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SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Policies)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2021

The financial statements are consolidated to include the accounts of MVB and its subsidiaries, including the Bank and the Bank's subsidiaries. These statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) and practices in the banking industry. All significant inter-company accounts and transactions have been eliminated in the consolidated financial statements.

Preparation of our consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. These estimates are based upon the best available information and actual results could differ from those estimates. An estimate that is particularly significant to the consolidated financial statements relates to the determination of the allowance for loan losses (“ALL”).

Investments which are wholly-owned or investments in which we have a controlling financial interest, whether majority owned or in certain circumstances a minority interest, are required to be consolidated into our financial statements. We evaluate investments in entities on an ongoing basis to determine the need to consolidate.

Unconsolidated investments where we have the ability to exercise significant influence over the operating and financial policies of the respective investee are accounted for using the equity method of accounting; those that are not consolidated or accounted for using the equity method of accounting are accounted for under cost or fair value accounting. For these investments accounted for under the equity method, we record our investment in non-consolidated affiliates and the portion of income or loss in equity in earnings of non-consolidated affiliates. We periodically evaluate these investments for impairment. As of December 31, 2021, we

hold three equity method investments.

Reclassifications

In certain instances, amounts reported in prior periods’ consolidated financial statements have been reclassified to conform to the current presentation.

Subsequent Events

We have evaluated subsequent events for potential recognition and/or disclosure through the date these consolidated financial statements were issued.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash equivalents include cash on hand, deposits in banks and interest-earning deposits. Interest-earning deposits with original maturities of 90 days or less are considered cash equivalents. Net cash flows are reported for loans, deposits and short-term borrowing transactions.

Investment Securities

Investment securities at the time of purchase are classified as one of the following:

Available-for-Sale Securities - Includes debt that will be held for indefinite periods of time. These securities may be sold in response to changes in market interest or prepayment rates, needs for liquidity and changes in the availability of and yield of alternative investments. Such securities are reported at fair value, with unrealized holding gains and losses excluded from earnings and reported as a separate component of stockholders’ equity, net of estimated income tax effect.

Equity Securities - Includes equity securities that are adjusted to fair value on a monthly basis, with the change in value recorded directly on the income statement. We have elected to measure the equity securities without readily determinable fair values at cost minus impairment, if any, plus or minus changes resulting from observable price changes for underlying transactions for identical or similar investments of new issues.

The amortized cost of investment in debt securities is adjusted for amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts, computed by a method that results in a level yield. Gains and losses on the sale of investment securities are computed on the basis of specific identification of the adjusted cost of each security.

Securities are periodically reviewed for other-than-temporary impairment. For debt securities, management considers whether the present value of future cash flows expected to be collected are less than the security’s amortized cost basis (the difference defined as the credit loss), the magnitude and duration of the decline, the reasons underlying the decline and our intent to sell the security or whether it is more likely than not that we would be required to sell the security before its anticipated recovery in market value, to determine whether the loss in value is other than temporary. If a decline in value is determined to be other than temporary, if we do not intend to sell the security, and it is more-likely-than-not that we will not be required to sell the security before recovery of the security’s amortized cost basis, the charge to earnings is limited to the amount of credit loss. Any remaining difference between fair value and amortized cost (the difference defined as the non-credit portion) is recognized in other comprehensive income, net of applicable taxes. A decline in value that is considered to be other-than-temporary is recorded as a loss within noninterest income in the consolidated statement of income.

The Bank is a member of the Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) of Pittsburgh, and as such, is required to maintain a minimum investment in stock of the FHLB that varies with the level of advances outstanding with the FHLB. As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, the Bank holds $1.8 million and $2.8 million of stock, respectively, which is included in accrued interest receivable and other assets. The stock is bought from and sold to the FHLB based upon its $100 par value. The stock does not have a readily determinable fair value and as such is classified as restricted stock, carried at cost and evaluated by management. The stock’s value is determined by the ultimate recoverability of the par value rather than by recognizing temporary declines. The determination of whether the par value will ultimately be recovered is influenced by criteria such as the following: (i) a significant decline in net assets of the FHLB as compared to the capital stock amount and the length of time this situation has persisted; (ii) commitments by the FHLB to make payments required by law or regulation and the level of such payments in relation to the operating performance; (iii) the impact of legislative and regulatory changes on the customer base of the FHLB; and (iv) the liquidity position of the FHLB. Management evaluated the stock and concluded that the stock was not impaired for the periods presented herein.

