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Fair value of financial assets and liabilities (Tables)
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2022
Disclosure of fair value measurement [Abstract]  
Fair value measurement of financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value
(2) Fair value hierarchy of financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value are as follows (Unit: Korean Won in millions):
 
    
December 31, 2021
 
    
Level 1
(*)
    
Level 2
(*)
    
Level 3
    
Total
 
Financial assets:
                                   
Financial assets at FVTPL
                                   
Deposits
     65,072                      65,072  
Debt securities
     817,584        1,923,538        2,117        2,743,239  
Equity securities
     25,879               303,985        329,864  
Capital contributions
                   1,287,723        1,287,723  
Beneficiary certificates
     74,271        2,326,202        1,104,074        3,504,547  
Loans
            453,832        213,635        667,467  
Derivative assets
     10,911        4,762,872        29,348        4,803,131  
Others
                   96,191        96,191  
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
 
Sub-total
     993,717        9,466,444        3,037,073        13,497,234  
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
 
Financial assets at FVTOCI
                                   
Debt securities
     5,578,455        32,548,522               38,126,977  
Equity securities
     411,357               581,455        992,812  
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
 
Sub-total
     5,989,812        32,548,522        581,455        39,119,789  
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
 
Derivative assets (Designated for hedging)
            106,764               106,764  
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
 
Total
     6,983,529        42,121,730        3,618,528        52,723,787  
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
 
Financial liabilities:
                                   
Financial liabilities at FVTPL
                                   
Deposits due to customers
     65,016                      65,016  
Derivative liabilities
     10,259        4,552,368        4,641        4,567,268  
Securities sold
     211,408        29,766               241,174  
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
 
Sub-total
     286,683        4,582,134        4,641        4,873,458  
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
 
Derivative liabilities (Designated for hedging)
            27,584               27,584  
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
 
Total
     286,683        4,609,718        4,641        4,901,042  
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
 
 
(*)
There were no transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 of financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value. The Group recognizes transfers among levels at the end of reporting period in which events have occurred or conditions have changed.
 
 
  
December 31, 2022
 
 
  
Level 1
(*)
 
  
Level 2
(*)
 
  
Level 3
 
  
Total
 
Financial assets:
  
  
  
  
Financial assets at FVTPL
  
  
  
  
Deposits
     34,995                      34,995  
Debt securities

     2,580,563        1,654,591        1,078        4,236,232  
Equity securities

     76,007        25        307,851        383,883  
Capital contributions

                   1,976,474        1,976,474  
Beneficiary certificates

     45,394        2,398,592        1,458,776        3,902,762  
Loans

            794,723        104,505        899,228  
Derivative assets

     69,316        8,042,895        93,970        8,206,181  
Other financial assets in foreign currency

                   41,679        41,679  
Others
     34,299               144,840        179,139  
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
 
Sub-total
     2,840,574        12,890,826        4,129,173        19,860,573  
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
 
Financial assets at FVTOCI
                                   
Debt securities
     9,895,456        22,250,302               32,145,758  
Equity securities
     382,257               557,065        939,322  
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
 
Sub-total
     10,277,713        22,250,302        557,065        33,085,080  
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
 
Derivative assets (designated for hedging)
            37,786               37,786  
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
 
Total
     13,118,287        35,178,914        4,686,238        52,983,439  
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
 
Financial liabilities:
                                   
Financial liabilities at FVTPL
                                   
Deposits due to customers
     35,161                      35,161  
Derivative liabilities
     11,700        8,883,976        9,449        8,905,125  
Securities sold
     12,113                      12,113  
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
 
Sub-total
     58,974        8,883,976        9,449        8,952,399  
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
 
Derivative liabilities (designated for hedging)
            202,911               202,911  
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
 
Total
     58,974        9,086,887        9,449        9,155,310  
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
 
 
(*)
Among financial assets and financial liabilities measured at fair value, the amount transferred from Level 2 to Level 1 is
2,835,187
million Won. The Group recognizes transfers among levels at the end of reporting period in which events have occurred or conditions have changed. A change in the judgement of the active market where the financial product was traded resulted the transfer between levels.
Valuation methods and input variables for each type of financial instruments measured at fair value and classified into Level 2
1) Valuation methods and input variables for each type of financial instrument classified into level 2 in December 31, 2021 and 2022 are as follows:
 
   
Valuation methods
 
Input variables
Debt securities   Fair value is measured by discounting the future cash flows of debt securities applying the risk-free market rate with credit spread.   Risk-free market rate and credit spread
     
Beneficiary certificates
  The beneficiary certificates classified as Level 2 are MMF and are measured at the standard price.   Values of underlying assets such as bond
     
Derivatives
  Fair value is measured by models such as option model (Closed form), DCF model, FDM and Monte Carlo Simulation.   Discount rate, values of underlying assets such as foreign exchange rate and stock prices, volatility, risk-free market rate, forward rate, etc.
     
