraine on our business is difficult to predict at this time, but in addition to inflationary pressures affecting our operations, any shortages of fuel or significant fuel cost increases could seriously disrupt our ability to distribute products to our customers.

There can be no assurance that further deterioration in markets and confidence in economic conditions will not occur. Our general business strategy may be adversely affected by any such economic downturn or recession, volatile business environment, hostile third-party action or continued unpredictable and unstable market conditions. The effects of any economic downturn or recession could continue for many years after the downturn or recession is considered to have ended.

We may be adversely affected by any natural or man-made disruptions to our operations and our distribution and manufacturing facilities.

We currently maintain a broad network of distribution and manufacturing facilities throughout the U.S. Any widespread disruption to our operations resulting from fire, earthquake, weather-related events (such as tornadoes, hurricanes, flooding and other storms), other natural disasters, an act of terrorism, intrusions or failures of critical infrastructure such as the power grid or communications systems or any other cause could damage multiple facilities and a significant portion of our inventory and could materially impair our ability to distribute our products to customers. Moreover, we could incur significantly higher costs and longer lead times associated with distributing our products to our customers during the time that it retakes for us to reopen or replace a damaged facility. If any of these events were to occur, our financial condition, operating results and cash flows could be materially adversely affected.

In addition, general weather patterns affect our operating results throughout the year, with adverse weather historically reducing construction activity in the first and fourth quarters in the markets in which we primarily operate. Adverse weather events, natural disasters or similar events, including as a result of climate change, could generally reduce or delay construction activity, which could adversely impact our financial condition, operating results and cash flows. Furthermore, if certain markets where we have made significant investments become less desirable for new home building due to the frequency of adverse weather events or climate change, we could incur significant losses at our facilities throughout these markets.

ESG risks could adversely affect our reputation and shareholder, employee, customer and third party relationships and may negatively affect our stock price.

Our business faces increasing public scrutiny related to ESG activities. We risk damage to our brand and reputation if we fail to act responsibly in a number of areas, such as DEI, environmental stewardship, including with respect to climate change, human capital management, support for our local communities, corporate governance and transparency, or fail to consider ESG factors in our business operations.

Additionally, investors and shareholder advocates are placing an increasing emphasis on how corporations address ESG issues in their business strategy when making investment decisions and when developing their investment theses and proxy recommendations. We may incur meaningful costs with respect to our ESG efforts and if such efforts are negatively perceived, our reputation and stock price may suffer.

Concerns over the long-term impacts of climate change have led and will continue to lead to governmental efforts around the world to mitigate those impacts. Consumers and businesses are also changing their behavior and business preferences as a result of these concerns. New governmental regulations or guidance relating to climate change, as well as changes in consumers’ and businesses’ behaviors and business preferences, may affect whether and on what terms and conditions we will engage in certain activities or offer certain products or services. The governmental and supervisory focus on climate change could also result in our becoming subject to new or heightened regulatory requirements. Any such new or heightened requirements could result in increased regulatory, compliance or other costs. Our business, reputation and ability to attract and retain employees may also be harmed if our response to climate change is perceived to be ineffective or insufficient.

The market price of our common stock historically has experienced and may continue to experience significant price fluctuations similar to those experienced by the broader stock market in recent years. For example, between January 1, 2022 and December 31, 2022, the closing price of our common stock on the NYSE ranged from $50.02 to $85.42 per share. In addition, the price of our common stock may fluctuate significantly in response to various factors, including:

Broad market and industry factors may materially harm the market price of our common stock, regardless of our operating performance. In the past, following periods of volatility in the market price of a company’s securities, securities class action litigation has often been instituted against that company.

If we were involved in any similar litigation we could incur substantial costs and our management’s attention and resources could be diverted, which could adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. As a result, it may be difficult for you to resell your shares of common stock in the future.

We have a broad network of distribution and manufacturing facilities in 42 states throughout the U.S. Based on available 2022 U.S. Census data, we have operations in 47 of the top 50 and 86 of the top 100 U.S. Metropolitan Statistical Areas, as ranked by single family housing permits in 2022.

Distribution centers typically include 10 to 15 acres of outside storage, a 45,000 square foot warehouse, 4,000 square feet of office space, and 15,000 square feet of covered storage. The outside area provides space for lumber storage and a staging area for delivery while the warehouse stores millwork, windows and doors. The distribution centers are usually located in industrial areas with low cost real estate and easy access to freeways to maximize distribution efficiency and convenience. Many of our distribution centers are situated on rail lines for efficient receipt of goods.

Our manufacturing facilities produce trusses, wall panels, engineered wood, windows, pre-hung doors and custom millwork. Where efficient, they are located on the same premises as our distribution facilities. Truss and panel manufacturing facilities vary in size from 30,000 square feet to 60,000 square feet with eight to 10 acres of outside storage for lumber and for finished goods. Our window manufacturing facility in Houston, Texas is approximately 200,000 square feet.

We own 147 actively operating facilities contractually and lease 422 actively operating facilities. These leases typically have an initial lease term of five to 15 years and most provide options to renew for specified periods of time. A majority of our leases provide for fixed annual rentals. Certain of our leases include provisions for escalating rent, as an example, based on changes in the consumer price index. Most of the leases require us to pay taxes, insurance and common area maintenance expenses associated with the properties. As described in Note 9 to the consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 of this annual report on Form 10-K, 118 of our leased facilities are subject to a sales-lease back transaction that is accounted for in our financial statements as owned assets with offsetting financing obligations.

In addition, we operate a fleet of approximately 18,800 rolling stock units which includes trucks, forklifts, and trailers used to deliver products from our distribution and manufacturing centers to our customers’ job sites. Through our emphasis on local market flexibility and strategically placed locations, we minimize shipping and freight costs while maintaining a high degree of local market expertise. Through knowledge of local homebuilder needs, customer coordination and rapid restocking ability, we reduce working capital requirements and guard against out-of-stock products. We believe that this reliability is highly valued by our customers and reinforces customer relationships.

The Company has a number of known and threatened construction defect legal claims. While these claims are generally covered under the Company’s existing insurance programs to the extent any loss exceeds the deductible, there is a reasonable possibility of

loss that is not able to be estimated at this time because (i) many of the proceedings are in the discovery stage, (ii) the outcome of future litigation is uncertain, and/or (iii) the complex nature of the claims. Although the Company cannot estimate a reasonable range of loss based on currently available information, the resolution of these matters could have a material adverse effect on the Company's financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

In addition, we are involved in various other claims and lawsuits incidental to the conduct of our business in the ordinary course. We carry insurance coverage in such amounts in excess of our self-insured retention as we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances and that may or may not cover any or all of our liabilities in respect of such claims and lawsuits. Although the ultimate disposition of these other proceedings cannot be predicted with certainty, management believes the outcome of any such claims that are pending or threatened, either individually or on a combined basis, will not have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial position, cash flows or results of operations. However, there can be no assurances that future adverse judgments and costs would not be material to our results of operations or liquidity for a particular period.

Although our business and facilities are subject to federal, state and local environmental regulation, environmental regulation does not have a material impact on our operations. We believe that our facilities are in material compliance with such laws and regulations. As owners and lessees of real property, we can be held liable for the investigation or remediation of contamination on such properties, in some circumstances without regard to whether we knew of or were responsible for such contamination. Our current expenditures with respect to environmental investigation and remediation at our facilities are minimal, although no assurance can be provided that more significant remediation may not be required in the future as a result of spills or releases of petroleum products or hazardous substances or the discovery of unknown environmental conditions.

Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Our common stock is traded on the NYSE under the symbol “BLDR”. The approximate number of stockholders of record of our common stock as of Feb 23, 2023 was 82.

We currently do not pay dividends. Any future determination relating to dividend policy will be made at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend on a number of factors, including restrictions in our debt instruments, as well as our future earnings, capital requirements, financial condition, prospects and other factors that our board of directors may deem relevant. Our debt agreements currently restrict our ability to pay dividends. See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Liquidity and Capital Resources” contained in Item 7 of this annual report on Form 10-K.

The graph below matches the cumulative 5-Year total return of holders of Builders FirstSource, Inc.’s common stock with the cumulative total returns of the Russell 2000 index and the S&P 600 Building Products index. The graph assumes that the value of the investment in our common stock, in each index, and in the peer group (including reinvestment of dividends) was $100 on December 31, 2017 and tracks it through December 31, 2022.

The stock price performance included in this graph is not necessarily indicative of future stock price performance.

The information regarding securities authorized for issuance under equity compensation plans appears in our definitive proxy statement for our annual meeting of stockholders to be held on June 14, 2023 under the caption “Equity Compensation Plan Information,” which information is incorporated herein by reference.

The following table provides information with respect to our purchases of Builders FirstSource, Inc. common stock during the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2022:

In the fourth quarter of 2022, 10,150,663 shares were repurchased and retired pursuant to share repurchase plans authorized by our board of directors, including an incremental $1.0 billion share repurchase authorization in November 2022. The remaining 261 shares presented in the table above represent shares tendered in order to meet tax withholding requirements for restricted stock units vested.

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and related notes contained in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data of this annual report on Form 10-K. See “Risk Factors” contained in Item 1A. Risk Factors of this annual report on Form 10-K and “Cautionary Statement” contained in Item 1. Business of this annual report on Form 10-K for a discussion of the uncertainties, risks and assumptions associated with these statements.

We are a leading supplier and manufacturer of building materials, manufactured components and construction services to professional contractors, sub-contractors and consumers. The Company operates 569 locations in 42 states across the United States. Given the span and depth of our geographical reach, our locations are organized into three geographical divisions (East, Central, and West), which are also our operating segments. All of our segments have similar customers, products and services, and distribution methods. Due to the similar economic characteristics, categories of products, distribution methods and customers, our operating segments are aggregated into one reportable segment.

We offer an integrated solution to our customers by providing manufacturing, supply, and installation of a full range of structural and related building products. Our manufactured products include our factory-built roof and floor trusses, wall panels, vinyl windows, custom millwork and trim, as well as engineered wood that we design, cut, and assemble for each home. We also assemble interior and exterior doors into pre-hung units. Additionally, we supply our customers with a broad offering of professional grade building products not manufactured by us, such as dimensional lumber and lumber sheet goods, various window, door and millwork lines along with other various building products. Our full range of construction-related services includes professional installation, turn-key framing and shell construction, and spans all our product categories.

Our operating results are dependent on the following trends, strategies, events and uncertainties, some of which are beyond our control:

During 2022 and through the date of this filing, we completed a number of acquisitions for a combined $722.3 million purchase price, net of cash acquired, including the acquisitions of (i) Panel Truss of Longview, Inc., Panel Truss – Hearne, LLC, Case-Hill, Inc., Panel Truss-Dallas, LLC, Truss Ops Trucking, LLC and Truss Ops, LLC (the “Texas Panel Truss Businesses”), (ii) Panel Truss – Oakwood, LLC, Panel Truss – Townville, LLC and Panel Truss – Ringgold, LLC (the “East Panel Truss Businesses”), (iii) Valley Truss Co., Inc. (“Valley Truss”), (iv) Odds-N-Ends, Inc., d/b/a HomCo Lumber & Hardware (“HomCo”), (v) Trussway, LLC and its subsidiaries (“Trussway”), (vi) Fulcrum Building Group Holdings, LLC and its subsidiaries (“Fulcrum”), (vii) Pima Door and Supply and Sunrise Carpentry (“Pima”), and subsequent to year-end, (viii) Noltex Truss and its affiliates (“Noltex”).

These acquisitions further expand our market footprint and provide additional operations in our value-add product categories and our multifamily customer segment and are further described in Note 3 and Note 15 to the consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 of this annual report on Form 10-K.

On February 18, 2022, the Company announced that its board of directors authorized the repurchase of $1.0 billion of its shares of common stock. On May 9, 2022, the board of directors authorized a new share repurchase program of $2.0 billion, which replaced the previous $1.0 billion program authorized in February 2022. On November 28, 2022, the board of directors authorized an additional $1.0 billion to the existing repurchase program for a total of $1.5 billion inclusive of the remaining outstanding authorization existing at that time.

Under the share repurchase programs authorized by the board of directors since August of 2021, the Company has repurchased a total of 70.2 million shares of common stock, or approximately 34.0% of the Company’s total shares outstanding, at an average price of $62.58, including 41.9 million shares of common stock at an average price of $61.79 in 2022. As of December 31, 2022, the Company had approximately $967.2 million authorization remaining under its current share repurchase program. Share repurchases under the program may be made through a variety of methods, which may include open market purchases, block trades, accelerated share repurchase transactions, trading plans in accordance with Rule 10b-5 or Rule 10b-18 under the Exchange Act, or any combination of such methods. The program does not obligate the Company to acquire any particular amount of its common stock, and the share repurchase program may be suspended or discontinued at any time at the Company’s discretion.

On January 21, 2022, the Company completed a private offering of an additional $300.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 4.25% senior unsecured notes due 2032 (“4.25% 2032 notes”) at an issue price equal to 100.50% of par value.

On February 4, 2022, the Company amended the previous credit facility to increase the total commitments by an aggregate amount of $400.0 million resulting in a new $1.8 billion amended credit facility.

On June 15, 2022, the Company completed a private offering of $700.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 6.375% senior unsecured notes due 2032 (“6.375% 2032 notes,” and together with the 4.25% 2032 notes, the “2032 notes”) at an issue price equal to 100% of par value. Subsequently, on June 16, 2022, the Company redeemed the remaining $612.5 million in outstanding aggregate principal amount of 6.75% senior secured notes due 2027 (“2027 notes”).

Subsequent to year-end, on January 17, 2023, the Company amended its revolving credit facility to extend the maturity on a portion of the total commitments by 13 months to January 17, 2028, and to include additional pricing tiers for the applicable margin.

