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Segment Information
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2016
Segment Reporting [Abstract]  
Segment Information
16. Segment Information
As of December 31, 2016, our reportable segments were the GMBU, the ECBU, and the IBU. Following is a description of each reportable segment:
The GMBU is focused on marketing, sales, delivery and support to all emerging and mid-sized prospects and customers in North America;
The ECBU is focused on marketing, sales, delivery and support to all large and/or strategic prospects and customers in North America; and
The IBU is focused on marketing, sales, delivery and support to all prospects and customers outside of North America.
Our chief operating decision maker is our chief executive officer ("CEO"). The CEO reviews financial information presented on an operating segment basis for the purposes of making certain operating decisions and assessing financial performance. The CEO uses internal financial reports that provide segment revenues and operating income, excluding stock-based compensation expense, amortization expense, depreciation expense, research and development expense and certain corporate sales, marketing, general and administrative expenses. Currently, the CEO believes that the exclusion of these costs allows for a better understanding of the operating performance of the operating units and management of other operating expenses and cash needs. The CEO does not review any segment balance sheet information.
Summarized reportable segment financial results, were as follows:
 
Years ended December 31,
 
(dollars in thousands)
2016

2015

2014

Revenue by segment:
 
 
 
GMBU
$
383,319

$
313,935

$
270,637

ECBU
302,968

279,897

245,119

IBU
42,539

41,997

47,068

Other(1)
1,989

2,111

1,597

Total revenue
$
730,815

$
637,940

$
564,421

Segment operating income(2):
 
 
 
GMBU
$
185,539

$
156,876

$
139,310

ECBU
154,415

137,162

121,285

IBU
4,014

5,404

4,291

Other(1)
(106
)
(120
)
1,585

 
343,862

299,322

266,471

Less:
 
 
 
Corporate unallocated costs(3)
(207,026
)
(195,146
)
(176,614
)
Stock-based compensation costs
(32,638
)
(25,246
)
(17,345
)
Amortization expense
(42,398
)
(32,218
)
(26,148
)
Interest expense
(10,583
)
(8,073
)
(6,011
)
Other expense, net
(291
)
(1,687
)
(1,119
)
Income before provision for income taxes
$
50,926

$
36,952

$
39,234

(1)
Other includes revenue and the related costs from the sale of solutions and services not directly attributable to a reportable segment.
(2)
Segment operating income includes direct, controllable costs related to the sale of solutions and services by the reportable segment.
(3)
Corporate unallocated costs include research and development, depreciation expense, and certain corporate sales, marketing, general and administrative expenses.

Revenue by solution and service group for each of our reportable segments was as follows:
 
Years ended December 31,
 
(dollars in thousands)
2016

2015

2014

GMBU revenue:
 
 
 
Subscriptions
$
238,177

$
167,010

$
125,223

Maintenance
77,068

83,974

86,840

Services
62,884

56,294

48,814

License fees and other
5,190

6,657

9,760

Total GMBU revenue
$
383,319

$
313,935

$
270,637

ECBU revenue:
 
 
 
Subscriptions
$
171,279

$
147,719

$
121,484

Maintenance
57,290

56,196

45,069

Services
67,875

66,741

67,756

License fees and other
6,524

9,241

10,810

Total ECBU revenue
$
302,968

$
279,897

$
245,119

IBU revenue:
 
 
 
Subscriptions
$
19,363

$
16,885

$
16,703

Maintenance
12,588

13,631

15,509

Services
8,931

9,943

11,801

License fees and other
1,657

1,538

3,055

Total IBU revenue
$
42,539

$
41,997

$
47,068

Other revenue:
 
 
 
Subscriptions
$
168

$
145

$
25

Maintenance



Services



License fees and other
1,821

1,966

1,572

Total Other revenue
$
1,989

$
2,111

$
1,597

Total consolidated revenue
$
730,815

$
637,940

$
564,421


We generate a portion of our revenue from foreign operations. The following table presents revenue by geographic region based on country of invoice origin and identifiable, long-lived assets by geographic region based on the location of the assets.
(dollars in thousands)
United
 States

Total Foreign

Total

Revenue from external customers:
 
 
 
2016
$
660,339

$
70,476

$
730,815

2015
570,519

67,421

637,940

2014
491,731

72,690

564,421

Property and equipment:
 
 
 
December 31, 2016
$
47,663

$
2,606

$
50,269

December 31, 2015
49,682

2,969

52,651


It is impracticable for us to identify our total assets by segment.