Management considered that the FHLB’s regulatory capital ratios have improved in the most recent quarters, liquidity appears adequate, new shares of FHLB stock continue to exchange hands at the $100 par value and the FHLB has repurchased shares of

excess capital stock from its members during 2021 and 2020.

Loans and Allowance for Loan Losses

Loans are stated at the amount of unpaid principal reduced by an allowance for loan losses. Loans are considered non-accrual when scheduled principal or interest payments are 90 days past due. Interest income on loans is recognized on an accrual basis. The allowance for loan losses is maintained at a level deemed adequate to absorb probable losses inherent in the loan portfolio. We consistently apply a quarterly loan review process to continually evaluate loans for changes in credit risk. This process serves as the primary means by which we evaluate the adequacy of the allowance for loan losses, and is based upon periodic review of the collectability of loans in light of historical experience, the nature and volume of the loan portfolio, adverse situations that may affect the borrower’s ability to repay, estimated value of any underlying collateral and prevailing economic conditions. This evaluation is inherently subjective as it requires estimates that are susceptible to significant revision as more information becomes available.

The allowance consists of specific and general components. The specific component relates to loans that are impaired. The general component covers all loans that are not impaired, and is based upon historical loss experience adjusted for qualitative factors.

We allocate the allowance based on the factors described below, which conform to our loan classification policy. In reviewing risk within the loan portfolio, management has determined there to be several different risk categories within the loan portfolio. The allowance for loan losses consists of amounts applicable to: (i) residential real estate loans; (ii) commercial and commercial real estate secured loans; (iii) home equity loans; and (iv) consumer and other loans. Factors considered in this process include general loan terms, collateral and availability of historical data to support the analysis. Historical loss percentages for each loan category are calculated and used as the basis for calculating allowance allocations. Certain qualitative factors are evaluated to determine additional inherent risks in the loan portfolio, which are not necessarily reflected in the historical loss percentages. These factors are then added to the historical allocation percentages to get the adjusted factor to be applied to non-classified loans on a weighted basis, by risk grade. The following qualitative factors are analyzed:


l			Lending policies and procedures
l			Nature and volume of the portfolio
l			Experience and ability of lending management and staff
l			Volume and severity of problem credits
l			Quality of the loan review system
l			Conclusions of loan reviews, audits and exams
l			National, state, regional and local economic trends and business conditions
l			General economic conditions
l			Unemployment rates
l			Inflation / Consumer Price Index
l			Value of underlying collateral
l			Existence and effect of any credit concentrations
l			Consumer sentiment
l			Other external factors

We analyze our loan portfolio each quarter to determine the appropriateness of our allowance for loan losses.

A loan that has deteriorated and requires additional collection efforts by the Bank could warrant non-accrual status. A thorough review is presented to the Chief Credit Officer and/or the Special Assets Review Committee (“SARC”), as required with respect to any loan which is in a collection process and to make a determination as to whether the loan should be placed on non-accrual status. The placement of loans on non-accrual status is subject to applicable regulatory restrictions and guidelines. Generally, loans should be placed in non-accrual status when the loan reaches 90 days past due, when it becomes likely the borrower cannot or will not make scheduled principal or interest payments, when full repayment of principal and interest is not expected, or when the loan displays potential loss characteristics. Normally, all accrued interest is charged off when a loan is placed in non-accrual status, unless Management believes it is likely the accrued interest will be collected. Any payments subsequently received are applied to principal. To remove a loan from non-accrual status, all principal and interest due must be paid up to date and the Bank

is reasonably sure of future satisfactory payment performance. Usually, this requires a six-month recent history of payments due. Removal of a loan from non-accrual status will require the approval of the Chief Credit Officer and/or SARC.

Loans are considered to be impaired when, based on current information and events, it is probable that we will be unable to collect the scheduled payments of principal or interest when due according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement. Factors considered by management in evaluating impairment include payment status, collateral value and the probability of collecting scheduled principal and interest payments when due. Management determines the significance of payment delays and payment shortfalls on a case-by-case basis, taking into consideration all of the circumstances surrounding the loan and the borrower, including the length of the delay, the reasons for the delay, the borrower’s prior payment record and the amount of the shortfall in relation to the principal and interest owed. We also separately evaluate individual consumer loans for impairment. Loans are identified individually by monitoring the delinquency status of the Bank’s portfolio. Once identified, the Bank’s ongoing communications with the borrower allow evaluation of the significance of the payment delays and the circumstances surrounding the loan and the borrower.