These transactions are described further in Notes 8 and 15 to the consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 of this annual report on Form 10-K. Collectively, these transactions have extended our debt maturity. From time to time, based on market conditions and other factors and subject to compliance with applicable laws and regulations, the Company may repurchase or call our notes, repay debt, repurchase shares of our common stock or otherwise enter into transactions regarding its capital structure.

On November 18, 2022, Dave Flitman stepped down as President and Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”) to accept another position outside of our industry and the board of directors announced the appointment of Dave Rush as interim CEO. Subsequently, on January 10, 2023, the board announced that Dave Rush had been named CEO, effectively immediately. Mr. Rush has 23 years of dedicated service to the company through which he also led the integrations of the BMC Merger and ProBuild acquisition as well as previously held the position of Chief Operating Officer of the Company’s East Division.

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, actual U.S. total housing starts for the year ended December 31, 2022 were 1.6 million, a decrease of 3.0% compared to the year ended December 31, 2021. Actual U.S. single-family housing starts for the year ended December 31, 2022 were 1.0 million, a decrease of 10.6% compared to the year ended December 31 2021. A composite of third party sources, including the NAHB, are forecasting 1.3 million U.S. total housing starts and 0.9 million U.S. single-family housing starts for 2023, which are projected decreases of 16.6% and 11.6%, respectively, from 2022. In addition, in its September 2022 semi-annual forecast, the Home Improvement Research Institute (“HIRI”) forecasted sales in the professional repair and remodel end market to increase approximately 3.6% in 2023 compared to 2022.

Our net sales for the year ended December 31, 2022 increased 14.2% over the same period last year. The increase was driven by a 7.3% increase in sales related to acquisitions and core organic sales growth of 6.6%, primarily in our single-family and repair and remodel customer segments. Our gross margin percentage increased by 4.7% during the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the year ended December 31, 2021, primarily due to core organic growth in value-added product categories, as well as disciplined pricing in a volatile, supply-constrained marketplace. Our selling, general and administrative expenses, as a percentage of net sales, were 17.5% in 2022, a 0.1% increase from 17.4% in 2021, largely due to additional operating expenses from locations acquired within the last twelve months, and higher wages and variable compensation costs as a result of increased net sales and profitability for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the year ended December 31, 2021.

We believe the long-term outlook for the housing industry is positive and that the housing industry remains underbuilt due to growth in the underlying demographics compared to historical new construction levels. However, rising interest rates and inflation may dampen near-term housing industry demand as homes become less affordable for consumers, investors and builders. We believe we are well-positioned to take advantage of the construction activity in our markets and to increase our market share, which may include strategic acquisitions. We will continue to focus on working capital by closely monitoring the credit exposure of our customers, remaining focused on maintaining the right level of inventory and by working with our vendors to improve payment terms. We strive to achieve the appropriate balance of short-term expense control while maintaining the expertise and capacity to grow the business as market conditions expand.

A discussion regarding our financial condition and results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the year ended December 31, 2021 is presented below. A discussion regarding our financial condition and results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to the year ended December 31, 2020 can be found under Item 7 of Part II of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021, filed with the SEC on March 1, 2022.

The following table sets forth the percentage relationship to net sales of certain costs, expenses and income items for the years ended December 31:

Net Sales. Net sales for the year ended December 31, 2022 were $22.7 billion, a 14.2% increase from net sales of $19.9 billion for 2021. Net sales from acquisitions and core organic sales growth increased net sales by 7.3% and 6.6% , respectively. Commodity price inflation added another 1.1% to net sales, partially offset by a 0.8% decrease in net sales due to two fewer selling days.

The following table shows net sales classified by major product category for the years ended December 31:

We achieved increased net sales in all of our product categories except lumber and lumber sheet goods, primarily due to acquisitions, and core organic sales growth. Lumber and lumber sheet goods net sales decreased primarily due to decreased housing starts throughout the second half of 2022 compared to 2021.

Gross Margin. Gross margin increased $1.9 billion to $7.7 billion and our gross margin percentage increased to 34.1% in 2022 from 29.4% in 2021, a 4.7% increase. This increase was primarily attributable to core organic growth, particularly in value-added product categories, acquisitions, and from disciplined pricing in a volatile, supply-constrained marketplace.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses. Selling, general and administrative expenses increased $0.5 billion, or 14.7%. This increase in expenses was primarily due to additional operating expenses from locations acquired within the last twelve months and higher variable compensation costs as a result of higher sales and profitability. As a percentage of net sales, selling, general and administrative expenses increased to 17.5% from 17.4% in 2021.

Interest Expense, Net. Interest expense was $198.4 million in 2022, an increase of $62.5 million from 2021. Interest expense increased primarily due to higher average debt balances and rising interest rates in 2022 compared to 2021, as well as the loss on extinguishment of $27.4 million related to the 2027 notes redemption, partially offset by $8.1 million expensed in 2021 related to the partial 2027 notes redemption and the Revolving facility amendment.

Income Tax Expense. We recorded income tax expense of $822.5 million during the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to income tax expense of $526.1 million during the year ended December 31, 2021, an increase of $296.3 million, driven by an increase in income before income taxes in the current period. Our effective tax rate was approximately 23% in both 2022 and 2021.

Our primary capital requirements are to fund working capital needs and operating expenses, meet required interest and principal payments, and to fund capital expenditures and potential future growth opportunities. Our capital resources at December 31, 2022 consist of cash on hand and borrowing availability under our Revolving facility.

Our Revolving facility will be primarily used for working capital, general corporate purposes, and funding capital expenditures and growth opportunities. In addition, we may use the Revolving facility to assist debt consolidation. Availability under the Revolving facility is determined by a borrowing base. Our borrowing base consists of trade accounts receivable, inventory, other receivables which include progress billings and credit card receivables, and qualified cash that all meet specific criteria contained within the credit agreement, minus agent specified reserves. Net excess borrowing availability is equal to the maximum borrowing amount minus outstanding borrowings and letters of credit.

The following table shows our borrowing base and excess availability as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 (in millions):

As of December 31, 2022, we had $264.0 million in outstanding borrowings under our Revolving facility and our net excess borrowing availability was $1.4 billion after being reduced by outstanding letters of credit of $128.9 million. Excess availability must equal or exceed a minimum specified amount, currently $180.0 million, or we are required to meet a fixed charge coverage ratio of 1:00 to 1:00. We were not in violation of any covenants or restrictions imposed by any of our debt agreements at December 31, 2022.

Our liquidity at December 31, 2022 was $1.5 billion, which consists of net borrowing availability under the Revolving facility and cash on hand.

Our level of indebtedness results in significant interest expense and could have the effect of, among other things, reducing our flexibility to respond to changing business and economic conditions. From time to time, based on market conditions and other factors and subject to compliance with applicable laws and regulations, the Company may repurchase or call our notes, repay debt, or otherwise enter into transactions regarding its capital structure.

Should the current industry conditions deteriorate or we pursue additional acquisitions, we may be required to raise additional funds through the sale of capital stock or debt in the public capital markets or in privately negotiated transactions. There can be no assurance that any of these financing options would be available on favorable terms, if at all. Alternatives to help supplement our liquidity position could include, but are not limited to, idling or permanently closing additional facilities, adjusting our headcount in response to current business conditions, attempts to renegotiate leases, managing our working capital and/or divesting of non-core businesses. There are no assurances that these steps would prove successful or materially improve our liquidity position.

A discussion regarding our consolidated cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the year ended December 31, 2021 is presented below. A discussion regarding our consolidated cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to the year ended December 31, 2020 can be found under Item 7 of Part II of our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 1, 2022.

Cash provided by operating activities was $3.6 billion in 2022, compared to cash provided by operating activities of $1.7 billion in 2021. The increase in cash provided by operating activities was largely the result of an increase in net income in 2022 of $1.0 billion, as well as a decrease in working capital of $0.8 billion.

For the year ended December 31, 2022 the Company used $1.0 billion in cash investing in acquisitions and property, plant and equipment. Compared to the prior year, the Company invested $0.4 billion less primarily due to $0.6 billion less spent on acquisitions, offset by $0.1 billion more as a net investment in property, plant and equipment and $0.1 billion cash proceeds in the prior year from the divestiture of our gypsum operations.

Cash used in financing activities was $2.6 billion in 2022, which consisted primarily of $2.6 billion in repurchases of common stock, $0.6 billion to redeem the outstanding 2027 notes, and net paydowns on the Revolving facility of $0.3 billion, offset by net proceeds from the issuance of $1.0 billion of 2032 notes. Cash used in financing activities was $0.8 billion for 2021, which consisted primarily of $1.7 billion in repurchases of common stock, cash used to extinguish $0.4 billion of debt acquired in the BMC merger and the redemption of $0.2 billion of the Company’s 2027 notes, partially offset by cash received from the issuance of $1.0 billion of 4.25 % 2032 notes and net borrowings under the Revolving facility of $0.5 billion. These transactions are described in Note 8 to the consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 of this annual report on Form 10-K.

Capital expenditures vary depending on prevailing business factors, including current and anticipated market conditions. Historically, capital expenditures have, for the most part, remained at relatively low levels in comparison to the operating cash flows generated during the corresponding periods. We expect our 2023 capital expenditures to be in the range of approximately $300 million to $350 million primarily related to rolling stock, equipment and facility expansion and improvements to support our operations.

Critical accounting policies are those that both are important to the accurate portrayal of a company’s financial condition and results, and require subjective or complex judgments, often as a result of the need to make estimates about the effect of matters that are inherently uncertain.

In order to prepare financial statements that conform to generally accepted accounting principles, we make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in our financial statements and accompanying notes. Certain estimates are particularly sensitive due to their significance to the financial statements and the possibility that future events may be significantly different from our expectations.

We have identified the following accounting policy that requires us to make the most subjective or complex judgments in order to fairly present our consolidated financial position and results of operations.

Goodwill represents the excess of the amount we paid to acquire businesses over the estimated fair value of tangible assets and identifiable intangible assets acquired, less liabilities assumed. At December 31, 2022, our goodwill balance was $3.5 billion, representing 32.6% of our total assets.

We test goodwill for impairment in the fourth quarter of each year or at any other time when impairment indicators exist. Examples of such indicators that could cause us to test goodwill for impairment between annual tests include a significant change in the business climate, unexpected competition or a significant deterioration in market share. We may also consider market capitalization relative to our net assets. Housing starts are a significant sales driver for us. If there is a significant decline or an expected decline in housing starts, this could adversely affect our expectations for a reporting unit and the value of that reporting unit.

The process of evaluating goodwill for impairment involves the determination of the fair value of our reporting units. Our reporting units are aligned with our three geographical divisions which are also determined to be our operating segments. In evaluating goodwill for impairment, the Company first assesses qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. If it is concluded that it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is not less than its carrying amount, then no further testing of the goodwill is required.

However, if we determine that it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, we perform a quantitative goodwill impairment test. This test identifies both the existence of and the amount of goodwill impairment by comparing the fair value of a reporting unit to its carrying amount, including goodwill. If the fair value of a reporting unit exceeds

its carrying amount, goodwill is not impaired. If the carrying amount of a reporting unit exceeds its fair value, an impairment loss is recognized in amount equal to that excess, limited to the amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit.

We assessed our goodwill balance at December 31, 2022 using a quantitative assessment. In performing the quantitative impairment test at December 31, 2022, we developed the fair value using a discounted cash flow methodology. Inherent in such fair value determinations are significant assumptions relating to future cash flows, expected future revenues, expected future profitability, the discount rate, the terminal value, and our interpretation of current economic indicators and market conditions and their impact on our strategic plans and operations. Due to the uncertainties associated with such estimates, interpretations and assumptions, actual results could differ from projected results, which could result in impairment of goodwill being recorded.

Significant information and assumptions utilized in estimating future cash flows for quantitative goodwill impairment analyses include projections of revenue growth utilizing publicly available industry information such as lumber commodity prices and housing start forecasts developed by industry forecasters, including the NAHB. Expected future profitability reflects current headcount levels and cost structure and are flexed in future years based upon historical trends at various revenue levels. Long-term growth was based upon terminal value earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization (“EBITDA”) multiples of 6.0x to reflect the relevant expected acquisition price. A discount rate of 11.0% was used and is intended to reflect the weighted average cost of capital for a potential market participant and includes all risks of ownership and the associated risks of realizing the stream of projected future cash flows. Decreasing the long-term growth to an EBITDA multiple of 5.0x, or increasing the discount rate by 1.0% to 12.0%, would not have changed the results of our impairment testing.

At December 31, 2022, the fair values of each of our reporting units were substantially in excess of their respective carrying amounts. Factors that could negatively impact the estimated fair value of our reporting units and potentially trigger additional impairment include, but are not limited to, unexpected competition, lower than expected housing starts, an increase in market participant weighted average cost of capital, increases in material or labor cost, and significant declines in our market capitalization. Future impairment of goodwill would have the effect of decreasing our earnings or increasing our losses in such period, but would not impact our current outstanding debt obligations or compliance with covenants contained in the related debt agreements. We did not have any goodwill impairments in 2022, 2021 or 2020.

Information regarding recent accounting pronouncements is discussed in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 of this annual report on Form 10-K.

We may experience changes in interest expense if changes in our debt occur. Changes in market interest rates could also affect our interest expense. Our 5.00% unsecured senior notes due 2030 (“2030 notes”), 4.25% 2032 notes, and 6.375% 2032 notes bear interest at a fixed rate, and therefore our interest expense related to these notes would not be affected by an increase in market interest rates. Borrowings under the Revolving facility bear interest at either a base rate or secured overnight financing rate (“SOFR”), plus, in each case, an applicable margin. A 1.0% increase in interest rates on the Revolving facility would result in approximately $2.6 million in additional interest expense annually based on our $264.0 million in outstanding borrowings as of December 31, 2022. The Revolving facility also assesses variable commitment and outstanding letter of credit fees based on quarterly average loan utilization.

