Fair Value of Financial Instruments

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2024

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

(6) Fair Value of Financial Instruments

Recurring Fair Value Measurements

We have fixed maturity securities, equity securities, limited partnerships, derivatives, short-term investments, embedded derivatives, separate account assets, market risk benefits (“MRBs”) and certain other financial instruments, which are carried at fair value. Below is a description of the valuation techniques and inputs used to determine fair value by class of instrument.

Fixed maturity securities, equity securities and short-term investments

The fair value of fixed maturity securities, equity securities and short-term investments is estimated primarily based on information derived from third-party pricing services (“pricing services”), internal models and/or broker quotes, which may use a market approach, income approach or a combination of the market and income approach depending on the type of instrument and availability of information. In general, a market approach is utilized if there is readily available and relevant market activity for an individual security. In certain cases where market information is not available for a specific security but is available for similar securities, that security is valued using market information for similar securities, which is also a market approach. When market information is not available for a specific security (or similar securities) or is available but such information is

less relevant or reliable, an income approach or a combination of a market and income approach is utilized. For securities with optionality, such as call or prepayment features (including mortgage-backed or asset-backed securities), an income approach may be used. These valuation techniques may change from period to period, based on the relevance and availability of market data.

Further, while we consider the valuations provided by pricing services and broker quotes to be of high quality, management determines the fair value of our investment securities after considering all relevant and available information.

In general, we first obtain valuations from pricing services. If prices are unavailable for public securities, we obtain broker quotes. For all securities, excluding certain private fixed maturity securities, if neither a pricing service nor broker quotes valuation is available, we determine fair value using internal models. For certain private fixed maturity securities where we do not obtain valuations from pricing services, we utilize an internal model to determine fair value since transactions for similar securities are not readily observable and these securities are not typically valued by pricing services.

Given our understanding of the pricing methodologies and procedures of pricing services, the securities valued by pricing services are typically classified as Level 2 unless we determine the valuation process for a security or group of securities utilizes significant unobservable inputs, which would result in the valuation being classified as Level 3. Broker quotes may be utilized when pricing services data is not available and are typically classified as Level 3 due to the use of significant unobservable inputs.

For private fixed maturity securities, we utilize an income approach where we obtain public bond spreads and utilize those in an internal model to determine fair value. Other inputs to the model include rating and weighted-average life, as well as sector which is used to assign the spread. We then add an additional premium, which represents an unobservable input, to the public bond spread to adjust for the liquidity and other features of our private placements. We utilize the estimated market yield to discount the expected cash flows of the security to determine fair value. We utilize price caps for securities where the estimated market yield results in a valuation that may exceed the amount that would be received in a market transaction. When a security does not have an external rating, we assign the security an internal rating to determine the appropriate public bond spread that should be utilized in the valuation. While we generally consider the public bond spreads by sector and maturity to be observable inputs, we evaluate the similarities of our private placements with the public bonds, price caps, liquidity premiums applied, and whether external ratings are available for our private placements to determine whether the spreads utilized would be considered observable inputs. We classify private securities without an external rating or public bond spread as Level 3. In general, a significant increase (decrease) in credit spreads would have resulted in a significant decrease (increase) in the fair value for our fixed maturity securities as of September 30, 2024.

For remaining securities priced using internal models, we determine fair value using an income approach. We maximize the use of observable inputs but typically utilize significant unobservable inputs to determine fair value. Accordingly, the valuations are typically classified as Level 3.

Our assessment of whether or not there were significant unobservable inputs related to fixed maturity securities was based on our observations obtained through the course of managing our investment portfolio, including interaction with other market participants, observations related to the availability and consistency of pricing and/or rating, and understanding of general market activity such as new issuance and the level of secondary market trading for a class of securities. Additionally, we considered data obtained from pricing services to determine whether our estimated values incorporate significant unobservable inputs that would result in the valuation being classified as Level 3.

A summary of the inputs used for our financial instruments carried at fair value based on the level in which instruments are classified is included below. We have combined certain classes of instruments together as the nature of the inputs is similar.

Level 1 measurements

Equity securities. The primary inputs to the valuation of exchange-traded equity securities include quoted prices for the identical instrument.

Separate account assets. The fair value of separate account assets is based on the quoted prices of the underlying fund investments and, therefore, represents Level 1 pricing.

Level 2 measurements

Fixed maturity securities

• Third-party pricing services: In estimating the fair value of fixed maturity securities, 89% of our portfolio was priced using third-party pricing services as of September 30, 2024. These pricing services utilize industry-standard valuation techniques that include market-based approaches, income-based approaches, a combination of market-based and income-based approaches or other proprietary, internally generated models as part of the valuation processes. These third-party pricing vendors maximize the use of publicly available data inputs to generate valuations for each asset class. Priority and type of inputs used may change frequently as certain inputs may be more direct drivers of valuation at the time of pricing. Examples of significant inputs incorporated by pricing services may include sector and issuer spreads, seasoning, capital structure, security optionality, collateral data, prepayment assumptions, default assumptions, delinquencies, debt covenants, benchmark yields, trade data, dealer quotes, credit ratings, maturity and weighted-average life. We conduct regular meetings with our pricing services for the purpose of understanding the methodologies, techniques and inputs used by the third-party pricing providers.

The following table presents a summary of the significant inputs used by our pricing services for certain fair value measurements of fixed maturity securities that are classified as Level 2 as of September 30, 2024:

(Amounts in millions)	Fair value		Primary methodologies	Significant inputs
U.S. government, agencies and government-sponsored enterprises	$	3,717	Price quotes from trading desk, broker feeds	Bid side prices, trade prices, Option Adjusted Spread (“OAS”) to swap curve, Bond Market Association OAS, Treasury Curve, Agency Bullet Curve, maturity to issuer spread
State and political subdivisions	$	2,262	Multi-dimensional attribute-based modeling systems, third-party pricing vendors	Trade prices, material event notices, Municipal Market Data benchmark yields, broker quotes
Non-U.S. government	$	849	Matrix pricing, spread priced to benchmark curves, price quotes from market makers	Benchmark yields, trade prices, broker quotes, comparative transactions, issuer spreads, bid-offer spread, market research publications, third-party pricing sources
U.S. corporate	$	24,694	Multi-dimensional attribute-based modeling systems, broker quotes, price quotes from market makers, OAS-based models	Bid side prices to Treasury Curve, Issuer Curve, which includes sector, quality, duration, OAS percentage and change for spread matrix, trade prices, comparative transactions, Trade Reporting and Compliance Engine (“TRACE”) reports
Non-U.S. corporate	$	6,249	Multi-dimensional attribute-based modeling systems, OAS-based models, price quotes from market makers	Benchmark yields, trade prices, broker quotes, comparative transactions, issuer spreads, bid-offer spread, market research publications, third-party pricing sources
Residential mortgage-backed	$	856	OAS-based models, single factor binomial models, internally priced	Prepayment and default assumptions, aggregation of bonds with similar characteristics, including collateral type, vintage, tranche type, weighted-average life, weighted-average loan age, issuer program and delinquency ratio, pay up and pay down factors, TRACE reports
Commercial mortgage-backed	$	1,348	Multi-dimensional attribute-based modeling systems, pricing matrix, spread matrix priced to swap curves, Trepp commercial mortgage-backed securities analytics model	Credit risk, interest rate risk, prepayment speeds, new issue data, collateral performance, origination year, tranche type, original credit ratings, weighted-average life, cash flows, spreads derived from broker quotes, bid side prices, spreads to daily updated swaps curves, TRACE reports
Other asset-backed	$	2,060	Multi-dimensional attribute-based modeling systems, spread matrix priced to swap curves, price quotes from market makers	Spreads to daily updated swap curves, spreads derived from trade prices and broker quotes, bid side prices, new issue data, collateral performance, analysis of prepayment speeds, cash flows, collateral loss analytics, historical issue analysis, trade data from market makers, TRACE reports