Loans   The future cash flows of debt instruments are measured at a discount by applying the market interest rate applied to entities with similar creditworthiness to the debtor.   Risk-free market rate and credit spread
Valuation methods and input variables for each type of financial instruments measured at fair value and classified into Level 3
2) Valuation methods and input variables for each type of financial instrument classified into level 3 in December 31, 2021 and 2022 are as follows:
 
   
Valuation methods
 
Input variables
Loans   Fair value is calculated by using Binomial Tree, LSMC and Discounted Cash Flow Model which is a valuation technique commonly used in the market taking into account value of underlying assets, volatility, discount rate.  
Value of underlying assets,
Volatility, Discount rate
     
Debt securities   The future cash flows of debt instruments are measured at a discount by applying the market interest rate applied to entities with similar creditworthiness to debt securities issuers. Fair value is measured by models such as LSMC (Least-Squares Monte Carlo), Hull-white.   Risk-free market rate, credit spread, discount rate originated credit grade, volatility of stock price, volatility of interest rate
     
Equity securities, capital contributions and Beneficiary certificates   Among DCF (Discounted Cash Flow) Model, FCFE (Free Cash Flow to Equity) Model, Comparable Company Analysis, Dividend Discount Model, Risk-adjusted Rate of Return Method, Net Asset Value Method, LSMC, and Binomial Tree, Imputed Market Value Model more than one method is used given the characteristic of the subject of fair value measurement.   Risk-free market rate, market risk premium, corporate Beta, discount rate originated credit grade, stock prices, volatility of underlying asset, net asset value, volatility of stock price, volatility of interest rate, Capital increase amount, Fluctuation rate of real estate sale price, etc
     
Derivatives
  Fair value is measured by models such as option model (Closed form), DCF model, FDM and Monte Carlo Simulation.   Discount rate, values of underlying assets such as foreign exchange rate and stock prices, volatility, etc.
     
Others   The fair value of the underlying asset, after calculating the fair value using the DCF model, etc., considering the price and volatility of the calculated underlying asset, is calculated using the binomial tree and least-squares Monte Carlo simulation (LSMC), which are commonly used valuation techniques in the market.   Stock prices, volatility of underlying assets, etc.
Valuation methods of financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value and classified into Level 3 and significant but unobservable inputs
Valuation methods of financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value and classified into Level 3 and significant but unobservable inputs are as follows:
 
   
Fair value
measurement
technique
 
Type
 
Significant
unobservable
inputs
 
Range(%)
 
Impact of changes in significant
unobservable inputs on fair value
measurement
Loans
  Binomial Tree       Stock prices   46.53%   Variation of fair value increases as volatility of underlying asset and stock price increases.
  DCF model   Discount rate   1.98%~2.18%   Fair value decreases as discount rate increases.
Derivative assets
  Option valuation model and others   Equity related   Correlation coefficient   0.21~0.67   Variation of fair value increases as correlation coefficient increases.
Derivative liabilities
  Option valuation model and others   Equity related   Correlation coefficient   0.21~0.67   Variation of fair value increases as correlation coefficient increases.
      Volatility of underlying asset   11.74% ~ 97.16%   Variation of fair value increases as volatility of underlying assets increases.
Equity securities, capital contributions, and beneficiary certificates
  Binomial Tree       Stock prices, Volatility of underlying asset   28.40%   Variation of fair value increases as volatility of underlying asset and stock price increases.
  DCF model and others       Discount rate  
0.00%~19.14%
  Fair value increases as discount rate decreases.
      Terminal growth rate   0.00%, 1.00%   Fair value increases as terminal growth rate increases.
      Liquidation value   0.00%   Fair value increases as liquidation value increases.
Others   Binomial Tree       Stock prices, Volatility of underlying asset  
20.15%~36.19%
  Variation of fair value increases as volatility of underlying asset and stock price increases.
Changes in financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value classified into Level 3
(3) Changes in financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value classified into Level 3 are as follows (Unit: Korean Won in millions):
 