Once the determination has been made that a loan is impaired, the amount of the impairment is measured using one of three valuation methods: (i) the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the loan’s effective interest rate; (ii) the loan’s observable market price; or (iii) the fair value of the collateral less selling costs. The method is selected on a loan-by-loan basis, with management primarily utilizing the fair value of collateral method. The evaluation of the need and amount of a specific allocation of the allowance and whether a loan can be removed from impairment status is made on a quarterly basis.

We defer loan origination and commitment fees and direct loan origination costs and the net amount is amortized as an adjustment of the related loan’s yield.

Purchased Credit Impaired Loans

We may purchase individual loans and groups of loans, some of which have shown evidence of credit deterioration since origination. These purchased credit impaired (“PCI”) loans are recorded at the amount paid, such that there is no carryover of the seller's allowance for loan losses.

After acquisition, losses are recognized by an increase in the allowance for loan losses. Such PCI loans are accounted for individually or aggregated into pools of loans based on common risk characteristics, such as credit score, loan type and date of origination. We estimate the amount and timing of expected cash flows for each loan or pool and the expected cash flows in excess of amount paid is recorded as interest income over the remaining life of the loan or pool (accretable yield). The excess of the loan's or pool's contractual principal and interest over expected cash flows is not recorded (non-accretable difference).

Over the life of the loan or pool, expected cash flows continue to be estimated. If the present value of expected cash flows is less than the carrying amount, a loss is recorded as a provision for loan losses. If the present value of expected cash flows is greater than the carrying amount, it is recognized as part of future interest income.

Troubled Debt Restructurings

A restructuring of debt constitutes a troubled debt restructuring (“TDR”) if the creditor for economic or legal reasons related to the debtor’s financial difficulties grants a concession to the debtor that it would not otherwise consider. Concessions may include interest rate reductions or below market interest rates, principal forgiveness, restructuring amortization schedules and other actions intended to minimize potential losses. The determination of whether a concession has been granted includes an evaluation of the debtor’s ability to access funds at a market rate for debt with similar risk characteristics and among other things, the significance of the modification relative to unpaid principal or collateral value of the debt and/or the significance of a delay in the timing of payments relative to the frequency of payments, original maturity date or the expected duration of the loan. The most common concessions granted generally include one or more modifications to the terms of the debt such as a reduction in the interest rate for the remaining life of the debt, an extension of the maturity date at an interest rate lower than the current market rate for new debt with similar risk, or reduction of the unpaid principal or interest. All TDRs are considered impaired loans.

Premises and Equipment

Premises and equipment are carried at cost less accumulated depreciation, while land is carried at cost. Depreciation expense is computed for financial reporting by the straight-line-method based on the estimated useful lives of assets, which range from seven to 40 years for buildings, three to 10 years for furniture, fixtures and equipment, three years for software and lesser of useful life or lease term for leasehold improvements.

Software Development

Software that we develop for internal use may be capitalized when costs are incurred after the preliminary project stage has ended and the application development stage begins. The application development stage includes designing, coding, installing and testing the software. Once the software has been implemented, costs for training and maintenance are expensed as incurred. Capitalized internal use software development costs are included in premises and equipment in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.

Bank-Owned Life Insurance

Bank-owned life insurance represents life insurance on the lives of certain of our employees who have provided positive consent allowing us to be the beneficiary of such policies. These policies are recorded at their cash surrender value or the amount that can be realized upon surrender of the policy. Income from these policies is not subject to income taxes and is recorded as noninterest income.

Equity Method Investment

Equity Method InvestmentsInvestments in companies in which we have significant influence over the operating and financing decisions are accounted for using the equity method of accounting. These investments are included in the equity method investments line item on the consolidated balance sheets. We recognize our proportionate share of the investee's profits and losses in the equity method investments income line item.