• Internal models: A portion of our U.S. corporate and non-U.S. corporate securities are valued using internal models. The fair value of these fixed maturity securities was $1,571 million and $843 million, respectively, as of September 30, 2024. Internally modeled securities are primarily private fixed maturity securities where we use market observable inputs such as an interest rate yield curve, published credit spreads for similar securities based on the external ratings of the instrument and related industry sector of the issuer. Additionally, we may apply certain price caps and liquidity premiums in the valuation of private fixed maturity securities. Price caps and liquidity premiums are established using inputs from market participants.

Equity securities. The primary inputs to the valuation include quoted prices for identical assets, or similar assets in markets that are not active.

Short-term investments. The fair value of short-term investments classified as Level 2 is determined after considering prices obtained by pricing services.

Level 3 measurements

Fixed maturity securities

• Broker quotes: A portion of our state and political subdivisions, non-U.S. government, U.S. corporate, non-U.S. corporate, residential mortgage-backed, commercial mortgage-backed and other asset-backed securities are valued using broker quotes. Broker quotes are obtained from third-party providers that have current market knowledge to provide a reasonable price for securities not routinely priced by pricing services. Brokers utilized for valuation of assets are reviewed annually. The fair value of our Level 3 fixed maturity securities priced by broker quotes was $217 million as of September 30, 2024.

• Internal models: A portion of our U.S. corporate, non-U.S. corporate, residential mortgage-backed and other asset-backed securities are valued using internal models. The primary inputs to the valuation of the bond population include quoted prices for identical assets, or similar assets in markets that are not active, contractual cash flows, duration, call provisions, issuer rating, benchmark yields and credit spreads. Certain private fixed maturity securities are valued using an internal model using market observable inputs such as the interest rate yield curve, as well as published credit spreads for similar securities, which includes significant unobservable inputs. Additionally, we may apply certain price caps and liquidity premiums in the valuation of private fixed maturity securities. Price caps are established using inputs from market participants. For structured securities, the primary inputs to the valuation include quoted prices for identical assets, or similar assets in markets that are not active, contractual cash flows, weighted-average coupon, weighted-average maturity, issuer rating, structure of the security, expected prepayment speeds and volumes, collateral type, current and forecasted loss severity, average delinquency rates, vintage of the loans, geographic region, debt service coverage ratios, payment priority with the tranche, benchmark yields and credit spreads. The fair value of our Level 3 fixed maturity securities priced using internal models was $2,676 million as of September 30, 2024.

Equity securities. The primary inputs to the valuation include broker quotes where the underlying inputs are unobservable and for internal models, structure of the security and issuer rating.

Limited partnerships. The fair value of limited partnerships classified as Level 3 is determined based on third-party valuation sources that utilize unobservable inputs, such as a reference to public market or private transactions, valuations for comparable companies or assets, discounted cash flows and/or recent transactions.

Short-term investments. The primary inputs to the valuation include quoted prices for identical assets, or similar assets in markets that are not active, contractual cash flows, duration, call provisions, issuer rating, benchmark yields and credit spreads. Certain securities are valued using an internal model using market observable inputs such as the interest rate yield curve, as well as published credit spreads for similar securities, which include significant unobservable inputs.

Net asset value

Limited partnerships. Limited partnerships are valued based on comparable market transactions, discounted future cash flows, quoted market prices and/or estimates using the most recent data available for the underlying instrument. We utilize the net asset value (“NAV”) from the underlying fund statements as a practical expedient for fair value.

Derivatives

We consider counterparty collateral arrangements and rights of set-off when evaluating our net credit risk exposure to our derivative counterparties. Accordingly, we are permitted to include consideration of these arrangements when determining whether any incremental adjustment should be made for both the counterparty’s and our non-performance risk in measuring fair value for our derivative instruments. As a result of these counterparty arrangements, we determined that any adjustment for credit risk would not be material and we have not recorded any incremental adjustment for our non-performance risk or the non-performance risk of the derivative counterparty for our derivative assets or liabilities.

Interest rate swaps. The valuation of interest rate swaps is determined using an income approach. The primary input into the valuation represents the forward interest rate swap curve, which is generally considered an observable input, and results in the derivative being classified as Level 2. For certain interest rate swaps, the inputs into the valuation also include the total returns of certain bonds that would primarily be considered an observable input and result in the derivative being classified as Level 2.

Foreign currency swaps. The valuation of foreign currency swaps is determined using an income approach. The primary inputs into the valuation represent the forward interest rate swap curve and foreign currency exchange rates, both of which are considered observable inputs, and results in the derivative being classified as Level 2.

Equity index options. We have equity index options associated with various equity indices. The valuation of equity index options is determined using an income approach. The primary inputs into the valuation represent forward interest rates, equity index volatility, equity index and time value component associated with the optionality in the derivative. The equity index volatility surface is determined based on market information that is not readily observable and is developed based upon inputs received from several third-party sources. Accordingly, these options are classified as Level 3. As of September 30, 2024, a significant increase (decrease) in the equity index volatility discussed above would have resulted in a significantly higher (lower) fair value measurement.

Financial futures. The fair value of financial futures is based on the closing exchange prices. Accordingly, these financial futures are classified as Level 1. The period end valuation is zero as a result of settling the margins on these contracts on a daily basis.

Forward bond purchase commitments. The valuation of forward bond purchase commitments is determined using an income approach. The primary inputs into the valuation represent current bond prices and interest rates, as well as an estimate of the cost of counterparty financing to acquire and carry the bond during the forward period. The estimated cost of counterparty financing is not readily observable and is developed based upon an assumed spread; accordingly, these derivatives are classified as Level 3.

Fixed indexed annuity and indexed universal life embedded derivatives. We have fixed indexed annuity and indexed universal life insurance products where interest is credited to the policyholder’s account balance based on equity index changes. This feature is required to be bifurcated as an embedded derivative and recorded at fair value. Fair value is determined using an income approach where the present value of the excess cash flows above the guaranteed cash flows is used to determine the value attributed to the equity index feature. The inputs used in determining the fair value include policyholder behavior (lapses and withdrawals), near-term equity index volatility, expected future interest credited, forward interest rates and an adjustment to the discount rate to incorporate non-performance risk and risk margins. As a result of our assumptions for expected future interest credited being considered significant unobservable inputs, we classify these instruments as Level 3. As expected future interest credited decreases, the value of our embedded derivative liability will decrease. As of September 30, 2024, a significant change in the unobservable inputs discussed above would have resulted in a significantly lower or higher fair value measurement.