   
For the year ended December 31, 2020
 
   
Beginning
balance
   
Business
combination
   
Net
income
(loss)
(*1)
   
Other
comprehensive
income
   
Purchases/

issuances
   
Disposals /

settlements
   
Transfer to or
out of Level 3
(*2)
   
Ending
balance
 
Financial assets:
                                                               
Financial assets at FVTPL
                                                               
Debt securities
    5,826             (632           2,627       (3,203           4,618  
Equity securities
    464,741       3,894       (8,977           5,088       (14,407     32       450,371  
Capital contributions
    515,199       173,244       39,500             194,396       (56,654           865,685  
Beneficiary certificates
    1,275,734       166,467       (7,919           715,437       (231,908           1,917,811  
Loans
    152,629       35,854       6,149             656,880       (642,450           209,062  
Derivative assets
    25,048             9,458             9,501       (23,911     (12,224     7,872  
Others
    63,880             3,472             17,997       (370           84,979  
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Sub-total
    2,503,057       379,459       41,051             1,601,926       (972,903     (12,192     3,540,398  
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Financial assets at FVTOCI
                                                               
Equity securities
    493,698                   (4,920     82,227       (2,482     2,192       570,715  
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Total
    2,996,755       379,459       41,051       (4,920     1,684,153       (975,385     (10,000     4,111,113  
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Financial liabilities:
                                                               
Financial liabilities at FVTPL
                                                               
Derivative liabilities
    72,039             30,150             2,650       (66,170     (18,533     20,136  
Financial liabilities at FVTPL designated as upon initial recognition
                                                               
Equity-linked securities
    87,626             665                   (68,661           19,630  
Derivative liabilities (designated for hedging)
    321                               (321            
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Total
    159,986             30,815             2,650       (135,152     (18,533     39,766  
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
 
(*1)
For financial liabilities, positive numbers represent losses that increase balance and negative numbers represent gains that decrease balance. The gain amounting to 37,430 million Won for the year ended December 31, 2020, which is from financial assets and liabilities that the Group holds as at the end of the year.
(*2)
There were transfers between levels as the availability of observable market data for these financial instruments changed. The Group recognizes transfers among levels at the end of reporting period in which events have occurred or conditions have changed.
 
   
For the year ended December 31, 2021
 
   
Beginning
balance
   
Net
income
(loss)
(*1)
   
Other
comprehensive
income
   
Purchases/

issuances
   
Disposals /

settlements
   
Transfer to or
out of Level 3
(*2)
   
Ending
balance
 
Financial assets:
                                                       
Financial assets at FVTPL
                                                       
Debt securities
    4,618       (431           1,000       (4,070     1,000       2,117  
Equity securities
    450,371       (24,501           33,570       (154,455     (1,000     303,985  
Capital contributions
    865,685       82,596             575,643       (236,201           1,287,723  
Beneficiary certificates
    1,917,811       10,347             86,224       (910,308           1,104,074  
Loans
    209,062       16,975             761,045       (773,447           213,635  
Derivative assets
    7,872       22,256             5,058             (5,838     29,348  
Others
    84,979       12,245             14,982       (16,548     533       96,191  
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Sub-total
    3,540,398       119,487             1,477,522       (2,095,029     (5,305     3,037,073  
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Financial assets at FVTOCI
                                                       
Equity securities
    570,715             11,362       645       (1,267           581,455  
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Total
    4,111,113       119,487       11,362       1,478,167       (2,096,296     (5,305     3,618,528  
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Financial liabilities:
                                                       
Financial liabilities at FVTPL
                                                       
Derivative liabilities
    20,136       4,926             (3,979     (10,188     (6,254     4,641  
Financial liabilities at FVTPL designated as upon initial recognition
                                                       
Equity-linked securities
    19,630       (102                 (19,528            
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Total
    39,766       4,824             (3,979     (29,716     (6,254     4,641  
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
 
(*1)
For financial liabilities, positive numbers represent losses that increase balance and negative numbers represent gains that decrease balance. The gain amounting to 2,634 million Won for the year ended December 31, 2021, which is from financial assets and liabilities that the Group holds as at the end of the year.
(*2)
There were transfers between levels as the availability of observable market data for these financial instruments changed. The Group recognizes transfers among levels at the end of reporting period in which events have occurred or conditions have changed.
 
