UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, DC 20549

FORM 20-F

(Mark One)

☐ REGISTRATION STATEMENT PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OR 12(g) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

OR

☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019

OR

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

OR

☐ SHELL COMPANY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

Date of event requiring this shell company report                     

For the transition period from                      to                     

Commission file number: 001-33853

TRIP.COM GROUP LIMITED

(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)

N/A

(Translation of Registrant’s name into English)

Cayman Islands

(Jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)

968 Jin Zhong Road

Shanghai 200335

People’s Republic of China

(Address of principal executive offices)

Jane Jie Sun, Chief Executive Officer

Telephone: +86 (21) 3406-4880

Facsimile: +86 (21) 5251-0000

968 Jin Zhong Road

Shanghai 200335

People’s Republic of China

(Name, Telephone, Email and/or Facsimile number and Address of Company Contact Person)

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class	Trading Symbol	Name of each exchange on which registered
American depositary shares, each representing 0.125 ordinary shares, par value US$0.01 per share	TCOM	Nasdaq Stock Market LLC (Nasdaq Global Select Market)
Ordinary shares, par value US$0.01 per share*

* Not for trading, but only in connection with the listing of American depositary shares on the Nasdaq Global Select Market.

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:

None

(Title of Class)

Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act:

None

(Title of Class)

Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the issuer’s classes of capital or common stock as of the close of the period covered by the annual report: 74,086,404 ordinary shares, par value US$0.01 per share, as of December 31, 2019.

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.    ☒  Yes    ☐  No

If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.    ☐  Yes    ☒  No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    ☒  Yes    ☐  No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).    ☒  Yes    ☐  No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer	☒	Accelerated filer	☐	Non-accelerated filer	☐
				Emerging growth company	☐

If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards† provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.  ☐

† The term “new or revised financial accounting standard” refers to any update issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board to its Accounting Standards Codification after April 5, 2012.

Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing:

U.S. GAAP  ☒	International Financial Reporting Standards as issued	Other  ☐
	by the International Accounting Standards Board  ☐

If “Other” has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has elected to follow.    ☐  Item 17    ☐  Item 18

If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).    ☐  Yes    ☒  No

(APPLICABLE ONLY TO ISSUERS INVOLVED IN BANKRUPTCY PROCEEDINGS DURING THE PAST FIVE YEARS.)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed all documents and reports required to be filed by Sections 12, 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 subsequent to the distribution of securities under a plan confirmed by a court.    ☐  Yes    ☐  No

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION		1
PART I.		2
ITEM 1.	IDENTITY OF DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND ADVISERS	2
ITEM 2.	OFFER STATISTICS AND EXPECTED TIMETABLE	2
ITEM 3.	KEY INFORMATION	2
ITEM 4.	INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY	34
ITEM 4.A.	UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS	49
ITEM 5.	OPERATING AND FINANCIAL REVIEW AND PROSPECTS	49
ITEM 6.	DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND EMPLOYEES	67
ITEM 7.	MAJOR SHAREHOLDERS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS	76
ITEM 8.	FINANCIAL INFORMATION	80
ITEM 9.	THE OFFER AND LISTING	81
ITEM 10.	ADDITIONAL INFORMATION	81
ITEM 11.	QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK	89
ITEM 12.	DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES OTHER THAN EQUITY SECURITIES	90
PART II.		91
ITEM 13.	DEFAULTS, DIVIDEND ARREARAGES AND DELINQUENCIES	91
ITEM 14.	MATERIAL MODIFICATIONS TO THE RIGHTS OF SECURITY HOLDERS AND USE OF PROCEEDS	91
ITEM 15.	CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES	91
ITEM 16A.	AUDIT COMMITTEE FINANCIAL EXPERT	92
ITEM 16B.	CODE OF ETHICS	92
ITEM 16C.	PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES	92
ITEM 16D.	EXEMPTIONS FROM THE LISTING STANDARDS FOR AUDIT COMMITTEES	93
ITEM 16E.	PURCHASE OF EQUITY SECURITIES BY THE ISSUER AND AFFILIATED PURCHASERS	93
ITEM 16F.	CHANGE IN REGISTRANT’S CERTIFYING ACCOUNTANT	93
ITEM 16G.	CORPORATE GOVERNANCE	93
ITEM 16H.	MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE	93
PART III.		93
ITEM 17.	FINANCIAL STATEMENTS	93
ITEM 18.	FINANCIAL STATEMENTS	93
ITEM 19.	EXHIBITS	94
SIGNATURES		97

i

INTRODUCTION

In this annual report, unless otherwise indicated or unless the context otherwise requires:

• “ADSs” refers to American depositary shares, each of which represents 0.125 ordinary shares;

• “China” or “PRC” refers to the People’s Republic of China and, solely for the purpose of this annual report, excludes Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Macau, and “Greater China” refers to the People’s Republic of China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Macau;

• “Qunar” refers to Qunar Cayman Islands Limited, a Cayman Islands company, and unless the context requires otherwise, includes its predecessor entities and consolidated subsidiaries and consolidated affiliated Chinese entities;

• “Renminbi” or “RMB” refers to the legal currency of China; “U.S. dollars” or “US$” refers to the legal currency of the United States; and “€” refers to the legal currency of Eurozone;

• “shares” or “ordinary shares” refers to our ordinary shares, par value of US$0.01 per share; and

• “we,” “us,” “our company,” or “Trip.com Group” refers to Trip.com Group Limited (formerly known as Ctrip.com International, Ltd.), its predecessor entities and subsidiaries, and, in the context of describing our operations and consolidated financial information, its consolidated affiliated Chinese entities, unless otherwise indicated herein. We consolidate the financial results of Qunar starting from December 31, 2015. In calculating the number of hotels with which we have room supply relationships, downloads of and transactions through our mobile channel, and other operational data, where applicable, as well as in describing our marketing, branding, and intellectual properties, we have not taken into account the comparable operating data or other information of Qunar.

Any discrepancies in any table between the amounts identified as total amounts and the sum of the amounts listed therein are due to rounding.

This annual report on Form 20-F includes our audited consolidated financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018, and 2019.

On December 1, 2015, we effected a change of the ratio of the ADSs to ordinary shares from four ADSs representing one ordinary share to eight ADSs representing one ordinary share. Unless otherwise indicated, ADSs and per ADS amount in this annual report have been retroactively adjusted to reflect the changes in ratio for all periods presented.

Our reporting currency is Renminbi because our business is primarily conducted in China and most of our revenue is denominated in Renminbi. This annual report on Form 20-F contains translations from Renminbi to U.S. dollars solely for the convenience of the reader. Unless otherwise stated, all translations from Renminbi to U.S. dollars were made at a rate of RMB6.9618 to US$1.00, which was the certified noon buying rate in effect as of December 31, 2019, as set forth in the H.10 statistical release of The Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. The certified noon buying rate in effect as of April 3, 2020 was RMB7.0908 to US$1.00. We make no representation that any Renminbi or U.S. dollar amounts referred to in this annual report on Form 20-F could have been, or could be, converted to U.S. dollars or Renminbi, as the case may be, at any particular rate, or at all. The PRC government imposes control over its foreign currency reserves in part through direct regulation of the conversion of Renminbi into foreign exchange.

1

PART I.

ITEM 1. IDENTITY OF DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND ADVISERS

Not applicable.

ITEM 2. OFFER STATISTICS AND EXPECTED TIMETABLE

Not applicable.

ITEM 3. KEY INFORMATION

A.    Selected Financial Data

Selected Consolidated Financial Data

The following table presents the selected consolidated financial information for our business. You should read the following information in conjunction with “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects” below. The selected consolidated statements of income data for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018, and 2019 and the selected consolidated balance sheets data as of December 31, 2018 and 2019 have been derived from our audited consolidated financial statements and should be read in conjunction with those statements, which are included in this annual report beginning on page F-1. The selected consolidated statements of income/(loss) data for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2016 and the selected consolidated balance sheets data as of December 31, 2015, 2016, and 2017 have been derived from our audited consolidated financial statements for these periods, which are not included in this annual report.

Our historical results do not necessarily indicate results expected for any future periods.

	For the Year Ended December 31,
	2015			2016(1) (2)			2017(2)			2018(2)			2019
	RMB			RMB			RMB			RMB			RMB			US$
	(in millions, except for share and per share data)
Selected Consolidated Statements of Income/(Loss) Data
Net revenues		10,897			19,245			26,796			30,965			35,666			5,122
Cost of revenues		(3,043	)		(4,730	)		(4,678	)		(6,324	)		(7,372	)		(1,059	)
Gross profit		7,854			14,515			22,118			24,641			28,294			4,063
Operating expenses
—Product development(3)		(3,297	)		(7,687	)		(8,259	)		(9,620	)		(10,670	)		(1,533	)
—Sales and marketing(3)		(3,088	)		(5,861	)		(8,294	)		(9,596	)		(9,295	)		(1,335	)
—General and administrative(3)		(1,088	)		(2,519	)		(2,622	)		(2,820	)		(3,289	)		(472	)
Total operating expenses		(7,473	)		(16,067	)		(19,175	)		(22,036	)		(23,254	)		(3,340	)
Income/(Loss) from operations		381			(1,552	)		2,943			2,605			5,040			723
Net interest income/(expense) and other income/(expense)(4)		2,624			(192	)		581			(684	)		4,047			581
Income/(loss) before income tax expense and equity in (loss)/income of affiliates		3,005			(1,744	)		3,524			1,921			9,087			1,304
Income tax expense		(470	)		(482	)		(1,285	)		(793	)		(1,742	)		(250	)
Equity in (loss)/income of affiliates		(136	)		602			(65	)		(32	)		(347	)		(50	)
Net income/(loss)		2,399			(1,624	)		2,174			1,096			6,998			1,004
Net loss/(income) attributable to non-controlling interests		108			206			(19	)		16			57			8
Accretion to redemption value of redeemable non-controlling interests		—			—			—			—			(44	)		(6	)

2

	For the Year Ended December 31,
	2015		2016(1) (2)			2017(2)		2018(2)		2019
	RMB		RMB			RMB		RMB		RMB		US$
	(in millions, except for share and per share data)
Selected Consolidated Statements of Income/(Loss) Data
Net income/(loss) attributable to Trip.com Group’s shareholders		2,507		(1,418	)		2,155		1,112		7,011		1,006
Earnings/(losses) per ordinary share data:
Earnings/(losses) per ordinary share(5), basic		66.34		(23.97	)		32.51		16.25		98.78		14.19
Earnings/(losses) per ordinary share(5), diluted		56.85		(23.97	)		30.75		15.67		92.02		13.22
Weighted average ordinary shares outstanding, basic		37,797,698		59,166,582			66,300,808		68,403,426		70,983,996		70,983,996
Weighted average ordinary shares outstanding, diluted		47,375,248		59,166,582			71,775,893		70,924,623		80,244,014		80,244,014

	As of December 31,
	2015(1)		2016(2)		2017(2)		2018(2)		2019(6)
	RMB		RMB		RMB		RMB		RMB		US$
	(in millions)
Selected Consolidated Balance Sheets Data
Cash and cash equivalents		19,216		18,435		18,243		21,530		19,923		2,862
Restricted cash		2,287		1,744		1,749		4,244		1,824		262
Short-term investments		8,236		14,113		28,130		36,753		23,058		3,312
Current assets		40,602		45,928		59,418		79,394		67,955		9,761
Investments(4)		13,871		20,533		25,574		26,874		51,278		7,366
Total assets		118,844		144,430		162,240		185,830		200,169		28,752
Current liabilities		33,666		30,295		42,162		68,784		69,182		9,937
Long-term debt		18,355		34,651		29,220		24,146		19,537		2,806
Total liabilities		55,159		68,898		75,625		97,097		93,324		13,405
Redeemable non-controlling interests(7)		—		—		—		—		1,142		164
Share capital		4		5		5		5		6		1
Total Trip.com Group’s shareholders’ equity		44,551		71,548		84,836		86,715		103,442		14,858
Non-controlling interests		19,134		3,984		1,779		2,018		2,261		325
Total shareholders’ equity		63,685		75,532		86,615		88,733		105,703		15,183

Notes:

(1) Our consolidated balance sheets data has reflected the effect of consolidation of Qunar’s financial statements starting from December 31, 2015. Our consolidated statements of income/(loss) data has reflected the effect of consolidation of Qunar’s financial statements starting from January 1, 2016.

(2) Effective from January 1, 2018, we adopted ASC Topic 606, a new accounting standard on the recognition of revenue issued by FASB in 2014, and have applied this accounting standard retrospectively to the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2017. The financial data for the year ended December 31, 2015 and as of December 31, 2015 has not been recast and as such is not comparable.

(3) Share-based compensation was included in the related operating expense categories as follows:

	For the Year Ended December 31,
	2015		2016(1)		2017		2018		2019		2019
	RMB		RMB		RMB		RMB		RMB		US$
	(in millions)
Product development		292		2,080		1,013		934		919		132
Sales and marketing		66		393		186		156		144		21
General and administrative		285		1,087		635		617		651		94

(4) In 2015, a gain of RMB2.3 billion was recognized in the other income for the deconsolidation of Tujia, which was once a subsidiary of our company. In 2017 and 2018, we also disposed of certain long-term investments and recognized a gain of RMB1.4 billion and RMB1.2 billion, respectively. In January 2018, we adopted a new financial instruments accounting standard ASU No. 2016-01, which requires equity investments to be measured at fair value with subsequent changes recognized in net income, except for those accounted for under the equity method or requiring consideration. Fair value changes for such equity investments were a fair value loss of RMB3.1 billion and a fair value gain of RMB2.3 billion for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2019, respectively. See “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospectus — Results of Operations” for further information. The new standard also changes the accounting for investments without a readily determinable fair value and that do not qualify for the practical expedient to estimate fair value. A policy election can be made for these investments whereby investment will be carried at cost and adjusted in subsequent periods for any impairment or changes in observable prices of identical or similar investments.

3

(5) Each ADS represents 0.125 ordinary shares.

(6) Effective from January 1, 2019, we adopted ASC No. 2018-11, a new accounting standard on the recognition of right-of-use assets and lease liabilities issued by FASB in 2018, and have applied this accounting standard on a modified retrospective basis and have elected not to restate comparative periods. See Notes 2 and 11 to our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report for further information.

(7) One of our subsidiaries issued redeemable preferred shares to certain third-party investors in 2019. These preferred shares are redeemable at a holder’s option when that subsidiary fails to complete a qualified IPO in a pre-agreed period of time since its issuance with a redemption price measured by 10% interest per annum. These preferred shares are therefore accounted for as redeemable non-controlling interests in mezzanine equity and are accreted to the redemption value over the period starting from the issuance date.

B.    Capitalization and Indebtedness

Not applicable.

C.    Reasons for the Offer and Use of Proceeds

Not applicable.

D.    Risk Factors

Risks Relating to Our Business and Industry

Our business could suffer if we do not successfully manage current growth and potential future growth.

Our business has grown significantly as a result of both organic growth of existing operations and acquisitions, and, despite the current COVID-19 outbreak, we may experience such growth from time to time in the future. We have significantly expanded, and may further expand, our operations and workforce, as a result of the continued growth of our service offerings, customer base, and geographic coverage. For example, we have invested in, and may continue to invest in, organic growth by rolling out new business initiatives focusing on a diverse range of areas including car services, bus tickets, and train tickets. Consequentially, in 2019, we invested US$1.5 billion in product development. If such new business initiatives fail to perform as expected, our financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected. Our growth to date has placed, and our anticipated future operations will continue to place, significant strain on our management, systems, and resources. In addition to training and managing our workforce, we will need to continue to improve and develop our financial and managerial controls and our reporting systems and procedures. We cannot assure you that we will be able to efficiently or effectively manage the growth of our operations, and any failure to do so may limit our future growth and hamper our business strategy.

Pandemics, epidemics, or fear of spread of contagious diseases could disrupt the travel industry and our operations, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Global pandemics, epidemics in China or elsewhere in the world, or fear of spread of contagious diseases, such as Ebola virus disease (EVD), coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), H1N1 flu, H7N9 flu, and avian flu could disrupt the travel industry and our business operations in China and elsewhere in the world, reduce or restrict demand for travel and travel-related products and services, or result in regional or global economic distress, which may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations. Any one or more of these events or recurrence may adversely affect our sales results, or even for a prolonged period of time, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

4

The current COVID-19 pandemic has already adversely affected many aspects of our business. Since January 2020, we have experienced, and expect to continue to experience, a significant decline in travel demand resulting in significant customer cancellations and refund requests and reduced new orders relating to international and domestic travel and lodging. Since February 2020, supply of domestic transportation tickets and international air tickets also has dropped significantly in response to comprehensive containment measures in China and other international regions. We have been affirmatively facilitating our customers in their cancellations and refund requests and working with our travel suppliers to prepare for difficult market conditions, for which we have incurred and may continue to incur significant costs and expenses. In addition, our China-based facilities underwent temporary yet prolonged closure in February 2020, and most of our employees had worked from home for weeks and have only recently reported to work, both as part of China’s nationwide efforts to contain the spread of the COVID-19. We and our suppliers and business partners are still recovering from the general shutdown and delay in commencement of operations in China. Even though our business is currently operational, our service capacity and operational efficiency are still adversely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic due to insufficient workforce as a result of temporary travel restrictions in China and the necessity to comply with disease control protocols in our business facilities. Our suppliers’ abilities to timely deliver products and services and respond to rescheduling or cancellations are also adversely affected for similar reasons, especially those located in critical regions such as Hubei Province, China. The global spread of COVID-19 may also affect our overseas suppliers. While the duration of this disruption to our business and related financial impacts cannot be reasonably estimated at this time, we expect that our financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows for the first half of 2020 will be materially and adversely affected with potential continuing impacts on subsequent periods. In particular, our revenues for the first half of 2020 will be materially and adversely affected as a result of the domestic and international travel restrictions and significant incremental costs and expenses incurred to facilitate our users’ cancellations and refund requests; we may experience difficulty in collection of receivables, which may result in additional allowance for doubtful accounts; if the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic become other than temporary, we may also need to recognize significant downward adjustments or impairment to our goodwill or long-term investments, including the investments that are not measured at fair value in publicly traded companies whose share prices are declining recently. We currently expect our net revenue for the first quarter of 2020 to decrease year-over-year by approximately 45% to 50%, which reflects our preliminary view and is subject to change. We will continue to monitor and evaluate the financial impacts to our financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows for the first half of 2020 and subsequent periods. The global spread of COVID-19 pandemic in a significant number of countries around the world has resulted in, and may intensify, global economic distress, and the extent to which it may affect our financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted. We cannot assure you that the COVID-19 pandemic can be eliminated or contained in the near future, or at all, or a similar outbreak will not occur again. If the COVID-19 pandemic and the resulting disruption to our business were to extend over a prolonged period, it could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Strategic acquisition of complementary businesses and assets, and the subsequent integration of newly acquired business into our own, create significant challenges that may materially and adversely affect our business, reputation, results of operations, and financial condition.

We have made and intend to continue to make strategic acquisitions in the travel industry in Greater China and overseas. For example, in October 2015, we completed a share exchange transaction with Baidu Inc., or Baidu, whereby we obtained approximately 45% of the aggregate voting interest of Qunar in exchange for our newly issued ordinary shares. Subsequently, we issued ordinary shares represented by ADSs to certain special purpose vehicles holding shares solely for the benefit of certain Qunar employees and, in return, we received Class B ordinary shares of Qunar from these employees. We directly injected these shares to a third-party investment entity dedicated to investing in business in China. From an accounting perspective, we consolidated the financial statements of these non-U.S. investment entities and started to consolidate Qunar’s financial statements from December 31, 2015. In October 2016, we participated as a member in the buying consortium in Qunar’s going-private transaction and rolled our then existing equity stake into the entity that wholly owns Qunar upon the completion of the transaction in February 2017. In addition, in December 2016, we consummated an acquisition transaction whereby shares held by nearly all of the shareholders of Skyscanner, a leading global travel search site headquartered in Edinburgh, United Kingdom, were acquired by Trip.com Group (then known as Ctrip.com International, Ltd.).

If we are presented with appropriate opportunities, we may continue to acquire complementary businesses and assets in the future. However, strategic acquisitions and the subsequent integration of new businesses and assets into our own would require significant attention from our management and could result in a diversion of resources from our existing business, which in turn could adversely affect our business operations. In addition, acquisitions could result in potential dilutive issuances of equity securities, use of substantial amounts of cash, and exposure to potential ongoing financial obligations and unforeseen or hidden liabilities of the acquired business. The cost and duration of, and difficulties in, integrating newly acquired businesses and managing a larger overall business could also materially exceed our expectations. Moreover, we may not be able to achieve our intended strategic strategies and record substantial impairment charges to goodwill, if we fail to successfully integrate the newly acquired business or manage a larger business. Any such negative developments could materially and adversely affect our business, reputation, results of operations, and financial condition.

5

Our strategy to acquire or invest in complementary businesses and assets and establish strategic alliances involves significant risk and uncertainties that may have a material adverse effect on our business, reputation, results of operations and financial condition.

As part of our plan to expand our product and service offerings, we have made and intend to make strategic acquisitions or investments in the travel service industries in Greater China and overseas, such as the following, in addition to our transactions relating to Qunar and Skyscanner described elsewhere in this annual report:

• In May 2015, we acquired approximately 38% share capital of eLong, Inc. In May 2016, eLong, Inc. completed its going-private transaction and merger with E-dragon Holdings Limited, or eLong. In December 2017, eLong and Tongcheng Network Technology Co., Ltd., or LY.com, announced an agreement to merge and form Tongcheng-Elong Holdings Limited (SEHK: 0780), which was consummated in March 2018. In exchange for our prior holdings in eLong, we received an equity method investment in the enlarged group.

• In April 2016, we announced strategic collaboration with China Eastern Airlines Corporation Limited, one of China’s three major air transportation groups, on a broad range of products and services. In June 2016, we invested approximately RMB3.0 billion in approximately 466 million A shares of China Eastern Airlines in a private placement.

• In December 2016, in connection with our share exchange transaction with BTG Hotels (Group) Co., Ltd., or BTG, a PRC joint stock company that is listed on the Shanghai Stock Exchange and principally engaged in the management of hotels and tourism destinations, and Homeinns Hotel Group, or Homeinns, we exchanged our previously held equity interest in Homeinns for 22% equity interest of BTG.

• We have invested in convertible notes (which had been subsequently converted to ordinary shares) and ordinary shares of MakeMyTrip Limited, or MakeMyTrip, a leading online travel company in India, in January 2016 and May 2017 respectively. In August 2019, we completed a share exchange transaction with Naspers Limited, or Naspers, pursuant to which Naspers exchanged its stake in MakeMyTrip, for newly issued shares in our company. Concurrent with the share exchange, we also invested certain ordinary shares and Class B shares of MakeMyTrip in a third-party investment entity. Immediately after the closing of the transaction, Naspers owned approximately 5.6% of our then total issued and outstanding ordinary shares, and we owned ordinary shares and Class B shares of MakeMyTrip, representing approximately 49.0% of the then total voting power in MakeMyTrip.

• In May 2018, we acquired substantially all of the remaining equity interest of an offline travel agency company in which we previously held approximately 48% equity interest for the consideration of RMB198 million in cash and 1.9% non-controlling interest of one of our subsidiaries with the fair value of RMB399 million.

If the ADS or share prices of the public companies that we have invested in or may invest in the future which are classified as equity securities with readily determinable fair values investments decline and become lower than our share purchase prices, as have happened historically, we could record changes in fair value recorded in the income statement under U.S. GAAP, which in turn would adversely affect our financial results for the relevant periods. In addition, if any of our investees in which our investments are classified as equity method investments incur net losses in the future, we will share their net losses proportionate to our equity interest in them.

Our strategic investments could also subject us to other uncertainties and risks, and our failure to address any of these uncertainties and risks, among others, may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations:

• diversion of our resources and management attention;

6

• high acquisition and financing costs;

• failure to achieve our intended objectives or benefits in making these investments or revenue-enhancing opportunities;

• potential claims or litigation regarding our board’s exercise of its duty of care and other duties required under applicable law in connection with any of our significant investments approved by the board; and

• failure to be in full compliance with applicable laws, rules and regulations.

In particular, our strategy of acquiring or investing in a competing business could be adversely affected by uncertainties in the implementation and enforcement of the PRC Anti-Monopoly Law. Under the PRC Anti-Monopoly Law, companies undertaking acquisitions or investments in a business in China must notify the PRC Ministry of Commerce, or MOFCOM, in advance of any transaction where the parties’ revenues in the China market and global market exceed certain thresholds and the buyer would obtain control of, or decisive influence over, the target. There are numerous factors MOFCOM considers in determining “control” or “decisive influence,” and, depending on certain criteria, MOFCOM will conduct anti-monopoly review of transactions in respect of which it was notified. In light of the uncertainties relating to the interpretation, implementation and enforcement of the PRC Anti-Monopoly Law, we cannot assure you that MOFCOM will not deem our past and future acquisitions or investments, including the ones referenced herein or elsewhere in this annual report, to have met the filing criteria under the PRC Anti-Monopoly Law and therefore demand a filing for merger review. However, there have been limited cases of MOFCOM anti-monopoly review of filings involving companies with a “variable interest entity” structure, or VIE structure, similar to ours. If we are found to have violated the PRC Anti-Monopoly Law for failing to file the notification of concentration and request for review, we could be subject to a fine of up to RMB500,000, and the parts of the transaction causing the prohibited concentration could be ordered to be unwound. Such unwinding could affect our business and financial results, and harm our reputation. Further, if any of our business cooperation arrangements with Qunar are determined to have violated the PRC Anti-Monopoly Law, we could be subject to sanctions including an order to cease the relevant activities, confiscation of illegal gains and fines of 1% to 10% of our sales revenue from the previous year.

In addition, we establish strategic alliances with various third parties to further our business purpose from time to time. Strategic alliances with third parties could subject us to a number of risks, including risks associated with sharing proprietary information, non-performance by the counter-party, an increase in expenses incurred in establishing new strategic alliances, inefficiencies caused by failure to integrate strategic partners’ businesses with our own, and unforeseen levels of diversion of our resources and management attention, any of which may materially and adversely affect our business.

As a result of any of the above factors, any actual or perceived failure to realize the benefits we expected from these investments may materially and adversely affect our business and financial results and cause the trading price of our ADSs to decline.

Our business is sensitive to global economic conditions. A severe or prolonged downturn in the global or Chinese economy may have a material and adverse effect on our business, and may materially and adversely affect our growth and profitability.

The global macroeconomic environment is facing numerous challenges. The growth rate of the Chinese economy has gradually slowed since 2010 and the trend may continue. There is considerable uncertainty over the long-term effects of the expansionary monetary and fiscal policies adopted by the central banks and financial authorities of some of the world’s leading economies, including the United States and China. Unrest, terrorist threats, and the potential for war in the Middle East and elsewhere may increase market volatility across the globe. There have also been concerns about the relationship between China and other countries, including the surrounding Asian countries, which may potentially have economic effects. In particular, there is significant uncertainty about the future relationship between the United States and China with respect to trade policies, treaties, government regulations, and tariffs. The terms of the United Kingdom’s exit from the European Union, commonly referred to as the “Brexit,” remain undetermined, resulting in market volatility and exchange rate fluctuations from time to time both globally and most specifically in the United Kingdom and rest of the Europe. The Brexit has created significant uncertainty about the future relationship between the United Kingdom and the European Union. These developments, or the perception that any of them could occur, may adversely affect European and worldwide economic and market conditions. Economic conditions in China are sensitive to global economic conditions, as well as changes in domestic economic and political policies and the expected or perceived overall economic growth rate in China. Any severe or prolonged slowdown in the global or Chinese economy may materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

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Economic conditions in China are sensitive to global economic conditions. Our business and operations are primarily based in China and most of our revenues are derived from our operations in China. Accordingly, our financial results have been, and are expected to continue to be, affected by the economy and travel industry in China. Since we derive the majority of our revenues from accommodation reservation, transportation ticketing, and packaged-tour services in China, any severe or prolonged slowdown in the global or Chinese economy or the recurrence of any financial disruptions could reduce expenditures for travel, which in turn may adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition in a number of ways. For example, the weakness in the economy could erode consumer confidence which, in turn, could result in changes to consumer spending patterns relating to travel products and services. If consumer demand for travel products and services we offer decreases, our revenues may decline. Furthermore, continued turbulence in the international markets may adversely affect our ability to access the capital markets to meet liquidity needs.

General declines or disruptions in the travel industry may materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations.

Our business is significantly affected by the trends that occur in the travel industry in China, including the hotel, transportation ticketing, and packaged-tour sectors. As the travel industry is highly sensitive to business and personal discretionary spending levels, it tends to decline during general economic downturns. The recent worldwide recession has led to a weakening in the demand for travel services. Other trends or events that tend to reduce travel and are likely to reduce our revenues include:

• Actual or threatened war or terrorist activities;

• an outbreak of EVD, COVID-19, MERS, SARS, H1N1 flu, H7N9 flu, and avian flu, or any other serious contagious diseases;

• increasing prices in the hotel, transportation ticketing, or other travel-related sectors;

• increasing occurrence of travel-related accidents;

• political unrest, civil strife, or other geopolitical uncertainty;

• natural disasters or poor weather conditions, such as hurricanes, earthquakes, or tsunamis; and

• any travel restrictions or other security procedures implemented in connection with any major events in China.

We could be severely and adversely affected by declines or disruptions in the travel industry and, in many cases, have little or no control over the occurrence of such events. Such events could result in a decrease in demand for our travel and travel-related products and services. This decrease in demand, depending on the scope and duration, could significantly and adversely affect our business and financial performance over the short and long term. For a discussion of impact of COVID-19 on our business, see “Item 3.D. Key Information—Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Our Business and Industry—Pandemics, epidemics, or fear of spread of contagious diseases could disrupt the travel industry and our operations, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.”

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We recorded a significant amount of goodwill and indefinite lived intangible assets in connection with our strategic acquisitions and investments, and we may incur material impairment charges to our goodwill and indefinite lived intangible assets if the recoverability of these assets become substantially reduced.

In connection with our strategic acquisitions over the recent years, we recorded a significant amount of goodwill and indefinite lived intangible assets booked in our financial statements. As of December 31, 2019, our goodwill was RMB58.3 billion (US$8.4 billion) and our indefinite lived intangible assets were RMB11.8 billion (US$1.7 billion). In 2015, our acquisition of Qunar securities resulted in a RMB43.0 billion increase in our goodwill. ASC 350 “Intangibles—Goodwill and Other” provides that intangible assets that have indefinite useful lives and goodwill will not be amortized but rather will be tested at least annually for impairment. ASC 350 also requires that long-lived assets be reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable from its undiscounted future cash flow. For 2017, 2018, and 2019, we did not recognize any impairment charges for goodwill or intangible assets. If different judgments or estimates had been utilized, however, material differences could have resulted in the amount and timing of the impairment charge. We may potentially incur significant impairment charges if the recoverability of these assets become substantially reduced in the future. Any such impairment charges would adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition. In light of the continuing global spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, our ADS price declined generally in the first quarter of 2020, and the amount by which the share price exceeded the carrying value of the reporting unit has become minimal. If our ADS price continues to decline and becomes lower than the carrying value of the reporting unit, it may be considered an indicator for us to perform interim goodwill impairment test and we may need to recognize impairment on goodwill or other long-lived assets if the impacts from the COVID-19 pandemic become other than temporary. See “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects — Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates—Goodwill.”

The trading price of our ADSs has been volatile historically and may continue to be volatile regardless of our operating performance.

The trading price of our ADSs has been and may continue to be subject to wide fluctuations. In 2019, the trading prices of our ADSs on the Nasdaq Global Select Market have ranged from US$26.32 to US$46.50 per ADS, and the last reported trading price on April 8, 2020 was US$24.51 per ADS. The price of our ADSs may fluctuate in response to a number of events and factors, including the following:

• actual or anticipated fluctuations in our quarterly operating results;

• changes in financial estimates by securities analysts;

• conditions in the internet or travel industries;

• changes in the economic performance or market valuations of other internet or travel companies or other companies that primarily operate in China;

• changes in major business terms between our travel suppliers and us;

• announcements by us or our competitors of new products or services, significant acquisitions, strategic partnerships, joint ventures, or capital commitments;

• negative publicity in connection with our business operation;

• additions or departures of key personnel; and

• market and volume fluctuations in the stock market in general.

In addition, the stock market in general, and the market prices for internet-related companies and companies with operations in China in particular, have experienced volatility that often has been unrelated to the operating performance of such companies. The securities of some China-based U.S.-listed companies have experienced significant volatility since their initial public offerings, including, in some cases, substantial declines in the trading prices of their securities. The trading performance of the securities of these China-based U.S.-listed companies after their offerings and the surge in the number of China-based U.S.-listed companies that commenced going-private proceedings in recent years may affect the attitudes of investors toward China-based U.S.-listed companies, which consequently may impact the trading performance of the ADSs, regardless of our actual operating performance. Furthermore, some negative news and perceptions about inadequate corporate governance practices or fraudulent accounting, corporate structure including the use of VIE structures or other matters of other China-based U.S.-listed companies have negatively affected the attitudes of investors towards China-based U.S.-listed companies, including us, in general in the past, regardless of whether we have engaged in any inappropriate activities, and any news or perceptions with a similar nature may continue to negatively affect us in the future. In addition, the global financial crisis and the ensuing economic recessions in many countries have contributed and may continue to contribute to extreme volatility in the global stock markets, such as the large decline in share prices in the United States, China and other jurisdictions in recent years. These broad market and industry fluctuations may continue to adversely affect the trading price of the ADSs, regardless of our operating performance. Additionally, volatility or a lack of positive performance in our ADS price may adversely affect our ability to retain key employees, all of whom have been granted share-based awards.

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If we are unable to maintain existing relationships with travel suppliers and strategic alliances, or unable to establish new arrangements with travel suppliers and strategic alliances at or on favorable terms or at terms similar to those we currently have, or at all, our business, market share and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

We rely on travel suppliers (including without limitation hotels and domestic and international airlines) to make their services available to consumers through us, and our business prospects depend on our ability to maintain and expand relationships with travel suppliers. If we are unable to maintain satisfactory relationships with our existing travel suppliers, or if our travel suppliers establish similar or more favorable relationships with our competitors, or if our travel suppliers increase their competition with us through their direct sales, or if any one or more of our travel suppliers significantly reduce participation in our services for a sustained period of time or completely withdraw participation in our services, our business, market share and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected. To the extent any of those major or popular travel suppliers ceased to participate in our services in favor of one of our competitors’ systems or decided to require consumers to purchase services directly from them, our business, market share and results of operations may suffer.

Our business depends significantly upon our ability to contract with hotels in advance for the guaranteed availability of certain hotel rooms. We rely on hotel suppliers to provide us with rooms at discounted prices. However, our contracts with our hotel suppliers are not exclusive and most of the contracts must be renewed semi-annually or annually. We cannot assure you that our hotel suppliers will renew our contracts in the future on favorable terms or terms similar to those we currently have agreed. The hotel suppliers may reduce the commission rates on bookings made through us. Furthermore, in order to maintain and grow our business and to effectively compete with many of our competitors in all potential markets, we will need to establish new arrangements with hotels and accommodations of all ratings and categories in our existing markets and in new markets. We cannot assure you that we will be able to identify appropriate hotels or enter into arrangements with those hotels on favorable terms, if at all. This failure could harm the growth of our business and adversely affect our operating results and financial condition, which consequently will impact the trading price of our ADSs.

We derive revenues and other significant benefits from our arrangements with major domestic airlines in China and international airlines. Our airline ticket suppliers allow us to book and sell tickets on their behalf and collect commissions on tickets booked and sold through us. Although we currently have supply relationships with these airlines, they also compete with us for ticket bookings and have entered into similar arrangements with many of our competitors and may continue to do so in the future. Such arrangements may be on better terms than we have. Starting in early 2016, some PRC airlines, including four of the largest airlines in China, announced suspension of their respective business cooperation with Qunar without indicating the length of such suspension and cited serious customer complaints in their respective announcements. Although most of these airlines have resumed cooperation with Qunar, if any airlines choose to take similar actions against us and additional airlines follow suit, our business, market share and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected. We cannot assure you that any of these airlines will continue to have supplier relationships with us or pay us commissions at the same or similar rates as what they paid us in the past. Further, on July 1, 2016, the four largest airlines in China announced that third-party ticketing agents are prohibited from selling tickets for domestic flights on third-party platforms, such as ours. Additionally, on July 1, 2016, most major domestic airlines also replaced their commissions and rebate incentives completely with a reduced, fixed “admin fee” per ticket. The loss of supplier relationships or further adverse changes in major business terms with our travel suppliers would materially impair our operating results and financial condition as we would lose an increasingly significant source of our revenues.

Part of the revenues that we derive from our hotel suppliers, airline ticket suppliers and other travel service providers are obtained through our strategic alliances with various third parties. We cannot assure you, however, that we will be able to successfully establish and maintain strategic alliances with third parties which are effective and beneficial for our business. Our inability to do so could have a material adverse effect on our market penetration, revenue growth and profitability.

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If we fail to further increase our brand recognition, we may face difficulty in maintaining existing and acquiring new customers and business partners and our business may be harmed.

We believe that maintaining and enhancing our brands depends in part on our ability to grow our customer base and obtain new business partners. Some of our potential competitors already have well-established brands in the travel industry. The successful promotion of our brands will depend largely on our ability to maintain a sizeable and active customer base, maintain relationships with our business partners, provide high-quality customer service, properly address customer needs and handle customer complaints and organize effective marketing and advertising programs. If our customer base significantly declines or grows more slowly than our key competitors, the quality of our customer services substantially deteriorates, or our business partners cease to do business with us, we may not be able to cost-effectively maintain and promote our brands, and our business may be harmed.

Negative publicity with respect to us or the travel industry in general could impair our reputation, which in turn could materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations and price of ADSs.

The reputation of our brands is critical to our business and competitiveness. Negative publicity with respect to us or the travel industry in general, from time to time, whether or not we are negligent or at fault, including but not limited to those relating to our business, products and services, customer experiences, employee relationships and welfare, compliance with law, financial conditions or prospects, whether with or without merit, could impair our reputation and adversely affect our business and operating results. Prospective customers may be prevented from engaging in transactions with us if there is any negative publicity in connection with the use of our services or products, the operation of our business and other aspects about us. In addition, the negative publicity of any of our brands may extend far beyond the brand involved, especially due to our comprehensive presences in the travel industry in general, to affect some or all of our other brands. Furthermore, negative publicity about other market players or isolated incidents, regardless of whether or not it is factually correct or whether we have engaged in any inappropriate activities, may result in negative perception of our industry as a whole and undermine the credibility we have established. Negative developments in the market may lead to tightened regulatory scrutiny and limit the scope of our permissible business activities. We could lose significant number of customers due to negative publicity with respect to us or the travel industry in general, which may materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations and price of ADSs. We may incur additional costs to recover from the impact caused by the negative publicity, which may divert management’s attention and other resources from our business and operations.

If we do not compete successfully against new and existing competitors, we may lose our market share, and our business may be materially and adversely affected.

We compete primarily with other consolidators of hotel accommodations and transportation reservation services based in China, including the platforms operated by other major internet companies. We also compete with traditional travel agencies and new internet travel search websites. In the future, we may also face competition from new players in the hotel consolidation market in China and abroad that may enter China.

We may face more competition from hotels and airlines as they enter the discount rate market directly or through alliances with other travel consolidators. In addition, international travelers have become an increasingly important customer base. Competitors that have formed stronger strategic alliances with overseas travel consolidators may have more effective channels to address the needs of customers in China to travel overseas. Furthermore, we do not have exclusive arrangements with our travel suppliers. The combination of these factors means that potential entrants to our industry face relatively low entry barriers.

In the past, certain competitors launched aggressive advertising campaigns, special promotions and engaged in other marketing activities to promote their brands, acquire new customers or to increase their market shares. In response to such competitive pressure, we started to take and may continue to take similar measures and as a result will incur significant expenses, which in turn could negatively affect our operating margins in the quarters or years when such promotional activities are carried out. For example, we launched a promotion program in recent years to offer certain selected transportation tickets, hotel rooms, and packaged tours as well as grant of e-coupons to our customers in response to promotion campaigns that our competitors have launched. Primarily as a result of the enhanced marketing efforts and additional investment in product developments in response to the intensified market competition, our operational margin was negatively affected. In addition, some of our existing and potential competitors may have competitive advantages, such as significantly larger active customer base on mobile or other online platforms, greater financial, marketing and strategic relationships and alliances or other resources or name recognition, and may be able to imitate and adopt our business model. In particular, other major internet platforms may benefit from the existing customer base of their other services. These platforms can utilize the traffic they already obtain and direct the customers from their other services offerings to their travel services and further achieve synergies effects. We cannot assure you that we will be able to successfully compete against new or existing competitors. In the event we are not able to compete successfully, our business, results of operations and profit margins may be materially and adversely affected.

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Our quarterly results are likely to fluctuate because of seasonality in the travel industry in Greater China.

Our business experiences fluctuations, reflecting seasonal variations in demand for travel services. For example, the first quarter of each year generally contributes the lowest portion of our annual net revenues primarily due to a slowdown in business activity around and during the Chinese New Year holiday, which occurs during the period. Consequently, our results of operations may fluctuate from quarter to quarter.

Any failure to maintain satisfactory performance of our mobile platform, websites, and systems, particularly those leading to disruptions in our services, could materially and adversely affect our business and reputation, and our business may be harmed if our infrastructure or technology is damaged or otherwise fails or becomes obsolete.

The satisfactory performance, reliability, and availability of our infrastructure, including our mobile platform, websites, and systems, are critical to the success of our business. Any system interruptions that result in the unavailability or slowdown of our mobile platform, websites, or other systems and the disruption in our services could reduce the volume of our business and make us less attractive to customers. Most of our computer and communications systems are located at our customer service centers in China and abroad, such as Shanghai, Nantong, Tokyo, Seoul, and Edinburgh. Our technology platform and computer and communication systems are vulnerable to damage or interruption from human error, computer viruses, fire, flood, power loss, telecommunications failure, physical or electronic break-ins, hacking or other attempts at system sabotage, vandalism, natural disasters, and other similar events. For example, we experienced a network shut-down for a few hours in May 2015 resulting in temporary disruption to our mobile platform and websites and customer services, and a hotel booking system failure for a few hours in October 2019 affecting temporary hotel booking services. No data leakage occurred in either incident. We have implemented extensive measures to ensure prompt responses to any network shutdown, system failure, or similar incidents in the future, and to continue to update our security protocol to protect our systems from any human error, third-party intrusions, viruses or hacker attacks, information or data theft, or other similar activities. However, we cannot assure you that unexpected interruptions to our systems will not occur again in the future. We do not carry business interruption insurance to compensate us for losses that may occur as a result of such disruptions. In addition, any such future occurrences could reduce customer satisfaction levels, damage our reputation and materially and adversely affect our business.

We use an internally developed booking software system that supports nearly all aspects of our booking transactions. Our business may be harmed if we are unable to upgrade our systems and infrastructure quickly enough to accommodate future traffic levels, avoid obsolescence or successfully integrate any newly developed or purchased technology with our existing system. Capacity constraints could cause unanticipated system disruptions, slower response times, poor customer service, impaired quality and speed of reservations and confirmations and delays in reporting accurate financial and operating information. These factors could cause us to lose customers and suppliers, which would have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

In addition, our future success will depend on our ability to adapt our products and services to the changes in technologies and internet user behavior. For example, the number of people accessing the internet through mobile devices, including smart devices, mobile phones, tablets and other hand-held devices, has increased in recent years, and we expect this trend to continue while 5G and more advanced mobile communications technologies are broadly implemented. As we make our services available across a variety of mobile operating systems and devices, we are dependent on the interoperability of our services with popular mobile devices and mobile operating systems that we do not control, such as Android, iOS, and Windows. Any changes in such mobile operating systems or devices that degrade the functionality of our services or give preferential treatment to competitive services could adversely affect usage of our services. Further, if the number of platforms for which we develop our services increases, which is typically seen in a dynamic and fragmented mobile services market such as China, it will result in an increase in our costs and expenses. In order to deliver high quality services, it is important that our services work well across a range of mobile operating systems, networks, mobile devices, and standards that we do not control. If we fail to develop products and technologies that are compatible with all mobile devices and operating systems, or if the products and services we develop are not widely accepted and used by users of various mobile devices and operating systems, we may not be able to penetrate the mobile internet market. In addition, the widespread adoption of new internet technologies or other technological changes could require significant expenditures to modify or integrate our products or services. If we fail to keep up with these changes to remain competitive, our future success may be adversely affected.

12

Our business depends substantially on the continuing efforts of our key executives, and our business may be severely disrupted if we lose their services.

Our future success depends heavily upon the continued services of our key executives. We rely on their expertise in business operations, finance and travel services and on their relationships with our suppliers, shareholders and business partners. If one or more of our key executives are unable or unwilling to continue in their present positions, we may not be able to easily replace them. In that case, our business may be severely disrupted, we may incur additional expenses to recruit and train personnel and our financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

In addition, if any of these key executives joins a competitor or forms a competing company, we may lose customers and suppliers. Each of our executive officers has entered into an employment agreement with us that contains confidentiality and non-competition provisions. If any disputes arise between our executive officers and us, we cannot assure you of the extent to which any of these agreements would be enforced in China, where most of these executive officers reside and hold most of their assets, in light of the uncertainties with China’s legal system. See “Item 3.D. Key Information—Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Doing Business in China—Uncertainties with respect to the PRC legal system could adversely affect us.”

If we are unable to attract, train and retain key individuals and highly skilled employees, our business may be adversely affected.

If our business continues to expand, we will need to hire additional employees, including travel supplier management personnel to maintain and expand our travel supplier network, information technology and engineering personnel to maintain and expand our mobile platform, websites, customer service centers and systems and customer service representatives to serve an increasing number of customers. If we are unable to identify, attract, hire, train and retain sufficient employees in these areas, users of our mobile platform, websites and customer service centers may not have satisfactory experiences and may turn to our competitors, which may adversely affect our business and results of operations.

The PRC government regulates the air-ticketing, travel agency, and internet industries. If we fail to obtain or maintain all pertinent permits and approvals or if the PRC government imposes more restrictions on these industries, our business may be adversely affected.

The PRC government regulates the air-ticketing, travel agency, and internet industries. We are required to obtain applicable permits or approvals from different regulatory authorities to conduct our business, including separate licenses for value-added telecommunications, air-ticketing, travel agency and internet-related activities. If we fail to obtain or maintain any of the required permits or approvals in the future, we may be subject to various penalties, such as fines or suspension of operations in these regulated businesses, which could severely disrupt our business operations. As a result, our financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected.

In particular, the Civil Aviation Administration of China, or CAAC, together with National Development and Reform Commission, or NDRC, regulates pricing of air tickets. CAAC also supervises commissions payable to air-ticketing agencies together with China Air Transport Association, or CATA. If restrictive policies are adopted by CAAC, NDRC, or CATA, or any of their regional branches, our air-ticketing revenues may be adversely affected.

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Furthermore, we provide online consumer finance services incidental to our core businesses. Due to the relatively short history of China’s online consumer finance industry, the PRC government is still in the process of establishing a comprehensive regulatory framework governing this industry. The relevant rules and regulations governing this industry are general in nature and yet to be further interpreted or supplemented. In addition, we may have to make significant changes to our operations from time to time in order to comply with changing laws, regulations and policies governing the online consumer finance industry, which may increase our cost of operation or limit our options of service offering, which in turn may adversely affect our results of operations.

We may not be able to prevent others from using our intellectual property, which may harm our business and expose us to litigation.

We regard our domain names, trade names, trademarks and similar intellectual property as critical to our success. We try to protect our intellectual property rights by relying on trademark protection and confidentiality laws and contracts. Trademark and confidentiality protection in China may not be as effective as that in the United States. Policing unauthorized use of proprietary technology is difficult and expensive. In addition, as our business operations further evolves globally, we may not be able to enforce our intellectual property rights throughout the world, which may in turn adversely impact our international operations and business. We may encounter significant problems in protecting and enforcing intellectual property rights in certain foreign jurisdictions. The legal systems of certain countries do not favor the enforcement of intellectual property protection, which could make it difficult for us to stop the infringement or misappropriation of our intellectual property rights. Proceedings to enforce our proprietary rights in foreign jurisdictions could result in substantial costs and divert our efforts and attention from other aspects of our business.

The steps we have taken may be inadequate to prevent the misappropriation of our proprietary technology. Any misappropriation could have a negative effect on our business and operating results. Furthermore, we may need to go to court to enforce our intellectual property rights. Litigation relating to our intellectual property might result in substantial costs and diversion of resources and management attention. See “Item 3.D. Key Information — Risk Factors — Risks Relating to Doing Business in China — Uncertainties with respect to the PRC legal system could adversely affect us.”

We rely on services from third parties to carry out our business and to deliver our products to customers, and if there is any interruption or deterioration in the quality of these services, our customers may not continue using our services.

We rely on third-party computer systems to host our websites, as well as third-party licenses for some of the software underlying our technology platform. In addition, we rely on third-party transportation ticketing agencies to issue transportation tickets and travel insurance products, confirmations and deliveries in some cities in Greater China. We also rely on third-party local operators to deliver on-site services to our packaged-tour customers. Any interruption in our ability to obtain the products or services of these or other third parties or deterioration in their performance, such as server errors or interruptions, or dishonest business conduct, could impair the timing and quality of our own service. If our service providers fail to provide high quality services in a timely manner to our customers or violate any applicable rules and regulations, our services will not meet the expectations of our customers and our reputation and brand will be damaged. Furthermore, if our arrangement with any of these third parties is terminated, we may not find an alternative source of support on a timely basis or on favorable terms to us.

If our hotel suppliers or customers provide us with untrue information regarding our customers’ stay, we may not be able to recognize and collect revenues to which we are entitled.

We generate a majority of our accommodation reservation revenues through commissions from hotels, which depend on the room nights booked through us. To confirm whether a customer adheres to the booked itinerary, we routinely make inquiries with the hotel and, occasionally, with the customer. We rely on the hotel and the customer to provide us truthful information regarding the customer’s check-in and check-out dates, which forms the basis for calculating the commission we are entitled to receive from the hotel. If our hotel suppliers or customers provide us with untrue information with respect to our customers’ length of stay at the hotels, we would not be able to collect revenues to which we are entitled. In addition, using such untrue information may lead to inaccurate business projections and plans, which may adversely affect our business planning and strategy.

14

We may suffer losses if we are unable to predict the amount of inventory we will need to purchase during the peak holiday seasons.

During the peak holiday seasons in China, we establish limited merchant business relationships with selected travel service suppliers, in order to secure adequate supplies for our customers. In merchant business relationships, we buy hotel rooms and transportation tickets before selling them to our customers and thereby incur inventory risk. As we expanded our offline business in 2019, partially attributable to our packaged-tour products, our demands also increased correspondingly. If we are unable to correctly predict demand for hotel rooms and transportation tickets that we are committed to purchase, we would be responsible for covering the cost of the hotel rooms and transportation tickets we are unable to sell, and our financial condition and results of operations would be adversely affected.

If tax benefits available to our subsidiaries in China are reduced or repealed, our results of operations could suffer.

Under the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law and the relevant implementation rules, or the EIT Law, effective on January 1, 2008, foreign-invested enterprises, or FIEs, and domestic enterprises are subject to EIT at a uniform rate of 25%. Certain enterprises will benefit from a preferential tax rate of 15% under the EIT Law if they qualify as “high and new technology enterprises,” or HNTEs, or if they are located in applicable PRC regions as specified in the Catalogue of Encouraged Industries in Western Regions, or the Western Regions Catalogue, subject to certain general restrictions described in the EIT Law and the related regulations.

In December 2008 and 2009, some of our PRC subsidiaries, Ctrip Computer Technology, Ctrip Travel Information, Ctrip Travel Network and Qunar Software, and one of our consolidated affiliated Chinese entities, Qunar Beijing, were each designated by relevant local authorities as a HNTE under the EIT Law with an effective period of three years. Therefore, these entities were entitled to enjoy a preferential tax rate of 15%, as long as they maintained their qualifications for HNTEs that are subject to verification by competent authorities and renewals every three years. The qualifications of these entities as HNTEs have been renewed and will expire by the end of 2019 or 2020. We cannot assure you that our subsidiaries and the consolidated affiliated Chinese entity will continue to qualify as HNTEs when they are subject to reevaluation in the future. In 2002, the PRC State Administration of Taxation, or SAT, started to implement preferential tax policy in China’s western region, and companies located in applicable jurisdictions covered by the Western Regions Catalogue are eligible to apply for a preferential income tax rate of 15% if their businesses fall within the “encouraged” category of the policy and the revenue derived from such “encouraged” businesses accounts for more than 70% of the total revenue. Benefiting from this policy, Chengdu Ctrip and Chengdu Ctrip International obtained approval from local tax authorities to apply the 15% tax rate for their annual tax filing subject to periodic renewals over the years since 2012. After the initial effective period expired in 2014, the two entities were approved by the relevant government authority to renew this qualification, which will expire in 2020. In 2013, Chengdu Information Technology Co., Ltd., or Chengdu Information, obtained approval from local tax authorities to apply the 15% tax rate for its 2012 tax filing and for the years from 2013 to 2020. In the event that the preferential tax treatment for these entities is discontinued, these entities will become subject to the standard tax rate at 25%, which would materially increase our tax obligations.

We have sustained losses in the past and may experience earnings declines or net losses in the future.

We sustained net losses in certain past periods, and we cannot assure you that we can sustain profitability or avoid net losses in the future. We expect that our operating expenses will increase and the degree of increase in these expenses is largely based on anticipated growth, revenue trends and competitive pressure. As a result, any decrease or delay in generating additional sales volume and revenues and increase in our operating expenses may result in substantial operating losses. Moreover, consolidation of Qunar’s financial statements starting from December 31, 2015 had negatively impacted our financial statements previously, which may happen again in the future.

We have incurred substantial indebtedness and may incur additional indebtedness in the future. We may not be able to generate sufficient cash to satisfy our outstanding and future debt obligations.

As of December 31, 2019, our total short-term bank borrowings and long-term bank borrowings (current portions) were RMB21.1 billion (US$3.0 billion), our total long-term borrowings (excluding current portions) were RMB11.0 billion (US$1.6 billion), the aggregate principal amount of our outstanding convertible notes was US$2.4 billion (RMB16.9 billion), and our securitization debt was RMB1.1 billion (US$154 million). To the extent that we were to settle or redeem our convertible notes in cash, our debt obligations would become more substantial.

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Our substantial indebtedness could have important consequences to you. For example, it could:

• increase our vulnerability to adverse general economic and industry conditions;

• require us to dedicate a substantial portion of our cash flow from operations to servicing and repaying our indebtedness, thereby reducing the availability of our cash flow to fund working capital, capital expenditures and other general corporate purposes; and

• limit, along with the financial and other restrictive covenants of our indebtedness, among other things, our ability to conduct additional financing activities, or increase the cost of additional financing.

We may from time to time incur additional indebtedness and contingent liabilities. If we incur additional debt, the risks that we face as a result of our substantial indebtedness and leverage could intensify. For example, since 2018, we entered into asset backed securitization arrangements with third-party financial institution and set up a securitization vehicle which issued revolving debt securities to third party investors. In addition, in July 2019, we entered into a facility agreement as a borrower with certain financial institutions for up to US$2.0 billion equivalent transferable term loan facility with a greenshoe option of up to US$500 million. In April 2020, we entered into another facility agreement as a borrower with certain financial institutions for up to US$1.0 billion transferrable term and revolving loan facility with an incremental facility of up to US$500 million.

Our ability to generate sufficient cash to satisfy our outstanding and future debt obligations will depend upon our future operating performance, which will be affected by prevailing economic conditions and financial, business and other factors, many of which are beyond our control. As a result, we may not generate or obtain sufficient cash flow to meet our anticipated operating expenses and to service our debt obligation as they become due.

We may be subject to legal or administrative proceedings regarding information provided on our online portals or other aspects of our business operations, which may be time-consuming to defend.

Our online portals contain information about hotels, transportation, popular vacation destinations, and other travel-related topics. It is possible that if any information accessible on our online portals contains errors or false or misleading information, third parties could take action against us for losses incurred in connection with the use of such information. From time to time, we have become and may in the future become a party to various legal or administrative proceedings arising in the ordinary course of our business, including actions with respect to labor and employment claims, breach of contract claims, anti-competition claims, and other matters. Although such proceedings are inherently uncertain and their results cannot be predicted with certainty, we believe that the resolution of our current pending matters will not have a material adverse effect on our business, consolidated financial position, results of operations, or cash flow. Regardless of the outcome and merit of such proceedings, however, any legal action can have an adverse impact on us because of defense costs, negative publicity, diversion of management’s attention, and other factors. In addition, it is possible that an unfavorable resolution of one or more legal or administrative proceedings, whether in China or in another jurisdiction, could materially and adversely affect our financial position, results of operations or cash flows in a particular period or damage our reputation.

We could be liable for breaches of internet security or fraudulent transactions by users of our mobile platform and our websites.

Internet industry is facing significant challenges regarding information security and privacy, including the storage, transmission and sharing of confidential information. In recent years, PRC government authorities have enacted legislation on internet use to protect personal information from any unauthorized disclosure. See “Item 4.B. Information on the Company—Business Overview—PRC Government Regulations—Internet Privacy.” We conduct a significant portion of our transactions through the internet, including our mobile platform and websites. In such transactions, secured transmission of confidential information (such as customers’ itineraries, hotel and other reservation information, credit card information, personal information, and billing addresses) over public networks and ensuring the confidentiality, integrity, availability, and authenticity of the information of our users, customers, hotel suppliers, and airline partners are essential to maintaining their confidence in our online products and services. Our current security measures may not be adequate and may contain deficiencies that we fail to identify, and advances in technology, increased levels of expertise of hackers, new discoveries in the field of cryptography or others could increase our vulnerability. For example, a third-party website with focus on internet security information exchange released news in March 2014 that as a result of a temporary testing function performed by us, certain data files containing customers’ credit card information had been stored on local servers maintained by us, which may lead to potential exposure of these customers’ information to hackers. We removed the cause of the potential security concern within two hours of the release of the news report and then examined all other possible leaks and found that 93 customers’ credit card information might have been downloaded by the above-mentioned website for the purpose of confirming potential risks. Although to our knowledge, no customer has suffered financial loss or other damage from the incident as of the date of that report, our business, results of operations, user experience, and reputation may be materially and adversely affected if similar incidents related to internet security recur in the future. In August 2011, the PRC Supreme People’s Court and the PRC Supreme People’s Procuratorate issued judicial interpretations regarding hacking and other internet crimes. However, its effect on curbing hacking and other illegal online activities still remains to be seen.