Market risk benefits

MRBs are contracts or contract features that provide protection to the contractholder from and expose us to other-than-nominal capital market risk. MRBs include certain contract features on fixed and variable annuity products that provide minimum guarantees, in addition to the policyholder account balance, such as guaranteed minimum death benefits (“GMDBs”), guaranteed minimum withdrawal benefits (“GMWBs”) and guaranteed payout annuity floor benefits (“GPAFs”). MRBs are measured at fair value using an income-based valuation model based on current net amounts at risk, market data, experience and other factors.

MRB assets and liabilities for minimum guarantees are valued and presented separately from the related separate account and policyholder account balances.

Fixed indexed annuities

The valuation of fixed indexed annuities MRBs, which includes GMWB features, is based on an income approach that incorporates inputs such as policyholder behavior (GMWB utilization, lapses and mortality), equity index volatility, expected future interest credited, forward interest rates and an adjustment to the discount rate to incorporate non-performance risk and risk margins. Our discount rate used to determine fair value of our fixed indexed annuities MRBs includes market credit spreads above U.S. Treasury rates to reflect an adjustment for the non-performance risk of the fixed indexed annuities MRBs. We determine fair value using an internal model based on the various inputs noted above. As a result of our assumptions for GMWB utilization, expected future interest credited and non-performance risk being considered significant unobservable inputs, we classify these instruments as Level 3. As expected future interest credited decreases or GMWB utilization increases, the value of our fixed indexed annuities MRB liability will increase. Any increase in non-performance risk would increase the discount rate and would decrease the fair value of the liability. As of September 30, 2024, a significant change in the unobservable inputs discussed above would have resulted in a significantly lower or higher fair value measurement. Refer to note 11 for additional details related to the changes in the fair value measurement of fixed indexed annuities MRBs as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

Variable annuities

The valuation of our variable annuities MRBs, which includes GMWB, GMDB and GPAF features, is based on an income approach that incorporates inputs such as policyholder behavior (GMWB utilization, lapses and mortality), equity index volatility, interest rates, equity index and fund correlation and an adjustment to the discount rate to incorporate non-performance risk and risk margins. Our discount rate used to determine fair value of our variable annuities MRBs includes market credit spreads above U.S. Treasury rates to reflect an adjustment for the non-performance risk of the variable annuities MRBs. We determine fair value using an internal model based on the various inputs noted above. We classify the variable annuities MRBs valuation as Level 3 based on having significant unobservable inputs, with policyholder behavior (GMWB utilization and lapses), equity index volatility and non-performance risk being considered the more significant unobservable inputs. As equity index volatility increases, the fair value of the variable annuities MRBs will increase. An increase in our lapse assumption would decrease the fair value of the variable annuities MRBs, whereas an increase in our GMWB utilization rate would increase the fair value. Any increase in non-performance risk would increase the discount rate and would decrease the fair value of the liability. As of September 30, 2024, a significant change in the unobservable inputs discussed above would have resulted in a significantly lower or higher fair value measurement. Refer to note 11 for additional details related to the changes in the fair value measurement of variable annuities MRBs as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

The following tables set forth our assets by class of instrument that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of the dates indicated:

	September 30, 2024
(Amounts in millions)	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		NAV (1)
Assets
Investments:
Fixed maturity securities:
U.S. government, agencies and government-sponsored enterprises	$	3,717	$	—	$	3,717	$	—	$	—
State and political subdivisions		2,266		—		2,262		4		—
Non-U.S. government		863		—		849		14		—
U.S. corporate:
Utilities		4,534		—		3,652		882		—
Energy		2,480		—		2,433		47		—
Finance and insurance		7,321		—		6,615		706		—
Consumer—non-cyclical		4,655		—		4,590		65		—
Technology and communications		2,890		—		2,878		12		—
Industrial		1,144		—		1,129		15		—
Capital goods		2,272		—		2,225		47		—
Consumer—cyclical		1,614		—		1,511		103		—
Transportation		1,123		—		1,090		33		—
Other		280		—		142		138		—
Total U.S. corporate		28,313		—		26,265		2,048		—
Non-U.S. corporate:
Utilities		735		—		420		315		—
Energy		1,123		—		1,002		121		—
Finance and insurance		1,953		—		1,912		41		—
Consumer—non-cyclical		579		—		540		39		—
Technology and communications		746		—		729		17		—
Industrial		818		—		756		62		—
Capital goods		621		—		578		43		—
Consumer—cyclical		212		—		212		—		—
Transportation		439		—		418		21		—
Other		578		—		525		53		—
Total non-U.S. corporate		7,804		—		7,092		712		—
Residential mortgage-backed		859		—		856		3		—
Commercial mortgage-backed		1,360		—		1,348		12		—
Other asset-backed		2,160		—		2,060		100		—
Total fixed maturity securities		47,342		—		44,449		2,893		—
Equity securities		458		385		30		43		—
Limited partnerships		2,424		—		—		14		2,410
Other invested assets:
Derivative assets:
Interest rate swaps		60		—		60		—		—
Foreign currency swaps		9		—		9		—		—
Equity index options		21		—		—		21		—
Forward bond purchase commitments		60		—		—		60		—
Total derivative assets		150		—		69		81		—
Short-term investments		2		—		2		—		—
Total other invested assets		152		—		71		81		—
Separate account assets		4,623		4,623		—		—		—
Total assets	$	54,999	$	5,008	$	44,550	$	3,031	$	2,410

(1)  Limited partnerships that are measured at fair value using the NAV per share (or its equivalent) practical expedient have not been categorized in the fair value hierarchy.