   
For the year ended December 31, 2022
 
   
Beginning
balance
   
Net
income
(loss)
(*1)
   
Other
comprehensive
income
   
Purchases/

issuances
   
Disposals /

settlements
   
Transfer to or
out of Level 3
(*2)
   
Ending
balance
 
Financial assets:
                                                       
Financial assets at FVTPL
                                                       
Debt securities
    2,117       (40                 (999           1,078  
Equity securities
    303,985       697             20,175       (16,974     (32     307,851  
Capital contributions
    1,287,723       103,376             703,160       (117,785           1,976,474  
Beneficiary certificates
    1,104,074       (2,922           98,420       259,204             1,458,776  
Loans
    213,635       17,544             802,092       (928,766           104,505  
Derivative assets
    29,348       64,359             582       (319           93,970  
Other foreign currency financial assets
               

      41,679                   41,679  
Others
    96,191       16,744      

      40,836       (8,931           144,840  
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Sub-total
    3,037,073       199,758             1,706,944       (814,570     (32     4,129,173  
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Financial assets at FVTOCI
                                                       
Equity securities
    581,455             2,084       2,357       (28,831           557,065  
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Total
    3,618,528       199,758       2,084       1,709,301       (843,401     (32     4,686,238  
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Financial liabilities:
                                                       
Financial liabilities at FVTPL
                                                       
Derivative liabilities
    4,641       8,058             (351     (2,899           9,449  
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Total
    4,641       8,058             (351     (2,899           9,449  
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
 
(*1)
For financial liabilities, positive numbers represent losses that increase balance and negative numbers represent gains that decrease balance. The gain amounting to 2,770 million Won for the year ended December 31, 2022, which is from financial assets and liabilities that the Group holds as at the end of the year.
(*2)
There were transfers between levels as the availability of observable market data for these financial instruments changed. The Group recognizes transfers among levels at the end of reporting period in which events have occurred or conditions have changed.
Sensitivity analysis on the unobservable inputs used for measuring Level 3 financial instruments
The sensitivity on fluctuation of input variables by financial instruments as of December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022 is as follows (Unit: Korean Won in millions):
 
    
December 31, 2020
 
    
Net income
(loss)
   
Other comprehensive


income (loss)
 
    
Favorable
    
Unfavorable
   
Favorable
    
Unfavorable
 
Financial assets:
                                  
Financial assets at FVTPL
                                  
Derivative assets
(*1)
     110        (257             
Loans
(*2)
     933        (932             
Debt securities
     13        (10             
Equity securities
(*2)(*3)(*4)
     8,539        (7,337             
Beneficiary certificates
(*4)
     1,403        (1,537             
Others
(*2)
     640        (547             
Financial assets at FVTOCI
                                  
Equity securities
(*3)(*4)
                  21,587        (16,740
    
 
 
    
 
 
   
 
 
    
 
 
 
Total
     11,638        (10,620     21,587        (16,740
    
 
 
    
 
 
   
 
 
    
 
 
 
Financial liabilities:
                                  
Financial liabilities at FVTPL
                                  
Derivative liabilities
(*1)
     776        (405             
Financial liabilities at FVTPL designated as upon initial recognition
                                  
Equity-linked securities
(*1)
     57        (45             
    
 
 
    
 
 
   
 
 
    
 
 
 
Total
     833        (450             
    
 
 
    
 
 
   
 
 
    
 
 
 
 
(*1)
Fair value changes of equity related derivatives assets and liabilities and equity-linked securities are calculated by increasing or decreasing historical volatility of the stock price and correlation, which are major unobservable variables, by 10%, respectively. In the case of interest rate related derivative assets and liabilities, fair value changes are calculated by increasing or decreasing the volatility of interest rate, which are major unobservable variables, by 10%.
(*2)
Fair value changes of equity securities are calculated by increasing or decreasing stock prices
(-10%~10%)
and volatility
(-10~10%).
The stock prices and volatility are major unobservable variables.
(*3)
Fair value changes of equity securities are calculated by increasing or decreasing terminal growth rate (0~1%) and discount rate
(-1~1%)
or liquidation value
(-1~1%).
The growth rate, discount rate, and liquidation value are major unobservable variables.
(*4)
Even if the sensitivity analysis of the capital contributions and beneficiary certificates is not possible in practice, fair value changes of beneficiary certificates and other securities whose major unobservable variables are composed of the real estate are calculated by increasing or decreasing price fluctuation rate of real estate which is underlying assets and discount rate by 1%.
 