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Significant capital, managerial and human resources are required to enhance information security and to address any issues caused by security failures. If we are unable to protect our systems and the information stored in our systems from unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption, modification or destruction, such problems or security breaches may cause loss, expose us to litigation and possible liability to the owners of confidential information, disrupt our operations and may harm our reputation and ability to attract customers.

Our failure to comply with privacy and data protection laws and regulations in various jurisdictions could subject us to sanctions, damages, and litigation, and could harm our reputation and business.

We collect and process certain personal data of our users, including email addresses, usage data, identification information, user passwords and additional information. We also collect and process user billing information, such as credit card numbers, full names, billing addresses and phone numbers of our users.

We are subject to the privacy and data protection laws and regulations in various jurisdictions, including China, European Union and Korea. Privacy laws provide restrictions and guidance in connection with our storage, use, processing, disclosure, transfer and protection of personal information. We strive to comply with all applicable laws, regulations, policies relating to privacy and data protection. We are also subject to privacy and data security-related obligations deriving from our privacy policy and terms of use with our users, and we may be liable to third parties in the event we are deemed wrongfully processed personal data.

European Union traditionally takes a broader view as to what is considered personal information and has imposed greater obligations under their privacy and data protection laws. In particular, the European Union adopted a new General Data Protection Regulation in April 2016, which became effective in May 2018. The General Data Protection Regulation results in more stringent requirements for data processors and controllers, including more fulsome disclosures about the processing of personal information, data retention limits, and deletion requirements, mandatory notification in the case of a data breach, and elevated standards regarding valid consent in some specific cases of data processing. The General Data Protection Regulation also includes substantially higher penalties for failure to comply with the requirements. For example, in the event of violations, a fine up to €20 million or up to 4% of the annual worldwide turnover, whichever is greater, may be imposed. In addition to General Data Protection Regulation, when other future laws and regulations come into effect, the more stringent requirements on privacy user notifications and data handling will require us to adapt our business and incur additional costs.

Privacy concerns are becoming more widely acknowledged and may cause our users to resist providing the personal data necessary to allow them to use our platform effectively. We have implemented multiple measures and security protocols to maintain and improve our privacy protection capability. However, measures we have implemented may not alleviate all potential privacy concerns and threats. In addition, a failure by us or a third-party contractor providing services to us to comply with applicable privacy and data security laws, regulations, obligations, or our terms of use with our users, may result in sanctions, statutory or contractual damages or litigation. These violations or proceedings may, among other things, force us to spend money in defense or settlement, result in the imposition of monetary liability or restrict access to our services from certain territory, which could adversely affect our reputation and business.

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We may be the subject of detrimental conduct by third parties, including complaints to regulatory agencies, negative blog postings, and the public dissemination of malicious assessments of our business, which could have a negative impact on our reputation and cause us to lose market share, travel suppliers, customers and revenues, and adversely affect the price of our ADSs.

We may be the target of anti-competitive, harassing, or other detrimental conduct by third parties. Such conduct may include complaints, anonymous or otherwise, to regulatory agencies regarding our operations, accounting, revenues, business relationships, business prospects and business ethics. Additionally, allegations, directly or indirectly against us, may be posted in internet chat-rooms or on blogs or any websites by anyone, whether or not related to us, on an anonymous basis. We may be subject to government or regulatory investigation as a result of such third-party conduct and may be required to spend significant time and incur substantial costs to address such third-party conduct, and we cannot assure you that we will be able to conclusively refute each of the allegations within a reasonable period of time, or at all. Our reputation may also be negatively affected as a result of the public dissemination of anonymous allegations or malicious statements about our business, which in turn may cause us to lose market share, travel suppliers and customers and revenues and adversely affect the price of our ADSs.

Our business is subject to the risks of international operations.

We had overseas expansion of our business over the years and operate our business in many foreign jurisdictions such as European and southeast Asian countries. Compliance with foreign laws and regulations that apply to our international operations increases our cost of doing business in foreign jurisdictions. These laws and regulations include data privacy requirements, labor relations laws, tax laws, foreign currency-related regulations, anti-competition regulations, prohibitions on payments to governmental officials, market access, import, export and general trade regulations, including but not limited to economic sanctions and embargos. Violations of these laws and regulations could result in fines and penalties, criminal sanctions against us, our officers or our employees, and prohibitions on the conduct of our business, including the loss of trade privileges. Any such violations could result in prohibitions on our ability to offer our products and services in one or more countries, could delay or prevent potential acquisitions and could also materially damage our reputation, our brand, our international expansion efforts, our ability to attract and retain employees, our business and our operating results. Compliance with these laws requires a significant amount of management attention and effort, which may divert management’s attention from running our business operations and could harm our ability to grow our business, or may increase our expenses as we engage specialized or other additional resources to assist us with our compliance efforts. Our success depends, in part, on our ability to anticipate these risks and manage these difficulties. We monitor our operations and investigate allegations of improprieties relating to transactions and the way in which such transactions are recorded. Where circumstances warrant, we provide information and report our findings to government authorities, but no assurance can be given that action will not be taken by such authorities. In addition, as our business and operation expand in international markets, we could be exposed to increased foreign exchange risks for other currencies.

We have limited business insurance coverage in Greater China.

Insurance companies in Greater China offer limited business insurance products and generally do not, to our knowledge, offer business liability insurance. Business disruption insurance is available to a limited extent in Greater China, but we have determined that the risks of disruption, the cost of such insurance and the difficulties associated with acquiring such insurance make it impractical for us to have such insurance. We do not maintain insurance coverage for any kinds of business liabilities or disruptions and would have to bear the costs and expenses associated with any such events out of our own resources.

We hire celebrities to be our brand ambassadors to market our brands and products and this marketing initiative may not be effective.

From time to time, we hire celebrities to be our brand ambassadors to market our brands or our products and services that are important to our business. However, we cannot assure you that the endorsement from our brand ambassadors or related advertisements will remain effective, that the brand ambassadors will remain popular or their images will remain positive and compatible with the messages that our brand and products aim to convey. Furthermore, we cannot assure you that we can successfully find suitable celebrities to replace any of our existing brand ambassadors if any of their popularities decline or if the existing brand ambassadors are no longer able or suitable to continue the engagement, and termination of such engagements may have a significant impact on our brand images and the promotion or sales of our products. If any of these situations occurs, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

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We may face greater risk of doubtful accounts as our business increases in scale.

We provide credit terms to our merchant customers, and also extend credit to our users by making payments on behalf of them when they book travel products on our platform. Our accounts receivable and other receivables have increased as our business grows. We cannot assure you that we will be able to collect payment fully and in a timely manner on our outstanding receivables from our merchant customers and users. As a result, we may face a greater risk of non-payment of our receivables and, as our business grows in scale, we may need to make higher provisions for doubtful accounts. For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018, and 2019, we recognized the provisions for accounts receivable and receivables relating to financial services of approximately RMB98 million, RMB69 million, and RMB191 million (US$27 million), respectively. The increase in the provisions for accounts receivable and receivables relating to financial services from 2018 to 2019 was primarily due to our business growth. Our operating results and financial condition may be materially and adversely affected if we are unable to successfully manage our receivables.

Our accounting treatment for share-based compensation could continue to significantly reduce our net income.

We have accounted for share-based compensation in accordance with ASC 718 “Compensation — Stock Compensation,” or ASC 718, which requires a public company to recognize, as an expense, the fair value of share options and other share-based compensation to employees based on the requisite service period of the share-based awards. We have granted share-based compensation awards, including share options and restricted share units, to employees, officers and directors to incentivize performance and align their interests with ours. See “Item 6.B. Directors, Senior Management and Employees — Compensation — Employees’ Share Incentive Plans.” As a result of the grants and potential future grants under our share incentive plans, we had incurred in the past and expect to continue to incur in future periods significant share-based compensation expenses. The amount of these expenses is based on the fair value of the share-based awards.

Our board of directors has the discretion to change terms of any previously issued share options and any such change may significantly increase the amount of our share-based compensation expenses for the period that the change takes effect as well as those for any future periods. For example, in December 2019, we completed a one-time modification of share options, pursuant to which each eligible grantee could exchange every four of the share options that were granted under the 2017 Share Incentive Plan and the Amended and Restated Global Incentive Plan with exercise price exceeding US$320 per ordinary share for one new option entitling each eligible grantee to purchase one ordinary share at the exercise price of US$0.01 with the original vesting schedules remaining unchanged. As a result of the modification, the prior options to purchase 835,849 ordinary shares were exchanged for new options to purchase 209,026 ordinary shares. In addition, with the historic changes and extensions to our share incentive awards, the application of ASC 718 will continue to have a significant impact on our net income. Further, future changes to various assumptions used to determine the fair value of awards issued or the amount and type of equity awards granted may also create uncertainty as to the amount of future share-based compensation expense.

Changes in accounting standards may affect the results of our operations.

We are required to adopt new accounting standards under FASB from time to time. Certain new accounting standards may impose significant different accounting treatments on certain line items on our consolidated financial statements, which could result in unexpected changes to our results of operation.

For example, in May 2014, the FASB issued a new accounting standard on the recognition of revenue generated from contracts with customers that was designed to create greater comparability for financial statement users across industries and jurisdictions. The core principle of this new standard is that an “entity recognizes revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services.” We adopted this new standard, effective from January 1, 2018, and applied the full retrospective transition approach to all contracts, which means that the financial statements for the year ended and as of December 31, 2018 and 2019 were reported under this new standard and the financial statements for the years ended and as of December 31, 2016 and 2017 were retrospectively adjusted. The new standard did not change the presentation of our revenues, which continues to be substantially reported on a net basis. However, the timing of revenue recognition for certain revenue streams is changed under the new standard. In particular, revenue for accommodation reservation services, which used to be recognized after end-users completed their stays, is now recognized when the reservation becomes non-cancellable. Revenue for packaged-tour services, which used to be recognized when packaged tours were completed, is now recognized on the departure date of a tour.

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On January 1, 2018, we adopted new financial instruments accounting standard ASU No. 2016-01, which requires equity investments to be measured at fair value with subsequent changes recognized in net income, except for those accounted for under the equity method or requiring consolidation. The new standard also changes the accounting for investments without a readily determinable fair value and that do not qualify for the practical expedient to estimate fair value. A policy election can be made for these investments whereby investment will be carried at cost and adjusted in subsequent periods for any impairment or changes in observable prices of identical or similar investments. With the adoption of the new standard, we recognized the changes in fair value for all equity investments measured at fair value through net income/(loss). For investments in equity securities lacking of readily determinable fair values, we elected to use the measurement alternative defined as cost, less impairments, adjusted by observable price changes. The new standard also requires us to reclassify the accumulated unrealized gain or loss of the equity investments measure at fair value that were previously recognized in other comprehensive income to retained earnings on the date of the adoption.

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842), which requires that a lessee should recognize the assets and liabilities that arise from operating leases. A lessee should recognize in the balance sheet a liability to make lease payments (the lease liability) and a right-of-use asset representing its right to use the underlying asset for the lease term. For leases with a term of 12 months or less, a lessee is permitted to make an accounting policy election by class of underlying asset not to recognize lease assets and lease liabilities. If a lessee makes this election, it should recognize lease expenses for such lease generally on a straight-line basis over the lease term. The new leases standard also provides lessees with a practical expedient, by class of underlying asset, to not separate non-lease components from the associated lease component. If a lessee makes that accounting policy election, it is required to account for the non-lease components together with the associated lease component as a single lease component and to provide certain disclosures. Entities were initially required to adopt the new leases standard using a modified retrospective transition method. Under that transition method, an entity initially applies the new leases standard (subject to specific transition requirements and optional practical expedients) at the beginning of the earliest period presented in the financial statements. In July 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-11, which provides another transition method in addition to the existing transition method by allowing entities to initially apply the new leases standard at the adoption date and recognize a cumulative-effect adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings in the period of adoption consistent with preparers’ requests. The amendments in this Update are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years for public entities. We have adopted this new guidance for the year ended December 31, 2019. The standard had a material impact on our consolidated balance sheets, but did not have a material impact on our consolidated statements of income or statements of cash flows. The most significant impact was the recognition of right-of-use assets, or ROU assets, of RMB1.0 billion (US$146 million) and lease liabilities of RMB980 million (US$141 million) for operating leases. Other than disclosed, we do not expect the new standard to have a material impact on our remaining consolidated financial statements.

For further details, see “Item 5.A. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects — Operating Results — Critical Accounting Policy.” As a result of changes in accounting standards, our results of operations may be adversely affected.

Failure to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting could result in errors in our published financial statements, which in turn could have a material adverse effect on the trading price of our ADSs.

We are subject to the reporting obligations under the U.S. securities laws. As required under Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, the SEC has adopted rules requiring public companies to include a report of management on the effectiveness of such companies’ internal control over financial reporting in its annual report. In addition, an independent registered public accounting firm for a public company must issue an attestation report on the effectiveness of the company’s internal control over financial reporting. Our management conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting and concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2019. In addition, our independent registered public accounting firm attested the effectiveness of our internal control and reported that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2019. If we fail to maintain the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting, we may not be able to conclude on an ongoing basis that we have effective internal control over financial reporting in accordance with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. Moreover, effective internal control over financial reporting is necessary for us to produce reliable financial reports. As a result, any failure to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting could result in the loss of investor confidence in the reliability of our financial statements, which in turn could negatively impact the trading price of our ADSs. Furthermore, we may need to incur additional costs and use additional management and other resources in an effort to comply with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and other requirements going forward.

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We may need additional capital and we may not be able to obtain it.

We believe that our current cash and cash equivalents, short-term investments, cash flow from operations and proceeds from our financing activities will be sufficient to meet our anticipated cash needs for the foreseeable future. We may, however, require additional cash resources due to changed business conditions or other future developments, including any investments or acquisitions we may decide to pursue. If these resources are insufficient to satisfy our cash requirements, we may seek to sell additional equity or debt securities or obtain a credit facility. The sale of additional equity securities could result in additional dilution to our shareholders. The incurrence of indebtedness would result in increased debt service obligations and could result in operating and financing covenants that would restrict our operations. We cannot assure you that financing will be available in amounts or on terms acceptable to us, if at all. In particular, the recent financial turmoil affecting the financial markets and banking system may significantly restrict our ability to obtain financing in the capital markets or from financial institutions on commercially reasonable terms, or at all.

Risks Relating to Our Corporate Structure

PRC laws and regulations restrict foreign investment in the travel agency and value-added telecommunications businesses, and substantial uncertainties exist with respect to the application and implementation of PRC laws and regulations.

We are a Cayman Islands incorporated company and a foreign person under PRC law. Due to foreign ownership restrictions in the travel agency and value-added telecommunications industries, we conduct part of our business through contractual arrangements with our consolidated affiliated Chinese entities. These entities hold the licenses and approvals that are essential for our business operations.

In the opinion of our PRC counsel, Commerce & Finance Law Offices, our current ownership structure, the ownership structure of our subsidiaries and our consolidated affiliated Chinese entities, the contractual arrangements among us, our subsidiaries, our consolidated affiliated Chinese entities and their shareholders, as described in this annual report, are in compliance with existing PRC laws, rules and regulations. There are, however, substantial uncertainties regarding the interpretation and application of current or future PRC laws and regulations. Accordingly, we cannot assure you that PRC government authorities will not ultimately take a view contrary to the opinion of our PRC legal counsel due to the lack of official interpretation and clear guidance.

If we and our consolidated affiliated Chinese entities are found to be in violation of any existing or future PRC laws or regulations, the relevant governmental authorities would have broad discretion in dealing with such violation, including, without limitation, levying fines, confiscating our income or the income of our consolidated affiliated Chinese entities, revoking our business licenses or the business licenses of our consolidated affiliated Chinese entities, requiring us and our consolidated affiliated Chinese entities to restructure our ownership structure or operations and requiring us or our consolidated affiliated Chinese entities to discontinue any portion or all of our value-added telecommunications or travel agency businesses. In particular, if the PRC government authorities impose penalties which cause us to lose our rights to direct the activities of and receive economic benefits from our consolidated affiliated Chinese entities, we may lose the ability to consolidate and reflect in our financial statements the operation results of our consolidated affiliated Chinese entities. Any of these actions could cause significant disruption to our business operations, and may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

According to the PRC Property Rights Law, effective as of October 1, 2007, and the Measures for the Registration of Equity Pledge with the PRC State Administration for Industry and Commerce (2016 Revision), effective as of April 29, 2016, the effectiveness of the pledges will be denied if the pledges are not registered with the PRC State Administration for Industry and Commerce, or SAIC, which was integrated into the State Administration for Market Regulation, or the SAMR. Our equity pledges have been duly registered with the relevant local branches of SAMR. Under the equity pledge agreements between our subsidiaries and the shareholders of our consolidated affiliated Chinese entities, the shareholders of our consolidated affiliated Chinese entities pledged their respective equity interests in these entities to our subsidiaries. The effectiveness of the pledges upon registration will be recognized by PRC courts if disputes arise on certain pledged equity interests and that our subsidiaries’ interests as pledgees will prevail over those of third parties.

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Furthermore, we were aware that a China-based U.S.-listed company announced in 2012 that it was subject to SEC’s investigation, which it believed was related to the consolidation of its consolidated affiliated Chinese entities. Following the announcement, that issuer’s stock price declined significantly. Although we are not aware of any actual or threatened investigation, inquiry or other action by SEC, Nasdaq or any other regulatory authority with respect to consolidation of our consolidated affiliated Chinese entities, we cannot assure you that we will not be subject to any such investigation or inquiry in the future. In the event we are subject to any regulatory investigation or inquiry relating to our consolidated affiliated Chinese entities, including the consolidation of such entities into our financial statements, or any other matters, we may need to spend significant amount of time and expenses in connection with the investigation or inquiry, our reputation may be harmed regardless of the outcome, and the trading price of our ADS may materially decline or fluctuate.

If our consolidated affiliated Chinese entities violate our contractual arrangements with them, our business could be disrupted, our reputation may be harmed and we may have to resort to litigation to enforce our rights, which may be time-consuming and expensive.

As the PRC government restricts foreign ownership of value-added telecommunications and travel agency businesses in China, we depend on our consolidated affiliated Chinese entities, in which we have no ownership interest, to conduct part of our business activities through a series of contractual arrangements, which are intended to provide us with effective control over these entities and allow us to obtain economic benefits from them. Although we have been advised by our PRC counsel, Commerce & Finance Law Offices, that the contractual arrangements as described in this annual report are valid, binding and enforceable under current PRC laws, these arrangements are not as effective in providing control as direct ownership of these businesses. For example, our consolidated affiliated Chinese entities could violate our contractual arrangements with them by, among other things, failing to operate our packaged-tour business in an acceptable manner or pay us for our consulting or other services. In any such event, we would have to rely on the PRC legal system for the enforcement of those agreements, which could have uncertain results. Any legal proceeding could result in the disruption of our business, damage to our reputation, diversion of our resources and incurrence of substantial costs. See “Item 3.D. Key Information — Risk Factors — Risks Relating to Doing Business in China — Uncertainties with respect to the PRC legal system could adversely affect us.”

The principal shareholders of our consolidated affiliated Chinese entities have potential conflict of interest with us, which may adversely affect our business.

Some of our directors and officers were also the principal shareholders of our consolidated affiliated Chinese entities as of the date of this annual report. Thus, conflict of interest between their duties to our company and their interests in our consolidated affiliated Chinese entities may arise. We cannot assure you that when conflict of interest arises, these persons will act entirely in our interests or that the conflict of interest will be resolved in our favor. In addition, these persons could violate their non-competition or employment agreements with us or their legal duties by diverting business opportunities from us to others, resulting in our loss of corporate opportunities. In any such event, we would have to rely on the PRC legal system for the enforcement of these agreements, which could have uncertain results. Any legal proceeding could result in the disruption of our business, diversion of our resources and incurrence of substantial costs. See “Item 3.D. Key Information — Risk Factors — Risks Relating to Doing Business in China — Uncertainties with respect to the PRC legal system could adversely affect us.”

Our business may be significantly affected by the new PRC Foreign Investment Law.

The new PRC Foreign Investment Law was approved by the PRC National People’s Congress on March 15, 2019 and became effective from January 1, 2020. The new PRC Foreign Investment Law has repealed the PRC Wholly Foreign-owned Enterprise Law, the PRC Sino-foreign Equity Joint Venture Law, and the PRC Sino-foreign Cooperative Joint Venture Law. Therefore, establishment and operation of companies in China, including FIEs, will generally follow the PRC Company Law unless specifically provided for in the new PRC Foreign Investment Law, in which case the provisions of the new PRC Foreign Investment Law will prevail. In December 2019, the Implementing Regulation of the Foreign Investment Law was promulgated by the PRC State Council and became effective from January 1, 2020.

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The new PRC Foreign Investment Law does not touch upon the relevant concepts and regulatory regimes that were historically suggested for the regulation of VIE structures, and thus this regulatory topic remains unclear thereunder. Since the PRC Foreign Investment Law is new, there are substantial uncertainties exist with respect to its implementation and interpretation and it is also possible that the VIE entities will be deemed as FIEs and be subject to restrictions in the future. Such restrictions may cause interruptions to our operations and may incur additional compliance cost, which may in turn materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Our contractual arrangements with our consolidated affiliated Chinese entities may result in adverse tax consequences to us.

As a result of our corporate structure and the contractual arrangements between us and our consolidated affiliated Chinese entities, we are effectively subject to the 6% PRC value-added tax, or VAT, on both revenues generated by our consolidated affiliated Chinese entities’ operations in China and revenues derived from our contractual arrangements with our consolidated affiliated Chinese entities. We might be subject to adverse tax consequences if the PRC tax authorities were to determine that the contracts between us and our consolidated affiliated Chinese entities were not made on an arm’s-length basis and therefore constitute favorable transfer pricing arrangements. If this occurs, the PRC tax authorities could request that our consolidated affiliated Chinese entities adjust their taxable income upward for PRC tax purposes. Such an adjustment could adversely affect us by increasing our consolidated affiliated Chinese entities’ tax expenses without reducing our tax expenses, which could subject our consolidated affiliated Chinese entities to late payment fees and other penalties for underpayment of taxes, and/or result in the loss of the tax benefits available to our subsidiaries in China. The EIT Law requires every enterprise in China to submit its annual enterprise income tax return together with a report on transactions with its affiliates to the relevant tax authorities. The tax authorities may impose reasonable adjustments on taxation if they have identified any related party transactions that are inconsistent with arm’s-length principles. As a result, our contractual arrangements with our consolidated affiliated Chinese entities may result in adverse tax consequences to us.

Our subsidiaries and consolidated affiliated Chinese entities in China are subject to restrictions on paying dividends or making other payments to us, which may restrict our ability to satisfy our liquidity requirements.

We are a holding company incorporated in the Cayman Islands. We rely on dividends from our subsidiaries in China and consulting and other fees paid to us by our consolidated affiliated Chinese entities. Under PRC laws and regulations, our subsidiaries and consolidated affiliated Chinese entities in China are required to set aside at least 10% of their respective after-tax profit each year, if any, to statutory reserve funds unless these reserve funds have reached 50% of the subsidiaries and consolidated affiliated Chinese entities’ registered capital. These reserves are not distributable as cash dividends and dividends cannot be distributed until any losses from prior fiscal years have been offset. Furthermore, if our subsidiaries and consolidated affiliated Chinese entities in China incur debt on their own behalf in the future, the instruments governing the debt may restrict their ability to pay dividends or make other payments to us, which may restrict our ability to satisfy our liquidity requirements.

Pursuant to the EIT Law, its implementing rules and a circular of Taxation on Several Preferential Policies on Enterprise Income Tax issued by the PRC Ministry of Finance, or MOF, and SAT, in February 2008, the dividends declared out of the profits earned after January 1, 2008 by an FIE to its immediate offshore holding company are subject to a 10% withholding tax unless such offshore holding company’s jurisdiction of incorporation has a tax treaty with China that provides for a different withholding arrangement, and certain supplementary requirements and procedures stipulated by SAT for such tax treaty are met and observed. Our subsidiaries in China are considered FIEs and are directly or indirectly held by our subsidiaries in Hong Kong. According to the currently effective tax treaty between China and Hong Kong, dividends payable by an FIE in China to a company in Hong Kong that directly holds at least 25% of the equity interests in the FIE will be subject to a withholding tax of 5%. In February 2009, SAT issued SAT Notice No. 81, pursuant to which an enterprise must be the “beneficial owner” of the relevant dividend income in order to enjoy the preferential withholding tax rates on dividend. If, however, such enterprise otherwise qualifies for such preferential withholding tax rates through any transaction or arrangement, whose main purpose is to qualify for such preferential withholding tax rates, the enterprise nevertheless cannot enjoy the preferential withholding tax rates and the competent tax authority has the power to adjust the applicable withholding tax rates if it so determines. In October 2009, SAT issued SAT Notice No. 601 to provide guidance on the criteria for determining whether an enterprise qualifies as the “beneficial owner” of the PRC sourced income for the purpose of obtaining preferential treatment under tax treaties. SAT Notice No. 601 was abolished by a SAT Notice No. 9 that took effect in April 2018, which indicated that “beneficial owner” refers to a person who has ownership and disposal rights to the income or any rights and assets arising from such income, and the tax authority has discretion to determine whether or not an enterprise is determined as a “beneficial owner.” However, since the SAT Notice No. 9 is newly issued, it remains unclear how the PRC tax authorities will implement SAT Notice No. 9 in practice and to what extent they will affect the dividend withholding tax rates for dividends distributed by our PRC subsidiaries to our Hong Kong subsidiary. If the relevant tax authority determines that our Hong Kong subsidiary is a conduit company and does not qualify as the “beneficial owner” of the dividend income it receives from our PRC subsidiaries, the higher 10% withholding tax rate will apply to such dividends.

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Under the EIT Law, an enterprise established outside of China with its “de facto management body” within China is considered a PRC resident enterprise and will be subject to enterprise income tax at the rate of 25% on its worldwide income. The “de facto management body” is defined as the organizational body that effectively exercises overall management and control over production and business operations, personnel, finance and accounting, and properties of the enterprise. It remains unclear how the PRC tax authorities will interpret such a broad definition. If the PRC tax authorities determine that we should be classified as a PRC resident enterprise for PRC tax purposes, our global income will be subject to income tax at a uniform rate of 25%, which may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. Notwithstanding the foregoing provision, the EIT Law also provides that, if a PRC resident enterprise directly invests in another PRC resident enterprise, the dividends received by the investing PRC resident enterprise from the invested PRC resident enterprise are exempted from income tax, subject to certain conditions. However, it remains unclear how the PRC tax authorities will interpret the PRC tax resident treatment of an offshore company with indirect ownership interests in PRC resident enterprises through intermediary holding companies.

Moreover, under the EIT Law, foreign ADS holders that are non-PRC resident enterprises may be subject to a 10% withholding tax upon dividends payable by a PRC entity that is considered as a PRC resident enterprise and gains realized on the sale or other disposition of ADSs or ordinary shares, if such income is considered as income derived from within China. Any such tax would reduce the returns on your investment in our ADSs.

If we exercise the option to acquire equity ownership in our consolidated affiliated Chinese entities, such ownership transfer requires approval from or filings with PRC governmental authorities and subject to taxation, which may result in substantial costs to us.

Pursuant to the relevant contractual arrangements, both of our PRC subsidiaries, Ctrip Travel Information and Ctrip Travel Network (or their respective designees), have their respective exclusive rights to purchase all or any part of the equity interests in the applicable consolidated affiliated Chinese entities of ours from the respective shareholders of these consolidated affiliated Chinese entities for a price that is the higher of (i) the amount of capital contribution to such consolidated affiliated Chinese entities, or the consideration paid in exchange for the equity interests in such consolidated affiliated Chinese entities, or (ii) another minimum price as permitted by the then applicable PRC laws. Such equity transfers may be subject to approvals from, or filings with, relevant PRC authorities. In addition, the relevant equity transfer prices may be subject to review and adjustment for tax determination by the relevant tax authorities. Moreover, the shareholders of our consolidated affiliated Chinese entities, under the circumstances of such equity transfers, will be subject to PRC individual income tax on the difference between the equity transfer prices and the then current registered capital of the relevant consolidated affiliated Chinese entities. The shareholders of such consolidated affiliated Chinese entities will pay, after deducting such taxes, the remaining amount to Ctrip Travel Information or Ctrip Travel Network, as appropriate, under the applicable contractual arrangements. The amount to be received by Ctrip Travel Information and Ctrip Travel Network may also be subject to enterprise income tax. Any of the aforementioned tax amounts could be substantial. Similar risk is faced by Qunar Software.

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We face uncertainty with respect to indirect transfer of equity interests in PRC resident enterprises by their non-PRC holding companies.

We face uncertainties regarding the reporting on and consequences of previous private equity financing transactions involving the transfer and exchange of shares in our company by non-PRC resident investors. According to the Notice on Strengthening Administration of Enterprise Income Tax for Share Transfers by Non-PRC Resident Enterprises issued by SAT on December 10, 2009, or SAT Circular 698, where a non-PRC resident enterprise transfers the equity interests in a PRC resident enterprise indirectly through a disposition of equity interests in an offshore holding company (other than a purchase and sale of shares issued by a PRC resident enterprise in public securities market), or an Indirect Transfer, the non-PRC resident enterprise, as the seller, may be subject to PRC enterprise income tax of up to 10% of the gains derived from the Indirect Transfer in certain circumstances.

On February 3, 2015, SAT issued Announcement on Several Issues Concerning the Enterprise Income Tax on Indirect Property Transfers by Non-RPC Resident Enterprises, or SAT Notice No. 7, to supersede the existing tax rules in relation to the tax treatment of the Indirect Transfer, while the other provisions of SAT Circular 698 irrelevant to the Indirect Transfer remain in force. SAT Notice No. 7 introduces a new tax regime that is significantly different from that under a notice issued by SAT Circular 698. It extends SAT’s tax jurisdiction to capture not only the Indirect Transfer as set forth under SAT Circular 698 but also transactions involving indirect transfer of (i) real properties in China and (ii) assets of an “establishment or place” situated in China, by a non-PRC resident enterprise through a disposition of equity interests in an offshore holding company. SAT Notice No. 7 also extends the interpretation with respect to the disposition of equity interests in an offshore holding company broadly. In addition, SAT Notice No. 7 further clarifies how to assess reasonable commercial purposes and introduces safe harbors applicable to internal group restructurings. However, it also brings challenges to both offshore transferor and transferee as they are required to make self-assessment on whether an Indirect Transfer or similar transaction should be subject to PRC tax and whether they should file or withhold any tax payment accordingly. On October 17, 2017, the SAT issued a Notice Concerning Withholding Income Tax of Non-Resident Enterprise, or SAT Notice No. 37, which abolishes SAT Circular 698 and certain provision of SAT Notice 7. SAT Notice No. 37 further reduces the burden of withholding obligator, such as revocation of contract filing requirements and tax liquidation procedures, strengthens the cooperation of tax authorities in different places, and clarifies the calculation of tax payable and mechanism of foreign exchange.

There is uncertainty as to the application of SAT Notice No. 7 and SAT Notice No. 37. In the event that non-PRC resident investors were involved in our private equity financing transactions and such transactions were determined by the competent tax authorities as lack of reasonable commercial purposes, we and our non-PRC resident investors may become at risk of being taxed under and SAT Notice No. 7 and SAT Notice No. 37 and may be required to expend costly resources to comply with and SAT Notice No. 7 and SAT Notice No. 37, or to establish a case to be tax exempt under SAT Notice No. 7 and SAT Notice No. 37, which may cause us to incur additional costs and may have a negative impact on the value of your investment in us.

The PRC tax authorities have discretion under SAT Notice No. 7 and SAT Notice No. 37 to adjust the taxable capital gains based on the difference between the fair value of the transferred equity interests and the investment cost. We may pursue acquisitions in the future that may involve complex corporate structures. If we are deemed as a non-PRC resident enterprise under the EIT Law and if the PRC tax authorities adjust the taxable income of the transactions under SAT Notice No. 7 and SAT Notice No. 37, our income tax expenses associated with such potential acquisitions will increase, which may have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

Risks Relating to Doing Business in China

Adverse changes in economic and political policies of the PRC government could have a material adverse effect on the overall economic growth of China, which could adversely affect our business.

The majority of our business operations are conducted in mainland China. Accordingly, our results of operations, financial condition and prospects are subject to a significant degree to economic, political and legal developments in China. The Chinese economy differs from the economies of most developed countries in many respects, including with respect to the amount of government involvement, level of development, growth rate, control of foreign exchange and allocation of resources. While the Chinese economy has experienced significant growth in the past decades, that growth may not continue, as evidenced by the slowing of the growth of the Chinese economy since 2012. Any adverse changes in economic conditions in China, in the policies of the PRC government or in the laws and regulations in China could have a material adverse effect on the overall economic growth of China. Such developments could adversely affect our business and operating results, lead to reduction in demand for our services and adversely affect our competitive position. The PRC government has implemented various measures to encourage economic development and guide the allocation of resources. Some of these measures benefit the overall Chinese economy, but may also have a negative effect on us. For example, our financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected by government control over capital investments or changes in tax regulations that are applicable to us. In addition, future measures to control the pace of economic growth may cause a decrease in the level of economic activity in China, which in turn could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

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Inflation in China may disrupt our business and have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

The Chinese economy has experienced rapid expansion together with rising rates of inflation. Inflation may erode disposable incomes and consumer spending, which may have an adverse effect on the Chinese economy and lead to a reduction in business and leisure travel as the travel industry is highly sensitive to business and personal discretionary spending levels. This in turn could adversely impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Future movements in exchange rates between U.S. dollars and Renminbi may adversely affect the value of our ADSs.

The conversion of Renminbi into foreign currencies, including U.S. dollars, is based on rates set by the People’s Bank of China. Renminbi has fluctuated against U.S. dollars, at times significantly and unpredictably. The value of Renminbi against U.S. dollars and other currencies is affected by changes in China’s political and economic conditions and by China’s foreign exchange policies, among other things. We cannot assure you that Renminbi will not appreciate or depreciate significantly in value against U.S. dollars in the future. It is difficult to predict how market forces or PRC or U.S. government policy may impact the exchange rate between Renminbi and U.S. dollars in the future.

The majority of our revenues and costs are denominated in Renminbi, while a portion of our financial assets and our dividend payments are denominated in U.S. dollars. Very limited hedging options are available in China to reduce our exposure to exchange rate fluctuations. To date, we have used forward contracts and currency borrowings to help hedge our exposure to foreign currency risk. Any significant revaluation of Renminbi or U.S. dollars may adversely affect our cash flows, earnings and financial position, and the value of, and any dividends payable on, our ADSs. For example, an appreciation of Renminbi against U.S. dollars would make any new Renminbi-denominated investments or expenditures more costly to us, to the extent that we need to convert U.S. dollars into Renminbi for such purposes. An appreciation of Renminbi against U.S. dollars would also result in foreign currency translation losses for financial reporting purposes when we translate our U.S. dollar-denominated financial assets into Renminbi, our reporting currency. Conversely, if we decide to convert Renminbi into U.S. dollars for the purpose of making payments for dividends on our ordinary shares or ADSs or for other business purposes, appreciation of U.S. dollars against Renminbi would have a negative effect on the U.S. dollar amount available to us.

Restrictions on currency exchange may limit our ability to receive and use our revenues effectively.

Because the majority of our revenues are denominated in Renminbi, any restrictions on currency exchange may limit our ability to use Renminbi-denominated revenues to fund our business activities outside China or to make dividend payments in U.S. dollars. The principal PRC regulation governing foreign currency exchange is the Regulations on Administration of Foreign Exchange, as amended, or the Forex Regulations. Under the Forex Regulations, Renminbi is freely convertible for trade- and service-related foreign exchange transactions, but not for direct investment, loan or investment in securities outside China unless prior approval of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange, or SAFE, is obtained. Although the PRC regulations now allow greater convertibility of Renminbi for current account transactions, significant restrictions remain. For example, foreign exchange transactions under our subsidiaries’ capital account, including principal payments in respect of foreign currency-denominated obligations, remain subject to significant foreign exchange controls and the approval of SAFE. These limitations could affect our ability to obtain foreign exchange for capital expenditures. We cannot be certain that the PRC regulatory authorities will not impose more stringent restrictions on the convertibility of Renminbi, especially with respect to foreign exchange transactions.

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PRC regulations relating to the establishment of offshore special purpose vehicles by PRC residents and the grant of employee stock options by overseas-listed companies may subject our PRC resident shareholders to personal liability and limit our ability to inject capital into our PRC subsidiaries, limit our subsidiaries’ ability to distribute profits to us, or otherwise adversely affect us.

SAFE issued a public notice, or SAFE Circular 75, in October 2005 requiring PRC residents to register with the local SAFE branches before establishing or controlling any company outside of China for the purpose of capital financing with assets or equity interests in any onshore enterprise located in China, referred to in the notice as a “special purpose vehicle.” On July 4, 2014, SAFE issued the SAFE’s Notice on Relevant Issues Concerning Foreign Exchange Administration for PRC Residents to Engage in Outbound Investment and Financing and Inbound Investment via Special Purpose Vehicles, or SAFE Circular 37, which has superseded SAFE Circular 75. Under SAFE Circular 75, SAFE Circular 37 and other relevant foreign exchange regulations, PRC residents who make, or have previously made, prior to the implementation of these foreign exchange regulations, direct or indirect investments in offshore companies will be required to register those investments. In addition, any PRC resident who is a direct or indirect shareholder of an offshore company is also required to file or update the registration with the local branches of SAFE, with respect to that offshore company for any material change involving its round-trip investment, capital variation, such as an increase or decrease in capital, transfer or swap of shares, merger, division, long-term equity or debt investment or the creation of any security interest. If any PRC shareholder fails to make the required registration or update the previously filed registration, the PRC subsidiary of that offshore parent company may be prohibited from distributing their profits and the proceeds from any reduction in capital, share transfer or liquidation to their offshore parent company, and the offshore parent company may also be prohibited from injecting additional capital into its PRC subsidiary. Moreover, failure to comply with the various foreign exchange registration requirements described above could result in liability under PRC laws for evasion of applicable foreign exchange restrictions.

We have notified holders of our ordinary shares who we know are PRC residents to register with the local SAFE branches as required under the applicable foreign exchange regulations. The failure or inability of our PRC resident shareholders to comply with the registration procedures set forth therein may subject them to fines and legal sanctions and may also limit our ability to contribute additional capital into our PRC subsidiaries, limit our PRC subsidiaries’ ability to distribute profits to our company or otherwise adversely affect our business.

On February 15, 2012, SAFE promulgated the Circular on Relevant Issues Concerning Foreign Exchange Administration for Domestic Individuals Participating in an Employees Share Incentive Plan of an Overseas-Listed Company (replacing the prior circular in 2007, Application Procedure of Foreign Exchange Administration for Domestic Individuals Participating in an Employee Stock Holding Plan or Stock Option Plan of an Overseas-Listed Company), or the Share Incentive Rules. Under the Share Incentive Rules, PRC resident individuals who participate in a share incentive plan of an overseas publicly listed company are required to register with SAFE and complete certain other procedures. All such participants need to retain a PRC agent through PRC subsidiaries to register with SAFE and handle foreign exchange matters such as opening accounts, transferring and settlement of the relevant proceeds. The Share Incentive Rules further require an offshore agent to be designated to handle matters in connection with the exercise of share options and sale of proceeds for the participants of share incentive plans. We and our PRC employees who have been granted stock options are subject to the Share Incentive Rules. If we or our PRC optionees fail to comply with these regulations, we or our PRC optionees may be subject to fines and legal sanctions.

Uncertainties with respect to the PRC legal system could adversely affect us.

We conduct our business primarily through our wholly-owned subsidiaries incorporated in China. Our subsidiaries are generally subject to laws and regulations applicable to foreign investment in China and, in particular, laws applicable to wholly foreign-owned enterprises, or WFOEs. In addition, we depend on several consolidated affiliated Chinese entities in China to honor their service agreements with us. Almost all of these agreements are governed by PRC law and disputes arising out of these agreements are expected to be decided by arbitration in China. The PRC legal system is based on written statutes. Prior court decisions may be cited for reference but have limited precedential value. Since 1979, PRC legislation and regulations have significantly enhanced the foreign investments in China. However, since the PRC legal system is still evolving, the interpretations of many laws, regulations and rules are not always uniform and enforcement of these laws, regulations and rules involve uncertainties, which may limit remedies available to us. In addition, any litigation in China may be protracted and result in substantial costs and diversion of resources and management attention. If we and our consolidated affiliated Chinese entities are found to be in violation of any existing or future PRC laws or regulations, or fail to obtain or maintain any of the required permits or approvals, the relevant PRC regulatory authorities would have broad discretion in dealing with such violations, including restructuring. See “Item 3.D. Key Information — Risk Factors — Risks Relating to Our Corporate Structure — PRC laws and regulations restrict foreign investment in the air-ticketing, travel agency and value-added telecommunications businesses, and substantial uncertainties exist with respect to the application and implementation of PRC laws and regulations.” and “Item 3.D. Key Information — Risk Factors — Risks Relating to Our Corporate Structure — Our business may be significantly affected by the New Foreign Investment Law.”

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Implementation of laws and regulations relating to data privacy in China could adversely affect our business.

Certain data and services collected, provided or used by us or provided to and used by us or our users are currently subject to regulations in certain jurisdictions, including China. The PRC Constitution states that PRC laws protect the freedom and privacy of communications of citizens and prohibit infringement of such basic rights, and the PRC Contract Law prohibits contracting parties from disclosing or misusing the trade secrets of the other party. Further, companies or their employees who illegally trade or disclose customer data may face criminal charges. Although the definition and scope of “privacy” and “trade secret” remain relatively ambiguous under PRC law, growing concerns about individual privacy and the collection, distribution and use of information about individuals have led to national and local regulations that could increase our expenses.

In December 2012, the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress enacted the Decision to Enhance the Protection of Network Information, or the Information Protection Decision, to further enhance the protection of users’ personal information in electronic form. The Information Protection Decision provides that internet information service providers must expressly inform their users of the purpose, manner and scope of the collection and use of users’ personal information by internet information service providers, publish the internet information service providers’ standards for their collection and use of users’ personal information, and collect and use users’ personal information only with the consent of the users and only within the scope of such consent. The Information Protection Decision also mandates that internet information service providers and their employees keep users’ personal information that they collect strictly confidential, and that they must take such technical and other measures as are necessary to safeguard the information against disclosure, damages and loss. Pursuant to the Order for the Protection of Telecommunication and internet User Personal Information issued in July 2013 by the PRC Ministry of Industry and Information Technology (formerly known as the Ministry of Information Industry), or MIIT, any collection and use of users’ personal information must be subject to the consent of the users, abide by the principles of legality, rationality and necessity and be within the specified purposes, methods and scopes. Compliance with current regulations and regulations that may come into effect in these areas may increase our expenses related to regulatory compliance, which could have an adverse effect on our financial condition and operating results.

PRC regulation of loans and direct investment by offshore holding companies to PRC entities may delay or prevent us from using the proceeds from the offerings of any securities to make loans or additional capital contributions to our PRC operating subsidiaries.

In September 2012, we completed an offering of US$180 million in aggregate principal amount of convertible senior notes due 2017, or the 2017 Notes. In October 2013, we completed another offering of US$800 million in aggregate principal amount of 1.25% convertible senior notes due 2018, or the 2018 Notes. In June 2015, we completed an offering of US$700 million in aggregate principal amount of 1.00% convertible senior notes due 2020, or the 2020 Notes, and US$400 million in aggregate principal amount of 1.99% convertible senior notes due 2025, or the 2025 Notes. In September 2016, we concurrently completed an offering of 32,775,000 ADSs at US$45.96 per ADS (taking into account of the fully exercised over-allotment option) and an offering of US$975 million in aggregate principal amount of 1.25% convertible senior notes due 2022 (taking into account of the fully exercised over-allotment option), or the 2022 Notes. In August 2014, May 2015, December 2015 and September 2016, we issued US$500 million in aggregate principal amount of 1.00% convertible notes due 2019, or the 2019 Booking Notes, US$250 million in aggregate principal amount of 1.00% convertible notes due 2020, or the 2020 Booking Notes, US$500 million in aggregate principal amount of 2.00% convertible notes due 2025, or the 2025 Booking Notes, and US$25 million in aggregate principal amount of 1.25% convertible notes due 2022, or the 2022 Booking Notes, respectively, to a subsidiary of Booking Holdings Inc. (formerly known as The Priceline Group Inc.), or Booking. In December 2015, we issued US$500 million in aggregate principal amount of 2.00% convertible notes due 2025, or the 2025 Hillhouse Notes, to Gaoling Fund, L.P. and YHG Investment, L.P., or collectively Hillhouse, in addition to the aforementioned issuance to Booking. In September 2016, we closed private placements of our ordinary shares with the respective subsidiaries of Baidu and Booking at an aggregate amount of US$100 million and US$25 million, respectively. As an offshore holding company, our ability to make loans or additional capital contributions to our PRC operating subsidiaries is subject to PRC regulations and approvals and there are restrictions for us to make loans to our consolidated affiliated Chinese entities. These regulations and approvals may delay or prevent us from using the proceeds we received in the past or will receive in the future from the offerings of securities to make loans or additional capital contributions to our PRC operating subsidiaries and our consolidated affiliated Chinese entities, and impair our ability to fund and expand our business which may adversely affect our business, financial condition and result of operations.

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For example, on March 3, 2015, SAFE promulgated a Circular on the Reforming of Administrative Methods Regarding the Foreign Exchange Capital Settlement of Foreign-Invested Companies, or SAFE Circular 19, which became effective on June 1, 2015 and replaced SAFE Circular 142. Previously, pursuant to SAFE Circular 142, the registered capital of an FIE settled in Renminbi converted from foreign currencies may only be used within the business scope approved by the applicable government authority and may not be used for equity investments in China, and the FIE may not change how it uses such capital without SAFE’s approval, and may not in any case use such capital to repay Renminbi loans if they have not used the proceeds of such loans. Although SAFE Circular 19 restates certain restrictions on the use of investment capital denominated in foreign currency by FIEs, it specifies that the registered capital of an FIE whose main business is investment, denominated in foreign currency, can be converted into Renminbi at the discretion of such FIE and can be used for equity investment in China subject to the invested company’s filing of a reinvestment registration with the relevant local SAFE. On June 9, 2016, SAFE issued the Circular on Reforming and Regulating the Administrative Policy of the Settlement under Capital Accounts, or SAFE Circular 16, which became effective on the same date. Although SAFE Circular 16 further extends the reform to cover foreign currency income under capital account, including capital, foreign debt and proceeds from offshore offering and listing, an FIE’s foreign currency income and such income settled in Renminbi under the capital account cannot be used directly and indirectly for any purposes out of the FIE’s business scope or in areas prohibited by laws and regulations. According to the Circular on Further Promoting the Facilitation of Cross-Border Trade and Investment promulgated by SAFE on October 23, 2019, or SAFE Circular 28, non-investment FIEs are allowed to use their capital for equity investment in China provided that such investment is not in violation of the Special Administrative Measures (Negative List) for Foreign Investment Access and the purposes of such investment is truthful and compliant with relevant laws and regulations. However, the interpretation and enforcement of SAFE Circular 19, SAFE Circular 16, and SAFE Circular 28 remained to be subject to uncertainty.

In light of the various requirements imposed by PRC regulations on loans to and direct investment in PRC entities by offshore holding companies, we cannot assure you that we will be able to complete the necessary government registrations or obtain the necessary government approvals on a timely basis, if at all, with respect to future loans by us to our PRC subsidiaries or with respect to future capital contributions by us to our PRC subsidiaries. If we fail to complete such registrations or obtain such approvals, our ability to use the proceeds we received from our various offerings and to capitalize or otherwise fund our PRC operations may be negatively affected, which could materially and adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business.

We have attempted to comply with the PRC regulations regarding licensing requirements by entering into a series of agreements with our consolidated affiliated Chinese entities. If the PRC laws and regulations change, our business in China may be adversely affected.

To comply with the PRC regulations regarding licensing requirements, we have entered into a series of agreements with our consolidated affiliated Chinese entities to maintain our operational control over them and secure consulting fees and other payments from them. Although we have been advised by our PRC counsel, Commerce & Finance Law Offices, that our contractual arrangements with our consolidated affiliated Chinese entities, as described in this annual report, are valid under current PRC laws and regulations, as there is substantial uncertainty regarding the interpretation and application of PRC laws and regulations, we cannot assure you that the PRC government would agree with our counsel’s position or that we will not be required to restructure our organizational structure and operations in China to comply with changing and new PRC laws and regulations. Restructuring of our operations may result in disruption of our business, diversion of management attention and the incurrence of substantial costs. See “Item 3.D. Key Information — Risk Factors — Risks Relating to Our Corporate Structure — Our business may be significantly affected by the new PRC Foreign Investment Law.”

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The continued growth of the Chinese internet market depends on the development of telecommunications infrastructure.

Although private sector internet service providers currently exist in China, almost all access to the internet is maintained through state-owned telecommunication operations under MIIT’s administrative control and regulatory supervision. In addition, the national networks in China connect to the internet through government-controlled international gateways. These international gateways are the only channels through which a domestic PRC user can connect to the international internet network. We rely on this infrastructure, primarily China Telecom and China Unicom, to provide data communications capacity. Although the PRC government has announced plans to aggressively develop the national information infrastructure, we cannot assure you that this infrastructure will be developed, or that it will be sufficiently upgraded to meet the specifications of the existing or future technological advancement, such as 5G internet. In addition, we will have no access to alternative networks and services, on a timely basis if at all, in the event of any infrastructure disruption or failure. The internet infrastructure in China may not support the demands associated with continued growth in internet usage.

In addition, we have no control over the costs of the services provided by telecommunication service providers. If the prices we pay for telecommunications and internet services rise significantly, our results of operations may be materially and adversely affected. Furthermore, if internet access fees or other charges to internet users increase, some users may be prevented from accessing the mobile internet and thus cause the growth of mobile internet users to decelerate. Such deceleration may adversely affect our ability to continue to expand our user base and maintain our user experience.

Our auditor, like other independent registered public accounting firms operating in China, is not permitted to be subject to inspection by Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, and as such, investors may be deprived of the benefits of such inspection.

Our independent registered public accounting firm that issues the audit reports included in our annual reports filed with the SEC, as an auditor of companies that are traded publicly in the United States and a firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), or PCAOB, is required by the laws of the United States to undergo regular inspections by PCAOB to assess its compliance with the applicable professional standards. Because our auditor is located in China, a jurisdiction where PCAOB is currently unable to conduct inspections without the approval of the PRC authorities, our auditor, like other independent registered public accounting firms operating in China, is currently not inspected by PCAOB. On December 7, 2018, SEC and PCAOB issued a joint statement highlighting continued challenges faced by the U.S. regulators in their oversight of financial statement audits of U.S.-listed companies with significant operations in China. The joint statement reflects a heightened interest in an issue that has vexed U.S. regulators in recent years. However, it remains unclear what further actions SEC and PCAOB will take to address the problem.

Inspections of other firms that PCAOB has conducted outside of China have identified deficiencies in those firms’ audit procedures and quality control procedures, which may be addressed as part of the inspection process to improve future audit quality. This lack of PCAOB inspections in China prevents the PCAOB from fully evaluating audits and quality control procedures of our independent registered public accounting firm. As a result, investors in the ADSs are deprived of the benefits of such PCAOB inspections. The inability of the PCAOB to conduct inspections of auditors in China makes it more difficult to evaluate the effectiveness of our independent registered public accounting firm’s audit procedures or quality control procedures as compared to auditors outside of China that are subject to PCAOB inspections, which could cause investors and potential investors in our stock to lose confidence in our audit procedures and reported financial information and the quality of our financial statements.

As part of a continued regulatory focus in the United States on access to audit and other information currently protected by national law, in particular China’s, in June 2019, a bipartisan group of lawmakers introduced bills in both houses of the U.S. Congress, which if passed, would require the SEC to maintain a list of issuers for which PCAOB is not able to inspect or investigate an auditor report issued by a foreign public accounting firm. The proposed Ensuring Quality Information and Transparency for Abroad-Based Listings on our Exchanges (EQUITABLE) Act prescribes increased disclosure requirements for these issuers and, beginning in 2025, the delisting from U.S. national securities exchanges of issuers included on the SEC’s list for three consecutive years. Enactment of this legislation or other efforts to increase U.S. regulatory access to audit information could cause investor uncertainty for affected issuers, including us, and the market price of our ADSs could be adversely affected. It is unclear if this proposed legislation would be enacted. Furthermore, there has been recent media reports on deliberations within the U.S. government regarding potentially limiting or restricting China-based companies from accessing U.S. capital markets. If any such deliberations were to materialize, the resulting legislation may have material and adverse impact on the stock performance of China-based issuers listed in the United States.

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Proceedings instituted by SEC against the PRC affiliates of the Big Four accounting firms, including our independent registered public accounting firm, could result in our financial statements being determined to not be in compliance with the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.

Starting in 2011, the PRC affiliates of the Big Four accounting firms, including our independent registered public accounting firm, were affected by a conflict between U.S. and PRC law. Specifically, for certain U.S.-listed companies operating and audited in mainland China, the SEC and the PCAOB sought to obtain from the PRC firms access to their audit work paper and other related documents. The firms were, however, advised and directed that under PRC law, they could not respond directly to the U.S. regulators on those requests, and that requests by foreign regulators for access to such papers in China had to be channeled through China Securities Regulatory Commission, or CSRC.

In December 2012, SEC brought administrative proceedings against the Big Four accounting firms, including our independent registered public accounting firm in China, alleging that they had refused to produce audit work papers and other documents related to certain other China-based companies under SEC’s investigation for potential accounting fraud. On January 22, 2014, an initial administrative law decision, or Initial Decision, was issued, censuring these accounting firms and suspending four of the five firms from practicing before SEC for a period of six months. The accounting firms filed a Petition for Review of the Initial Decision to SEC. On February 6, 2015, the Big Four China-based accounting firms each agreed to a censure and to pay a fine to SEC to settle the dispute and avoid suspension of their ability to practice before SEC and audit U.S.-listed companies. The settlement required the firms to follow detailed procedures and to seek to provide SEC with access to PRC firms’ audit documents via the China Securities Regulatory Commission, or CSRC. If future document productions fail to meet specified criteria, during a period of four years starting from the settlement date, the SEC retained authority to impose a variety of additional remedial measures on the firms depending on the nature of the failure.

While we cannot predict if SEC will further review the four China-based accounting firms’ compliance with specified criteria or if the results of such a review would result in SEC imposing penalties such as suspensions or restarting the administrative proceedings, if the accounting firms are subject to additional remedial measures, our ability to file our financial statements in compliance with SEC requirements could be impacted. A determination that we have not timely filed financial statements in compliance with SEC requirements could ultimately lead to the delisting of our ADSs from Nasdaq or the termination of the registration of our ADSs under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, or both, which would substantially reduce or effectively terminate the trading of our ADSs in the United States.

Risks Relating to Our Ordinary Shares and ADSs

The future sales of a substantial number of ADSs in the public market could adversely affect the price of the ADSs.

In the future, we may sell additional ADSs to raise capital, and our existing shareholders could sell substantial amounts of the ADSs, including those issued upon the exercise of outstanding options, in the public market. We cannot predict the size of such future issuance or the effect, if any, that they may have on the market price of the ADSs. Any future sales of a substantial number of the ADSs in the public market, or the perception that such issuance and sale may occur, could adversely affect the price of the ADSs and impair our ability to raise capital through the sale of additional equity securities.

Provisions of our convertible notes could discourage an acquisition of us by a third party.

As of December 31, 2019, the aggregate principal amount of our outstanding convertible notes was US$2.4 billion. Certain provisions of our convertible notes could make it more difficult or more expensive for a third party to acquire us. The indentures for these convertible notes define a “fundamental change” to include, among other things: (i) any person or group gaining control of our company; (ii) our company merging with or into another company or disposing of substantially all of its assets; (iii) any recapitalization, reclassification or change of our ordinary shares or the ADSs as a result of which these securities would be converted into, or exchanged for, stock, other securities, other property or assets; (iv) the adoption of any plan relating to the dissolution or liquidation of our company; or (v) our ADSs ceasing to be listed on a major U.S. national securities exchange in certain circumstances, subject to certain exceptions where the applicable consideration comprises U.S.-listed common equity or ADSs. Upon the occurrence of a fundamental change, holders of these notes will have the right, at their option, to require us to repurchase all of their notes or any portion of the principal amount of such notes in integral multiples of US$1,000. In the event of a fundamental change, we may also be required to issue additional ADSs upon conversion of our convertible notes.

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As a company incorporated in the Cayman Islands, we are permitted to adopt certain home country practices in relation to corporate governance matters that differ significantly from the Nasdaq corporate governance listing standards; these practices may afford less protection to shareholders than they would enjoy if we complied fully with the Nasdaq corporate governance listing standards.

As a Cayman Islands company listed on the Nasdaq, we are subject to the Nasdaq corporate governance listing standards. However, Nasdaq rules permit a foreign private issuer like us to follow the corporate governance practices of its home country. Certain corporate governance practices in the Cayman Islands, which is our home country, may differ significantly from the Nasdaq corporate governance listing standards. As we have chosen, or may from time to time to choose, to follow home country practice exemptions with respect to certain corporate matters such as the requirement of majority independent directors on our board of directors, our shareholders may be afforded less protection than they otherwise would under the Nasdaq corporate governance listing standards applicable to U.S. domestic issuers. See “Item 16G. Corporate Governance.”