	December 31, 2023
(Amounts in millions)	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		NAV (1)
Assets
Investments:
Fixed maturity securities:
U.S. government, agencies and government-sponsored enterprises	$	3,494	$	—	$	3,494	$	—	$	—
State and political subdivisions		2,302		—		2,242		60		—
Non-U.S. government		626		—		626		—		—
U.S. corporate:
Utilities		4,273		—		3,392		881		—
Energy		2,372		—		2,312		60		—
Finance and insurance		7,278		—		6,561		717		—
Consumer—non-cyclical		4,505		—		4,436		69		—
Technology and communications		3,023		—		3,011		12		—
Industrial		1,233		—		1,210		23		—
Capital goods		2,181		—		2,146		35		—
Consumer—cyclical		1,649		—		1,527		122		—
Transportation		1,162		—		1,140		22		—
Other		309		—		160		149		—
Total U.S. corporate		27,985		—		25,895		2,090		—
Non-U.S. corporate:
Utilities		685		—		416		269		—
Energy		1,027		—		896		131		—
Finance and insurance		1,948		—		1,814		134		—
Consumer—non-cyclical		616		—		535		81		—
Technology and communications		891		—		867		24		—
Industrial		797		—		734		63		—
Capital goods		561		—		508		53		—
Consumer—cyclical		221		—		220		1		—
Transportation		364		—		342		22		—
Other		701		—		649		52		—
Total non-U.S. corporate		7,811		—		6,981		830		—
Residential mortgage-backed		907		—		904		3		—
Commercial mortgage-backed		1,418		—		1,407		11		—
Other asset-backed		2,238		—		2,136		102		—
Total fixed maturity securities		46,781		—		43,685		3,096		—
Equity securities		396		321		43		32		—
Limited partnerships		2,193		—		—		20		2,173
Other invested assets:
Derivative assets:
Interest rate swaps		55		—		55		—		—
Foreign currency swaps		10		—		10		—		—
Equity index options		15		—		—		15		—
Forward bond purchase commitments		51		—		—		51		—
Total derivative assets		131		—		65		66		—
Short-term investments		27		—		20		7		—
Total other invested assets		158		—		85		73		—
Separate account assets		4,509		4,509		—		—		—
Total assets	$	54,037	$	4,830	$	43,813	$	3,221	$	2,173

(1)  Limited partnerships that are measured at fair value using the NAV per share (or its equivalent) practical expedient have not been categorized in the fair value hierarchy.

The following tables present additional information about assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis and for which we have utilized significant unobservable (Level 3) inputs to determine fair value as of and for the dates indicated:

	Beginning balance as of July 1, 2024		Total realized and unrealized gains (losses)					Purchases		Sales			Issuances		Settlements			Transfer into Level 3 (1)		Transfer out of Level 3 (1)			Ending balance as of September 30, 2024		Total gains (losses) attributable to assets still held
(Amounts in millions)			Included in net income			Included in OCI																			Included in net income			Included in OCI
Fixed maturity securities:
State and political subdivisions	$	65	$	1		$	3	$	—	$	—		$	—	$	—		$	—	$	(65	)	$	4	$	—		$	—
Non-U.S. government		—		—			—		14		—			—		—			—		—			14		—			—
U.S. corporate:
Utilities		843		(5	)		52		8		—			—		(16	)		—		—			882		—			46
Energy		45		—			2		—		—			—		—			—		—			47		—			1
Finance and insurance		680		(2	)		30		—		—			—		(2	)		—		—			706		—			27
Consumer—non-cyclical		63		—			2		—		—			—		—			—		—			65		—			2
Technology and communications		12		—			—		—		—			—		—			—		—			12		—			—
Industrial		15		(1	)		1		—		—			—		—			—		—			15		—			—
Capital goods		54		—			3		—		—			—		(10	)		—		—			47		—			3
Consumer—cyclical		117		—			2		—		—			—		(2	)		—		(14	)		103		—			2
Transportation		20		—			1		13		—			—		(1	)		—		—			33		—			1
Other		135		—			3		—		—			—		—			—		—			138		—			3
Total U.S. corporate		1,984		(8	)		96		21		—			—		(31	)		—		(14	)		2,048		—			85
Non-U.S. corporate:
Utilities		280		—			7		—		—			—		(1	)		36		(7	)		315		—			8
Energy		119		—			4		—		—			—		(2	)		—		—			121		—			4
Finance and insurance		133		2			5		—		—			—		—			—		(99	)		41		—			1
Consumer—non-cyclical		77		(1	)		2		—		(14	)		—		(25	)		—		—			39		—			1
Technology and communications		17		—			—		—		—			—		—			—		—			17		—			—
Industrial		60		—			2		—		—			—		—			—		—			62		—			3
Capital goods		45		—			2		—		(4	)		—		—			—		—			43		—			1
Consumer—cyclical		7		—			1		—		—			—		—			—		(8	)		—		—			—
Transportation		22		—			—		—		(1	)		—		—			—		—			21		—			—
Other		51		—			2		—		—			—		—			—		—			53		—			2
Total non-U.S. corporate		811		1			25		—		(19	)		—		(28	)		36		(114	)		712		—			20
Residential mortgage-backed		2		—			1		—		—			—		—			—		—			3		—			—
Commercial mortgage-backed		11		—			1		—		—			—		—			—		—			12		—			1
Other asset-backed		113		—			1		13		—			—		(2	)		—		(25	)		100		—			1
Total fixed maturity securities		2,986		(6	)		127		48		(19	)		—		(61	)		36		(218	)		2,893		—			107
Equity securities		42		—			—		1		—			—		—			—		—			43		—			—
Limited partnerships		16		(1	)		—		—		—			—		(1	)		—		—			14		(1	)		—
Other invested assets:
Derivative assets:
Equity index options		21		2			—		3		—			—		(5	)		—		—			21		2			—
Forward bond purchase commitments		21		—			39		—		—			—		—			—		—			60		—			39
Total derivative assets		42		2			39		3		—			—		(5	)		—		—			81		2			39
Total other invested assets		42		2			39		3		—			—		(5	)		—		—			81		2			39
Total Level 3 assets	$	3,086	$	(5	)	$	166	$	52	$	(19	)	$	—	$	(67	)	$	36	$	(218	)	$	3,031	$	1		$	146

(1)  The transfers into and out of Level 3 for fixed maturity securities were related to changes in the primary pricing source and changes in the observability of external information used in determining the fair value, such as external ratings or credit spreads, as well as changes in the industry sectors assigned to specific securities.