    
December 31, 2021
 
    
Net income
(loss)
   
Other comprehensive

income (loss)
 
    
Favorable
    
Unfavorable
   
Favorable
    
Unfavorable
 
Financial assets:
                                  
Financial assets at FVTPL
                                  
Derivative assets
(*1)
     1,668        (1,191             
Loans
(*2)
     682        (671             
Debt securities
     13        (12             
Equity securities
(*2)(*3)(*4)
     6,348        (5,331             
Beneficiary certificates
(*4)
     1,305        (1,171             
Others
(*2)
     921        (876             
Financial assets at FVTOCI
                                  
Equity securities
(*3)(*4)
                  30,391        (23,865
    
 
 
    
 
 
   
 
 
    
 
 
 
Total
     10,937        (9,252     30,391        (23,865
    
 
 
    
 
 
   
 
 
    
 
 
 
Financial liabilities:
                                  
Financial liabilities at FVTPL
                                  
Derivative liabilities
(*1)
     205        (264             
    
 
 
    
 
 
   
 
 
    
 
 
 
Total
     205        (264             
    
 
 
    
 
 
   
 
 
    
 
 
 
 
(*1)
Fair value changes of equity related derivatives assets and liabilities and equity-linked securities are calculated by increasing or decreasing historical volatility of the stock price and correlation, which are major unobservable variables, by 10%, respectively. In the case of interest rate related derivative assets and liabilities, fair value changes are calculated by increasing or decreasing the volatility of interest rate, which are major unobservable variables, by 10%.
(*2)
Fair value changes of equity securities are calculated by increasing or decreasing stock prices
(-10%~10%)
and volatility
(-10~10%).
The stock prices and volatility are major unobservable variables.
(*3)
Fair value changes of equity securities are calculated by increasing or decreasing terminal growth rate
(-0.5%~0.5%)
and discount rate
(-1~1%)
or liquidation value
(-1~1%).
The growth rate, discount rate, and liquidation value are major unobservable variables.
(*4)
Even if the sensitivity analysis of the capital contributions and beneficiary certificates is not possible in practice, fair value changes of beneficiary certificates and other securities whose major unobservable variables are composed of the real estate are calculated by increasing or decreasing price fluctuation rate of real estate which is underlying assets and discount rate by 1%.
 
    
December 31, 2022
 
    
Net income
(loss)
   
Other comprehensive

income (loss)
 
    
Favorable
    
Unfavorable
   
Favorable
    
Unfavorable
 
Financial assets:
                                  
Financial assets at FVTPL
                                  
Derivative assets
(*1)
     2,453        (1,993             
Loans
(*2)
     203        (200             
Debt securities
     1                      
Equity securities
(*2)(*3)(*4)
     10,146        (8,079             
Beneficiary certificates
(*4)
     737        (737             
Others
(*2)
     2,860        (2,790             
Financial assets at FVTOCI
                          
Equity securities
(*3)(*4)
                  24,370        (17,579
    
 
 
    
 
 
   
 
 
    
 
 
 
Total
     16,400        (13,799     24,370        (17,579
    
 
 
    
 
 
   
 
 
    
 
 
 
Financial liabilities:
                                  
Financial liabilities at FVTPL
                                  
Derivative liabilities
(*1)
     41        (39             
    
 
 
    
 
 
   
 
 
    
 
 
 
Total
     41        (39             
    
 
 
    
 
 
   
 
 
    
 
 
 