We purchase certain materials, including lumber products, which are then sold to customers as well as used as direct production inputs for our manufactured products that we deliver. Short-term changes in the cost of these materials and the related in-bound freight costs, some of which are subject to significant fluctuations, are sometimes, but not always, passed on to our customers. Delays in our ability to pass on material price increases to our customers can adversely impact our operating results.

Opinions on the Financial Statements and Internal Control over Financial Reporting

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Builders FirstSource, Inc. and its subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, and the related consolidated statements of operations, of changes in stockholders' equity and of cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2022, including the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). We also have audited the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO).

In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2022 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the COSO.

The Company's management is responsible for these consolidated financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting appearing under Item 9A. Our responsibility is to express opinions on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.

Our audits of the consolidated financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions.

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (i) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (ii) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.

As described in Notes 2 and 5 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company’s consolidated goodwill balance was $3.5 billion as of December 31, 2022, a portion of which relates to the Company’s West geographic operating segment. The Company’s reporting units are aligned with their three geographic operating segments. Goodwill is tested for impairment on an annual basis and between annual tests whenever impairment is indicated. This annual test takes place as of December 31 each year. Impairment losses are recognized whenever the carrying amount of a reporting unit exceeds its fair value. In evaluating goodwill for impairment, management developed the fair value using a discounted cash flow methodology. The significant assumptions used in the discounted cash flow methodology are the discount rate, the terminal value and the expected future revenues and profitability.

The principal considerations for our determination that performing procedures relating to the goodwill impairment test of the West geographic reporting unit is a critical audit matter are (i) the significant judgment by management when developing the fair value estimate of the West reporting unit and (ii) a high degree of auditor judgment, subjectivity, and effort in performing procedures and evaluating management’s significant assumption related to expected future revenues.

Addressing the matter involved performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence in connection with forming our overall opinion on the consolidated financial statements. These procedures included testing the effectiveness of controls relating to management’s goodwill impairment test, including management’s controls over the goodwill quantitative impairment test. These procedures also included, among others, testing management’s process for developing the fair value estimate of the West reporting unit; evaluating the appropriateness of the discounted cash flow methodology; testing the completeness and accuracy of underlying data used in the discounted cash flow methodology; and evaluating the reasonableness of the significant assumption related to expected future revenues. Evaluating management’s significant assumption related to expected future revenues involved evaluating whether the assumption used was reasonable considering the current and past performance of the West reporting unit, relevant industry forecasts, and consistency with evidence obtained in other areas of the audit.

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Principles of Consolidation

The consolidated financial statements present the results of operations, financial position, and cash flows of Builders FirstSource, Inc. and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. All intercompany transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Accounting Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) in the United States of America requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could materially differ from those estimates.

Estimates are used when accounting for items such as revenue, vendor rebates, allowance for returns, discounts and credit losses, employee compensation programs, depreciation and amortization periods, income taxes, inventory values, insurance programs, goodwill, other intangible assets and long-lived assets.

Reclassifications

Certain prior periods’ amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current year presentation, including presenting bad debt expense on the face of the consolidated statement of cash flows and changing the composition of our product categories, including a decrease to four product categories. Reclassifications had no impact on net income, total assets and liabilities, stockholders’ equity, or cash flows as previously reported. As a result of these changes, prior period amounts, as disclosed in this Note 2 under Revenue Recognition, have been reclassified to conform to the current year presentation.

Segments

We offer an integrated solution to our customers providing manufacturing, supply, and installation of a full range of structural and related building products. We provide a wide variety of building products and services directly to homebuilder customers. We manufacture floor trusses, roof trusses, wall panels, stairs, millwork, windows, and doors. We also provide a full range of construction services. For the period ended December 31, 2022, these product and service offerings are distributed across 569 locations operating in 42 states across the United States.

Given the span and depth of our geographical reach, our locations are organized into three geographical divisions (East, Central, and West), which are also our operating segments. Our operating divisions are organized on a geographical basis to facilitate a disaggregated management of the Company and to respond to the local needs of the customers in the markets we serve. All of our segments have similar customers, products and services, and distribution methods.

Due to these similarities, along with the similar economic profitability achieved across all our operating segments, we aggregate our three operating segments into one reportable segment in accordance with GAAP. Centralized financial and operational oversight, including resource allocation and assessment of performance on an income from continuing operations before income taxes basis, is performed by our CEO, whom we have determined to be our chief operating decision maker (“CODM”).

The accounting policies of our operating segments are consistent with the accounting policies described in this Note 2 to these consolidated financial statements. Since the Company operates in one reportable segment, the primary measures reviewed by the CODM, including revenue, gross margin and income before income taxes, are shown in these consolidated financial statements. Our segments do not have any revenues or long-lived assets located in foreign countries.

Business Combinations

When they meet the requirements under ASC 805, Business Combinations, merger and acquisition transactions are accounted for using the acquisition method, and accordingly the results of operations of the acquiree are included in the Company’s consolidated financial statements from the acquisition date. The consideration transferred is allocated to the identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on estimated fair values at the acquisition date, with any excess recorded as goodwill. Transaction-related costs are expensed in the period the costs are incurred. During the measurement period, which may be up to one year from the acquisition date, the Company may record adjustments to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed with the corresponding adjustment to goodwill.

Revenue Recognition

We recognize revenue as performance obligations are satisfied by transferring control of a promised good or service to a customer in an amount that reflects the consideration we expect to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services. We generally classify our revenues into two types: (i) distribution sales; or (ii) sales related to contracts with service elements.

Distribution sales typically consist of the sale of building products we manufacture and the resale of purchased building products. We recognize revenue related to distribution sales at a point in time upon delivery of the ordered goods to our customers. Payment terms related to distribution sales are not significant as payment is generally received shortly after the point of sale.

Our contracts with service elements primarily relate to installation and construction services. We evaluate whether multiple contracts should be combined and accounted for as a single contract and whether a single or combined contract should be accounted for as a single performance obligation or multiple performance obligations. If a contract is separated into more than one performance obligation, we allocate the transaction price to each performance obligation generally based on observable standalone selling prices of the underlying goods or services. Revenue related to contracts with service elements is generally recognized over time based on the extent of progress towards completion of the performance obligation because of continuous transfer of control to the customer. We consider costs incurred to be indicative of goods and services delivered to the customer. As such, we use a cost-based input method to recognize revenue on our contracts with service elements as it best depicts the transfer of assets to our customers. Payment terms related to sales for contracts with service elements are specific to each customer and contract. However, they are considered to be short-term in nature as payments are normally received either throughout the life of the contract or shortly after the contract is complete.

Contract costs include all direct material and labor, equipment costs and those indirect costs related to contract performance. Provisions for estimated losses on uncompleted contracts are recognized in the period in which such losses are determinable. Prepayments for materials or services are deferred until such materials have been delivered or services have been provided. All sales recognized are net of allowances for discounts and estimated returns, based on historical experience. The Company records sales incentives provided to customers as a reduction of revenue. We present all sales tax on a net basis in our consolidated financial statements.

Costs to obtain contracts are expensed as incurred as our contracts are typically completed in one year or less, and where applicable, we generally would incur these costs whether or not we ultimately obtain the contract. We do not disclose the value of our remaining performance obligations on uncompleted contracts as our contracts generally have a duration of one year or less.

The timing of revenue recognition, invoicing and cash collection results in accounts receivable, unbilled receivables, contract assets and contract liabilities. Contract assets include unbilled amounts when the revenue recognized exceeds the amount billed to the customer, and amounts representing a right to payment from previous performance that is conditional on something other than passage of time, such as retainage. Contract liabilities consist of customer advances and deposits, and deferred revenue.

The following table disaggregates our net sales by product category for the years ended December 31:



	2022		2021		2020
	(in thousands)
Lumber & lumber sheet goods	$	8,088,147	$	8,455,046	$	3,076,376
Manufactured products		5,692,406		4,404,054		1,640,460
Windows, doors & millwork		4,790,820		3,400,907		1,629,179
Specialty building products & services		4,155,045		3,633,849		2,212,859
Net sales	$	22,726,418	$	19,893,856	$	8,558,874

Net sales from installation and construction services represents less than 10% of the Company’s net sales for each period presented.

Through December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, we recognized as revenue substantially all of the contract liabilities balance at December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, respectively.

Cash and Cash Equivalents & Checks Outstanding

Cash and cash equivalents consist of cash on hand and all highly liquid investments with an original maturity date of three months or less. Also included in cash and cash equivalents are proceeds due from credit card transactions that generally settle within two business days. We maintain cash at financial institutions in excess of federally insured limits. Further, we maintain various banking relationships with different financial institutions. Accordingly, when there is a negative net book cash balance resulting from outstanding checks that had not yet been paid by any single financial institution, they are reflected in accounts payable on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.

Accounts Receivable

We extend credit to qualified professional homebuilders and contractors, in many cases on a non-collateralized basis. Accounts receivable potentially expose us to concentrations of credit risk. Because our customers are dispersed among our various markets, our credit risk to any one customer or geographic economy is not significant. Other receivables consist primarily of vendor rebates receivables and income tax receivables.

Our customer mix is a balance of large national homebuilders, regional homebuilders, local and custom homebuilders and repair and remodeling contractors as well as multifamily builders. For the year ended December 31, 2022, our top 10 customers accounted for approximately 18% of our net sales, with our largest customer accounting for approximately 5% of net sales.

The allowance for credit losses is based on management’s assessment of the amount which may become uncollectible in the future and is estimated using specific review of problem accounts, overall portfolio quality, current and forecasted economic conditions that may affect the customer’s ability to pay, and historical experience. Accounts receivable are written off when deemed uncollectible.

We also establish reserves for credit memos and customer returns. The reserve balance was $17.6 million and $17.7 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The activity in this reserve was not significant for each year presented.

The following table shows the changes in our allowance for credit losses:


	(in thousands)
	2022			2021			2020
Balance at January 1,	$	21,761		$	5,774		$	5,936
Additions		38,921			20,451			4,720
Deductions (write-offs, net of recoveries)		(10,299	)		(4,464	)		(4,882	)
Balance at December 31,	$	50,383		$	21,761		$	5,774

Accounts receivable consisted of the following at December 31:


	(in thousands)
	2022			2021
Accounts receivable	$	1,516,119		$	1,748,306
Less: allowances for returns and credit losses		(67,980	)		(39,510	)
Accounts receivable, net	$	1,448,139		$	1,708,796

Inventories

Inventories consist principally of materials purchased for resale, including lumber and lumber sheet goods, windows, doors and millwork and other building products, as well as certain manufactured products and are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Cost is determined using the weighted average method, the use of which approximates the first-in, first-out method. We accrue for shrink based on the actual historical shrink results of our most recent physical inventories adjusted, if necessary, for current economic conditions. These estimates are compared with actual results as physical inventory counts are taken and reconciled to the general ledger.

During the year, we monitor our inventory levels by market and record provisions for excess inventories based on slower moving inventory. We define potential excess inventory as the amount of inventory on hand in excess of the historical usage, excluding special order items purchased in the last six months. We then apply our judgment as to forecasted demand and other factors, including liquidation value, to determine the required adjustments to net realizable value. Our inventories are generally not susceptible to technological obsolescence.

Our arrangements with vendors provide for rebates of a specified amount of consideration, payable when certain measures, generally related to a stipulated level of purchases, have been achieved. We account for estimated rebates as a reduction of the prices of the vendor’s inventory until the product is sold, at which time such rebates reduce cost of sales in the accompanying consolidated statement of operations. Throughout the year we estimate the amount of the rebates based upon the expected level of purchases. We continually evaluate and revise these estimates as necessary based on actual purchase levels.

We source products from a large number of suppliers. Materials purchased from our largest single supplier represented approximately 8% of our total materials purchased in 2022.

Shipping and Handling Costs

Handling costs incurred in manufacturing activities are included in cost of sales. All other shipping and handling costs are included in selling, general and administrative expenses in the accompanying consolidated statement of operations and totaled $641.8 million, $512.8 million and $347.7 million in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

Income Taxes

We account for income taxes utilizing the asset and liability method described in the Income Taxes topic of the FASB Accounting Standards Codification (“Codification”). Deferred income taxes are recorded to reflect consequences on future years of differences between the tax basis of assets and liabilities and their financial reporting amounts at each year-end based on enacted tax laws and statutory tax rates applicable to the periods in which differences are expected to affect taxable earnings. We record a valuation allowance to reduce deferred tax assets if it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized.

Warranty Expense

We have warranty obligations with respect to most manufactured products; however, the liability for the warranty obligations is not significant as a result of third-party inspection and acceptance processes.

Debt Issuance Costs and Debt Discount/Premium

Loan costs are capitalized upon the issuance of long-term debt and amortized over the life of the related debt. Debt issuance costs associated with term debt are presented as a reduction to long-term debt. Debt issuance costs associated with revolving debt arrangements are presented as a component of other assets. Debt issuance costs incurred in connection with revolving debt arrangements are amortized using the straight-line method. Debt issuance costs, discounts and premiums incurred in connection with term debt are amortized over the life of the related debt using the effective interest method. Amortization of debt issuance costs, discounts and premiums are included in interest expense. Upon changes to our debt structure, we evaluate debt issuance costs, discounts and premiums in accordance with the Debt topic of the Codification. We adjust debt issuance costs, discounts and premiums as necessary based on the results of this evaluation, as discussed in Note 8.

Property, Plant and Equipment

Property, plant and equipment are recorded at cost and depreciated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets. The estimated lives of the various classes of assets are as follows:


Buildings and improvements	10 to 40 years
Machinery and equipment	7 to 10 years
Furniture, fixtures and information technology	3 to 5 years
Leasehold improvements	The shorter of the estimated useful life or the remaining lease term

Major additions and improvements are capitalized, while maintenance and repairs that do not extend the useful life of the property are charged to expense as incurred. Gains or losses from dispositions of property, plant and equipment are recorded in the period incurred. We also capitalize certain costs of computer software developed or obtained for internal use, including interest, provided that those costs are not research and development, and certain other criteria are met. Internal use computer software costs are included in furniture, fixtures and information technology and generally depreciated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets, generally three years.