	Beginning balance as of July 1, 2023		Total realized and unrealized gains (losses)						Purchases		Sales			Issuances		Settlements			Transfer into Level 3 (1)		Transfer out of Level 3 (1)			Ending balance as of September 30, 2023		Total gains (losses) attributable to assets still held
(Amounts in millions)			Included in net income			Included in OCI																				Included in net income			Included in OCI
Fixed maturity securities:
State and political subdivisions	$	60	$	1		$	(5	)	$	—	$	—		$	—	$	—		$	—	$	—		$	56	$	1		$	(5	)
Non-U.S. government		—		—			—			—		—			—		—			1		—			1		—			—
U.S. corporate:
Utilities		818		—			(42	)		23		—			—		—			—		(11	)		788		—			(42	)
Energy		59		—			(1	)		—		—			—		(1	)		—		—			57		—			(1	)
Finance and insurance		704		—			(17	)		29		—			—		(7	)		—		(7	)		702		—			(16	)
Consumer—non-cyclical		68		—			(1	)		—		—			—		(1	)		—		—			66		—			(1	)
Technology and communications		11		—			—			—		—			—		—			—		—			11		—			—
Industrial		22		—			—			—		—			—		—			—		—			22		—			—
Capital goods		34		—			(1	)		—		—			—		—			—		—			33		—			(1	)
Consumer—cyclical		124		—			(2	)		—		—			—		(2	)		—		—			120		—			(2	)
Transportation		23		—			—			—		—			—		(1	)		—		—			22		—			—
Other		153		—			(4	)		—		—			—		(1	)		—		—			148		—			(4	)
Total U.S. corporate		2,016		—			(68	)		52		—			—		(13	)		—		(18	)		1,969		—			(67	)
Non-U.S. corporate:
Utilities		320		—			(6	)		—		—			—		—			—		(8	)		306		—			(7	)
Energy		117		—			(2	)		—		—			—		—			11		—			126		—			(3	)
Finance and insurance		126		1			(5	)		—		—			—		—			—		—			122		1			(5	)
Consumer—non-cyclical		73		—			(1	)		—		—			—		—			—		—			72		—			(1	)
Technology and communications		26		—			—			—		—			—		(3	)		—		—			23		—			—
Industrial		75		—			(3	)		—		—			—		(15	)		1		—			58		—			(2	)
Capital goods		51		—			—			—		—			—		—			—		—			51		—			(1	)
Consumer—cyclical		9		—			—			—		—			—		—			—		—			9		—			1
Transportation		21		—			—			—		—			—		—			—		—			21		—			—
Other		21		—			—			—		—			—		—			—		—			21		—			—
Total non-U.S. corporate		839		1			(17	)		—		—			—		(18	)		12		(8	)		809		1			(18	)
Residential mortgage-backed		8		—			(1	)		—		—			—		—			—		(4	)		3		—			—
Commercial mortgage-backed		11		—			(1	)		—		—			—		—			—		—			10		—			(1	)
Other asset-backed		104		—			(1	)		4		—			—		(1	)		—		(10	)		96		—			(1	)
Total fixed maturity securities		3,038		2			(93	)		56		—			—		(32	)		13		(40	)		2,944		2			(92	)
Equity securities		30		—			—			4		(2	)		—		—			—		—			32		—			—
Limited partnerships		21		—			—			—		—			—		(1	)		—		—			20		—			—
Other invested assets:
Derivative assets:
Equity index options		15		(4	)		—			3		—			—		(3	)		—		—			11		(4	)		—
Total derivative assets		15		(4	)		—			3		—			—		(3	)		—		—			11		(4	)		—
Short-term investments		7		—			—			—		—			—		—			—		—			7		—			—
Total other invested assets		22		(4	)		—			3		—			—		(3	)		—		—			18		(4	)		—
Total Level 3 assets	$	3,111	$	(2	)	$	(93	)	$	63	$	(2	)	$	—	$	(36	)	$	13	$	(40	)	$	3,014	$	(2	)	$	(92	)

(1)  The transfers into and out of Level 3 for fixed maturity securities were related to changes in the primary pricing source and changes in the observability of external information used in determining the fair value, such as external ratings or credit spreads, as well as changes in the industry sectors assigned to specific securities.

	Beginning balance as of January 1, 2024		Total realized and unrealized gains (losses)						Purchases		Sales			Issuances		Settlements			Transfer into Level 3 (1)		Transfer out of Level 3 (1)			Ending balance as of September 30, 2024		Total gains (losses) attributable to assets still held
(Amounts in millions)			Included in net income			Included in OCI																				Included in net income			Included in OCI
Fixed maturity securities:
State and political subdivisions	$	60	$	3		$	6		$	—	$	—		$	—	$	—		$	—	$	(65	)	$	4	$	2		$	3
Non-U.S. government		—		—			—			14		—			—		—			—		—			14		—			—
U.S. corporate:
Utilities		881		(5	)		17			40		(13	)		—		(42	)		8		(4	)		882		—			9
Energy		60		(1	)		3			—		(4	)		—		(11	)		—		—			47		—			1
Finance and insurance		717		(1	)		24			—		—			—		(67	)		33		—			706		—			18
Consumer—non-cyclical		69		—			1			—		—			—		(5	)		—		—			65		—			1
Technology and communications		12		—			—			—		—			—		—			—		—			12		—			—
Industrial		23		(1	)		1			—		—			—		(8	)		—		—			15		—			—
Capital goods		35		—			2			20		—			—		(10	)		—		—			47		—			2
Consumer—cyclical		122		—			(1	)		—		—			—		(4	)		—		(14	)		103		—			(1	)
Transportation		22		—			1			13		—			—		(3	)		—		—			33		—			1
Other		149		—			—			—		—			—		(11	)		—		—			138		—			—
Total U.S. corporate		2,090		(8	)		48			73		(17	)		—		(161	)		41		(18	)		2,048		—			31
Non-U.S. corporate:
Utilities		269		—			(2	)		35		—			—		(16	)		36		(7	)		315		—			(2	)
Energy		131		—			3			—		—			—		(13	)		—		—			121		—			3
Finance and insurance		134		5			1			—		—			—		—			—		(99	)		41		3			(3	)
Consumer—non-cyclical		81		(1	)		1			—		(14	)		—		(28	)		—		—			39		—			—
Technology and communications		24		—			—			—		—			—		(7	)		—		—			17		—			—
Industrial		63		—			—			—		—			—		(1	)		—		—			62		—			1
Capital goods		53		—			—			14		(4	)		—		(20	)		—		—			43		—			—
Consumer—cyclical		1		—			—			7		—			—		—			—		(8	)		—		—			—
Transportation		22		—			—			—		(1	)		—		—			—		—			21		—			—
Other		52		—			1			—		—			—		—			—		—			53		—			1
Total non-U.S. corporate		830		4			4			56		(19	)		—		(85	)		36		(114	)		712		3			—
Residential mortgage-backed		3		—			1			—		—			—		(1	)		—		—			3		—			—
Commercial mortgage-backed		11		—			1			—		—			—		—			—		—			12		—			1
Other asset-backed		102		—			—			53		—			—		(9	)		—		(46	)		100		—			—
Total fixed maturity securities		3,096		(1	)		60			196		(36	)		—		(256	)		77		(243	)		2,893		5			35
Equity securities		32		—			—			19		(8	)		—		—			—		—			43		—			—
Limited partnerships		20		(5	)		—			—		—			—		(1	)		—		—			14		(5	)		—
Other invested assets:
Derivative assets:
Equity index options		15		8			—			11		—			—		(13	)		—		—			21		8			—
Forward bond purchase commitments		51		—			9			—		—			—		—			—		—			60		—			9
Total derivative assets		66		8			9			11		—			—		(13	)		—		—			81		8			9
Short-term investments		7		—			—			—		—			—		(7	)		—		—			—		—			—
Total other invested assets		73		8			9			11		—			—		(20	)		—		—			81		8			9
Total Level 3 assets	$	3,221	$	2		$	69		$	226	$	(44	)	$	—	$	(277	)	$	77	$	(243	)	$	3,031	$	8		$	44

(1)  The transfers into and out of Level 3 for fixed maturity securities were related to changes in the primary pricing source and changes in the observability of external information used in determining the fair value, such as external ratings or credit spreads, as well as changes in the industry sectors assigned to specific securities.