Intangible Assets and Goodwill

Goodwill is reviewed for potential impairment at least annually at the reporting unit level. In addition to the annual impairment evaluation, we evaluate for impairment when events or circumstances indicate that it is more likely than not an impairment loss has occurred. We perform an annual impairment test during the fourth quarter. We first assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is necessary to perform the two-step goodwill impairment test discussed below. We assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, including goodwill. Examples of qualitative factors include: economic conditions; industry and market considerations; increases in labor or other costs; overall financial performance such as negative or declining cash flows; relevant entity-specific events such as changes in management, key personnel, strategy or customers; and regulatory or political developments.

ASU 2017-04, Intangibles–Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment. Topic 350, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other (Topic 350) simplified the accounting for goodwill impairment for all entities by requiring impairment charges to be based on Step 1 of the previous accounting guidance’s two-step impairment test under ASC Topic 350. Under the new guidance, if a reporting unit’s carrying amount exceeds its fair value, the entity will record an impairment charge based on that difference. The impairment charge will be limited to the amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. The new standard eliminates the requirement to calculate a goodwill impairment charge using Step 2, which involved calculating an implied fair value of goodwill for each reporting unit for which the first step indicated impairment. The standard does not change the guidance on completing Step 1 of the goodwill impairment test. Entities are still be able to perform optional qualitative goodwill impairment assessment before determining whether to proceed to the quantitative step of determining whether the reporting unit’s carrying amount exceeds its fair value.

For intangible assets subject to amortization, the recoverability test is performed when a triggering event occurs and an impairment loss is recognized if the carrying value of the intangible asset exceeds fair value and is not recoverable. The carrying value of the intangible asset is considered not recoverable if it exceeds the sum of the undiscounted cash flows expected to result from the use of the asset. Intangible assets deemed to have indefinite useful lives are not subject to amortization. An impairment loss is recognized if the carrying value of the intangible asset with an indefinite life exceeds its fair value.

Interest Rate Swaps

We entered into interest rate swap agreements to facilitate the risk management strategies of a small number of commercial banking clients. We mitigate this risk by entering into equal and offsetting interest rate swap agreements with highly rated third-party financial institutions. The interest rate swap agreements are free-standing derivatives and are recorded at fair value on our

consolidated balance sheet. Fair value changes are recorded in noninterest income in our consolidated net income statement.

Fair Value Hedge

Fair Value HedgeWe entered into an interest rate swap designated as a fair value hedge to mitigate the effect of changing interest rates on the fair values of certain designated fixed-rate loans and available for sale securities. This involves the receipt of variable amounts from a counterparty in exchange for us making fixed payments over the life of the agreements without the exchange of the underlying notional amount. The gain or loss on the derivative as well as the offsetting gain or loss on the hedged item attributable to the hedged risk are recognized in earnings. We entered into a pay-fixed/receive-variable interest rate swap in January 2019 with a notional amount of $26.4 million and $23.0 million at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively, which was designated as a fair value hedge associated with our fixed-rate loan program and certain available for sale securities.

Servicing Assets

Servicing assets are recorded when the Bank sells loans and retains the servicing on those loans. On a monthly basis, we track the amount of loans that are sold with servicing retained. A valuation is done to determine the servicing rights value, which is then recorded as an asset and amortized over the period of estimated net servicing revenues. The balance of servicing assets are evaluated for impairment quarterly, and was determined not to be impaired at December 31, 2021 or 2020. Servicing loans for others generally consists of collecting payments from borrowers, maintaining escrow accounts, remitting payments to third party investors and, when necessary, foreclosure processing. Serviced loans are not included in the consolidated balance sheets. At December 31, 2021 and 2020, the value of servicing assets was $2.8 million and $2.9 million, respectively, and is included in accrued interest and other assets in the consolidated balance sheets.

We have the ability to sell the guaranteed portion of loans originated through the SBA's 7(a) program. All SBA loan sales are executed on a servicing retained basis. We are required to retain a minimum of 10% of the principal balance in accordance with SBA regulations. Any gain on sale recognized as income is the sum of the premium on the guaranteed portion of the loan and the fair value of the servicing assets recognized, less the discount recorded on the unguaranteed portion of the loan that is retained. The remaining unguaranteed portion of the loan is presented net of the discount, which is recognized as interest income over the underlying loan's remaining term, using the effective interest method.