Leases

We lease certain land, buildings, rolling stock and other types of equipment for use in our operations. These leases typically have initial terms ranging from five to 15 years. Many of our leases contain renewal options which are exercisable at our discretion. These renewal options generally have terms ranging from one to five years.

Under the Leases topic of the Codification, lessees are required to recognize the following for all leases, with the exception of short-term leases, at the commencement date: (1) a lease liability, which is a lessee’s obligation to make lease payments arising from a lease, measured on a discounted basis; and (2) a right-of-use asset, which is an asset that represents the lessee’s right to use, or control the use of, a specified asset for the lease term.

We determine if an arrangement is a lease at the inception of the arrangement. Lease liabilities are recognized based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term at the arrangement’s commencement date. Right-of-use assets are recognized based on the amount of the measurement of the lease liability adjusted for any lease payments made to the lessor at or before the commencement date, minus any lease incentives received and any initial direct costs incurred. Renewal options are included in the calculation of our right-of-use assets and lease liabilities when it is determined that they are reasonably certain of exercise based on an analysis of the relevant facts and circumstances. As the implicit rate of return of our lease agreements is usually not readily determinable, we generally use our incremental borrowing rate in determining the present value of lease payments. We determine our incremental borrowing rate based on information available to us at the lease commencement date. Certain of our lease arrangements contain lease and non-lease components. We have elected to account for non-lease components as a part of the related lease components for all of our leases. Leases with an initial term of 12 months or less are not recognized on our balance sheet. We recognize the expense for these leases on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

We have certain lease agreements that are subject to changes based on the Consumer Price Index or another referenced index. In the event of changes to the relevant index, lease liabilities are not remeasured and incremental costs are treated as variable lease payments and recognized in the period in which the obligation for those payments is incurred.

Long-Lived Assets

We evaluate our long-lived assets, other than goodwill, for impairment when events or changes in circumstances indicate, in our judgment, that the carrying amount of such assets may not be recoverable. The determination of whether or not impairment exists is based on our estimate of undiscounted future cash flows before interest attributable to the assets as compared to the net carrying amount of the assets. If impairment is indicated, the amount of the impairment recognized is determined by estimating the fair value of the assets based on estimated discounted future cash flows and recording a provision for loss if the carrying amount is greater than estimated fair value. The net carrying amount of assets identified to be disposed of in the future is compared to their estimated fair value, usually the quoted market price obtained from an independent third-party less the cost to sell, to determine if impairment exists. Until the assets are disposed of, an estimate of the fair value is reassessed when related events or circumstances change.

Insurance

We have established insurance programs to cover certain insurable risks consisting primarily of physical loss to property, business interruptions resulting from such loss, workers’ compensation, employee healthcare, and comprehensive general and auto liability. Third party insurance coverage is obtained for exposures above predetermined deductibles as well as for those risks required to be insured by law or contract. On a quarterly basis, we engage an external actuarial professional to independently assess and estimate the total liability outstanding. Provisions for losses are developed from these valuations which rely upon our past claims experience, which considers both the frequency and settlement of claims. The legal costs associated with these claims are included in these developed provisions. We discount our worker’s compensation, general liability, and auto liability insurance reserves based upon estimated future payment streams at our risk-free rate. Our total insurance reserve balances were $187.9 million and $171.1 million as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Of these balances $108.7 million and $103.0 million were recorded as other long-term liabilities as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Included in these reserve balances as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, were approximately $17.4 million and $12.6 million, respectively, of claims that exceeded stop-loss limits and are expected to be recovered under insurance policies which are also recorded as other receivables and other assets in the accompanying consolidated balance sheet.

Net Income per Common Share

Net income per common share, or earnings per share (“EPS”), is calculated in accordance with the Earnings per Share topic of the Codification, which requires the presentation of basic and diluted EPS. Basic EPS is computed using the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted EPS is computed using the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period, plus the dilutive effect of potential common shares.

The table below presents the calculation of basic and diluted EPS for the years ended December 31:


	Years Ended December 31,
	2022		2021		2020
	(in thousands, except per share amounts)
Numerator:
Net income	$	2,749,369	$	1,725,416	$	313,537

Denominator:
Weighted average shares outstanding, basic		161,960		201,839		116,611
Dilutive effect of options and RSUs		1,521		1,631		1,306
Weighted average shares outstanding, diluted		163,481		203,470		117,917

Net income per share:
Basic	$	16.98	$	8.55	$	2.69
Diluted	$	16.82	$	8.48	$	2.66

Antidilutive and contingent RSUs excluded from diluted EPS		99		225		291

Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets

Intangibles subject to amortization

We recognize an acquired intangible asset apart from goodwill whenever the intangible asset arises from contractual or other legal rights, or whenever it can be separated or divided from the acquired entity and sold, transferred, licensed, rented, or exchanged, either individually or in combination with a related contract, asset or liability. Impairment losses are recognized if the carrying amounts of an intangible asset subject to amortization is not recoverable from expected future cash flows and its carrying amount exceeds its estimated fair value.

Goodwill

We recognize goodwill as the excess cost of an acquired entity over the net amount assigned to assets acquired and liabilities assumed. Goodwill is tested for impairment on an annual basis and between annual tests whenever impairment is indicated. This annual test takes place as of December 31 each year. Impairment losses are recognized whenever the carrying amount of a reporting unit exceeds its fair value.

Stock-based Compensation

We have four stock-based employee compensation plans, which are described more fully in Note 10. We issue new common stock shares upon exercises of stock options and vesting of restricted stock units (“RSU”). We recognize the effect of pre-vesting forfeitures in the period they actually occur.

The fair value of RSU awards which are subject to or contain market conditions is estimated on the date of grant using the Monte Carlo simulation model with the following weighted average assumptions for the year ended December 31:


	2022			2021			2020
Expected volatility (company)		53.0	%		51.3	%		40.0	%
Expected volatility (peer group median)		34.6	%		42.9	%		40.0	%
Correlation between the company and peer group median		0.6			0.6			0.5
Expected dividend yield		0.0	%		0.0	%		0.0	%
Risk-free rate		1.7	%		0.3	%		0.9	%

The expected volatilities and correlation are based on the historical daily returns of our common stock and the common stocks of the constituents of the Company’s peer group over the most recent period equal to the measurement period. The expected dividend yield is based on our history of not paying regular dividends in the past and our current intention to not pay regular dividends in the foreseeable future. The risk-free rate is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant and has a term equal to the measurement period.

Fair Value

The Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures topic of the Codification provides a framework for measuring the fair value of assets and liabilities and establishes a fair value hierarchy that requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. The fair value hierarchy can be summarized as follows:

Level 1 — unadjusted quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in active markets accessible by us

Level 2 — inputs that are observable in the marketplace other than those inputs classified as Level 1

Level 3 — inputs that are unobservable in the marketplace and significant to the valuation

If a financial instrument uses inputs that fall in different levels of the hierarchy, the instrument will be categorized based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value calculation.

As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company does not have any financial instruments which are measured at fair value on a recurring basis. We have elected to report the value of our 2030 notes, 4.25% 2032 notes, 6.375% 2032 notes, and Revolving facility at amortized cost. The fair values of the 2030 notes, 4.25% 2032 notes, and 6.375% 2032 notes at December 31, 2022 were approximately $489.5 million, $1,059.5 million and $659.8 million respectively, and were determined using Level 2 inputs based on market prices. The carrying amount of the Revolving facility at December 31, 2022 approximates fair value as the rates are comparable to those at which we could currently borrow under similar terms, are variable and incorporate a measure of our credit risk. As such, the fair value of the Revolving facility was also classified as Level 2 in the hierarchy.

Comprehensive Income

Comprehensive income is defined as the change in equity (net assets) of a business enterprise during a period from transactions and other events and circumstances from non-owner sources. It consists of net income and other gains and losses affecting stockholders’ equity that, under GAAP, are excluded from net income. Comprehensive income is equal to net income for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

In October 2021, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued ASU No. 2021-08, Business Combinations (Topic 805): Accounting for Contract Assets and Contract Liabilities from Contracts with Customers which intends to address diversity and inconsistency in the accounting related to recognition of an acquired contract liability and payment terms and their effect on subsequent revenue recognized by the acquirer. This standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted, including adoption in an interim period. We have elected to early adopt this guidance effective July 1, 2022, and have determined there is no material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

In March 2020, the FASB issued ASU No. 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform: Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting, and further amended in December 2022 by ASU No. 2022-06 which extends the sunset date. The purpose of ASU 2020-04 is to provide optional guidance for a period of time related to accounting for reference rate reform on financial reporting. It is intended to reduce the potential burden of reviewing contract modifications related to discontinued rates. The amendments and optional expedients in this update are effective, as elected, beginning March 12, 2020 through December 31, 2024 and may be elected by topic. We have not elected adoption of this optional guidance and do not intend to elect this guidance before the sunset date of December 31, 2024, as there is no material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

3. Business Combinations

On April 1, 2022, we acquired certain assets and operations of Panel Truss of Longview, Inc., Panel Truss – Hearne, LLC, Case-Hill, Inc., Panel Truss-Dallas, LLC, Truss Ops Trucking, LLC and Truss Ops, LLC (the “Texas Panel Truss Businesses”), and Panel Truss – Oakwood, LLC, Panel Truss – Townville, LLC and Panel Truss – Ringgold, LLC (the “East Panel Truss Businesses”) for $89.1 million and $79.6 million, respectively. Each of the acquired businesses provides building components primarily to multifamily markets, serving such markets in Texas, Georgia and South Carolina.

On April 1, 2022, we acquired substantially all of the assets and operations of Valley Truss Co., Inc. (“Valley Truss”) for $31.6 million. Valley Truss is a manufacturer of floor and roof trusses located in Boise, Idaho.

On July 1, 2022, we acquired substantially all of the assets and operations of Odds-N-Ends, Inc., d/b/a HomCo Lumber & Hardware (“HomCo”) for $32.1 million. HomCo operates a lumberyard and hardware store business located in Flagstaff, Arizona.

On September 1, 2022, we acquired Trussway, LLC and its subsidiaries (“Trussway”) for $274.8 million, net of cash. Trussway is a manufacturer of floor and roof trusses, serving markets in Texas, Florida, Virginia, Colorado, and Georgia.

On September 1, 2022, we acquired Fulcrum Building Group Holdings, LLC and its subsidiaries (“Fulcrum”) for $122.3 million, net of cash. Fulcrum is a multibrand operator of lumberyards and millwork facilities located in Florida and Alabama.

On October 3, 2022, we acquired certain assets and the operations of Pima Door and Supply and Sunrise Carpentry (“Pima”) for $9.7 million. Pima produces and installs pre-hung doors and supplies windows, millwork, and trim in the Phoenix, Arizona area.

Each of these acquisitions was funded with a combination of cash on hand and borrowings under our Revolving credit facility. These transactions were accounted for by the acquisition method, and accordingly the results of operations have been included in the Company’s consolidated financial statements from the acquisition date. The purchase price was allocated to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on estimated fair values at the acquisition date, with the excess of purchase price over the estimated fair

value of the net assets acquired recorded as goodwill. Pro forma results of operations as well as net sales and income attributable to the acquisitions discussed above are not presented as these acquisitions did not have a material impact on our results of operations, individually or in the aggregate.

The following table summarizes the aggregate fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed for these acquisitions during the year ended December 31, 2022:


	Total Acquisitions
	(in thousands)
Cash and cash equivalents	$	9,133
Accounts receivable		138,044
Other receivables		1,247
Inventories		71,842
Contract assets		163
Other current assets		4,740
Property, plant and equipment		49,421
Operating lease right-of-use assets		30,326
Goodwill		186,662
Intangible assets		250,090
Total assets	$	741,668

Accounts payable	$	19,979
Accrued liabilities		30,614
Operating lease liabilities		30,326
Finance lease liabilities		2,163
Contract liabilities		10,169
Total liabilities	$	93,251

Total purchase consideration	$	648,417
Less: accrued contingent consideration and purchase price adjustments		(11,270	)
Less: cash acquired		(9,133	)
Total cash consideration, net of cash acquired	$	628,014

On January 1, 2021, we completed our all stock merger transaction with BMC Stock Holdings, Inc., a Delaware corporation (“BMC”), pursuant to the Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of August 26, 2020 (as amended, restated, supplemented, or otherwise modified from time to time, the “Merger Agreement”), by and among Builders FirstSource, Inc., Boston Merger Sub I Inc., a Delaware corporation and direct wholly owned subsidiary of Builders FirstSource, Inc. (“Merger Sub”) and BMC. On the terms and subject to the conditions set forth in the Merger Agreement, on January 1, 2021, Merger Sub merged with and into BMC, with BMC continuing as the surviving corporation and a wholly owned subsidiary of Builders FirstSource, Inc. (the “BMC Merger”). On January 1, 2022, we completed a legal entity reorganization pursuant to which, among other things, BMC was merged with and into Builders FirstSource, Inc., with Builders FirstSource, Inc. continuing as the surviving corporation. The BMC Merger expands the Company’s geographic reach and value-added offerings.