 
(*1)
Fair value changes of equity related derivatives assets and liabilities and equity-linked securities are calculated by increasing or decreasing historical volatility of the stock price and correlation, which are major unobservable variables, by 10%, respectively. In the case of interest rate related derivative assets and liabilities, fair value changes are calculated by increasing or decreasing the volatility of interest rate, which are major unobservable variables, by 10%.
(*2)
Fair value changes of equity securities are calculated by increasing or decreasing stock prices
(-10%~10%)
and volatility
(-10~10%).
The stock prices and volatility are major unobservable variables.
(*3)
Fair value changes of equity securities are calculated by increasing or decreasing terminal growth rate
(-0.5%~0.5%)
and discount rate
(-1~1%)
or liquidation value
(-1~1%).
The growth rate, discount rate, and liquidation value are major unobservable variables.
(*4)
Even if the sensitivity analysis of the capital contributions and beneficiary certificates is not possible in practice, fair value changes of beneficiary certificates and other securities whose major unobservable variables are composed of the real estate are calculated by increasing or decreasing price fluctuation rate of real estate which is underlying assets and discount rate by 1%.
Schedule of fair value measurement of financial instruments measured at amortized costs
(5) Fair value and carrying amount of financial assets and liabilities that are recorded at amortized cost are as follows (Unit: Korean Won in millions):
 
    
December 31, 2021
 
    
Fair value
    
Carrying

amount
 
    
Level 1
    
Level 2
    
Level 3
    
Total
 
Financial assets:
                                            
Securities at amortized cost
     2,122,401        14,921,119               17,043,520        17,086,274  
Loans and other financial assets at amortized cost
            3        346,871,245        346,871,248        348,885,617  
Financial liabilities:
                                            
Deposits due to customers
            318,070,829               318,070,829        317,899,871  
Borrowings
            23,393,520        1,270,305        24,663,825        24,755,459  
Debentures
            44,500,963               44,500,963        44,653,864  
Other financial liabilities
            23,216,929        379,534        23,596,463        23,890,017  
 
    
December 31, 2022
 
    
Fair value
    
Carrying

amount
 
    
Level 1
    
Level 2
    
Level 3
    
Total
 
Financial assets:
                                            
Securities at amortized cost
     2,652,449        24,623,369               27,275,818        28,268,516  
Loans and other financial assets at amortized cost
            6,238,724        345,952,544        352,191,268        355,760,729  
Financial liabilities:
                                            
Deposits due to customers
            343,931,576               343,931,576        342,105,209  
Borrowings
            26,063,256        2,135,047        28,198,303        28,429,603  
Debentures
            42,918,411               42,918,411        44,198,486  
Other financial liabilities
            21,244,664        536,209        21,780,873        22,492,705  
Valuation methods and input variables for financial assets and liabilities that are measured at amortized costs
The fair values of financial instruments are measured using quoted market price in active markets. In case there is no active market for financial instruments, the Group determines the fair value by using valuation methods. Valuation methods and input variables for financial assets and liabilities that are measured at amortized cost are given as follows:
 
    
Valuation methods
  
Input variables
Securities at amortized cost
   The fair value is measured by discounting the projected cash flows of debt securities by applying risk-free market rate with credit spread.    Risk-free market rate and credit spread
     
Loans and other financial assets at amortized cost
   The fair value is measured by discounting the projected cash flows of loan products by applying the market discount rate that has been applied to a proxy company that has similar credit rating to the debtor.    Risk-free market rate, credit spread and prepayment rate
     
Deposits due to customers, borrowings, debentures and other financial liabilities
   The fair value is measured by discounting the projected cash flows of debt products by applying the market discount rate that is reflecting credit rating of the Group.    Risk-free market rate, credit spread and forward rate
Carrying amounts of financial instruments by category
(6) Financial instruments by category
Carrying amounts of financial assets and liabilities by each category are as follows (Unit: Korean Won in millions):
 
    
December 31, 2021
 
Financial assets
  
Financial
asset at
FVTPL
    
Financial
assets at
FVTOCI
    
Financial
assets at
amortized cost
    
Derivatives
assets
(designated for
hedging)
    
Total
 
Deposits
     65,072               2,866,884               2,931,956  
Securities
     7,960,046        39,119,789        17,086,274               64,166,109  
Loans
     667,467               336,799,510               337,466,977  
Derivative assets
     4,803,131                      106,764        4,909,895  
Other financial assets
     1,518               9,219,223               9,220,741  
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
 
Total
     13,497,234        39,119,789        365,971,891        106,764        418,695,678  
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
 
 
    
December 31, 2021
 
Financial liabilities
  
Financial
liabilities at
FVTPL
    
Financial
liabilities at
amortized cost
    
Derivatives
liabilities
(designated for
hedging)
    