Foreclosed Assets Held for Resale

Foreclosed Assets Held for ResaleForeclosed assets held for resale acquired in satisfaction of mortgage obligations and in foreclosure proceedings are recorded at fair value less estimated selling costs at the time of foreclosure, establishing a new cost basis, with any valuation adjustments charged to the allowance for loan losses. In subsequent periods, foreclosed assets are recorded at the lower of cost or fair value less any costs to sell. Costs relating to improvement of the property are capitalized, while holding costs of the property are charged to other loan origination and maintenance expense in the period incurred. Subsequent declines in fair value and gains or losses on sale are recorded in other noninterest expense.

Fair Value Measurements

Accounting standards require that we adopt fair value measurement for financial assets and financial liabilities. This enhanced guidance for using fair value to measure assets and liabilities applies whenever other standards require or permit assets or liabilities to be measured at fair value. This guidance does not expand the use of fair value in any new circumstances.

The following summarizes the methods and significant assumptions we use in estimating our fair value disclosures for financial instruments.


Level I:			Quoted prices are available in active markets for identical assets or liabilities as of the reported date.

Level II:			Pricing inputs are other than quoted prices in active markets, which are either directly or indirectly observable as of the reported date. The nature of these assets and liabilities include items for which quoted prices are available, but traded less frequently, and items that are fair valued using other financial instruments, the parameters of which can be directly observed.

Level III:			Assets and liabilities that have little to no pricing observability as of the reported date. These items do not have two-way markets and are measured using management’s best estimate of fair value, where the inputs into the determination of fair value require significant management judgment or estimation.

Transfers of assets and liabilities between levels within the fair value hierarchy are recognized when an event or change in circumstances occurs.

Revenue Recognition

We record revenue from contracts with customers in accordance with ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“Topic 606”). Under Topic 606, we must identify the contract with a customer, identify the performance obligations in the contract, determine the transaction price, allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract and recognize revenue when (or as) we satisfy a performance obligation. Significant revenue has not been recognized in the current reporting period that results from performance obligations satisfied in previous periods.

Our primary sources of revenue are derived from interest and fees earned on loans, investment securities and other financial instruments that are not within the scope of Topic 606. We have evaluated the nature of our contracts with customers and determined that our revenue from contracts with customers is appropriately disaggregated in our consolidated statement of income is not currently necessary. We generally fully satisfy our performance obligations on our contracts with customers as services are rendered and the transaction prices are typically fixed within each contract, charged either on a periodic basis or based on activity. Because performance obligations are satisfied as services are rendered and the transaction prices are fixed, there is little judgment involved in applying Topic 606 that significantly affects the determination of the amount and timing of revenue from contracts with customers.

Payment Card and Service Charge Income

Payment card and service charge income are comprised of service charges on accounts and interchange and debit card transaction fees. Service charges on accounts consist of account analysis fees, monthly service fees, check orders and other account related fees. Our performance obligation for account analysis fees and monthly service fees is generally satisfied and the related revenue recognized, over the period in which the service is provided. Check orders and other account related fees are largely transactional based and therefore, our performance obligation is satisfied and related revenue recognized, at a point in time. Payment for service charges on accounts is primarily received immediately or in the following month through a direct charge to customers’ accounts.

Interchange and debit card transaction fees are primarily comprised of interchange fees earned whenever the Bank’s debit and credit cards are processed through card payment networks, such as Visa. The Bank’s performance obligation for debit card and interchange income is generally satisfied, and the related revenue recognized, on a transactional basis. Payment is typically received immediately or in the following month. We also enter into interchange arrangements with minimum commitment fees. Minimum commitment fees are recognized ratably, until such time that minimum commitment fees are exceeded or expected to be exceeded.

Compliance and Consulting Income

Compliance and consulting income is comprised of consulting and consulting revenue generated by Chartwell, Paladin Fraud and Trabian. Chartwell provides integrated regulatory compliance, state licensing, financial crimes prevention and enterprise risk management services that include consulting, outsourcing, testing and training solutions. Paladin Fraud provides an extensive and customizable suite of fraud prevention services for merchants, credit agencies, Fintech companies and other vendors to help clients and partners defend against threats. Trabian provides consulting for the development of online and mobile banking platforms and digital products for Fintech companies. Chartwell, Paladin Fraud and Trabian account for a contract after it has been approved by all parties to the arrangement, the rights of the parties are identified, payment terms are identified, the contract has commercial substance and collectability of consideration is probable. The services promised are then evaluated in each