The BMC Merger was accounted for by the acquisition method, and accordingly the results of operations have been included in the Company’s consolidated financial statements from the acquisition date. Net sales and income before income taxes attributable to BMC were $6.5 billion and $789.5 million, respectively, for the year ended December 31, 2021. Income before income taxes attributable to BMC reflects an increase in depreciation and amortization expense related to the recording of these assets at fair value as of the acquisition date and is also impacted by changes in the business post-acquisition. The consideration transferred was allocated to the identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on estimated fair values at the acquisition date, with the excess recorded as goodwill of $1.8 billion, which is not deductible for tax purposes. Identifiable tangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed included Current assets of $1.2 billion (including Cash and cash equivalents of $167.5 million, Accounts receivable of $428.2 million, and Inventories of $460.1 million), Property, plant and equipment of $555.2 million, Operating lease right-of-use assets of $179.1 million, Current liabilities of $526.1 million, and Other long-term liabilities (including long-term debt) of $944.1 million. The fair value of acquired intangible assets of $1.5 billion was primarily related to customer relationships which will be amortized over a useful life of approximately 12.5 years. Immediately following the BMC Merger, the Company settled certain assumed long-term debt of $359.8 million using cash on hand. We incurred transaction-related costs of $17.6 million and $22.5 million related to the BMC Merger in the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively, which are included in selling,

general and administrative expenses in the accompanying consolidated statement of operations. The accounting for the BMC Merger is complete and no measurement period adjustments were recognized in the current period.

The consideration transferred was determined as the sum of the following: (A) the price per share of the Company’s common stock (“BFS common stock”) of $40.81 (based on the closing price per share of BFS common stock on December 31, 2020), multiplied by each of: (1) the approximately 88.7 million shares of BFS common stock issued to BMC stockholders in the BMC Merger (based on the number of shares of BMC common stock outstanding on December 31, 2020, multiplied by the exchange ratio as set forth in the Merger Agreement); and (2) the approximately 0.9 million shares of BFS common stock issued to holders of outstanding BMC restricted stock awards in connection with the BMC Merger (based on the number of BMC restricted stock awards outstanding as of December 31, 2020 (with performance-based awards vesting at target level of performance), multiplied by the exchange ratio as set forth in the Merger Agreement); plus (B) the fair value attributable to fully vested, outstanding options for BMC common stock held by current BMC employees that were assumed by the Company at the effective time and became options to purchase BFS common stock, with the number of shares and exercise price adjusted by the exchange ratio.

The following table reflects the unaudited pro forma operating results for the Company which gives effect to the BMC Merger as if it had occurred on January 1, 2020. The pro forma results are based on assumptions that the Company believes are reasonable under the circumstances. The pro forma results are not necessarily indicative of future results. The pro forma financial information includes the historical results of the Company and BMC adjusted for certain items, which are described below, and does not include the effects of any synergies or cost reduction initiatives related to the BMC Merger.


	Twelve Months Ended December 31,
	2021		2020
	(in thousands)
Net sales	$	19,893,856	$	12,766,114
Net income		1,874,632		240,699

Pro forma net income reflects the following adjustments:

•

Property, plant and equipment and intangible assets are assumed to be recorded at their estimated fair values as of January 1, 2020, and are depreciated or amortized over their estimated useful lives from that date.

•

Transaction-related expenses of $17.6 million incurred in 2021 are assumed to have occurred on January 1, 2020, and are presented as an expense during the twelve months ended December 31, 2020.

•

Interest expense related to certain assumed long-term debt settled in connection with the BMC Merger has been adjusted.

•

Cost of sales related to the sell-through of inventory stepped-up in value in connection with the BMC Merger has been adjusted and is presented as cost of sales for the year ended December 31, 2020.

All other acquisitions during the year ended December 31, 2021, resulted in total consideration transferred of $1.4 billion. The consideration transferred was allocated to the identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on estimated fair values at the acquisition date, with the excess recorded as goodwill of $743.2 million. The fair value of acquired intangible assets was $372.1 million. The accounting for these acquisitions is complete and no measurement period adjustments were recognized in the current period. Pro forma results of operations as well as net sales and income attributable to these other acquisitions discussed are not presented as these acquisitions did not have a material impact on our results of operations, individually or in the aggregate.

8. Long-Term Debt

Long-term debt consisted of the following:


	December 31, 2022			December 31, 2021
	(in thousands)
Revolving credit facility (1)	$	264,000		$	588,000
4.25% 2032 notes		1,300,000			1,000,000
6.375% 2032 notes		700,000			—
2030 notes		550,000			550,000
2027 notes		—			612,500
Other finance obligations		197,281			202,995
Finance lease obligations		4,105			3,787
		3,015,386			2,957,282
Unamortized debt discount/premium and debt issuance costs		(31,189	)		(27,500	)
		2,984,197			2,929,782
Less: current maturities of long-term debt		6,355			3,660
Long-term debt, net of current maturities, discounts and issuance costs	$	2,977,842		$	2,926,122

(1) The weighted average interest rate was 3.7% and 2.8% as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

2020 Debt Transactions

Refinancing Transactions

In February 2020, the Company completed a private offering of $550.0 million in aggregate principal amount of its 2030 notes at an issue price equal to 100% of par value. The net proceeds from the issuance of the 2030 notes were used together with a borrowing on our previous revolving credit facility to redeem the remaining $503.9 million in outstanding aggregate principal amount of 2024 notes and $47.5 million in aggregate principal amount of 2027 notes and to pay related transaction fees and expenses.

We incurred $8.3 million of various third-party fees and expenses which were recorded as a reduction to long-term debt and are being amortized over the contractual life of the 2030 notes using the effective interest method.

In addition, as the Company concluded that the redemption of the 2024 notes and 2027 notes were debt extinguishments, the Company recorded a loss on extinguishment of $28.0 million in interest expense. Of this loss, approximately $22.7 million was attributable to the payment of redemption premiums on the extinguished notes and $5.3 million was attributable to the write-off of unamortized debt issuance costs and debt premium.

In April 2020, the Company completed a private offering of an additional $350.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 2027 notes at an issue price of 98.75% of par value. The net proceeds from the issuance of the 2027 notes were used to repay the funds borrowed under the previous revolving credit facility and to pay related transaction fees and expenses, with the remaining net proceeds used for general corporate purposes.

The Company recognized the $4.4 million in proceeds received below par value as a debt discount recorded as a reduction to long-term debt. In addition, we incurred $5.5 million of various third-party fees and expenses, recorded as a reduction to long-term debt, which together with the discount will be amortized over the contractual life of the 2027 notes using the effective interest method.

Term Loan Repayment

In November 2020, we repaid the remaining $52.0 million of the 2024 term loan using cash on hand. In connection with this repayment we recognized a loss on extinguishment of $1.4 million related to the write-off of unamortized debt discount and debt issuance costs recorded to interest expense.

2021 Debt Transactions

Revolving Credit Facility Amendments

On January 29, 2021, the Company amended its revolving credit facility to increase the total commitments by an aggregate amount of $500.0 million resulting in a new $1.4 billion amended credit facility, and to extend the maturity date from November 2023 to January 2026. All other material terms of the credit facility remain unchanged from those of the previous agreement. In connection with this amendment, we expensed approximately $1.0 million of unamortized debt issuance costs related to exiting lenders to interest expense. Approximately $4.3 million of new debt issuance costs related to the amendment will be amortized over the remaining contractual life.

On December 17, 2021, the Company amended its revolving credit facility to extend the maturity by 11 months to December 17, 2026. Additionally, the amendment reduced the interest rates and commitment fee under the credit facility by 0.500% and 0.175%, respectively. All other material terms of the credit facility remained unchanged from those of the previous agreement. In connection with this amendment, we incurred approximately $1.5 million of new debt issuance costs which, together with the previous unamortized debt issuance costs, will be deferred and amortized over the remaining contractual lift.

Notes Repurchase Transactions

On March 3, 2021, pursuant to the optional call feature in the indenture governing our 2027 notes, $82.5 million of 2027 notes were redeemed at a redemption price equal to 103% of the principal amount of the notes, plus accrued and unpaid interest. In connection with this redemption, we recognized a loss on extinguishment of $3.6 million, which was recorded to interest expense in second quarter of 2021. Of this loss, approximately $2.5 million was attributable to the payment of redemption premiums on the extinguished notes and $1.1 million was attributable to the write-off of unamortized net debt discount and debt issuance costs.

On December 3, 2021, we redeemed an additional $82.5 million of 2027 notes at a redemption price equal to 103% of the principal amount of the notes, plus accrued and unpaid interest. In connection with this redemption, we recognized a loss on extinguishment of $3.5 million, which was recorded to interest expense in the fourth quarter of 2021. Of this loss, approximately $2.5 million was attributable to the payment of redemption premiums on the extinguished notes and $1.0 million was attributable to the write-off of unamortized net debt discount and debt issuance costs

Notes Offering Transaction

On July 23, 2021, the Company completed a private offering of $1.0 billion in aggregate principal amount of 4.25% 2032 notes at an issue price equal to 100% of their par value. Net proceeds from the offering were used to repay indebtedness outstanding under the Revolving facility and related transaction fees and expenses, with the remaining net proceeds used for general corporate purposes. In connection with the offering, we incurred $13.7 million of various third-party fees and expenses. These costs have been recorded as a reduction to long-term debt and are being amortized over the contractual life of the 4.25% 2032 notes using the effective interest method. The 4.25% 2032 notes are discussed in more detail below.

2022 Debt Transactions

Notes Offering Transactions

On January 21, 2022, the Company completed a private offering of an additional $300.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 4.25% 2032 notes at an issue price equal to 100.50% of par value. The net proceeds from the offering were used to repay indebtedness outstanding under the Revolving facility and pay related transaction fees and expenses. The 4.25% 2032 notes issued in January 2022 form part of the same series of notes as the $1.0 billion of 4.25% 2032 notes issued in July 2021.

The additional $1.5 million in proceeds received in excess of par value represents a debt premium which has been recorded as an increase to long-term debt. In connection with the offering, we incurred approximately $4.4 million of various third-party fees and expenses which have been recorded as a reduction to long-term debt. The debt premium and third-party costs will be amortized over the contractual life of the 4.25% 2032 notes using the effective interest method.

On June 15, 2022, the Company completed a private offering of $700.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 6.375% 2032 notes at an issue price equal to 100% of par value. Subsequently, on June 16, 2022, the Company redeemed the remaining $612.5 million of 2027 notes.

In connection with the issuance of the 6.375% 2032 notes, we incurred $10.4 million of various third-party fees and expenses. These costs have been recorded as a reduction to long-term debt and are being amortized over the contractual life of the 6.375% 2032 notes using the effective interest method.

The Company concluded the redemption of the 2027 notes was a debt extinguishment and recorded a loss on debt extinguishment of $27.4 million in interest expense in the second quarter of 2022. Of this loss, approximately $20.7 million was attributable to the payment of the redemption premium on the extinguished notes and $6.7 million was attributable to the write-off of unamortized debt issuance costs and debt premium.

Revolving Credit Facility Amendments

On February 4, 2022, we amended our revolving credit facility to increase the total commitments by an aggregate amount of $400.0 million, resulting in a total $1.8 billion revolving credit facility. All other material terms of the credit facility remain unchanged from those of the previous agreement. Effective with this amendment, the eurodollar rate loans and related interest rate benchmark were changed to term SOFR. The applicable margin ranges for term SOFR loans were amended to be from 1.35% to 1.60% and there are no changes to base rate loan borrowings. In connection with this amendment, we incurred approximately $2.0 million of new debt issuance costs which have been recorded as other assets and will be amortized straight-line through December 2026.

Subsequent to year-end, on January 17, 2023, the Company extended a portion of the existing $1.8 billion Revolving facility. Under this new agreement, we have a total of $1,620.0 million commitments with a maturity date of January 17, 2028 (the “2028 facility”) and $180.0 million commitments with a maturity date of December 17, 2026 (the “2026 facility”). Additionally, the amendment includes additional interest pricing tiers for the amounts under the 2028 facility, which will now range from 1.10% to 1.60% in the case of SOFR loans, and 0.00% to 0.50% in the case of base rate loans. The letters of credit under the 2028 facility will be now assessed at a rate between 1.00% to 1.50% based on the average excess availability. There were no changes to the pricing tiers related to borrowings made under the 2026 facility or letters of credit, and all other material terms of the credit facility remain unchanged from those of the previous agreement. In connection with this amendment, we incurred approximately $1.2 million of new debt issuance costs which, together with the previous unamortized debt issuance costs, will be deferred and amortized over the remaining contractual lift. The Revolving facility is discussed in more detail below.

Revolving Credit Facility

As of December 31, 2022, the Revolving facility provides for a $1.8 billion revolving credit line to be used for working capital, general corporate purposes and funding capital expenditures and growth opportunities. In addition, we may use the Revolving facility to facilitate debt repayment and consolidation. The available borrowing capacity, or borrowing base, is derived from a percentage of the Company’s eligible receivables and inventory, as defined by the agreement, subject to certain reserves. As of December 31, 2022, we had $264.0 million in outstanding borrowings under our Revolving facility and our net excess borrowing availability was $1,407.1 million after being reduced by outstanding letters of credit of approximately $128.9 million.

As of December 31, 2022, borrowings under the Revolving facility bear interest, at our option, at either the SOFR or a base rate, plus, in each case, an applicable margin. The applicable margin ranges from 1.35% to 1.60% per annum in the case of term SOFR loans and 0.25% to 0.50% per annum in the case of base rate loans. The margin in either case is based on a measure of availability under the Revolving facility. As noted above, on January 17, 2023, these margins were amended for the 2028 facility SOFR loans and base rate loans, but remain unchanged for the 2026 facility SOFR loans and base rate loans. A commitment fee, currently 0.20% per annum, is charged on the unused amount of the Revolving facility based on quarterly average loan utilization. Letters of credit under the Revolving facility are assessed at a rate equal to 1.25% or 1.50%, based on the average excess availability, as well as a fronting fee at a rate of 0.125% per annum. These fees are payable quarterly in arrears at the end of March, June, September, and December.

All obligations under the Revolving facility are guaranteed jointly and severally by the Company and all other subsidiaries that guarantee our 2030 notes, our 4.25% 2032 notes, and our 6.375% 2032 notes (such subsidiaries, the “Debt Guarantors”). All obligations and the guarantees of those obligations are secured by substantially all of the assets of the Company and the Debt Guarantors, subject to certain exceptions and permitted liens, including, with respect to the Revolving facility, a first-priority security interest in such assets that constitute Revolving Collateral (as defined below) and a second-priority security interest in such assets that constitute Notes Collateral (as defined below).