Total
 
Deposits due to customers
     65,016        317,899,871               317,964,887  
Borrowings
     241,174        24,755,459               24,996,633  
Debentures
            44,653,864               44,653,864  
Derivative liabilities
     4,567,268               27,584        4,594,852  
Other financial liabilities
            23,890,017               23,890,017  
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
 
Total
     4,873,458        411,199,211        27,584        416,100,253  
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
 
 
    
December 31, 2022
 
Financial assets
  
Financial
asset at
FVTPL
    
Financial
assets at
FVTOCI
    
Financial
assets at
amortized cost
    
Derivatives
assets
(designated for
hedging)
    
Total
 
Deposits
     34,995               2,994,672               3,029,667  
Securities
     10,676,985        33,085,080        28,268,516               72,030,581  
Loans
     899,228               343,918,560               344,817,788  
Derivative assets
     8,206,181                      37,786        8,243,967  
Other financial assets
     43,184               8,847,497               8,890,681  
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
 
Total
     19,860,573        33,085,080        384,029,245        37,786        437,012,684  
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
 
 
    
December 31, 2022
 
Financial liabilities
  
Financial
liabilities at
FVTPL
    
Financial
liabilities at
amortized cost
    
Derivatives
liabilities
(designated for
hedging)
    
Total
 
Deposits due to customers
     35,161        342,105,209               342,140,370  
Borrowings
     12,113        28,429,603               28,441,716  
Debentures
            44,198,486               44,198,486  
Derivative liabilities
     8,905,125               202,911        9,108,036  
Other financial liabilities
            22,492,707               22,492,707  
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
 
Total
     8,952,399        437,226,005        202,911        446,381,315  
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
 
Income or expense from financial instruments by category
(7) Income or expense from financial instruments by category
Income or expense from financial assets and liabilities by each category during the years ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022 are as follows (Unit: Korean Won in millions):
 
   
For the year ended December 31, 2020
 
   
Interest
Income (expense)
   
Fees and
Commissions
Income (expense)
   
Reversal
(provision) of
credit loss
   
Gain or
loss on
transactions
and valuation
   
Dividends,
etc.
   
Total
 
Financial assets at FVTPL
    48,612                   421,709       120,158       590,479  
Financial assets at FVTOCI
    437,527       311       (1,529     24,138       18,385       478,832  
Securities at amortized cost
    382,988             934                   383,922  
Loans and other financial assets at amortized cost
    8,654,726       376,872       (792,250     44,443             8,283,791  
Financial liabilities at amortized cost
    (3,516,023                             (3,516,023
Net derivatives (designated for hedging)
                      (74,213           (74,213
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Total
    6,007,830       377,183       (792,845     416,077       138,543       6,146,788  
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
 
   
For the year ended December 31, 2021
 
   
Interest
Income (expense)
   
Fees and
Commissions
Income (expense)
   
Reversal
(provision) of
credit loss
   
Gain or
loss on
transactions
and valuation
   
Dividends,
etc.
   
Total
 
Financial assets at FVTPL
    45,803       (156           325,751       284,683       656,081  
Financial assets at FVTOCI
    381,814       1,343       (4,909     32,624       24,528       435,400  
Securities at amortized cost
    324,920             (664                 324,256  
Loans and other financial assets at amortized cost
    9,142,212       494,296       (551,957     107,317             9,191,868  
Financial liabilities at amortized cost
    (2,901,592     2,205                         (2,899,387
Net derivatives (designated for hedging)
                      72,493             72,493  
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Total
    6,993,157       497,688       (557,530     538,185       309,211       7,780,711  
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
 
   
For the year ended December 31, 2022
 
   
Interest
Income (expense)
   
Fees and
Commissions
Income (expense)
   
Reversal
(provision) of
credit loss
   
Gain or
loss on
transactions
and valuation
   
Dividends,
etc.
   
Total
 
Financial assets at FVTPL
    106,698       (134           238,502       136,136       481,202  
Financial assets at FVTOCI
    632,615       1,606       827       (21,498     23,846       637,396  
Securities at amortized cost
    515,246             (3,151                 512,095  
Loans and other financial assets at amortized cost
    13,399,990       600,902       (881,668     74,204             13,193,428  
Financial liabilities at amortized cost
    (5,950,277     2,094                         (5,948,183
Net derivatives (designated for hedging)
                      78,822             78,822  
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Total
    8,704,272       604,468       (883,992     370,030       159,982       8,954,760