You may face difficulties in protecting your interests, and our ability to protect our rights through the U.S. federal courts may be limited, because we are incorporated under Cayman Islands law.

Our corporate affairs are governed by our memorandum and articles of association and by the Companies Law (2020 Revision) of the Cayman Islands, or the Companies Law, and the common law of the Cayman Islands. The rights of our shareholders and the fiduciary duties of our directors under Cayman Islands law are not as clearly established as they would be under statutes or judicial precedents in some jurisdictions in the United States. In particular, the Cayman Islands has a less developed body of securities laws as compared to the United States. Therefore, our public shareholders may have more difficulties in protecting their interests in the face of actions by our management, directors or controlling shareholders than would shareholders of a corporation incorporated in a jurisdiction in the United States.

Your ability to bring an action against us or against our directors and officers, or to enforce a judgment against us or them, may be limited because we are incorporated in the Cayman Islands, and because we conduct the majority of our operations in China and because the majority of our directors and officers reside outside of the United States.

We are incorporated in the Cayman Islands, and we conduct the majority of our operations in China through our wholly-owned subsidiaries and several consolidated affiliated Chinese entities in China. Most of our directors and officers reside outside of the United States and most of the assets of those persons are located outside of the United States. As a result, it may be difficult for you to bring an action in the United States upon these persons. It may also be difficult for you to enforce in United States courts judgments obtained in United States courts based on the civil liability provisions of the United States federal securities laws against us and our officers and directors, most of whom are not residents in the United States and the substantial majority of whose assets are located outside of the United States. Even if you are successful in bringing an action of this kind, the laws of the Cayman Islands or China may render you unable to enforce a judgment against our assets or the assets of our directors and officers.

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The voting rights of holders of ADSs are limited by the terms of the deposit agreement, and you may not be able to exercise your right to direct how the ordinary shares represented by your ADSs are voted.

As a holder of ADSs, you will not have any right to attend general meetings of our shareholders or to cast any votes directly at such meetings. You will only be able to exercise the voting rights that attach to the underlying ordinary shares represented by your ADSs indirectly by giving voting instructions to the depositary in accordance with the provisions of the deposit agreement. Under the deposit agreement, you may vote only by giving voting instructions to the depositary, as the registered holder of the underlying ordinary shares which are represented by your ADSs. Upon receipt of your voting instructions, the depositary will endeavor to vote the underlying ordinary shares in accordance with your instructions. You will not be able to directly exercise any right to vote with respect to the underlying shares unless you withdraw the shares and become the registered holder of such shares prior to the record date for the general meeting. Under our memorandum and articles of association, the minimum notice period required to be given by our company to our registered shareholders for convening a general meeting is seven days. When a general meeting is convened, you may not receive sufficient advance notice to enable you to withdraw the underlying shares represented by your ADSs and become the registered holder of such shares prior to the record date for the general meeting to allow you to attend the general meeting and to vote directly with respect to any specific matter or resolution that is to be considered and voted upon at the general meeting. In addition, under our memorandum and articles of association, for the purposes of determining those shareholders who are entitled to attend and vote at any general meeting, our directors may close our register of members and/or fix in advance a record date for such meeting, and such closure of our register of members or the setting of such a record date may prevent you from withdrawing the underlying shares which are represented by your ADSs and becoming the registered holder of such shares prior to the record date, so that you would not be able to attend the general meeting or to vote directly. Where any matter is to be put to a vote at a general meeting, the depositary will endeavor to notify you of the upcoming vote and arrange to deliver our voting materials to you. We cannot assure you that you will receive the voting materials in time to ensure that you can instruct the depositary to vote the underlying shares that are represented by your ADSs. In addition, the depositary and its agents are not responsible for failing to carry out voting instructions or for the manner of carrying out voting instructions. This means that you may not be able to exercise your right to direct the voting of the underlying shares that are represented by your ADSs and there may be nothing you can do if the shares underlying your ADSs are not voted as you requested.

Under our deposit agreement, the depositary will give us a discretionary proxy to vote the ordinary shares underlying your ADSs at shareholders’ meetings if you do not vote, unless we have instructed the depositary that we do not wish a discretionary proxy to be given or any of the other situations specified under the deposit agreement takes place. The effect of this discretionary proxy is that you cannot prevent ordinary shares underlying your ADSs from being voted, absent the situations described above, and it may make it more difficult for shareholders to influence the management of our company. Holders of our ordinary shares are not subject to this discretionary proxy.

Your right to participate in any future rights offerings may be limited, which may cause dilution to your holdings.

We may from time to time distribute rights to our shareholders, including rights to acquire our securities. However, we cannot make rights available to you in the United States unless we register the rights and the securities to which the rights relate under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Act, or an exemption from the registration requirements is available. Also, under the deposit agreement, the depositary bank will not make these rights available to you unless the distribution to ADS holders of both the rights and any related securities are either registered under the Securities Act, or exempt from registration under the Securities Act. We are under no obligation to file a registration statement with respect to any such rights or securities or to endeavor to cause such a registration statement to be declared effective. Moreover, we may not be able to establish an exemption from registration under the Securities Act. Accordingly, you may be unable to participate in our rights offerings and may experience dilution in your holdings.

You may not receive distributions on ordinary shares or any value for them if it is illegal or impractical to make them available to you.

The depositary has agreed to pay to you the cash dividends or other distributions it or the custodian receives on ordinary shares or other deposited securities after deducting its fees and expenses. You will receive these distributions in proportion to the number of ordinary shares your ADSs represent. However, the depositary is not responsible if it decides that it is unlawful or impractical to make a distribution available to any holders of ADSs. We have no obligation to register ADSs, ordinary shares, rights or other securities under U.S. securities laws. We also have no obligation to take any other action to permit the distribution of ADSs, ordinary shares, rights or anything else to holders of ADSs. This means that you may not receive the distribution we make on our ordinary shares or any value for them if it is illegal or impractical for us to make them available to you. These restrictions may have a material adverse effect on the value of your ADSs.

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You may be subject to limitations on transfer of your ADSs.

Your ADSs are transferable on the books of the depositary. However, the depositary may close its transfer books at any time or from time to time when it deems expedient in connection with the performance of its duties. In addition, the depositary may refuse to deliver, transfer or register transfers of ADSs generally when our books or the books of the depositary are closed, or at any time if we or the depositary thinks it advisable to do so because of any requirement of law or of any government or governmental body, or under any provision of the deposit agreement, or for any other reason.

Provisions of our shareholder rights plan could delay or prevent an acquisition of our company, even if the acquisition would be beneficial to our shareholders.

In November 2007, we adopted a shareholder rights plan, which was subsequently amended. Although the rights plan will not prevent a takeover, it is intended to encourage anyone seeking to acquire our company to negotiate with our board of directors prior to attempting a takeover by potentially significantly diluting an acquirer’s ownership interest in our outstanding shares. The existence of the rights plan may also discourage transactions that otherwise could involve payment of a premium over prevailing market prices for the ADSs.

There can be no assurance that we will not be classified as a passive foreign investment company, or PFIC, which may result in adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences for U.S. holders of the ADSs or ordinary shares.

A non-U.S. corporation, such as our company, will be classified as a PFIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes for any taxable year, if either (i) 75% or more of its gross income for such year consists of certain types of “passive” income or (ii) 50% or more of the value of its assets (determined on the basis of a quarterly average) during such year produce or are held for the production of passive income. Passive income generally includes dividends, interest, royalties, rents, annuities, net gains from the sale or exchange of property producing such income, and net foreign currency gains. For this purpose, cash is categorized as a passive asset and the company’s unbooked intangibles associated with active business activity are taken into account as a non-passive asset.

Based on our income and assets, and the value of our ADSs, we do not believe that we were classified as a PFIC for the taxable year ending December 31, 2019 and we do not expect to be a PFIC for the foreseeable future. Although we do not anticipate becoming a PFIC, changes in the nature of our income or assets or the value of our ADSs may cause us to become a PFIC for the current or any subsequent taxable year. Recent fluctuations in the market price of our ADSs or ordinary shares increased our risk of becoming a PFIC. The market price of the ADSs and ordinary shares may continue to fluctuate considerably; consequently, we cannot assure you of our PFIC status for any taxable year. Under circumstances where revenues from activities that produce passive income significantly increase relative to our revenues from activities that produce non-passive income, or where we determine not to expend significant amounts of cash for working capital or other purposes, our risk of becoming classified as a PFIC may substantially increase.

If we were treated as a PFIC for any taxable year during which a U.S. Holder (as defined in “Item 10.E. Additional Information — Taxation — U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations”) held our ADSs or ordinary shares, certain adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences could apply to such U.S. Holder. For a more detailed discussion of U.S. federal income tax considerations to U.S. Holders if we are or become classified as a PFIC, see “Item 10.E. Additional Information — Taxation — U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations.”

ITEM 4. INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY

A.    History and Development of the Company

We commenced our business in June 1999. In March 2000, we established an exempted company with limited liability under the Companies Law in the Cayman Islands, Ctrip.com International, Ltd. as our new holding company. In October 2019, we changed our company name to “Trip.com Group Limited.” Since our inception, we have conducted the majority of our operations in China and expanded our operations overseas in 2009. As of December 31, 2019, we mainly operated our business through the following significant subsidiaries:

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• C-Travel International Limited;

• Ctrip.com (Hong Kong) Limited;

• Ctrip Computer Technology (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., or Ctrip Computer Technology;

• Ctrip Travel Information Technology (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., or Ctrip Travel Information;

• Ctrip Travel Network Technology (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., or Ctrip Travel Network;

• Wancheng (Shanghai) Travel Agency Co., Ltd., or Wancheng;

• Shanghai Hecheng International Travel Agency Co., Ltd., or Hecheng;

• Skyscanner Holdings Limited, or Skyscanner;

• Shanghai Ctrip International Travel Agency Co., Ltd. (formerly known as Shanghai Ctrip Charming International Travel Agency Co., Ltd.), or Shanghai Ctrip;

• Chengdu Ctrip International Travel Agency Co., Ltd., or Chengdu Ctrip International; and

• Chengdu Information Technology Co., Ltd., or Chengdu Information.

After our share exchange transaction with Baidu in October 2015, we obtained approximately 45% of the aggregate voting interest of Qunar. In December 2015, we issued ordinary shares represented by ADSs to certain special purpose vehicles holding shares solely for the benefit of certain Qunar employees and, as consideration, we received class B ordinary shares of Qunar and directly injected these shares to a third-party investment entity dedicated to investing in business in China. From accounting perspective, we started to consolidate Qunar’s financial statements from December 31, 2015. Therefore, Qunar Cayman Islands Limited, the Cayman Islands holding company of Qunar, and its wholly-owned subsidiary, Beijing Qunar Software Technology Co., Ltd., or Qunar Software, may also be deemed as our significant subsidiary from accounting perspective, although Qunar continues to operate its businesses independently.

We also conduct part of our business in China primarily through the following significant consolidated affiliated Chinese entities and certain of their subsidiaries:

• Shanghai Ctrip Commerce Co., Ltd., or Ctrip Commerce, which holds a value-added telecommunications business license;

• Chengdu Ctrip Travel Agency Co., Ltd, or Chengdu Ctrip, which holds a domestic travel agency license; and

• Shanghai Huacheng Southwest International Travel Agency Co., Ltd. (formerly known as Shanghai Huacheng Southwest Travel Agency Co., Ltd.), or Shanghai Huacheng, which holds a domestic travel agency license.

In addition, after we started to consolidate the financial statements of Qunar from December 31, 2015, Beijing Qu Na Information Technology Co., Ltd., or Qunar Beijing, which holds the licenses, approvals and key assets such as mobile application and website that are essential to the business operations of Qunar, may be deemed as our significant consolidated affiliated Chinese entity from accounting perspective, although Qunar continues to operate its businesses independently.

From time to time, we have selectively acquired or invested in businesses that complement our existing business, and will continue to do so in the future to expand and develop our business. See “Item 4.B. Information on the Company — Business Overview — Strategic Investments and Acquisitions” for material strategic investments and acquisitions over the past two years. Other than the material acquisitions or investments disclosed under “Item 4.B. Information on the Company — Business Overview — Strategic Investments and Acquisitions” or elsewhere in this annual report on Form 20-F, no acquisitions or investments was material to our businesses or financial results at the time we made the acquisition or investment.

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We offered inducements to the holders of the 2017 Notes and the 2018 Notes for early conversion. As a result, for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2017, approximately US$26 million and US$352 million aggregate principal amount of the 2017 Notes and the 2018 Notes were early converted to approximately 2.6 million and 10.8 million ADSs, respectively, at the respective initial conversion rates of the 2017 Notes and the 2018 Notes. Such early conversion also resulted in an early termination of the 2012 Purchased Call Option and the 2013 Purchased Call Option, from which we received approximately US$12 million and US$100 million in 2016 and 2017, respectively. In June 2017, we also entered into privately negotiated exchange transactions with a limited number of holders of the 2018 Notes to exchange approximately US$327 million aggregate principal amount of then outstanding 2018 Notes for a combination of our ADSs and cash.

In July 2019, we entered into a facility agreement as a borrower with certain financial institutions for up to US$2.0 billion equivalent transferable term loan facility with a greenshoe option of up to US$500 million. The facilities have a 3-year tenor. The proceeds borrowed under such facilities may be used for our general working capital requirements, including repayment of any existing financial indebtedness.

In September 2019, we completed put right offer relating to the 2022 Notes. US$924 million aggregate principal amount of the 2022 Notes were validly surrendered and not withdrawn prior to the expiration of the put right offer. The aggregate purchase price of these 2022 Notes was US$924 million. Following the settlement of repurchase of these 2022 Notes, our total number of ordinary shares on a fully diluted basis reduced by 1.8 million shares.

In October 2019, we completed a secondary offering of an aggregate of 36,000,000 ADSs, which included the exercise in full by the underwriters of their option to purchase up to 4,695,648 additional ADSs to cover over-allotment, by our shareholder Baidu Holdings Limited at US$28.00 per ADS. We did not issue or sell any ADSs in the offering or receive any proceeds from the sale of the ADSs by the selling shareholder.

In April 2020, we entered into a facility agreement as a borrower with certain financial institutions for up to US$1.0 billion transferrable term and revolving loan facility with an incremental facility of up to US$500 million. The facilities have a 3-year tranche and a 5-year tranche. The proceeds borrowed under the facilities may be used for our general working capital requirements, including repayment of any existing financial indebtedness.

Effective December 1, 2015, we changed our ADS to ordinary share ratio from four ADS representing one ordinary share to eight ADSs representing one ordinary share. Unless otherwise indicated, ADSs and per ADS amount in this annual report have been retroactively adjusted to reflect the changes in ratio for all periods presented.

Our principal executive offices are located at 968 Jin Zhong Road, Shanghai 200335, People’s Republic of China, and our telephone number is +86 (21) 3406-4880. Our agent for service of process in the United States is CT Corporation System. Our principal website address is www.ctrip.com. The information on our websites should not be deemed to be part of this annual report. SEC also maintains a website at www.sec.gov that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding registrants that make electronic filings with SEC using its EDGAR system.

B.    Business Overview

We are a leading travel service provider for accommodation reservation, transportation ticketing, packaged tours and corporate travel management. We aggregate hotel and transportation information to enable business and leisure travelers to make informed and cost-effective bookings. We help leisure travelers book tour packages and guided tours, and help corporate clients effectively manage their travel requirements. In addition, we offer a variety of other travel-related services, including but not limited to travelers’ reviews, attraction tickets, travel-related financing and car services, and travel insurance and visa services to meet the various booking and travelling needs of both leisure and business travelers. Since inception in 1999, we have become one of the best-known travel brands in China capable of providing truly one-stop travel services. Our leading market position has been further strengthened since our investment in Qunar, one of the leading mobile and online commerce platforms for travel in China. Qunar has been operating independently as a travel service provider after our investment.

We pioneered the development of a reservation and fulfillment infrastructure that enables our customers to:

• choose and reserve hotel rooms in cities throughout China and abroad;

• book and purchase transportation tickets for domestic and international flights and trains;

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• choose and reserve packaged tours that include transportation and accommodations, as well as guided tours and other value-added services in some instances; and

• book and purchase other travel-related services for their leisure and business travels.

Meanwhile, Qunar continued its independent innovation of technology capabilities, leveraging its proprietary mobile applications, the complementary SaaS system and its search services, to provide more efficient and comprehensive services and accelerate its network effect.

We target our services primarily at business and leisure travelers in China who do not travel in groups, catering for their increasing needs for both domestic and international travel with an emphasis on the latter to enable us to quickly adjust to the changing market environment. These types of travelers, who are referred to in the travel industry as frequent independent travelers, or FITs, and whom we refer to as independent travelers in this annual report, form a traditionally under-served yet fast-growing segment of the China travel market, and we saw opportunities of growth from this segment’s need for international travel. We present substantially all of our revenues on a net basis as the travel supplier is primarily responsible for providing the underlying travel services and we do not control the service provided by the travel supplier to the traveler. Revenues are recognized at gross amounts where we undertake substantive inventory risks by pre-purchasing inventories, the amounts which were not significant these years. We derive our accommodation reservation, transportation ticketing and packaged-tour revenues mainly through commissions from our travel suppliers, primarily based on the transaction value of the rooms, transportation tickets and packaged-tour products, respectively, booked through our services.

We believe that we are the largest consolidator of hotel accommodations in China in terms of gross merchandise volume. As of December 31, 2019, we had secured room supply relationships with approximately 1.4 million hotels in China and abroad, which covered a broad range of hotels in terms of prices and geographical locations. Through strategic cooperation arrangements with other leading online accommodation reservation service providers in recent years, we expanded our overseas hotel network by gaining access to more international hotels on these platforms through our accommodation reservation services. The quality and depth of our hotel supplier network enable us to offer our customers a wide selection of hotel accommodations. We believe our ability to offer reservations at highly rated hotels is particularly appealing to our customers. The hotel business of Qunar, which covers a wide range of hotels from upscale hotels to mass-market hotels to family-run and small boutique hotels, has begun to benefit from our hotel accommodation capabilities by accessing our high-end hotel supplies.

We believe that we are the largest consolidator of airline tickets and the top air tickets distribution agency in China in terms of gross merchandise volume of airline tickets booked and sold through us. Our airline ticket suppliers include all major PRC airlines and over 300 international airlines that operate flights originating in cities at home and abroad, and offer over 3 million flight routes, connecting over 5,000 cities in approximately 200 countries and regions. Partnering with over 1,000 third-party travel service providers, we are among the few airline ticket consolidators in China that maintain a centralized reservation system and ticket fulfillment infrastructure covering substantially all of the economically prosperous regions of China. Our customers can make flight reservations on their chosen routes through mobile platform, internet websites and customer service centers and arrange electronic payment. In addition, we provide the same levels of centralization and convenience to customers seeking to make reservations on their chosen train and bus routes. We believe that we have realized a notable innovation in our transportation ticketing services, namely, our integrated product offering of air, train, and bus tickets. The number of international airline ticket sales transactions through our platform grew significantly in 2019.

Our continuing development of an advanced and centralized system further strengthens our cross-selling strategy. When users search for any of the three transportation products on our database, our system can automatically provide the recommendations to the other two transportation modes with the same dates, origins and destinations. This capability significantly helps our customers to streamline their decision-making process in searching for the most convenient, cost-efficient transportation.

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We also offer independent leisure travelers bundled packaged-tour products, including group tours, semi-group tours, customized tours, and packaged tours with different transportation arrangements, such as flights, cruises, buses, or car rental. We are the top packaged-tour operator in China in terms of online market share and most recognized brand in China’s outbound travel services. We also have offline stores to provide local service support and reach out to users who are otherwise difficult to be converted to customers through online channel, especially in the lower-tier cities in China. We provide integrated transportation and accommodation services through cooperation with nearly 30,000 platform partners, and offer a variety of value-added services including transportation at destinations, as well as attraction tickets, local activities, insurance, visa services and tour guides. We offer customers one-stop services to meet their needs before, during and after their trips. We also provide high quality customer services, supplier management and customer relationship management services. Our packaged-tour products cover a variety of domestic and international destinations.

We have been building up a multifaceted ecosystem within the travel section, and offer our services to customers through an advanced transaction and service platform consisting of our multi-lingual websites, mobile platform, and our centralized, 24-hour customer service centers. We have built up an industry-leading mobile platform which enhances user experience and user engagement. We have had billions of cumulative downloads for our mobile application by the end of 2019. In addition, our 24-hour service centers, which provide responsive and high quality customer services, further differentiate us from other online travel service providers. In 2019, transactions effected through our mobile channel accounted for over 80% of our transaction orders.

We operate an open platform to further bridge the gap between travelers and travel suppliers with a diverse range of products and services. Travel suppliers ranging from airlines and third-party travel agencies to e-commerce websites offering travel products and services can list their inventories on our open platform to expand their business opportunities. We also offer high quality supplier management services and technology and financial support to enhance supplier experience and encourage supplier participation on the open platform. In addition, we offer high quality customer service to travelers for all the products and services they purchase through our open platform. We believe that our open platform helps us expand the number and types of products and services available to travelers and enhance our price competitiveness, and further build and strengthen the vibrant travel ecosystem on our open platform.

Our revenues are primarily generated from the accommodation reservation, transportation ticketing, packaged-tour services, and corporate travel. For information on revenues attributable to our different products and services, see “Item 5.A. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects — Operating Results.”

Products and Services

We began offering accommodation reservation and transportation ticketing in October 1999. In 2019, we derived approximately 38% of our revenues from the accommodation reservation business and 39% of our revenues from the transportation ticketing business. In addition, we offer other products and services including packaged tours, mostly bundled by us, that cover hotel, ticketing, and transportation as well as corporate travel management services. As part of our global cooperation with TripAdvisor agreed in November 2019, we have distributed and may continue to distribute selected TripAdvisor content on our major brands.

Accommodation Reservations. We act as an agent in substantially all of our hotel-related transactions. Most of our customers make prepayments to us, while others receive confirmed bookings first and pay hotels directly upon completion of their stays. For some of our hotel suppliers, we earn pre-negotiated fixed commissions on hotel rooms we sell. For other hotels, we have commission arrangements that we refer to as the “ratchet system,” whereby our commission rate per room night is adjusted upward with the increase in the volume of room nights we sell for such hotel during such month.

We contract with hotels for rooms under two agency models, the “guaranteed allotment” model and the “on-request” model. Hotel suppliers would generally notify us in advance if they have promotional sales, so that we can lower our prices accordingly.

In addition to the agreements that we enter into with all of our hotel suppliers, we enter into a supplemental agreement with each of the hotel suppliers with which we have a guaranteed allotment arrangement. Pursuant to this agreement, a hotel guarantees us a specified number of available rooms every day, allowing us to provide instant confirmations on such rooms to our customers before notifying the hotel. The hotel is required to notify us in advance if it will not be able to make the guaranteed rooms available to our customers due to reasons beyond its control.

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As of December 31, 2019, a significant number of our partnered hotels in China had guaranteed room allotments, allowing us to confirm orders instantly and reserve rooms for our users even during peak seasons. Rooms booked in hotels with which we have a guaranteed allotment arrangement currently account for a significant part of our total hotel room transaction volume. With the remaining hotel suppliers, we book rooms on an “on-request” basis, meaning our ability to secure hotel rooms for our customers is subject to room availability at the time of booking.

Transportation Ticketing. Transportation Ticketing revenues mainly represent revenues from reservation of air tickets, railway-tickets and other related services. We sell air tickets as an agent for all major domestic PRC airlines, such as Air China, China Eastern Airlines, and China Southern Airlines and many international airlines operating flights that originate from cities at home and abroad, such as Cathay Pacific, Singapore Airlines, American Airlines, Lufthansa, Emirates Airlines, Qantas Airways, Air France-KLM, and Delta Air Lines. We also provide other related service to our customers, such as sales of aviation and train insurance, air-ticket delivery services, online check-in, and other value-added services, such as online seat selection, express security check, and real-time flight status.

Our customers can book tickets through our mobile platform, internet websites and customer service centers and make payment electronically. The domestic airline industry, including airline ticket pricing, is regulated by CAAC.

Packaged-Tours. We also offer independent leisure travelers bundled packaged-tour products, including group tours, semi-group tours, customized tours and packaged tours with different transportation arrangements, such as flights, cruises, buses and car rental. We provide integrated transportation and accommodations services and offer a variety of value-added services including transportation at destinations, as well as attraction tickets, local activities, insurance, visa services and tour guides. We offer customers one-stop services to meet their needs before, during and after their trips. We also provide high quality customer services, supplier management and customer relationship management services. Our packaged-tour products cover a variety of domestic and international destinations.

Corporate Travel. We provide transportation ticket booking, accommodation reservation, packaged-tour services and other value-added services to our corporate clients to help them plan business travels in a cost-efficient way. In addition, we also provide our corporate clients with travel data collection and analysis, industry benchmark, cost saving analysis and travel management solutions. We have independently developed the Corporate Travel Management Systems, which is a comprehensive online platform integrating information maintenance, online booking, online authorization, online enquiry and travel report system.

Other Businesses. Our other businesses primarily include online advertising services and financial services.

In December 2017, we started a new partnership with Tennis Australia, the governing body for tennis in Australia, which will allow Chinese fans to purchase Australian Open tickets directly through our online platform. In addition, in January 2018, we formed a partnership with the Booking’s OpenTable, which will allow our mobile application users to book tens of thousands of restaurants across North America. Other products and services accounted for a small portion of our total revenues in 2019.

Seasonality

Our business experiences fluctuations, reflecting seasonal variations in demand for travel services. See “Item 5.A. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects — Operating Results” for a discussion of seasonality in the travel industry.

Transaction and Service Platform

Our customers can reach us for their travel-related needs through either our mobile platform, our multi-lingual websites or our customer service centers. In 2019, transactions executed through our mobile channel accounted for over 80% of our transaction orders. To improve the efficiency of our service platform and expand our business opportunities, we have made some technology improvements, such as enhanced international flight search capability, expanded payment methods and virtual desktop technology, which is deployed and in operation for our customer service centers.

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Mobile Platform. Our mobile booking application and other mobile access channels provide a one-stop travel platform to our customers who search for hotels, flights, trains, car rental, tickets and other travel products, and completes bookings within minutes. Mobile applications enable our customers to make bookings more efficiently and have fueled our business growth in new direction. Our customers can also search for travel-related editorial content about destinations and travel tips through the mobile platform. Moreover, travelers can share their travel experience and micro-blogs with others through our community. We first introduced mobile applications in 2010. Since then we have upgraded mobile applications, added new functions into it on a regular basis and engaged celebrities to promote our brands and mobile platform. We have had billions of cumulative downloads for our mobile application by the end of 2019 with a significant portion of our hotel and air ticket transactions executed on it on a daily basis. Users can also enjoy similar convenient services by accessing our mobile platform via other mobile access channels, such as HTML5.

In 2013, we developed a corporate travel mobile application, which was the first of its kind in China and provides efficiency to corporate travelers. The application has extensive booking capabilities that match the personal preference of the traveler with their companies’ travel policies. It also features “smart itinerary” and “travel update” functions to ensure users are informed immediately of any changes to their journey. Users of this application may also enjoy our call center support 24 hours a day, seven days a week. In 2017, we introduced mobile application for Trip.com, with which users can book hotels, air tickets and train tickets in 26 different currencies as of the date of this annual report.

Internet Websites. Through our internet websites, we continue improving shopping experience in hotel accommodations, flight tickets, vacation packages, train tickets, and other travel products to our customers.

We have been constantly upgrading our open platform, so that our suppliers and partners are connected to us more efficiently. We have opened up our system to international partners, search engines, e-commerce websites and affiliated websites to expand business opportunities. We have made great efforts to enhance our price competitiveness by improving the efficiency of our IT system and by working closely with major airlines, numerous air ticketing agencies and accommodation suppliers, and thousands of destination business partners through the open platform.

We maintain our main website in Chinese at www.ctrip.com and our global website in English at www.trip.com. Over time, we also established localized websites outside the Greater China, specifically targeting Japan, Korea, Singapore, Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia, Russia, Vietnam, Israel, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, France, Germany, Spain, Italia, Netherlands, Poland, Greece, Turkey, Australia, New Zealand, Brazil, and United States markets.

We consolidate and organize travel-related information for our consumers, including hotel reviews, travel blogs and community forums. Destination guides and community users actively search for travel information on our websites. Our customers refer to editorial content for destination research and travel tips.

Customer Service Centers. We have customer service centers located in China and abroad, such as Shanghai, Nantong, Tokyo, Seoul, and Edinburgh. They operate 24 hours a day, seven days a week. Unlike some companies in the United States that outsource their customer service to third-party call centers, our customer service representatives are in-house travel specialists. All of our customer service representatives participated in a formal training program before commencing work.

Marketing and Brand Awareness

Through mobile and online marketing, brand promotion, cross-marketing, and customer rewards program, we have created a strong brand that is commonly associated in China with value travel products and services and superior customer service. We will continue to use our focused marketing strategy to further enhance awareness of our brand and acquire new customers.

Mobile Marketing. We have worked with major internet portals and leading mobile applications in their respective sectors to advertise locally and also have worked with top smart phone manufacturers to increase the number of our app downloads and promote more activations and transactions. In addition, we are actively testing all kinds of innovative and rapid-growing mobile channels that are appealing to consumers.

Online Marketing. We have contracted with majority of the leading online marketing channels, such as search engines, browsers and navigation websites, to prominently feature our websites and have cooperated with online companies to promote our services, as well as conducting public relations activities. We have purchased related keywords or directory links to direct potential customers to our websites.

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Brand Promotion. We conduct our brand campaigns through advertising on video streaming platforms, targeted LCD displays in public space, and billboards at airport, railway station and bus station. We also work with celebrities and embed our brand and travel products into TV live shows, movies and other entertainment marketing channels. Based on our experience, we believe these are effective ways to enhance brand awareness and attract new generation of customers.

Cross-Marketing. We have entered into cross-marketing arrangements with major PRC domestic airlines, financial institutions, telecommunications service providers and other corporations. Our airline partners and financial institution partners recommend our products and services to members of their mileage programs or bank card holders. Customers can accumulate miles by booking air tickets through us, or earn points by paying through co-branded credit cards.

Customer Rewards Program. To secure our customers’ loyalty and further promote our brand, we provide our customers with a customer rewards program. This program allows our customers to accumulate membership points calculated according to the services purchased by the customers. Our membership points have a fixed validity term and our customers may redeem these points for travel awards and other gifts.

Supplier Relationship Management

We have cultivated and maintained good relationships with our travel suppliers since our inception. We have a team of employees dedicated to enhance our relationship with existing travel suppliers and develop relationships with prospective travel suppliers.

Furthermore, we have developed an electronic confirmation system that enables participating hotel suppliers to receive our customer’s reservation information and confirm such reservation through our online interface with the hotel suppliers. We believe that the electronic confirmation system is a cost-effective and convenient way for hotels to interface with us. We have not had any material disputes with our travel suppliers with respect to the amount of commissions to which we were entitled.

Technology and Infrastructure

Since our inception, we have been able to support substantial growth in our offline and online traffic and transactions with our technology and infrastructure.

We provide customer services and support through our mobile applications, websites, and telephone or e-mail, 24 hours a day, seven days a week. We maintain in-house call centers to ensure high quality of our services. Our call centers are located in both China and abroad, such as Shanghai, Nantong, Tokyo, Seoul, and Edinburgh. We have invested significantly in our call center technologies over years and provide top-notch services globally.

Both our ctrip.com and trip.com platforms are comprised of thousands of applications which are hosted in a hybrid cloud infrastructure with both private cloud and public cloud to ensure high reliability, high scalability, and high speed of access. These infrastructure and applications are monitored and supported 24 hours a day, seven days a week. The hybrid cloud infrastructure is equipped with back-up capabilities and perform real-time mirror back-up and additional back-up for off-site storage on a daily basis.

We continuously upgrade our infrastructure and applications and procure security services to protect our system against unauthorized access to data, or unauthorized alteration or destruction of data.

We believe the cutting-edge technology used throughout our quality services distinguishes us from our competitors in China. Our goal has been to build a reliable, scalable, and secure infrastructure to fully support our customer service centers, mobile and website operations and one-stop travel platform.

Competition

In the hotel consolidation market, we compete primarily with domestic and foreign invested consolidators of hotel accommodations. We also compete with new online travel search and service provider platforms, including the ones operated by other major internet companies, as well as traditional travel agencies. We believe we are a leading online accommodation booking platform in China in terms of gross merchandise volume from FITs. However, as the travel business in China continues to grow, we may face competition from new players in the hotel consolidation market in China and foreign travel consolidators that may enter the China market.

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In the transportation ticketing market, we compete primarily with other consolidators of air tickets with a multi-province airline ticket sales and fulfillment infrastructure in China. We also compete with new online travel search and service provider platforms, including the ones operated by other major internet companies. In the markets where we face local competition, our competitors generally conduct ticketing transactions in person, and not over the internet or through customer service centers. Many local air-ticketing agencies are primarily involved in the wholesale business and do not directly serve individual travelers, who are our targeted customers. However, as the airline ticket distribution business continues to grow in China, we believe that more companies involved in the travel services industry may develop their services that compete with our transportation ticketing business.

Intellectual Property

Our intellectual property rights include trademarks and domain names associated with the name “Ctrip” and “Trip.com Group” and copyright and other rights associated with our websites, technology platform, booking software and other aspects of our business. We regard our intellectual property as a factor contributing to our success, although we are not dependent on any patents, intellectual property related contracts or licenses other than some commercial software licenses available to the general public. We rely on trademark and copyright law, trade secret protection, non-competition and confidentiality agreements with our employees to protect our intellectual property rights. We require our employees to enter into agreements to keep confidential all information relating to our customers, methods, business and trade secrets during and after their employment with us. Our employees are required to acknowledge and recognize that all inventions, trade secrets, works of authorship, developments and other processes made by them during their employment are our property.

Our major domain names are ctrip.com, ctrip.com.cn, and trip.com, all of which have been registered with www.markmonitor.com, and we have full legal rights over these domain names. We conduct our business under the Ctrip brand name and logo. We have registered our major trademarks “Ctrip” and “携程” (Chinese characters for Ctrip) with the Trademark Office of the PRC National Intellectual Property Administration, with the Registrar of Trademarks in Hong Kong and also with the United States Patent and Trademark Office. In 2009, we registered the trademark “携程Ctrip” (a combination of the Chinese and English characters for Ctrip) with the Taiwan Intellectual Property Office and with Direcção dos Serviços de Economia of Macau. We have also registered the trademark “Ctrip” and “携程” (Chinese characters for Ctrip) in Korea, European Union, Singapore, Switzerland, Australia, New Zealand, Japan, Turkey, Vietnam, the United Arab Emirates, Malaysia, India, South Africa, Brazil and the Kingdom of Cambodia. We have also registered the trademark “Trip.com” in European Union, Japan and the United States.

In 2016, we were awarded the “Most Valuable App” at the China App Development Forum and 2016 Most Popular App Awards Ceremony held in Beijing, China. Our customer service was recognized as the “2016 Best Call Center” at the 2016 internet + China E-Commerce Summit Forum & China Call Center Development.” We were ranked in the “China’s top 10 most innovative companies” and the “10 most innovative companies in travel” lists of 2017 by Fast Company, a major financial business magazine in the United States. In 2017, we were recognized as “the Best Online Travel Agency in China” by Travel Weekly China and the “Most Honored Company” in the Technology, Media & internet category by Institutional Investor in the 2017 All-Asia Executive Team Rankings. In 2018, we were recognized as the “Best Employer in Customer Contact Industry in China,” “Top 50 Global Enterprises” by Center for China and Globalization and “Top 20 Tourism Groups of China” by China Tourism Research Institute and China Tourism Association. In 2019, we were recognized as the “Global Trend Awards – Annual Responsibility Practice” by Global Times, the “Most Valuable Online Travel Agency” at the China Internet Economic Forum, the “Best Customer Reputation” by China Customer Contact Center, and the Annual Ingenuity Service by People.cn.

Strategic Investments and Acquisitions

To maintain and strengthen our leading market position in China and to become a major travel service provider in the Greater China market, we constantly evaluate opportunities for strategic investments in, and acquisitions of, complementary businesses, assets and technologies and have made such investments and acquisitions from time to time. We have made the following material strategic investments and acquisitions over the past two years.

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In May 2015, we acquired approximately 38% share capital of eLong, Inc. In May 2016, eLong, Inc. completed its “going-private” transaction and merger with eLong. In December 2017, eLong announced a merger with LY.com and the merger was consummated in March 2018 and we received an equity method investment in the enlarged group.

In January 2016, we invested US$180 million to purchase the convertible bonds of MakeMyTrip, a leading online travel company in India, which were subsequently converted to approximately 10% equity interest in MakeMyTrip. In May 2017, we further invested approximately US$33 million in MakeMyTrip by subscribing for 916,666 of its ordinary shares. In August 2019, we completed a share exchange transaction with Naspers, a shareholder of MakeMyTrip, pursuant to which Naspers exchanged certain ordinary shares and Class B convertible ordinary shares of MakeMyTrip for 4,108,831 newly issued ordinary shares of our company with fair value of US$1.1 billion as of the closing date. Concurrently with the share exchange, we invested in a third-party investment entity by contributing certain ordinary shares and Class B convertible ordinary shares of MakeMyTrip held by us and recorded the investment using equity method. Immediately after the closing of the transaction, Naspers owned approximately 5.6% of our then total issued and outstanding ordinary shares, and we owned certain number of ordinary shares and Class B convertible ordinary shares of MakeMyTrip, representing approximately 49% of MakeMyTrip’s then total voting power. From an accounting perspective, we recorded this investment using equity method and the total consideration for the shares we held in MakeMyTrip immediately after the closing of the transaction consisted of certain number of our newly issued ordinary shares worth of US$1.0 billion and our previously held equity investment of US$0.2 billion.

In May 2018, we acquired substantially all of the remaining equity interest of an offline travel agency company in which we previously held approximately 48% equity interest for the consideration of RMB198 million in cash and 1.9% non-controlling interest of one of our subsidiaries with the fair value of RMB399 million. The financial results of the acquired company have been included in our consolidated financial statements since the date we obtained control and were not significant to us for the year ended December 31, 2018.

In November 2019, we and TripAdvisor, Inc. (Nasdaq: TRIP), or TripAdvisor, agreed on a strategic partnership to expand global cooperation through various contracts. We and TripAdvisor agreed through our respective subsidiaries to form and jointly control a joint venture, where we would contribute cash and market expertise and TripAdvisor would contribute a long-term exclusive brand and content license and other assets of its China business. The joint venture is being formed as of the date of this annual report. We both would share inventories in travel categories at the joint venture level. The joint venture would operate globally as TripAdvisor China.

In November 2019, we obtained control of an online travel agency company in which we previously had held 51% equity interest with substantive participating rights being held by the non-controlling shareholder. We obtained control of the online travel agency company when the non-controlling shareholder agreed to remove these substantive participating rights. The deemed consideration was the previously held 51% equity interest, the fair value of which was RMB259 million. We also recognized a gain of RMB196 million from the re-measurement of the previously held equity interest.

PRC Government Regulations

Current PRC laws and regulations impose substantial restrictions on foreign ownership of the travel agency and value-added telecommunications businesses in China. As a result, we conduct these businesses in China through contractual arrangements with our consolidated affiliated Chinese entities as well as certain independent travel agencies. Some of our directors and officers, all of whom are PRC citizens, directly or indirectly own all or most of the equity interests in our consolidated affiliated Chinese entities as of the date of this annual report.

According to our PRC counsel, Commerce & Finance Law Offices, the ownership structures, as described in this annual report, comply with all existing PRC laws, rules and regulations.

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Restrictions on Foreign Ownership

Travel Agency. Currently, foreign investors are permitted to establish or own a travel agency upon PRC government approval, subject to considerable restrictions on its scope of business. For examples, under the Travel Agency Regulations, which became effective on May 1, 2009 as amended subsequently, foreign-invested travel agencies cannot arrange for PRC residents to travel overseas or to Hong Kong, Macau or Taiwan, unless otherwise decided by the State Council or allowed under any applicable free trade agreement executed by the PRC government or according to the Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement between mainland China and Hong Kong or Macau, or CEPA. According to the CEPAs, starting from January 1, 2013, travel agencies in which qualified Hong Kong or Macau investors hold an interest are permitted to arrange group tours for PRC residents from mainland China to Hong Kong and Macau. Moreover, on a trial basis, one qualified Sino-foreign joint venture, in which qualified Hong Kong investors hold an interest, and one qualified Sino-foreign joint venture, in which qualified Macau investors hold an interest, were permitted to arrange group tours for PRC residents to travel overseas (excluding Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan). On August 29, 2010, the PRC National Tourism Administration, or NTA, and MOFCOM further promulgated the Interim Measures for Supervising Pilot Operation of Overseas Travel Business by Sino-Foreign Joint Venture Travel Agencies, according to which NTA may choose and approve certain qualified Sino-foreign joint venture travel agencies to operate business of arranging PRC residents travelling to overseas destinations, Hong Kong and Macau (excluding Taiwan), on a trial basis. In 2017, China (Shanghai) Pilot Free Trade Zone has implemented a pilot project that allows the wholly foreign-owned travel agencies registered in China (Shanghai) Pilot Free Trade Zone and satisfied with required conditions to operate outbound tourism business. One of our subsidiaries, Wancheng, has obtained the approval in 2017 to operate outbound tourism business from National Tourism Administration with the pilot period of three years. In 2019, the PRC State Council promulgated the Approval to the Work Plan on Fully Promoting the Comprehensive Pilot Program for Expanding the Opening-Up of the Service Industry of Beijing Municipality, which supports foreign invested travel agencies to provide outbound travel services (except for Taiwan) and allows wholly foreign-owned travel agencies to provide outbound travel services (except for Taiwan) for PRC citizens on a trial basis.

Online Advertising. The principal regulation governing foreign-invested advertising agencies in China are the Administrative Measures for Foreign Invested Advertising Enterprise, which was abolished due to the issuance of Foreign Investment Industrial Guidance Catalogue (2015 Revision), or the Catalogue, which came into effect on April 10, 2015. Under the Catalogue, foreign investors are allowed to own 100% of an advertising agency in China subject to certain qualification requirements. However, foreign investment in advertising agencies that provide online advertising services is still subject to restrictions of foreign investment in the value-added telecommunications business.

Value-added Telecommunications Business License. The principal regulations governing foreign investment in the value-added telecommunications service provision business in China include:

• Foreign Investment Industrial Guidance Catalogue;

• Telecommunications Regulations; and

• Administrative Provisions on Foreign Invested Telecommunications Enterprises.

Under these regulations, a foreign entity is prohibited from owning more than 50% of a PRC entity that provides value-added telecommunications services except for commercial e-commerce business, which allows 100% foreign investment.

In July 2006, MIIT issued the Circular on Strengthening the Administration of Foreign Investment in Value-added Telecommunication Business, which stipulates that a domestic company that holds a value-added telecommunications business license is prohibited from leasing, transferring or selling the license to foreign investors in any form, and prohibited from providing any assistance in forms of resources, sites or facilities to foreign investors that conduct value-added telecommunications business illegally in China. Furthermore, the relevant trademarks and domain names used in the value-added telecommunications business must be owned by the domestic value-added telecommunications license holders. Due to lack of further interpretation by MIIT, it remains unclear what impact the above circular will have on us or other PRC internet companies that have adopted the same or similar corporate and contractual structures as ours.

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General Regulation of Businesses

Tourism Law. On April 25, 2013, the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress issued the PRC Tourism Law, which took effect on October 1, 2013 and was amended in 2016 and 2018. The PRC Tourism Law aims to protect tourists’ legal rights, regulate travel market and promote the development of travel industry, and sets forth specific requirements for the operation of travel agencies. Travel agencies are prohibited from (i) leasing, lending or illegally transferring travel agency operation licenses or otherwise disseminating untrue or inaccurate information when soliciting customers and organizing tours, (ii) conducting any false publicity to mislead customers, (iii) arranging visits to or participation in any project or activity in violation of PRC laws and regulations or social morality, (iv) organizing tours at unreasonably low price to induce or cheat tourists, or obtaining unlawful profits such as kickbacks, and (v) changing or ceasing scheduled itineraries without reasons and forcing the tourists to participate in other activities against the will of tourists. In addition, travel agencies must enter into contracts with customers for travel services; and before a tour starts, a customer may assign his personal rights and obligations in a packaged-tour contract to any third person, whom the travel agency cannot refuse without cause, as long as any fee increase will be borne by the customer and the relevant third person. Accordingly, travel agencies may be subject to civil liabilities for failing to fulfill the obligations discussed above, which include rectification, issuance of a warning, confiscation of any illegal income, imposition of a fine, an order to cease business operation, or revocation of its travel agency permit.

Air-ticketing. The air-ticketing business is subject to the supervision of CATA and its regional branches. In 2019, the principal regulation governing air-ticketing in China, the Air Transportation Sales Agent Qualification Accreditation Measures, was abolished and air transportation sales agencies can operate air-ticketing business without permits as was previously required. Alternatively, the Self-Discipline Measures for Air Transportation Sales Agency Business was promulgated by the CATA, which encourages self-discipline administration for air transportation sale agency business. CATA has further promulgated the Business Standards of Air Passenger Transportation Sales Agencies and the Business Standards of Air Freight Transportation Sales Agencies, which introduce general business standards applied by airlines for selecting and authorizing their air-ticketing sales agents. For example, basic requirements for passenger air transportation sales agencies are (i) having proper business license, (ii) having value-added telecommunication business license if conducting online air-ticketing sales, (iii) having suitable capital contributed for business operation, (iv) having capital guarantee or pledge in favor of airlines, (v) agencies and their principals not having poor credit records, and (vi) having sufficient, properly trained employees.

Travel Agency. The travel industry is subject to the supervision of Ministry of Culture and Tourism of People’s Republic of China, formerly known as the NTA and local tourism administrations. The principal regulations governing travel agencies in China include:

• Travel Agency Regulations; and

• Implementing Rules of Travel Agency Regulations.

Under these regulations, a travel agency must obtain a license from NTA to conduct cross-border travel business, and a license from the provincial-level tourism administration to conduct domestic travel agency business.

Advertising. SAMR is responsible for regulating advertising activities in China. The principal regulations governing advertising (including online advertising) in China include:

• Advertising Law;

• Advertising Administrative Regulations; and

• Interim Measures of the Administration of Online Advertisement.

Under these regulations, any entity conducting advertising activities must file with the local branch of SAMR. The Advertising Law was amended in 2015 and 2018, which was a major overhaul of an advertising law enacted in 1994, increases the potential legal liability of providers of advertising services, and includes provisions intended to strengthen identification of false advertising and the power of regulatory authorities.

Value-added Telecommunications Business and Online Commerce. Our provision of travel-related content on our websites is subject to PRC laws and regulations relating to the telecommunications industry and internet, and regulated by various government authorities, including MIIT and SAMR. The principal regulations governing the telecommunications industry and internet include:

• Telecommunications Regulations;

• The Administrative Measures for Telecommunications Business Operating Licenses; and

• The internet Information Services Administrative Measures.

Under these regulations, internet content provision services are classified as value-added telecommunications businesses, and a commercial operator of such services must obtain a value-added telecommunications business license from the appropriate telecommunications authorities to conduct any commercial value-added telecommunications operations in China.

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With respect to online commerce, the SAIC (currently known as SAMR) promulgated the Administrative Measures for Online Trading, which became effective on March 15, 2014 and the MOFCOM promulgated the Provisions on the Procedures for Formulating Transaction Rules of Third Party Online Retail Platforms (Trial), which became effective on April 1, 2015, to regulate the formulation, revision and enforcement of transaction rules by online retail third-party platforms. These measures impose more stringent requirements and obligations on third-party platform operators. For example, third-party platform operators are obligated to make public and file their transaction rules with MOFCOM or their respective provincial counterparts, examine and register the legal status of each third-party merchant selling products or services on their platforms and display on a prominent location on a merchant’s web page the information stated in the merchant’s business license or a link to its business license. Where third-party platform operators also act as online distributors, these third-party platform operators must make a clear distinction between their online direct sales and sales of third-party merchant products on their third-party platforms. Furthermore, in August 2018, the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress promulgated the E-Commerce Law, which took effect on January 1, 2019, aiming to regulate the e-commerce activities conducted within China. According to the E-Commerce Law, e-commerce operators must comply with the principles of voluntariness, equality, fairness, and good faith, abide by laws, observe business ethics, and equally participate in market competition. It further enhanced burdens of e-commerce operators to protect consumers’ rights and interests, environment, intellectual property protection, cyberspace safety and personal information, and also emphasized the commitment by e-commerce operators over the quality of products and services.

Internet Privacy

In recent years, PRC government authorities have legislated on the use of the internet to protect personal information from any abuse or unauthorized disclosure. For example, the internet Information Services Administrative Measures prohibits an internet information services provider from insulting or slandering a third party or infringing upon the lawful rights and interests of a third party. Internet information services providers are subject to legal liability if unauthorized disclosure results in damages or losses to users. In addition, the PRC regulations authorize the relevant telecommunications authorities to demand rectification of unauthorized disclosure by internet information services providers.

The PRC laws do not prohibit internet information services providers from collecting and analyzing person information of their users. The PRC government, however, has the power and authority to order internet information services providers to submit personal information of an internet user if such user posts any prohibited content or engages in illegal activities on the internet. Since 2012, the MIIT and the Standing Committee of the National Peoples’ Congress enacted several regulations to stipulates the obligation and requirements imposed to the internet information services providers, including but not limited to which the internet information services providers may only collect user personal information necessary to provide their services and must expressly inform the users of the method, content and purpose of the collection and processing of such user personal information, and must keep strictly confidential users’ personal information that they collect, and take technical and other measures as are necessary to safeguard the information against disclosure, damages and loss. Moreover, the PRC criminal laws and regulations prohibit companies and their employees from illegally trading or disclosing customer data obtained through the course of their business operations and any internet service provider that fails to comply with obligations related to internet information security administration as required by applicable laws and refuses to rectify upon order is subject to criminal penalty.

In June 2017, the PRC Cyber Security Law promulgated by the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress took effect, which is formulated to maintain the network security, safeguard the cyberspace sovereignty, national security, and public interests, protect the lawful rights and interests of citizens, legal persons, and other organizations, and requires that a network operator, which includes, among others, internet information services providers, take technical measures, and other necessary measures to safeguard the safe and stable operation of the networks, effectively respond to the network security incidents, prevent illegal and criminal activities, and maintain the integrity, confidentiality, and availability of network data. The PRC Cyber Security Law reaffirms the basic principles and requirements set forth in other existing laws and regulations on personal information protections and strengthens the obligations and requirements of internet service providers, which include but are not limited to: (i) keeping all user information collected strictly confidential and setting up a comprehensive user information protection system; (ii) abiding by the principles of legality, rationality and necessity in the collection and use of user information and disclosure of the rules, purposes, methods and scopes of collection and use of user information; and (iii) protecting users’ personal information from being leaked, tampered with, destroyed, or provided to third parties. Any violation of the provisions and requirements under the PRC Cyber Security Law and other related regulations and rules may result in administrative liabilities such as warnings, fines, confiscation of illegal gains, revocation of licenses, suspension of business, and shutting down of websites, or, in severe cases, criminal liabilities.

Regulation of Foreign Currency Exchange and Dividend Distribution

Foreign Currency Exchange. The principal regulation governing foreign currency exchange in China is the Forex Regulations. Under the Forex Regulations, Renminbi is freely convertible for trade- and service-related foreign exchange transactions, but not for direct investment, loan or securities investment outside China unless prior approval of SAFE is obtained.

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Pursuant to the Forex Regulations, FIEs in China may purchase foreign currency without SAFE’s approval for trade- and service-related foreign exchange transactions by providing commercial documents evidencing these transactions. They may also retain foreign exchange (subject to a cap approved by SAFE) to satisfy foreign exchange liabilities or to pay dividends. In addition, if a foreign company acquires a company in China, the acquired company will also become an FIE. However, the relevant PRC government authorities may limit or eliminate the ability of FIEs to purchase and retain foreign exchange in the future. In addition, foreign exchange transactions for direct investment, loan and securities investment outside China are still subject to limitations and require approvals from SAFE.

Under the current PRC regulations, loans, either from us or from third-party sources outside of China, incurred by our subsidiaries as FIEs in China to finance their activities cannot exceed statutory limits, which equal the difference between the respective approved total investment amount and the registered capital of such PRC subsidiaries, and must be registered with SAFE or its local branches. In the past, our subsidiaries have mainly funded their operations and cash needs from our initial capital injections and cash generated from such subsidiaries’ operations. Other than these discussed above, none of the Company’s PRC subsidiaries had any outstanding loans as of December 31, 2019. Based on the capital needs and cash generated from operations of our PRC subsidiaries, we do not believe that our PRC subsidiaries would need to incur substantial debts to fund their respective operations in China in the near future, and even if they need to incur debts, they could manage to obtain short-term loans from PRC banks and financial institutions, which are not subject to the statutory limits referenced above. We currently do not believe, based on the above, that the statutory debt limits on our subsidiaries in China are material to our operations in China, and we do not believe it to be reasonably likely that our PRC subsidiaries would need to incur debts exceeding their respective statutory debt limit.

On March 3, 2015, SAFE promulgated a Circular on the Reforming of Administrative Methods Regarding the Foreign Exchange Capital Settlement of Foreign-Invested Companies, or SAFE Circular 19, which became effective on June 1, 2015 and replaced SAFE Circular 142, pursuant to which the registered capital of an FIE settled in Renminbi converted from foreign currencies may only be used within the business scope approved by the applicable government authority and may not be used for equity investments in China, and the FIE may not change how it uses such capital without SAFE’s approval, and may not extend the loans directly or indirectly except as permitted within business scope, may not in any case use such capital to repay Renminbi loans if they have not used the proceeds of such loans. Although SAFE Circular 19 restates certain restrictions on the use of investment capital denominated in foreign currency by FIEs, it specifies that the registered capital of an FIE, denominated in foreign currency, can be converted into Renminbi at the discretion of such FIE and can be used for equity investment in China subject to the invested company’s filing of a reinvestment registration with the relevant local SAFE. On June 9, 2016, SAFE issued the Circular on Reforming and Regulating the Administrative Policy of the Settlement under Capital Accounts, or SAFE Circular 16, which became effective on the same date. Although SAFE Circular 16 further extends the reform to cover foreign currency income under capital account, including capital, foreign debt and proceeds from offshore offering and listing, an FIE’s foreign currency income and such income settled in Renminbi under the capital account cannot be used directly and indirectly for any purposes out of the FIE’s business scope or in areas prohibited by laws and regulations. However, the interpretation and enforcement of SAFE Circular 19 and SAFE Circular 16 remained to be subject to uncertainty, which may limit our ability to transfer the net proceeds from offerings of our securities to our PRC subsidiaries and convert the net proceeds into Renminbi and adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business in China.

Dividend Distribution. The principal regulations governing distribution of dividends of FIEs include:

• Company Law; and

• EIT Law and its Implementation Rules.

Under these regulations, all companies in China, including FIEs, are required to set aside at least 10% of their respective after-tax profits each year, if any, to statutory reserve funds, unless such reserve funds have reached 50% of their respective registered capital. These reserve funds are not distributable as cash dividends and dividends cannot be distributed until any losses from prior fiscal years have been offset.

Under the EIT Law, dividends, interests, rent, royalties and gains on transfers of property payable by an FIE in China to its foreign investor that is a non-PRC resident enterprise will be subject to a 10% withholding tax, unless such non-PRC resident enterprise’s jurisdiction of incorporation has a tax treaty with China that provides for a reduced rate of withholding tax. According to mainland China and Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Arrangement on Avoiding Double Taxation or Evasion of Taxation on Income agreed between China and Hong Kong in August 2006, dividends payable by an FIE in China to a company in Hong Kong which directly holds at least 25% of the equity interests in the FIE will be subject to a reduced withholding tax rate of 5%.

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Under the EIT Law, an enterprise established outside China with its “de facto management body” within China is considered a PRC resident enterprise and will be subject to the enterprise income tax at the rate of 25% on its worldwide income. The “de facto management body” is defined as the organizational body that effectively exercises overall management and control over production and business operations, personnel, finance and accounting, and properties of the enterprise. It remains unclear how the PRC tax authorities will interpret such a broad definition. Notwithstanding the foregoing provision, the EIT Law also provides that, if a PRC resident enterprise directly invests in another PRC resident enterprise, the dividends received by the investing PRC resident enterprise from the invested PRC resident enterprise are exempted from income tax, subject to certain conditions. However, it remains unclear how the PRC tax authorities will interpret the PRC tax resident treatment of an offshore company, like us, having indirect ownership interests in PRC enterprises through intermediary holding companies.

Moreover, under the EIT Law, foreign ADS holders that is non-PRC resident enterprise may be subject to a 10% withholding tax upon dividends payable by a PRC entity and gains realized on the sale or other disposition of ADSs or ordinary shares, if such income is considered as income deriving from within China and if we are classified as a PRC resident enterprise.

Regulation of Income Taxes and Financial Subsidies. See “Item 5.A. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects — Operating Results — Major Factors Affecting Our Results of Operations — Income Taxes and Financial Subsidies.”

C.    Organizational Structure

The following diagram illustrates our corporate structure, including our significant subsidiaries and consolidated affiliated Chinese entities as of December 31, 2019.

Notes:

(1) For further details about the indirect ownership of Qunar Cayman Islands Limited, see “Item 4.A. Information on the Company — History and Development of the Company.”

(2) Indirectly owned through Ctrip Travel Holding, a Cayman Islands company, and its Hong Kong subsidiary, Ctrip Travel Holding (Hong Kong) Limited.

(3) Indirectly owned through Ctrip Investment (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., a PRC company.

(4) Indirectly owned through Queen’s Road Travel Information Limited, a Hong Kong company.

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(5) Min Fan and Qi Shi hold 99.5% and 0.5% of the equity interest in Chengdu Ctrip Travel Agency Co., Ltd., respectively.

(6) Tao Yang and Maohua Sun hold 89.8% and 10.2% of the equity interest in Shanghai Ctrip Commerce Co., Ltd., respectively.

(7) Hui Cao and Hui Wang hold 60% and 40% of the equity interest in Beijing Qu Na Information Technology Co., Ltd., respectively.