“ABL Collateral” includes substantially all presently owned and after-acquired accounts receivable, inventory, rights of unpaid vendors with respect to inventory, deposit accounts, commodity accounts, securities accounts and lock boxes, investment property, cash and cash equivalents, and general intangibles, books and records, supporting obligations and documents and related letters of credit, commercial tort claims or other claims related to and proceeds of each of the foregoing. “Notes Collateral” includes all collateral that is not ABL Collateral.

The Revolving facility contains restrictive covenants which, among other things, limit the Company’s ability to incur additional indebtedness, incur liens, engage in mergers or other fundamental changes, sell certain assets, pay dividends, make acquisitions or investments, prepay certain indebtedness, change the nature of our business, and engage in certain transactions with affiliates. In addition, the Revolving facility also contains a financial covenant requiring the satisfaction of a minimum fixed charge ratio of 1.00 to 1.00 if our excess availability falls below the greater of $80.0 million or 10% of the maximum borrowing amount, which was $180.0 million as of December 31, 2022.

Senior Secured Notes due 2030

As of December 31, 2022, we have $550.0 million outstanding in aggregate principal amount of the 2030 notes, which mature on March 1, 2030. Interest accrues on the 2030 notes at a rate of 5.00% per annum and is payable semi-annually on March 1 and September 1 of each year, commencing on September 1, 2020.

The terms of the 2030 notes are governed by the indenture, dated February 11, 2020 (the “2030 Indenture”), among the Company, the guarantors named therein and Wilmington Trust, National Association, as trustee. The 2030 notes, subject to certain exceptions, are guaranteed, jointly and severally, on a senior unsecured basis, by the Debt Guarantors. Subject to certain exceptions, future subsidiaries that guarantee the Revolving facility, the 2032 notes or certain other indebtedness will also guarantee the 2030 notes.

The 2030 notes constitute senior unsecured obligations of the Company and the Debt Guarantors, pari passu in right of payment with all of the existing and future senior indebtedness of the Company, including indebtedness under the Revolving facility, and the 2032 notes. The 2030 notes are also (i) effectively subordinated to all existing and future secured indebtedness of the Company and the Debt Guarantors to the extent of the value of the assets securing such indebtedness, (ii) senior to all of the future subordinated indebtedness of the Company and the Debt Guarantors, and (iii) structurally subordinated to any existing and future indebtedness and other liabilities, including preferred stock, of the Company’s subsidiaries that do not guarantee the 2030 notes.

The 2030 Indenture contains restrictive covenants that limit the ability of the Company and its restricted subsidiaries to, among other things, incur additional debt or issue preferred stock, create liens, create restrictions on the Company’s subsidiaries’ ability to make payments to the Company, pay dividends and make other distributions in respect of the Company’s and its subsidiaries’ capital stock, make certain investments or certain other restricted payments, guarantee indebtedness, designate unrestricted subsidiaries, sell certain kinds of assets, enter into certain types of transactions with affiliates, and effect mergers and consolidations.

At any time prior to March 1, 2025, the Company may redeem the 2030 notes in whole or in part at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the 2030 notes plus the “applicable premium” set forth in the 2030 Indenture. In addition, at any time prior to March 1, 2023, the Company may redeem up to 40% of the aggregate principal amount of the 2030 notes with the net cash proceeds of one or more equity offerings, as described in the 2030 Indenture, at a price equal to 105.0% of the principal amount thereof, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to the redemption date. At any time on or after March 1, 2025, the Company may redeem the 2030 notes at the redemption prices set forth in the 2030 Indenture, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to the redemption date. If the Company experiences certain change of control events, holders of the 2030 notes may require it to repurchase all or part of their 2030 notes at 101% of the principal amount thereof, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to the repurchase date.

Senior Secured Notes due 2032

As described above, during 2022, the Company issued $300.0 million of 4.25% 2032 notes, which form part of the same series of notes as the $1.0 billion of 4.25% 2032 notes issued in July 2021, and $700.0 million of 6.375% 2032 notes (collectively, the “2032 notes”). The 4.25% 2032 notes mature on February 1, 2032, with interest accruing at a rate of 4.25% per annum and interest payable semi-annually on February 1 and August 1 of each year. The 6.375% 2032 notes mature on June 15, 2032, with interest accruing at a rate of 6.375% per annum and interest payable semi-annually on June 15 and December 15 of each year.

The terms of the 4.25% 2032 notes and the 6.375% 2032 notes are governed by the indentures, dated as of July 23, 2021 and June 15, 2022 (collectively the “2032 Indentures”), respectively, contain consistent terms and are among the Company, the guarantors named therein and Wilmington Trust, National Association, as trustee.

The 2032 notes, subject to certain exceptions, are guaranteed, jointly and severally, on a senior unsecured basis, by the Debt Guarantors. Subject to certain exceptions, future subsidiaries that guarantee the Revolving facility, the 2030 notes or certain other indebtedness will also guarantee the 2032 notes.

The 2032 notes constitute senior unsecured obligations of the Company and Debt Guarantors, pari passu in right of payment, with all of the existing and future senior indebtedness of the Company, including indebtedness under the Revolving facility and the 2030 notes, effectively subordinated to all existing and future secured indebtedness of the Company and the Debt Guarantors (including indebtedness under the Revolving facility and 2032 notes) to the extent of the value of the assets securing such indebtedness, senior to all of the future subordinated indebtedness of the Company and the Debt Guarantors and structurally subordinated to any existing and future indebtedness and other liabilities, including preferred stock, of the Company’s subsidiaries that do not guarantee the 2032 notes.

The 2032 Indentures contain restrictive covenants that limit the ability of the Company and its restricted subsidiaries to, among other things, incur additional debt or issue preferred stock, create liens, create restrictions on the Company’s subsidiaries’ ability to make payments to the Company, pay dividends and make other distributions in respect of the Company’s and its subsidiaries’ capital stock, make certain investments or certain other restricted payments, guarantee indebtedness, designate unrestricted subsidiaries, sell certain kinds of assets, enter into certain types of transactions with affiliates, and effect mergers and consolidations.

The Company may redeem the 2032 notes within five years from the date of issuance, in whole or in part, at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of each of the 2032 notes plus the “applicable premium” set forth in the 2032 Indentures. The Company may, within three years of the date of issuance, redeem up to 40% of the aggregate principal amount of each of the 2032 notes with the net cash proceeds of one or more equity offerings at a premium of the principal amount thereof, as described in the 2032 Indentures, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to the redemption date. After the five-year period from original issuance, the Company may redeem each of the 2032 notes at the redemption prices set forth in the 2032 Indentures, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to the redemption date. If the Company experiences certain change of control triggering events, holders of each of the 2032 notes may require it to repurchase all or part of their notes at 101% of the principal amount thereof, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to the repurchase date.

As of December 31, 2022 we were not in violation of any covenants or restrictions imposed by any of our debt agreements.

Future maturities of long-term debt as of December 31, 2022 were as follows:


	(in thousands)
2023	$	-
2024		-
2025		-
2026		264,000
2027		-
Thereafter		2,550,000
Total long-term debt	$	2,814,000

9. Leases and Other Finance Obligations

Right-of-use assets and lease liabilities consisted of the following as of December 31:


	2022		2021
	(in thousands)
Assets
Operating lease right-of-use assets, net	$	485,704	$	457,833
Finance lease right-of-use assets, net (included in property, plant and equipment, net)		4,398		4,111
Total right-of-use assets	$	490,102	$	461,944
Liabilities
Current
Current portion of operating lease liabilities	$	100,758	$	96,680
Current portion of finance lease liabilities (included in current maturities of long-term debt)		2,122		1,439
Noncurrent
Noncurrent portion of operating lease liabilities		404,463		375,289
Noncurrent portion of finance lease liabilities (included in long-term debt, net of current maturities)		1,983		2,348
Total lease liabilities	$	509,326	$	475,756

Total lease costs consisted of the following for the years ended December 31:



	2022		2021		2020
	(in thousands)
Operating lease costs (1)	$	144,755	$	133,009	$	85,798
Finance lease costs:
Amortization of finance lease right-of-use assets		1,876		2,166		6,325
Interest on finance lease liabilities		179		360		1,424
Variable lease costs		30,590		27,276		17,607
Total lease costs	$	177,400	$	162,811	$	111,154

(1) Includes short-term lease costs and sublease income which were not material for either period.

Future maturities of lease liabilities as of December 31, 2022 were as follows:


	Finance Leases			Operating Leases
	(in thousands)
2023	$	2,292		$	120,633
2024		1,278			107,644
2025		394			87,448
2026		128			73,368
2027		126			58,731
Thereafter		184			161,259
Total lease payments		4,402			609,083
Less: amount representing interest		(297	)		(103,862	)
Present value of lease liabilities		4,105			505,221
Less: current portion		(2,122	)		(100,758	)
Long-term lease liabilities, net of current portion	$	1,983		$	404,463

Weighted average lease terms and discount rates as of December 31 were as follows:


	2022			2021
Weighted average remaining lease term (years)
Operating leases		6.4			6.3
Finance leases		2.6			3.4
Weighted average discount rate
Operating leases		5.6	%		5.3	%
Finance leases		5.7	%		4.4	%

The following table presents cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities for the years ended December 31:


	2022		2021		2020
	(in thousands)
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities:
Operating cash flows from operating leases	$	125,311	$	118,314	$	82,559
Operating cash flows from finance leases		179		360		1,424
Financing cash flows from finance leases		1,844		2,709		13,409

Our lease agreements do not impose any significant restrictions or covenants on us. As of December 31, 2022, we do not have any material leases that have been signed but have not yet commenced and are not reflected on our consolidated balance sheet. Leases with related parties are not significant as of and for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020.

Other Finance Obligations

In addition to the operating and finance lease arrangements described above, the Company is party to 118 individual property lease agreements with a single lessor as of December 31, 2022. These lease agreements had initial terms ranging from nine to 15 years with renewal options in five-year increments providing for up to approximately 30-year total lease terms. A related agreement between the lessor and the Company gives the Company the right to acquire a limited number of the leased facilities at fair market value. These purchase rights represent a form of continuing involvement with these properties, which precluded sale-leaseback accounting. As a result, the Company treats all of the properties that it leases from this lessor as a financing arrangement.

We were deemed the owner of certain of our facilities during their construction period based on an evaluation made in accordance with the Leases topic of the Codification. Effectively, a sale and leaseback of these facilities occurred when construction was completed and the lease term began. These transactions did not qualify for sale-leaseback accounting. As a result, the Company treats the lease of these facilities as a financing arrangement.

As of December 31, 2022, other finance obligations consist of $197.3 million, with cash payments of $23.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. These other finance obligations are included on the consolidated balance sheet as part of long-term debt. The related assets are recorded as components of property, plant, and equipment on the consolidated balance sheet.

Future maturities for other finance obligations as of December 31, 2022 were as follows (in thousands):


	(in thousands)
2023	$	16,407
2024		16,359
2025		16,355
2026		16,134
2027		16,073
Thereafter		136,525
Total	$	217,853

10. Employee Stock-Based Compensation

2014 Incentive Plan

Under our 2014 Incentive Plan (“2014 Plan”), as amended, the Company is authorized to grant awards in the form of incentive stock options, non-qualified stock options, restricted stock shares, restricted stock units, other common stock-based awards and cash-based awards. As of December 31, 2022, the Company had reserved 15.1 million shares of common stock for the grant of awards under the 2014 Plan, subject to adjustment as provided by the 2014 Plan. In 2020, the number of shares available under the 2014 Plan had been adjusted to allow for the assumption of options and shares granted in connection with the BMC Merger. All shares under the Plan may be made subject to options, stock appreciation rights (“SARs”), or stock-based awards. Stock options and SARs granted under the 2014 Plan may not have a term exceeding 10 years from the date of grant. The 2014 Plan also provides that all awards will become fully vested and/or exercisable upon a change in control (as defined in the 2014 Plan) if those awards (i) are not assumed or equitably substituted by the surviving entity or (ii) have been assumed or equitably substituted by the surviving entity, and the grantee’s employment is terminated under certain circumstances. Other specific terms for awards granted under the 2014 Plan shall be determined by our Compensation Committee (or the board of directors if so determined by the board of directors). Awards granted under the 2014 Plan generally vest ratably over a three to four-year period or cliff vest after a period of three to four years. As of December 31, 2022, 7.5 million shares were available for issuance under the 2014 Plan. If it is assumed that shares will be issued at the target vesting amount for outstanding RSUs with variable payout provisions, an additional 1.0 million shares would be included in the shares available for future issuance under the 2014 Plan.

Previous Incentive Plans

We were authorized to issue shares of common stock pursuant to awards granted in various forms under our 1998 Stock Incentive Plan, 2005 Equity Incentive Plan, and 2007 Incentive Plan. No further grants will be made under these plans and all remaining awards granted under these plans are fully vested and exercisable.

Stock Options

The following table summarizes our stock option activity:


				Weighted		Weighted
				Average		Average
				Exercise		Remaining		Aggregate
	Options			Price		Years		Intrinsic Value
	(in thousands)							(in thousands)
Outstanding at December 31, 2021		193		$	9.60
Exercised		(60	)	$	9.86
Forfeited		(3	)	$	12.29
Outstanding at December 31, 2022		130		$	9.41		2.2	$	7,216
Exercisable at December 31, 2022	$	130		$	9.41		2.2	$	7,216

The outstanding options at December 31, 2022 include 96,000 options under the 2014 plan, 11,000 options under the 2007 Plan, 5,000 options under the 2005 Plan and 18,000 options under the 1998 Plan. As of December 31, 2022, all outstanding options under the 2014 Plan, the 2007 Plan, the 2005 Plan and the 1998 Plan were exercisable. There were no options granted during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 or 2020. The total intrinsic value of options exercised during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 were $3.6 million, $7.0 million and $4.8 million, respectively. Vesting of all of our stock options is contingent solely on continuous employment over the requisite service period.