	Beginning balance as of January 1, 2023		Total realized and unrealized gains (losses)																Transfer into Level 3 (1)		Transfer out of Level 3 (1)			Ending balance as of September 30, 2023		Total gains (losses) attributable to assets still held
(Amounts in millions)			Included in net income			Included in OCI			Purchases		Sales			Issuances		Settlements										Included in net income			Included in OCI
Fixed maturity securities:
State and political subdivisions	$	55	$	3		$	(2	)	$	—	$	—		$	—	$	—		$	—	$	—		$	56	$	3		$	(2	)
Non-U.S. government		—		—			—			—		—			—		—			1		—			1		—			—
U.S. corporate:
Utilities		842		—			(42	)		63		(40	)		—		(10	)		11		(36	)		788		—			(50	)
Energy		116		—			—			—		(1	)		—		(3	)		—		(55	)		57		—			—
Finance and insurance		687		—			(20	)		92		—			—		(42	)		—		(15	)		702		—			(22	)
Consumer—non-cyclical		82		—			(1	)		—		—			—		(15	)		—		—			66		—			(1	)
Technology and communications		24		—			—			—		—			—		—			—		(13	)		11		—			—
Industrial		22		—			—			—		—			—		—			—		—			22		—			—
Capital goods		34		—			(1	)		—		—			—		—			—		—			33		—			(1	)
Consumer—cyclical		113		—			(2	)		1		—			—		(5	)		13		—			120		—			(2	)
Transportation		43		—			—			—		—			—		(21	)		—		—			22		—			—
Other		159		—			(3	)		—		—			—		(8	)		—		—			148		—			(3	)
Total U.S. corporate		2,122		—			(69	)		156		(41	)		—		(104	)		24		(119	)		1,969		—			(79	)
Non-U.S. corporate:
Utilities		295		—			(10	)		4		—			—		(5	)		30		(8	)		306		—			(10	)
Energy		118		—			(2	)		—		—			—		(1	)		11		—			126		—			(3	)
Finance and insurance		125		4			(7	)		—		—			—		—			—		—			122		4			(7	)
Consumer—non-cyclical		73		—			(1	)		—		—			—		—			—		—			72		—			(1	)
Technology and communications		26		—			—			—		—			—		(3	)		—		—			23		—			—
Industrial		48		—			(1	)		25		—			—		(15	)		1		—			58		—			(1	)
Capital goods		95		1			3			—		(12	)		—		(36	)		—		—			51		—			1
Consumer—cyclical		64		—			7			—		(6	)		—		(56	)		—		—			9		—			2
Transportation		20		—			—			1		—			—		—			—		—			21		—			—
Other		21		—			—			—		—			—		—			—		—			21		—			—
Total non-U.S. corporate		885		5			(11	)		30		(18	)		—		(116	)		42		(8	)		809		4			(19	)
Residential mortgage-backed		22		—			1			—		—			—		(1	)		—		(19	)		3		—			—
Commercial mortgage-backed		12		—			(1	)		—		(1	)		—		—			—		—			10		—			(1	)
Other asset-backed		94		—			—			16		—			—		(2	)		—		(12	)		96		—			—
Total fixed maturity securities		3,190		8			(82	)		202		(60	)		—		(223	)		67		(158	)		2,944		7			(101	)
Equity securities		34		—			—			5		(7	)		—		—			—		—			32		—			—
Limited partnerships		24		(3	)		—			—		—			—		(1	)		—		—			20		(3	)		—
Other invested assets:
Derivative assets:
Equity index options		6		2			—			8		—			—		(5	)		—		—			11		—			—
Total derivative assets		6		2			—			8		—			—		(5	)		—		—			11		—			—
Short-term investments		—		—			—			7		—			—		—			—		—			7		—			—
Total other invested assets		6		2			—			15		—			—		(5	)		—		—			18		—			—
Total Level 3 assets	$	3,254	$	7		$	(82	)	$	222	$	(67	)	$	—	$	(229	)	$	67	$	(158	)	$	3,014	$	4		$	(101	)

(1)  The transfers into and out of Level 3 for fixed maturity securities were related to changes in the primary pricing source and changes in the observability of external information used in determining the fair value, such as external ratings or credit spreads, as well as changes in the industry sectors assigned to specific securities.

The following table presents the gains and losses included in net income from assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis and for which we have utilized significant unobservable (Level 3) inputs to determine fair value and the related income statement line item in which these gains and losses were presented for the periods indicated:

	Three months ended September 30,						Nine months ended September 30,
(Amounts in millions)	2024			2023			2024			2023
Total realized and unrealized gains (losses) included in net income:
Net investment income	$	2		$	2		$	8		$	8
Net investment gains (losses)		(7	)		(4	)		(6	)		(1	)
Total	$	(5	)	$	(2	)	$	2		$	7
Total gains (losses) included in net income attributable to assets still held:
Net investment income	$	—		$	2		$	5		$	7
Net investment gains (losses)		1			(4	)		3			(3	)
Total	$	1		$	(2	)	$	8		$	4

The amount presented for net investment income relates to fixed maturity securities and primarily represents amortization and accretion of premiums and discounts on certain fixed maturity securities.

The following table presents a summary of the significant unobservable inputs used for certain asset fair value measurements that are based on internal models and classified as Level 3 as of September 30, 2024:

(Amounts in millions)	Fair value		Unobservable input	Range	Weighted-average (1)
Fixed maturity securities:
U.S. corporate:
Utilities	$	868	Credit spreads	59bps - 248bps	130bps
Energy		47	Credit spreads	98bps - 163bps	135bps
Finance and insurance		694	Credit spreads	14bps - 217bps	153bps
Consumer—non-cyclical		65	Credit spreads	69bps - 232bps	140bps
Technology and communications		12	Credit spreads	69bps - 84bps	75bps
Industrial		15	Credit spreads	98bps - 163bps	120bps
Capital goods		47	Credit spreads	128bps - 170bps	140bps
Consumer—cyclical		80	Credit spreads	85bps - 138bps	119bps
Transportation		33	Credit spreads	48bps - 146bps	120bps
Other		89	Credit spreads	77bps - 115bps	88bps
Total U.S. corporate	$	1,950	Credit spreads	14bps - 248bps	136bps
Non-U.S. corporate:
Utilities	$	283	Credit spreads	81bps - 248bps	132bps
Energy		115	Credit spreads	84bps - 170bps	121bps
Finance and insurance		40	Credit spreads	97bps - 141bps	117bps
Consumer—non-cyclical		37	Credit spreads	88bps - 146bps	102bps
Technology and communications		17	Credit spreads	88bps - 133bps	109bps
Industrial		62	Credit spreads	112bps - 190bps	143bps
Capital goods		36	Credit spreads	133bps - 232bps	156bps
Transportation		21	Credit spreads	98bps - 146bps	106bps
Other		53	Credit spreads	59bps - 128bps	109bps
Total non-U.S. corporate	$	664	Credit spreads	59bps - 248bps	126bps
Derivative assets:
Equity index options	$	21	Equity index volatility	6% - 46%	23%
Forward bond purchase commitments	$	60	Counterparty financing spreads	28bps - 42bps	33bps
Other assets (2)	$	123	Lapse rate	2% - 9%	5%
			Non-performance risk (counterparty credit risk)	42bps - 83bps	69bps
			Equity index volatility	14% - 30%	22%

(1)  Unobservable inputs weighted by the relative fair value of the associated instrument for fixed maturity securities, notional for derivative assets and the policyholder account balances associated with the instrument for the net reinsured portion of our variable annuity MRBs.

