The Group’s operating activities expose itself to a variety of financial risks: market risk, credit risk and liquidity risk from which the Group’s risk management program focuses on minimizing any adverse effects on its financial performance. The Group operates financial risk management policies and programs that closely monitor and respond to each risk factor.

The Group’s objectives when managing capital are to safeguard the Group’s ability to continue as a going concern, so the Group can continue to provide returns and benefits for shareholders and to maintain an optimal capital structure to reduce

the cost of capital. The Group monitors capital on the basis of the debt ratio. This ratio is calculated as total debt divided by total capital. The debt ratios as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 are as follows:


	2023			2022
	(In millions of Korean won)
Total liabilities	₩	114,453		₩	113,914
Total equity	463,728			330,180
Debt ratio	25		%	35		%

The Group is exposed to foreign exchange risk arising from royalty revenues and commission payment primarily with respect to the US dollar. The Group’s financial assets and liabilities are exposed to foreign currency risk as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 are as follows:


	December 31, 2023
	Assets in foreign currency	Liabilities in foreign currency	Assets in Korean Won		Liabilities in Korean Won

	(Individual amounts in each foreign currency)		(In millions of Korean won)
USD	86,681,440	28,203,218	₩	111,616	₩	36,344
JPY	343,984,702	160,779,008	3,139		1,467
EUR	36,780	30,472	52		43
IDR	12,955,000	3,103,944	1		—
THB	28,510	7,379	1		—
VND	9,270,000	3,243,600	—		—
HKD	144,997	—	24		—
Total			₩	114,833	₩	37,854


	December 31, 2022
	Assets in foreign currency	Liabilities in foreign currency	Assets in Korean Won		Liabilities in Korean Won

	(Individual amounts in each foreign currency)		(In millions of Korean won)
USD	50,865,141	8,528,692	₩	64,351	₩	10,832
JPY	517,431,793	55,296,530	4,932		527
EUR	25,839	37,607	35		51
IDR	12,955,000	703,608,946	1		57
THB	28,510	7,379	1		—
VND	9,270,000	3,243,600	—		—
Total			₩	69,320	₩	11,467

The Group measures foreign exchange risk as a 10% fluctuation in the exchange rate of each foreign currency, which reflects the management's assessment of the risk of exchange rate fluctuation that can be reasonably occur. The impact of a

10% fluctuation in foreign currency exchange rates on the Group’s profit before income tax for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 are as follows:


	December 31, 2023				December 31, 2022
	Increased by 10%		Decreased by 10%		Increased by 10%		Decreased by 10%

	(In millions of Korean won)
USD	₩	7,527	₩	(7,527)	₩	5,352	₩	(5,352)
JPY	167		(167)		440		(440)
Others	4		(4)		(7)		7
Total	₩	7,698	₩	(7,698)	₩	5,785	₩	(5,785)

The sensitivity analysis is based on monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies other than the functional currency as of the end of the reporting period.

There are no borrowings under variable interest rate conditions as of December 31, 2023 and 2022.

There are no assets and liabilities exposed to price risk as of the end of the reporting period.

Credit risk arises from normal trading and investing activities and occurs when a customer or a counterparty fails to comply with the terms of the contract. In order to manage these credit risks, the Group regularly evaluates the creditworthiness of our customers based on their financial condition, past experience and other factors.

The carrying amount of a financial asset represents the maximum exposure to credit risk. The maximum exposure to credit risk of the Group as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 are as follows.


	December 31, 2023		December 31, 2022

	(In millions of Korean won)
Cash and cash equivalents	₩	184,082	₩	169,877
Short-term financial instruments	277,215		167,000
Accounts receivable, net	71,213		77,257
Other receivables, net	7		12
Other current financial assets	4,439		3,370
Other non-current financial assets	1,824		2,176
Total	₩	538,780	₩	419,692

Cash and cash equivalents and short-term financial instruments are deposited in financial institutions with strong credit rating. Accounts receivables are mainly due from payment processing companies and platform service providers, which in the Group believes have low levels of credit risk.

Liquidity risk management includes the maintenance of sufficient cash and marketable securities, the availability of funds from appropriately committed credit lines, and the ability to settle market positions. The following table summarizes the financial liabilities of the Group by maturity according to the remaining period from the end of the reporting period to the contractual maturity date.


	December 31, 2023
	Carrying value		Less than 3 months		3 months ~ 1 year		1~2 years		2~3 years		3~5 years		Total

	(In millions of Korean won)
Accounts payable	₩	58,292	₩	57,430	₩	185	₩	677	₩	—	₩	—	₩	58,292
Accrued expense	395		395		—		—		—		—		395
Other liabilities (*)	6,562		1,081		3,259		1,902		476		—		6,718
Total	₩	65,249	₩	58,906	₩	3,444	₩	2,579	₩	476	₩	—	₩	65,405


	December 31, 2022
	Carrying value		Less than 3 months		3 months ~ 1 year		1~2 years		2~3 years		3~5 years		Total

	(In millions of Korean won)
Accounts payable	₩	70,544	₩	69,803	₩	367	₩	374	₩	—	₩	—	₩	70,544
Accrued expense	429		429		—		—		—		—		429
Other liabilities (*)	5,963		1,016		2,023		2,476		617		—		6,132
Total	₩	76,936	₩	71,248	₩	2,390	₩	2,850	₩	617	₩	—	₩	77,105

The cash flows above are not discounted and the amount of accounts payable and accrued expense due within 12 months is the same as the carrying amount since the effect of the discount is not material.