We are a holding company incorporated in the Cayman Islands and rely on dividends from our subsidiaries in China and consulting and other fees paid to our subsidiaries by our consolidated affiliated Chinese entities. We conduct a majority of our business through our wholly-owned subsidiaries in China. Due to the current restrictions on foreign ownership of travel agency and value-added telecommunications businesses in China, we have conducted part of our operations in these businesses through a series of contractual arrangements between our PRC subsidiaries and our consolidated affiliated Chinese entities. Our significant consolidated affiliated Chinese entities included Ctrip Commerce, Shanghai Huacheng, Chengdu Ctrip, and Qunar Beijing as of December 31, 2019. From time to time, we amended and restated the contractual arrangements that we had entered into with our consolidated affiliated Chinese entities in order to further strengthen our ability to control these entities and receive substantially all of the economic benefits from them. We have entered into additional contractual arrangements based on substantially the same series of amended and restated forms with our other consolidated affiliated Chinese entities subsequent to our adoption of these forms, and plan to enter into substantially the same series of agreements with all of our future consolidated affiliated Chinese entities. From 2015 to 2019, we further optimized the functions of our various consolidated affiliated Chinese entities to avoid duplicative operations among these consolidated affiliated Chinese entities.

As of the date of this report, some of our directors and officers are principal record owners of our consolidated affiliated Chinese entities. Each of them has signed an irrevocable power of attorney to appoint Ctrip Travel Information, Ctrip Travel Network, and Qunar or its designated person, as attorney-in-fact to vote, by itself or any other person to be designated at its discretion, on all matters of our consolidated affiliated Chinese entities. Each power of attorney will remain effective during the existence of the applicable consolidated affiliated Chinese entity.

D.    Property, Plants and Equipment

Our first customer service center and principal sales, marketing and development facilities and administrative offices are located on owned premises comprising approximately 39,000 square meters in an economic development park in Shanghai, China. In 2015, our Shanghai headquarters relocated to Sky SOHO, our owned premises in Shanghai, China, comprising 100,167 square meters. Our second customer service center, which began operations in May 2010, is located in our owned premises in Nantong, China, comprising approximately 80,000 square meters. In addition to our offices in Greater China in more than 40 cities, we also have overseas offices in Japan, Korea, America, Singapore, Thailand, the United Kingdom, Australia, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, the Philippines, and Indonesia. We believe that we will be able to obtain adequate facilities, principally through the leasing of appropriate properties, to accommodate our expansion plans in the near future.

As of February 29, 2020, we owned an aggregate of approximately 327,000 square meters of premises for office space and call centers and leased an aggregate of over 10,000 square meters of premises for office space.

ITEM 4.A. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

Not applicable.

ITEM 5. OPERATING AND FINANCIAL REVIEW AND PROSPECTS

The following discussion of our financial condition and results of operations is based upon and should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and their related notes included in this annual report on Form 20-F. We adopted a new accounting standard on revenue recognition issued by FASB in 2014 and effective January 1, 2018, and apply such accounting standard retrospectively to the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2017. This annual report contains forward-looking statements. See “Item 5.G. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects — Safe Harbor.” In evaluating our business, you should carefully consider the information provided under the caption “Item 3.D. Key Information — Risk Factors” in this annual report. We caution you that our businesses and financial performance are subject to substantial risks and uncertainties.

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A.    Operating Results

We are a leading consolidator of hotel accommodations and airline tickets. We aggregate information on hotels and flights and enable our users to make informed and cost-effective hotel and flight bookings. We also offer packaged-tour products and other products and services.

In 2019, we derived approximately 38%, 39%, 13%, 4%, and 6% of our total revenues from our accommodation reservation, transportation ticketing, packaged tour, corporate travel, and other products and services, respectively.

In 2019, while we continued to strengthen our PRC domestic travel businesses, we further enhanced our outbound travel businesses as part of the execution of our international strategy. As of the date of this annual report, our outbound travel businesses focus primarily on outbound accommodation reservation, outbound air ticketing and outbound packaged tours. We generate our revenues primarily from the Greater China, based on the geographic location of our websites. See Notes 21 to our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report for further information. Also as part of our international strategy, we consummated the acquisition transaction of the United Kingdom-based Skyscanner in December 2016 and maintained its independent management of operations as part of the Trip.com Group to complement our positioning at a global scale.

Major Factors Affecting the Travel Industry

A variety of factors affect the travel industry in China, and hence our results of operations and financial condition, including:

Growth in the Overall Economy and Demand for Travel Services in China. We expect that our financial results will continue to be affected by the overall growth of the economy and demand for travel services in China and the rest of the world. According to the statistical report published on the website of PRC National Bureau of Statistics, or NBS, on February 28, 2020, China’s domestic gross product, or GDP, grew from RMB91.9 trillion in 2018 to RMB99.1 trillion in 2019, representing an annual growth rate of 6.1%.

Despite that the growth rate of the Chinese economy is slowing, we anticipate that demand for travel services in China will continue to increase for the long term. According to the statistical report published on the website of NBS on February 28, 2020, China’s domestic travel spending grew from RMB5,127.8 billion in 2018 to RMB5,725.1 billion in 2019, representing an annual growth rate of 11.7%. However, any adverse changes in economic conditions of China and the rest of the world, such as the current global financial crisis and economic downturn, could have a material adverse effect on the travel industry in China, which in turn would harm our business. See “Item 3.D. Key Information — Risk Factors — Our business is sensitive to global economic conditions. A severe or prolonged downturn in the global or Chinese economy may have a material and adverse effect on our business, and may materially and adversely affect our growth and profitability.”

Seasonality in the Travel Service Industry. The travel service industry is characterized by seasonal fluctuations and accordingly our revenues may vary from quarter to quarter. To date, the revenues generated during the summer season of each year generally are higher than those generated during the winter season, mainly because the summer season coincides with the peak business and leisure travel season, while the winter season of each year includes the Chinese New Year holiday, during which our customers reduce their business activities. These seasonality trends are difficult to discern in our historical results because our revenues have grown substantially since inception. However, our future results may be affected by seasonal fluctuations in the use of our services by our customers.

Disruptions in the Travel Industry. Individual travelers tend to modify their travel plans based on the occurrence or recurrence of events such as:

• Actual or threatened war or terrorist activities;

• an outbreak of EVD, COVID-19, MERS, SARS, H1N1 flu, H7N9 flu, and avian flu, or any other serious contagious diseases;

• increasing prices in the hotel, transportation ticketing, or other travel-related sectors;

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• increasing occurrence of travel-related accidents;

• political unrest, civil strife, or other geopolitical uncertainty;

• natural disasters or poor weather conditions, such as hurricanes, earthquakes, or tsunamis; and

• any travel restrictions or other security procedures implemented in connection with any major events in China.

See “Item 3.D. Key Information—Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Our Business and Industry—General declines or disruptions in the travel industry may materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations.”

While the duration of the current COVID-19 pandemic and its disruption to our business and related financial impacts cannot be reasonably estimated at this time, we expect that our financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows for the first half of 2020 will be materially and adversely affected with potential continuing impacts on subsequent periods. In particular, our revenues for the first half of 2020 will be materially and adversely affected as a result of the domestic and international travel restrictions and significant incremental costs and expenses incurred to facilitate our users’ cancellations and refund requests; we may experience difficulty in collection of receivables, which may result in additional allowance for doubtful accounts and significant downward adjustments or impairment to our long-term investments and goodwill if the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic become other than temporary. We currently expect our net revenue for the first quarter of 2020 to decrease year-over-year by approximately 45% to 50%, which reflects our preliminary view and is subject to change. We will continue to monitor and evaluate the financial impacts to our financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows for the first half of 2020 and subsequent periods. The global spread of COVID-19 pandemic in a significant number of countries around the world has resulted in, and may intensify, global economic distress, and the extent to which it may affect our financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted. See “Item 3.D. Key Information—Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Our Business and Industry—Pandemics, epidemics, or fear of spread of contagious diseases could disrupt the travel industry and our operations, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.”

Any future outbreak of contagious diseases or similar adverse public health developments, extreme unexpected bad weather or severe natural disasters would affect our business and operating results. Ongoing concerns regarding contagious disease or natural disasters, particularly its effect on travel, could negatively impact our China-based customers’ desire to travel. If there is a recurrence of an outbreak of certain contagious diseases or natural disasters, travel to and from affected regions could be curtailed. Public policy regarding, or governmental restrictions, on travel to and from these and other regions on account of an outbreak of any contagious disease or occurrence of natural disasters could have a material adverse effect on our business and operating results.

Major Factors Affecting Our Results of Operations

Revenues

Revenues Composition and Sources of Revenue Growth. We have experienced significant revenue growth since we commenced operations in 1999. Our total revenues grew from RMB11.5 billion in 2015 to RMB35.7 billion (US$5.1 billion) in 2019, representing a compound annual growth rate of 32.8%.

We generate our revenues primarily from the accommodation reservation and transportation ticketing businesses. The table below sets forth the revenues from our principal lines of business as a percentage of our revenues for the periods indicated.

	Year-Ended December 31,
	2017			2018			2019
Revenues:
Accommodation reservation		35	%		37	%		38	%
Transportation ticketing		45	%		42	%		39	%
Packaged-tour		11	%		12	%		13	%
Corporate travel		3	%		3	%		4	%
Others		6	%		6	%		6	%
Total revenues		100	%		100	%		100	%

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As we generally do not take ownership of the products and services being sold and act as an agent in substantially all of our transactions, our risk of loss due to obligations for cancelled hotel and airline ticket reservations is minimal. Accordingly, we recognize revenues primarily based on commissions earned rather than transaction value.

Since current PRC laws and regulations impose substantial restrictions on foreign ownership of travel agency and value-added telecommunications businesses in China, we conduct part of our transportation ticketing and packaged-tour businesses through our consolidated affiliated Chinese entities. Historically, we generated a portion of our revenues from fees charged to these entities. See “Item 7.B. Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions — Related Party Transactions — Arrangements with Consolidated Affiliated Chinese Entities” for a description of our relationship with these entities.

Accommodation Reservation. Revenues from our accommodation reservation business have been a significant source of revenues since our inception. In 2017, 2018 and 2019, revenues from our accommodation reservation business accounted for RMB9.5 billion, RMB11.6 billion and RMB13.5 billion (US$1.9 billion) respectively, or 35%, 37%, and 38%, respectively, of our total revenues.

We generate substantially all of our accommodation reservation revenues through commissions from travel suppliers for hotel room reservations through our transaction and service platform. We recognize revenues when the reservation becomes non-cancellable which is the point considered when we complete our performance obligation in accommodation reservation services. We generally agree in advance on fixed commissions with a particular hotel, we also enter into a commission arrangement with many of our hotel suppliers that we refer to as the “ratchet system.” Under the ratchet system, our commission rate per room night is adjusted upward in line with the increase in the volume of room nights we sell for such hotels during such months.

Transportation Ticketing. In 2017, 2018 and 2019, revenues from our transportation ticketing business accounted for RMB12.2 billion, RMB12.9 billion, and RMB14.0 billion (US$2.0 billion), respectively, or 45%, 42%, and 39%, respectively, of our total revenues.

We conduct our transportation ticketing business primarily through our wholly-owned subsidiaries, consolidated affiliated Chinese entities, as well as a network of independent transportation ticketing service companies. Commissions from transportation ticketing rendered are recognized after tickets are issued as this is when our performance obligation is satisfied.

Packaged-tour. Our packaged-tour business has grown rapidly in the past three years. In 2017, 2018 and 2019, revenues from our packaged-tour business accounted for RMB3.0 billion, RMB3.8 billion and RMB4.5 billion (US$651 million), respectively. We bundle the packaged-tour products and receive referral fees from travel product providers for packaged-tour products and services through our transaction and service platform. Referral fees are recognized on the departure date of the tours as this is when our performance obligation is satisfied.

Corporate Travel. Corporate travel revenues primarily include commissions from transportation ticket booking, accommodation reservation and packaged-tour services rendered to corporate clients. In 2017, 2018 and 2019, revenues from our corporate travel services accounted for RMB753 million, RMB981 million and RMB1.3 billion (US$180 million), respectively. We contract with corporate clients based on service fee model. Travel reservations are made via on-line and off-line services for transportation ticket booking, accommodation reservation and packaged-tour services. Revenue is recognized on a net basis after the services are rendered and collections are reasonably assured.

Other Businesses. Our other businesses primarily consist of online advertising services and financial services. In 2017, 2018 and 2019, revenues from other business accounted for RMB1.5 billion, RMB1.8 billion and RMB2.5 billion (US$353 million), respectively. We recognize advertising revenues ratably over the fixed term of the agreement as services are provided and we recognize the interest income from the receivable related to financial services ratably over the loan period.

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Cost of Revenues

Cost of revenues consists primarily of payroll compensation of customer service center personnel, credit card service fee, payments to travel suppliers, telecommunication expenses, direct cost of principal travel tour services, depreciation, rentals and related expenses incurred by our transaction and service platform which are directly attributable to the rendering of our travel related services and other businesses.

Cost of revenues accounted for 17%, 20%, and 21% of our net revenues in 2017, 2018 and 2019, respectively. We believe our relatively low ratio of cost of revenues to revenues is primarily due to competitive labor costs in China, high efficiency of our customer service system and efficiency of our enhanced website operations. The increase in percentage of cost of revenues to net revenues in 2019 was primarily due to the increase in credit card service fee, customer service related expenses and payments to travel suppliers for the service we had control.

Operating Expenses

Operating expenses consist primarily of product development expenses, sales and marketing expenses and general and administrative expenses, all of which include share-based compensation expense. In 2019, we recorded RMB1.7 billion (US$247 million) of share-based compensation expense, compared to RMB1.8 billion and RMB1.7 billion for 2017 and 2018, respectively. Share-based compensation expense is included in the same income statement category as the cash compensation paid to the recipient of the share-based award.

Product development expenses primarily include expenses we incur to develop our travel suppliers network and expenses we incur to maintain, monitor and manage our transaction and service platform. Product development expenses accounted for 31%, 31%, and 30% of our net revenues in 2017, 2018 and 2019, respectively. The product development expenses as a percentage of net revenues in 2019 decreased primarily due to the decrease in personnel expenses of product development employees as a percentage of revenue.

Sales and marketing expenses primarily comprise payroll compensation and benefits for our sales and marketing personnel, advertising expenses, and other related marketing and promotion expenses. Our sales and marketing expenses accounted for 31%, 31%, and 26% of our net revenues in 2017, 2018 and 2019, respectively. The sales and market expenses as a percentage of net revenues in 2019 decreased primarily due to the decrease in sales and marketing related activities.

General and administrative expenses consist primarily of payroll compensation, benefits and travel expenses for our administrative staff, professional service fees, as well as administrative office expenses. Our general and administrative expenses accounted for 10%, 9%, and 9% of our net revenues in 2017, 2018 and 2019, respectively. The general and administrative expenses as a percentage of net revenues in 2019 remained consistent with that in 2018.

Foreign Exchange Risk

We are exposed to foreign exchange risk arising from various currency exposures. See “Item 11. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosure About Market Risk.”

Income Taxes and Financial Subsidies

Income Taxes. Our effective income tax rate was 36%, 41%, and 19% for 2017, 2018, and 2019, respectively. The change in our effective income tax rate from 2018 to 2019 was mainly due to changes in the profitability of our subsidiaries that have different tax rates, including certain non-taxable income of the fair value gains in equity securities investments in 2019 and certain non-deductible expenses of the fair value losses in equity securities in 2018. The change in our effective income tax rate from 2017 to 2018 was mainly due to the combined impacts from change in profitability, changes in the profits of our subsidiaries with different tax rates and decrease of non-deductible share-based compensation expenses.

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Pursuant to the EIT Law, companies established in China were generally subject to EIT at a statutory rate of 25%. The 25% EIT rate applies to most of our subsidiaries and consolidated affiliated Chinese entities established in China. Some of our PRC subsidiaries, Ctrip Computer Technology, Ctrip Travel Information, Ctrip Travel Network, Qunar Software, one of our consolidated affiliated Chinese entities, Qunar Beijing, Chengdu Ctrip, Chengdu Ctrip International, and Chengdu Information benefit from a preferential tax rate of 15% by either qualifying as HNTEs or qualifying under the Western Regions Catalogue under the EIT Law as follows.

• In 2017, Ctrip Computer Technology, Ctrip Travel Information, and Ctrip Travel Network reapplied for their qualification as HNTE, which were approved by the relevant government authority. Thus, these subsidiaries are entitled to a preferential EIT rate of 15% from 2017 to 2019. Qunar Software and Qunar Beijing are also entitled a preferential EIT rate of 15% from 2018 to 2020.

• In 2002, SAT started to implement preferential tax policy in China’s western regions, and companies located in applicable jurisdictions covered by the Western Regions Catalogue are eligible to apply for a preferential income tax rate of 15% if their businesses fall within the “encouraged” category of the policy. Over the years since 2012, Chengdu Ctrip and Chengdu Ctrip International obtained approval from local tax authorities to apply the 15% tax rate for their annual tax filing subject to periodic renewals. After the initial effective period expired in 2014, the two entities were approved by the relevant government authority to renew this qualification, which will expire in 2020. In 2013, Chengdu Information obtained approval from local tax authorities to apply the 15% tax rate for its 2012 tax filing and for the years from 2013 to 2020.

Financial Subsidies. In 2017, 2018, and 2019, our subsidiaries in China received financial subsidies from the government authorities in the amount of approximately RMB264 million, RMB469 million, and RMB589 million (US$85 million), respectively, which we recorded as other income upon cash receipt. Such financial subsidies were granted to us at the sole discretion of the government authorities. We cannot assure you that our subsidiaries will continue to receive financial subsidies in the future.

Pursuant to the China’s VAT reform, from April 1, 2019 to December 31, 2021, general tax payers engaged in certain industries, including the travel and entertainment industry, are allowed to claim an additional 10% super-credit on their input VAT. This super-credit amount can be deducted from VAT payable, and any remaining amount can be transferred to the next filing period for credit.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

We prepare financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP, which requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities on the date of the balance sheet and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the financial reporting period. We continually evaluate these estimates and assumptions based on the most recently available information, our own historical experiences and various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, which together form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Since the use of estimates is an integral component of the financial reporting process, actual results could differ from those estimates. Some of our accounting policies require higher degrees of judgment than others in their application. We consider the policies discussed below to be critical to an understanding of our financial statements as their application places the most significant demands on management’s judgment.

Revenue Recognition. We describe our revenue recognition policies in our consolidated financial statements. We present substantially all of our revenues on a net basis as the travel supplier is primarily responsible for providing the underlying travel services and we do not control the service provided by the travel supplier to the traveler. Revenues are recognized on a gross basis where we undertake substantive inventory risks by pre-purchasing inventories.

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On January 1, 2018, we adopted new revenue guidance ASC Topic 606, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers” (“ASC 606”), using the full retrospective transition approach under which our previously issued financial statements for 2016 and 2017 were retrospectively adjusted. The new standard did not change the presentation of our revenues, which continues to be substantially reported on a net basis. However, the timing of revenue recognition for certain revenue streams is changed under the new standard. In particular, revenue for accommodation reservation services, which used to be recognized after end-users completed their stays, is now recognized when the reservation becomes non-cancellable. Revenue for packaged-tour services, which used to be recognized when packaged tours were completed, is now recognized on the departure date of the tours.

Business Combination. We apply ASC 805 “Business Combination,” which requires that all business combinations not involving entities or business under common control be accounted for under the acquisition method. The cost of an acquisition is measured as the aggregate of fair values at the date of exchange of assets given, liabilities incurred and equity instruments issued. The costs directly attributable to the acquisition are expensed as incurred. Identifiable assets, liabilities and contingent liabilities acquired or assumed are measured separately at their fair value as of the acquisition date, irrespective of the extent of any non-controlling interests. The excess of (i) the total of cost of acquisition, fair value of non-controlling interests and acquisition date fair value of any previously held equity interest in an acquiree over (ii) the fair value of identifiable net assets of an acquiree is recorded as goodwill. If the cost of acquisition is less than the fair value of the net assets of a subsidiary acquired, the difference is recognized directly in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income.

Investment. Our investments include equity method investments, equity securities without readily determinable fair values, equity securities with readily determinable fair values, held to maturity debt securities, and available-for-sale debt securities. We apply equity method in accounting for the investments in entities in which we have the ability to exercise significant influence but do not have control and the investments are in either common stock or in-substance common stock. Unrealized gains on transactions between an affiliated entity and us are eliminated to the extent of our interest in the affiliated entity; unrealized losses are also eliminated unless the transaction provides evidence of an impairment of the asset transferred. Equity securities without readily determinable fair values are measured and recorded using a measurement alternative that measures the securities at cost minus impairment, if any, plus or minus changes resulting from qualifying observable price changes. Prior to the fiscal year of 2018, these securities were accounted for using the cost method of accounting, measured at cost less other-than-temporary impairment. Equity securities with readily determinable fair values are measured and recorded at fair value on a recurring basis with changes in fair value, whether realized or unrealized, recorded through the income statement. Prior to 2018, these securities were classified as available-for-sale securities and measured and recorded at fair value with unrealized changes in fair value recorded through other comprehensive income. Debt securities that we have positive intent and ability to hold to maturity are classified as held-to-maturity debt securities and are stated at amortized cost. Debt securities that we have the intent to hold the security for an indefinite period or may sell the security in response to the changes in economic conditions are classified as available for sale and reported at fair value. Unrealized gains and losses (other than impairment losses) are reported, net of the related tax effect, in other comprehensive income (OCI). Upon sale, realized gains and losses are reported in net income. We monitor our investments for other-than-temporary impairment by considering factors including, but not limited to, current economic and market conditions, the operating performance of the companies including current earnings trends and other company-specific information. In light of the global spread of the COVID-19 pandemic and potentially prolonged decline of share prices of publicly traded companies in which we have invested, which is considered one of the indicators of impairment on our investments that are not measured at fair values, we may need to recognize significant downward adjustments or impairment to our investments if the impacts from the COVID-19 pandemic become other than temporary.

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Goodwill, Intangible Assets and Long-Lived Assets. Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the identifiable assets and liabilities acquired as a result of our acquisitions of interests in its subsidiaries and consolidated affiliated Chinese entities. Goodwill is not amortized but is reviewed at least annually for impairment or earlier, if an indication of impairment exists. Recoverability of goodwill is evaluated using a two-step process. In the first step, the fair value of a reporting unit is compared to its carrying value. If the fair value of a reporting unit exceeds the carrying value of the net assets assigned to a reporting unit, goodwill is considered not impaired and no further testing is required. If the carrying value of the net assets assigned to a reporting unit exceeds the fair value of a reporting unit, the second step of the impairment test is performed in order to determine the implied fair value of a reporting unit’s goodwill. Determining the implied fair value of goodwill requires valuation of a reporting unit’s tangible and intangible assets and liabilities in a manner similar to the allocation of purchase price in a business combination. If the carrying value of a reporting unit’s goodwill exceeds its implied fair value, goodwill is deemed impaired and is written down to the extent of the difference. We estimate total fair value of the reporting unit using discounted cash flow analysis, and makes assumptions regarding future revenue, gross margins, working capital levels, investments in new products, capital spending, tax, cash flows, and the terminal value of the reporting unit. Separately identifiable intangible assets that have determinable lives continue to be amortized and consist primarily of non-compete agreements, customer list, supplier relationship, technology and business relationship. We amortize intangible assets on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives, which is three to ten years. The estimated life of amortized intangibles is reassessed if circumstances occur that indicate the life has changed. Other intangible assets that have indefinite useful life primarily include trademark and domain names. We evaluate indefinite-lived intangible assets each reporting period to determine whether events and circumstances continue to support an indefinite useful life. If an intangible asset that is not being amortized is subsequently determined to have a finite useful life, the asset is tested for impairment. We estimate total fair value of the reporting unit using discounted cash flow analysis, and makes assumptions regarding future revenue, gross margins, working capital levels, investments in new products, capital spending, tax, cash flows, and the terminal value of the reporting unit. Long-lived assets (including intangible with definite lives) are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Reviews are performed to determine whether the carrying value of asset group is impaired, based on comparison to undiscounted expected future cash flows. If this comparison indicates that there is impairment, we recognize impairment of long-lived assets to the extent the carrying amount of such assets exceeds the fair value. For 2017, 2018, and 2019, we did not recognize any impairment charges for goodwill, intangible assets, or long-lived assets, based on the expanding and prospective business of our subsidiaries and consolidated affiliated Chinese entities. If different judgments or estimates had been utilized, material differences could have resulted in the amount and timing of the impairment charge. In light of the continuing global spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, our ADS price generally declined in the first quarter of 2020, and the amount by which the share price exceeded the carrying value of the reporting unit has become minimal. If our ADS price continues to decline and becomes lower than the carrying value of the reporting unit, it may be considered an indicator for us to perform interim goodwill impairment test and we may need to recognize impairment on goodwill or other long-lived assets if the impacts from the COVID-19 pandemic become other than temporary.

Customer Rewards Program. We offer a customer rewards program that allows our users to participate in a loyalty points program. The points awarded from services can be redeemed for cash or used to purchase gifts on our website and mobile platforms. The estimated incremental costs of the loyalty points program are recognized as sales and marketing expense, or as reduction of the revenue, depending on whether they can be redeemed to gifts or used as cash, and accrued for as a current liability. As members redeem awards or their entitlements expire, the accrued liability is reduced correspondingly. As of December 31, 2018 and 2019, our accrued liability for the customer rewards program were approximately RMB528 million and RMB478 million (US$69 million), respectively, based on the estimated liabilities under the customer reward program.

Share-Based Compensation. We follow ASC 718 “Stock Compensation,” using the modified prospective method. Under the fair value recognition provisions of ASC 718, we recognize share-based compensation net of an estimated forfeiture rate and therefore only recognize compensation cost for those shares expected to vest over the service period of the award. Under ASC 718, we applied the Black-Scholes valuation model in determining the fair value of options granted. Risk-free interest rates are based on US Treasury yield for the terms consistent with the expected life of award at the time of grant. Expected life is based on historical exercise patterns. Expected dividend yield is determined in view of our historical dividend payout rate and future business plan. We estimate expected volatility at the date of grant based on historical volatilities. We recognize compensation expense on all share-based awards on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period. Forfeiture rate is estimated based on historical forfeiture patterns and adjusted to reflect future change in circumstances and facts, if any. If actual forfeitures differ from those estimates, we may need to revise those estimates used in subsequent periods. According to ASC 718, a change in any of the terms or conditions of stock options shall be accounted for as a modification of the plan. Therefore, we calculate incremental compensation cost of a modification as the excess of the fair value of the modified option over the fair value of the original option immediately before its terms are modified, measured based on the share price and other pertinent factors at the modification date. For vested options, we would recognize incremental compensation cost in the period the modification occurs and for unvested options, we would recognize, over the remaining requisite service period, the sum of the incremental compensation cost and the remaining unrecognized compensation cost for the original award on the modification date.

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Leases. We began to apply ASC 842, “Leases,” on January 1, 2019 on a modified retrospective basis and has elected not to recast comparative periods. We determine if an arrangement is a lease at inception. Operating leases are primarily for office and operation space and are included in ROU assets, other payables and accruals, and long-term lease liabilities on our consolidated balance sheets. ROU assets represent our right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent our obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. The operating lease ROU assets and liabilities are recognized at lease commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. As most of our leases do not provide an implicit rate, we use our incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at lease commencement date in determining the present value of lease payments. The operating lease ROU asset also includes any lease payments made and excludes lease incentives. Our lease terms may include options to extend or terminate the lease. Renewal options are considered within the ROU assets and lease liability when it is reasonably certain that we will exercise that option. Lease expense for lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. For operating leases with a term of one year or less, we have elected to not recognize a lease liability or ROU asset on our consolidated balance sheet. Instead, we recognize the lease payments as expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Short-term lease costs are immaterial to our consolidated statements of operations and cash flows. We have operating lease agreements with insignificant non-lease components and have elected the practical expedient to combine and account for lease and non-lease components as a single lease component.

Deferred Tax Valuation Allowances. We provide a valuation allowance on our deferred tax assets to the extent we consider it to be more likely than not that we will be unable to realize all or part of such assets. Our future realization of our deferred tax assets depends on many factors, including our ability to generate taxable income within the period during which temporary differences reverse or before our tax loss carry-forwards expire, the outlook for the Chinese economy and overall outlook for our industry. We consider these factors at each balance sheet date and determine whether valuation allowances are necessary. As of December 31, 2017, 2018, and 2019, we recorded deferred tax assets of RMB462 million, RMB850 million, and RMB976 million (US$140 million), respectively. If, however, unexpected events occur in the future that would prevent us from realizing all or a portion of our net deferred tax assets, an adjustment would result in a charge to income in the period in which such determination was made. As of December 31, 2017, 2018, and 2019, it is more likely than not that the deferred tax assets resulting from the net operating losses of certain subsidiaries will not be realized. Hence, we recorded valuation allowance against our gross deferred tax assets in order to reduce the deferred tax assets to the amount that is more likely than not to be realized. Also, we have elected to early adopt a new accounting guidance issued by the FASB to simplify the presentation of deferred income taxes on the Balance Sheet Classification. Starting December 31, 2015 and prospectively, deferred tax assets and liabilities, along with related valuation allowances are classified as noncurrent on the balance sheet.

Allowance for doubtful accounts. Accounts receivable are recorded at the invoiced amount and do not bear interest. We review on a periodic basis for doubtful accounts for the outstanding trade receivable balances and the receivables relating to financial services based on historical experience and information available. Additionally, we make specific bad debt provisions based on (i) our specific assessment of the collectability of all significant accounts; and (ii) any specific knowledge we have acquired that might indicate that an account is uncollectible. The facts and circumstances of each account may require us to use substantial judgment in assessing its collectability. As of December 31, 2017, 2018, and 2019, the allowance for doubtful accounts was RMB129 million, RMB156 million, and RMB256 million (US$37 million), respectively. The increase of allowance for doubtful accounts in 2019 was primarily attributable to the prolonged aging of accounts receivables due from merchant customers and the increased allowance for financial services that developed in recent years.

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Results of Operations

The following table sets forth a summary of our consolidated statements of operations for the periods indicated both in amount and as a percentage of net revenues.

	For the Year Ended December 31(1),
	2017						2018						2019
	RMB			%			RMB			%			RMB			US$			%
	(in millions)
Revenues:
Accommodation reservation		9,531			36			11,580			37			13,514			1,941			38
Transportation ticketing		12,221			46			12,947			42			13,952			2,004			39
Packaged-tour		2,973			11			3,772			12			4,534			651			13
Corporate travel		753			3			981			3			1,255			180			4
Others		1,515			5			1,824			6			2,461			353			6
Total revenues		26,993			101			31,104			100			35,716			5,129			100
Less: Sales tax and surcharges		(197	)		(1	)		(139	)		(0	)		(50	)		(7	)		(0	)
Net revenues		26,796			100			30,965			100			35,666			5,122			100
Cost of revenues		(4,678	)		(17	)		(6,324	)		(20	)		(7,372	)		(1,059	)		(21	)
Gross profit		22,118			83			24,641			80			28,294			4,063			79
Operating expenses:
Product development(2)		(8,259	)		(31	)		(9,620	)		(31	)		(10,670	)		(1,533	)		(30	)
Sales and marketing(2)		(8,294	)		(31	)		(9,596	)		(31	)		(9,295	)		(1,335	)		(26	)
General and administrative(2)		(2,622	)		(10	)		(2,820	)		(9	)		(3,289	)		(472	)		(9	)
Total operating expenses		(19,175	)		(72	)		(22,036	)		(71	)		(23,254	)		(3,340	)		(65	)
Income from operations		2,943			11			2,605			9			5,040			723			14
Interest income		988			4			1,899			6			2,094			301			6
Interest expense		(1,286	)		(5	)		(1,508	)		(5	)		(1,677	)		(241	)		(5	)
Other income/(expense)		879			3			(1,075	)		(3	)		3,630			521			10
Income before income tax expense and equity in loss of affiliates		3,524			13			1,921			7			9,087			1,304			25
Income tax expense		(1,285	)		(5	)		(793	)		(3	)		(1,742	)		(250	)		(5	)
Equity in loss of affiliates		(65	)		(0	)		(32	)		(0	)		(347	)		(50	)		(1	)
Net income		2,174			8			1,096			4			6,998			1,004			19
Net (income)/loss attributable to non-controlling interests		(19	)		(0	)		16			0			57			8			0
Accretion to redemption value of redeemable non-controlling interests		—			—			—			—			(44	)		(6	)		(0	)
Net income attributable to Trip.com Group’s shareholders		2,155			8			1,112			4			7,011			1,006			19

Notes:

(1) Effective from January 1, 2018, we adopted ASC Topic 606, a new accounting standard on the recognition of revenue issued by FASB in 2014, and have applied such accounting standard retrospectively to the year ended December 31, 2017.

(2) Share-based compensation was included in the associated operating expense categories as follows:

	For the Year Ended December 31,
	2017						2018						2019
	RMB			%			RMB			%			RMB			US$			%
	(in millions)
Product development		(1,013	)		(4	)		(934	)		(3	)		(919	)		(132	)		(3	)
Sales and marketing		(186	)		(1	)		(156	)		(1	)		(144	)		(21	)		(0	)
General and administrative		(635	)		(2	)		(617	)		(2	)		(651	)		(94	)		(2	)

Any discrepancies in the above table between the amounts or percentages identified as total amounts or percentages and the sum of the amounts or percentages listed therein are due to rounding.

2019 compared to 2018

Revenues

Total revenues were RMB35.7 billion (US$5.1 billion) in 2019, an increase of 15% over RMB31.1 billion in 2018. This revenues growth was primarily due to our brands’ extensive reach and expansion in our product portfolio.

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Accommodation Reservation. Revenues from our accommodation reservation business increased by 17% to RMB13.5 billion (US$1.9 billion) in 2019 from RMB11.6 billion in 2018, primarily due to our brands’ extensive reach and provision of diversified accommodation choices to prospective customers.

Transportation Ticketing. Revenues from our transportation ticketing business increased by 8% to RMB14.0 billion (US$2.0 billion) in 2019 from RMB12.9 billion in 2018, primarily due to an increase in demands for international air tickets and ground transportation tickets.

Packaged-tour. Packaged-tour revenues increased by 20% to RMB4.5 billion (US$651 million) in 2019 from RMB3.8 billion in 2018, primarily due to an increase in demands for organized tours and self-guided tours and our further penetration in lower-tier cities in China.

Corporate Travel. Corporate travel revenues increased by 28% to RMB1.3 billion (US$180 million) in 2019 from RMB981 million in 2018, primarily due to expansion in corporate customer base and travel product coverage.

Other Businesses. Revenues from other businesses increased by 35% to RMB2.5 billion (US$353 million) in 2019 from RMB1.8 billion in 2018, primarily due to a strong growth in our advertisement services and an increase in demands for financial services.

Cost of Revenues

Cost of revenues in 2019 increased by 17% to RMB7.4 billion (US$1.1 billion) from RMB6.3 billion in 2018, primarily due to an increase in credit card service fee, customer service related expenses and payments to travel suppliers for the service we had control.

Operating Expenses

Operating expenses include product development expenses, sales and marketing expenses, and general and administrative expenses.

Product Development. Product development expenses increased by 11% to RMB10.7 billion (US$1.5 billion) in 2019 from RMB9.6 billion in 2018, primarily due to an increase in product development personnel related expenses.

Sales and Marketing. Sales and marketing expenses decreased by 3% to RMB9.3 billion (US$1.3 billion) in 2019 from RMB9.6 billion in 2018, primarily attributable to a decrease in sales and marketing related activities. Our advertising expenses decreased from RMB6.0 billion in 2018 to RMB5.5 billion (US$783 million) in 2019.

General and Administrative. General and administrative expenses increased by 17% to RMB3.3 billion (US$472 million) in 2019 from RMB2.8 billion in 2018, primarily due to an increase in general and administrative personnel related expenses and allowance for doubtful accounts.

Interest Income

Interest income increased by 10% to RMB2.1 billion (US$301 million) in 2019 from RMB1.9 billion in 2018 due to an increase in held to maturity deposits and financial products in 2019.

Interest Expense

Interest expense increased by 11% to RMB1.7 billion (US$241 million) in 2019 from RMB1.5 billion in 2018 due to fluctuation in the principal amount of both short-term and long-term debt in 2019.

Other (Expense)/Income

Other income was RMB3.6 billion (US$521 million) in 2019 while other expense was RMB1.1 billion in 2018, primarily due to the RMB2.3 billion (US$335 million) fair value gain of equity securities investments in 2019 and the RMB3.1 billion fair value loss of equity securities investments in 2018, largely offset by RMB1.2 billion gain on disposal of long-term investments.

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Income Tax Expense

Income tax expense was RMB1.7 billion (US$250 million) in 2019, an increase of 120% over RMB793 million in 2018, primarily due to the increase in our taxable income. Our effective income tax rate in 2019 was 19%, as compared to 41% in 2018. The change in our effective income tax rate from 2018 to 2019 was primarily due to combined impacts from change in profitability, changes in the profits of our subsidiaries with different tax rates, certain non-taxable income of the fair value changes in equity securities investments, and certain non-deductible expenses from the fair value changes in equity securities investments.

Equity in Loss of Affiliates

Equity in loss of affiliates is RMB347 million (US$50 million) in 2019, as compared with equity in loss of affiliates of RMB32 million in 2018. This is primarily attributable to the losses incurred from our equity method investments.

2018 compared to 2017

Revenues

Total revenues were RMB31.1 billion in 2018, an increase of 15% over RMB27.0 billion in 2017. This revenues growth was primarily due to our brands’ extensive reach and provision of diversified accommodation choices to prospective customers.

Accommodation Reservation. Revenues from our accommodation reservation business increased by 21% to RMB11.6 billion in 2018 from RMB9.5 billion in 2017, primarily due to our brands’ extensive reach and provision of diversified accommodation choices to prospective customers.

Transportation Ticketing. Revenues from our transportation ticketing business increased by 6% to RMB12.9 billion in 2018 from RMB12.2 billion in 2017, primarily due to an increase in demands for ground transportation tickets.

Packaged-tour. Packaged-tour revenues increased by 27% to RMB3.8 billion in 2018 from RMB3.0 billion in 2017, primarily due to an increase in demands for organized tours and self-guided tours.

Corporate Travel. Corporate travel revenues increased by 30% to RMB981 million in 2018 from RMB753 million in 2017, primarily due to an increase in corporate travel demand resulting from various business activities.

Other Businesses. Revenues from other businesses increased by 20% to RMB1.8 billion in 2018 from RMB1.5 billion in 2017, primarily due to an increase in revenues from online advertising services.

Cost of Revenues

Cost of revenues in 2018 increased by 35% to RMB6.3 billion from RMB4.7 billion in 2017, primarily due to increase of credit card service fee, customer service related expenses and payments to travel suppliers for the service we had control.

Operating Expenses

Operating expenses include product development expenses, sales and marketing expenses and general and administrative expenses.

Product Development. Product development expenses increased by 16% to RMB9.6 billion in 2018 from RMB8.3 billion in 2017, primarily due to an increase in product development personnel related expenses.

Sales and Marketing. Sales and marketing expenses increased by 16% to RMB9.6 billion in 2018 from RMB8.3 billion in 2017, primarily attributable to an increase in sales and marketing related activities. Our advertising expenses increased from RMB5.1 billion in 2017 to RMB6.0 billion in 2018.

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General and Administrative. General and administrative expenses increased by 8% to RMB2.8 billion in 2018 from RMB2.6 billion in 2017, primarily due to an increase in general and administrative personnel related expenses.

Interest Income

Interest income increased by 92% to RMB1.9 billion in 2018 from RMB988 million in 2017 due to an increase in cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments in 2018.

Interest Expense

Interest expense increased by 17% to RMB1.5 billion in 2018 from RMB1.3 billion in 2017 due to an increase in short-term debt and long-term debt in 2018.

Other (Expense)/Income

Other expense was RMB1.1 billion in 2018 while other income was RMB879 million in 2017, primarily due to the RMB3.1 billion fair value loss of equity securities investments and largely offset by RMB1.2 billion gain on disposal of long-term investments in 2018.

Income Tax Expense

Income tax expense was RMB793 million in 2018, a decrease of 38% over RMB1.3 billion in 2017, primarily due to the decrease in our taxable income. Our effective income tax rate in 2018 was 41%, as compared to 36% in 2017. The change in our effective income tax rate from 2017 to 2018 was mainly due to the combined impacts from change in profitability, changes in the profits of our subsidiaries with different tax rates and decrease of non-deductible share-based compensation expenses.

Equity in Loss of Affiliates

Equity in loss of affiliates is RMB32 million in 2018 while equity in loss of affiliates is RMB65 million in 2017. This is primarily attributable to the losses incurred from our equity method investments.

Inflation

Inflation in China has not materially impacted our results of operations. According to NBS, the year-over-year percent changes in the consumer price index for December 2017, 2018, and 2019 were increases of 1.8%, 1.9%, and 4.5%, respectively. Inflation in recent years has been associated with food and other consumption items and minimum wages in China. Consumption items do not represent major direct cost items for our business. While personnel costs represent a material part of our total operating costs and expenses, inflation in minimum wages in China primarily affects certain categories of our non-managerial staff costs while increases in total personnel costs of our business remain manageable. Although we have not been materially affected by inflation in the past, we can provide no assurance that we will not be affected in the future by higher rates of inflation in China.

B.    Liquidity and Capital Resources

Liquidity

The following table sets forth the summary of our cash flows for the periods indicated:

	For the Year Ended December 31,
	2017			2018			2019
	RMB			RMB			RMB			US$
Net cash provided by operating activities		7,069			7,115			7,333			1,055
Net cash used in investing activities		(15,229	)		(14,078	)		(2,413	)		(347	)
Net cash provided/(used) by financing activities		8,020			11,926			(9,256	)		(1,330	)
Effect of foreign exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash		(47	)		819			309			44
Net (decrease)/increase in cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash		(187	)		5,782			(4,027	)		(578	)
Cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, beginning of year		20,179			19,992			25,774			3,702
Cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, end of year		19,992			25,774			21,747			3,124

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Net cash provided by operating activities amounted to RMB7.3 billion (US$1.1 billion) in 2019, which was primarily attributable to (i) our net income of RMB7.0 billion (US$1.0 billion) in 2019; (ii) an add-back of RMB3.9 billion (US$567 million) in non-cash expense or loss items, mainly relating to share-based compensation expenses, depreciation and amortization expenses, and amortization of ROU assets; (iii) an increase in advances from customers of RMB2.2 billion (US$318 million), mainly due to an increase in demand for packaged-tour, transportation ticketing, and accommodation services; (iv) an increase in other payables and accruals of RMB1.2 billion (US$168 million), mainly due to an increase in accrued operating related expenses; (v) an increase in salary and welfare payable of RMB1.1 billion (US$164 million), mainly due to an increase in personnel related expenses; and (vi) an increase in accounts payable of RMB540 million (US$78 million), mainly due to an increase in hotel, transportation ticketing, and packaged-tour services, as we are generally entitled to certain credit terms from our suppliers. These increases were partially offset by (i) changes in fair value for equity investments measured at fair value of RMB2.3 billion (US$335 million); (ii) an increase in prepayments and other current assets of RMB2.2 billion (US$322 million), mainly due to an increase in prepayment for packaged-tour, transportation ticketing, and accommodation services; (iii) an increase in accounts receivable of RMB2.0 billion (US$293 million), mainly due to an increase of corporate travel management services, hotels, and credit card payments from our individual customers for transportation ticket booking; (iv) an increase in due from related parties of RMB1.1 billion (US$151 million); (v) the gain on disposal and settlement of long-term investment of RMB921 million (US$133 million).

Net cash provided by operating activities amounted to RMB7.1 billion in 2018, which was primarily attributable to (i) our net income of RMB1.1 billion in 2018; (ii) an add-back of RMB6.0 billion in non-cash expense/loss items, primarily relating to share-based compensation expenses, depreciation expenses and changes in fair value for equity investments measured at fair value; (iii) an increase in accounts payable of RMB3.7 billion, primarily due to an increase in volume of hotel, transportation ticketing and packaged-tour services, as we are generally entitled to certain credit terms from our suppliers; (iv) an increase in advances from customers of RMB1.3 billion, primarily due to an increase in demand for packaged-tour, ticketing and accommodation services; and (v) an increase in other payable and accruals of RMB914 million primarily due to the increase in accrued advertising expenses. These increases were partially offset by (i) an increase in prepayments and other current assets of RMB2.0 billion, primarily due to an increase in prepayment for packaged-tour, ticketing and accommodation services; (ii) an increase in due from related parties of RMB1.3 billion; (iii) the gain on disposal of long-term investment of RMB1.2 billion; and (iv) an increase in accounts receivable of RMB704 million, primarily due to an increase of volume of corporate travel management services and credit card payments from our individual customers for transportation ticket booking.

Net cash provided by operating activities amounted to RMB7.1 billion in 2017, which was primarily attributable to (i) our net income of RMB2.2 billion in 2017; (ii) an add-back of RMB4.3 billion in non-cash expense/loss items, mainly relating to share-based compensation expenses, impairment of investments, and depreciation expenses; (iii) an increase in other payable and accruals of RMB1.3 billion mainly due to the increase in advertising expenses; and (iv) an increase in salary and welfare payable of RMB954 million, mainly due to the increase in the number of personnel and the average payroll and the increase in accrued annual bonus. These increases were partially offset by the gain on disposal of cost method investment of RMB1.4 billion.

Under PRC laws and regulations, our subsidiaries are required to set aside at least 10% of their respective after-tax profits each year, if any, to statutory reserve funds, unless such reserve funds have reached 50% of their respective registered capital. These reserve funds are not distributable as cash dividends and dividends cannot be distributed until any losses from prior fiscal years have been offset. See “Item 3.D. Key Information — Risk Factors — Risks Relating to Our Corporate Structure — Our subsidiaries and consolidated affiliated Chinese entities in China are subject to restrictions on paying dividends or making other payments to us, which may restrict our ability to satisfy our liquidity requirements.”

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Net cash used in investing activities amounted to RMB2.4 billion (US$347 million) in 2019, compared to net cash used in investing activities of RMB14.1 billion in 2018. This decrease in 2019 was primarily due to a decrease in short-term investments. Net cash used in investing activities amounted to RMB14.1 billion in 2018, compared to net cash used in investing activities of RMB15.2 billion in 2017. This decrease in 2018 was primarily due to a decrease in investments and acquisitions.

Net cash used by financing activities amounted to RMB9.3 billion (US$1.3 billion) in 2019, compared to net cash provided by financing activities of RMB11.9 billion in 2018 and RMB8.0 billion in 2017. We did not make any dividend payment in 2017, 2018, and 2019. Net cash flow in financing activities in 2019 was mainly due to the cash paid for put redemption with respect to the 2022 Notes and cash redemption for the 2019 Booking Notes of RMB10.0 billion (US$1.4 billion) in 2019.

Capital Resources

As of December 31, 2019, our principal sources of liquidity have been cash generated from operating activities, borrowings from third-party lenders, as well as the proceeds we received from our public offerings of ordinary shares and our offerings of convertible senior notes. Our cash and cash equivalents consist of cash on hand and liquid investments which are unrestricted as to withdrawal or use. Our financing activities consist of issuance and sale of our shares and convertible senior notes to investors and related parties and borrowings from third-party lenders. As of the date of this annual report, we had convertible senior notes outstanding in an aggregate principal amount of US$2.4 billion and three term loan facilities outstanding, including the one we recently entered into with certain financial institutions on April 3, 2020 for up to US$1.0 billion transferrable term and revolving loan facility with an incremental facility of up to US$500 million. Under these term loan facilities, as of the date of this annual report, the aggregate outstanding principal balance was US$1.2 billion and we had US$1.5 billion available for further draw-down, subject to NDRC filing.

Except as disclosed in this annual report, we have no outstanding bank loans or financial guarantees or similar commitments to guarantee the payment obligations of third parties. We expect that the outbreak of COVID-19 will have material and adverse impacts on our cash flow for the first quarter of 2020 with potential continuing impacts on subsequent periods. However, based on our liquidity assessment, we believe that our cash flow from operations and proceeds from our financing activities will be sufficient to meet our anticipated cash needs, including our cash needs for working capital and capital expenditures, for the foreseeable future and for at least 12 months subsequent to the filing of this annual report. We may, however, require additional cash resources due to changing business conditions or other future developments, including any investments or acquisitions we may decide to pursue. See also “Item 3.D. Key Information — Risk Factors — Risks Relating to Our Business and Industry — Pandemics, epidemics, or fear of spread of contagious diseases could disrupt the travel industry and our operations, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.”

As of December 31, 2019, our primary capital commitment was RMB13 million (US$1.8 million) in connection with capital expenditures of property, equipment and software.

C.    Research and Development, Patents and Licenses, etc.

Our research and development efforts consist of continuing to develop our proprietary technology as well as incorporating new technologies from third parties. We intend to continue to upgrade our proprietary booking, customer relationship management and yield management software to keep up with the continued growth in our transaction volume and the rapidly evolving technological conditions. We will also seek to continue to enhance our electronic confirmation system and promote such system with more hotel suppliers, as we believe that the electronic confirmation system is a cost-effective and convenient way for hotels to interface with us.

In addition, we have utilized and will continue to utilize the products and services of third parties to support our technology platform.

D.    Trend Information

Other than as disclosed elsewhere in this annual report, we are not aware of any trends, uncertainties, demands, commitments or events for the period from January 1, 2019 to December 31, 2019 that are reasonably likely to have a material effect on our net revenues, income, profitability, liquidity or capital resources, or that caused the disclosed financial information to be not necessarily indicative of future operating results or financial conditions.

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E.    Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

In connection with our air ticketing business, we are required by the CAAC and International Air Transport Association, or IATA, to enter into guarantee arrangements and to pay deposits. The unused deposits are repaid at the end of the guaranteed period on an annual basis. As of December 31, 2019, the total quota of the air tickets that we were entitled to issue was up to RMB1.1 billion (US$156 million). The total amount of the deposit we paid was RMB146 million (US$21 million).

Based on the guarantee arrangements and historical experience, the maximum amount of the future payments is approximately RMB943 million (US$135 million) which is the guaranteed amount of the air ticket that we could issue rather than a financial guarantee. We will be liable to pay only when we issue the air tickets to our users and such payable is included in the accounts payable. Therefore, we believe the guarantee arrangements do not constitute any contractual and constructive obligation of us and has not recorded any liability beyond the amount of the tickets that have already been issued.

F.    Tabular Disclosure of Contractual Obligations

The following sets forth our contractual obligations as of December 31, 2019:

	Total		Less Than 1 Year		1-3 Years		3-5 Years		More Than 5 Years
	(RMB in millions)
Convertible senior notes with principal and interest		18,070		6,847		928		389		9,906
Term loans and other debt, with principal and interest		33,377		21,985		10,949		432		11
Operating lease obligations		1,305		426		590		189		100
Purchase obligations		13		8		4		1		—
Total		52,765		29,266		12,471		1,011		10,017

In June 2015, we issued the 2020 Notes in an aggregate principal amount of US$700 million, which may be converted at any time prior to the close of business on the second business day immediately preceding the maturity date of July 1, 2020 based on an initial conversion rate of 9.1942 of our ADSs per US$1,000 principal amount of notes. The conversion rate is subject to adjustment upon occurrence of certain events. The 2020 Notes bear interest at a rate of 1.00% per year, payable semiannually in arrears on January 1 and July 1 of each year, beginning on January 1, 2016.

In June 2015, we issued the 2025 Notes in an aggregate principal amount of US$400 million, which may be converted, at each holder’s option at any time prior to the close of business on the second business day immediately preceding the maturity date of July 1, 2025 based on an initial conversion rate of 9.3555 of our ADSs per US$1,000 principal amount of notes. The conversion rate is subject to adjustment upon occurrence of certain events. The 2025 Notes bear interest at a rate of 1.99% per year, payable semiannually in arrears on January 1 and July 1 of each year, beginning on January 1, 2016.

In September 2016, we issued the 2022 Notes in an aggregate principal amount of US$975 million, which may be converted, at each holder’s option at any time prior to the close of business on the business day immediately preceding the maturity date of September 15, 2022 based on an initial conversion rate of 15.2688 of our ADSs per US$1,000 principal amount of notes. The conversion rate is subject to adjustment upon occurrence of certain events. The 2022 Notes bear interest at a rate of 1.25% per year, payable semiannually in arrears on March 15 and September 15 of each year, beginning on March 15, 2017. In September 2019, we completed put right offer relating to the 2022 Notes. US$924 million aggregate principal amount of the 2022 Notes were validly surrendered and not withdrawn prior to the expiration of the put right offer. The aggregate purchase price of these 2022 Notes was US$924 million.

In May 2015, we issued the 2020 Booking Notes in an aggregate principal amount of US$250 million to a subsidiary of Booking, which will mature on May 29, 2020, unless earlier repurchased or converted into our ADSs based on an initial conversion rate of 9.5904 of our ADSs per US$1,000 principal amount of notes. The conversion rate is subject to adjustment upon occurrence of certain events. The 2020 Booking Notes bear interest at a rate of 1.00% per year, payable semiannually beginning on November 29, 2015.

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In December 2015, we issued the 2025 Booking Notes in an aggregate principal amount of US$500 million to a subsidiary of Booking, which will mature on December 11, 2025, unless earlier repurchased or converted into our ADSs based on an initial conversion rate of 14.6067 of our ADSs per US$1,000 principal amount of notes. The conversion rate is subject to adjustment upon occurrence of certain events. The 2025 Booking Notes bear interest at a rate of 2.00% per year, payable semiannually beginning on June 11, 2016.

In December 2015, we issued the 2025 Hillhouse Notes in an aggregate principal amount of US$500 million to Hillhouse, which will mature on December 11, 2025, unless earlier repurchased or converted into our ADSs based on an initial conversion rate of 14.6067 of our ADSs per US$1,000 principal amount of notes. The conversion rate is subject to adjustment upon occurrence of certain events. The 2025 Hillhouse Notes bear interest at a rate of 2.00% per year, payable semiannually beginning on June 11, 2016.

In September 2016, we issued the 2022 Booking Notes in an aggregate principal amount of US$25 million to a subsidiary of Booking, which will mature on September 15, 2022, unless earlier repurchased or converted into our ADSs based on an initial conversion rate of 15.2688 of our ADSs per US$1,000 principal amount of notes. The conversion rate is subject to adjustment upon occurrence of certain events. The 2022 Booking Notes bear interest at a rate of 1.25% per year, payable semiannually beginning on March 15, 2017.

In July 2019, we entered into a facility agreement as a borrower with certain financial institutions for up to US$2.0 billion equivalent transferable term loan facility with a greenshoe option of up to US$500 million. The facilities have a 3-year tenor. The proceeds borrowed under such facilities may be used for our general working capital requirements, including repayment of any existing financial indebtedness.

As of December 31, 2019, we obtained short-term bank borrowings of RMB21.1 billion (US$3.0 billion) in aggregate, of which RMB6.7 billion (US$1.0 billion) were collateralized by bank deposits of RMB2.7 billion (US$392 million) classified as restricted cash and/or short-term investment of RMB4.7 billion (US$678 million). The weighted average interest rate for the outstanding borrowings was approximately 3.79%.

As of December 31, 2019, we obtained long-term borrowings of RMB11.0 billion (US$1.6 billion) in aggregate collateralized by bank deposits, properties and/or stock at one or more of our wholly-owned subsidiaries. The weighted average interest rate for the outstanding borrowings as of December 31, 2019 was approximately 3.65%.

As of December 31, 2019, our term loans and other debt also included securitization debt, represented by the revolving debt securities which are collateralized by the receivable related to financial services. The revolving debt securities have the terms ranged from two to four years with the annual interest rate from 3.85% to 6.90%. The revolving debt securities do not contain significant covenant.

While the table above indicates our contractual obligations as of December 31, 2019, the actual amounts we are eventually required to pay may be different in the event that any agreements are renegotiated, cancelled or terminated.

In April 2020, we entered into a facility agreement as a borrower with certain financial institutions for up to US$1.0 billion transferrable term and revolving loan facility with an incremental facility of up to US$500 million. The facilities have a 3-year tranche and a 5-year tranche. The proceeds borrowed under the facilities may be used for our general working capital requirements, including repayment of any existing financial indebtedness.

G.    Safe Harbor

This annual report on Form 20-F contains forward-looking statements that reflect our current expectations and views of future events. These statements are made under the “safe harbor” provisions of the U.S. Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. You can identify these forward-looking statements by terminology such as “may,” “will,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “future,” “intend,” “plan,” “believe,” “estimate,” “is/are likely to” or other similar expressions. We have based these forward-looking statements largely on our current expectations and projections about future events and financial trends that we believe may affect our financial condition, results of operations, business strategy and financial needs. These forward-looking statements include, among other things:

• our anticipated growth strategies;

• our future business development, results of operations and financial condition;

• our ability to continue to control costs and maintain profitability; and

• the expected growth in the overall economy and demand for travel services in China.

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The forward-looking statements included in this annual report on Form 20-F are subject to risks, uncertainties and assumptions about our company. Our actual results of operations may differ materially from the forward-looking statements as a result of the risk factors described under “Item 3.D. Key Information — Risk Factors,” included elsewhere in this annual report on Form 20-F, including the following risks:

• slow-down of economic growth in China and the global economic downturn may have a material and adverse effect on our business, and may materially and adversely affect our growth and profitability;

• public health crisis, such as COVID-19 outbreak, may have a material and adverse effect on our business and results of operations;

• general declines or disruptions in the travel industry may materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations;

• the trading price of our ADSs has been volatile historically and may continue to be volatile regardless of our operating performance;

• if we are unable to maintain existing relationships with travel suppliers and strategic alliances, or establish new arrangements with travel suppliers and strategic alliances similar to those we currently have, our business may suffer;

• if we fail to further increase our brand recognition, we may face difficulty in retaining existing and acquiring new business partners and customers, and our business may be harmed;

• if we do not compete successfully against new and existing competitors, we may lose our market share, and our business and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected;

• our business could suffer if we do not successfully manage current growth and potential future growth;

• our strategy to acquire or invest in complementary businesses and assets involves significant risks and uncertainty that may prevent us from achieving our objectives and harm our financial condition and results of operations;

• our quarterly results are likely to fluctuate because of seasonality in the travel industry in Greater China;

• our business may be harmed if our infrastructure and technology are damaged or otherwise fail or become obsolete;

• our business depends substantially on the continuing efforts of our key executives, and our business may be severely disrupted if we lose their services;

• inflation in China may disrupt our business and have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations; and

• if the ownership structure of our consolidated affiliated Chinese entities and the contractual arrangements among us, our consolidated affiliated Chinese entities and their shareholders are found to be in violation of any PRC laws or regulations, we and/or our consolidated affiliated Chinese entities may be subject to fines and other penalties, which may adversely affect our business and results of operations.