(2)  Represents the net reinsured portion of our variable annuity MRBs.

The assets included in the table above are valued using internal models for our fixed maturity securities and discounted cash flows for derivative and other assets. Certain classes of instruments classified as Level 3 are

excluded above as a result of not being material or due to limitations in being able to obtain the underlying inputs used by certain third-party sources, such as broker quotes, used as an input in determining fair value.

The following tables set forth our liabilities by class of instrument that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of the dates indicated:

	September 30, 2024
(Amounts in millions)	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Liabilities
Policyholder account balances:
Fixed indexed annuity embedded derivatives	$	153	$	—	$	—	$	153
Indexed universal life embedded derivatives		17		—		—		17
Total policyholder account balances		170		—		—		170
Derivative liabilities:
Interest rate swaps		478		—		478		—
Foreign currency swaps		2		—		2		—
Forward bond purchase commitments		14		—		—		14
Total derivative liabilities		494		—		480		14
Total liabilities	$	664	$	—	$	480	$	184

	December 31, 2023
(Amounts in millions)	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Liabilities
Policyholder account balances:
Fixed indexed annuity embedded derivatives	$	165	$	—	$	—	$	165
Indexed universal life embedded derivatives		15		—		—		15
Total policyholder account balances		180		—		—		180
Derivative liabilities:
Interest rate swaps		490		—		490		—
Foreign currency swaps		2		—		2		—
Forward bond purchase commitments		9		—		—		9
Total derivative liabilities		501		—		492		9
Total liabilities	$	681	$	—	$	492	$	189

The following tables present additional information about liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis and for which we have utilized significant unobservable (Level 3) inputs to determine fair value as of and for the dates indicated:

	Beginning balance as of July 1, 2024		Total realized and unrealized (gains) losses																				Ending balance as of September 30, 2024		Total (gains) losses attributable to liabilities still held
(Amounts in millions)			Included in net (income)			Included in OCI			Purchases		Sales		Issuances		Settlements			Transfer into Level 3		Transfer out of Level 3					Included in net (income)			Included in OCI
Policyholder account balances:
Fixed indexed annuity embedded derivatives	$	160	$	2		$	—		$	—	$	—	$	—	$	(8	)	$	—	$	(1	)	$	153	$	2		$	—
Indexed universal life embedded derivatives		16		2			—			—		—		—		(1	)		—		—			17		2			—
Total policyholder account balances		176		4			—			—		—		—		(9	)		—		(1	)		170		4			—
Derivative liabilities:
Forward bond purchase commitments		33		(6	)		(13	)		—		—		—		—			—		—			14		(6	)		1
Total derivative liabilities		33		(6	)		(13	)		—		—		—		—			—		—			14		(6	)		1
Total Level 3 liabilities	$	209	$	(2	)	$	(13	)	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	(9	)	$	—	$	(1	)	$	184	$	(2	)	$	1

	Beginning balance as of July 1, 2023		Total realized and unrealized (gains) losses																			Ending balance as of September 30, 2023		Total (gains) losses attributable to liabilities still held
(Amounts in millions)			Included in net (income)			Included in OCI		Purchases		Sales		Issuances		Settlements			Transfer into Level 3		Transfer out of Level 3					Included in net (income)			Included in OCI
Policyholder account balances:
Fixed indexed annuity embedded derivatives	$	180	$	6		$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	(11	)	$	—	$	(1	)	$	174	$	6		$	—
Indexed universal life embedded derivatives		15		(4	)		—		—		—		3		—			—		—			14		(4	)		—
Total policyholder account balances		195		2			—		—		—		3		(11	)		—		(1	)		188		2			—
Derivative liabilities:
Forward bond purchase commitments		3		22			3		—		—		—		—			—		—			28		22			3
Total derivative liabilities		3		22			3		—		—		—		—			—		—			28		22			3
Total Level 3 liabilities	$	198	$	24		$	3	$	—	$	—	$	3	$	(11	)	$	—	$	(1	)	$	216	$	24		$	3

	Beginning balance as of January 1, 2024		Total realized and unrealized (gains) losses																			Ending balance as of September 30, 2024		Total (gains) losses attributable to liabilities still held
(Amounts in millions)			Included in net (income)			Included in OCI		Purchases		Sales		Issuances		Settlements			Transfer into Level 3		Transfer out of Level 3					Included in net (income)			Included in OCI
Policyholder account balances:
Fixed indexed annuity embedded derivatives	$	165	$	15		$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	(25	)	$	—	$	(2	)	$	153	$	15		$	—
Indexed universal life embedded derivatives		15		(4	)		—		—		—		7		(1	)		—		—			17		(4	)		—
Total policyholder account balances		180		11			—		—		—		7		(26	)		—		(2	)		170		11			—
Derivative liabilities:
Forward bond purchase commitments		9		5			—		—		—		—		—			—		—			14		5			—
Total derivative liabilities		9		5			—		—		—		—		—			—		—			14		5			—
Total Level 3 liabilities	$	189	$	16		$	—	$	—	$	—	$	7	$	(26	)	$	—	$	(2	)	$	184	$	16		$	—

	Beginning balance as of January 1, 2023		Total realized and unrealized (gains) losses																			Ending balance as of September 30, 2023		Total (gains) losses attributable to liabilities still held
(Amounts in millions)			Included in net (income)			Included in OCI		Purchases		Sales		Issuances		Settlements			Transfer into Level 3		Transfer out of Level 3					Included in net (income)			Included in OCI
Policyholder account balances:
Fixed indexed annuity embedded derivatives	$	202	$	16		$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	(41	)	$	—	$	(3	)	$	174	$	16		$	—
Indexed universal life embedded derivatives		15		(11	)		—		—		—		10		—			—		—			14		(11	)		—
Total policyholder account balances		217		5			—		—		—		10		(41	)		—		(3	)		188		5			—
Derivative liabilities:
Forward bond purchase commitments		—		25			3		—		—		—		—			—		—			28		25			3
Total derivative liabilities		—		25			3		—		—		—		—			—		—			28		25			3
Total Level 3 liabilities	$	217	$	30		$	3	$	—	$	—	$	10	$	(41	)	$	—	$	(3	)	$	216	$	30		$	3

The following table presents the gains and losses included in net (income) from liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis and for which we have utilized significant unobservable (Level 3) inputs to determine fair value and the related income statement line item in which these gains and losses were presented for the periods indicated:

	Three months ended September 30,					Nine months ended September 30,
(Amounts in millions)	2024			2023		2024		2023
Total realized and unrealized (gains) losses included in net (income):
Net investment income	$	—		$	—	$	—	$	—
Net investment (gains) losses		(2	)		24		16		30
Total	$	(2	)	$	24	$	16	$	30
Total (gains) losses included in net (income) attributable to liabilities still held:
Net investment income	$	—		$	—	$	—	$	—
Net investment (gains) losses		(2	)		24		16		30
Total	$	(2	)	$	24	$	16	$	30

Purchases, sales, issuances and settlements represent the activity that occurred during the period that results in a change of the asset or liability but does not represent changes in fair value for the instruments held at the beginning of the period. Such activity primarily consists of purchases, sales and settlements of fixed maturity and equity securities and purchases, issuances and settlements of derivative instruments.