Restricted Stock Units

The total outstanding RSUs at December 31, 2022 include 1.7 million units granted under the 2014 Plan.

Time Based Restricted Stock Unit Grants

The Company grants RSUs to employees under our 2014 Incentive Plan for which vesting is based solely on continuous employment over the requisite service period. The following table summarizes activity for RSUs subject solely to service conditions for the year ended December 31, 2022:


				Weighted
				Average Grant
	Shares			Date Fair Value
	(in thousands)
Nonvested at December 31, 2021		1,283		$	30.97
Granted		737		$	62.46
Vested		(669	)	$	28.77
Forfeited		(127	)	$	53.62
Nonvested at December 31, 2022		1,224		$	48.78

The weighted average grant date fair value of RSUs for which vesting is subject solely to service conditions granted during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 were $62.46, $47.36, and $19.54, respectively.

Performance, Market and Service Condition Based Restricted Stock Unit Grants

The Company grants RSUs to employees under our 2014 Incentive Plan, that generally vest based on the Company’s level of achievement of performance goals relating to return on invested capital over a three-year period (“performance condition”) as well as continued employment during the performance period (“service condition”). The total number of shares of common stock that may be earned from the performance condition ranges from zero to 200% of the RSUs granted. The number of shares earned from the performance condition may be further increased by 10% or decreased by 10% based on the Company’s total shareholder return relative to a peer group during the performance period (“market condition”). The following table summarizes activity for these RSUs for the year ended December 31, 2022:


				Weighted
				Average Grant
	Shares			Date Fair Value
	(in thousands)
Nonvested at December 31, 2021		775		$	25.85
Granted		163		$	70.77
Performance & market award achievement adjustment (1)		313		$	15.04
Vested		(660	)	$	14.74
Forfeited		(98	)	$	56.80
Nonvested at December 31, 2022		493		$	42.59

(1) Represents RSUs granted prior to 2022 for which the performance and market achievement period was completed in 2022, resulting in incremental unit awards granted. These incremental awards are also included in the amount vested in 2022.

The weighted average grant date fair value of RSUs for which vesting is subject to performance, market and service conditions granted during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 were $70.77, $41.62 and $23.18, respectively.

Our results of operations include stock compensation expense of $31.3 million, $31.5 million and $17.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. We recognized excess tax benefits for stock options exercised and RSUs vested of $16.2 million, $8.7 million and $2.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The total fair value of options vested during the years ended December 31, 2021, and 2020 were $0.1 million and $0.1 million, respectively. There were no options vested during the year ended December 31, 2022. The total fair value of RSUs vested during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 were $29.0 million, $22.9 million and $11.3 million, respectively.

As of December 31, 2022, there was approximately $52.5 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested share-based compensation arrangements granted under the Plans. That cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.1 years.

11. Income Taxes

The components of income tax expense included in continuing operations were as follows for the years ended December 31:


	2022			2021			2020
	(in thousands)
Current:
Federal	$	789,465		$	475,737		$	66,017
State		125,460			84,967			11,998
		914,925			560,704			78,015
Deferred:
Federal		(73,016	)		(33,803	)		16,270
State		(19,445	)		(770	)		344
		(92,461	)		(34,573	)		16,614
Income tax expense	$	822,464		$	526,131		$	94,629

Temporary differences, which give rise to deferred tax assets and liabilities, were as follows as of December 31:


	2022			2021
	(in thousands)
Deferred tax assets related to:
Accrued expenses	$	33,146		$	31,828
Insurance reserves		33,824			32,080
Stock-based compensation expense		5,696			5,008
Accounts receivable		16,480			8,742
Inventories		14,965			10,387
Operating loss and credit carryforwards		14,221			18,356
Operating lease liabilities		119,232			113,273
Other		4,751			3,098
		242,315			222,772
Valuation allowance		-			(2,573	)
Total deferred tax assets		242,315			220,199
Deferred tax liabilities related to:
Prepaid expenses		(7,953	)		(8,960	)
Goodwill and other intangible assets		(231,223	)		(307,165	)
Property, plant and equipment		(158,173	)		(156,315	)
Operating lease right-of-use assets		(114,626	)		(109,880	)
Total deferred tax liabilities		(511,975	)		(582,320	)
Net deferred tax liability	$	(269,660	)	$	(362,121	)

A reconciliation of the statutory federal income tax rate to our effective rate for continuing operations is provided below for the years ended December 31:



	2022			2021			2020
Statutory federal income tax rate		21.0	%		21.0	%		21.0	%
State income taxes, net of federal income tax		2.3			3.2			3.7
Stock-based compensation windfall benefit		(0.5	)		(0.4	)		(0.5	)
Permanent difference - 162(m) limitation		0.3			0.3			0.5
Permanent difference - credits		(0.2	)		(0.9	)		(1.7	)
Permanent difference - other		0.0			0.2			0.3
Other	0.1				—			(0.1	)
		23.0	%		23.4	%		23.2	%

We have $32.9 million of state net operating loss carryforwards and $0.8 million of state tax credit carryforwards expiring at various dates through 2035. We also have $58.4 million of federal net operating loss carryforwards expiring at various dates through 2034. We evaluate our deferred tax assets on a quarterly basis to determine whether a valuation allowance is required. In accordance with the Income Taxes topic of the Codification we assess whether it is more likely than not that some or all of our deferred tax assets will not be realized. Significant judgment is required in estimating valuation allowances for deferred tax assets and in making this

determination, we consider all available positive and negative evidence and make certain assumptions. The realization of a deferred tax asset ultimately depends on the existence of sufficient taxable income in the applicable carryforward period. Changes in our estimates of future taxable income and tax planning strategies will affect our estimate of the realization of the tax benefits of these tax carryforwards.

We base our estimate of deferred tax assets and liabilities on current tax laws and rates. In certain cases, we also base our estimate on business plan forecasts and other expectations about future outcomes. Changes in existing tax laws or rates could affect our actual tax results, and future business results may affect the amount of our deferred tax liabilities or the valuation of our deferred tax assets over time. Due to uncertainties in the estimation process, particularly with respect to changes in facts and circumstances in future reporting periods, as well as the residential homebuilding industry’s cyclicality and sensitivity to changes in economic conditions, it is possible that actual results could differ from the estimates used in previous analyses.

The balance for uncertain tax positions, excluding penalties and interest, was $16.3 million and $14.5 million as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, with $1.8 million, $5.3 million, and $7.2 million recorded in the Company’s consolidated statement of operations for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020. We accrue interest and penalties on our uncertain tax positions as a component of our provision for income taxes. We accrued no significant interest and penalties in 2022, 2021 or 2020.

We are subject to U.S. federal income tax as well as income tax of multiple state jurisdictions. Based on completed examinations and the expiration of statutes of limitations, we have concluded all U.S. federal income tax matters for years through 2018. We are currently under IRS audit for various aspects of our 2019 and 2020 tax years. We report income-based tax in 41 states with various years open to examination.

Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

Disclosure Controls Evaluation and Related CEO and CFO Certifications. Our management, with the participation of our principal executive officer (“CEO”) and principal financial officer (“CFO”) conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this annual report.

Certifications of our CEO and our CFO, which are required in accordance with Rule 13a-14 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (“Exchange Act”), are attached as exhibits to this annual report. This “Controls and Procedures” section includes the information concerning the controls evaluation referred to in the certifications, and it should be read in conjunction with the certifications for a more complete understanding of the topics presented.

Limitations on the Effectiveness of Controls. We do not expect that our disclosure controls and procedures will prevent all errors and all fraud. A system of controls and procedures, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the system are met. Because of the limitations in all such systems, no evaluation can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within the Company have been detected. Furthermore, the design of any system of controls and procedures is based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions, regardless of how unlikely. Because of these inherent limitations in a cost-effective system of controls and procedures, misstatements or omissions due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected.

Scope of the Controls Evaluation. The evaluation of our disclosure controls and procedures included a review of their objectives and design, the Company’s implementation of the controls and procedures and the effect of the controls and procedures on the information generated for use in this annual report. In the course of the evaluation, we sought to identify whether we had any data errors, control problems or acts of fraud and to confirm that appropriate corrective action, including process improvements, were being undertaken if needed. This type of evaluation is performed on a quarterly basis so that conclusions concerning the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures can be reported in our quarterly reports on Form 10-Q and in annual report on Form 10-K. Many of the components of our disclosure controls and procedures are also evaluated by our internal audit department, our legal department and by personnel in our finance organization. The overall goals of these various evaluation activities are to monitor our disclosure controls and procedures on an ongoing basis, and to maintain them as dynamic systems that change as conditions warrant.

Conclusions regarding Disclosure Controls. Based on the required evaluation of our disclosure controls and procedures, our CEO and CFO have concluded that, as of December 31, 2022, we maintained disclosure controls and procedures that were effective in providing reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our CEO and CFO, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Rule 13a-15(f) of the Exchange Act. Internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with GAAP. Internal control over financial reporting includes policies and procedures that: (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of our assets; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with GAAP, and that our receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of our management and directors; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of our assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our CEO and CFO, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based on the framework set forth in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on our evaluation under the framework set forth in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013), our management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2022.

The effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, has been audited by PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report which appears herein.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting. During the period covered by this report there were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting identified in connection with the evaluation described above that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

On February 24, 2023, our Board of Directors approved and adopted the Builders FirstSource, Inc. Executive and Key Employee Severance Plan (the “Severance Plan”), which provides for severance payments and benefits to certain key employees of the Company in the event their employment is involuntary terminated under certain circumstances. Under the Severance Plan, participants are grouped into three tiers of benefits, as selected and designated by the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors (the “Committee”). The Committee designated the following named executive officers to participate in the Severance Plan: Dave Rush, as a Tier I Participant; and Peter M. Jackson, Scott L. Robins, Michael A. Farmer and Timothy D. Johnson, as Tier II Participants.

Under the Severance Plan, if a participating executive’s employment is terminated by the Company without cause or by the participant for good reason (as such terms are defined in the Severance Plan), and the termination does not occur within the 3-month period prior to or the 24-month period following a change in control of the Company, the participant will be entitled to certain severance payments and benefits (“Regular Severance Benefits”). The Regular Severance Benefits include cash payments of the following amounts: (1) a pro rata annual bonus, (2) a severance payment equal to 2.0 times, in the case of a Tier I Participant, or 1.5 times, in the case of a Tier II Participant, the participant’s base salary and target annual bonus, and (3) a payment equal to the full cost to provide group health benefits to the participant for 24 months, in the case of a Tier I Participant, or 18 months, in the case of a Tier II Participant (based on group health benefits sponsored by the Company and maintained by the participant as of the termination date). In addition, a pro rata portion of the participant’s outstanding stock options, restricted stock units and other stock awards with time-based vesting restrictions will become vested and exercisable, and a pro rata portion of the participant’s outstanding performance-based stock awards will be deemed vested and earned based on the actual level of achievement of all relevant performance measures as of the end of the regular performance period.

If a participating executive’s employment is terminated by the Company without cause or by the participant for good reason, and the termination occurs within the 3-month period prior to or the 24-month period following a change in control of the Company, the participant will be entitled to certain severance payments and benefits (“Change in Control Severance Benefits”). The Change in Control Severance Benefits include lump sum cash payments of the following amounts: (1) a pro rata target annual bonus, (2) a severance payment equal to 2.5 times, in the case of a Tier I Participant, or 2.0 times, in the case of a Tier II Participant, the participant’s base salary and target annual bonus, and (3) a payment equal to the full cost to provide group health benefits to the participant for 30 months, in the case of a Tier I Participant, or 24 months, in the case of a Tier II Participant (based on group health benefits sponsored by the Company and maintained by the participant as of the termination date). In addition, the level of achievement of all performance goals relating to the participant’s outstanding performance-based stock awards will be based on (i) the greater of an assumed level of achievement at “target” level or actual level of achievement measured as of the termination date for performance periods that had commenced but were not completed prior to the termination date, and (ii) an assumed level of achievement at “target” level for performance periods that had not commenced prior to the termination date.

As a condition to participating in the Severance Plan, a participant must enter into a restrictive covenant agreement that includes non-competition, customer non-solicitation and employee non-recruitment provisions, that will apply for a period of [24] months, in the case of a Tier I Participant, or [18] months, in the case of a Tier II Participant, following the participant’s termination of employment.

Upon acknowledgment by a named executive officer of his or her participation in the Severance Plan, any existing employment agreement between the Company and such named executive officer will terminate.

The information required by this item appears in our definitive proxy statement for our annual meeting of stockholders to be held June 14, 2023 under the captions “Proposal 1 — Election of Directors,” “Continuing Directors,” “Information Regarding the Board and Its Committees,” “Corporate Governance,” “Delinquent Section 16(a) Reports,” and “Executive Officers of the Registrant,” which information is incorporated herein by reference.

Builders FirstSource, Inc. and its subsidiaries endeavor to do business according to the highest ethical and legal standards, complying with both the letter and spirit of the law. Our board of directors approved a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics that applies to our directors, officers (including our principal executive officer, principal financial officer and principal accounting officer) and employees. Our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics is administered by a compliance committee made up of representatives from our legal, human resources, finance and internal audit departments.

Our employees are encouraged to report any suspected violations of laws, regulations and the Code of Business Conduct and Ethics, and all unethical business practices. We provide continuously monitored hotlines for anonymous reporting by employees.

Our board of directors has also approved a Supplemental Code of Ethics for the Chief Executive Officer, President, and Senior Financial Officers of Builders FirstSource, Inc., which is administered by our general counsel.

Both of these policies are listed as exhibits to this annual report on Form 10-K and can be found in the “Investors” section of our corporate Web site at: www.bldr.com.