These risks are not exhaustive. Other sections of this annual report include additional factors that could adversely impact our business and financial performance. You should read these statements in conjunction with the risk factors disclosed in Item 3.D. of this annual report, “Item 3.D. Key Information — Risk Factors,” and other risks outlined in our other filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC. Moreover, we operate in an emerging and evolving environment. New risk factors may emerge from time to time, and it is not possible for our management to predict all risk factors, nor can we assess the impact of all factors on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements.

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You should not rely upon forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. We undertake no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.

ITEM 6. DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND EMPLOYEES

A.    Directors and Senior Management

The names of our current directors and senior management, their ages as of the date of this annual report, and the principal positions with Trip.com Group Limited held by them are as follows:

Directors and Executive Officers	Age		Position/Title
James Jianzhang Liang		50	Co-founder; Executive Chairman of the Board
Min Fan		54	Co-founder; Vice Chairman of the Board and President
Jane Jie Sun		51	Chief Executive Officer and Director
Cindy Xiaofan Wang		44	Chief Financial Officer and Executive Vice President
Neil Nanpeng Shen(1)(2)		52	Co-founder; Independent Director
Qi Ji(2)		53	Co-founder; Independent Director
Gabriel Li(1)		52	Vice Chairman of the Board, Independent Director
JP Gan (1) (2)		48	Independent Director
Robin Yanhong Li		51	Director
Dou Shen		40	Director

Notes:

(1) Member of the Audit Committee.

(2) Member of the Compensation Committee.

Pursuant to the currently effective articles of association of our company, our board of directors consists of nine directors, including without limitation (i) three directors appointed by our co-founders consisting of Messrs. James Jianzhang Liang, Neil Nanpeng Shen, Qi Ji, and Min Fan, subject to the approval of a majority of our independent directors; and (ii) one director who is the current chief executive officer of our company. Each of our directors will hold office until such director’s successor is elected and duly qualified, or until such director’s earlier death, bankruptcy, insanity, resignation or removal. There are no family relationships among any of the directors or executive officers of our company.

Biographical Information 

James Jianzhang Liang is one of the co-founders and the executive chairman of our company. He has served as a member of our board of directors since our inception and has been the chairman of the board since August 2003. Mr. Liang served as our chief executive officer from 2000 to January 2006, and from March 2013 to November 2016. Under his visionary leadership, Trip.com Group (formerly known as Ctrip.com International, Ltd.) has successfully transitioned from offline to online and from online to mobile, made strategic investments in key industry players, and cultivated and invested in new business ideas. Trip.com Group is now one of the world’s largest online travel agencies. Mr. Liang has won many accolades for his contributions to the Chinese travel industry, including 2019 Forbes China Multinational Business Leader, Best CEO in the internet category in the 2016 All-Asia Executive Team Rankings by Institutional Investor and 2015 China’s Business Leader of the Year by Forbes. Prior to founding our company, Mr. Liang held a number of technical and managerial positions with Oracle Corporation from 1991 to 1999 in the United States and China, including the head of the ERP consulting division of Oracle China from 1997 to 1999. Mr. Liang currently serves as co-chairman of Tongcheng-eLong (SEHK: 7080), director of MakeMyTrip (Nasdaq: MMYT), and independent director of SINA (Nasdaq: SINA). Mr. Liang received his Ph.D. degree from Stanford University and his Master’s and Bachelor’s degrees from Georgia Institute of Technology. He also attended the “China Gifted Youth Class” in Fudan University.

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Min Fan is one of the co-founders of our company. Mr. Fan has been a member of our board of director since October 2006 and has served as the vice chairman of our board of directors since March 2013. Mr. Fan has served as our president since February 2009. He also served as our chief executive officer from January 2006 to February 2013, as our chief operating officer from November 2004 to January 2006, and as our executive vice president from 2000 to November 2004. During his tenure as our chief executive officer, Mr. Fan was named one of the Top 10 Great Leaders Award of the Year on the 2010 APEC China SME Value List, 2008 EY Entrepreneur of the Year and 2007 Best New Economic Figure of the Year. In 2009 and 2016, Mr. Fan was elected Vice Chairman of the Board of the China Tourism Association. Prior to co-founding Trip.com Group (formerly known as Ctrip.com International, Ltd.), Mr. Fan was the chief executive officer of Shanghai Travel Service Company, a leading domestic travel agency in China, from 1997 to 2000. From 1990 to 1997, he served as the deputy general manager and in a number of other senior positions at Shanghai New Asia Hotel Management Company, which was one of the leading hotel management companies in China. Mr. Fan has served as an independent director of Leju Holdings Limited (NYSE: LEJU) since 2014. Mr. Fan obtained his Master’s and Bachelor’s degrees from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. He also studied at the Lausanne Hotel Management School of Switzerland in 1995.

Jane Jie Sun has served as the chief executive officer of our company, as well as a member of the board of directors, since November 2016. Prior to that, she was a co-president since March 2015, chief operating officer since May 2012, and chief financial officer from 2005 to 2012. Ms. Sun is well respected for her extensive experience in operating and managing online travel businesses, mergers and acquisitions, and financial reporting and operations. Ms. Sun is a member of the JPMorgan Asian Advisory Board, vice chair of the World Travel and Tourism Council, co-chair of the Development Advisory Board of University of Michigan and Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Institute, and a board member and Business Leaders Group Committee member of Business China established by Singapore’s Founding Prime Minister Mr. Lee Kuan Yew. In 2019, Ms. Sun was awarded an Asia Society Asia Game Changer Award. Forbes named her one of the Emergent 25 Asia’s Latest Star Businesswomen in 2018, and one of the Most Influential and Outstanding Businesswomen in China in 2017. She was also one of Fortune’s Top 50 Most Powerful Women in Business, and one of Fast Company’s Most Creative People in Business in 2017. During her tenure at Trip.com Group, she also won the Institutional Investor Awards for the Best CEO and the Best CFO. Prior to joining Trip.com Group, Ms. Sun worked as the head of the SEC and External Reporting Division of Applied Materials, Inc. since 1997. Prior to that, she worked with KPMG LLP as an audit manager in Silicon Valley, California for five years. She is a member of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants and a State of California Certified Public Accountant. Ms. Sun received her Bachelor’s degree from the business school of the University of Florida with high honors. She also obtained her LL.M. degree from Peking University Law School.

Cindy Xiaofan Wang has served as our chief financial officer since November 2013 and executive vice president since May 2016. Prior to that, she was our Vice President since January 2008. Ms. Wang joined us in 2001 and has held a number of managerial positions at our company. In 2017, Ms. Wang won the Best CFO Award by Institutional Investor in the 2017 All-Asia Executive Team Rankings. Prior to joining us, she served as finance manager in China eLabs, a venture capital firm, from 2000 to 2001. Previously, Ms. Wang worked with PricewaterhouseCoopers Zhong Tian CPAs Limited Company. Ms. Wang serves on the board of directors of Huazhu Group Limited (Nasdaq: HTHT) since January 2018. Ms. Wang received a Master of Business Administration from Massachusetts Institute of Technology and obtained her Bachelor’s degree from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Ms. Wang is a Certified Public Accountant (CPA).

Neil Nanpeng Shen is one of the co-founders of our company and has been our company’s director since our inception. Mr. Shen is the founding managing partner of Sequoia Capital China. Mr. Shen served as our president from August 2003 to October 2005 and as chief financial officer from 2000 to October 2005. Mr. Shen also co-founded and served as non-executive co-chairman of Homeinns Hotel Group, a leading economy hotel chain in China, which commenced operations in July 2002. Currently, Mr. Shen also serves as a director of a number of public and private companies, including Noah Holdings Limited (NYSE: NOAH), Pinduoduo Inc. (Nasdaq: PDD), Meituan Dianping (SEHK: 03690) and China Renaissance Holdings Limited (SEHK: 01911). Mr. Shen received his Master’s degree from Yale University and his Bachelor’s degree from Shanghai Jiao Tong University.

Qi Ji is one of the co-founders of our company. He has served as our director since our inception. He was the chief executive officer and president of our company from 1999 to 2001. Mr. Ji founded Huazhu Group Limited (Nasdaq: HTHT) and has also served as the executive chairman since February 2007. In November 2019, Mr. Ji took an additional role of chief executive officer of Huazhu Group Limited. Prior to that, he co-founded Home Inns & Hotels Management Inc., or Home Inns, and served as its chief executive officer from January 2001 to January 2005. Prior to founding Trip.com Group (previously known as Ctrip.com International, Ltd.), Mr. Ji served as the chief executive officer of Shanghai Sunflower High-Tech Group, which he founded in 1997. He headed the East China Division of Beijing Zhonghua Yinghua Intelligence System Co., Ltd. from 1995 to 1997. He received both his Master’s and Bachelor’s degrees from Shanghai Jiao Tong University.

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Gabriel Li has served at different times on our board of directors since 2000. Mr. Li has been vice chairman of our board since August 2003. Mr. Li is the managing partner and investment committee member of Orchid Asia Group Management Limited, a private equity firm focused on investing in Asia specifically China over the past 20+ years. Prior to Orchid Asia, Mr. Li was a managing director at the Carlyle Group in Hong Kong, overseeing Asian technology investments. From 1997 to 2000, he was at Orchid Asia’s predecessor, where he made numerous investments in China and North Asia. Previously, he was a management consultant at McKinsey & Company in Hong Kong and Los Angeles. Mr. Li is also currently a director of Nirvana Asia Ltd., Qeeka Home (Cayman) Inc., and Sangfor Technologies Inc. Mr. Li graduated summa cum laude from the University of California at Berkeley, earned his Master’s degree in Science from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and his Master’s degree in Business Administration from Stanford Business School.

JP Gan has served as our director since 2002. Mr. Gan has been a founding partner of INCE Capital Limited since 2019. From 2006 to 2019, Mr. Gan was a managing partner of Qiming Venture Partners. From 2005 to 2006, Mr. Gan was the chief financial officer of KongZhong corporation, a wireless internet company formerly listed on the Nasdaq. Prior to joining KongZhong, Mr. Gan was a director of The Carlyle Group responsible for venture capital investments in the Greater China region from 2000 to 2005. Mr. Gan worked at the investment banking division of Merrill Lynch, in Hong Kong from 1999 to 2000, and worked at Price Waterhouse in the United States from 1994 to 1997. Mr. Gan has been a director of BiliBili Inc. (Nasdaq: BILI) since 2015. Mr. Gan obtained his Masters of Business Administration from the University of Chicago Booth School of Business and his Bachelor of Business Administration from the University of Iowa.

Robin Yanhong Li has served as our director since 2015. He is co-founder, chairman and chief executive officer of Baidu, and oversees Baidu’s overall strategy and business operations. Mr. Li has been serving as the chairman of Baidu’s board of directors since Baidu’s inception in January 2000 and as Baidu’s chief executive officer since January 2004. Mr. Li served as Baidu’s president from February 2000 to December 2003. Prior to founding Baidu, Mr. Li worked as a senior engineer for Infoseek, a pioneer in the internet search engine industry, from July 1997 to December 1999. Mr. Li was a senior consultant for IDD Information Services from May 1994 to June 1997. Mr. Li currently serves as an independent director and chairman of the compensation committee of New Oriental Education & Technology Group Inc., a NYSE-listed company that provides private educational services in China (Nasdaq: EDU). Mr. Li received a Bachelor’s degree in information science from Peking University in China and a Master’s degree in computer science from the State University of New York at Buffalo.

Dou Shen has served as our director since October 2019. Dr. Shen currently serves as an executive vice president of Baidu (Nasdaq: BIDU), overseeing Baidu’s Mobile Ecosystem Group. Prior to that, Dr. Shen served in various roles at Baidu and Microsoft, and cofounded Buzzlabs. Dr. Dou Shen received his Ph.D., Master’s and bachelor’s degrees from Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, and North China Electric Power University respectively.

B.    Compensation

We have entered into a standard form of director agreement with each of our directors. Under these agreements, we paid cash compensation (inclusive of directors’ fees) to our directors in an aggregate amount of US$1.9 million in 2019. Directors are reimbursed for all expenses incurred in connection with each Board of Directors meeting and when carrying out their duties as directors of our company. See “Item 6.B. Directors, Senior Management and Employees — Compensation — Employees’ Share Incentive Plans” for options granted to our directors in 2019.

We have entered into standard forms of employment agreements with our executive officers. Under these agreements, we paid cash compensation to our executive officers in an aggregate amount of US$0.5 million in 2019, excluding compensation paid to Min Fan, James Jianzhang Liang and Jane Jie Sun, who also serve and receive compensation as our executive directors. These agreements provide for terms of service, salary and additional cash compensation arrangements, all of which have been reflected in the 2019 aggregate compensation amount. See “Item 6.B. Directors, Senior Management and Employees — Compensation — Employees’ Share Incentive Plans” for options granted to our executive officers in 2019.

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Our PRC subsidiaries are required by law to make contributions equal to certain percentages of each employee’s salary for his or her pension insurance, medical insurance, housing fund, unemployment and other statutory benefits. Except for the above statutory contributions, we have not set aside or accrued any amount to provide pension, retirement or other similar benefits to our executive officers and directors.

Employees’ Share Incentive Plans

Our board of directors has made share-based awards under five share incentive plans, namely, the Global Share Incentive Plan, as amended and restated in July 2018 and further amended and restated in December 2019, or the Second A&R Global Plan, the 2007 Share Incentive Plan, or the 2007 Plan, the 2005 Employee’s Stock Option Plan, or the 2005 Plan, the 2003 Employee’s Option Plan, or the 2003 Plan, and the 2000 Employee’s Stock Option Plan, or the 2000 Plan. The terms of the 2005 Plan, the 2003 Plan and the 2000 Plan are substantially similar. The purpose of the plans is to attract and retain the best available personnel for positions of substantial responsibility, to provide additional incentive to employees, officers and directors and to promote the success of our business. Our board of directors believes that our company’s long-term success is dependent upon our ability to attract and retain superior individuals who, by virtue of their ability and qualifications, make important contributions to our business.

The 2007 Plan, the 2005 Plan, the 2003 Plan and the 2000 Plan have all expired. Under the Second A&R Global Plan, the maximum aggregate number of ordinary shares that may be issued pursuant to awards was 10,361,055 as of the first business day of 2020, with annual increases on January 1 of each subsequent calendar year by the number of ordinary shares representing 3% of our then total issued and outstanding share capital as of December 31 of the preceding year until the termination of the plan. Under the Second A&R Global Plan, options to purchase 6,755,143 shares and 473,453 restricted share units were issued and outstanding as of February 29, 2020.

In June 2017, our board of directors approved our Global Share Incentive Plan.

In July 2018, our compensation committee and board of directors amended and restated the Global Share Incentive Plan and approved the Amended and Restated Global Share Incentive Plan to increase the number of shares that may be issued thereunder.

In December 2019, we completed a one-time modification of share options, pursuant to which eligible employees were able to exchange every four of the share options that were granted under the 2017 Share Incentive Plan and the Amended and Restated Global Incentive Plan with exercise price exceeding US$320 per ordinary share for one new option entitling each eligible grantee to purchase one ordinary share at the exercise price of US$0.01 with the original vesting schedules remaining unchanged. As a result of the modification, prior options to purchase 835,849 ordinary shares were exchanged for new options to purchase 209,026 ordinary shares.

In December 2019, our board of directors approved our Second A&R Global Plan.

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The following table summarizes, as of February 29, 2020, the outstanding options and the outstanding restricted share units granted under our 2007 Plan and the Second A&R Global Plan to the individual executive officers and directors named below. The table gives effect to the modifications described above.

	Ordinary Shares Underlying Options/Restricted Share Units Granted			Exercise Price (US$/Share)	Date of Grant	Date of Expiration
James Jianzhang Liang		2,440,200		161.96; 179.64; 237.00; 247.44; 324.96; 350.72; 209.04; 253.44	From January 9, 2014 to December 4, 2019	From January 9, 2022 to December 4, 2027
		108,000	(1)	—	From February 8, 2016 to February 9, 2018	—
Jane Jie Sun		1,050,200		70.32; 78.56; 161.96; 179.64; 237.00; 247.44; 324.96; 350.72; 209.04; 253.44	From September 18, 2012 to December 4, 2019	From September 18, 2020 to December 4, 2027
		33,000	(1)	—	From February 8, 2016 to February 9, 2018	—
Min Fan		131,867		78.56; 161.96; 179.64; 237.00; 247.44; 324.96; 350.72; 0.01; 253.44	From January 27, 2013 to December 4, 2019	From January 27, 2021 to December 4, 2027
		6,500	(1)	—	From February 8, 2016 to February 9, 2018	—
Cindy Xiaofan Wang		*		161.96; 179.64; 237.00; 247.44; 324.96; 209.04; 0.01; 253.44	From January 9, 2014 to December 4, 2019	From January 9, 2022 to December 4, 2027
		*	(1)	—	February 8, 2016	—
Neil Nanpeng Shen		*		78.56; 179.64; 237.00; 247.44; 324.96; 350.72; 209.04; 253.44	From January 27, 2013 to December 4, 2019	January 27, 2021 to December 4, 2027
Qi Ji		*		179.64; 237.00; 247.44; 324.96; 350.72; 209.04; 253.44	From December 6, 2014 to December 4, 2019	From December 6, 2022 to December 4, 2027
Gabriel Li		*		78.56; 179.64; 237.00; 247.44; 324.96; 350.72; 209.04; 253.44	From January 27, 2013 to December 4, 2019	From January 27, 2021 to December 4, 2027
JP Gan		*		179.64; 237.00; 247.44; 324.96; 350.72; 209.04; 253.44	From December 6, 2014 to December 4, 2019	From December 6, 2022 to December 4, 2027

* Aggregate number of shares represented by all grants of options and/or restricted share units to the person account for less than 1% of our total outstanding ordinary shares.

Note:

(1) Restricted share units.

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The following paragraphs summarize the terms of our 2007 Plan, which was amended and restated effective November 17, 2008.

Plan Administration. Our board of directors, or a committee designated by our board or directors, will administer the plan. The committee or the full board of directors, as appropriate, will determine the type or types of incentive share awards to be granted and provisions and terms and conditions of each grant and may at their absolute discretion adjust the exercise price of an option grant. The exercise price per share subject to an option may be reduced by the committee or the full board of directors, without shareholder or option holder approval. The types of incentive share awards pursuant to the 2007 Plan include, among other things, an option, a restricted share award, a share appreciation right award and a restricted share unit award.

Award Agreements. Options and stock purchase rights granted under our plan are evidenced by a stock option agreement or a stock purchase right agreement, as applicable, that sets forth the terms, conditions and limitations for each grant.

Eligibility. We may grant awards to our employees, directors and consultants or any of our related entities, which include our subsidiaries or any entities which are not subsidiaries but are consolidated in our consolidated financial statements prepared under U.S. GAAP.

Acceleration of Options upon Corporate Transactions. The outstanding options will terminate and accelerate upon occurrence of a change of control corporate transaction where the successor entity does not assume our outstanding options under the plan. In such event, each outstanding option will become fully vested and immediately exercisable, and the transfer restrictions on the awards will be released and the repurchase or forfeiture rights will terminate immediately before the date of the change of control transaction provided that the grantee’s continuous service with us shall not be terminated before that date.

Term of the Options. The term of each option grant shall be stated in the stock option agreement, provided that the term shall not exceed ten years from the date of the grant, and in the case of incentive share options, five years from the date of the grant.

Vesting Schedule. In general, the plan administrator determines, or the incentive award agreement specifies, the vesting schedules. Currently, three types of vesting schedules were adopted for the incentive awards granted under the 2007 Plan. One of the vesting schedules is that one-third of the incentive awards vest 24 months after a specified vesting commencement date, an additional one-third vest 36 months after the specified vesting commencement date and the remaining one-third vest 48 months after the specified vesting commencement date, subject to other terms under the 2007 Plan and the incentive award agreement. Another type of vesting schedule is that one-fourth of the incentive awards vest every 12 months over a four-year vesting period starting from a specified vesting commencement date, subject to other terms under the 2007 Plan and the incentive award agreement. The last type of vesting schedule is that one-tenth of the incentive awards vest 12 months after a specified vesting commencement date, an additional three-tenth vest 24 months after the specified vesting commencement date, another three-tenth vest 36 months after the specified vesting commencement date and the remaining three-tenth vest 48 months after the specified vesting commencement date, subject to other terms under the 2007 Plan and the incentive award agreement

Other Equity Awards. In addition to stock options, we may also grant to our employees, directors and consultants or any of our related entities share appreciation rights, restricted share awards, restricted share unit awards, deferred share awards, dividend equivalents and share payment awards, with such terms and conditions as our board of directors (or, if applicable, the compensation committee) may, subject to the terms of the plan, establish.

Transfer Restrictions. Options to purchase our ordinary shares may not be transferred in any manner by the optionee other than by will or the laws of succession and may be exercised during the lifetime of the optionee only by the optionee.

Termination or Amendment of the Plan. Unless terminated earlier, the plan was terminate automatically in 2017. Our board of directors has the authority to amend or terminate the plan subject to shareholder approval to the extent necessary to comply with applicable law, regulation or stock exchange rule. We must also generally obtain approval of our shareholders to (i) increase the number of shares available under the plan (other than any adjustment as described above), (ii) permit the grant of options with an exercise price that is below fair market value on the date of grant, (iii) extend the exercise period for an option beyond ten years from the date of grant, or (iv) results in a material increase in benefits or a change in eligibility requirements.

The following paragraphs summarize the principal terms of our Second A&R Global Plan.

Plan Administration. Our compensation committee of the board of directors, or a committee delegated by our compensation committee, will administer the plan. The committee or the full board of directors, as appropriate, will determine the type or types of incentive share awards to be granted and provisions and terms and conditions of each grant and may at their absolute discretion adjust the exercise price of an option grant. The exercise price per share subject to an option may be reduced by the committee or the full board of directors, without shareholder or option holder approval. The types of incentive share awards pursuant to the Second A&R Global Plan include, among other things, an option, a restricted share award, a share appreciation right award and a restricted share unit award.

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Award Agreements. Options and stock purchase rights granted under our plan are evidenced by an award agreement, that sets forth the terms, conditions and limitations for each grant.

Eligibility. We may grant awards to our employees, directors and consultants or any of our related entities, which include our subsidiaries or any entities which are not subsidiaries but are consolidated in our consolidated financial statements prepared under U.S. GAAP.

Term of the Options. The term of each option grant shall be stated in the stock option agreement, provided that the term shall not exceed ten years from the date of the grant, and in the case of incentive share options, five years from the date of the grant.

Vesting Schedule. In general, the plan administrator determines, or the incentive award agreement specifies, the vesting schedules. Our vesting schedule is mainly that one-tenth of the incentive awards vest 12 months after a specified vesting commencement date, an additional three-tenth vest 24 months after the specified vesting commencement date, another three-tenth vest 36 months after the specified vesting commencement date and the remaining three-tenth vest 48 months after the specified vesting commencement date, subject to other terms under the Second A&R Global Plan and the incentive award agreement.

Other Equity Awards. In addition to stock options, restricted share awards and restricted share unit awards, we may also grant to our employees, directors and consultants or any of our related entities share appreciation rights, deferred share awards, dividend equivalents and share payment awards, with such terms and conditions as our board of directors (or, if applicable, the compensation committee) may, subject to the terms of the plan, establish.

Transfer Restrictions. Awards may not be transferred in any manner by the participant other than by will or the laws of succession and may be exercised during the lifetime of the participant only by the participant.

Termination or Amendment of the Plan. Unless terminated earlier, the plan will terminate automatically in 2027. Our board of directors has the authority to amend or terminate the plan to the extent necessary to comply with applicable law, regulation or stock exchange rule. We must also generally obtain approval of our shareholders to (i) increase the number of shares available under the plan (other than any adjustment as described above), (ii) permits the committee to extend the exercise period for an option beyond ten years from the date of grant, or (iii) results in a change in eligibility requirements, unless we decide to follow home country practice pursuant to Rule 5615(a)(3) of the Nasdaq listing rules applicable to foreign private issuers.

C.    Board Practices

Our board of directors currently consists of nine directors. A director is not required to hold any shares in the company by way of qualification. Our board of directors may exercise all the powers of the company to borrow money, mortgage or charge its undertaking, property and uncalled capital, and issue debentures or other securities whenever money is borrowed or as security for any obligation of the company or of any third party. No director is entitled to any severance benefits upon termination of his directorship with us. As of the date of this annual report, four out of nine of our directors meet the “independence” definition under The Nasdaq Stock Market, Inc. Marketplace Rules, or the Nasdaq Rules. As Nasdaq Rules permit a foreign private issuer like us to follow the corporate governance practices of its home country, we chose to rely on home country practice in lieu of the requirement to have a majority of independent directors on our board under Nasdaq Rules. See “Item 16G. Corporate Governance.”

Committees of the Board of Directors

Audit Committee. Our audit committee reports to the board regarding the appointment of our independent auditors, the scope and results of our annual audits, compliance with our accounting and financial policies and management’s procedures and policies relatively to the adequacy of our internal accounting controls.

As of the date of this annual report, our audit committee consists of Messrs. Gan, Li and Shen. All of these directors meet the audit committee independence standard under Rule 10A-3 under the Exchange Act. The independence definition under Rules 5605 of the Nasdaq Rules is met by Messrs. Gan, Li and Shen. In addition, all the members of our audit committee qualify as “audit committee financial experts” as defined in the relevant Nasdaq Rules.

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Compensation Committee. Our compensation committee reviews and evaluates and, if necessary, revises the compensation policies adopted by the management. Our compensation committee also determines all forms of compensation to be provided to our senior executive officers. In addition, the compensation committee reviews all annual bonuses, long-term incentive compensation, share options, employee pension and welfare benefit plans. Our chief executive officer may not be present at any committee meeting during which her compensation is deliberated.

As of the date of this annual report, our compensation committee consists of Messrs. Gan, Ji and Shen, all of whom meet the “independence” definition under the Nasdaq Rules.

Duties of Directors

Under Cayman Islands law, our directors have a duty of loyalty to act honestly and in good faith in the best interests of our company. Our directors also have a duty to exercise the skill they actually possess and such care and diligence that a reasonably prudent person would exercise in comparable circumstances. In fulfilling their duty of care to us, our directors must ensure compliance with our memorandum and articles of association. Our articles of association govern the way our company is operated and the powers granted to the directors to manage the daily affairs of our company.

Terms of Directors and Officers

All directors hold office until their successors have been duly elected and qualified unless such office is vacated earlier in accordance with the articles of association. A director may only be removed by the shareholders who appointed such director, except in the case of ordinary directors, who may be removed by ordinary resolutions of the shareholders. Officers are elected by and serve at the discretion of the board of directors.

D.    Employees

As of December 31, 2019, we and our consolidated subsidiaries and consolidated affiliated Chinese entities had approximately 44,300 employees, including approximately 4,000 in management and administration, approximately 12,900 in our customer service centers, approximately 5,700 in sales and marketing, and approximately 21,700 in product development including supplier management personnel and technical support personnel. Most of our employees are based in Shanghai, Beijing, Nantong, and Chengdu. We consider our relations with our employees to be good.

E.    Share Ownership

As of February 29, 2020, 74,133,718 of our ordinary shares were issued and outstanding (excluding the 4,259,642 ordinary shares that were issued to Bank of New York Mellon, the depositary of our ADS program, for bulk issuance of ADSs reserved for future issuances upon the exercise or vesting of awards granted under our stock incentive plans and for our treasury ADSs, and treasury shares we own). Our shareholders are entitled to vote together as a single class on all matters submitted to shareholders vote. No shareholder has different voting rights from other shareholders. We are not aware of any arrangement that may, at a subsequent date, result in a change of control of our company.

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The following table sets forth information with respect to the beneficial ownership of our ordinary shares as of February 29, 2020 by each of our directors and executive officers and each person known to us to own beneficially more than 5% of our ordinary shares. Except as otherwise noted, the address of each person listed in the table is c/o Trip.com Group Limited, 968 Jin Zhong Road, Shanghai 200335, People’s Republic of China.

	Ordinary Shares Beneficially Owned(1)
	Number		% (2)
Directors and Senior Management:
James Jianzhang Liang(3)		1,744,071		2.3	%
Min Fan(4)		1,420,606		1.9	%
Jane Jie Sun(5)		910,184		1.2	%
Neil Nanpeng Shen(6)		*		*	%
Other directors and executive officers as a group, each of whom individually owns less than 0.1%		*		*	%
All directors and officers as a group(7)		4,446,153		5.9	%
Principal Shareholders†:
Baidu Entities(8)		8,644,917.5		11.7	%
Baillie Gifford & Co (Scottish Partnership)(9)		5,743,926		7.7	%
MIH Internet SEA Private Limited(10)		4,108,831		5.5	%
T.ROWE PRICE ASSOCIATES, INC.(11)		3,997,103		5.4	%

* Less than 1% of our total outstanding ordinary shares.

† Pursuant to the Schedule 13D/A filed by Booking Holdings Inc. and Booking Holdings Treasury Company, or the Booking Entities, with SEC on April 7, 2020, the beneficial ownership of Booking Entities in our company as of April 3, 2020 was reported to fall below 5% of our ordinary shares. Therefore, Booking Entities are not included in the table above.

Notes:

(1) Beneficial ownership is determined in accordance with the SEC rules, and includes voting or investment power with respect to the securities.

(2) For each person and group included in this table, percentage ownership is calculated by dividing the number of shares beneficially owned by such person or group by the sum of the number of ordinary shares outstanding as of February 29, 2020, the number of ordinary shares underlying share options held by such person or group that were exercisable within 60 days after February 29, 2020, and the number of ordinary shares in the form of ADSs assuming full conversion of notes held by such person or group to ADSs at the initial conversion rate.

(3) Includes 784,871 ordinary shares held by Mr. Liang and 959,200 ordinary shares that were issuable upon exercise of options exercisable within 60 days after February 29, 2020 held by Mr. Liang.

(4) Includes 1,299,739 ordinary shares held Mr. Fan and 120,867 ordinary shares that were issuable upon exercise of options exercisable within 60 days after February 29, 2020 held by Mr. Fan.

(5) Includes 334,984 ordinary shares held by Ms. Sun and 575,200 ordinary shares that were issuable upon exercise of options exercisable within 60 days after February 29, 2020.

(6) Mr. Shen’s business address is Suite 3613, 36/F, Two Pacific Place, 88 Queensway, Hong Kong.

(7) Includes 2,689,780 ordinary shares and 1,756,373 ordinary shares that were issuable upon exercise of options exercisable within 60 days after February 29, 2020 held by all of our current directors and executive officers, as a group.

(8) Includes 8,644,917.5 ordinary shares (including 991,852.5 ordinary shares represented by ADSs) beneficially owned as of October 1, 2019 by Baidu Holdings Limited, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Baidu, Inc. (collectively, “Baidu Entities”). Information regarding beneficial ownership is reported as of October 1, 2019, based on the information contained in the Schedule 13D/A filed by Baidu Entities with SEC on October 2, 2019. Please see the Schedule 13D/A filed by Baidu Entities with SEC on October 2, 2019 for information relating to Baidu Entities. The address for Baidu Holdings Limited is c/o Baidu, Inc., No. 10 Shangdi 10th Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, the People’s Republic of China, and the address for Baidu, Inc. is No. 10 Shangdi 10th Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, the People’s Republic of China.

(9) Includes 5,743,926 ordinary shares represented by ADSs held by Baillie Gifford & Co (Scottish Partnership). Information regarding beneficial ownership is reported as of December 31, 2019, based on the information contained in the Schedule 13G/A filed by Baillie Gifford & Co (Scottish Partnership) with SEC on February 3, 2020. Please see the Schedule 13G/A filed by Baillie Gifford & Co (Scottish Partnership) with SEC on February 3, 2020 for information relating to Baillie Gifford & Co (Scottish Partnership). The address for Baillie Gifford & Co (Scottish Partnership) is Calton Square, 1 Greenside Row, Edinburgh EH1 3AN, Scotland, the United Kingdom.

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(10) Includes 4,108,831 ordinary shares held by MIH Internet SEA Private Limited. Information regarding beneficial ownership is reported as of October 1, 2019, based on the information contained in the Schedule 13D filed by MIH Internet SEA Private Limited and Nasper Limited with the SEC on October 2, 2019. Please see the Schedule 13D filed by MIH Internet SEA Private Limited and Nasper Limited with SEC on October 2, 2019 for information relating to MIH Internet SEA Private Limited and Nasper Limited. The address for MIH Internet SEA Private Limited is #13-10 Parkview Square, 600 North Bridge Road, Singapore 188778.

(11) Includes 3,997,103 ordinary shares represented by ADS held by T.ROWE PRICE ASSOCIATES, INC. Information regarding beneficial ownership is reported as of December 31, 2019, based on the information contained in the Schedule 13G/A filed by T.ROWE PRICE ASSOCIATES, INC. with SEC on February 14, 2020. Please see the Schedule 13G/A filed by T.ROWE PRICE ASSOCIATES, INC. with SEC on February 14, 2020 for information relating to T.ROWE PRICE ASSOCIATES, INC. The address for T.ROWE PRICE ASSOCIATES, INC. is 100 E. Pratt Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21202, the United States.

Based on a review of the register of members maintained by our Cayman Islands registrar, we believe that as of February 29, 2020, 65,372,006 ordinary shares were held by two record shareholders in the United States, including 65,372,005 ordinary shares (including ordinary shares that were issued for bulk issuance of ADSs reserved for future issuances upon the exercise or vesting of awards granted under our stock incentive plans and treasury shares that were repurchased but not retired by the Company) held of record by The Bank of New York Mellon, the depositary of our ADS program. The number of beneficial owners of our ADSs in the United States is likely to be much larger than the number of record holders of our ordinary shares in the United States.

ITEM 7. MAJOR SHAREHOLDERS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS

A.    Major Shareholders

Please refer to “Item 6.E. Directors, Senior Management and Employees — Share Ownership.”

B.    Related Party Transactions

Arrangements with Consolidated Affiliated Chinese Entities

Current PRC laws and regulations impose substantial restrictions on foreign ownership of the travel agency and value-added telecommunications businesses in China. Therefore, we conduct part of our operations in our non-accommodation reservation businesses through a series of agreements between our PRC subsidiaries, our consolidated affiliated Chinese entities and/or their respective shareholders. Our consolidated affiliated Chinese entities hold the licenses and approvals for operating the travel agency, and value-added telecommunications businesses in China. We do not hold any ownership interest in our consolidated affiliated Chinese entities. In 2015, we restructured our business lines and most of the contractual arrangements that we previously entered into with our consolidated affiliated Chinese entities in order to further strengthen our ability to control these entities and receive substantially all of the economic benefits from them. Moreover, we plan to enter into the same series of agreements with all of our future consolidated affiliated Chinese entities. As of the date of this annual report, Min Fan, our vice chairman of the board and president, Tao Yang, Maohua Sun, Hui Cao, and Hui Wang, all being our officers, are the principal record owners of our consolidated affiliated Chinese entities.

As of the date of this annual report, the equity holding structures of each of our significant consolidated affiliated Chinese entities are as follows:

• Maohua Sun and Tao Yang owned 10.2% and 89.8%, respectively, of Ctrip Commerce.

• Ctrip Commerce owned 100% of Shanghai Huacheng.

• Min Fan and Qi Shi owned 99.5% and 0.5%, respectively, of Chengdu Ctrip.

• Hui Cao and Hui Wang owned 60% and 40%, respectively, of Qunar Beijing.

We believe that the terms of these agreements are no less favorable than the terms that we could obtain from disinterested third parties. The terms of the agreements with the same title between us and our respective consolidated affiliated Chinese entities are substantially similar except for the amount of the business loans to the shareholders of each entity and the amount of service fees paid by each entity. We believe that the shareholders of our consolidated affiliated Chinese entities will not receive any personal benefits from these agreements except as shareholders of our company. According to our PRC counsel, Commerce & Finance Law Offices, these agreements are valid, binding and enforceable under the current laws and regulations of China as of the date of this annual report. The principal terms of these agreements are described below.

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Powers of Attorney. Each of the shareholders of our consolidated affiliated Chinese entities, except for Hui Cao and Hui Wang, signed an irrevocable power of attorney to appoint Ctrip Travel Network or Ctrip Travel Information, as attorney-in-fact to vote, by itself or any other person to be designated at its discretion, on all matters of the applicable consolidated affiliated Chinese entities. Each such power of attorney will remain effective as long as the applicable consolidated affiliated Chinese entity exists, and such shareholders of the applicable consolidated affiliated Chinese entities are not entitled to terminate or amend the terms of the power of attorneys without prior written consent from us.

As of the date of this annual report, each of the shareholders of Qunar Beijing, Hui Cao and Hui Wang, also signed an irrevocable power of attorney authorizing an appointee, to exercise, in a manner approved by Qunar, on such shareholder’s behalf the full shareholder rights pursuant to applicable laws and Qunar Beijing’s articles of association, including without limitation full voting rights and the right to sell or transfer any or all of such shareholder’s equity interest in Qunar Beijing. Each such power of attorney is effective until such time as such relevant shareholder ceases to hold any equity interest in Qunar Beijing. The terms of the power of attorney with respect to Qunar Beijing are otherwise substantially similar to the terms described in the foregoing paragraph.

Technical Consulting and Services Agreements. Ctrip Travel Information and Ctrip Travel Network, each a wholly-owned PRC subsidiary of ours, provide our consolidated affiliated Chinese entities, except for Qunar Beijing, with technical consulting and related services and staff training and information services on an exclusive basis. We also maintain their network platforms. In consideration for our services, our consolidated affiliated Chinese entities agree to pay us service fees as calculated in such manner as determined by us from time to time based on the nature of service, which may be adjusted periodically. For 2019, our consolidated affiliated Chinese entities paid Ctrip Travel Information (after our restructuring of business lines and restatement of contractual arrangements in 2015) and Ctrip Travel Network (after our restructuring of business lines and restatement of contractual arrangements in 2015) a quarterly fee based on the number of transportation tickets sold in the quarter, at an average rate of RMB4 (US$0.5) per ticket. Although the service fees are typically determined based on the number of transportation tickets sold, given the fact that the nominee shareholders of such consolidated affiliated Chinese entities have irrevocably appointed the employees of our subsidiaries to vote on their behalf on all matters they are entitled to vote on, we have the right to determine the level of service fees paid and therefore receive substantially all of the economic benefits of our consolidated affiliated Chinese entities in the form of service fees. The services fees paid by all of such consolidated affiliated Chinese entities as a percentage of their total net income were 68.3%, 88.5%, and 94.6% for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018, and 2019. Ctrip Travel Information or Ctrip Travel Network, as appropriate, will exclusively own any intellectual property rights arising from the performance of this agreement. The initial term of these agreements is 10 years and may be renewed automatically in 10-year terms unless we disapprove the extension. We retain the exclusive right to terminate the agreements at any time by delivering a 30-day advance written notice to the applicable consolidated affiliate Chinese entity.

As of the date of this annual report, pursuant to the restated exclusive technical consulting and services agreement between Qunar Beijing and Qunar Software, Qunar Software provides Qunar Beijing with technical, marketing and management consulting services on an exclusive basis in exchange for service fee paid by Qunar Beijing based on a set formula defined in the agreement subject to adjustment by Qunar Software at its sole discretion. This agreement will remain in effect until terminated unilaterally by Qunar Software or mutually. The terms of this agreement are otherwise substantially similar to the terms described in the foregoing paragraph.

Share Pledge Agreements. The shareholders of our consolidated affiliated Chinese entities, except for Hui Cao and Hui Wang, have pledged their respective equity interests in the applicable consolidated affiliated Chinese entities as a guarantee for the performance of all the obligations under the other contractual arrangements, including payment by such consolidated affiliated Chinese entities of the technical and consulting services fees to us under the technical consulting and services agreements, repayment of the business loan under the loan agreements and performance of obligations under the exclusive option agreements, each agreement as described herein. In the event any of such consolidated affiliated Chinese entity breaches any of its obligations or any shareholder of such consolidated affiliated Chinese entities breaches his or her obligations, as the case may be, under these agreements, we are entitled to enforce the equity pledge right and sell or otherwise dispose of the pledged equity interests after the pledge is registered with the relevant local branch of SAMR, and retain the proceeds from such sale or require any of them to transfer his or her equity interest without consideration to the PRC citizen(s) designated by us. These share pledge agreements are effective until two years after the pledgor and the applicable consolidated affiliated Chinese entities no longer undertake any obligations under the above-referenced agreements.

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As of the date of this annual report, pursuant to the equity interest pledge agreement among Qunar Software, Hui Cao and Hui Wang, Hui Cao and Hui Wang have pledged their equity interests in Qunar Beijing along with all rights, titles and interests to Qunar Software as guarantee for the performance of all obligations under the relevant contractual arrangements mentioned herein. After the pledge is registered with the relevant local branch of SAMR, Qunar Software may enforce this pledge upon the occurrence of a settlement event or as required by the PRC law. The pledge, along with this agreement, will be effective upon registration with the local branch of the SAMR, and will expire when all obligations under the relevant contractual arrangements have been satisfied or when each of Hui Cao and Hui Wang completes a transfer of equity interest and ceases to hold any equity interest in Qunar Beijing. In enforcing the pledge, Qunar Software is entitled to dispose of the pledge and have priority in receiving payment from proceeds from the auction or sale of all or part of the pledge until the obligations are settled. The terms of this agreement are otherwise substantially similar to the terms described in the foregoing paragraph.

Loan Agreements. Under the loan agreements we entered into with the shareholders of our consolidated affiliated Chinese entities, except for Hui Cao and Hui Wang, we extended long-term business loans to these shareholders of our consolidated affiliated Chinese entities with the sole purpose of providing funds necessary for the capitalization or acquisition of such consolidated affiliated Chinese entities. These business loan amounts were injected into the applicable consolidated affiliated Chinese entities as capital and cannot be accessed for any personal uses. The loan agreements shall remain effective until the parties have fully performed their respective obligations under the agreement, and the shareholders of such consolidated affiliated Chinese entities have no right to unilaterally terminate these agreements. In the event that the PRC government lifts its substantial restrictions on foreign ownership of the travel agency or value-added telecommunications business in China, as applicable, we will exercise our exclusive option to purchase all of the outstanding equity interests of our consolidated affiliated Chinese entities, as described in the following paragraph, and the loan agreements will be cancelled in connection with such purchase. However, it is uncertain when, if at all, the PRC government will lift any or all of these restrictions.

The following table sets forth, as of the date of this report, the amount of each business loan, the date each business loan arrangement was entered into, the principal, interest, maturity date and outstanding balance of the loan, the borrower and the relevant significant consolidated affiliated Chinese entity.

Date of Loan Agreement

Borrower

Significant Consolidated Affiliated Chinese Entity

Principal

Interest

Maturity Date

Outstanding Balance

RMB

US$

RMB

US$

(in millions)

(in millions)

May 27, 2019

Tao Yang

Ctrip Commerce

808.2

116.1

None

May 26, 2029

808.2

116.1

April 9, 2019

Maohua Sun

Ctrip Commerce

88.7

12.7

None

December 13, 2025

88.7

12.7

December 14, 2015

Maohua Sun

Ctrip Commerce

3.1

0.4

None

December 13, 2025

3.1

0.4

March 20, 2017

Min Fan

Chengdu Ctrip

477.6

68.6

None

December 13, 2025

477.6

68.6

December 14, 2015

Min Fan

Chengdu Ctrip

19.9

2.9

None

December 13, 2025

19.9

2.9

March 20, 2017

Qi Shi

Chengdu Ctrip

2.4

0.3

None

December 13, 2025

2.4

0.3

December 14, 2015

Qi Shi

Chengdu Ctrip

0.1

0.0

None

December 13, 2025

0.1

0.0

March 23, 2016

Hui Cao

Qunar Beijing

6.6

0.9

None

Until repayment notice

6.6

0.9

March 23, 2016

Hui Wang

Qunar Beijing

4.4

0.6

None

Until repayment notice

4.4

0.6

As of the date of this annual report, pursuant to the loan agreement among Qunar Software, Hui Cao and Hui Wang, the loans extended by Qunar Software to each of Hui Cao and Hui Wang are only repayable by a transfer of such borrower’s equity interest in Qunar Beijing to Qunar Software or its designated party, in proportion to the amount of the loan to be repaid. This loan agreement will continue in effect indefinitely until such time when (i) the borrowers receive a repayment notice from Qunar Software and fully repay the loans, or (ii) an event of default (as defined therein) occurs unless Qunar Software sends a notice indicating otherwise within 15 calendar days after it is aware of such event. The terms of this loan agreement is otherwise substantially similar to the terms described in the foregoing paragraphs.

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Exclusive Option Agreements. As consideration for our entering into the loan agreements described above, each of the shareholders of our consolidated affiliated Chinese entities, except for Hui Cao and Hui Wang, has granted us an exclusive, irrevocable option to purchase, or designate one or more person(s) at our discretion to purchase, all of their equity interests in the applicable consolidated affiliated Chinese entities at any time we desire, subject to compliance with the applicable PRC laws and regulations. We may exercise the option by issuing a written notice to the shareholder of relevant consolidated affiliated Chinese entity. The purchase price shall be equal to the contribution actually made by the shareholder for the relevant equity interest. Therefore, if we exercise these options, we may choose to cancel the outstanding loans we extended to the shareholders of such consolidated affiliated Chinese entities pursuant to the loan agreements as the loans were used solely for equity contribution purposes. The initial term of these agreements is 10 years and may be renewed automatically in 10-year terms unless we disapprove the extension. We retain the exclusive right to terminate the agreements at any time by delivering a written notice to the shareholder of applicable consolidated affiliate Chinese entity.

Hui Cao and Hui Wang also entered into an equity option agreement with Qunar, Qunar Software and Qunar Beijing. This equity option agreement contains arrangements that are similar to that as described in the foregoing paragraph. This agreement will remain effective with respect to each of Qunar Beijing’s shareholders until all of the equity interest has been transferred or Qunar and Qunar Software terminates the agreement unilaterally with 30 days’ prior written notice.

Our consolidated affiliated Chinese entities and their shareholders agree not to enter into any transaction that would affect the assets, obligations, rights or operations of our consolidated affiliated Chinese entities without our prior written consent. They also agree to accept our guidance with respect to day-to-day operations, financial management systems and the appointment and dismissal of key employees.

In addition, we also enter into technical consulting and services agreements with our majority or wholly-owned subsidiaries of some of the consolidated affiliated Chinese entities, such as Chengdu Ctrip International, and these subsidiaries pay us service fees based on the level of services provided. The existence of such technical consulting and services agreements provides us with the enhanced ability to transfer economic benefits of these majority or wholly-owned subsidiaries of the consolidated affiliated Chinese entities to us in exchange for the services provided, and this is in addition to our existing ability to consolidate and extract the economic benefits of these majority or wholly-owned subsidiaries of the consolidated affiliated Chinese entities. For instance, the consolidated affiliated Chinese entities may cause the economic benefits to be channeled to them in the form of dividends, which then may be further consolidated and absorbed by us through the contractual arrangements described above.

Share Incentive Grants

Please refer to “Item 6.B. Directors, Senior Management and Employees — Compensation — Employees’ Share Incentive Plans.”

Employment Agreements

See “Item 6.B. Directors, Senior Management and Employees — Compensation.”

Commissions from Homeinns and BTG

In December 2016, in connection with our share exchange transaction with BTG and Homeinns, we exchanged our previously held equity interest in Homeinns for 22% equity interest of BTG. BTG had entered into agreements with us to provide hotel rooms for our customers. Total commissions from BTG amounted to RMB91 million (US$13 million) for the year ended December 31, 2019. These commissions were paid to us in our ordinary course of business on terms substantially similar to those for our unrelated hotel suppliers.

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Commissions from Huazhu and its affiliates

One of our hotel suppliers, Huazhu Group Limited, or Huazhu, has a director in common with our company and a director who is a family member of one of our officers. Huazhu has entered into agreements with us to provide hotel rooms for our customers. Total commissions Huazhu paid us amounted to RMB72 million (US$10 million) for the year ended December 31, 2019. These commissions were paid to us in our ordinary course of business on terms substantially similar to those for our unrelated hotel suppliers.

Commissions to/from Tongcheng-eLong

In 2018, eLong completed a merger with LY.com and the enlarged group Tongcheng-eLong supersedes eLong and LY.com to promote our hotel rooms on their platforms. Total commissions to Tongcheng-eLong paid by us amounted to RMB579 million (US$83 million) and Tongcheng-eLong paid commissions to us amounted to RMB217 million (US$31 million) for the year ended December 31, 2019.

Settlement with Skysea

In 2019, Skysea Holding International Ltd., a company in which we owned 35% equity interest and to which we provided a shareholder loan in a principal amount of US$80 million, or Skysea, completed its winding down of the business and we entered into the final settlement with Skysea. According to the final settlement, we collected the amount due from Skysea and settled the provision and contingent liability of RMB603 million (recognized as other income), which includes RMB236 million previously made for loan receivable and RMB367 previously made for contingent payables.

C.    Interests of Experts and Counsel

Not applicable.

ITEM 8. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

A.    Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information

We have appended consolidated financial statements filed as part of this annual report.

Legal Proceedings

We are not currently a party to any pending material litigation or other legal proceeding and are not aware of any pending litigation or other legal proceeding that may have a material adverse impact on our business or operations. However, we are and may continue to be subject to various legal proceedings and claims that are incidental to our ordinary course of business.

Dividend Policy

During the past five years, we have not distributed dividends to our shareholders of record.

We have received dividends from our subsidiaries, which have received consulting or other fees from our consolidated affiliated Chinese entities. In accordance with current Chinese laws and regulations, our subsidiaries and affiliated entities in China are required to allocate to their statutory reserve funds at least 10% of their respective after-tax profits for the year determined in accordance with Chinese accounting standards and regulations. Each of our subsidiaries and affiliated entities in China may stop allocations to its statutory reserve funds if such reserve funds have reached 50% of their registered capital.

Our board of directors has complete discretion as to whether we will distribute dividends in the future, subject to the approval of our shareholders. Even if our board of directors determines to distribute dividends, the form, frequency and amount of our dividends will depend upon our future operations and earnings, capital requirements and surplus, general financial condition, contractual restrictions, potential tax implications and other factors as the board of directors may deem relevant. Any dividend we declare will be paid to the holders of ADSs, subject to the terms of the deposit agreement, to the same extent as holders of our ordinary shares, less the fees and expenses payable under the deposit agreement. Any dividend we declare will be distributed by the depositary bank to the holders of our ADSs. Cash dividends on our ordinary shares, including those represented by the ADSs, if any, will be paid in U.S. dollars.

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B.    Significant Changes

Except as disclosed elsewhere in this annual report, we have not experienced any significant changes since the date of our audited consolidated financial statements included in this annual report.

ITEM 9. THE OFFER AND LISTING

A.    Offer and Listing Details.

Our ADSs have been listed on the Nasdaq Global Market since December 2003 and the Nasdaq Global Select Market since July 2006. Our ADSs were previously traded under the symbol “CTRP” and are currently traded under the symbol “TCOM,” starting from November 5, 2019. On December 1, 2015, we effected a change of the ratio of the ADSs to ordinary shares from four ADSs representing one ordinary share to eight ADSs representing one ordinary share.

B.    Plan of Distribution

Not applicable.

C.    Markets

Our ADSs have been listed on the Nasdaq Global Market since December 2003 and on the Nasdaq Global Select Market since July 2006. Our ADSs are currently traded under the symbol “TCOM.”

D.    Selling Shareholders

Not applicable.

E.    Dilution

Not applicable.

F.    Expenses of the Issue

Not applicable.

ITEM 10. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

A.    Share Capital

Not applicable.

B.    Memorandum and Articles of Association

Ordinary Shares

General. All of our outstanding ordinary shares are fully paid and non-assessable. Our ordinary shares are issued in registered form, and are issued when entered in our register of members. Our shareholders who are nonresidents of the Cayman Islands may freely hold and vote their shares.

Dividends. The holders of our ordinary shares are entitled to such dividends as may be declared by our board of directors subject to the Companies Law.

Voting Rights. Each ordinary share is entitled to one vote on all matters upon which the ordinary shares are entitled to vote. Voting at any meeting of shareholders is by show of hands unless a poll is demanded. A poll may be demanded by the chairman of the meeting or any shareholder or shareholders collectively present in person or by proxy and holding at least ten percent in par value of the shares giving a right to attend and vote at the meeting.

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A quorum required for a meeting of shareholders consists of at least two shareholders (or, if our company has only one shareholder, that one shareholder) holding at least one-third of the outstanding voting shares in our company, present in person or by proxy. Shareholders’ meetings may be convened by our board of directors on its own initiative or upon a request to the directors by shareholders holding in aggregate not less than ten percent in par value of our voting share capital. Advance notice of at least seven days is required for the convening of any of our shareholders meetings.

An ordinary resolution to be passed by the shareholders requires the affirmative vote of a simple majority of the votes attaching to the ordinary shares cast in a general meeting, while a special resolution requires the affirmative vote of no less than two-thirds of the votes attaching to the ordinary shares cast in a general meeting. A special resolution is required for matters such as a change of name or amending the memorandum and articles of association. Holders of the ordinary shares may by ordinary resolution, among other things, make changes in the amount of our authorized share capital and consolidate and divide all or any of our share capital into shares of larger amount than our existing share capital and cancel any authorized but unissued shares.

Liquidation. On a return of capital on winding up or otherwise (other than on conversion, redemption or purchase of shares), assets available for distribution among the holders of ordinary shares shall be distributed among the holders of our ordinary shares on a pro rata basis. If our assets available for distribution are insufficient to repay all of the paid-up capital, the assets will be distributed so that the losses are borne by our shareholders proportionately.

Calls on Shares and Forfeiture of Shares. Our board of directors may from time to time make calls upon shareholders for any amounts unpaid on their shares in a notice served to such shareholders at least 14 days prior to the specified time and place of payment. The shares that have been called upon and remain unpaid are subject to forfeiture.

Redemption, Repurchase and Surrender of Shares. We may issue shares on the terms that such shares are subject to redemption, at our option or at the option of the holders thereof on such terms and in such manner as may be determined, prior to the issue of such shares, by special resolution. Our company may also repurchase any of our shares (including redeemable shares) provided that the manner of such purchase has been authorized by an ordinary resolution of our shareholders. Under the Companies Law (2020 Revision), the redemption or repurchase of any share may be paid out of our company’s profits or share premium account or out of the proceeds of a fresh issue of shares made for the purpose of such redemption or repurchase, or out of capital if our company shall, immediately following such payment, be able to pay its debts as they fall due in the ordinary course of business. In addition, under the Companies Law, no such share may be redeemed or repurchased (a) unless it is fully paid up, (b) if such redemption or repurchase would result in there being no shares outstanding, or (c) our company has commenced liquidation. In addition, our company may accept the surrender of any fully paid share for no consideration.

Variations of Rights of Shares. If at any time the share capital of our company is divided into different classes of shares, the rights attached to any class (unless otherwise provided by the terms of issue of the shares of that class) may, whether or not our company is being wound-up and except where our articles of association or the Companies Law impose any stricter quorum, voting or procedural requirements in regard to the variation of rights attached to a specific class, be varied either with the consent in writing of the holders of 75% of the issued shares of that class or with the sanction of a special resolution passed at a general meeting of the holders of the shares of that class.

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Shareholder Rights Plan

On November 23, 2007, our board of directors declared a dividend of one ordinary share purchase right, or a Right, for each of our ordinary shares outstanding at the close of business on December 3, 2007. As long as the Rights are attached to the ordinary shares, we will issue one Right (subject to adjustment) with each new ordinary share so that all such ordinary shares will have attached Rights. When exercisable, each Right will entitle the registered holder to purchase from us one ordinary share at a price of US$700 per ordinary share, subject to adjustment. On August 7, 2014, we entered into a First Amendment and, subsequently on the same day, a Second Amendment to the Rights Agreement dated as of November 23, 2007 between the Bank of New York Mellon and us. Through these two amendments, we (i) extended the term of our rights plan for another ten years and the Rights will expire on August 6, 2024, subject to the right of our board of directors to extend the rights plan for another ten years prior to its expiration; (ii) modified the trigger threshold of the Rights to allow more flexibility. Specifically, shareholders who file or are entitled to file beneficial ownership statement on Schedule 13G pursuant to Rule 13d-1(b)(1) of the Exchange Act, typically institutional investors with no intention to acquire control of the issuer, will be able to beneficially own up to 20% of our total outstanding shares before the Rights are triggered, while all other shareholders must maintain their beneficial ownership at a level below 10% of our total outstanding shares before the Rights are triggered, among other things; and (iii) included Booking and its subsidiaries in the definition of “Exempted Person” under the then effective rights plan as long as their beneficial ownership do not exceed 10% of our total outstanding shares. On May 29, 2015, October 26, 2015, and December 23, 2015, we entered into a Third Amendment, a Fourth Amendment, and a Fifth Amendment to the Rights Agreement with the Bank of New York Mellon, respectively, for the purposes of amending the definition of “Exempted Person.” Accordingly, in so far as Booking and any of its subsidiaries are concerned in connection with the determination of Exempt Person, the term “Exempt Person” will be applied only to the extent that the number of ordinary shares beneficially owned by such Exempt Person (excluding the number of our ADSs or the ordinary shares that are beneficially owned by Booking and any of its subsidiaries due to any such entity’s ownership or conversion of that certain note issued by us pursuant to a convertible note purchase agreement dated December 9, 2015 between a subsidiary of Booking and us) at all times does not exceed fifteen percent (15%) of the ordinary shares then outstanding in the aggregate and in so far as Baidu and any of its subsidiaries are concerned in connection with the determination of Exempt Person, the term “Exempt Person” will be applied only to the extent that the number of ordinary shares beneficially owned by such Exempt Person at all times does not exceed twenty-seven percent (27%) of the ordinary shares then outstanding in the aggregate. On August 30, 2019 and November 13, 2019, we entered into a Sixth Amendment and a Seventh Amendment to the Rights Agreement with the Bank of New York Mellon, respectively, for purposes of amending the definition of “Exempted Person.” Accordingly, in connection with the share exchange transaction with Naspers, Naspers, MIH Internet SEA Private Limited, and their respective subsidiaries have been included in the definition of “Exempted Person” to the extent that the number of ordinary shares beneficially owned by such Exempt Person at all times does not exceed eleven percent (11%) of the ordinary shares then outstanding in the aggregate, and removed Booking and its subsidiaries from the definition of “Exempted Person.”