contract at inception to determine whether the contract should be accounted for as having one or more performance obligations. Chartwell, Paladin Fraud and Trabian's services included in our contracts are distinct from one another. The transaction price for each contract is determined based upon the consideration expected to be received for the distinct services being provided under the contract. Revenue is recognized as performance obligations are satisfied and the customer obtains control of the goods or services provided. In determining when performance obligations are satisfied, factors considered include contract terms, payment terms and whether there is an alternative future use of the product or service. Consulting engagements may vary in length and scope, but will generally include the review and/or preparation of regulatory filings, business plans, financial models and other risk management services to customers within financial industries. Revenue from consulting services is recognized on a pro rata basis based upon actual labor hours completed as compared to budgeted labor hours for the deliverable.

Other Operating Income

Other operating income is primarily comprised of ATM fees, wire transfer fees, travelers check fees, revenue streams such as safe deposit box rental fees and other miscellaneous service charges. ATM fees, wire transfer fees and travelers check fees are primarily generated when a Bank’s cardholder uses a non-Bank ATM or a non-Bank cardholder uses a Bank ATM. Safe deposit box rental fees are charged to the customer on an annual basis and recognized upon receipt of payment. The Bank determined that since rentals and renewals occur fairly consistently over time, revenue is recognized on a basis consistent with the duration of the performance obligation. Other service charges include revenue from processing wire transfers, bill pay service, cashier’s checks and other services. The Bank’s performance obligations for fees and other service charges are largely satisfied, and related revenue recognized, when the services are rendered or upon completion. Payment is typically received immediately or in the following month. The Bank’s performance obligation for the gains and losses on sales of other real estate owned is satisfied, and the related revenue recognized, after each sale of other real estate owned is closed.

Marketing Costs

Marketing CostsMarketing costs are expensed as incurred.

Stock Based Compensation

Stock-Based CompensationCompensation cost is recognized for stock options and restricted stock units (“RSUs”) issued to employees, based on the fair value of these awards at the date of grant. A Black-Scholes model is utilized to estimate the fair value of stock options. Compensation cost is recognized over the required service period, generally defined as the vesting period. For awards with graded vesting, compensation cost is recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period for the entire award.

Earnings Per Share

We determine basic earnings per share by dividing net income available to common shareholders by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted earnings per share is determined by dividing net income available to common shareholders by the weighted-average number of shares outstanding, increased by the number of shares that would be issued assuming the exercise of instruments under our incentive stock plan.

Comprehensive Income

Accounting principles generally require that recognized revenue, expenses, gains and losses be included in net income. Although certain changes in assets and liabilities, such as unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale securities and minimum pension liability, are reported as a separate component of the equity section of the consolidated balance sheets, such items, along with net income, are components of comprehensive income.

Income Taxes

The amount reflected as income taxes represents federal and state income taxes on financial statement income. Certain items of income and expense, primarily the provision for possible loan losses, allowance for losses on foreclosed assets held for resale, depreciation and accretion of discounts on investment securities are reported in different accounting periods for income tax purposes. We and the Bank file a consolidated federal income tax return. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are computed based on the difference between the financial statement basis and income tax bases of assets and liabilities using the enacted marginal tax rates. Deferred income tax expenses or benefits are based on the changes in the net deferred tax asset or liability from period to period. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are the result of timing differences in recognition of revenue and expense for income tax and financial statement purposes. No deferred income tax valuation allowance is provided since it is more likely than not that realization of the deferred income tax asset will occur in future years.

We prescribe a recognition threshold and a measurement attribute for the financial statement recognition and measurement of a tax position taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. Benefits from tax positions should be recognized in the financial statements only when it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained upon examination by the appropriate taxing authority that would have full knowledge of all relevant information. A tax position that meets the more likely than not recognition threshold is measured at the largest amount of benefit that is greater than 50 percent likely of being realized upon ultimate settlement. Tax positions that previously failed to meet the more likely than not recognition threshold should be recognized in the first subsequent financial reporting period in which that threshold is met. Previously recognized tax positions that no longer meet the more likely than not recognition threshold should be reversed in the first subsequent financial reporting period in which that threshold is no longer met. There is currently no liability for uncertain tax positions and no known unrecognized tax benefits. With limited exception, our federal and state income tax returns for taxable years through 2017 have been closed for purposes of examination by the federal and state taxing jurisdictions.