Stockholders may request a free copy of these policies by contacting the Corporate Secretary, Builders FirstSource, Inc., 2001 Bryan Street, Suite 1600, Dallas, Texas 75201, United States of America.

We will provide information regarding any such amendment or waiver (including the nature of any waiver, the name of the person to whom the waiver was granted and the date of the waiver) on our Web site at the Internet address above, and such information will be available on our Web site for at least a 12-month period. In addition, we will disclose on our Web site at the Internet address above any amendments and waivers to our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics or our Supplemental Code of Ethics for Chief Executive Officer, President and Senior Financial Officers of Builders FirstSource, Inc. that relate to any element of the definition of “code of ethics” enumerated in Item 406(b) of Regulation S-K under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.

The information required by this item appears in our definitive proxy statement for our annual meeting of stockholders to be held June 14, 2023, under the captions “Executive Compensation and Other Information,” “Director Compensation — Compensation of Directors,” and “Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation,” which information is incorporated herein by reference.

Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters

The information required by this item appears in our definitive proxy statement for our annual meeting of stockholders to be held on June 14, 2023, under the caption “Securities Owned by Directors, Executive Officers, and Certain Beneficial Owners” and “Equity Compensation Plan Information,” which information is incorporated herein by reference.

Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence

The information required by this item appears in our definitive proxy statement for our annual meeting of stockholders to be held June 14, 2023, under the caption “Election of Directors and Management Information,” “Information Regarding the Board and its Committees,” and “Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions,” which information is incorporated herein by reference.

The information required by this item appears in our definitive proxy statement for our annual meeting of stockholders to be held June 14, 2023,under the caption “Proposal 3 — Ratification of Selection of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm — Fees Paid to PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP,” which information is incorporated herein by reference.

(a) (1) See the index to consolidated financial statements provided in Item 8 for a list of the financial statements filed as part of this report.

(2) Financial statement schedules are omitted because they are either not applicable or not material.

(3) The following documents are filed, furnished or incorporated by reference as exhibits to this report as required by Item 601 of Regulation S-K.

** Builders FirstSource, Inc. is furnishing, but not filing, the written statement pursuant to Title 18 United States Code 1350, as added by Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, of Dave Rush, our Chief Executive Officer, and Peter M. Jackson, our Chief Financial Officer.

(b) A list of exhibits filed, furnished or incorporated by reference with this Form 10-K is provided above under Item 15(a)(3) of this report. Builders FirstSource, Inc. will furnish a copy of any exhibit listed above to any stockholder without charge upon written request to Timothy D. Johnson, Executive Vice President, General Counsel and Corporate Secretary, 2001 Bryan Street, Suite 1600, Dallas, Texas 75201.

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

The undersigned hereby constitute and appoint Timothy D. Johnson and his substitutes our true and lawful attorneys-in-fact with full power to execute in our name and behalf in the capacities indicated below any and all amendments to this report and to file the same, with all exhibits thereto and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, and hereby ratify and confirm all that such attorney-in-fact or his substitutes shall lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue thereof.

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.


Delaware		52-2084569
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)		(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

2001 Bryan Street, Suite 1600 Dallas, Texas		75201
(Address of principal executive offices)		(Zip Code)


Title of Each Class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered
Common stock, par value $0.01 per share	BLDR	New York Stock Exchange


Large accelerated filer ☑	Accelerated filer ☐	Non-accelerated filer ☐	Smaller reporting company ☐
Emerging growth company ☐


	12/17		12/18		12/19		12/20		12/21		12/22
Builders FirstSource, Inc.		100.00		50.07		116.61		187.29		393.35		297.75
Russell 2000		100.00		88.99		111.70		134.00		153.85		122.41
S&P 600 Building Products Index		100.00		79.70		114.34		145.40		181.51		151.78


Period	Total Number of Shares Purchased		Average Price Paid per Share (including fees)		Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs		Approximate Dollar Value of Shares That May Yet be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs
October 1, 2022 — October 31, 2022		1,818,530	$	61.54		1,818,530	$	506,479,144
November 1, 2022 — November 30, 2022		1,883,375		62.90		1,883,114		1,388,063,907
December 1, 2022 — December 31, 2022		6,449,019		65.28		6,449,019		967,194,726
Total		10,150,924	$	64.17		10,150,663	$	967,194,726


		Page
	PART I
Item 1.	Business	3
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	11
Item 1B.	Unresolved Staff Comments	22
Item 2.	Properties	22
Item 3.	Legal Proceedings	22
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	23
	PART II
Item 5.	Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities	24
Item 6.	Reserved	25
Item 7.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	26
Item 7A.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	33
Item 8.	Financial Statements and Supplementary Data	34
Item 9.	Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure	65
Item 9A.	Controls and Procedures	65
Item 9B.	Other Information	66
Item 9C.	Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions That Prevent Inspections	67
	PART III
Item 10.	Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance	68
Item 11.	Executive Compensation	68
Item 12.	Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters	68
Item 13.	Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence	69
Item 14.	Principal Accountant Fees and Services	69
	PART IV
Item 15.	Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules	70
Item 16	Form 10-K Summary	74


	December 31, 2022			December 31, 2021
	(in millions)
Accounts receivable availability	$	841.1		$	1,032.9
Inventory availability		1,064.7			1,125.3
Other receivables availability		48.1			110.8
Gross availability		1,953.9			2,269.0
Less:
Agent reserves		(64.7	)		(66.6	)
Plus:
Cash in qualified accounts		10.9			11.3
Borrowing base		1,900.1			2,213.7
Aggregate revolving commitments		1,800.0			1,400.0
Maximum borrowing amount (lesser of borrowing base and aggregate revolving commitments)		1,800.0			1,400.0
Less:
Outstanding borrowings		(264.0	)		(588.0	)
Letters of credit		(128.9	)		(126.4	)
Net excess borrowing availability on revolving facility	$	1,407.1		$	685.6


Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm – PCAOB ID 238
Consolidated Statement of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020		37
Consolidated Balance Sheet at December 31, 2022 and 2021		38
Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020		39
Consolidated Statement of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020		40
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements		41


	Year Ended December 31,
(in thousands)	2022			2021			2020
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income	$	2,749,369		$	1,725,416		$	313,537
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization		497,140			547,352			116,566
Amortization of debt discount, premium and issuance costs		4,837			3,869			3,508
Loss on extinguishment of debt		27,387			3,027			6,700
Deferred income taxes		(92,461	)		(34,573	)		16,614
Stock-based compensation expense		31,337			31,486			17,022
Bad debt expense		38,921			20,451			4,720
Net gain on sales of assets and asset impairments		(1,965	)		(32,421	)		(1,067	)
Changes in assets and liabilities, net of assets acquired and liabilities assumed:
Receivables		381,223			(474,362	)		(251,632	)
Inventories		271,889			(282,165	)		(220,101	)
Contract assets		24,051			(103,326	)		(12,631	)
Other current assets		15,173			(33,489	)		(19,743	)
Other assets and liabilities		15,189			(1,155	)		50,370
Accounts payable		(314,004	)		191,885			160,947
Accrued liabilities		(15,766	)		91,419			55,361
Contract liabilities		(33,089	)		90,135			19,896
Net cash provided by operating activities		3,599,231			1,743,549			260,067
Cash flows from investing activities:
Cash used for acquisitions, net of cash acquired		(628,014	)		(1,206,471	)		(32,643	)
Proceeds from divestiture of business		—			76,162			—
Purchases of property, plant and equipment		(340,152	)		(227,891	)		(112,082	)
Proceeds from sale of property, plant and equipment		10,687			13,560			8,500
Net cash used in investing activities		(957,479	)		(1,344,640	)		(136,225	)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Borrowings under revolving credit facility		5,881,000			3,125,000			891,000
Repayments under revolving credit facility		(6,205,000	)		(2,612,000	)		(843,000	)
Proceeds from long-term debt and other loans		1,001,500			1,000,000			895,625
Repayments of long-term debt and other loans		(616,222	)		(554,677	)		(618,542	)
Payments of debt extinguishment costs		(20,672	)		(4,950	)		(22,686	)
Payments of loan costs		(16,797	)		(19,450	)		(13,800	)
Exercise of stock options		589			726			1,424
Repurchase of common stock		(2,628,308	)		(1,714,761	)		(4,153	)
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities		(2,603,910	)		(780,112	)		285,868
Net change in cash and cash equivalents		37,842			(381,203	)		409,710
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period		42,603			423,806			14,096
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period	$	80,445		$	42,603		$	423,806

Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information:
Cash paid for interest	$	169,390		$	105,570		$	110,600
Cash paid for income taxes		936,424			633,060			43,400
Supplemental disclosures of non-cash activities:
Non-cash consideration for the BMC Merger	$	—		$	3,658,362		$	—
Accrued purchases of property, plant and equipment		10,797			8,052			1,962
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for operating lease obligations		100,843			64,939			42,606
Assets acquired under finance lease obligations		—			1,644			16,964
Amounts accrued for repurchases of common stock		44,447			51,545			—


							Additional
	Common Stock						Paid-in			Retained
(in thousands)	Shares			Amount			Capital			Earnings			Total
Balance at December 31, 2019		116,052		$	1,161		$	574,955		$	248,837		$	824,953
Vesting of restricted stock units		732			7			(7	)		—			—
Shares withheld for restricted stock units vested		(190	)		(2	)		(4,151	)		—			(4,153	)
Exercise of stock options		235			2			1,422			—			1,424
Stock compensation expense		—			—			17,022			—			17,022
Net income		—			—			—			313,537			313,537
Balance at December 31, 2020		116,829			1,168			589,241			562,374			1,152,783
Merger consideration		89,586			896			3,657,466		—				3,658,362
Vesting of restricted stock units		1,168			11			(11	)		—			—
Stock-based compensation expense		—			—			31,486			—			31,486
Repurchase of common stock (1)		(27,459	)		(274	)		—			(1,747,777	)		(1,748,051	)
Exercise of stock options		90			1			739			—			740
Shares withheld for restricted stock units vested		(394	)		(4	)		(18,251	)		—			(18,255	)
Net income		—			—			—			1,725,416			1,725,416
Balance at December 31, 2021		179,820			1,798			4,260,670			540,013			4,802,481
Vesting of restricted stock units		1,329			13			(13	)		—			—
Stock-based compensation expense		—			—			31,337			—			31,337
Repurchase of common stock (2)		(41,853	)		(418	)		—			(2,585,872	)		(2,586,290	)
Exercise of stock options		60			1			588			—			589
Shares withheld for restricted stock units vested		(492	)		(5	)		(34,915	)		—			(34,920	)
Net income		—			—			—			2,749,369			2,749,369
Balance at December 31, 2022		138,864		$	1,389		$	4,257,667		$	703,510		$	4,962,566


	(in thousands)
Balance as of December 31, 2020 (1)	$	785,305
BMC Merger		1,751,604
All other acquisitions		743,207
Gypsum Divestiture		(9,924	)
Balance as of December 31, 2021 (1)	$	3,270,192
Acquisitions		186,662
Balance as of December 31, 2022 (1)	$	3,456,854


	2022					2021
	Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization			Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization
	(in thousands)
Customer relationships	$	2,029,955	$	(606,532	)	$	1,781,264	$	(328,540	)
Trade names		201,861		(164,797	)		201,861		(155,141	)
Subcontractor relationships		5,440		(5,440	)		5,440		(3,757	)
Non-compete agreements		14,919		(5,685	)		13,519		(3,243	)
Developed technology		95,600		(14,377	)		95,600		(3,594	)
Total intangible assets	$	2,347,775	$	(796,831	)	$	2,097,684	$	(494,275	)


	(in thousands)
2023	$	325,749
2024		263,329
2025		190,795
2026		166,933
2027		146,190
Thereafter		457,948
Total future net intangible amortization expense	$	1,550,944


	BUILDERS FIRSTSOURCE, INC.

	/s/ DAVE RUSH
	Dave Rush
	Chief Executive Officer and Director


Signature	Title	Date

/s/ DAVE RUSH	Chief Executive Officer and Director	Feb 28, 2023
Dave Rush	(Principal Executive Officer)

/s/ PETER M. JACKSON	Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer	Feb 28, 2023
Peter M. Jackson	(Principal Financial Officer)

/s/ JAMI BECKMANN	Senior Vice President and Chief Accounting Officer	Feb 28, 2023
Jami Beckmann	(Principal Accounting Officer)


/s/ PAUL S. LEVY	Chairman and Director	Feb 28, 2023
Paul S. Levy

/s/ MARK ALEXANDER	Director	Feb 28, 2023
Mark Alexander

/s/ CORY J. BOYDSTON	Director	Feb 28, 2023
Cory J. Boydston

/s/ DIRKSON R. CHARLES	Director	Feb 28, 2023
Dirkson R. Charles

/s/ CLEVELAND A. CHRISTOPHE	Director	Feb 28, 2023
Cleveland A. Christophe

/s/ WILLIAM B. HAYES	Director	Feb 28, 2023
William B. Hayes

/s/ BRETT N. MILGRIM	Director	Feb 28, 2023
Brett N. Milgrim

/s/ JAMES O’LEARY	Director	Feb 28, 2023
James O’Leary

/s/ CRAIG A. STEINKE
Craig A. Steinke	Director	Feb 28, 2023


	2022					2021
	Net Sales		% of Net Sales			Net Sales		% of Net Sales			% Change
	(in millions)					(in millions)
Lumber and lumber sheet goods	$	8,088.1		35.6	%	$	8,455.0		42.5	%		(4.3	)%
Manufactured products	$	5,692.4		25.0	%	$	4,404.1		22.1	%		29.3	%
Windows, doors and millwork	$	4,790.8		21.1	%	$	3,400.9		17.1	%		40.9	%
Specialty building products and services	$	4,155.1		18.3	%	$	3,633.9		18.3	%		14.3	%
Net sales	$	22,726.4		100.0	%	$	19,893.9		100.0	%		14.2	%