The Rights were not distributed in response to any specific effort to acquire control of our company.

Registered Office and Objects

Our registered office in the Cayman Islands is located at the offices of Maples Corporate Services Limited, P.O. Box 309, Ugland House, Grand Cayman, KY1-1104, Cayman Islands, or at such other place as our directors may from time to time decide. The objects for which our company is established are unrestricted and we have full power and authority to carry out any object not prohibited by the Companies Law or any other law of the Cayman Islands.

Board of Directors

Our board of directors currently consists of nine directors. Our board of directors may exercise all the powers of the company to borrow money, to mortgage or charge its undertaking, property and uncalled capital, or any part thereof, and to issue debentures, debenture stock or other securities whether outright or as security for any debt, liability or obligation of our company or of any third party. A director may vote with respect to any contract or transaction in which he or she is interested as long as he or she has made a declaration of the nature of such interest. A director is not required to hold any shares in our company by way of qualification, and there is no requirement for a director to retire at any age limit.

We have a compensation committee that assists the board in reviewing and approving the compensation structure and form of compensation of our directors and executive officers. Members of the compensation committee are not prohibited from direct involvement in determining their own compensation. Our chief executive officer may not be present at any committee meeting during which her compensation is deliberated.

For details of our board committees, see “Item 6.C. Directors, Senior Management and Employees — Board Practices — Board of Directors.”

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C.    Material Contracts

Other than in the ordinary course of business and other than the one described under this item, in “Item 4. Information on the Company” and “Item 7.B. — Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions — Related Party Transactions” or elsewhere in this annual report, we have not entered into any material contract during the two years immediately preceding the date of this annual report: (i) a share purchase agreement dated April 26, 2019, among our company, MIH Internet SEA Private Limited and MIH B2c Holdings B.V., (ii) a facility agreement dated July 5, 2019 among our company (as borrower), Bank of Communications Co., Ltd. Hong Kong Branch, The Bank of East Asia, Limited, China Construction Bank (Asia) Corporation Limited, The HongKong and Shanghai Banking Corporation Limited, The Korea Development Bank, Bank of China Limited (as mandated lead arrangers and bookrunners), and other parties thereto, (iii) a registration rights agreement dated August 30, 2019 between our company and MIH Internet SEA Private Limited, (iv) a cooperation agreement dated August 30, 2019 among our company, MIH Internet SEA Private Limited and Myriad International Holdings B.V., (v) the sixth amendment to the rights agreement dated as of August 30, 2019 between our company and The Bank of New York, as rights agent, (vi) an underwriting agreement dated September 26, 2019 among our company, Goldman Sachs (Asia) L.L.C. and J.P. Morgan Securities LLC for the sale of 31,304,352 ADSs, (vii) the seventh amendment to the rights agreement dated as of November 13, 2019 between our company and The Bank of New York, as rights agent, and (viii) a facility agreement dated April 3, 2020 among our company (as borrower), Standard Chartered Bank (Hong Kong) Limited, Industrial and Commercial Bank of China (Macau) Limited, and China Construction Bank (Asia) Corporation Limited (as original mandated lead arrangers, bookrunners, and underwriters), and other parties thereto.

D.    Exchange Controls

See “Item 4.B. Information on the Company — Business Overview — PRC Government Regulations — Regulations of Foreign Currency Exchange and Dividend Distribution.”

E.    Taxation

The following summary of the material Cayman Islands, PRC and U.S. federal income tax consequences of an investment in our ADSs or ordinary shares is based upon laws and relevant interpretations thereof in effect as of the date of this annual report, all of which are subject to change. This summary does not deal with all possible tax consequences relating to an investment in our ADSs or ordinary shares, such as the tax consequences under state, local and other tax laws not addressed herein.

Cayman Islands Taxation

According to Maples and Calder (Hong Kong) LLP, the Cayman Islands currently levies no taxes on individuals or corporations based upon profits, income, gains or appreciation and there is no taxation in the nature of inheritance tax or estate duty. There are no other taxes likely to be material to us levied by the government of the Cayman Islands except for stamp duties which may be applicable on instruments executed in, or after execution brought within, the jurisdiction of the Cayman Islands. The Cayman Islands is not party to any double tax treaty with any country that is applicable to any payments made to or by us.

We have received an undertaking from the Clerk of the Cabinet of the Government of the Cayman Islands that, in accordance with section 6 of the Tax Concessions Law of the Cayman Islands, for a period of 20 years from December 12, 2019, no law which is enacted in the Cayman Islands imposing any tax to be levied on profits, income, gains or appreciations shall apply to us or our operations and, in addition, that no tax to be levied on profits, income, gains or appreciations or which is in the nature of estate duty or inheritance tax shall be payable (i) on or in respect of the shares, debentures or other obligations of our company or (ii) by way of the withholding in whole or in part of any relevant payment of dividend or other distribution of income or capital by our company to our members or any payment (as defined in the Tax Concessions Law).

PRC Taxation

If the PRC tax authorities determine that our Cayman Islands holding company is a “resident enterprise” for PRC enterprise income tax purposes, a withholding tax of 10% may be imposed on dividends that non-PRC resident enterprise holders of our ADSs receive from us and on gains realized on their sale or other disposition of ADSs, if such income is considered as income derived from within China. See “Item 3.D. Key Information — Risk factors — Risks Relating to Our Corporate Structure — Our subsidiaries and consolidated affiliated Chinese entities in China are subject to restrictions on paying dividends or making other payments to us, which may restrict our ability to satisfy our liquidity requirements.”

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U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations

The following discussion is a summary of U.S. federal income tax considerations generally applicable to the ownership and disposition of our ADSs or ordinary shares by a U.S. Holder (as defined below) that will hold our ADSs or ordinary shares as “capital assets” (generally, property held for investment). This discussion is based on the U.S. Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or the Code, U.S. Treasury regulations promulgated thereunder, or Regulations, published positions of the Internal Revenue Service, or the IRS, court decisions and other applicable authorities, all as currently in effect as of the date hereof and all of which are subject to change or differing interpretations (possibly with retroactive effect).

This discussion does not describe all of the U.S. federal income tax considerations that may be applicable to U.S. Holders in light of their particular circumstances or U.S. Holders subject to special treatment under U.S. federal income tax law, such as:

• banks, insurance companies and other financial institutions;

• tax-exempt entities;

• real estate investment trusts;

• regulated investment companies;

• dealers or traders in securities;

• certain former citizens or residents of the United States;

• persons that elect to mark their securities to market;

• persons holding our ADSs or ordinary shares as part of a “straddle,” conversion or other integrated transaction;

• persons that have a functional currency other than the U.S. dollar; and

• persons that actually or constructively own 10% or more of our equity (by vote or value).

In addition, this discussion does not address any U.S. state or local or non-U.S. tax considerations (other than the discussion below relating to certain withholding rules and the U.S.-PRC income tax treaty, or the Treaty) or any U.S. federal estate, gift, alternative minimum tax or Medicare contribution tax considerations. U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisors concerning the U.S. federal income tax considerations to them in light of their particular situation as well as any considerations arising under the laws of any other taxing jurisdiction.

For purposes of this discussion, a “U.S. Holder” is a beneficial owner of our ADSs or ordinary shares that is for U.S. federal income tax purposes:

• an individual who is a citizen or resident of the United States;

• a corporation (or other entity treated as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes) created or organized in or under the laws of the United States, any state thereof, or the District of Columbia;

• an estate, the income of which is subject to U.S. federal income taxation regardless of its source; or

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• a trust that (i) is subject to the primary supervision of a court within the United States and the control of one or more U.S. persons or (ii) has a valid election in effect under applicable Regulations to be treated as a U.S. person.

If a partnership (or other entity or arrangement treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes) holds our ADSs or ordinary shares, the U.S. federal income tax treatment of a partner will generally depend on the status of the partner and the activities of the partnership. Partners in a partnership holding our ADSs or ordinary shares should consult their tax advisors regarding the tax considerations generally applicable to them of the ownership and disposition of our ADSs or ordinary shares.

The discussion below assumes that the representations contained in the deposit agreement are true and that the obligations in the deposit agreement and any related agreement have been and will be complied with in accordance with its terms. If a U.S. Holder holds ADSs, such holder should be treated as the beneficial holder of the underlying ordinary shares represented by those ADSs for U.S. federal income tax purposes.

Distributions

Subject to the discussion below under “— Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules,” any cash distributions (including the amount of any PRC tax withheld if we are deemed to be a PRC resident enterprise under PRC tax law) paid on our ADSs or ordinary shares out of our current or accumulated earnings and profits, as determined under U.S. federal income tax principles, will generally be includible in a U.S. Holder’s gross income as dividend income on the day actually or constructively received by such holder. Because we do not intend to determine our earnings and profits on the basis of U.S. federal income tax principles, any distribution paid will generally be treated as dividend income for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Dividends received on our ADSs or ordinary shares will not be eligible for the dividends received deduction allowed to corporations under the Code.

Individuals and other non-corporate recipients will be subject to tax at the lower capital gain tax rate applicable to “qualified dividend income,” provided that certain conditions are satisfied, including that (i) our ADSs or ordinary shares are readily tradable on an established securities market in the United States, or, in the event that we are deemed to be a PRC resident enterprise under the PRC tax law, we are eligible for the benefits of the Treaty, (ii) we are neither a PFIC nor treated as such with respect to a U.S. Holder (as discussed below) for the taxable year in which the dividend was paid and the preceding taxable year, and (iii) certain holding period requirements are met. Our ADSs, but not our ordinary shares, are listed on the Nasdaq Global Select Market so we anticipate that our ADSs should qualify as readily tradable on an established securities market in the United States, although there can be no assurances in this regard. In the event that we are deemed to be a PRC resident enterprise under PRC tax law, a U.S. Holder may be subject to PRC withholding taxes on dividends paid on our ADSs or ordinary shares. If we are deemed to be a PRC resident enterprise, we may, however, be eligible for the benefits of the Treaty. If we are eligible for such benefits, dividends we pay on our ordinary shares, regardless of whether such shares are represented by our ADSs, would be eligible for the reduced rates of taxation applicable to qualified dividend income, as discussed above.

For U.S. foreign tax credit purposes, dividends will generally be treated as income from foreign sources and will generally constitute passive category income. Depending on a U.S. Holder’s particular circumstances, such holder may be eligible, subject to a number of complex limitations, to claim a foreign tax credit in respect of any foreign withholding taxes imposed on dividends received on our ADSs or ordinary shares. If a U.S. Holder does not elect to claim a foreign tax credit for foreign tax withheld, such holder is permitted instead to claim a deduction, for U.S. federal income tax purposes, for the foreign tax withheld, but only for a year in which such holder elects to do so for all creditable foreign income taxes. The rules governing the foreign tax credit are complex. U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisors regarding the availability of the foreign tax credit under their particular circumstances.

Sale or Other Taxable Dispositions

Subject to discussion below under “— Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules,” a U.S. Holder will generally recognize capital gain or loss upon the sale or other taxable disposition of our ADSs or ordinary shares in an amount equal to the difference, if any, between the amount realized upon the disposition and such holder’s adjusted tax basis in such ADSs or ordinary shares. Any capital gain or loss will be long-term capital gain or loss if the U.S. Holder held the ADSs or ordinary shares for more than one year and will generally be U.S.-source gain or loss for U.S. foreign tax credit purposes. In the event that we are deemed to be a PRC resident enterprise under PRC tax law and gain from the disposition of the ADSs or ordinary shares is subject to tax in China, such gain may be treated as PRC-source gain for U.S. foreign tax credit purposes under the Treaty. The deductibility of a capital loss may be subject to limitations. U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisors regarding the tax considerations if a foreign tax is imposed on a disposition of our ADSs or ordinary shares, including the availability of the foreign tax credit under their particular circumstances.

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Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules

A non-U.S. corporation, such as our company, will be classified as a PFIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes for any taxable year, if either (i) 75% or more of its gross income for such year consists of certain types of “passive” income or (ii) 50% or more of the value of its assets (determined on the basis of a quarterly average) during such year produce or are held for the production of passive income. Passive income generally includes dividends, interest, royalties, rents, annuities, net gains from the sale or exchange of property producing such income and net foreign currency gains. For this purpose, cash is categorized as a passive asset and the company’s unbooked intangibles associated with active business activity are taken into account as a non-passive asset. We will be treated as owning our proportionate share of the assets and earning our proportionate share of the income of any other corporation in which we own, directly or indirectly, at least 25% (by value) of the stock.

Although the law in this regard is not entirely clear, we treat our consolidated affiliated Chinese entities as being owned by us for U.S. federal income tax purposes because we control their management decisions and we are entitled to substantially all of their economic benefits and, as a result, we consolidate their results of operations in our consolidated U.S. GAAP financial statements. If it were determined, however, that we are not the owner of our consolidated affiliated Chinese entities for U.S. federal income tax purposes, we would likely be treated as a PFIC for our current taxable year and any subsequent taxable years.

Assuming we are the owner of our consolidated affiliated Chinese entities for U.S. federal income tax purposes, based on our income and assets, and the value of our ADSs, we do not believe that we were classified as a PFIC for the taxable year ending December 31, 2019 and we do not expect to be a PFIC for the foreseeable future. Although we do not anticipate becoming a PFIC, changes in the nature of our income or assets or the value of our ADSs may cause us to become a PFIC for the current or any subsequent taxable year. Recent fluctuations in the market price of our ADSs or ordinary shares increased our risk of becoming a PFIC. The market price of the ADSs and ordinary shares may continue to fluctuate considerably; consequently, we cannot assure you of our PFIC status for any taxable year. Under circumstances where revenues from activities that produce passive income significantly increase relative to our revenues from activities that produce non-passive income, or where we determine not to expend significant amounts of cash for working capital or other purposes, our risk of becoming classified as a PFIC may substantially increase.

If we are a PFIC for any taxable year during which a U.S. Holder holds our ADSs, or ordinary shares, such holder will be subject to special tax rules with respect to any “excess distribution” that such holder receives and any gain such holder realizes from a sale or other disposition (including a pledge) of our ADSs or ordinary shares, unless such holder makes a “mark-to-market” election as discussed below. Distributions a U.S. Holder receives in a taxable year that are greater than 125% of the average annual distributions such holder received during the shorter of the three preceding taxable years or such holder’s holding period for the ADSs or ordinary shares will be treated as an excess distribution. Under these special tax rules:

• the excess distribution or gain will be allocated ratably over such holder’s holding period for the ADSs or ordinary shares;

• amounts allocated to the current taxable year, and any taxable years in such holder’s holding period prior to the first taxable year in which we are classified as a PFIC, or a pre-PFIC year, will be taxable as ordinary income; and

• amounts allocated to each prior taxable year, other than a pre-PFIC year, will be subject to tax at the highest tax rate in effect applicable to such holder for that year, and such amounts will be increased by an additional tax equal to interest on the resulting tax deemed deferred with respect to such years.

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If we are a PFIC for any taxable year during which a U.S. Holder holds our ADSs or ordinary shares and any of our non-U.S. subsidiaries are also PFICs, such holder will be treated as owning a proportionate amount (by value) of the shares of each such non-U.S. subsidiary classified as a PFIC for purposes of the application of these rules.

Alternatively, a U.S. Holder of “marketable stock” (as defined below) in a PFIC may make a mark-to-market election for such stock of a PFIC to elect out of the tax treatment discussed in the two preceding paragraphs. If a U.S. Holder makes a valid mark-to-market election for the ADSs, such holder will include in income each year an amount equal to the excess, if any, of the fair market value of the ADSs as of the close of such holder’s taxable year over such holder’s adjusted basis in such ADSs. The U.S. Holder will be allowed a deduction for the excess, if any, of the adjusted basis of the ADSs over their fair market value as of the close of the taxable year. However, deductions will be allowable only to the extent of any net mark-to-market gains on the ADSs included in the U.S. Holder’s income for prior taxable years. Amounts included in the U.S. Holder’s income under a mark-to-market election, as well as gain on the actual sale or other disposition of the ADSs, will be treated as ordinary income. Ordinary loss treatment will also apply to the deductible portion of any mark-to-market loss on the ADSs, as well as to any loss realized on the actual sale or disposition of the ADSs, to the extent that the amount of such loss does not exceed the net mark-to-market gains previously included for such ADSs. A U.S. Holder’s basis in the ADSs will be adjusted to reflect any such gain or loss amounts. If a U.S. Holder makes a valid mark-to-market election, and we subsequently cease to be classified as a PFIC, such holder will not be required to take into account the mark-to-market income or loss described above during any period that we are not classified as a PFIC.

The mark-to-market election is available only for “marketable stock,” which is stock that is traded in other than de minimis quantities on at least 15 days during each calendar quarter (“regularly traded”) on a qualified exchange or other market, as defined in applicable Regulations. Our ADSs are listed on the Nasdaq Global Select Market, which is a qualified exchange for these purposes, and, consequently, assuming that the ADSs are regularly traded, it is expected that the mark-to-market election would be available to U.S. Holders of ADSs (but not our ordinary shares) if we are or become a PFIC.

Because, as a technical matter, a mark-to-market election cannot be made for any lower-tier PFICs that we may own, a U.S. Holder may continue to be subject to the PFIC rules with respect to such holder’s indirect interest in any investments held by us that are treated as an equity interest in a PFIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes.

We do not intend to provide the information necessary for U.S. Holders to make qualified electing fund elections in the event that we are classified as a PFIC.

If we are classified as a PFIC, a U.S. Holder must file an annual report with the IRS. U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisors concerning the U.S. federal income tax considerations of owning and disposing of our ADSs or ordinary shares if we are or become a PFIC, including the unavailability of a qualified electing fund election, the possibility of making a mark-to-market election and the annual PFIC filing requirements, if any.

F.    Dividends and Paying Agents

Not applicable.

G.    Statement by Experts

Not applicable.

H.    Documents on Display

We are subject to the periodic reporting and other informational requirements of the Exchange Act. Under the Exchange Act, we are required to file reports and other information with SEC. Specifically, we are required to file annually a Form 20-F within four months after the end of each fiscal year. Copies of reports and other information, when so filed, may be inspected without charge and may be obtained at prescribed rates at SEC’s public reference room located at Room 1580, 100F Street, NE, Washington, D.C. 20549. The public may obtain information regarding the Washington, D.C. Public Reference Room by calling the Commission at 1-800-SEC-0330. SEC also maintains a website at www.sec.gov that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding registrants that make electronic filings with SEC using its EDGAR system. As a foreign private issuer, we are exempt from the rules under the Exchange Act prescribing the furnishing and content of quarterly reports and proxy statements, and officers, directors and principal shareholders are exempt from the reporting and short-swing profit recovery provisions contained in Section 16 of the Exchange Act.

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Our consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP.

We will furnish our shareholders with annual reports, which will include a review of operations and annual audited consolidated financial statements prepared in conformity with U.S. GAAP.

I.    Subsidiary Information

Not applicable.

ITEM 11. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

Interest Rate Risk. Our exposure to interest rate risk for changes in interest rates relates primarily to the interest income generated by excess cash deposited in banks, interest rates associated with the issuance of the 2020 Notes, the 2025 Notes, the 2022 Notes, the 2020 Booking Notes, the 2025 Booking Notes, the 2022 Booking Notes, the 2025 Hillhouse Notes and other bank borrowings. For information about these notes and bank borrowings, see “Item 5.F. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects — Tabular Disclosure of Contractual Obligations.” We have used interest swap contracts to hedge our exposure to interest rate risk. We have not been exposed nor do we anticipate being exposed to material risks due to changes in interest rates. Based on our cash balance as of December 31, 2019, a one basis point decrease in interest rates would result in approximately a RMB4 million (US$0.6 million) decrease in our interest income on an annual basis. Our future interest income may fluctuate in line with changes in interest rates. However, the risk associated with fluctuating interest rates is principally confined to our interest-bearing cash deposits, and, therefore, our exposure to interest rate risk is limited.

Foreign Exchange Risk. We are exposed to foreign exchange risk arising from various currency exposures. Some of our expenses are denominated in foreign currencies while the majority of our revenues are denominated in Renminbi. As we hold assets dominated in U.S. dollars, including our bank deposits, any changes against our functional currencies could potentially result in a charge to our income statement and a reduction in the value of our U.S. dollar-denominated assets. We have used forward contracts and currency borrowings to hedge our exposure to foreign currency risk. For the year ended December 31, 2019, foreign exchange losses accounted for approximately -5% of our net income. As of December 31, 2019, a 1% strengthening/weakening of Renminbi against U.S. dollars would have increased/decreased our net income by 0.5%. See “Item 3.D. Key Information — Risk Factors — Risks Relating to Doing Business in China — Future movements in exchange rates between the U.S. dollars and Renminbi may adversely affect the value of our ADSs.”

Investment Risk. As of December 31, 2019, our equity method investments totaled US$3.3 billion. We periodically review our investments for impairment. Unrealized gains on transactions between the affiliated entity and us are eliminated to the extent of our interest in the affiliated entity; unrealized losses are also eliminated unless the transaction provides evidence of an impairment of the asset transferred. We are unable to control these factors and an impairment charge recognized by us will impact our operating results and financial position.

In December 2016, in connection with our share exchange transaction with BTG and Homeinns, we exchanged our previously held equity interest in Homeinns for 22% equity interest of BTG and recognized a gain of RMB1.4 billion. If BTG experiences a net loss in the future, we will share its net loss proportionate to our equity interest. In May 2015, we acquired approximately 38% share capital of eLong, Inc. We subsequently participated as a member in the buying consortium in eLong, Inc. going-private transaction that was completed in May 2016. In March 2018, eLong consummated a merger with LY.com with share swap transaction. We received an equity method investment in the enlarged group with previously held equity investment and preferred shares of eLong be exchanged. For the year ended December 31, 2018, we acquired additional equity interest and after these transactions, we had 27% equity interest in the enlarged group and applied equity method for this investment.

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ITEM 12. DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES OTHER THAN EQUITY SECURITIES

A.    Debt Securities

Not applicable.

B.    Warrants and Rights

Not applicable.

C.    Other Securities

Not applicable.

D.    American Depositary Shares

Fees paid by our ADS holders

The Bank of New York Mellon, the depositary of our ADS program, collects its fees for delivery and surrender of ADSs directly from investors depositing shares or surrendering ADSs for the purpose of withdrawal or from intermediaries acting for them. The depositary collects fees for making distributions to investors by deducting those fees from the amounts distributed or by selling a portion of distributable property to pay the fees. The depositary may collect its annual fee for depositary services by deducting from cash distributions or by directly billing investors or by charging the book-entry system accounts of participants acting for them. The depositary may generally refuse to provide fee-attracting services until its fees for those services are paid.

Persons depositing or withdrawing shares must pay:	For:
$ 5.00 (or less) per 100 ADSs (or portion of 100 ADSs)	☐ Issuance of ADSs, including issuances resulting from a distribution of shares or rights or other property
	☐ Cancellation of ADSs for the purpose of withdrawal, including if the deposit agreement terminates
$ 0.02 (or less) per ADS	☐ Any cash distribution to ADS registered holders
A fee equivalent to the fee that would be payable if securities distributed to you had been shares and the shares had been deposited for issuance of ADSs	☐ Distribution of securities distributed to holders of deposited securities which are distributed by the depositary to ADS registered holders
$ 0.02 (or less) per ADSs per calendar year	☐ Depositary services
Registration or transfer fees	☐ Transfer and registration of shares on our share register to or from the name of the depositary or its agent when you deposit or withdraw shares
Expenses of the depositary	☐ Cable, telex and facsimile transmissions (when expressly provided in the deposit agreement)
	☐ Converting foreign currency to U.S. dollars
Taxes and other governmental charges the depositary or the custodian have to pay on any ADS or share underlying an ADS, for example, stock transfer taxes, stamp duty or withholding taxes	☐ As necessary
Any charges incurred by the depositary or its agents for servicing the deposited securities	☐ As necessary

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Fees and Payments from the Depositary to Us

We expect to receive from the depositary a reimbursement of approximately US$5 million, net of withholding tax, for our continuing annual stock exchange listing fees and our expenses incurred in connection with investor relationship programs for 2019. In addition, the depositary has agreed to reimburse us annually for our expenses incurred in connection with investor relationship programs in the future. The amount of such reimbursements is subject to certain limits.

PART II.

ITEM 13. DEFAULTS, DIVIDEND ARREARAGES AND DELINQUENCIES

None.

ITEM 14. MATERIAL MODIFICATIONS TO THE RIGHTS OF SECURITY HOLDERS AND USE OF PROCEEDS

None.

ITEM 15. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Disclosure Controls and Procedures

As required by Rule 13a-15(b) under the Exchange Act, our management, including our chief executive officer, Jane Jie Sun, and our chief financial officer, Cindy Xiaofan Wang, has performed an assessment of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures, as that term is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) of the Exchange Act, as of the end of the period covered by this annual report. Based on that assessment, our management has concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of December 31, 2019.

Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. Our internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of our financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with U.S. GAAP and includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of our company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, and that receipts and expenditures of our company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of our management and directors; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of the unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of our company’s assets that could have a material effect on the consolidated financial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risks that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Our management conducted an assessment of the effectiveness of our company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019 based on the framework in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on this assessment, our management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2019.

PricewaterhouseCoopers Zhong Tian LLP, our independent registered public accounting firm, audited the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019, as stated in their report.

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Attestation Report of the Registered Public Accounting Firm

PricewaterhouseCoopers Zhong Tian LLP, our independent registered public accounting firm, audited the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019, as stated in their report that appears on page F-2 of this annual report.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

As required by Rule 13a-15(d), under the Exchange Act, our management, including our chief executive officer and our chief financial officer, also conducted an assessment of our internal control over financial reporting to determine whether any changes occurred during the period covered by this report have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. Based on that assessment, it has been determined that there has been no such change during the period covered by this annual report.

ITEM 16A. AUDIT COMMITTEE FINANCIAL EXPERT

See “Item 6.C. Directors, Senior Management and Employees — Board Practices.”

ITEM 16B. CODE OF ETHICS

Our board of directors has adopted a code of ethics that applies to our directors, officers, employees and agents, including certain provisions that specifically apply to our chief executive officer, chief financial officer, financial controller, vice presidents and any other persons who perform similar functions for us. We have filed our code of business conduct and ethics as an exhibit to our annual report on Form 20-F for our fiscal year 2003, and posted the code on our investor relations website at investors.trip.com. On March 3, 2009, our board of directors approved amendments to our code of ethics and on July 13, 2012, the code of ethics was further amended and restated by our board of directors. We have filed our amended and restated code of business conduct and ethics as an exhibit to our annual report on Form 20-F for our fiscal year 2012, and posted the amended and restated code on our investor relations website at investors.trip.com. On October 31, 2017, our board of directors approved our further amended and restated code of business conduct and ethics. We have filed our amended and restated code of business conduct and ethics as Exhibit 11.1 to our annual report on Form 20-F for our fiscal year 2017. You can also find the amended and restated code of business conduct and ethics on our investor relations website at investors.trip.com.

ITEM 16C. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES

The following table sets forth the aggregate fees by categories specified below in connection with certain professional services rendered by PricewaterhouseCoopers Zhong Tian LLP, our principal accountant, for the periods indicated.

	For the Year Ended December 31,
	2018		2019		2019
	RMB		RMB		US$
Audit Fees(1)		17,084,868		20,487,434		2,942,836
Audit Related Fees(2)		4,697,050		7,920,989		1,137,779
Tax Fees(3)		1,715,553		1,892,987		271,911
All Other Fees(4)		9,000		—		—

Notes:

(1) “Audit Fees” represent the aggregate fees incurred for each of the fiscal years listed for professional services rendered by our principal accountant for the interim review of quarterly financial statements and the audit of our annual financial statements and other statutory audits of our subsidiaries.

(2) “Audit Related Fees” represent the aggregate fees incurred in each of the fiscal years listed for assurance and related services that are provided by our principal accountant that are reasonably related to the performance of the audit or review of our financial statements and are not reported under “Audit Fees.”

(3) “Tax Fees” represent the aggregate fees incurred in each of the fiscal years listed for professional services rendered by our principal accountant for tax compliance, tax advice and tax planning.

(4) “All Other Fees” represent the aggregate fees incurred in each of the fiscal years listed for products and services provided by our principal accountant, other than the services reported in (1), (2) and (3).

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Our audit committee pre-approves all audit and permissible non-audit services provided by the principal accountant. These services may include audit services, audit-related services and tax services, as well as, to a very limited extent, specifically designated non-audit services which, in the opinion of the audit committee, will not impair the independence of the principal accountant. The principal accountant and our management are required to report to the audit committee on the quarterly basis regarding the extent of services provided by the principal accountant in accordance with this pre-approval.

ITEM 16D. EXEMPTIONS FROM THE LISTING STANDARDS FOR AUDIT COMMITTEES

None.

ITEM 16E. PURCHASE OF EQUITY SECURITIES BY THE ISSUER AND AFFILIATED PURCHASERS

None.

ITEM 16F. CHANGE IN REGISTRANT’S CERTIFYING ACCOUNTANT

None.

ITEM 16G. CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

As a Cayman Islands company listed on Nasdaq, we are subject to the Nasdaq corporate governance listing standards. However, Nasdaq rules permit a foreign private issuer like us to follow the corporate governance practices of its home country. Certain corporate governance practices in the Cayman Islands, which is our home country, may differ significantly from the Nasdaq corporate governance listing standards. In lieu of (i) the requirements of Rule 5605(b) of the Nasdaq Rules that a majority of a Nasdaq-listed company’s board of directors be independent directors as defined in Rule 5605(a)(2), and (ii) the requirements of Rule 5635(c) of the Nasdaq Rules that shareholder approval be required prior to the issuance of securities when a stock option or purchase plan is to be established or materially amended or other equity compensation arrangement made or materially amended, pursuant to which stock may be acquired by officers, directors, employees, or consultants, we intend to follow our home country practices with respect to the composition of our board of directors and approval for adoption and material amendment to our equity-based compensation plans. Our Cayman Islands counsel has provided a letter to the Nasdaq Stock Market certifying that under Cayman Islands law, we are not required to follow or comply with the requirements of the Rule 5600 series of the Nasdaq Rules (except for those rules that are required to be followed pursuant to Rule 5615(a)(3)). Nasdaq has acknowledged the receipt of this letter.

Other than the home country practices described above, we are not aware of any significant ways in which our corporate governance practices differ from those followed by U.S. domestic companies under the Nasdaq Rules.

ITEM 16H. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE

Not applicable.

PART III.

ITEM 17. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

We have elected to provide financial statements pursuant to Item 18.

ITEM 18. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

The consolidated financial statements for Trip.com Group Limited and its subsidiaries are included at the end of this annual report.

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ITEM 19. EXHIBITS

Exhibit Number		Document
	1.1	Second Amended and Restated Memorandum and Articles of Association of the Registrant adopted by the shareholders of the Registrant on December 21, 2015 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.2 to our Report of Foreign Private Issuer on Form 6-K furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission on December 23, 2015)
	2.1	Specimen American Depositary Receipt of the Registrant (incorporated by reference to Form 424b3 (File No. 333-233932) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on October 31, 2019)
	2.2*	Specimen Stock Certificate of the Registrant
	2.3	Rights Agreement dated as of November 23, 2007 between the Registrant and The Bank of New York, as Rights Agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to our Report of Foreign Private Issuer on Form 6-K furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 23, 2007)
	2.4	First Amendment to the Rights Agreement dated as of August 7, 2014 between the Registrant and The Bank of New York, as Rights Agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to our Report of Foreign Private Issuer on Form 8-A/A furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 8, 2014)
	2.5	Second Amendment to the Rights Agreement dated as of August 7, 2014 between the Registrant and The Bank of New York, as Rights Agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to our Report of Foreign Private Issuer on Form 8-A/A furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 8, 2014)
	2.6	Third Amendment to the Rights Agreement dated as of May 29, 2015 between the Registrant and The Bank of New York, as Rights Agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to our Report of Foreign Private Issuer on Form 8-A/A furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 4, 2015)
	2.7	Fourth Amendment to the Rights Agreement dated as of October 26, 2015 between the Registrant and The Bank of New York, as Rights Agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to our Report of Foreign Private Issuer on Form 8-A/A furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission on October 27, 2015)
	2.8	Fifth Amendment to the Rights Agreement dated as of December 23, 2015 between the Registrant and The Bank of New York, as Rights Agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to our Report of Foreign Private Issuer on Form 8-A/A furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission on December 23, 2015)
	2.9	Sixth Amendment to the Rights Agreement dated as of August 30, 2019 between the Registrant and The Bank of New York, as Rights Agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to our Report of Foreign Private Issuer on Form 8-A/A furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 14, 2019)
	2.10	Seventh Amendment to the Rights Agreement dated as of November 13, 2019 between the Registrant and The Bank of New York, as Rights Agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to our Report of Foreign Private Issuer on Form 8-A/A furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 14, 2019)
	2.11	Deposit Agreement dated as of December 8, 2003, as amended and restated as of August 11, 2006, and as further amended and restated as of December 3, 2007, among the Registrant, The Bank of New York as Depositary, and all Owners and Beneficial Owners from time to time of American Depositary Shares issued thereunder (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.4 to our Annual Report on Form 20-F (File No. 001-33853) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 29, 2008)
	2.12*	Description of Securities
	4.1	Form of Indemnification Agreement with the Registrant’s directors and executive officers (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-110455) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 13, 2003)
	4.2	Translation of Form of Labor Contract for Employees of the Registrant’s subsidiaries in China (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-110455) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 13, 2003)
	4.3	Employment Agreement between the Registrant and James Jianzhang Liang (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-110455) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 13, 2003)
	4.4	Employment and Confidentiality Agreement between the Registrant and Jane Jie Sun (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.5 to our Annual Report on Form 20-F (File No. 000-50483) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 26, 2006)
	4.5	Employment Agreement, between the Registrant and Min Fan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-110455) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 13, 2003)
	4.6*	Translation of Executed Form of Technical Consulting and Services Agreement between a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Registrant and a consolidated affiliated Chinese entity of the Registrant, as currently in effect, and a schedule of all executed technical consulting and services agreements adopting the same form in respect of a consolidated affiliated Chinese entity of the Registrant

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4.7*	Translation of Executed Form of Loan Agreement between a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Registrant and shareholders of a consolidated affiliated Chinese entity of the Registrant, as currently in effect, and a schedule of all executed loan agreements adopting the same form in respect of a consolidated affiliated Chinese entity of the Registrant
4.8*	Translation of Executed Form of Exclusive Call Option Agreement among a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Registrant, a consolidated affiliated Chinese entity of the Registrant and a shareholder of the consolidated affiliated Chinese entity, as currently in effect, and a schedule of all executed exclusive option agreements adopting the same form in respect of a consolidated affiliated Chinese entity of the Registrant
4.9*	Translation of Executed Form of Equity Pledge Agreement between a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Registrant and a shareholder of a consolidated affiliated Chinese entity of the Registrant, as currently in effect, and a schedule of all executed share pledge agreements adopting the same form in respect of a consolidated affiliated Chinese entity of the Registrant
4.10*	Translation of Executed Form of Power of Attorney by a shareholder of a consolidated affiliated Chinese entity of the Registrant, as currently in effect, and a schedule of all executed power of attorney adopting the same form in respect of a consolidated affiliated Chinese entity of the Registrant
4.11	Confidentiality and Non-Competition Agreement, effective as of September 10, 2003, between the Registrant and Qi Ji (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.16 to our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-110455) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 13, 2003)
4.12	Form of Director Agreement between the Registrant and its director (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.20 to our Annual Report on Form 20-F filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on May 11, 2004)
4.13	Translation of State Land Use Right Assignment Contract dated February 25, 2008 between Nantong Land Resource Bureau and Ctrip Information Technology (Nantong) Co., Ltd. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.21 to our Annual Report on Form 20-F (File No. 001-33853) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 29, 2008)
4.14	2007 Share Incentive Plan of the Registrant, as amended and restated as of November 17, 2008 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.21 to our Annual Report on Form 20-F (File No. 001-33853) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on May 26, 2009)
4.15	Translation of State-Owned Construction Land Use Right Transfer Contract dated September 30, 2011 between Chengdu Ctrip Information Technology Co., Ltd. and Chengdu Land Resources Bureau (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.30 to our Annual Report on Form 20-F (File No. 001-33853) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 30, 2012)
4.16	Convertible Note Purchase Agreement dated May 26, 2015 between Ctrip.com International, Ltd. and Priceline Group Treasury Company B.V. for the issuance and purchase of US$250 million 1.00% convertible note due 2020 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 1 to Schedule 13D/A (File No. 005-79455) filed by The Priceline Group Inc. (currently known as Booking Holdings Inc.) with the Securities and Exchange Commission on May 29, 2015)
4.17	Indenture dated June 24, 2015 constituting US$700 million 1.00% Convertible Senior Notes due 2020 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.43 to our Annual Report on Form 20-F (File No. 001-33853) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 22, 2016)
4.18	Indenture dated June 24, 2015 constituting US$400 million 1.99% Convertible Senior Notes due 2025 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.44 to our Annual Report on Form 20-F (File No. 001-33853) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 22, 2016)
4.19	Standstill Agreement dated as of October 26, 2015 between Baidu, Inc. and the Registrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3 to Schedule 13D (File No. 005-79455) filed by Baidu, Inc. with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 4, 2015)
4.20	Registration Rights Agreement dated as of October 26, 2015 between Baidu Holdings Limited and the Registrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4 to Schedule 13D (File No. 005-79455) filed by Baidu, Inc. with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 4, 2015)
4.21	Convertible Note Purchase Agreement dated December 9, 2015 between Ctrip.com International, Ltd. and Priceline Group Treasury Company B.V. for the issuance and purchase of US$500 million 2.00% convertible note due 2025 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 1 to Schedule 13D/A (File No. 005-79455) filed by The Priceline Group Inc. (currently known as Booking Holdings Inc.) with the Securities and Exchange Commission on December 14, 2015)
4.22	Convertible Note Purchase Agreement dated December 9, 2015 among Ctrip.com International, Ltd., Gaoling Fund, L.P. and YHG Investment, L.P. for the issuance and purchase of US$500 million 2.00% convertible notes due 2025 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.50 to our Annual Report on Form 20-F (File No. 001-33853) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 22, 2016)
4.23	Framework Agreement for Treatment of Qunar Employee Shares and Equity Awards dated December 9, 2015 between the Registrant and Qunar Cayman Islands Limited (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.51 to our Annual Report on Form 20-F (File No. 001-33853) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 22, 2016)
4.24	Restated Exclusive Technical Consulting and Services Agreement dated March 23, 2016 between Beijing Qu Na Information Technology Co., Ltd. and Beijing Qunar Software Technology Co., Ltd. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.52 to our Annual Report on Form 20-F (File No. 001-33853) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 22, 2016)
4.25	Loan Agreement dated March 23, 2016 among Beijing Qunar Software Technology Co., Ltd., Hui Cao and Hui Wang (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.53 to our Annual Report on Form 20-F (File No. 001-33853) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 22, 2016)

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4.26	Equity Option Agreement dated March 23, 2016 among Qunar Cayman Islands Limited, Beijing Qunar Software Technology Co., Ltd., Hui Cao, Hui Wang and Beijing Qu Na Information Technology Co., Ltd. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.54 to our Annual Report on Form 20-F (File No. 001-33853) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 22, 2016)
4.27	Equity Interest Pledge Agreement dated March 23, 2016 among Beijing Qunar Software Technology Co., Ltd., Hui Cao and Hui Wang (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.55 to our Annual Report on Form 20-F (File No. 001-33853) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 22, 2016)
4.28	Power of Attorney by Hui Cao and Hui Wang dated March 23, 2016 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.56 to our Annual Report on Form 20-F (File No. 001-33853) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 22, 2016)
4.29	Indenture dated September 12, 2016 constituting US$975 million 1.25% convertible senior notes due 2022 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.47 to our Annual Report on Form 20-F (File No. 001-33853) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 13, 2017)
4.30	English summary of €980 Million Term Loan Agreement dated June 8, 2017 among the Registrant (as borrower), Bank of China (as sole mandated lead arranger), Industrial and Commercial Bank of China, Shanghai Branch and Shanghai Pudong Development Bank, Shanghai Branch (as joint lead arrangers), Bank of China, Shanghai Branch (as agent), Bank of China, Shanghai Changning Sub-branch (as guarantee agent), and certain lenders (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.51 to our Annual Report on Form 20-F (File No. 001-33853) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 23, 2018)
4.31	Share Purchase Agreement dated April 26, 2019, among the Registrant, MIH Internet SEA Private Limited and MIH B2c Holdings B.V. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.1 to Amendment No. 1 to Schedule 13D (File No. 005-85619) filed by MIH Internet SEA Private Limited and Naspers Limited with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 26, 2019).
4.32*	Facility Agreement dated July 5, 2019 among the Registrant (as borrower), Bank of Communications Co., Ltd. Hong Kong Branch, The Bank of East Asia, Limited, China Construction Bank (Asia) Corporation Limited, The HongKong and Shanghai Banking Corporation Limited, The Korea Development Bank, Bank of China Limited (as mandated lead arrangers and bookrunners), and other parties thereto
4.33	Registration Rights Agreement dated August 30, 2019 between the Registrant and MIH Internet SEA Private Limited (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.2 to Schedule 13D (File No. 005-79455) filed by MIH Internet SEA Private Limited and Naspers Limited with the Securities and Exchange Commission on September 5, 2019)
4.34	Cooperation Agreement dated August 30, 2019 among the Registrant, MIH Internet SEA Private Limited and Myriad International Holdings B.V. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.3 to Schedule 13D (File No. 005-79455) filed by MIH Internet SEA Private Limited and Naspers Limited with the Securities and Exchange Commission on September 5, 2019)
4.35*	Second Amended and Restated Global Share Incentive Plan
4.36*	Facility Agreement dated April 3, 2020 among the Registrant (as borrower), Standard Chartered Bank (Hong Kong) Limited, Industrial and Commercial Bank of China (Macau) Limited, and China Construction Bank (Asia) Corporation Limited (as original mandated lead arrangers, bookrunners, and underwriters), and other parties thereto
8.1*	List of Significant Consolidated Entities of the Registrant
11.1	Code of Business Conduct and Ethics of the Registrant, as amended and restated as of October 31, 2017 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 11.1 to our Annual Report on Form 20-F (File No. 001-33853) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 23, 2018)
12.1*	Chief Executive Officer Certification Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
12.2*	Chief Financial Officer Certification Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
13.1**	Chief Executive Officer Certification Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
13.2**	Chief Financial Officer Certification Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
15.1*	Consent of Maples and Calder (Hong Kong) LLP
15.2*	Consent of Commerce & Finance Law Offices
15.3*	Consent of PricewaterhouseCoopers Zhong Tian LLP
101.INS*	Inline XBRL Instance Document—this instance document does not appear on the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are not embedded within the Inline XBRL document
101.SCH*	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL*	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF*	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB*	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE*	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
104	Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document)

* Filed with this annual report on Form 20-F.

** Furnished with this annual report on Form 20-F.

96

SIGNATURES

The registrant hereby certifies that it meets all of the requirements for filing its annual report on Form 20-F and that it has duly caused and authorized the undersigned to sign this annual report on its behalf.

TRIP.COM GROUP LIMITED
By:	/s/ Jane Jie Sun
Name:	Jane Jie Sun
Title:	Chief Executive Officer and Director

Date: April 9, 2020

97

TRIP.COM GROUP LIMITED

INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

	Page
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm		F-2
Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income/(Loss) for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019		F-4
Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2018 and 2019		F-5
Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019		F-6
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019		F-9
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements		F-11

F-1

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Board of Directors and Shareholders of Trip.com Group Limited

Opinions on the Financial Statements and Internal Control over Financial Reporting

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Trip.com Group Limited and its subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, and the related consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income/(loss), of shareholders’ equity and of cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2019, including the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). We also have audited the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO).

In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2019 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the COSO.

Change in Accounting Principle

As discussed in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company changed the manner in which it accounts for leases in 2019.

Basis for Opinions

The Company’s management is responsible for these consolidated financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting appearing under Item 15. Our responsibility is to express opinions on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.

Our audits of the consolidated financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions.

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

F-2

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Critical Audit Matters

The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (i) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (ii) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.

Valuation of investments classified under Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy

As described in Note 8 to the consolidated financial statements, as of December 31, 2019 the Company had investments of RMB2,548 million classified under Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy (the “Level 3 Investments”). The fair values of the Level 3 Investments were determined by management based on an income approach utilizing various unobservable inputs which required significant judgment by management with respect to the assumptions and estimates for the revenue growth rate, weighted average cost of capital, lack of marketability discounts, expected volatility and probability in equity allocation.

The principal considerations for our determination that performing procedures relating to the valuation of the Level 3 Investments is a critical audit matter are (i) there was significant judgment by management with respect to the assumptions and estimates used in the determination of the fair values of the Level 3 Investments, which in turn led to a high degree of auditor judgment, subjectivity, and effort in designing and applying procedures relating to evaluating the reasonableness of management’s estimates and assumptions; and (ii) the audit effort involved the use of professionals with specialized skill and knowledge to assist in performing these procedures and evaluating the audit evidence obtained from these procedures.

Addressing the matter involved performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence in connection with forming our overall opinion on the consolidated financial statements. These procedures included testing the effectiveness of controls relating to management’s determination of the fair values of Level 3 investments, including controls over the development of the significant assumptions and estimates related to the fair value measurements, including the revenue growth rate, weighted average cost of capital, lack of marketability discounts, expected volatility and probability in equity allocation. These procedures also included, among others, reading the investment agreements, testing management’s process for developing the fair value measurements of the Level 3 investments, evaluating the appropriateness of the income approach, testing the completeness, accuracy and relevance of underlying data used in the model, and evaluating the significant assumptions and estimates used by management, including the revenue growth rate, weighted average cost of capital, lack of marketability discounts, expected volatility and probability in equity allocation. Evaluating management’s estimates and assumptions for the revenue growth rate involved considering the past performance of the investees’ businesses, benchmarking of peer companies as well as economic and industry forecasts. Professionals with specialized skill and knowledge were used to assist in evaluating the appropriateness of the Company’s valuation approach and the reasonableness of management’s assumptions for the weighted average cost of capital, lack of marketability discounts, expected volatility and probability in equity allocation.

/s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers Zhong Tian LLP

Shanghai, the People’s Republic of China

April 9, 2020

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2003.

F-3

TRIP.COM GROUP LIMITED

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME AND COMPREHENSIVE INCOME/(LOSS)

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 AND 2019

(In millions, except for share and per share data)

	2017			2018			2019			2019
	RMB			RMB			RMB			US$
Revenues:
Accommodation reservation		9,531			11,580			13,514			1,941
Transportation ticketing		12,221			12,947			13,952			2,004
Packaged-tour		2,973			3,772			4,534			651
Corporate travel		753			981			1,255			180
Others		1,515			1,824			2,461			353
Total revenues		26,993			31,104			35,716			5,129
Less: Sales tax and surcharges		(197	)		(139	)		(50	)		(7	)
Net revenues		26,796			30,965			35,666			5,122
Cost of revenues		(4,678	)		(6,324	)		(7,372	)		(1,059	)
Gross profit		22,118			24,641			28,294			4,063
Operating expenses:
Product development		(8,259	)		(9,620	)		(10,670	)		(1,533	)
Sales and marketing		(8,294	)		(9,596	)		(9,295	)		(1,335	)
General and administrative		(2,622	)		(2,820	)		(3,289	)		(472	)
Total operating expenses		(19,175	)		(22,036	)		(23,254	)		(3,340	)
Income from operations		2,943			2,605			5,040			723
Interest income		988			1,899			2,094			301
Interest expense		(1,286	)		(1,508	)		(1,677	)		(241	)
Other income/(expense)		879			(1,075	)		3,630			521
Income before income tax expense and equity in loss of affiliates		3,524			1,921			9,087			1,304
Income tax expense		(1,285	)		(793	)		(1,742	)		(250	)
Equity in loss of affiliates		(65	)		(32	)		(347	)		(50	)
Net Income		2,174			1,096			6,998			1,004
Net (income)/loss attributable to non-controlling interests		(19	)		16			57			8
Accretion to redemption value of redeemable non-controlling interests		—			—			(44	)		(6	)
Net Income attributable to Trip.com Group Limited		2,155			1,112			7,011			1,006
Net Income		2,174			1,096			6,998			1,004
Other comprehensive income/(expense):
Foreign currency translation		723			(1,072	)		(289	)		(40	)
Unrealized securities holding gains/(losses), net of tax		4,686			(696	)		266			38
Reclassification adjustment for net gain recognized on disposal of available-for-sale debt investment		(40	)		—			—			—
Total comprehensive income/(loss)		7,543			(672	)		6,975			1,002
Comprehensive (income)/loss attributable to non-controlling interests		(19	)		16			13			2
Comprehensive income/(loss) attributable to Trip.com Group Limited		7,524			(656	)		6,988			1,004
Earnings per ordinary share
— Basic		32.51			16.25			98.78			14.19
— Diluted		30.75			15.67			92.02			13.22
Earnings per ADS
— Basic		4.06			2.03			12.35			1.77
— Diluted		3.84			1.96			11.50			1.65
Weighted average ordinary shares outstanding
— Basic shares		66,300,808			68,403,426			70,983,996			70,983,996
— Diluted shares		71,775,893			70,924,623			80,244,014			80,244,014
Share-based compensation included in Operating expense above is as follows:
Product development		1,013			934			919			132
Sales and marketing		186			156			144			21
General and administrative		635			617			651			94

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

F-4

TRIP.COM GROUP LIMITED

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2018 AND 2019

(In millions, except for share and per share data)

	2018			2019			2019
	RMB			RMB			US$
ASSETS
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents		21,530			19,923			2,862
Restricted cash		4,244			1,824			262
Short-term investments		36,753			23,058			3,312
Accounts receivable, net		5,668			7,661			1,100
Due from related parties		1,642			2,779			399
Prepayments and other current assets		9,557			12,710			1,826
Total current assets		79,394			67,955			9,761
Long-term deposits and prepayments		768			1,000			144
Long-term loan receivable		—			21			3
Long-term receivables due from related parties		229			25			4
Land use rights		94			91			13
Property, equipment and software		5,872			6,135			881
Investments		26,874			51,278			7,366
Goodwill		58,026			58,308			8,375
Intangible assets		13,723			13,173			1,892
Right-of-use assets		—			1,207			173
Deferred tax assets		850			976			140
Total assets		185,830			200,169			28,752
LIABILITIES
Current liabilities:
Short-term debt and current portion of long-term debt		36,011			30,516			4,383
Accounts payable		11,714			12,294			1,766
Due to related parties		492			400			57
Salary and welfare payable		3,694			4,829			694
Taxes payable		1,019			1,449			208
Advances from customers		9,472			11,675			1,677
Accrued liability for customer reward program		528			478			69
Other payables and accruals		5,854			7,541			1,083
Total current liabilities		68,784			69,182			9,937
Deferred tax liabilities		3,838			3,592			516
Long-term debt		24,146			19,537			2,806
Long-term lease liability		—			749			108
Other long-term liabilities		329			264			38
Total liabilities		97,097			93,324			13,405
Commitments and contingencies (Note 20)
MEZZANINE EQUITY
Redeemable non-controlling interests		—			1,142			164
SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Share capital (US$0.01 par value; 175,000,000 shares authorized, issued shares as of December 31, 2018 and 2019: 72,051,945 and 77,015,525; outstanding shares as of December 31, 2018 and 2019: 69,122,824 and 74,086,404)		5			6			1
Additional paid-in capital		73,876			83,614			12,010
Statutory reserves		484			635			91
Accumulated other comprehensive loss		(1,482	)		(1,505	)		(216	)
Retained earnings		15,943			22,803			3,275
Less: Treasury stock (2,929,121 and 2,929,121 shares as of December 31, 2018 and 2019, respectively)		(2,111	)		(2,111	)		(303	)
Total Trip.com Group Limited shareholders’ equity		86,715			103,442			14,858
Non-controlling interests		2,018			2,261			325
Total shareholders’ equity		88,733			105,703			15,183
Total liabilities, mezzanine equity and shareholders’ equity		185,830			200,169			28,752

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

F-5

TRIP.COM GROUP LIMITED

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 AND 2019

(In millions, except for share and per share data)

	Ordinary shares (US$0.01 par value)
	Number of shares outstanding		Par value		Additional paid-in capital		Statutory reserves		Accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss)			Retained earnings			Number of Treasury stock			Treasury stock			Total Trip.com Group Limited shareholders’ equity			Non- controlling interests			Total shareholders’ equity
			RMB		RMB		RMB		RMB			RMB						RMB			RMB			RMB			RMB
Balance as of December 31, 2016		64,155,412		5		65,820		238		1,010			6,829			(3,247,307	)		(2,236	)		71,666			3,984			75,650
Issuance of ordinary shares for the exercise of stock options		1,639,073		—		621		—		—			—			—			—			621			—			621
Share-based compensation		—		—		1,834		—		—			—			—			—			1,834			—			1,834
Appropriations to statutory reserves		—		—		—		146		—			(146	)		—			—			—			—			—
Foreign currency translation adjustments		—		—		—		—		723			—			—			—			723			—			723
Unrealized securities holding gains		—		—		—		—		4,686			—			—			—			4,686			—			4,686
Reclassification adjustment resulting from disposal of available-for-sale debt investment		—		—		—		—		(40	)		—			—			—			(40	)		—			(40	)
Early Termination of call option		—		—		650		—		—			—			—			—			650			—			650
Issuance of ordinary shares for early Conversion of Convertible Notes		1,043,375		—		2,234		—		—			—			—			—			2,234			—			2,234
Early Termination of Convertible Notes		318,170		—		37		—		—			—			318,170			125			162			—			162
Net income		—		—		—		—		—			2,155			—			—			2,155			19			2,174
Acquisition of additional shares in subsidiaries		444,624		—		145		—		—			—			—			—			145			(2,458	)		(2,313	)
Business combination		—		—		—		—		—			—			—			—			—			234			234
Balance as of December 31, 2017		67,600,654		5		71,341		384		6,379			8,838			(2,929,137	)		(2,111	)		84,836			1,779			86,615

 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

F-6

TRIP.COM GROUP LIMITED

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 AND 2019

(In millions, except for share and per share data)

	Ordinary shares (US$0.01 par value)
	Number of shares outstanding		Par value		Additional paid-in capital			Statutory reserves		Accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss)			Retained earnings			Number of Treasury stock			Treasury stock			Total Trip.com Group Limited shareholders’ equity			Non- controlling interests			Total shareholders’ equity
			RMB		RMB			RMB		RMB			RMB						RMB			RMB			RMB			RMB
Cumulative effect of adoption of new accounting standard (Note 2)		—		—		—			—		(6,093	)		6,093			—			—			—			—			—
Issuance of ordinary shares for the exercise of stock options		1,522,154		—		653			—		—			—			—			—			653			—			653
Share-based compensation		—		—		1,707			—		—			—			—			—			1,707			—			1,707
Appropriations to statutory reserves		—		—		—			100		—			(100	)		—			—			—			—			—
Foreign currency translation adjustments		—		—		—			—		(1,072	)		—			—			—			(1,072	)		—			(1,072	)
Unrealized securities holding losses		—		—		—			—		(696	)		—			—			—			(696	)		—			(696	)
Early Termination of Convertible Notes		16		—		—			—		—			—			16			—			—			—			—
Net income / (loss)		—		—		—			—		—			1,112			—			—			1,112			(16	)		1,096
Issuance of additional equity stake by subsidiaries		—		—		—			—		—			—			—			—			—			394			394
Disposal of shares in subsidiaries		—		—		4			—		—			—			—			—			4			(34	)		(30	)
Acquisition of additional shares in subsidiaries		—		—		(224	)		—		—			—			—			—			(224	)		(378	)		(602	)
Non-controlling interest in subsidiary disposed of in Business Combination		—		—		395			—		—			—			—			—			395			4			399
Business combination		—		—		—			—		—			—			—			—			—			269			269
Balance as of December 31, 2018		69,122,824		5		73,876			484		(1,482	)		15,943			(2,929,121	)		(2,111	)		86,715			2,018			88,733

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

F-7

TRIP.COM GROUP LIMITED

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 AND 2019

(In millions, except for share and per share data)

	Ordinary shares (US$0.01 par value)
	Number of shares outstanding		Par value		Additional paid-in capital			Statutory reserves		Accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss)			Retained earnings			Number of Treasury stock			Treasury stock			Total Trip.com Group Limited shareholders’ equity			Non- controlling interests			Total shareholders’ equity
			RMB		RMB			RMB		RMB			RMB						RMB			RMB			RMB			RMB
Issuance of ordinary shares for the exercise of stock options		854,749		—		467			—		—			—			—			—			467			—			467
Share-based compensation		—		—		1,680			—		—			—			—			—			1,680			34			1,714
Appropriations to statutory reserves		—		—		—			151		—			(151	)		—			—			—			—			—
Foreign currency translation adjustments		—		—		—			—		(289	)		—			—			—			(289	)		—			(289	)
Unrealized securities holding gains		—		—		—			—		266			—			—			—			266			—			266
Accretion of redeemable non-controlling interests		—		—		—			—		—			(44	)		—			—			(44	)		—			(44	)
Net income / (loss)		—		—		—			—		—			7,055			—			—			7,055			(57	)		6,998
Deconsolidation of shares in subsidiaries		—		—		—			—		—			—			—			—			—			(45	)		(45	)
Issuance of additional equity stake by subsidiaries		—		—		—			—		—			—			—			—			—			19			19
Disposal of shares in subsidiaries		—		—		2			—		—			—			—			—			2			—			2
Equity transaction in which a non-controlling interest in a subsidiary is exchanged for a non-controlling interest in another subsidiary		—		—		(25	)		—		—			—			—			—			(25	)		25			—
Business combination		—		—		—			—		—			—			—			—			—			267			267
Share issuance for the investments		4,108,831		1		7,614			—		—			—			—			—			7,615			—			7,615
Balance as of December 31, 2019		74,086,404		6		83,614			635		(1,505	)		22,803			(2,929,121	)		(2,111	)		103,442			2,261			105,703

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

F-8

TRIP.COM GROUP LIMITED

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 AND 2019

(In millions)

	2017			2018			2019			2019
	RMB			RMB			RMB			US$
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income		2,174			1,096			6,998			1,004
Adjustments to reconcile net income to cash provided by operating activities:
Share-based compensation		1,834			1,707			1,714			247
Equity in loss of affiliates		65			32			347			50
Loss from disposal of property, equipment and software		52			41			28			4
Gain on deconsolidation of subsidiaries		—			—			(161	)		(23	)
Gain on disposal of long-term investment		(1,416	)		(1,181	)		(318	)		(46	)
(Gain)/loss from disposal of a subsidiary		(11	)		2			11			2
Impairments of long-term investment		411			—			205			29
Provision/(settlement) of provision and contingent liability balances related to an equity method investment		967			61			(603	)		(87	)
Changes in fair value for equity investments measured at fair value		—			3,064			(2,334	)		(335	)
Gain from the re-measurement of the previously held equity interest to the fair value in the business acquisition		—			(249	)		(196	)		(28	)
Gain on foreign currency forwards		—			—			(105	)		(15	)
Provision for doubtful accounts		98			69			191			27
Depreciation of property, equipment and software		490			546			656			94
Amortization of intangible assets and land use rights		393			436			440			63
Amortization of right of use assets		—			—			354			51
Deferred income tax benefits		(168	)		(632	)		(176	)		(25	)
Changes in current assets and liabilities, net of assets acquired and liabilities assumed/disposed of in business combinations/dispositions, net of deconsolidations:
Increase in accounts receivable		(52	)		(704	)		(2,041	)		(293	)
Decrease/(increase) in due from related parties		259			(1,280	)		(1,054	)		(151	)
Decrease/(increase) in prepayments and other current assets		410			(2,039	)		(2,245	)		(322	)
Decrease/(increase) in long-term receivables		45			(41	)		146			21
Increase in accounts payable		171			3,687			540			78
(Decrease)/increase in due to related parties		(359	)		73			62			9
Increase in salary and welfare payable		954			220			1,143			164
(Decrease)/increase in taxes payable		(140	)		42			407			58
(Decrease)/increase in advances from customers		(341	)		1,333			2,211			318
Decrease in accrued liability for customer reward program		(49	)		(82	)		(50	)		(7	)
Increase in other payables and accruals		1,282			914			1,163			168
Net cash provided by operating activities		7,069			7,115			7,333			1,055
Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchase of property, equipment and software		(471	)		(673	)		(823	)		(118	)
Cash paid for long-term investments		(1,541	)		(4,387	)		(15,834	)		(2,274	)
Cash paid for business combinations, net of cash acquired		(309	)		1			(212	)		(31	)
Purchase of intangible assets		(23	)		(35	)		(11	)		(2	)
(Increase)/decrease in short-term investments		(13,936	)		(8,811	)		15,011			2,156
Cash received from loans to the users		441			1,022			2,553			367
Cash paid for loans to the users		(580	)		(998	)		(2,748	)		(395	)
Net change in loans to the users with terms of less than three months		(252	)		(918	)		(1,084	)		(156	)
Cash received from disposal of long-term investments		1,453			723			719			103
Cash used from deconsolidation of a subsidiary, net of cash disposed		—			—			(3	)		—
Cash used from disposal of subsidiaries, net of cash received		(11	)		(2	)		19			3
Net cash used in investing activities		(15,229	)		(14,078	)		(2,413	)		(347	)

F-9

TRIP.COM GROUP LIMITED

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (CONTINUED)

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 AND 2019

(In millions)

	2017			2018			2019			2019
	RMB			RMB			RMB			US$
Cash flows from financing activities:
Proceeds from/(repayment of) short-term bank loans, net		2,137			11,768			(3,079	)		(442	)
Proceeds from long-term bank loans		6,202			2,973			5,146			739
Repayment of long-term loan, including current portion		—			—			(3,147	)		(452	)
Proceeds from exercise of share options		732			677			467			67
Cash paid for acquisition of additional equity stake in subsidiaries		(1,759	)		(1,196	)		(220	)		(32	)
Cash paid for settlement of convertible notes		—			(3,297	)		(10,048	)		(1,443	)
Proceeds from securitization debt		—			608			1,074			154
Cash paid for settlement of securitization debt		—			—			(608	)		(87	)
Cash received from non-controlling shareholders		58			393			1,159			166
Proceeds from Early Termination of Purchased Call Option		650			—			—			—
Net cash provided/(used) by financing activities		8,020			11,926			(9,256	)		(1,330	)
Effect of foreign exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash		(47	)		819			309			44
Net (decrease)/increase in cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash		(187	)		5,782			(4,027	)		(578	)
Cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, beginning of year		20,179			19,992			25,774			3,702
Cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, end of year*		19,992			25,774			21,747			3,124
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information
Cash paid during the year for income taxes		1,575			1,315			1,496			215
Cash paid for interest, net of amounts capitalized		1,218			1,444			1,637			235
Supplemental schedule of non-cash investing and financing activities
Conversion of convertible senior notes		2,396			—			—			—
Non-cash consideration paid for business acquisitions, investments and non-controlling interest		(1,179	)		(942	)		(400	)		(57	)
Share issuance as the consideration for equity investment		—			—			(7,615	)		(1,094	)
Accruals related to purchase of property, equipment and software		(42	)		(22	)		(144	)		(21	)
Unpaid cash consideration for business acquisitions and acquisition of additional shares of subsidiary		(626	)		(188	)		—			—

* As of December 31, 2017, cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash are RMB18.2 billion and RMB1.7 billion respectively.