Operating Segments

An operating segment is defined as a component of an enterprise that engages in business activities that generates revenue and incurs expense, and the operating results of which are reviewed by the chief operating decision maker in the determination of resource allocation and performance. While our chief decision makers monitor the revenue streams of our various products and services, operations are managed and financial performance is evaluated on a company-wide basis. We have identified three reportable segments: CoRe banking; mortgage banking; and financial holding company. All other operating segments are summarized in an other category.

Transfers of Financial Assets

Transfers of financial assets are accounted for as sales when control over the assets has been surrendered. Control over transferred assets is deemed to be surrendered when: (i) the assets have been isolated from us, (ii) the transferee obtains the right (free of conditions that constrain it from taking advantage of that right) to pledge or exchange the transferred assets and (iii) we do not maintain effective control over the transferred assets through an agreement to repurchase them before their maturity.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements and Developments

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments and subsequent amendments to the initial guidance in November 2018, ASU 2018-19, Codification Improvements to Topic 326, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses, in April 2019, ASU 2019-04, Codification Improvements to Topic 326, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses, Topic 815, Derivatives and Hedging, and Topic 825, Financial Instruments, in May 2019, ASU 2019-05, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses, Topic 326 and in November 2019, ASU 2019-10, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326), Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815), and Leases (Topic 842): Effective Dates and ASU 2019-11, Codification Improvements to Topic 326, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses, all of which clarifies codification and corrects unintended application of the guidance. The new guidance replaces the incurred loss impairment methodology in current U.S. GAAP with an expected credit loss methodology and requires consideration of a broader range of information to determine credit loss estimates. Financial assets measured at amortized cost will be presented at the net amount expected to be collected by using an allowance for credit losses. PCI loans will receive an allowance account at the acquisition date that represents a component of the purchase price allocation. Credit losses relating to available-for-sale debt securities will be recorded through an allowance for credit losses, with such allowance limited to the amount by which fair value is below amortized cost. The guidance was initially effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019 and interim periods within those fiscal years. On November 15, 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-10, Financial Investments – Credit Issues (Topic 326), Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815), and Leases (Topic 842): Effective Dates, which finalizes a delay in the effective date of the standard for smaller reporting companies (“SRCs”). Effective in the first quarter of 2022, we will lose our SRC designation. However, because we met the criteria to be an SRC as of the issuance date of this guidance, we are eligible for the delay in effective date and plan to adopt this standard for fiscal years ending after December 15, 2022. We expect to recognize a one-time cumulative effect adjustment to the ALL as of January 1, 2023, but cannot yet determine the magnitude of any such one-time adjustment or the overall impact of the new guidance on the consolidated financial statements. In that regard, we have formed a cross-functional implementation team. The team is working to develop an implementation plan which will include assessment and documentation of processes, internal controls and data sources; model development and documentation; and system configuration, among other things. We are also in the process of implementing a third-party vendor solution to assist us in the application of this standard. The adoption of this standard could result in an increase in the ALL as a result of changing from an “incurred loss” model, which encompasses allowances for current known and inherent losses within the portfolio, to an “expected loss” model, which encompasses allowances for losses expected to be incurred over the life of the portfolio. While we are currently unable to reasonably estimate the impact of adopting ASU 2016-13, we expect that the impact of adoption will be significantly influenced by the composition,

characteristics and quality of our loan portfolio, as well as the prevailing economic conditions and forecasts as of the adoption date.

In March 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting. The amendments provide optional expedients and exceptions for certain contracts, hedging relationships and other transactions that reference LIBOR or another reference rate expected to be discontinued because of rate reform. The guidance is effective from the date of issuance until December 31, 2022. The guidance permits entities to not apply modification accounting or remeasure lease payments in lease contracts if the changes to the contract are related to the discontinuation of the reference rate. If certain criteria are met, the amendments also allow exceptions to the de-designation criteria of the hedging relationship and the assessment of hedge effectiveness during the transition period. In January 2021, ASU 2021-01 was issued by the FASB and clarifies that certain exceptions in reference rate reform apply to derivatives that are affected by the discounting transition. We will continue to assess the impact as the reference rate transition occurs over the next year.