Issuances for fixed indexed annuity and indexed universal life embedded derivative liabilities represent the amount of the premium received that is attributed to the value of the embedded derivative. Settlements of embedded derivatives are characterized as the change in fair value upon exercising the embedded derivative instrument, effectively representing a settlement of the embedded derivative instrument. We have shown these changes in fair value separately based on the classification of this activity as effectively issuing and settling the embedded derivative instrument with all remaining changes in the fair value of these embedded derivative instruments being shown separately in the category labeled “included in net (income)” in the tables presented above.

The following table presents a summary of the significant unobservable inputs used for certain liability fair value measurements that are based on internal models and classified as Level 3 as of September 30, 2024:

(Amounts in millions)	Fair value		Unobservable input		Range		Weighted-average (1)
Policyholder account balances:
Fixed indexed annuity embedded derivatives	$	153		Expected future interest credited		1% - 3%		2%
Indexed universal life embedded derivatives	$	17		Expected future interest credited		3% - 11%		5%
Market risk benefits(2):
Fixed indexed annuities	$	52		GMWB utilization rate		— % - 73%		60%
				Non-performance risk (credit spreads)		42bps - 83bps		69bps
				Expected future interest credited		1% - 3%		2%
Variable annuities	$	428		Lapse rate		2% - 11%		5%
				GMWB utilization rate		62% - 90%		79%
				Non-performance risk (credit spreads)		42bps - 83bps		69bps
				Equity index volatility		14% - 30%		22%
Derivative liabilities:
Forward bond purchase commitments	$	14		Counterparty financing spreads		28bps - 42bps		40bps

(1) Unobservable inputs weighted by the policyholder account balances associated with the instrument and notional for derivative liabilities.

(2) Refer to note 11 for additional details related to MRBs.

The liabilities included in the table above are valued using an option budget method for our fixed indexed annuity and indexed universal life embedded derivative liabilities and discounted cash flows for our MRBs and derivative liabilities.

Assets and Liabilities Not Required to Be Carried at Fair Value

Assets and liabilities that are reflected in the accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements at fair value are not included in the following disclosure of fair value. Such items include cash and cash equivalents, short-term investments, investment securities, MRBs, separate accounts and derivative instruments. Apart from certain of our borrowings and certain marketable securities, few of the instruments are actively traded and their fair values must often be determined using internal models. The fair value estimates are made at a specific point in time, based upon available market information and judgments about the financial instruments, including estimates of the timing and amount of expected future cash flows and the credit standing of counterparties. Such estimates do not reflect any premium or discount that could result from offering for sale at one time our entire holdings of a particular financial instrument, nor do they consider the tax impact of the realization of unrealized gains or losses. In many cases, the fair value estimates cannot be substantiated by comparison to independent markets.

The following represents our estimated fair value of financial assets and liabilities that are not required to be carried at fair value as of the dates indicated:

	September 30, 2024
	Notional amount			Carrying amount		Fair value
(Amounts in millions)						Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Assets:
Commercial mortgage loans, net			(1)	$	6,532	$	6,168	$	—	$	—	$	6,168
Bank loan investments			(1)		568		566		—		—		566
Liabilities:
Long-term borrowings			(1)		1,548		1,474		—		1,474		—
Investment contracts			(1)		4,686		4,767		—		—		4,767
Commitments to fund investments:
Bank loan investments	$	131			—		—		—		—		—
Private placement investments		271			—		—		—		—		—

(1) These financial instruments do not have notional amounts.

	December 31, 2023
	Notional amount			Carrying amount		Fair value
(Amounts in millions)						Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Assets:
Commercial mortgage loans, net			(1)	$	6,802	$	6,291	$	—	$	—	$	6,291
Bank loan investments			(1)		529		520		—		—		520
Liabilities:
Long-term borrowings			(1)		1,584		1,413		—		1,413		—
Investment contracts			(1)		5,346		5,372		—		—		5,372
Commitments to fund investments:
Bank loan investments	$	117			—		—		—		—		—
Private placement investments		42			—		—		—		—		—
Commercial mortgage loans		13			—		—		—		—		—

(1) These financial instruments do not have notional amounts.

As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, we also had $24 million and $23 million, respectively, of real estate owned assets included in other invested assets in our condensed consolidated balance sheets, which are initially recorded at fair value less estimated selling costs (the carrying value) and are subsequently valued at the lower of the carrying value or current fair value less estimated selling costs. As of December 31, 2023, these properties were adjusted to fair value less estimated selling costs, which was less than the carrying value. These amounts represented the fair value as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023. The fair value of the real estate owned assets is classified as Level 2.

Assets Measured Using Net Asset Value

Limited partnerships include partnership interests accounted for using NAV per share (or its equivalent) or fair value for those interests considered minor and partnership interests accounted for under the equity method of accounting for those interests exceeding the minor threshold. Our limited partnership interests accounted for using NAV per share (or its equivalent) are generally not redeemable by the investees and generally cannot be

sold without approval of the general partner. We receive distributions of income and proceeds from the liquidation of the underlying assets of the investees, which usually takes place in years five to ten of the typical contractual life of ten to 12 years.

The following table presents the carrying value of limited partnerships and commitments to fund as of the dates indicated:

	September 30, 2024				December 31, 2023
(Amounts in millions)	Carrying value		Commitments to fund		Carrying value		Commitments to fund
Limited partnerships accounted for at NAV:
Private equity funds (1)	$	2,157	$	1,290	$	1,948	$	1,203
Real estate funds (2)		127		76		123		87
Infrastructure funds (3)		126		178		102		160
Total limited partnerships accounted for at NAV		2,410		1,544		2,173		1,450
Limited partnerships accounted for at fair value		14		1		20		1
Limited partnerships accounted for under equity method of accounting		676		93		628		79
Total	$	3,100	$	1,638	$	2,821	$	1,530

(1) This class employs various investment strategies such as leveraged buyout, growth equity, venture capital and mezzanine financing, generally investing in debt or equity positions directly in companies or assets of various sizes across diverse industries globally, primarily concentrated in North America.

(2) This class invests in real estate in North America, Europe and Asia via direct property ownership, joint ventures, mortgages and investments in debt and equity instruments.

(3) This class invests in the debt or equity of cash flow generating assets diversified across a variety of industries, including transportation, energy infrastructure, renewable power, social infrastructure, power generation, water, telecommunications and other regulated entities globally.