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

F-10

TRIP.COM GROUP LIMITED

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Amounts expressed in RENMINBI (RMB) unless otherwise stated)

1. ORGANIZATION AND NATURE OF OPERATIONS

The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the financial statements of Trip.com Group Limited (the “Company”, formerly known as Ctrip.com International, Ltd.), its subsidiaries, VIEs and VIEs’ subsidiaries. The Company, its subsidiaries, the consolidated VIEs and their subsidiaries are collectively referred to as the “Group”.

The Group is principally engaged in the provision of travel related services including accommodation reservation, transportation ticketing, packaged-tour, corporate travel management services, as well as, to a much lesser extent, Internet-related advertising and other related services.

2. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Basis of presentation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“US GAAP”).

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with US GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the balance sheet dates and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. Actual results could materially differ from those estimates.  

F-11

Consolidation

The consolidated financial statements include the financial statements of the Company, its subsidiaries, VIEs and VIEs’ subsidiaries. All significant transactions and balances between the Company, its subsidiaries, VIEs and VIEs’ subsidiaries have been eliminated upon consolidation.

A subsidiary is an entity in which the Company, directly or indirectly, controls more than one half of the voting power; has the power to appoint or remove the majority of the members of the board of directors; to cast a majority of votes at the meeting of the board of directors or to govern the financial and operating policies of the investee under a statute or agreement among the shareholders or equity holders.

The Company applies the guidance codified in Accounting Standard Codification 810, Consolidations (“ASC 810”) on accounting for VIEs and their respective subsidiaries, which requires certain variable interest entities to be consolidated by the primary beneficiary of the entity in which it has a controlling financial interest. A VIE is an entity with one or more of the following characteristics: (a) the total equity investment at risk is not sufficient to permit the entity to finance its activities without additional financial support; (b) as a group, the holders of the equity investment at risk lack the ability to make certain decisions, the obligation to absorb expected losses or the right to receive expected residual returns, or (c) an equity investor has voting rights that are disproportionate to its economic interest and substantially all of the entity’s activities are on behalf of the investor. The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the financial statements of the Company, its subsidiaries, consolidated VIEs and VIEs’ subsidiaries:

The following is a summary of the Company’s major VIEs and VIEs’ subsidiaries:

Name of VIE and VIEs’ subsidiaries	Date of establishment/acquisition
Shanghai Ctrip Commerce Co., Ltd. (“Shanghai Ctrip Commerce”)	Established on July 18, 2000
Shanghai Huacheng Southwest International Travel Agency Co., Ltd. (“Shanghai Huacheng”, formerly known as Shanghai Huacheng Southwest Travel Agency Co., Ltd.)	Established on March 13, 2001
Chengdu Ctrip Travel Agency Co., Ltd. (“Chengdu Ctrip”)	Established on January 8, 2007
Beijing Qu Na Information Technology Company Limited (“Qunar Beijing”)	Established on March 17, 2006

The Company is considered the primary beneficiary of a VIE or VIEs’ subsidiary and consolidated the VIE or VIEs’ subsidiary if the Company had variable interests, that will absorb the entity’s expected losses, receive the entity’s expected residual returns, or both.

Major variable interest entities and their subsidiaries

The Company conducts a part of its operations through a series of agreements with certain VIEs and VIEs’ subsidiaries as stated in above. These VIEs and VIEs’ subsidiaries are used solely to facilitate the Group’s participation in Internet content provision, advertising business, travel agency and air-ticketing services in the People’s Republic of China (“PRC”) where foreign ownership is restricted. From 2015, the Company restructured its business lines to change some of its VIEs to its wholly owned subsidiaries, which carry out the businesses that are not foreign ownerships restricted.

Shanghai Ctrip Commerce is a domestic company incorporated in Shanghai, the PRC. Shanghai Ctrip Commerce holds a value-added telecommunications business license and is primarily engaged in the provision of advertising business on the Internet website. Two senior officers of the Company collectively hold 100% of the equity interest in Shanghai Ctrip Commerce. The registered capital of Shanghai Ctrip Commerce was RMB900,000,000 as of December 31, 2019.

F-12

Shanghai Huacheng is a domestic company incorporated in Shanghai, the PRC. Shanghai Huacheng holds a domestic travel agency license and mainly provides domestic tour services and air-ticketing services. Shanghai Ctrip Commerce holds 100% of the equity interest in Shanghai Huacheng. The registered capital of Shanghai Huacheng was RMB100,000,000 as of December 31, 2019.

Chengdu Ctrip is a domestic company incorporated in Chengdu, the PRC. Chengdu Ctrip holds a domestic travel agency license and is engaged in the provision of air-ticketing service. Two senior officers of the Company hold 100% of the equity interest in Chengdu Ctrip. The registered capital of Chengdu Ctrip was RMB500,000,000 as of December 31, 2019.

Qunar Beijing is a domestic company incorporated in Beijing, the PRC. Qunar Beijing holds various domestic and cross-border business licenses of Qunar. Two senior officers of the Company hold 100% of the equity interest in Qunar Beijing. The registered capital of Qunar Beijing was RMB11,000,000 as of December 31, 2019.

The capital injected by senior officers or senior officer’s family member are funded by the Company and are recorded as long-term business loans to related parties. The Company does not have any ownership interest in these VIEs and VIEs’ subsidiaries.

As of December 31, 2019, the Company has various agreements with its consolidated VIEs and VIEs’ subsidiaries, including loan agreements, exclusive technical consulting and services agreements, share pledge agreements, exclusive option agreements and other operating agreements.

Details of certain key agreements with the VIEs are as follows:

Powers of Attorney: Each of the shareholders of our consolidated affiliated Chinese entities, except for Hui Cao and Hui Wang, signed an irrevocable power of attorney to appoint Ctrip Travel Network or Ctrip Travel Information, as attorney-in-fact to vote, by itself or any other person to be designated at its discretion, on all matters of the applicable consolidated affiliated Chinese entities. Each such power of attorney will remain effective as long as the applicable consolidated affiliated Chinese entity exists, and such shareholders of the applicable consolidated affiliated Chinese entities are not entitled to terminate or amend the terms of the power of attorneys without prior written consent from us.

As of the date of this annual report, each of the shareholders of Qunar Beijing, Hui Cao and Hui Wang, also signed an irrevocable power of attorney authorizing an appointee, to exercise, in a manner approved by Qunar, on such shareholder’s behalf the full shareholder rights pursuant to applicable laws and Qunar Beijing’s articles of association, including without limitation full voting rights and the right to sell or transfer any or all of such shareholder’s equity interest in Qunar Beijing. Each such power of attorney is effective until such time as such relevant shareholder ceases to hold any equity interest in Qunar Beijing. The terms of the power of attorney with respect to Qunar Beijing are otherwise substantially similar to the terms described in the foregoing paragraph.

Technical Consulting and Services Agreements: Ctrip Travel Information and Ctrip Travel Network, each a wholly owned PRC subsidiary of ours, provide our consolidated affiliated Chinese entities, except for Qunar Beijing, with technical consulting and related services and staff training and information services on an exclusive basis. We also maintain their network platforms. In consideration for our services, our consolidated affiliated Chinese entities agree to pay us service fees as calculated in such manner as determined by us from time to time based on the nature of service, which may be adjusted periodically. For 2019, our consolidated affiliated Chinese entities paid Ctrip Travel Information a quarterly fee based on the number of transportation tickets sold in the quarter, at an average rate of RMB4 (US$0.5) per ticket. Although the service fees are typically determined based on the number of transportation tickets sold, given the fact that the nominee shareholders of such consolidated affiliated Chinese entities have irrevocably appointed the employees of our subsidiaries to vote on their behalf on all matters they are entitled to vote on, we have the right to determine the level of service fees paid and therefore receive substantially all of the economic benefits of our consolidated affiliated Chinese entities in the form of service fees. Ctrip Travel Information or Ctrip Travel Network, as appropriate, will exclusively own any intellectual property rights arising from the performance of this agreement. The initial term of these agreements is 10 years and may be renewed automatically in 10-year terms unless we disapprove the extension. We retain the exclusive right to terminate the agreements at any time by delivering a 30-day advance written notice to the applicable consolidated affiliate Chinese entity.

As of the date of this annual report, pursuant to the restated exclusive technical consulting and services agreement between Qunar Beijing and Qunar Software, Qunar Software provides Qunar Beijing with technical, marketing and management consulting services on an exclusive basis in exchange for service fee paid by Qunar Beijing based on a set formula defined in the agreement subject to adjustment by Qunar Software at its sole discretion. This agreement will remain in effect until terminated unilaterally by Qunar Software or mutually. The terms of this agreement are otherwise substantially similar to the terms described in the foregoing paragraph.

F-13

Share Pledge Agreements: The shareholders of our consolidated affiliated Chinese entities, except for Hui Cao and Hui Wang, have pledged their respective equity interests in the applicable consolidated affiliated Chinese entities as a guarantee for the performance of all the obligations under the other contractual arrangements, including payment by such consolidated affiliated Chinese entities of the technical and consulting services fees to us under the technical consulting and services agreements, repayment of the business loan under the loan agreements and performance of obligations under the exclusive option agreements, each agreement as described herein. In the event any of such consolidated affiliated Chinese entity breaches any of its obligations or any shareholder of such consolidated affiliated Chinese entities breaches his or her obligations, as the case may be, under these agreements, we are entitled to enforce the equity pledge right and sell or otherwise dispose of the pledged equity interests after the pledge is registered with the relevant local branch of SAMR, and retain the proceeds from such sale or require any of them to transfer his or her equity interest without consideration to the PRC citizen(s) designated by us. These share pledge agreements are effective until two years after the pledgor and the applicable consolidated affiliated Chinese entities no longer undertake any obligations under the above-referenced agreements.

As of the date of this annual report, pursuant to the equity interest pledge agreement among Qunar Software, Hui Cao and Hui Wang, Hui Cao and Hui Wang have pledged their equity interests in Qunar Beijing along with all rights, titles and interests to Qunar Software as guarantee for the performance of all obligations under the relevant contractual arrangements mentioned herein. After the pledge is registered with the relevant local branch of SAMR, Qunar Software may enforce this pledge upon the occurrence of a settlement event or as required by the PRC law. The pledge, along with this agreement, will be effective upon registration with the local branch of the SAMR, and will expire when all obligations under the relevant contractual arrangements have been satisfied or when each of Hui Cao and Hui Wang completes a transfer of equity interest and ceases to hold any equity interest in Qunar Beijing. In enforcing the pledge, Qunar Software is entitled to dispose of the pledge and have priority in receiving payment from proceeds from the auction or sale of all or part of the pledge until the obligations are settled. The terms of this agreement are otherwise substantially similar to the terms described in the foregoing paragraph.

Loan Agreements: Under the loan agreements we entered into with the shareholders of our consolidated affiliated Chinese entities, except for Hui Cao and Hui Wang, we extended long-term business loans to these shareholders of our consolidated affiliated Chinese entities with the sole purpose of providing funds necessary for the capitalization or acquisition of such consolidated affiliated Chinese entities. These business loan amounts were injected into the applicable consolidated affiliated Chinese entities as capital and cannot be accessed for any personal uses. The loan agreements shall remain effective until the parties have fully performed their respective obligations under the agreement, and the shareholders of such consolidated affiliated Chinese entities have no right to unilaterally terminate these agreements. In the event that the PRC government lifts its substantial restrictions on foreign ownership of the travel agency, or value-added telecommunications business in China, as applicable, we will exercise our exclusive option to purchase all of the outstanding equity interests of our consolidated affiliated Chinese entities, as described in the following paragraph, and the loan agreements will be cancelled in connection with such purchase. However, it is uncertain when, if at all, the PRC government will lift any or all of these restrictions.

As of the date of this annual report, pursuant to the loan agreement among Qunar Software, Hui Cao and Hui Wang, the loans extended by Qunar Software to each of Hui Cao and Hui Wang are only repayable by a transfer of such borrower’s equity interest in Qunar Beijing to Qunar Software or its designated party, in proportion to the amount of the loan to be repaid. This loan agreement will continue in effect indefinitely until such time when (i) the borrowers receive a repayment notice from Qunar Software and fully repay the loans, or (ii) an event of default (as defined therein) occurs unless Qunar Software sends a notice indicating otherwise within 15 calendar days after it is aware of such event. The terms of this loan agreement is otherwise substantially similar to the terms described in the foregoing paragraphs.

Exclusive Option Agreements: As consideration for our entering into the loan agreements described above, each of the shareholders of our consolidated affiliated Chinese entities, except for Hui Cao and Hui Wang, has granted us an exclusive, irrevocable option to purchase, or designate one or more person(s) at our discretion to purchase, all of their equity interests in the applicable consolidated affiliated Chinese entities at any time we desire, subject to compliance with the applicable PRC laws and regulations. We may exercise the option by issuing a written notice to the shareholder of relevant consolidated affiliated Chinese entity. The purchase price shall be equal to the contribution actually made by the shareholder for the relevant equity interest. Therefore, if we exercise these options, we may choose to cancel the outstanding loans we extended to the shareholders of such consolidated affiliated Chinese entities pursuant to the loan agreements as the loans were used solely for equity contribution purposes. The initial term of these agreements is 10 years and may be renewed automatically in 10-year terms unless we disapprove the extension. We retain the exclusive right to terminate the agreements at any time by delivering a written notice to the shareholder of applicable consolidated affiliate Chinese entity.

Hui Cao and Hui Wang also entered into an equity option agreement with Qunar, Qunar Software and Qunar Beijing. This equity option agreement contains arrangements that are similar to that as described in the foregoing paragraph. This agreement will remain effective with respect to each of Qunar Beijing’s shareholders until all of the equity interest has been transferred or Qunar and Qunar Software terminates the agreement unilaterally with 30 days’ prior written notice.

F-14

Our consolidated affiliated Chinese entities and their shareholders agree not to enter into any transaction that would affect the assets, obligations, rights or operations of our consolidated affiliated Chinese entities without our prior written consent. They also agree to accept our guidance with respect to day-to-day operations, financial management systems and the appointment and dismissal of key employees.

Risks in relation to contractual arrangements between the Company’s PRC subsidiaries and its affiliated Chinese entities:

The Company has been advised by Commerce & Finance Law Offices, its PRC legal counsel, that its contractual arrangements with its consolidated VIEs as described in the Company’s annual report are valid, binding and enforceable under the current laws and regulations of China. Based on such legal opinion and the management’s knowledge and experience, the Company believes that its contractual arrangements with its consolidated VIEs are in compliance with current PRC laws and legally enforceable. However, there may be in the event that the affiliated Chinese entities and their respective shareholders fail to perform their contractual obligations, the Company may have to rely on the PRC legal system to enforce its rights. The PRC legal system is based on written statutes. Prior court decisions may be cited for reference but have limited precedential value. Since 1979, PRC legislation and regulations have significantly enhanced the foreign investments in China. However, since the PRC legal system is still evolving, the interpretations of many laws, regulations and rules are not always uniform and enforcement of these laws, regulations and rules involve uncertainties, which may limit remedies available to us. In addition, any litigation in China may be protracted and result in substantial costs and diversion of resources and management attention. Due to the uncertainties with respect to the PRC legal system, the PRC government authorities may ultimately take a view contrary to the opinion of its PRC legal counsel with respect to the enforceability of the contractual arrangements.

There are, however, substantial uncertainties regarding the interpretation and application of current or future PRC laws and regulations. Accordingly, the Company cannot be assured that the PRC government authorities will not ultimately take a view that is contrary to the Company’s belief and the opinion of its PRC legal counsel. In March 2019, the draft Foreign Investment Law was submitted to the National People’s Congress for review and was approved on March 15, 2019, which came into effect from January 1, 2020. The new Foreign Investment Law of the PRC repealed simultaneously the Wholly Foreign-owned Enterprise Law of the PRC, Sino-foreign Equity Joint Venture Law of the PRC and Sino-foreign Cooperative Joint Ventures Law of the PRC. Therefore, the general regulations for companies’ set up and operation in the PRC including the foreign-invested companies shall comply with the Company Law of the PRC unless provided in the PRC Foreign Investment Laws. In December 2019, the Implementing Regulation of the Foreign Investment Law has been promulgated by the State Council which has come into force as of January 1, 2020. The Foreign Investment Law does not touch upon the relevant concepts and regulatory regimes that were historically suggested for the regulation of VIE structures, and thus this regulatory topic remains unclear under the Foreign Investment Law. Since the Foreign Investment Law is new, there are substantial uncertainties exist with respect to its implementation and interpretation and it is also possible that the VIE entities will be deemed as foreign invested enterprises and be subject to restrictions in the future. Such restrictions may cause interruptions to our operations, products and services and may incur additional compliance cost, which may in turn materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Summary financial information of the Group’s VIEs in the consolidated financial statements

Pursuant to the contractual arrangements with the VIEs, the Company has the power to direct activities of the VIEs, and can have assets transferred freely out of the VIEs without any restrictions. Therefore, the Company considers that there is no asset of a consolidated VIE that can be used only to settle obligations of the VIE, except for registered capital and PRC statutory reserves of the VIEs amounting to a total of RMB2.1 billion as of December 31, 2019. As all the consolidated VIEs are incorporated as limited liability companies under the PRC Company Law, creditors of the VIEs do not have recourse to the general credit of the Company for any of the liabilities of the consolidated VIEs.

F-15

Summary financial information of the VIEs, which represents aggregated financial information of the VIEs and their respective subsidiaries included in the accompanying consolidated financial statements, is as follows:

	As of December 31,
	2018			2019
	RMB(in millions)			RMB(in millions)
Total assets		26,574			33,394
Less: Inter-company receivables		(5,228	)		(8,235	)
Total assets excluding inter-company		21,346			25,159
Total liabilities		23,405			29,594
Less: Inter-company payables		(14,117	)		(18,689	)
Total liabilities excluding inter-company		9,288			10,905

As of December 31, 2018 and 2019, the VIEs’ assets mainly consisted of cash and cash equivalent (December 31, 2018: RMB7.2 billion, December 31, 2019: RMB6.9 billion), short-term investment (December 31, 2018: RMB4.3 billion, December 31, 2019: RMB4.0 billion), accounts receivable (December 31, 2018: RMB2.9 billion, December 31, 2019: RMB4.3 billion), prepayments and other current assets (December 31, 2018: RMB3.6 billion, December 31, 2019: RMB5.1 billion) and investments (non-current) (December 31, 2018: RMB2.3 billion, December 31, 2019: RMB3.7 billion). The inter-company receivables of RMB5.2 billion and RMB8.2 billion as of December 31, 2018 and 2019 mainly represented the receivables by a VIE to one of the Company’s wholly-owned subsidiaries for treasury cash management purpose.

As of December 31, 2018 and 2019, the VIEs’ liabilities mainly consisted of accounts payable (December 31, 2018: RMB3.4 billion, December 31, 2019: RMB3.7 billion), other payables and accruals (December 31, 2018: RMB1.7 billion, December 31, 2019: RMB1.7 billion), advance from customers (December 31, 2018: RMB2.3 billion, December 31, 2019: RMB3.2 billion) and short-term debt (December 31, 2018: RMB1.2 billion, December 31, 2019: RMB365 million). The inter-company payables of RMB14.1 billion and RMB18.7 billion as of December 31, 2018 and 2019 mainly represented service fees payable to the WFOEs (Ctrip Travel Information, Ctrip Travel Network, and Qunar Software each a wholly owned PRC subsidiary of ours, “WFOEs”) under the technical consulting and services agreements, which are operational in nature from the VIEs and their subsidiaries’ perspectives.

The following table set forth the summary of results of operations of the VIEs and their subsidiaries of the Company:

	For the year ended December 31,
	2017		2018		2019
	RMB(in millions)		RMB(in millions)		RMB(in millions)
Net revenues		8,237		8,357		9,572
Cost of revenues		2,490		2,983		3,627
Net income		863		170		89

As aforementioned, the VIEs mainly conduct transportation ticketing and advertising businesses. Revenues from VIEs accounted for around 27% of the Company’s total revenues in 2019.

The VIEs’ net income before the deduction of the inter-company consulting fee charges were RMB2.7 billion, RMB1.5 billion and RMB1.7 billion for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019, respectively.

The WFOEs are the sole and exclusive provider of technical consulting and related services and information services for the VIEs. Pursuant to the Exclusive Technical Consulting and Service Agreements, the VIEs pay service fees to the WFOEs based on the VIEs’ actual operating results. The WFOEs are entitled to receive substantially all of the net income and transfer a majority of the economic benefits in the form of service fees from the VIEs and VIEs’ subsidiaries to the WFOEs. For remaining undistributed retained earnings, tax planning strategies are in place to support their enterprise income tax free treatment.

The amount of service fees paid by all the VIEs as a percentage of the VIEs’ total net income were 68.3%, 88.5% and 94.6% for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019, respectively.

The following tables set forth the summary of cash flow activities of the VIEs and their subsidiaries of the Company:

	For the year ended December 31,
	2017		2018		2019
	RMB(in millions)		RMB(in millions)		RMB(in millions)
Net cash provided by/ (used in) operating activities		1,232		591		(517	)
Net cash used in investing activities		—		—		—
Net cash provided by financing activities		—		—		—

Currently there is no contractual arrangement that could require the Company to provide additional financial support to the consolidated VIEs. As the Company is conducting certain business in the PRC mainly through the VIEs, the Company may provide such support on a discretionary basis in the future, which could expose the Company to a loss.

F-16

Foreign currencies

The Group’s reporting currency is RMB. The Company’s functional currency is US$. The Company’s operations are conducted through the subsidiaries and VIEs where the local currency is the functional currency and the financial statements of those subsidiaries are translated from their respective functional currencies into RMB.

Transactions denominated in currencies other than functional currencies are remeasured at the exchange rates quoted by the People’s Bank of China (the “PBOC”) and the Hong Kong Association of Banks (the “HKAB”), prevailing or averaged at the dates of the transaction for PRC and Hong Kong subsidiaries respectively. Gains and losses resulting from foreign currency transactions are included in the consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income. Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are remeasured using the applicable exchange rates quoted by the PBOC and HKAB at the balance sheet dates. All such exchange gains and losses are included in the consolidated statements of income/(loss).

Assets and liabilities of the group companies are translated from their respective functional currencies to the reporting currency at the exchange rates at the balance sheet dates, equity accounts are translated at historical exchange rates and revenues and expenses are translated at the average exchange rates in effect during the reporting period. The exchange differences for the translation of group companies with non-RMB functional currency into the RMB are included in foreign currency translation adjustments, which is a separate component of shareholders’ equity on the consolidated financial statements. The foreign currency translation adjustments are not subject to tax.

Translations of amounts from RMB into US$ are solely for the convenience of the reader and were calculated at the rate of US$1.00 = RMB6.9618 on December 31, 2019, representing the certificated exchange rate published by the Federal Reserve Board. No representation is intended to imply that the RMB amounts could have been, or could be, converted, realized or settled into US$ at that rate on December 31, 2019, or at any other rate.

Cash and cash equivalents

Cash includes currency on hand and deposits held by financial institutions that can be added to or withdrawn without limitation. Cash equivalents represent short-term, highly liquid investments that are readily convertible to known amounts of cash and with original maturities from the date of purchase of generally three months or less.

Restricted cash

Restricted cash represents cash that cannot be withdrawn without the permission of third parties. The Group’s restricted cash is substantially cash balance on deposit required by its business partners and commercial banks.

Short-term investments

Short-term investments represent i) held-to-maturity investments which are due in one year and stated at amortized cost; ii) the investments issued by commercial banks or other financial institutions with a variable interest rate indexed to the performance of underlying assets within one year, and iii) foreign currency forward contracts which are short-term. These investments are stated at fair value. Changes in the fair value are reflected in the consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income.

Derivative Instruments

Derivative instruments are carried at fair value. The fair values of the derivative financial instruments generally represent the estimated amounts expect to receive or pay upon termination of the contracts as of the reporting date.

The Group’s derivative instruments primarily consisted of foreign currency forward contracts which are used to economically hedge certain foreign denominated liabilities and reduce, to the extent practicable, the potential exposure to the changes that exchange rates might have on the Group’s earnings, cash flows and financial position. As the derivative instruments do not qualify for hedge accounting treatment, changes in the fair value are reflected in other income of the consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income. The Company started to enter into derivative instruments contracts in 2019. As of December 31, 2019 and for the year then ended, the balance of the derivative instruments and the total amount of fair value changes is not material.

Installment credit and nonrecourse securitization debt

The Company provides installment credit solutions to users. Such amounts are recorded at the outstanding principal amount less allowance for doubtful accounts, and include accrued interest receivable and presented in receivable related to financial services in Note 3.

Since 2018, the Company entered into asset backed securitization arrangements with third-party financial institution and set up a securitization vehicle which issued revolving debt securities to third party investors. The Company consolidated the servicer of the securitized debt since economic interests are retained in the form of subordinated interests and it acts as the servicer of securitization vehicles. The proceeds from the issuance of debt securities are reported as securitization debt. The securities are repaid as collections on the underlying collateralized assets occur and the amounts are included in “short-term debt and current portion of long-term debt” (Note 12) or “long-term debt” (Note 17) according to the contractual maturities of the debt securities.

As of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2019, the collateralized receivable related to financial services were RMB733 million and RMB1.2 billion, respectively, and the non-collateralized receivable related to financial services were RMB818 million and RMB1.6 billion, respectively.

F-17

As of December 31, 2018 and 2019, the total allowance for the receivable related to financial services was not material. The Company recognized the interest income from the receivable related to financial services in Revenue – Others. The interest expenses in relation to the nonrecourse securitization debt were recognized in the cost of revenue. For the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2019, the interest incomes and the interest expenses were not material.

The gross amount of the credits provided to users is presented in the investing section of the cash flow statement unless the term of the receivables is 3 month or less, in which case it is presented on a net basis by deducting the repayment from the users.

Land use rights

Land use rights represent the prepayments for usage of the parcels of land where the office buildings are located, are recorded at cost, and are amortized over their respective lease periods (usually over 40 to 50 years).

Property, equipment and software

Property, equipment and software are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation and amortization are computed using the straight-line method over the following estimated useful lives, taking into account any estimated residual value:

Building	30-40 years
Leasehold improvements	Lesser of the term of the lease or the estimated useful lives of the assets
Website-related equipment	3-5 years
Computer equipment	3-5 years
Furniture and fixtures	3-5 years
Software	3-5 years

The Company recognizes the disposal of Property, equipment and software in general and administrative expenses.

Investments

The Company’s investments include equity method investments, equity securities without readily determinable fair values, equity securities with readily determinable fair values, held to maturity debt securities, and available-for-sale debt securities.

The Company applies equity method in accounting for its investments in entities in which the Company has the ability to exercise significant influence but does not have control and the investments are in either common stock or in-substance common stock. Unrealized gains on transactions between the Company and an affiliated entity are eliminated to the extent of the Company’s interest in the affiliated entity, unrealized losses are also eliminated unless the transaction provides evidence of an impairment of the asset transferred.

Equity securities without readily determinable fair values are measured and recorded using a measurement alternative that measures the securities at cost minus impairment, if any, plus or minus changes resulting from qualifying observable price changes. Prior to fiscal 2018, these securities were accounted for using the cost method of accounting, measured at cost less other-than-temporary impairment.

Equity securities with readily determinable fair values are measured and recorded at fair value on a recurring basis with changes in fair value, whether realized or unrealized, recorded through the income statement. Prior to 2018, these securities were classified as available-for-sale securities and measured and recorded at fair value with unrealized changes in fair value recorded through other comprehensive income.

On January 1, 2018, the Company adopted financial instruments accounting standard ASU No. 2016-01, which requires equity investments to be measured at fair value with subsequent changes recognized in net income, except for those accounted for under the equity method or requiring consolidation. The standard also required the Company to reclassify the accumulated unrealized gain or loss of the equity investments measured at fair value that were previously recognized in other comprehensive income to retained earnings on the date of the adoption. Upon the adoption, the Company reclassified approximately RMB6.1 billion of accumulated other comprehensive income, reflective of the net unrealized gain for the equity securities with readily determinable fair values that existed as of January 1, 2018, into retained earnings.

Debt securities that the company has positive intent and ability to hold to maturity are classified as held to maturity debt securities and are stated at amortized cost.

Debt securities that the company has the intent to hold the security for an indefinite period or may sell the security in response to the changes in economic conditions are classified as available-for-sale debt securities and reported at fair value. Unrealized gains and losses (other than impairment losses) are reported, net of the related tax effect, in other comprehensive income (OCI). Upon sale, realized gains and losses are reported in net income.

The Company monitors its investments for other-than-temporary impairment by considering factors including, but not limited to, current economic and market conditions, the operating performance of the companies including current earnings trends and other company-specific information.

F-18

Fair value measurement of financial instruments

Financial assets and liabilities of the Group primarily comprise of cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, time deposits, financial products, derivative instruments, accounts receivable, due from related parties, available-for-sale debt investments, equity securities, accounts payable, due to related parties, advances from end users, short-term bank borrowings, other short-term liabilities and long-term debts. As of December 31, 2018 and 2019, except for derivative instruments, long-term debt, equity securities and available-for-sale debt investments, carrying values of these financial instruments approximated their fair values because of their generally short maturities. The Company reports derivative instruments, equity securities and available-for-sale debt investments at fair value at each balance sheet date and changes in fair value are reflected in the statements of income and comprehensive income. The Company disclosed the fair value of its long-term debts based on Level 2 inputs in Note 17.

The Company measures its financial assets and liabilities using inputs from the following three levels of the fair value hierarchy. The three levels are as follows:

Level 1 inputs are unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets that the management has the ability to access at the measurement date.

Level 2 inputs include quoted prices for similar assets in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets in markets that are not active, inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset (i.e., interest rates, yield curves, etc.), and inputs that are derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data by correlation or other means (market corroborated inputs).

Level 3 includes unobservable inputs that reflect the management’s assumptions about the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset. The management develops these inputs based on the best information available, including the own data.

Business combination

U.S. GAAP requires that all business combinations not involving entities or businesses under common control be accounted for under the acquisition method. The Group applies ASC 805, “Business combinations”, the cost of an acquisition is measured as the aggregate of the fair values at the date of exchange of the assets given, liabilities incurred, and equity instruments issued. The costs directly attributable to the acquisition are expensed as incurred. Identifiable assets, liabilities and contingent liabilities acquired or assumed are measured separately at their fair value as of the acquisition date, irrespective of the extent of any non-controlling interests. The excess of the (i) the total of cost of acquisition, fair value of the non-controlling interests and acquisition date fair value of any previously held equity interest in the acquiree over (ii) the fair value of the identifiable net assets of the acquiree is recorded as goodwill. If the cost of acquisition is less than the fair value of the net assets of the subsidiary acquired, the difference is recognized directly in the consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income.

The determination and allocation of fair values to the identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed is based on various assumptions and valuation methodologies requiring considerable management judgment. The most significant variables in these valuations are discount rates, terminal values, the number of years on which to base the cash flow projections, as well as the assumptions and estimates used to determine the cash inflows and outflows. Management determines discount rates to be used based on the risk inherent in the related activity’s current business model and industry comparisons. Terminal values are based on the expected life of products and forecasted life cycle and forecasted cash flows over that period. The Company’s estimates of fair value are based upon assumptions believed to be reasonable, but which are inherently uncertain and unpredictable and, as a result, actual results may differ from estimates. Any changes to provisional amounts identified during the measurement period are recognized in the reporting period in which the adjustment amounts are determined.  

Acquisitions

During the periods presented, the Company completed several transactions to acquire controlling shares to enrich its products and to expand business. The Company makes estimates and judgments in determining the fair value of the acquired assets and liabilities, based in part on independent appraisal reports as well as its experience with purchasing similar assets and liabilities in similar industries. The amount excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the identifiable assets and liabilities acquired is recorded as goodwill. The major acquisitions during the periods presented are as follows:

In November 2019, the Company obtained control of an online travel agency company in which the Company previously had held 51% equity interest with substantive participating rights being held by the non-controlling shareholder. The Company obtained control of the acquiree when the non-controlling shareholder agreed to remove these substantive participating rights. The deemed consideration was the previous held 51% equity interest with the fair value of RMB259 million. The net assets assumed based on their fair values was RMB115 million, including cash acquired with amount of RMB11 million. The fair value of non-controlling interest was measured as RMB249 million, taking into account a non-controlling discount. The goodwill recognized for the acquisition was RMB393 million which is primarily reflects the expected synergies. The Company also recognized a gain from the re-measurement of its previously held equity interest to the fair value with amount of RMB196 million and reported in other income (Note 2). Based on the Company’s assessment, the financial results of the acquiree were not material to the Company and the supplement pro-forma financial information is therefore not presented.

F-19

In May 2018, the Company consummated a step acquisition by acquiring substantially all the remaining equity interest of an offline travel agency company in which the Company previously held approximately 48% equity interest. The total purchase consideration was RMB1.1 billion which included the cash consideration of RMB198 million, the fair value of the previously held equity interest of RMB543 million and equity interest representing a 1.9% non-controlling interest of one of the Company’s subsidiaries with the fair value of RMB399 million which is determined on Level 3 measures. The Company recognized a gain from the re-measurement of its previously held equity interest to the fair value with amount of RMB249 million and reported in other income (Note 2). The Company recognized the non-controlling interest of the equity interest disposed at the book value of the proportionate shares of the net assets of the subsidiary with amount of RMB4 million and the difference between the fair value of the non-controlling interest with the book value of RMB395 million recorded as additional paid-in capital. 

The net liability assumed based on their fair values was RMB212 million, including cash acquired with amount of RMB482 million. The fair value of non-controlling interest amounting to RMB15 million was measured based on the purchase price, taking into account a discount reflective of the non-controlling nature of the interest. The newly identifiable intangible assets were RMB269 million which primarily consist of brand name which is amortized over 10 years on a straight-line basis. The deferred tax liability of RMB67 million as recognized in associated with the identifiable intangible assets. The goodwill recognized for the acquisition was RMB1.2 billion which is primarily made up of the expected synergies from combining operations of the acquiree and the acquirer, which do not qualify for separate recognition.

Other than the acquisitions disclosed above, none of other acquisition occurred during the periods presented was material to its businesses or financial results. Other immaterial acquisitions in 2017, 2018 and 2019 with total consideration of RMB251 million, RMB553 million and RMB17 million respectively resulted in goodwill increase of RMB291 million, RMB621 million and nil respectively, and intangible assets increase of RMB56 million, RMB118 million and nil respectively.

Goodwill and other intangible assets

Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the identifiable assets and liabilities acquired as a result of the Company’s acquisitions of interests in its subsidiaries and consolidated VIEs.

Goodwill is not amortized but is reviewed at least annually for impairment or earlier, if an indication of impairment exists. Recoverability of goodwill is evaluated using a two-step process. In the first step, the fair value of a reporting unit is compared to its carrying value. If the fair value of a reporting unit exceeds the carrying value of the net assets assigned to a reporting unit, goodwill is considered not impaired and no further testing is required. If the carrying value of the net assets assigned to a reporting unit exceeds the fair value of a reporting unit, the second step of the impairment test is performed in order to determine the implied fair value of a reporting unit’s goodwill. Determining the implied fair value of goodwill requires valuation of a reporting unit’s tangible and intangible assets and liabilities in a manner similar to the allocation of purchase price in a business combination. If the carrying value of a reporting unit’s goodwill exceeds its implied fair value, goodwill is deemed impaired and is written down to the extent of the difference. The Company estimates total fair value of the reporting unit using discounted cash flow analysis, and makes assumptions regarding future revenue, gross margins, working capital levels, investments in new products, capital spending, tax, cash flows, and the terminal value of the reporting unit.

As of December 31, 2019, there was no event or any circumstance that the Company identified, which indicated that the fair value of the Company’s reporting unit was substantially lower than the respective carrying value. There was no impairment of goodwill during the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019. Each quarter the Company reviews the events and circumstances to determine if goodwill impairment may be indicated.

Separately identifiable intangible assets that have determinable lives continue to be amortized and consist primarily of non-compete agreements, customer list, supplier relationship, technology and business relationship as of December 31, 2018 and 2019. The Company amortizes intangible assets on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives, which is three to ten years. The estimated life of amortized intangibles is reassessed if circumstances occur that indicate the life has changed. Other intangible assets that have indefinite useful life primarily include trademark and domain names as of December 31, 2018 and 2019. The Company evaluates indefinite-lived intangible assets each reporting period to determine whether events and circumstances continue to support an indefinite useful life. If an intangible asset that is not being amortized is subsequently determined to have a finite useful life, the asset is tested for impairment. The Company estimates total fair value of the reporting unit using discounted cash flow analysis, and makes assumptions regarding future revenue, gross margins, working capital levels, investments in new products, capital spending, tax, cash flows, and the terminal value of the reporting unit.

The Company reviews intangible assets with indefinite lives annually for impairment or earlier, if an indication of impairment exists.

F-20

No impairment on other intangible assets was recognized for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019.

Impairment of long-lived assets

Long-lived assets (including intangible with definite lives) are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Reviews are performed to determine whether the carrying value of asset group is impaired, based on comparison to undiscounted expected future cash flows. If this comparison indicates that there is impairment, the Group recognizes impairment of long-lived assets to the extent the carrying amount of such assets exceeds the fair value.

Accrued liability for customer reward program

The Company’s end users participate in a loyalty points program. The points awarded from services can be redeemed for cash or used to purchase gifts on the Company’s website and mobile platforms.

The estimated incremental costs of the loyalty points program are recognized as sales and marketing expense, or as reduction of the revenue, depending on whether it can be redeemed to gifts or redeemed for cash, and accrued for as a current liability. As members redeem awards or their entitlements expire, the accrued liability is reduced correspondingly. As of December 31, 2018 and 2019, the Company’s accrued liability for its customer reward program amounted to RMB528 million and RMB478 million, respectively, based on the estimated liabilities under the customer reward program. For the years ended December 31, 2017, the expenses recognized for the customer rewards program was approximately RMB100 million. The expenses recognized for the customer rewards program were immaterial for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2019.

Deferred revenue

The Group has a coupon program, through which the Group provides coupons for end users who book selected hotels online through website. The end users who use the coupons receive credits in their virtual cash accounts upon check-out from the hotels and reviews for hotels submitted. The end users may redeem the amount of credits in their virtual cash account in cash or voucher for their future bookings on the Company’s website and mobile platforms. The Group accounts for the estimated cost of future usage of coupons as reduction of the revenue.

Revenue recognition

On January 1, 2018, the Company adopted revenue guidance ASC Topic 606, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers” (“ASC 606”), using the full retrospective transition approach under which the Company’s previously issued financial statements for 2017 were retrospectively adjusted.

The standard did not change the presentation of the Group’s revenues, which continues to be substantially reported on a net basis as the travel supplier is primarily responsible for providing the underlying travel services and the Company does not control the service provided by the travel supplier to the traveler. Revenues are recognized at gross amounts for merchant business where the Group undertakes substantive inventory risks by pre-purchasing inventories. However, the timing of revenue recognition for certain revenue streams is changed under the standard.

Accommodation reservation services

The Group receives commissions from travel suppliers for hotel room reservations through the Group’s transaction and service platform. Commissions from hotel reservation services rendered are recognized when the reservation becomes non-cancellable which is the point considered when the Company completes its performance obligation in accommodation reservation services which include reservation and various post-booking services. Contracts with certain travel suppliers contain incentive commissions typically subject to achieving specific performance targets. The incentive commissions are considered as variable consideration and are estimated and recognized to the extent that the Company is entitled to such incentive commissions. The Group generally receives incentive commissions from monthly arrangements with hotels based on the number of hotel room reservations where end users have completed their stay. The Group presents revenues from such transactions on a net basis in the statements of income and comprehensive income as the Group, generally, does not control the service provided by the travel supplier to the traveler and has no obligations for cancelled hotel reservations. The amount of accommodation reservation services revenues recognized at gross basis were immaterial during the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019, respectively.

Transportation ticketing services

Transportation ticketing services revenues mainly represent revenues from tickets reservations and other related services. The Group receives commissions from travel suppliers for ticketing services through the Group’s transaction and service platform under various services agreements. Commissions from ticketing services rendered are recognized after tickets are issued as this is when the Group’s performance obligation is satisfied. The Group presents revenues from such transactions on a net basis in the statements of income as the Group, generally, does not control the service provided by the travel supplier to the traveler and has no obligations for cancelled airline ticket reservations. Loss due to obligations for cancelled ticket reservations is minimal in the past. The amount of transportation ticketing services revenues recognized at gross basis were immaterial during the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019, respectively.

F-21

Packaged-tour

The Group receives referral fees from travel product providers for packaged-tour products and services through the Group’s transaction and service platform. Referral fees are recognized on the departure date of the tours as this is when the Group’s performance obligation is satisfied. The Group presents revenues from such transactions on a net basis in the statements of income when the Group does not control the service provided by the travel supplier to the traveler and has no obligations for cancelled packaged-tour products reservations. The amounts of packaged-tour products and services revenues recognized at gross basis were immaterial during the years ended December 31, 2017. While the Group expanded the merchant business in 2018 for packaged-tour products, the Group presents majority of its packaged-tour products and services revenues recognized on net basis for the year ended December 31, 2018 and 2019.

Corporate travel

Corporate travel management revenues primarily include commissions from air ticket booking, hotel reservation and packaged-tour services rendered to corporate clients. The Group contracts with corporate clients based on service fee model. Travel reservations are made via on-line and off-line services for air tickets, hotel and package-tour. Revenue is recognized on a net basis after the services are rendered and collections are reasonably assured.

Other businesses

Other businesses comprise primarily of online advertising services and financial services.

The Company receives advertising revenues, which principally represent the sale of banners or sponsorship on the website and mobile from end users. Advertising revenues are recognized ratably over the fixed term of the agreement as services are provided. The Company recognizes the interest income from the receivable related to financial services ratably over the loan period (Note 2 Installment credit and nonrecourse securitization debt).

Allowance for doubtful accounts

Accounts receivable are recorded at the invoiced amount and do not bear interest. The Company reviews on a periodic basis for doubtful accounts for the outstanding trade receivable balances and the receivable related to financial services based on historical experience and information available. Additionally, we make specific bad debt provisions based on (i) our specific assessment of the collectability of all significant accounts; and (ii) any specific knowledge we have acquired that might indicate that an account is uncollectible. The facts and circumstances of each account may require us to use substantial judgment in assessing its collectability. The following table summarized the details of the Company’s allowance for doubtful accounts:

	2017			2018			2019
	RMB (in millions)
Balance at beginning of year		59			129			156
Provision for doubtful accounts		98			69			191
Write-offs		(28	)		(42	)		(91	)
Balance at end of year		129			156			256

Cost of revenues

Cost of revenues consists primarily of payroll compensation of customer service center personnel, credit card service fee, payments to travel suppliers, telecommunication expenses, direct cost of principal travel tour services, depreciation, rentals and related expenses incurred by the Group’s transaction and service platform which are directly attributable to the rendering of the Group’s travel related services and other businesses.

Product development

Product development expenses include expenses incurred by the Group to develop the Group’s travel supplier networks as well as to maintain, monitor and manage the Group’s transaction and service platform. The Group recognizes website, software and mobile applications development costs in accordance with ASC 350-50 “Website development costs” and ASC 350-40 “Software — internal use software” respectively. The Group expenses all costs that are incurred in connection with the planning and implementation phases of development and costs that are associated with repair or maintenance of the existing websites and mobile applications or the development of software or mobile applications for internal use and websites content.

Sales and marketing

Sales and marketing expenses consist primarily of costs of payroll and related compensation for the Company’s sales and marketing personnel, advertising expenses, and other related marketing and promotion expenses. Advertising expenses, amounting to approximately RMB5.1 billion, RMB6.0 billion and RMB5.5 billion for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019 respectively, are charged to the statements of income as incurred.

F-22

Share-based compensation

Under ASC 718, the Company applied the Black-Scholes valuation model in determining the fair value of options granted. Risk-free interest rates are based on US Treasury yield for the terms consistent with the expected life of award at the time of grant. Expected life is based on historical exercise patterns. Expected dividend yield is determined in view of the Company’s historical dividend payout rate and future business plan. The Company estimates expected volatility at the date of grant based on historical volatilities. The Company recognizes compensation expense on all share-based awards on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period. Forfeiture rate is estimated based on historical forfeiture patterns and adjusted to reflect future change in circumstances and facts, if any. If actual forfeitures differ from those estimates, the Company may need to revise those estimates used in subsequent periods.

According to ASC 718, a change in any of the terms or conditions of stock options shall be accounted for as a modification of the plan. Therefore, the Company calculates incremental compensation cost of a modification as the excess of the fair value of the modified option over the fair value of the original option immediately before its terms are modified, measured based on the share price and other pertinent factors at the modification date. For vested options, the Company would recognize incremental compensation cost in the period the modification occurs and for unvested options, the Company would recognize, over the remaining requisite service period, the sum of the incremental compensation cost and the remaining unrecognized compensation cost for the original award on the modification date.

According to ASC 718, the Company classifies options or similar instruments as liabilities if the entity can be required under any circumstances to settle the option or similar instrument by transferring cash or other assets and such cash settlement is probable. The percentage of the fair value that is accrued as compensation cost at the end of each period shall equal the percentage of the requisite service that has been rendered at that date. Changes in fair value of the liability classified award that occur during the requisite service period shall be recognized as compensation cost over that period. Changes in fair value that occur after the end of the requisite service period are compensation cost of the period in which the changes occur. Any difference between the amount for which a liability award is settled and its fair value at the settlement date as estimated is an adjustment of compensation cost in the period of settlement.

Share incentive plans

In October, 2007, the Company adopted a 2007 Share Incentive Plan (“2007 Incentive Plan”). As of December 31, 2018 and 2019, 3,400,231 and 2,438,190 options and 569,497 and 429,354 RSUs were outstanding under the 2007 Incentive Plan.

In June, 2017, the Company adopted a Global Share Incentive Plan (“Global Incentive Plan”). The Company granted 3,286,756 and 1,690,090 new share options and 87,465 and 18,750 new RSUs to employees with 4 year requisite service period for year ended December 31, 2018 and 2019, respectively. As of December 31, 2018 and 2019, 3,308,777 and 4,357,922 options and 67,709 and 71,742 RSUs were outstanding under the Global Incentive Plan.

In December, 2019, the Company completed a one-time modification of share options (the “Modification”), pursuant to which eligible employees were able to exchange every four of the share options that were granted under the 2017 Incentive Plan and the Global Incentive Plan, with the exercise price exceeding US$320 per ordinary share, for one new option entitling each eligible grantee to purchase one ordinary share at the exercise price of US$0.01 with the original vesting schedules remaining unchanged. As a result of the Modification, 835,849 options were exchanged for 209,026 new options. The incremental compensation cost of the Modification was immaterial.

Qunar previously adopted the 2007 Qunar Share Inventive Plan and 2015 Qunar Share Inventive Plan. Immediately prior to the closing of its going private transaction in February 2017, each outstanding vested option granted under the 2007 Qunar Share Incentive Plan and the 2015 Qunar Share Incentive Plan was exchanged for a number of Ctrip ADSs based on a ratio that ensures equivalent economic value, against the payment by the holder of the vested Qunar options of the full amount of exercise price payable; and each outstanding unvested Qunar option granted under the 2007 Qunar Share Incentive Plan and the 2015 Qunar Share Incentive Plan was exchanged for an option of Ctrip to purchase ordinary shares of Ctrip based on a ratio that ensures equivalent economic value with its remaining vesting period unchanged (“Exchange of Qunar Share Incentive Plans”).

F-23

The following table summarized the Company’s share option activity under all the option plans, which has reflected the effect of the Exchange of Qunar Share Incentive Plans (in US$, except shares):

	Number of Shares			Weighted Average Exercise Price		Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life (Years)		Aggregate Intrinsic Value  (in millions)
Outstanding at December 31, 2016		5,532,515			157.82		4.54		900
Granted (including grants in exchange for Qunar options )		631,166			43.03
Exercised		(1,353,697	)		68.95
Forfeited		(99,226	)		133.92
Outstanding at December 31, 2017		4,710,758			168.80		4.72		867
Granted		3,286,756			204.65
Exercised		(1,050,382	)		92.58
Forfeited		(238,124	)		171.61
Outstanding at December 31, 2018		6,709,008			198.19		5.62		366
Granted		1,690,090			158.95
Exercised		(735,416	)		91.14
Forfeited		(240,747	)		167.40
Modified		(835,849	)		338.91
Converted from modification		209,026			0.01
Outstanding at December 31, 2019		6,796,112			177.71		5.63		679
Vested and expect to vest at December 31, 2019		6,453,834			177.98		5.56		643
Exercisable at December 31, 2019		2,517,635			186.23		3.30		229

The Company’s current practice is to issue new shares to satisfy share option exercises.

The expected-to-vest options are the result of applying the pre-vesting forfeiture rate assumptions of 8% to total unvested options. 

The aggregate intrinsic value in the table above represents the total intrinsic value (the aggregate difference between the Company’s closing stock price of US$268.32 (US$33.54 per ADS) as of December 31, 2019 and the exercise price for in-the-money options) that would have been received by the option holders if all in-the-money options had been exercised on December 31, 2019.

The total intrinsic value of options exercised during the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019 were US$522 million US$356 million and US$162 million, respectively.

The weighted average fair value of options granted during the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019 was US$376.78, US$150.38 and US$155.76 per share, respectively.

As of December 31, 2019, there was US$576 million of total unrecognized compensation cost, net of estimated forfeitures, related to unvested share options which are expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 2.5 year. Total unrecognized compensation cost may be adjusted for future changes in estimated forfeitures. Total cash received from the exercise of share options amounted to RMB732 million, RMB677 million and RMB467 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019, respectively. The transfer agent was engaged by the Company to collect the exercise proceeds and remitted on regular basis and these amounts were included in “prepayments and other current assets”.

The Company calculated the estimated fair value of share options on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes pricing model with the following assumptions for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019:

	2017	2018	2019
Risk-free interest rate	1.73%-1.94%	2.52%-3.09%	1.40%-2.44%
Expected life (years)	5.0	5.0	5.0
Expected dividend yield	0%	0%	0%
Volatility	46%-48%	42%-44%	42%-43%
Fair value of options at grant date per share	from US$142.29 to US$430.87	from US$88.51 to US$350.71	from US$90.96 to US$259.03

F-24

The following table summarized the Company’s RSUs activities under all incentive plans (in US$, except shares):

	Number of Shares			Weighted average grant date fair value(US$)
Restricted shares
Unvested at December 31, 2016		1,462,239			263.28
Granted		15,664			323.92
Vested		(285,375	)		191.21
Forfeited		(96,806	)		274.71
Unvested at December 31, 2017		1,095,722			281.91
Granted		87,465			331.69
Vested		(471,773	)		261.48
Forfeited		(74,208	)		294.08
Unvested at December 31, 2018		637,206			302.45
Granted		18,750			298.64
Vested		(119,334	)		295.11
Forfeited		(35,526	)		309.72
Unvested at December 31, 2019		501,096			303.54

As of December 31, 2019, there was US$32 million unrecognized compensation cost, net of estimated forfeitures, related to unvested restricted shares, which are to be recognized over a weighted average vesting period of 0.2 years. Total unrecognized compensation cost may be adjusted for future changes in estimated forfeitures. The Company determined the fair value of RSUs based on its stock price on the date of grant.

Leases

The Company applied ASC 842, Leases, on January 1, 2019 on a modified retrospective basis and has elected not to recast comparative periods. The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at inception. Operating leases are primarily for office and operation space and are included in right-of-use (“ROU”) assets, other payables and accruals and long-term lease liabilities on its consolidated balance sheets. ROU assets represent the Company’s right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent its obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. The operating lease ROU assets and liabilities are recognized at lease commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. As most of the Company’s leases do not provide an implicit rate, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at lease commencement date in determining the present value of lease payments. The operating lease ROU asset also includes any lease payments made and excludes lease incentives. The Company’s lease terms may include options to extend or terminate the lease. Renewal options are considered within the ROU assets and lease liability when it is reasonably certain that the Company will exercise that option. Lease expense for lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

For operating leases with a term of one year or less, the Company has elected to not recognize a lease liability or ROU asset on its consolidated balance sheet. Instead, it recognizes the lease payments as expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Short-term lease costs are immaterial to its consolidated statements of operations and cash flows. The Company has operating lease agreements with insignificant non-lease components and have elected the practical expedient to combine and account for lease and non-lease components as a single lease component.

