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Derivative Instruments
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2023
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosure [Abstract]  
Derivatives Instruments
10. Derivative Instruments
We generally use derivative instruments to manage our interest rate and foreign currency exchange risk. We currently have derivatives classified as cash flow hedges and net investment hedges. We do not enter into any derivatives for trading or speculative purposes.
All of our derivative instruments are governed by International Swap Dealers Association, Inc. master agreements with our counterparties. As of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, we have presented the fair value of our derivative instruments at the gross amounts in the consolidated balance sheet as the gross fair values of our derivative instruments equaled their net fair values.
Cash flow hedges
We have entered into interest rate swap agreements, which effectively convert portions of our variable rate debt under the 2020 Credit Facility to a fixed rate for the term of the swap agreements. We designated each of the interest rate swaps as cash flow hedges at the inception of the contracts. As of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the aggregate notional
values of the interest rate swaps were $935.0 million and $435.0 million, respectively. All of the contracts have maturities on or before October 2028.
We have entered into foreign currency forward contracts to hedge revenues denominated in the Canadian Dollar ("CAD") against changes in the exchange rate with the United States Dollar ("USD"). We designated each of these foreign currency forward contracts as cash flow hedges at the inception of the contracts. As of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the aggregate notional values of the foreign currency forward contracts designated as cash flow hedges that we held to buy USD in exchange for Canadian Dollars were $29.9 million CAD and $22.6 million CAD, respectively. All of the contracts have maturities of 12 months or less.
Net investment hedges
We have entered into foreign currency forward contracts to hedge a portion of the foreign currency exposure that arises on translation of our investments denominated in British Pounds ("GBP") into USD. We designated each of these foreign currency forward contracts as net investment hedges at the inception of the contracts. As of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the aggregate notional values of the foreign currency forward contracts designated as net investment hedges to reduce the volatility of the U.S. dollar value of a portion of our GBP-denominated investments was £13.2 million and £11.2 million, respectively.
The fair values of our derivative instruments were as follows as of:
Asset derivativesLiability Derivatives
(dollars in thousands)Balance sheet locationDecember 31,
2023
December 31,
2022
Balance sheet locationDecember 31,
2023
December 31,
2022
Derivative instruments designated as hedging instruments:
Interest rate swaps, current portionPrepaid expenses
and other current assets
$16,198 $— Accrued expenses
and other current liabilities
$— $— 
Foreign currency forward contracts, current portion
Prepaid expenses
and other current assets
— 247 Accrued expenses
and other current liabilities
536 323 
Interest rate swaps, long-term
Other assets— 31,870 Other liabilities5,004 — 
Total derivative instruments designated as hedging instruments$16,198 $32,117 $5,540 $323 
The effects of derivative instruments in cash flow and net investment hedging relationships were as follows:
Gain recognized
in accumulated other
comprehensive
(loss) income as of
Location
of gain
reclassified from
accumulated other
comprehensive
(loss) income into
income (loss)
Gain (loss) reclassified from
accumulated other
comprehensive (loss) income
into income (loss)
(dollars in thousands)December 31,
2023
Year ended
December 31, 2023
Cash Flow Hedges
Interest rate swaps$11,194 Interest expense$20,418 
Foreign currency forward contracts$(235)Revenue$388 
Net Investment Hedge
Foreign currency forward contracts$(301)$— 
December 31,
2022
Year ended
December 31, 2022
Cash Flow Hedges
Interest rate swaps$31,870 Interest expense$5,520 
Foreign currency forward contracts$247 Revenue$165 
Net Investment Hedges
Foreign currency forward contracts$(323)$— 
December 31,
2021
Year ended
December 31, 2021
Cash Flow Hedges
Interest rate swaps$7,160 Interest expense$(3,714)
Our policy requires that derivatives used for hedging purposes be designated and effective as a hedge of the identified risk exposure at the inception of the contract. Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) includes unrealized gains or losses from the change in fair value measurement of our derivative instruments each reporting period and the related income tax expense or benefit. Excluding net investment hedges, changes in the fair value measurements of the derivative instruments and the related income tax expense or benefit are reflected as adjustments to accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) until the actual hedged expense is incurred or until the hedge is terminated at which point the unrealized gain (loss) and related tax effects are reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) to current earnings. For net investment hedges, changes in the fair value measurements of the derivative instruments and the related income tax expense or benefit are reflected as adjustments to translation adjustment, a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), and recognized in earnings only when the hedged GBP investment is liquidated. The estimated accumulated other comprehensive income as of December 31, 2023 that is expected to be reclassified into earnings within the next twelve months is $16.4 million. There were no ineffective portions of our interest rate swap or foreign currency forward derivatives during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021. See Note 14 to these consolidated financial statements for a summary of the changes in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) by component. We classify cash flows related to derivative instruments as operating activities in the consolidated statements of cash flows.
We did not have any undesignated derivative instruments during 2023, 2022 and 2021.