Upon the adoption of the new lease standard, on January 1, 2019, the Company recognized operating lease assets of RMB1.0 billion and total operating lease liabilities of RMB980 million (including a current liability of RMB322 million) in the consolidated balance. There was no impact to retained earnings at adoption.

Taxation

Current income taxes are provided on the basis of net income for financial reporting purposes, adjusted for income and expense items which are not assessable or deductible for income tax purposes, in accordance with the regulations of the relevant tax jurisdictions. Deferred income taxes are provided using the balance sheet liability method. Under this method, deferred income taxes are recognized for the tax consequences of significant temporary differences by applying enacted statutory rates applicable to future years to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts and the tax bases of existing assets and liabilities. The tax base of an asset or liability is the amount attributed to that asset or liability for tax purposes. The effect on deferred taxes of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period enacted. A valuation allowance is provided to reduce the amount of deferred tax assets if it is considered unlikely that some portion of, or all of, the deferred tax assets will not be realized.

The Company applies ASC 740, “Income Taxes”. It clarifies the accounting for uncertainty in income taxes recognized in the Company’s consolidated financial statements and prescribes a more likely than not threshold for financial statement recognition and measurement of a tax position taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. It also provides guidance on derecognition of income tax assets and liabilities, classification of current and deferred income tax assets and liabilities, accounting for interest and penalties associated with tax positions, accounting for income taxes in interim periods, and income tax disclosures.

F-25

Other income/(expense)

Other income/(expense) consists of financial subsidies, investment income and foreign exchange gains/(losses). Financial subsidies are recognized as other income when received. Components of other income for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019 were as follows:

	2017			2018			2019
	RMB (in millions)
Fair value changes of equity securities investments		—			(3,064	)		2,334
(Provision)/settlement of provision and contingent liability balances related to an equity method investment (Note 13)		(967	)		(61	)		603
Subsidy income		264			469			589
Gain on disposal of long-term investments (Note 7)		1,416			1,181			318
Gain from the re-measurement of the previously held equity interest to the fair value in the business acquisition (Note 2)		—			249			196
Impairments of long-term investments		(411	)		—			(205	)
Foreign exchange gains/(losses)		469			(17	)		(378	)
Others		108			168			173
Total		879			(1,075	)		3,630

Statutory reserves

The Company’s PRC subsidiaries and the VIEs are required to allocate at least 10% of their after-tax profit to the general reserve in accordance with the PRC accounting standards and regulations. The allocation to the general reserve will cease if such reserve has reached to 50% of the registered capital of respective company. Appropriations to discretionary surplus reserve are at the discretion of the board of directors of the VIEs. These reserves can only be used for specific purposes and are not transferable to the Company in form of loans, advances, or cash dividends. There is no such regulation of providing statutory reserve in Hong Kong.

Dividends

Dividends are recognized when declared.

PRC regulations currently permit payment of dividends only out of accumulated profits as determined in accordance with PRC accounting standards and regulations. The Company’s PRC subsidiaries can only distribute dividends after they have met the PRC requirements for appropriation to statutory reserves. Additionally, as the Company does not have any direct ownership in the VIEs, the VIEs cannot directly distribute dividends to the Company. The PRC government imposes control over its foreign currency reserves in part through direct regulation of the conversion of RMB into foreign exchange and through restrictions on foreign trade. As the majority of our revenues are in RMB, any restrictions on currency exchange may limit our ability to use revenue generated in RMB to fund our business activities outside China or to make dividend payments in U.S. dollars. However, the Company believes the restrictions on currency exchange imposed by the PRC foreign exchange regulations and enforced by SAFE do not automatically constitute the “restrictions” under Rule 4-08(e)(3) under Regulation S-X, because such restrictions in substance do not prohibit the Company’s subsidiaries or VIEs from transferring net assets to the Company in the combined forms of loans, advances and cash dividends without the consent of SAFE, provided that certain procedural formalities should be complied with. As of December 31, 2019, the restricted net assets of the Company’s PRC subsidiaries and VIEs not distributable in the form of dividends to the parent as a result of the aforesaid PRC regulations and other restrictions were RMB7 billion.

As a result of the aforementioned PRC regulation and the Company’s organizational structure, accumulated profits of the subsidiaries in PRC distributable in the form of dividends to the parent as of December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019 were RMB12 billion, RMB16 billion and RMB22 billion, respectively. The Company’s PRC subsidiaries and VIEs are able to enter into royalty and trademark license agreements or certain other contractual arrangements at the sole discretion of the Company, for which the compensatory element of the arrangement is deducted from the accumulated profits.

Effective January 1, 2008, current CIT Law imposes a 10% withholding income tax for dividends distributed by foreign invested enterprises to their immediate holding companies outside mainland China. A lower withholding tax rate will be applied if there is a tax treaty arrangement between mainland China and the jurisdiction of the foreign holding company. Distributions to holding companies in Hong Kong that satisfy certain requirements specified by PRC tax authorities, for example, will be subject to a 5% withholding tax rate. Furthermore, pursuant to the applicable circular and interpretations of the current EIT Law, dividends from earnings created prior to 2008 but distributed after 2008 are not subject to withholding income tax.

F-26

Earnings/(loss) per share

In accordance with “Computation of Earnings Per Share”, basic earnings per share is computed by dividing net income attributable to common shareholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the year. Diluted earnings per share is calculated by dividing net income attributable to common shareholders as adjusted for the effect of dilutive ordinary equivalent shares, if any, by the weighted average number of ordinary and dilutive ordinary equivalent shares outstanding during the year. Dilutive ordinary equivalent shares consist of ordinary shares issuable upon the exercise of outstanding share options (using the treasury stock method). Vested but unexercised stock options with exercise prices that represent little or no consideration are included in the weighted average shares outstanding in the basic earnings per share calculation.

If the number of common shares outstanding increases as a result of a stock dividend or stock split or decreases as a result of a reverse stock split, the computations of basic and diluted EPS shall be adjusted retroactively for all periods presented to reflect that change in capital structure. If changes in common stock resulting from stock dividends, stock splits, or reverse stock splits occur after the close of the period but before the financial statements are issued or are available to be issued, the per-share computations for those and any prior-period financial statements presented shall be based on the new number of shares.

Effective December 1, 2015, the ratio of the Company’s American depositary shares (“ADSs”) to ordinary shares is eight (8) ADSs representing one (1) ordinary share.

Treasury stock

The share-repurchase programs do not require the Company to acquire a specific number of shares and may be suspended or discontinued at any time.

Segment reporting

The Company operates and manages its business as a single segment. Resources are allocated and performance is assessed by the CEO, whom is determined to be the Chief Operating Decision Maker (CODM). Since the Company operates in one reportable segment, all financial segment and product information required by this statement can be found in the consolidated financial statements.

The Company primarily generates its revenues from the Greater China Area, for geographical information, please refer to Note 21.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments — Credit Losses (Topic 326), Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Statements. This ASU update on the measurement of credit losses for certain financial assets measured at amortized cost and available-for-sale debt securities. For financial assets measured at amortized cost, this update requires an entity to (1) estimate its lifetime expected credit losses upon recognition of the financial assets and establish an allowance to present the net amount expected to be collected, (2) recognize this allowance and changes in the allowance during subsequent periods through net income and (3) consider relevant information about past events, current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts in assessing the lifetime expected credit losses. For available-for-sale debt securities, this update made several targeted amendments to the existing other-than-temporary impairment model, including (1) requiring disclosure of the allowance for credit losses, (2) allowing reversals of the previously recognized credit losses until the entity has the intent to sell, is more-likely-than-not required to sell the securities or the maturity of the securities, (3) limiting impairment to the difference between the amortized cost basis and fair value and (4) not allowing entities to consider the length of time that fair value has been less than amortized cost as a factor in evaluating whether a credit loss exists. The Company adopted this update in the first quarter of 2020 and applied this update on a modified retrospective basis. The adoption did not have a material impact to the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements.

In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-04: Intangibles — Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment. To simplify the subsequent measurement of goodwill, the Board eliminated Step 2 from the goodwill impairment test. Under the amendments in this Update, an entity should perform its annual, or interim, goodwill impairment test by comparing the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount. An entity should recognize an impairment charge for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value; however, the loss recognized should not exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. An entity should apply the amendments in this Update on a prospective basis. An entity is required to disclose the nature of and reason for the change in accounting principle upon transition. A public business entity that is a U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) filer should adopt the amendments in this Update for its annual or any interim goodwill impairment tests in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019. Early adoption is permitted for interim or annual goodwill impairment tests performed on testing dates after January 1, 2017. It is more likely that, by adopting simplified measurement which eliminates the Step 2 from goodwill impairment test, an entity with the triggering event for goodwill impairment will recognize more goodwill impairment than it would do under the old model. The Group is currently assessing the impact of the adoption of this accounting standard, taking into considerations the COVID-19 outbreak which has been adversely affecting the Company’s business in the subsequent period in 2020.

F-27

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-13, “Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Disclosure Framework — Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement,” which eliminates, adds and modifies certain disclosure requirements for fair value measurements as part of the FASB’s disclosure framework project. The new guidance is effective for the fiscal years and interim reporting periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2019. Early adoption is permitted for the adoption of either the entire ASU or only the provisions that eliminate or modify the requirements. The Company is evaluating the effects, if any, of the adoption of this guidance on the fair value disclosure in the consolidated financial statements.

In April 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-04 “Codification Improvements to Topic 326, Financial Instruments — Credit Losses, Topic 815, Derivatives and Hedging, and Topic 825, Financial Instruments.” Apart from the amendments to ASU 2016-13 mentioned above, the ASU also included subsequent amendments to ASU 2016-01, which the Company adopted in January 2018 (Note 2). For entities that have not yet adopted ASU 2017-12, the effective date is the same as ASU 2017-12. ASU 2017-12 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, and interim periods within those fiscal years. For entities that have adopted ASU 2017-12, the effective date is as of the beginning of the first annual reporting period beginning after issuance of this Update The Company is evaluating the effects, if any, of the adoption of these guidance on the Company’s financial position, results of operations and cash flows.

In December 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-12 - Income Taxes (Topic 740): Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes. This ASU provides an exception to the general methodology for calculating income taxes in an interim period when a year-to-date loss exceeds the anticipated loss for the year. This update also (1) requires an entity to recognize a franchise tax (or similar tax) that is partially based on income as an income-based tax and account for any incremental amount incurred as a non-income-based tax, (2) requires an entity to evaluate when a step-up in the tax basis of goodwill should be considered part of the business combination in which goodwill was originally recognized for accounting purposes and when it should be considered a separate transaction, and (3) requires that an entity reflect the effect of an enacted change in tax laws or rates in the annual effective tax rate computation in the interim period that includes the enactment date. The standard is effective for the Company for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact.

Certain risks and concentration

Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to significant concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, short-term investment, accounts receivable, amounts due from related parties, prepayments and other current assets. As of December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019, substantially all of the Company’s cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash and short-term investment were held in major financial institutions located in the PRC and in Hong Kong, which management considers to be of high credit quality based on their credit ratings. Accounts receivable are generally unsecured and denominated in RMB, and are derived from revenues earned from operations arising primarily in the PRC.

No individual customer accounted for more than 10% of net revenues for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019. No individual customer accounted for more than 10% of accounts receivable as of December 31, 2018 and 2019.

3. PREPAYMENTS AND OTHER CURRENT ASSETS

Components of prepayments and other current assets as of December 31, 2018 and 2019 were as follows:

	2018		2019
	RMB (in millions)
Prepayments and other deposits		6,877		8,395
Receivable related to financial services (Note 2)		1,551		2,777
Prepaid expenses		401		406
Receivables from financial institution		151		200
Others		577		932
Total		9,557		12,710

4. LONG-TERM DEPOSITS AND PREPAYMENTS

The Group’s subsidiaries and VIEs are required to pay certain amounts of deposit to airline companies and hotel suppliers. The subsidiaries and VIEs are also required to pay deposit to local travel bureau as pledge for insurance of traveler’s safety.

Components of long-term deposits and prepayments as of December 31, 2018 and 2019 were as follows:

	2018		2019
	RMB (in millions)
Prepayments for purchase of long lived assets		127		517
Deposits paid to airline suppliers		243		209
Deposits paid to advertising suppliers		164		88
Deposits paid to hotel suppliers		70		36
Others		164		150
Total		768		1,000

F-28

5. LAND USE RIGHTS

Land use rights are amortized under straight-line method through the respective period of land rights, which are from 40-50 years. Amortization expense for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019 was approximately RMB3 million, RMB3 million and RMB3 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2018 and 2019, the net book value was RMB94 million and RMB91 million respectively.

6. PROPERTY, EQUIPMENT AND SOFTWARE

Property, equipment and software and its related accumulated depreciation and amortization as of December 31, 2018 and 2019 were as follows:

	2018			2019
	RMB (in millions)
Buildings		5,418			5,423
Computer equipment		1,145			1,217
Website-related equipment		771			1,187
Furniture and fixtures		292			383
Software		215			313
Leasehold improvements		146			188
Construction in progress		9			11
Less: accumulated depreciation and amortization		(2,124	)		(2,587	)
Total net book value		5,872			6,135

Depreciation expense for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019 was RMB490 million, RMB546 million and RMB656 million, respectively.

7. INVESTMENTS

The Company’s long-term investments are consisted of the follows:

	2018		2019
	RMB (in millions)
Debt investments		5,107		17,604
Equity investments		21,767		33,674
		26,874		51,278

Debt investments

Held to maturity debt securities

Held to maturity investments were time deposits and financial products in commercial banks with maturities of more than one year with the carrying amount of RMB2.4 billion and RMB15.1 billion as of December 31, 2018 and 2019 respectively. As of December 31, 2018 and 2019, the weighted average maturities periods are 1.5 years and 1.5 years, respectively.

Available-for-sale debt investments

The following table summarizes the Company’s available-for-sale debt investments as of December 31, 2019 (RMB in millions):

	Cost, after adjusted with other-than-temporary impairment		Gross Unrealized Gains, including forex adjustment		Gross Unrealized Losses, including forex adjustment			Fair Value
Available-for-sale debt investments		2,693		257		(402	)		2,548

F-29

The following table summarizes the Company’s available-for-sale debt investments as of December 31, 2018 (RMB in millions):

	Cost, after adjusted with other-than-temporary  impairment		Gross Unrealized Gains, including forex adjustment		Gross Unrealized Losses, including forex adjustment			Fair Value
Available-for-sale debt investments		2,633		236		(152	)		2,717

For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019, the unrealized securities holding gain, net of tax of RMB305 million, RMB(16) million and RMB5 million, respectively, was reported in other comprehensive income.

Equity investments

Equity securities with readily determinable fair values

The following table summarizes the Company’s equity securities with readily determinable fair values as of December 31, 2019 (RMB in millions):

	Cost, after adjusted with other-than-temporary impairment		Gross Unrealized Gains, including forex adjustment		Gross Unrealized Losses, including forex adjustment			Fair Value
Equity securities with readily determinable fair values		4,406		6,052		(421	)		10,037

The following table summarizes the Company’s equity securities with readily determinable fair values as of December 31, 2018 (RMB in millions):

	Cost, after adjusted with other-than-temporary impairment		Gross Unrealized Gains, including forex adjustment		Gross Unrealized Losses, including forex adjustment			Fair Value
Equity securities with readily determinable fair values		5,520		4,320		(845	)		8,995

Equity securities without readily determinable fair values

Equity securities without readily determinable fair values and over which the Company has neither significant influence nor control through investments in common stock or in-substance common stock, are measured and recorded using a measurement alternative that measures the securities at cost minus impairment, if any, plus or minus changes resulting from qualifying observable price changes. The carrying value of equity securities without readily determinable fair values was RMB584 million and RMB596 million as of December 31, 2018 and 2019 respectively. There is no fair value changes related to these investments for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2019. None of the investments individually is considered as material to the Group’s financial position.

In 2017, 2018 and 2019, the Company disposed certain equity securities without readily determinable fair values for total consideration of RMB1.4 billion, RMB261 million and RMB0 million, respectively, which results a gain of RMB1.4 billion, RMB122 million, and a loss of RMB1 million as reported in other income, respectively. In 2018, the Company also paid certain equity securities without readily determinable fair values with amount of RMB294 million for business acquisition.

In 2017, 2018 and 2019, the Company made investments in equity investments without readily determinable fair values with amount of RMB0.2 billion, RMB92 million and RMB89 million, respectively.

Equity method investments

In December 2016, in connection of share exchange transaction with BTG and Homeinns, the Company exchanged its previously held equity interest in Homeinns for 22% equity interest of BTG. The Company applied equity method to account for the investment in BTG on one quarter lag basis. As of December 31, 2018 and 2019, the carrying value of its investment in BTG were RMB2.7 billion and RMB2.8 billion respectively, the change of which primarily relates to the equity income recognized.

Tujia used to be a subsidiary of the Company. In 2015, after a private placement of Tujia, the Company lost the control in Tujia. In 2017, Tujia completed a restructure and its offline business was assumed by a newly established company and the Company converted part of its preferred shares investment in Tujia to common shares of Tujia and the newly established company. The Company applies equity method for its common shares investments on Tujia and the newly established company on one quarter lag basis. The preferred shares investment in Tujia was continued to be accounted for as available-for-sale debt security. The Company concluded it does not have control over Tujia whilst it has majority ownership of Tujia since the Company does not have control of the board of directors of Tujia, which makes all the significant decisions of Tujia. As of December 31, 2018 and 2019, fair value of the preferred shares were RMB1.6 billion and RMB1.5 billion respectively. As of December 31, 2018 and 2019, the carrying value of the equity method investments were RMB1.2 billion and RMB1.0 billion respectively, the change of which primarily relates to the equity loss recognized.

F-30

In May 2015, the Company acquired approximately 38% share capital of eLong, Inc. (“eLong”) and applied equity method on one quarter lag basis. In May 2016, eLong completed its “going-private” transaction and merger with E-dragon Holdings Limited (“E-dragon”) (“Reorganization”). After the Reorganization, the Company applies equity method for its ordinary shares investment in E-dragon’s on one quarter lag basis and the preferred shares of E-dragon are classified as available-for-sale debt security. In March 2018, E-dragon consummated a merger with LY.com with share swap transaction. The Company received an equity method investment in the enlarged group with previously held equity investment and preferred shares of E-dragon be exchanged. The Company recognized the gain of RMB847 million as reported in other income on receipts the shares in the enlarged group in 2018, and recognized the gain of RMB267 million as reported in other income when certain accrued tax related indemnification liability for the other shareholders of LY.com was reversed based on the final settlement in 2019. For the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company acquired additional equity interest with total consideration of RMB1.4 billion. After these transactions, the Company has 27% equity interest in the enlarged group and applied equity method for this investment. As of December 31, 2018 and 2019, the carrying value of its equity investment was RMB5.3 billion and RMB5.5 billion respectively, the change of which primarily relates to the equity income recognized.

The Company used to hold approximately 10% equity interest in MakeMyTrip and accounted for the investment as equity securities with readily determinable fair values. In August 2019, the Company consummated a share exchange transaction with Naspers Limited (“Naspers”), a shareholder of MakeMyTrip, pursuant to which Naspers exchanged certain ordinary shares and Class B convertible ordinary shares of MakeMyTrip for the Company’s newly issued 4,108,831 ordinary shares. Concurrent with the share exchange, the Company made the investment in a third-party investment entity by contributing certain ordinary shares and class B shares of MakeMyTrip held by the Company and recorded the investment using equity method. After these transactions, the Company owns ordinary shares and class B shares of MakeMyTrip, representing approximately 49% of MakeMyTrip’s total voting power with the total consideration of approximately US$1.2 billion (RMB8.7 billion), which included US$1.0 billion (RMB6.9 billion) newly issued ordinary shares of the Company and US$0.2 billion (RMB1.8 billion) of its previously held equity investment. The Company applied equity method to account for the investment in MakeMyTrip on one quarter lag basis. As of December 31, 2019, the carrying value of its investment was RMB8.5 billion.

The Company made some investments in several third party investment funds and accounted for the investments under equity methods on one quarter lag basis. As of December 31, 2018 and 2019, the carrying value of these investments were RMB1.2 billion and RMB2.5 billion respectively.

As of December 31, 2018 and 2019, the carrying value of the rest equity method investments were RMB1.8 billion and RMB2.8 billion, respectively.

The Company summarizes the condensed financial information of the Company’s equity investments as a group below in accordance with Rule 4-08 of Regulation S-X (RMB in millions).

	2017			2018			2019
	Equity investments			Equity investments			Equity investments
Operating data:
Revenue		14,243			17,429			28,423
Gross profit		8,145			11,513			17,608
Income from operations		80			294			2,590
Net (loss)/income		(223	)		990			970
Net loss attributable to equity method investments companies		(79	)		(81	)		(440	)
Add: Equity dilution impact		14			7			93
Add: Gain from disposal of equity method investments		—			42			—
Equity in (loss)/income of affiliates		(65	)		(32	)		(347	)
	2017			2018			2019
Balance sheet data:
Current assets		9,836			26,612			41,940
Long-term assets		16,553			37,435			45,968
Current liabilities		8,061			20,404			31,769
Long-term liabilities		6,191			12,011			10,677
Non-controlling interests		324			232			342

For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019, the total cash paid for equity method investments was RMB0.2 billion, RMB1.7 billion and RMB1.4 billion, respectively.

F-31

Impairments

The Company performs impairment assessment of its investments by considering factors including, but not limited to, current economic and market conditions as well as the operating performance of the investees. Impairment charges in connection with the equity securities with readily determinable fair value before the adoption of new financial instrument accounting standard of RMB116 million was recorded for the years ended December 31, 2017. Impairment charges in connection with the available-for-sale debt investment of RMB156 million, nil and RMB150 million were recorded for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019, respectively. Impairment charges in connection with the equity securities without readily determinable fair value of RMB139 million, nil and RMB55 million were recorded for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019, respectively. Impairment charges in connection with the equity method investments of RMB64 million, RMB61 million and nil were recorded for the years ended December, 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019, respectively. The impairment was recorded in “Other income/ (expense)” (Note 2).

8. FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENT

In accordance with ASC 820-10, the Company measures financial products, time deposits, derivative instruments, available-for-sale debt investments and equity securities with readily determinable fair value at fair value on a recurring basis. Equity securities classified within Level 1 are valued using quoted market prices that currently available on a securities exchange registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and Shanghai Stock Exchange (SSE). Financial products, time deposits and derivative instruments classified within Level 2 are valued using directly or indirectly observable inputs in the market place. The available-for-sale debt investments classified within Level 3 are valued based on a model utilizing unobservable inputs which require significant management judgment and estimation.

The equity securities without readily determinable fair value, equity method investments and certain non-financial assets are recorded at fair value only if an impairment or observable price adjustment is recognized in the current period. If an impairment or observable price adjustment is recognized on the equity securities during the period, the Company classify these assets as Level 3 within the fair value hierarchy based on the nature of the fair value inputs.

Assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis are summarized below (in millions):

	Fair Value Measurement at December 31, 2019 Using
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Fair Value at December 31, 2019
	RMB		RMB		RMB		RMB		US$
Assets
Financial products		—		25,679		—		25,679		3,689
Time deposits (with the maturity of more than three months)		—		12,319		—		12,319		1,769
Derivative:
Foreign currency forward contacts (with the maturity of less than one year)		—		116		—		116		17
Equity securities		10,037		—		—		10,037		1,442
Available-for-sale debt investments		—		—		2,548		2,548		366
Total Assets		10,037		38,114		2,548		50,699		7,283
Liabilities
Derivative:
Foreign currency forward contacts (with the maturity of more than one year)		—		9		—		9		1
Total Liabilities		—		9		—		9		1
	Fair Value Measurement at December 31, 2018 Using
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Fair Value at December 31, 2018
	RMB		RMB		RMB		RMB		US$
Financial products		—		33,185		—		33,185		4,827
Time deposits (with the maturity of more than three months)		—		5,958		—		5,958		866
Equity securities		8,995		—		—		8,995		1,308
Available-for-sale debt investments		—		—		2,717		2,717		395
Total		8,995		39,143		2,717		50,855		7,396

F-32

The roll forward of major Level 3 investments are as following:

	Total
	RMB(in millions)
Fair value of Level 3 investments as at December 31, 2017		5,708
Transfer into Level 3		69
New addition		150
Disposal of investments		(2,655	)
Effect of exchange rate change		121
The change in fair value of the investments		(676	)
Fair value of Level 3 investments as at December 31, 2018		2,717
Transfer into Level 3		55
New addition		153
Disposal of investments		(93	)
Effect of exchange rate change		25
Other than temporary impairment		(205	)
The change in fair value of the investments		(104	)
Fair value of Level 3 investments as at December 31, 2019		2,548

Management determined the fair value of these Level 3 investments based on income approach using various unobservable inputs. The determination of the fair value required significant judgement by management with respect to the assumptions and estimates for the revenue growth rate, weighted average cost of capital, lack of marketability discounts, expected volatility and probability in equity allocation. The significant unobservable inputs adopted in the valuation as of December 31, 2019 are as following:

Unobservable Input
Revenue growth rate	3%~85%
Weighted average cost of capital	15%~16%
Lack of marketability discount	10%~15%
Expected volatility	38%~46%
Probability	Liquidation scenario: 35%~70% Redemption scenario: 30% IPO scenario: 30%~35%

9. GOODWILL

Goodwill, which is not tax deductible, represents the synergy effects of the business combinations. The changes in the carrying amount of goodwill for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2019 were as follows:

	2018			2019
	RMB (in millions)
Balance at beginning of year		56,246			58,026
Acquisition		1,786			393
Disposals and immaterial others		(6	)		(111	)
Balance at end of year		58,026			58,308

Goodwill resulting from the business combinations completed in the years ended December 31, 2019 has been allocated to the single reporting unit of the Group. For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019, the Company did not have goodwill impairment. As of December 31, 2019, there had not been any accumulated goodwill impairment provided.

F-33

10. INTANGIBLE ASSETS

Intangible assets as of December 31, 2018 and 2019 were as follows:

	2018			2019
	RMB (in millions)
Intangible asset
Intangible assets to be amortized
Business Relationship (Representing the relationship with the travel service providers and other business partners)		1,858			1,844
Technology		751			633
Others		518			518
Intangible assets not subject to amortization
Trade mark		11,613			11,613
Others		163			159
		14,903			14,767
Less: accumulated amortization
Intangible assets to be amortized
Business Relationship		(671	)		(923	)
Technology		(353	)		(450	)
Others		(156	)		(221	)
		(1,180	)		(1,594	)
Net book value
Intangible assets to be amortized
Business Relationship		1,187			921
Technology		398			183
Others		362			297
Intangible assets not subject to amortization
Trade mark		11,613			11,613
Others		163			159
		13,723			13,173

Finite-lived intangible assets are tested for impairment if impairment indicators arise. The Company amortizes its finite-lived intangible assets using the straight-line method:

Business Relationship	5-10 years
Technology	5-10 years
Others	3-10 years

Amortization expense for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019 was approximately RMB391 million, RMB433 million and RMB437 million respectively.

The annual estimated amortization expense for intangible assets subject to amortization for the five succeeding years is as follows:

	Amortization
	RMB (in millions)
2020		418
2021		255
2022		217
2023		163
2024		158
		1,211

11. LEASES

The Company has operating leases primarily for office and operation space. The Company’s operating lease arrangements have remaining lease terms of one year to ten years.

Operating lease costs were RMB405 million for the year ended December 31, 2019.

Supplemental cash flow information related to leases were as follows:

	2019
	RMB (in millions)
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities		403
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for operating lease liabilities		497

F-34

Supplemental consolidated balance sheet information related to leases were as follows:

	As of December 31, 2019
	RMB (in millions)
Right-of-use assets		1,207
Current lease liabilities included within Other payables and accruals		438
Long-term lease liabilities		749
Total lease liabilities		1,187
Weighted average remaining lease term		4 years
Weighted average discount rate		4.2	%

Maturities of lease liabilities are as follows:

	As of December 31, 2019
	RMB (in millions)
2020		426
2021		351
2022		239
2023		141
2024		48
Thereafter		100
Total operating lease payments		1,305
Less: imputed interest		(118	)
Total		1,187

As of December 31, 2019, the operating lease arrangements of the Company, primarily for offices premises, that have not yet commenced is immaterial. For the year ended December 31, 2019, the variable lease costs, short-term lease costs and sub-lease income are immaterial.

At December 31, 2018, minimum lease payments for operating leases under the previous lease standard (“ASC 840”) were as follows (in millions):

	As of December 31, 2018
	RMB (in millions)
2019		335
2020		225
2021		154
2022		96
2023		73
Thereafter		114
Total minimum lease payments		997

For the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2018, the Company recognized lease expense of RMB445 million and RMB502 million, respectively, under ASC 840.

12. SHORT-TERM DEBT AND CURRENT PORTION OF LONG-TERM DEBT

	2018		2019
	RMB (in millions)
Short-term bank borrowings and current portion of long-term loan		25,090		21,118
Securitization debt		608		—
2020 Notes (Note 17)		—		4,873
2022 Notes (Note 17)		6,703		—
2025 Notes (Note 17)		—		2,785
2019 Booking Notes (Note 17)		3,438		—
2020 Booking Notes (Note 17)		—		1,740
2022 Booking Notes (Note 17)		172		—
Total		36,011		30,516

F-35

As of December 31, 2019, the Company obtained short-term bank borrowings of RMB21.1 billion (US$3.0 billion) in aggregate, of which RMB6.7 billion (US$1.0 billion) were collateralized by bank deposits of RMB2.7 billion (US$392 million) classified as restricted cash and/or short-term investment of RMB4.7 billion (US$678 million). The weighted average interest rate for the outstanding borrowings was approximately 3.79%.

The short-term borrowings contain covenants including, among others, limitation on liens, consolidation, merger and sale of the Company’s assets. The Company is in compliance with all of the loan covenants as of December 31, 2018 and 2019.

As of December 31, 2019, RMB4.9 billion of 2020 Notes and RMB1.7 billion of 2020 Booking Notes are classified as short-term debt to present that the Notes may be redeemed or mature within one year. As of December 31, 2019, RMB2.8 billion of 2025 Notes are reclassified as short-term debt because the 2025 Notes holders had a non-contingent option to require the Company to repurchase for cash all or any portion of their 2025 Notes on July 1, 2020.

13. RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS AND BALANCES

During the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019 significant related party transactions were as follows:

	2017		2018		2019
	RMB(in millions)
Commissions from Tongcheng-eLong (a)		—		190		217
Commissions from eLong (a)		573		63		—
Commissions from Huazhu (a)		77		61		72
Commissions from BTG (a)		63		93		91
Commissions to Tongcheng-eLong (b)		—		516		579
Commissions to eLong (b)		244		66		—
Commissions to Baidu (b)		80		67		—
Commissions to LY.com (b)		70		6		—

(a) BTG, Huazhu and eLong , have entered into agreements with the Company, respectively, to provide hotel rooms for our end users. In 2018, eLong completed a merger with LY.com and the enlarged group Tongcheng-eLong supersedes eLong to provide hotel rooms for our end users. The transactions above represent the commissions earned from these related parties.

(b) The Company entered into agreements with eLong, LY.com and Baidu, upon which these related parties promote the Company’s hotel rooms on their platforms. In 2018, eLong completed a merger with LY.com and the enlarged group Tongcheng-eLong supersedes eLong and LY.com to promote the Company’s hotel rooms on their platforms. The transactions above represent the service commissions and Baidu Map business cooperation commission paid to these related parties.

As of December 31, 2018 and 2019, significant balances with related parties were as follows:

	2018		2019
	RMB( in millions)
Due from related parties, current:
Due from Tongcheng-eLong		1,278		2,149
Due from others		364		630
	1,642		2,779
Due from related parties, non-current:
Due from Skysea (a)		207		—
Due from others		22		25
	229		25
Due to related parties, current:
Due to Tongcheng-eLong		263		181
Due to others		229		219
	492		400

F-36

(a) In 2017, based on the impairment assessment by considering the operating results, market condition and business updates, a provision of RMB536 million for the loan and receivable balance due from Skysea was provided and a liability of RMB367 million for the contingent payable was recorded in “Other payables and accruals” which reflected the then best estimates of the liability to be assume by the Company and offset by the proceeds from the net realisable value of Skysea in the event of winding down of its business. In 2019, Skysea completed its winding down of the business and the Company entered into the final settlement with Skysea. According to the final settlement, the Company collected the amount due from Skysea and settled the provision and contingent liability of RMB603 million (recognized as other income), which includes RMB236 million previously made for loan receivable and RMB367 previously made for contingent payables.

14. EMPLOYEE BENEFITS

The Group’s employee benefit primarily related to the full-time employees of the PRC subsidiaries and the VIEs, including medical care, welfare subsidies, housing fund, unemployment insurance and pension benefits. The PRC subsidiaries and VIEs are required to accrue for these benefits based on certain percentages of the employees’ salaries in accordance with the relevant PRC regulations and make contributions to the state-sponsored pension and medical plans out of the amounts accrued for medical and pension benefits. The PRC government is responsible for the medical benefits and ultimate pension liability to these employees. The total expenses recorded for such employee benefits amounted to RMB1.6 billion, RMB1.7 billion and RMB2.0 billion for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019 respectively.

15. TAXATION

Cayman Islands

Under the current laws of Cayman Islands, the Company is not subject to tax on income or capital gain. In addition, upon payments of dividends by the Company to its shareholders, no Cayman Islands withholding tax will be imposed.

Hong Kong

The Company’s subsidiaries incorporated in Hong Kong are subject to Hong Kong Profits Tax (“CIT”) on the taxable income as reported in their respective statutory financial statements adjusted in accordance with relevant Hong Kong tax laws. The applicable tax rate is 16.5% in Hong Kong.

The PRC

The Company’s subsidiaries and VIEs registered in the PRC are subject to PRC Corporate Income Tax (“CIT”) on the taxable income as reported in their respective statutory financial statements adjusted in accordance with relevant PRC income tax laws.

The PRC CIT laws apply a general enterprise income tax rate of 25% to both foreign-invested enterprises and domestic enterprises. Preferential tax treatments are granted to enterprises, which conduct business in certain encouraged sectors and to enterprises otherwise classified as a High and New Technology Enterprise (“HNTE”). In 2017, Ctrip Computer Technology, Ctrip Travel Information and Ctrip Travel Network reapplied for their qualification as HNTE, which were approved by the relevant government authority. Thus, these subsidiaries are entitled to a preferential EIT rate of 15% from 2017 to 2019. Qunar Software and Qunar Beijing are also entitled a preferential EIT rate of 15% from 2018 to 2020.

In 2002, the State Taxation of Administration (“SAT”) started to implement preferential tax policy in China’s western regions, and companies located in applicable jurisdictions covered by the Western Regions Catalogue are eligible to apply for a preferential income tax rate of 15% if their businesses fall within the “encouraged” category of the policy. Over the years since 2012, Chengdu Ctrip and Chengdu Ctrip International obtained approval from local tax authorities to apply the 15% tax rate for their annual tax filing subject to periodic renewals. After the initial effective period expired in 2014, the two entities were approved by the relevant government authority to renew this qualification, which will expire in 2020. In 2013, Chengdu Information obtained approval from local tax authorities to apply the 15% tax rate for its 2012 tax filing and for the years from 2013 to 2020.

Pursuant to the PRC CIT Law, all foreign invested enterprises in the PRC are subject to the withholding tax for their earnings generated after January 1, 2008. The Company expects to indefinitely reinvest undistributed earnings generated after January 1, 2008 in the onshore PRC entities. As a result, no deferred tax liability was provided on the outside basis difference from undistributed earnings after January 1, 2008.

F-37

Income/(loss) from domestic and foreign components before income tax expenses

	2017			2018			2019
	RMB (in millions)
Domestic		5,852			4,663			8,983
Foreign		(2,328	)		(2,742	)		104
Total		3,524			1,921			9,087

The income/(loss) from foreign components mainly includes the gain/(loss) from the equity securities investments measured at fair value, share based compensation charge, foreign exchange gain/(loss) and interest income/(loss) incurred in its overseas companies.

Composition of income tax expense

The current and deferred portion of income tax expense included in the consolidated statements of income for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019 were as follows:

	2017			2018			2019
	RMB (in millions)
Current income tax expense		1,453			1,425			1,918
Deferred tax benefit		(168	)		(632	)		(176	)
Income tax expense		1,285			793			1,742

Income tax expense was RMB1.7 billion (US$250 million) in the year ended December 31, 2019, increase from RMB793 million in the year ended 2018. The effective income tax rate in year ended December 31, 2019 was 19%, as compared to 41% in the year ended 2018, mainly due to the change in profitability of the Group and changes in the profits of the Company’s subsidiaries with different tax rates.

Reconciliation of the differences between statutory tax rate and the effective tax rate  

The reconciliation between the statutory CIT rate and the Group’s effective tax rate for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019 were as follows:

	2017			2018			2019
Statutory CIT rate		25	%		25	%		25	%
Tax differential from statutory rate applicable to subsidiaries with preferential tax rates		6	%		(23	%)		(9	%)
Non-deductible expenses and non-taxable income incurred		3	%		37	%		1	%
Change in valuation allowance		2	%		2	%		2	%
Effective CIT rate		36	%		41	%		19	%

The change in the Group’s effective tax rates from year over year is primarily attributable to the tax differential from certain subsidiaries with preferential tax rates, the non-deductible expenses and tax effects from investing activities.

The non-deductible expenses are primarily attributable to the share-based compensation charge of RMB1.8 billion, RMB1.7 billion and RMB1.7 billion for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019, respectively, and the losses from the equity securities investments measured at fair value change of RMB3.1 billion for the year ended December 31, 2018. For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019, such non-deductible expense increased the effective tax rate of 13%, 41% and 5%, respectively, by using enacted tax rate of 25%. The non-taxable income are primarily attributable to the gains from the equity securities investments measured at fair value change of RMB2.3 billion for the year ended December 2019. For the year ended December 31, 2019, such non-taxable income decreased the effective tax rate of 5% by using enacted tax rate of 25%. In 2017, the remaining impact from the non-taxable income come from the other income incurred by the Company which is also not subject to income tax.

The provisions for income taxes for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019 differ from the amounts computed by applying the CIT primarily due to preferential tax rate enjoyed by certain subsidiaries and VIEs of the Company. The following table sets forth the effect of preferential tax on China operations:

	2017		2018		2019
	RMB (in millions, except per share data)
Tax holiday effect		345		520		762
Basic net income per ADS effect		0.65		0.95		1.34
Diluted net income per ADS effect		0.60		0.92		1.19

F-38

For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019, the impacts on effective tax rates from the Company’s major subsidiaries with preferential tax rates are as follows:

	Impact on the effective tax rates
				2017			2018			2019
Ctrip Computer Technology		15	%		(1.6	%)		(5.5	%)		(2.4	%)
Ctrip Travel Information		15	%		(1.6	%)		(4.0	%)		(1.0	%)
Ctrip Travel Network		15	%		(1.6	%)		(5.7	%)		(1.9	%)
Chengdu Information		15	%		(2.1	%)		(3.2	%)		(0.8	%)
The Company and its subsidiaries in Hong Kong and Cayman		16.5%, 0	%		15.4	%		1.7	%		(0.9	%)
Qunar and subsidiaries		15	%		(1.0	%)		(5.0	%)		(1.5	%)
Others		15	%		(1.1	%)		(1.3	%)		(0.5	%)
Total					6.4	%		(23.0	%)		(9.0	%)

Significant components of deferred tax assets and liabilities:

	2018			2019
	RMB (in millions)
Accrued expenses		532			673
Loss carry forward		191			372
Accrued liability for customer reward related programs		57			68
Accrued staff salary		65			138
Others		243			207
Subtotal		1,088			1,458
Less: Valuation allowance of deferred tax assets		(238	)		(482	)
Total deferred tax assets		850			976
Deferred tax liabilities:
Recognition of intangible assets arise from business combinations and unrealized holding gain		(3,838	)		(3,592	)
Net deferred tax liabilities		(2,988	)		(2,616	)

Movement of valuation allowances:

	2017		2018		2019
	RMB (in millions)
Balance at beginning of year		150		197		238
Current year additions		47		41		244
Balance at end of year		197		238		482

As of December 31, 2018 and 2019, valuation allowance of RMB238 million and RMB482 million was mainly provided for operating loss that could be carried forwards related to certain subsidiary based on then assessment where it is more likely than not that such deferred tax assets will not be realized. The increase of the valuation allowance for the year ended December 31, 2019 was mainly the provision for year of 2019 operating losses incurred by certain subsidiaries. If events were to occur in the future that would allow the Company to realize more of its deferred tax assets than the presently recorded net amount, an adjustment would be made to the deferred tax assets that would increase income for the period when those events occurred.

As of December 31, 2019, the Group had net operating tax loss carry forwards amounted to RMB1.7 billion which will expire from 2020 to 2024 if not used.

As of December 31, 2018 and 2019, the unrecognized tax benefit and accrual is nil.

Qunar, one of the Company’s subsidiaries acts as an agent for its air travel facilitating services including aviation insurance policies (the “Aviation Insurance Arrangements”), presents revenues from such transactions on a net basis. Under the current PRC CIT Laws and regulations, Qunar’s existing business arrangement more likely than not will subject Qunar to income taxes on a gross basis for the Aviation Insurance Arrangements. The difference between the net revenue and the gross revenue is considered as deemed revenue for additional income taxes. The associated income tax expense is calculated by applying the applicable tax rate to the deemed revenue amount and includes the late payment interest based on the applicable tax rules. Such liabilities primarily represent the tax provision made with respect to the deemed revenue from these transactions. It is possible that the amount accrued will change in the next 12 months, however, an estimate of the range of the possible change cannot be made at this time.

F-39

16. OTHER PAYABLES AND ACCRUALS

Components of other payables and accruals as of December 31, 2018 and 2019 were as follows:

	2018		2019
	RMB (in millions)
Accrued operating expenses		3,735		5,413
Deposits received from travel suppliers and packaged-tour users		836		1,044
Payable related to acquisition and investments		226		76
Accruals for property and equipment		22		144
Provision related to an equity method investment (Note 13)		367		—
Others		668		864
Total		5,854		7,541

17. LONG-TERM DEBT

	2018			2019
	RMB (in millions)
2020 Notes		4,813			—
2025 Notes		2,750			—
2022 Notes		—			353
2020 Booking Notes		1,719			—
2025 Booking and Hillhouse Notes		6,876			6,962
2022 Booking Notes		—			174
Long-term loan		8,035			10,981
Securitization debt		—			1,074
Less: Debt issuance cost		(47	)		(7	)
Total		24,146			19,537

As of December 31, 2019, the fair value of the Company’s long-term debt, based on Level 2 inputs, was RMB19.5 billion.

Description of 2020 Convertible Senior Notes

On June 18, 2015, the Company issued US$700 million of 1.00% Convertible Senior Notes due 2020 (the “2020 Notes”). The 2020 Notes may be converted at an initial conversion rate of 9.1942 ADSs per US$1,000 principal amount of the 2020 Notes (which represents an initial conversion price of US$108.76 per ADS) at any time prior to the close of business on the second business day immediately preceding the maturity date of July 1, 2020. Debt issuance costs were US$11.3 million and are being amortized to interest expense to the put date of the 2020 Notes (July 1, 2018).

Absent a fundamental change (as defined in the indenture for the 2020 Notes), each holder of the 2020 Notes has a right at such holder’s option to require the Company to repurchase for cash all or any portion of such holder’s 2020 Notes on July 1, 2018. The Company believes that the likelihood of occurrence of events considered a fundamental change is remote. The 2020 Notes are not redeemable prior to the maturity date of July 1, 2020.

Concurrently with the issuance of the 2020 Notes, the Company purchased a call option (“2015 Purchased Call Option”) and sold warrants (“2015 Sold Warrants”) where the counterparty agreed to sell to the Company up to approximately 6.4 million of the Company’s ADSs upon the Company’s exercise of the 2015 Purchased Call Option and the Company received US$84.4 million from the same counterparty for the sale of warrants to purchase up to approximately 6.4 million of the Company’s ADSs.

Description of 2025 Convertible Senior Notes

On June 18, 2015, the Company issued US$400 million of 1.99% Convertible Senior Notes due 2025 (the “2025 Notes”). The 2025 Notes may be converted, at an initial conversion rate of 9.3555 ADSs per US$1,000 principal amount of the 2025 Notes (which represents an initial conversion price of US$106.89 per ADS), at each holder’s option at any time prior to the close of business on the second business day immediately preceding the maturity date of July 1, 2025. Debt issuance costs were US$6.8 million and are being amortized to interest expense to the put date of the 2025 Notes (July 1, 2020).

F-40

Absent a fundamental change (as defined in the indenture for the 2025 Notes), each holder of the 2025 Notes has a right at such holder’s option to require the Company to repurchase for cash all or any portion of such holder’s 2025 Notes on July 1, 2020, as a result the 2025 Notes were reclassified from long-term to short-term as of December 31, 2019. If the holders do not redeem on July 1, 2020, the holders will lose such right, as a result the 2025 Notes will not be due until 2025, and it will be reclassified to long-term after July 1, 2020. If a fundamental change (as defined in the indenture for the 2025 Notes) occurs at any time, each holder has a right at such holder’s option to require the Company to repurchase for cash all or any portion of such holder’s 2025 Notes on the date notified in writing by the Company in accordance with the indenture for the 2025 Notes. The Company believes that the likelihood of occurrence of events considered a fundamental change is remote. The 2025 Notes are generally not redeemable prior to the maturity date of July 1, 2025, except that the Company may, at its option, redeem all but not part of the 2025 Notes in accordance with the indenture for the 2025 Notes if the Company has or will become obligated to pay holders additional amount due to certain changes in tax law of the relevant jurisdiction.

Description of 2022 Convertible Senior Notes

On September 12, 2016 and September 19, 2016, the Company issued US$975 million of 1.25% Convertible Senior Notes due 2022 (the “2022 Notes”). The 2022 Notes may be converted, at an initial conversion rate of 15.2688 ADSs per US$1,000 principal amount of the 2022 Notes (which represents an initial conversion price of US$65.49 per ADS) at each holder’s option at any time prior to the close of business on the business day immediately preceding the maturity date of September 15, 2022. Debt issuance costs were US$19 million and are being amortized to interest expense to the put date of the 2022 Notes (September 15, 2019).

Absent a fundamental change (as defined in the indenture for the 2022 Notes), each holder of the 2022 Notes has a right at such holder’s option to require the Company to repurchase for cash all or any portion of such holder’s 2022 Notes on September 15, 2019, as a result the 2022 Notes were reclassified from long-term to short-term as of December 31, 2018. If a fundamental change (as defined in the indenture for the 2022 Notes) occurs at any time, each holder has a right at such holder’s option to require the Company to repurchase for cash all or any portion of such holder’s 2022 Notes on the date notified in writing by the Company in accordance with the indenture for the 2022 Notes. The Company believes that the likelihood of occurrence of events considered a fundamental change is remote. The 2022 Notes are generally not redeemable prior to the maturity date of September 15, 2022, except that the Company may, at its option, redeem all but not part of the 2022 Notes in accordance with the indenture for the 2022 Notes if the Company has or will become obligated to pay holders additional amount due to certain changes in tax law of the relevant jurisdiction.

In August 2019, the Company notified holders of the 2022 Notes of their rights under the relating indenture to require the Company to purchase all of or portion of such notes on September 15, 2019, which we refer to as the Put Right. In September 2019, as a result of exercise of aforementioned early redemption right, the Company redeemed US$924 million (RMB6.6 billion) aggregate principal amount of the 2022 Notes as requested by the holders. The remaining RMB353 million were reclassified as long-term debt as of December 31, 2019 as it may not be redeemed or mature within one year.

The Company assessed the 2020 Notes, 2025 Notes and 2022 Notes (collectively as “Notes”), the 2015 Purchased Call Option (the “Purchased Call Options”) and the 2015 Sold Warrants (the “Sold Warrants”) under ASC 815 and concluded that:

• The Notes, the Purchased Call Options and the Sold Warrants (1) do not entail the same risks; and (2) have a valid business purpose and economic need for structuring the transactions separately. Therefore, the offering of the Notes, the Purchased Call Options and Sold Warrants transactions should be accounted separately;

• The repurchase option is considered clearly and closely related to its debt host and does not meet the requirement for bifurcation;

• Since the conversion option is considered indexed to the Company’s own stock, bifurcation of conversion option from the Notes is not required as the scope exception prescribed in ASC 815-10-15-74 is met;

• There was no BCF attribute to the Notes as the set conversion prices for the Notes were greater than the respective fair values of the ordinary share price at date of issuances;

Therefore, the Company has accounted for the respective Notes as a single instruments as a long-term debt. The debt issuance cost was recorded as reduction to the long-term debts and are amortised as interest expenses using the effective interest method. The value of the Notes are measured by the cash received. The Purchased Call Options and Sold Warrants are accounted for within stockholders’ equity.

Description of Booking and Hillhouse Notes

On August 7, 2014, the Company issued Convertible Senior Note (the “2019 Booking Note”) at an aggregate principal amount of US$500 million to an indirect subsidiary of the Booking Group. The Booking 2019 Note was due on August 7, 2019 and bears interest of 1% per annum, which will be paid semi-annually beginning on February 7, 2015. The Booking 2019 Note was convertible into the Company’s ADSs with an initial conversion price of approximately US$81.36 per ADS. In 2019, the 2019 Booking Notes with principal amount of US$500 million (RMB3.4 billion) have all been redeemed for cash.

On May 26, 2015, the Company issued Convertible Senior Note (the “2020 Booking Note”) at an aggregate principal amount of US$250 million to an indirect subsidiary of the Booking Group. The Booking 2020 Note is due on May 29, 2020 and bears interest of 1% per annum, which will be paid semi-annually beginning on November 29, 2016. The Booking 2020 Note will be convertible into the Company’s ADSs with an initial conversion price of approximately US$104.27 per ADS.

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On December 10, 2015, the Company issued Convertible Senior Notes at an aggregate principal amount of US$1 billion to an indirect subsidiary of the Booking Group and two affiliates of Hillhouse (the “2025 Booking and Hillhouse Notes”). The 2025 Booking and Hillhouse Notes are due on December 11, 2025 and bear interest of 2% per annum, which will be paid semi-annually beginning on June 11, 2016. The 2025 Booking and Hillhouse Notes will be convertible into the Company’s ADSs with an initial conversion price of approximately US$68.46 per ADS.

On September 12, 2016, the Company issued US$25 million Convertible Senior Note to an indirect subsidiary of the Booking Group (the “2022 Booking Note”). The 2022 Booking Note is due on September 15, 2022 and bears interest of 1.25% per annum, which will be paid semi-annually beginning on March 15, 2017. The 2022 Booking Note will be convertible into the Company’s ADSs with an initial conversion price of approximately US$65.49 per ADS.

The Company has accounted for the above notes as a single instrument. The value of the above notes is measured by the cash received. The Company recorded the interest expenses according to its annual interest rate. There was no BCF attribute to the above notes as the set conversion price for the above notes was greater than the fair value of the ADS price at date of issuance.

Long-term Loans from Commercial Banks

As of December 31, 2018 and 2019, the Company obtained long-term borrowings of RMB8.0 billion and RMB11.0 billion in aggregate collateralized by bank deposits, properties and/or stock at one or more of its wholly-owned subsidiaries. The weighted average interest rate for the outstanding borrowings as of December 31, 2018 and 2019 was approximately 3.99% and 3.65%.

Securitization Debt

As of December 31, 2019, securitization debt represents the revolving debt securities which are collateralized by the receivable related to financial services. The revolving debt securities have the terms ranged from two year to four year with the annual interest rate from 3.85% to 6.90%. The revolving debt securities do not contain significant covenant.

18. REDEEMABLE NON-CONTROLLING INTERESTS

One of the Company’s subsidiaries issued redeemable preferred shares amounting to RMB1.1 billion to certain third party investors in 2019. The preferred shares are redeemable at holder’s option if the subsidiary fails to complete a qualified IPO in a pre-agreed period of time since its issuance with a redemption price measured by 10% interest per year. The preferred shares are therefore accounted for as redeemable non-controlling interests in mezzanine equity and are accreted to the redemption value over the period starting from the issuance date.

For the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company recognized accretion of RMB44 million to the respective redemption value of the preferred share over the period starting from issuance date with a corresponding reduction to the retained earnings.

19. EARNINGS PER SHARE

Basic earnings per share and diluted earnings per share were calculated as follows:

	2017		2018		2019
	RMB (in millions, except for share and per share data)
Numerator:
Net income attributable to Trip’s shareholders		2,155		1,112		7,011
Eliminate the dilutive effect of interest expense of convertible notes		52		—		373
Numerator for diluted earnings per share		2,207		1,112		7,384
Denominator:
Denominator for basic earnings per ordinary share - weighted average ordinary shares outstanding		66,300,808		68,403,426		70,983,996
Dilutive effect of share options		2,978,969		2,521,197		1,976,959
Dilutive effect of convertible notes		2,345,083		—		7,283,059
Dilutive effect of convertible notes sold warrants		151,033		—		—
Denominator for diluted earnings per ordinary share		71,775,893		70,924,623		80,244,014
Basic earnings per ordinary share		32.51		16.25		98.78
Diluted earnings per ordinary share		30.75		15.67		92.02
Basic earnings per ADS		4.06		2.03		12.35
Diluted earnings per ADS		3.84		1.96		11.50

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All the convertible senior notes were included in the computation of diluted EPS in 2019. All the convertible senior notes had anti-dilutive impact and were excluded in the computation of diluted EPS in 2018. The 2018, 2020, 2025 and 2022 Notes, the 2025 Booking and Hillhouse Notes and 2022 Booking Notes were not included in the computation of diluted EPS in 2017 because the inclusion of such instrument would be anti-dilutive. 

For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019, the Company had securities which could potentially dilute basic earnings per share in the future, which were excluded from the computation of diluted earnings/(loss) per share as their effects would have been anti-dilutive. Such weighted average numbers of ordinary shares outstanding are as following:

	2017		2018		2019
Convertible Notes		8,281,479		9,604,548		—
Outstanding weighted average stock options		99,695		2,521,197		1,976,959
		8,381,174		12,125,745		1,976,959

20. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

Capital commitments

As of December 31, 2019, the Company had outstanding capital commitments totaling RMB13 million, which consisted of capital expenditures of property, equipment and software.

Deposit under guarantee arrangement

In connection with its air ticketing business, the Group is required by an affiliate of Civil Aviation Administration of China (“CAAC”) and International Air Transport Association (“IATA”) to enter into guarantee arrangements and to pay deposits. The unused deposits are repaid at the end of the guaranteed period on an annual basis. As of December 31, 2019, the total quota of the air tickets that the Company was entitled to issue was up to RMB1.1 billion. The total amount of the deposit the Company paid was RMB146 million.

Based on the guarantee arrangements and historical experience, the maximum amount of the future payments of Company is approximately RMB943 million which is the guaranteed amount of the air ticket that the Company could issue rather than a financial guarantee. The Company will be liable to pay only when it issues the air tickets to its users and such payable is included in the accounts payable. Therefore, the Company believes the guarantee arrangements do not constitute any contractual and constructive obligation of the Company and has not recorded any liability beyond the amount of the tickets that have already been issued.

Contingencies

The Company is not currently a party to any pending material litigation or other legal proceeding or claims.

The Company is incorporated in Cayman Islands and is considered as a foreign entity under PRC laws. Due to the restrictions on foreign ownership of the air-ticketing, travel agency, advertising and internet content provision businesses, the Company conducts these businesses partly through various VIEs. These VIEs hold the licenses and approvals that are essential for the Company’s business operations. In the opinion of the Company’s PRC legal counsel, the current ownership structures and the contractual arrangements with these VIEs and their shareholders as well as the operations of these VIEs are in compliance with all existing PRC laws, rules and regulations. However, there may be changes and other developments in PRC laws and regulations. Accordingly, the Company cannot be assured that PRC government authorities will not take a view in the future contrary to the opinion of the Company’s PRC legal counsel. If the current ownership structures of the Company and its contractual arrangements with VIEs were found to be in violation of any existing or future PRC laws or regulations, the Company may be required to restructure its ownership structure and operations in China to comply with changing and new Chinese laws and regulations.

21. GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION

The following table presents revenue by geography area, the Greater China and all other countries, based on the geography location of its websites for the year ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019. No revenue result from an individual country other than the Greater China accounted for more than 10% of revenue for the presented years.

	2017		2018		2019
	RMB (in millions)
Total Revenue
The Greater China		24,678		28,064		31,256
Others		2,315		3,040		4,460
		26,993		31,104		35,716

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22. SUBSEQUENT EVENTS

In April 2020, the Company, as borrower, has entered into a facility agreement with certain financial institutions, for up to US$1.0 billion transferrable term and revolving loan facility with an incremental facility of up to US$500 million. The Facilities have a 3-year tranche and a 5-year tranche. The proceeds borrowed under the Facilities may be used for the general working capital requirements, including repayment of any existing financial indebtedness.

As a result of the COVID-19 outbreak in the first quarter of 2020, the Company’s businesses, results of operation, financial positions and cash flows are materially and adversely affected in the first quarter of 2020 with potential continuing impacts on subsequent periods, including but not limited to the material adverse impact on the Group’s revenues as result of the travel restrictions as well as significant incremental costs and expenses incurred when facilitating its end users in their cancellations and refund requests. The impacts of COVID-19 may also include slower collection of receivables and additional allowance for doubtful accounts and significant downward adjustments or impairment to the Group’s long-term investments and goodwill if the impacts become other than temporary. Because of the significant uncertainties surrounding the COVID-19 which is still evolving, the extent of the business disruption, including the duration and the related financial impact on subsequent periods cannot be reasonably estimated at this time.

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